id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
232039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoprosencephaly | Holoprosencephaly | Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a cephalic disorder in which the prosencephalon (the forebrain of the embryo) fails to develop into two hemispheres, typically occurring between the 18th and 28th day of gestation. Normally, the forebrain is formed and the face begins to develop in the fifth and sixth weeks of human pregnancy. The condition also occurs in other species.
Holoprosencephaly is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in every 250 conceptions and most cases are not compatible with life and result in fetal death in utero. However, holoprosencephaly is still estimated to occur in approximately 1 in every 8,000 live births.
When the embryo's forebrain does not divide to form bilateral cerebral hemispheres (the left and right halves of the brain), it causes defects in the development of the face and in brain structure and function.
The severity of Holoprosencephaly is highly variable. In less severe cases, babies are born with normal or near-normal brain development and facial deformities that may affect the eyes, nose, and upper lip.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of holoprosencephaly range from mild (no facial/organ defects, anosmia, or only a single central incisor) to moderate to severe (cyclopia). The symptoms are dependent upon the classification type.
There are four classifications of holoprosencephaly as well as a mild "microform".
Alobar
Most severe form includes formation of synophthalmia (a single central eye),proboscis, and severe impairment.
Semilobar
Can present with severely decreased distance between eyes, a flat nasal bridge, eye defects, cleft lip and palate, and severe impairment.
Lobar
Can present with decreased distance between eyes, a flat nasal bridge, closely spaced nostrils, mental and locomotion delays may be present.
Syntelencephaly or middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly (MIHV)
Mild phenotypic presentation which can present with flat nasal bridge, metopic prominence, shallow philtrum, and possible mental and locomotion delays.
"Microform"
Mild phenotypic presentation with reduced distance between eyes, sharp nasal bridge, single maxillary central incisor.
Diagnosis
Holoprosencephaly is typically diagnosed during fetal development when there are abnormalities found on fetal brain imaging, however it can also be diagnosed after birth. The Protocol for diagnosis includes neuroimaging (Ultrasound or fetal MRI prior to birth or Ultrasound, MRI or CT post birth), syndrome evaluation, cytogenetics, molecular testing, and genetic counseling.
There are four classifications of holoprosencephaly as well as a “microform". These classifications can be distinguished by their anatomical differences.
Alobar holoprosencephaly
Small single forebrain ventricle
No interhemispheric division
Absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts
Absence of corpus callosum
Non separation of deep gray nuclei
Semilobar holoprosencephaly
Rudimentary cerebral lobes
Incomplete interhemispheric division
Absence or hypoplasia of olfactory bulbs and tracts
Absence of corpus callosum
Varying non separation of deep gray nuclei
Lobar holoprosencephaly
Fully-developed cerebral lobes
Distinct interhemispheric division
Midline continuous frontal neocortex
Absent, hypoplasic or normal corpus callosum
Separation of deep gray nuclei
Syntelencephaly, or middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly (MIHV)
Failure of separation of the posterior frontal and parietal lobes
Callosal genu and splenium normally formed
Absence of corpus callosum
Hypothalamus and lentiform nuclei normally separated
Heterotopic gray matter
Microform
Subtle defects of corpus callosum
Subtle midline brain defects
Causes
In Holoprosencephaly, the neural tube fails to segment, resulting in incomplete separation of the prosencephalon at the fifth week of gestation.
The exact cause(s) of HPE are yet to be determined. Mutations in the gene encoding the SHH protein, which is involved in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), can cause holoprosencephaly. In other cases, it often seems that there is no specific cause at all.
Genetics
Armand Marie Leroi describes the cause of cyclopia as a genetic malfunctioning during the process by which the embryonic brain is divided into two. Only later does the visual cortex take recognizable form, and at this point an individual with a single forebrain region will be likely to have a single, possibly rather large, eye (at such a time, individuals with separate cerebral hemispheres would form two eyes).
Increases in expression of such genes as Pax-2, as well as inhibition of Pax-6, from the notochord have been implicated in normal differentiation of cephalic midline structures. Inappropriate expression of any of these genes may result in mild to severe forms of holoprosencephaly. Other candidate genes have been located, including the SHH (holoprosencephaly type 3 a.k.a. HPE3), TGIF, ZIC2, SIX3 and BOC genes.
Although many children with holoprosencephaly have normal chromosomes, specific chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in some patients (trisomy of chromosome 13, also known as Patau syndrome). There is evidence that in some families, HPE is inherited (autosomal dominant as well as autosomal or X-linked recessive inheritance). Features consistent with familial transmission of the disease (e.g., a single central maxillary incisor) should be carefully assessed in parents and family members.
Non-genetic factors
Numerous possible risk factors have been identified, including gestational diabetes, transplacental infections (the "TORCH complex"), first trimester bleeding, and a history of miscarriage. As well, the disorder is found twice as often in female babies. However, there appears to be no correlation between HPE and maternal age.
There is evidence of a correlation between HPE and the use of various drugs classified as being potentially unsafe for pregnant and lactating mothers. These include insulin, birth control pills, aspirin, lithium, thorazine, retinoic acid, and anticonvulsants. There is also a correlation between alcohol consumption and HPE, along with nicotine, the toxins in cigarettes and toxins in cigarette smoke when used during pregnancy.
Prognosis
HPE is not a condition in which the brain deteriorates over time. Although serious seizure disorders, autonomic dysfunction, complicated endocrine disorders and other life-threatening conditions may sometimes be associated with HPE, the mere presence of HPE does not mean that these serious problems will occur or develop over time without any previous indication or warning. These abnormalities are usually recognized shortly after birth or early in life and only occur if areas of the brain controlling those functions are fused, malformed or absent.
Prognosis is dependent upon the degree of fusion and malformation of the brain, as well as other health complications that may be present.
The more severe forms of encephalopathy are usually fatal. This disorder consists of a spectrum of defects, malformations and associated abnormalities. Disability is based upon the degree in which the brain is affected. Moderate to severe defects may cause intellectual disability, spastic quadriparesis, athetoid movements, endocrine disorders, epilepsy and other serious conditions; mild brain defects may only cause learning or behavior problems with few motor impairments.
Seizures may develop over time with the highest risk before 2 years of age and the onset of puberty. Most are managed with one medication or a combination of medications. Typically, seizures that are difficult to control appear soon after birth, requiring more aggressive medication combinations/doses.
Most children with HPE are at risk of having elevated blood sodium levels during moderate-severe illnesses, that alter fluid intake/output, even if they have no previous diagnosis of diabetes insipidus or hypernatremia.
See also
Cephalic disorder
Cyclopia
Prenatal development
References
External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Holoprosencephaly Overview
What do we know about holoprosencephaly - Genome.gov
Congenital disorders of nervous system | [
-0.029227374121546745,
0.6085472106933594,
-0.10105257481336594,
-0.09023446589708328,
0.3732928931713104,
0.6777811646461487,
0.13390901684761047,
0.6303696036338806,
-0.5813661217689514,
-0.4124496579170227,
-0.6089341044425964,
0.11013251543045044,
-0.25356781482696533,
-0.042634669691324234,
-0.4230758547782898,
-0.07679032534360886,
1.4695920944213867,
0.4586085379123688,
-0.5402147173881531,
-0.26961514353752136,
-0.050182268023490906,
-0.607832670211792,
0.13839027285575867,
-0.3968309760093689,
0.13123197853565216,
-0.8575611114501953,
-0.3698882758617401,
-0.0739065483212471,
0.31002283096313477,
-0.38411563634872437,
-0.24306969344615936,
0.4231318533420563,
0.5667431950569153,
-0.15507872402668,
-0.08300362527370453,
0.07188042998313904,
-0.32365161180496216,
-0.6747344732284546,
0.09447697550058365,
-0.27905479073524475,
0.30795806646347046,
-0.25537577271461487,
0.0720655620098114,
-0.36288541555404663,
-0.5180142521858215,
0.1494019627571106,
-1.3418337106704712,
0.5205764174461365,
-0.10413456708192825,
0.4681169092655182,
-0.6480680704116821,
-0.17420028150081635,
0.6389634609222412,
0.1126803532242775,
0.3352316915988922,
-0.05742954462766647,
-0.9364275336265564,
-0.2451210469007492,
0.4515816569328308,
-0.2640928626060486,
0.5996592044830322,
-0.07350433617830276,
-0.08296285569667816,
-0.2454831898212433,
-0.030526120215654373,
-0.2992575466632843,
0.11228542774915695,
0.8102748394012451,
-0.5496605038642883,
0.2961373031139374,
-0.7331597208976746,
-0.1334391087293625,
-0.13707317411899567,
0.05890341103076935,
-0.3313315212726593,
-0.030156195163726807,
0.14563840627670288,
-0.2693580985069275,
0.48260295391082764,
-0.222048819065094,
-0.22908104956150055,
0.8736391067504883,
0.43900251388549805,
-0.03905835002660751,
-0.2783777713775635,
0.36305347084999084,
-0.5874413847923279,
0.9759666323661804,
-0.565436065196991,
-0.2658538222312927,
0.284586638212204,
-0.0977235734462738,
0.37843871116638184,
0.10780376940965652,
-0.377926766872406,
0.1911105215549469,
0.5571656823158264,
-0.20574836432933807,
0.3007985055446625,
-0.4048919081687927,
0.32216474413871765,
0.9554433226585388,
0.4674895107746124,
-0.04521799460053444,
0.29480618238449097,
-0.508614182472229,
0.8132267594337463,
-0.3360483646392822,
0.0016967792762443423,
-0.20086660981178284,
-0.8809792995452881,
0.07159794867038727,
0.054239459335803986,
0.0393524244427681,
-0.5573000907897949,
0.04801967367529869,
-0.20262320339679718,
0.46978074312210083,
-0.21857629716396332,
-0.9082086682319641,
-0.3761345148086548,
0.33021825551986694,
-0.24147441983222961,
0.14081749320030212,
-0.5363745093345642,
0.24226248264312744,
-0.6867469549179077,
0.11980459839105606,
-0.08487208932638168,
0.1529175192117691,
-0.2344188094139099,
0.2077590376138687,
-0.0030382657423615456,
-0.26427534222602844,
0.2607607841491699,
0.3985462188720703,
0.48289552330970764,
0.16763338446617126,
1.2732466459274292,
0.6631371974945068,
-0.19369152188301086,
-0.46947911381721497,
-0.5940449237823486,
0.06794429570436478,
0.2039603739976883,
-0.4009168744087219,
-0.35058683156967163,
0.2153729945421219,
-0.3696887493133545,
-0.1637963056564331,
-0.38241568207740784,
-0.04960642009973526,
-0.141753152012825,
-0.3236860930919647,
-0.21031774580478668,
-0.4136703610420227,
-0.11581555008888245,
-0.7760412693023682,
0.19700457155704498,
0.1008695736527443,
0.39757779240608215,
-0.09601807594299316,
-0.48332858085632324,
0.03107103332877159,
-0.35252851247787476,
-0.21572911739349365,
1.3692327737808228,
0.2514711320400238,
-0.2595861256122589,
0.3265319764614105,
0.14546675980091095,
0.2607111632823944,
0.6916401386260986,
0.04496217146515846,
-0.43510913848876953,
0.23609977960586548,
0.4853026270866394,
0.3636417090892792,
0.7084182500839233,
0.029173916205763817,
-0.6937658786773682,
-0.13490088284015656,
0.3524637818336487,
-0.1796995848417282,
0.020385142415761948,
-0.21469233930110931,
0.032174672931432724,
-0.23258978128433228,
-0.7680920958518982,
-0.2800769507884979,
0.11733186990022659,
-0.6285755038261414,
0.9824444651603699,
-0.02417396567761898,
1.2418643236160278,
-0.2815971076488495,
-0.7552891373634338,
-0.07498830556869507,
0.6051051020622253,
0.4799387753009796,
-0.2421191930770874,
-0.34144607186317444,
0.17996352910995483,
0.4996262788772583,
-0.3311541974544525,
0.3977949321269989,
-0.1799727976322174,
-0.1116277202963829,
0.5305393934249878,
0.05319239944219589,
-0.18473605811595917,
-0.26820841431617737,
0.5397058129310608,
0.18867258727550507,
0.2693634629249573,
-0.4736208915710449,
-0.40799468755722046,
0.3200017809867859,
-0.6035434603691101,
-0.14172989130020142,
-0.124705009162426,
-0.3164956867694855,
-0.2567472755908966,
0.6989819407463074,
0.008913017809391022,
0.7641686797142029,
0.5983827114105225,
-0.1775364875793457,
0.42151597142219543,
-0.5741996169090271,
-0.18800373375415802,
0.09556017071008682,
0.15399791300296783,
-0.30884692072868347,
-0.13791652023792267,
0.10734347254037857,
0.4170090854167938,
-0.881274938583374,
0.018128637224435806,
-0.3972357213497162,
-0.25481337308883667,
0.3420303761959076,
-0.39449867606163025,
-0.10371968150138855,
0.33437904715538025,
0.21235251426696777,
-0.029898514971137047,
0.8192763328552246,
-0.932823896408081,
0.21375519037246704,
-0.6533475518226624,
0.6608333587646484,
0.0968870148062706,
-0.67876797914505,
0.27007707953453064,
-0.4789389669895172,
0.2290225327014923,
-0.05605918914079666,
0.22968563437461853,
-0.2598201632499695,
0.16499261558055878,
-0.03400716185569763,
0.10266270488500595,
-0.20480972528457642,
-0.5098980665206909,
-0.47681593894958496,
-0.009969607926905155,
0.05307032912969589,
0.40473222732543945,
-0.12401348352432251,
0.8587921261787415,
-0.11141753196716309,
-0.9668553471565247,
0.1119852215051651,
-0.1953698992729187,
-0.2583432197570801,
-0.35773712396621704,
-0.48214882612228394,
-0.16819950938224792,
-0.38706764578819275,
0.10060135275125504,
0.562309205532074,
-0.05901000648736954,
0.3553372025489807,
-0.12148664891719818,
0.2673678696155548,
0.15671630203723907,
-0.8221685290336609,
0.3043063282966614,
-0.6661520600318909,
-0.5933644771575928,
0.49020183086395264,
0.2609036862850189,
-0.01027223002165556,
0.28402426838874817,
0.4202605187892914,
0.2536117136478424,
0.043743424117565155,
0.07131116092205048,
-0.17591406404972076,
-0.025568466633558273,
0.29188376665115356,
-0.09485013037919998,
0.04914958029985428,
0.22419357299804688,
0.5044906735420227,
0.2451198399066925,
-0.05923245847225189,
-5.5673723220825195,
-0.1971457600593567,
-0.3080482482910156,
-0.6822413802146912,
0.12516090273857117,
0.6076948046684265,
0.46945518255233765,
-0.0075903949327766895,
0.10308380424976349,
0.28622955083847046,
-0.32032763957977295,
-0.09356370568275452,
-0.5121522545814514,
0.10458837449550629,
0.16874723136425018,
-0.38417989015579224,
-0.6899546384811401,
-0.4439130127429962,
0.04210512712597847,
0.10784248262643814,
-0.15883274376392365,
0.21225033700466156,
0.10672872513532639,
0.48185136914253235,
-0.1731998473405838,
0.19136524200439453,
-0.2614487111568451,
-0.13046076893806458,
-0.4298151433467865,
-0.34476324915885925,
-0.3572998046875,
-0.26653701066970825,
0.3314492106437683,
0.16795390844345093,
-0.02340896613895893,
0.5040937066078186,
0.2217913568019867,
0.019213473424315453,
-0.060637135058641434,
-0.1348036229610443,
-0.37944501638412476,
-0.1538097858428955,
0.19357800483703613,
0.04677406698465347,
0.5369814038276672,
0.026960991322994232,
-0.16824936866760254,
-0.1854645311832428,
-0.26519715785980225,
0.725574254989624,
0.09068875759840012,
0.12038703262805939,
-0.4921843111515045,
0.046135466545820236,
0.4929925501346588,
0.617073655128479,
0.8770251870155334,
-0.28198859095573425,
-0.4035893678665161,
-0.4756896197795868,
0.6971690654754639,
-0.2565661668777466,
-0.6461622714996338,
-0.5265092849731445,
0.06446484476327896,
-0.3035159707069397,
-0.5606783628463745,
0.45057961344718933,
0.9701180458068848,
0.39053621888160706,
-0.044977329671382904,
-0.12511852383613586,
0.18498939275741577,
-1.0073906183242798,
0.4456455409526825,
-0.5785658955574036,
-0.2851451635360718,
0.2002374231815338,
0.017874153330922127,
-0.12240336835384369,
-0.03218163177371025,
-0.19829194247722626,
-0.1220502257347107,
0.10085511952638626,
0.07158587127923965,
-0.0818476527929306,
-0.7413678169250488,
0.45886531472206116,
-0.07198183983564377,
0.6368915438652039,
1.1433732509613037,
0.3158869445323944,
-0.2051890343427658,
0.3309488892555237,
-0.22502824664115906,
0.6929817795753479,
-0.14014261960983276,
1.201892614364624,
0.6187127232551575,
0.1491350531578064,
0.47241857647895813,
-0.12638959288597107,
-0.22137492895126343,
-0.165725976228714,
-0.45531371235847473,
-0.1897273063659668,
-0.41732123494148254,
0.22025105357170105,
0.638532817363739,
-0.05941616743803024,
0.19649702310562134,
0.44169387221336365,
-0.043006040155887604,
-0.6753496527671814,
0.1803378164768219,
-0.021409979090094566,
-0.38002654910087585,
1.254171371459961,
0.3360888957977295,
-0.7312416434288025,
0.0998377799987793,
0.23228685557842255,
-0.8659279942512512,
0.041109610348939896,
-0.40213993191719055,
0.426650732755661,
-0.1836390644311905,
0.3417130708694458,
-0.20834355056285858,
0.07662355899810791,
0.19439645111560822,
0.3071085214614868,
0.21073071658611298,
0.21907813847064972,
-0.5144343972206116,
-0.7156816124916077,
-0.13608196377754211,
0.6305076479911804,
0.04547209292650223,
0.012267869897186756,
0.47855323553085327,
-0.008558286353945732,
0.023538736626505852,
-0.17847758531570435,
-0.14245456457138062,
-0.12849310040473938,
-0.5159775018692017,
-0.6719895005226135,
-0.428317666053772,
0.47718554735183716,
0.476763516664505,
-0.4608967900276184,
0.3484165370464325,
0.07777628302574158,
-0.3588610291481018,
0.3044760227203369,
-0.251861035823822,
0.3440916836261749,
-0.11972913891077042,
-0.29574355483055115,
-0.523445188999176,
-0.2923174798488617,
-0.8149946928024292,
-0.556250810623169,
0.18919780850410461,
-0.6975733637809753,
-0.017191197723150253,
-0.513999879360199,
-0.29272204637527466,
0.10647720843553543,
-0.36263203620910645,
-0.4993366301059723,
-0.06332498043775558,
-0.38752982020378113,
0.5773361921310425,
-0.5278981924057007,
-0.2851933240890503,
-0.23320387303829193,
-0.016993671655654907,
0.013861515559256077,
-0.5906846523284912,
-0.3569098711013794,
0.3879964351654053,
-0.16980083286762238,
0.3751890957355499,
-0.3615250587463379,
0.21254375576972961,
-0.7019107341766357,
-0.04204463213682175,
-0.3968052268028259,
-0.17524859309196472,
-0.09161635488271713,
0.04332872852683067,
0.1992829442024231,
0.18699704110622406,
0.5340072512626648,
-0.6032368540763855,
0.579723596572876,
-0.01512011419981718,
-0.20679940283298492,
-0.46559157967567444,
0.07782180607318878,
-0.2254631221294403,
0.12366431951522827,
1.2493772506713867,
-0.29716935753822327,
0.4952865540981293,
0.05297602340579033,
-0.6190057396888733,
0.5911681652069092,
-0.03328561410307884,
-0.27691295742988586,
-0.6030564308166504,
0.31320634484291077,
-0.12607260048389435,
0.19135743379592896,
-0.16589485108852386,
-0.7756363153457642,
-0.45616719126701355,
0.3732658326625824,
0.3575854003429413,
0.3231932818889618,
-0.2023342102766037,
-0.2735491991043091,
-0.0414794459939003,
-0.584774911403656,
0.22398367524147034,
-0.09833183139562607,
1.4727115631103516,
-0.15613174438476562,
0.14564816653728485,
0.06996263563632965,
-0.26839274168014526,
0.27145352959632874,
-0.31462612748146057,
-0.5550616979598999,
0.09007646888494492,
-0.15927544236183167,
0.45775556564331055,
0.41877859830856323,
1.2067583799362183,
0.29662322998046875,
-0.07207804918289185,
0.27414670586586,
-0.7684809565544128,
0.6191455721855164,
0.27908164262771606,
-0.9021894335746765,
-0.017138486728072166,
0.357332706451416,
0.4322025179862976,
-0.23938031494617462,
-0.13114112615585327,
0.08474486321210861,
0.30282193422317505,
-0.021678466349840164,
-0.23959431052207947,
-0.47628098726272583,
-0.26377028226852417,
0.02305126190185547,
0.021084744483232498,
-0.3248799741268158,
0.3275919258594513,
0.1210959181189537,
0.1063442975282669,
0.27985167503356934,
-0.4637153148651123,
0.055498864501714706,
0.29119133949279785,
-0.03912854567170143,
0.2532743215560913,
0.15436537563800812,
0.7514152526855469,
-0.47940903902053833,
0.016255242750048637,
0.08359681069850922,
0.30500179529190063,
-0.2912037670612335,
0.2868052124977112,
0.18116925656795502,
0.22404609620571136,
0.011629368178546429,
0.45120397210121155,
-0.18376241624355316,
0.6993090510368347,
-0.7814832329750061,
-0.11735505610704422,
-0.7297072410583496,
-0.10108993202447891,
-0.21695458889007568,
-0.04082318767905235,
0.4702996611595154,
-0.027840428054332733,
-0.2139596939086914,
0.17005552351474762,
0.1291978657245636,
-0.01967937871813774,
0.4554769992828369,
-0.10398709028959274,
-0.290147989988327,
-0.7323805093765259,
0.20537182688713074,
0.11941131204366684,
-0.6026619672775269,
0.06379905343055725,
0.28931745886802673,
-0.32392627000808716,
-0.5392999649047852,
-0.9271109700202942,
0.17659854888916016,
0.1866152137517929,
0.16625414788722992,
-0.12665773928165436,
0.6566323637962341,
-0.561456561088562,
0.17509974539279938,
0.18007764220237732,
-0.19653066992759705,
0.08738967031240463,
0.7529191374778748,
0.0002189483493566513,
0.3250449001789093,
0.23089009523391724,
-0.48950332403182983,
-0.2883591055870056,
-0.2494819313287735,
0.4614654779434204,
0.47512099146842957,
0.27892687916755676,
0.6471793055534363,
0.5517544150352478,
0.16639813780784607,
0.14498236775398254,
0.8841362595558167,
0.5422800779342651,
-0.6239062547683716,
0.31429871916770935,
-0.5328918695449829,
-0.36537113785743713,
0.5963249206542969,
0.5700662732124329,
0.520477294921875,
-0.14444643259048462,
0.2013297975063324,
-0.13600511848926544,
0.23533760011196136,
0.22179794311523438,
0.046944499015808105,
0.1489848643541336,
0.21759825944900513,
0.47282329201698303,
-0.5670955181121826,
0.4839046895503998,
0.07312116771936417,
0.28296804428100586,
0.2678104639053345,
0.4875674843788147,
-0.19152827560901642,
-0.20150282979011536,
0.13915711641311646,
-0.7029786705970764,
0.21676215529441833,
-0.051487479358911514,
0.6988149881362915,
0.4177871346473694,
-0.3600172698497772,
0.5870383381843567,
-0.0029172783251851797,
0.6541869044303894,
-0.1338725984096527,
0.2717544138431549,
0.011583833023905754,
-0.24965208768844604,
-0.38097986578941345,
-0.171243354678154,
0.16528090834617615,
0.38151541352272034,
0.19570547342300415,
-0.06383752822875977,
-0.6323314905166626,
-0.6512172818183899,
-0.5007230043411255,
-0.5022218823432922,
-0.15824565291404724,
-0.13487176597118378,
0.3466600179672241,
0.40584802627563477,
0.20384101569652557,
-0.5760053992271423,
0.583396852016449,
-0.14301612973213196,
-0.3426547348499298,
0.36401283740997314,
-0.27139556407928467,
0.04634447395801544,
0.0627128854393959,
0.1783374696969986,
0.06775382161140442,
0.04965580627322197,
0.388963907957077,
0.1715962439775467,
0.251648485660553,
0.04363994300365448,
-0.31437066197395325,
-0.3183945119380951,
0.2325890213251114,
0.3648334741592407,
0.2527145445346832,
-0.6791118383407593,
-0.44261133670806885,
0.02353077009320259,
0.7958606481552124,
-0.03254203870892525,
0.9053332805633545,
0.3295501172542572,
0.07823077589273453,
0.7002460360527039,
-0.17513832449913025,
-0.1796761006116867,
-0.6538776159286499,
0.04821819067001343,
0.08588489890098572,
0.1394755095243454,
0.04180016741156578,
-0.2825903594493866,
0.31552934646606445,
0.8904843330383301,
-0.29073581099510193,
-0.4352976381778717,
0.11722923070192337,
-1.0745822191238403,
0.25040051341056824,
-0.1779022365808487,
-0.19418209791183472,
-0.5231138467788696,
-1.1169172525405884,
0.28601816296577454,
0.2931062579154968,
0.34519603848457336,
-0.5687065720558167,
0.23394203186035156,
-0.4039487838745117,
0.03501957282423973,
-0.059093255549669266,
0.2375418096780777,
-0.22398079931735992,
-0.4634091854095459,
0.17517732083797455,
-0.10498857498168945,
-0.4188246726989746,
0.2362513393163681,
-0.34668174386024475,
-0.09518542140722275,
-0.4260195195674896,
-0.009982184506952763,
-0.10886723548173904,
0.0026650303043425083,
0.052437834441661835,
0.07892365753650665,
0.585458517074585
] |
232043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmocephaly | Ethmocephaly | Ethmocephaly is a type of cephalic disorder caused by holoprosencephaly. Ethmocephaly is the least common facial anomaly. It consists of a proboscis separating narrow-set eyes with an absent nose and microphthalmia (abnormal smallness of one or both eyes). Cebocephaly, another facial anomaly, is characterized by a small, flattened nose with a single nostril situated below incomplete or underdeveloped closely set eyes.
The least severe in the spectrum of facial anomalies is the median cleft lip, also called premaxillary agenesis.
Although the causes of most cases of holoprosencephaly remain unknown, some may be due to dominant or chromosome causes. Such chromosomal anomalies as trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 have been found in association with holoprosencephaly, or other neural tube defects. Genetic counseling and genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, is usually offered during a pregnancy if holoprosencephaly is detected. The recurrence risk depends on the underlying cause. If no cause is identified and the fetal chromosomes are normal, the chance to have another pregnancy affected with holoprosencephaly is about 6%.
There is no treatment for holoprosencephaly and the prognosis for individuals with the disorder is poor. Most of those who survive show no significant developmental gains. For children who survive, treatment is symptomatic. It is possible that improved management of diabetic pregnancies may help prevent holoprosencephaly, however there is no means of primary prevention.
See also
Holoprosencephaly
Cephalic disorder
Cyclopia
References
Congenital disorders | [
0.11908670514822006,
1.3894364833831787,
-0.526736319065094,
-0.4858263432979584,
-0.49295487999916077,
0.5098199844360352,
0.9443559050559998,
0.5320984721183777,
-0.0859038308262825,
-0.7340102195739746,
-0.5132049918174744,
-0.010407921858131886,
-0.40711647272109985,
0.8023173213005066,
0.29580384492874146,
0.6640961170196533,
0.2624363303184509,
0.6482054591178894,
-0.4340517222881317,
-0.300959974527359,
0.11049206554889679,
-0.6185457110404968,
0.39640572667121887,
-0.44874104857444763,
-0.21543370187282562,
-0.337154358625412,
0.05119873955845833,
-0.07408765703439713,
0.49975335597991943,
-0.3291148543357849,
-0.05037940293550491,
0.8860083222389221,
0.2741604745388031,
-0.21090345084667206,
0.1952209621667862,
0.12147445231676102,
0.0039004606660455465,
-0.6143691539764404,
0.09992048889398575,
-0.6867265701293945,
-0.08448931574821472,
0.046131014823913574,
0.2690010368824005,
0.4263904094696045,
-0.19462327659130096,
-0.19875873625278473,
-1.480543851852417,
0.4279880225658417,
-0.9300106167793274,
-0.06541338562965393,
0.4119505286216736,
0.0032313833944499493,
1.294745922088623,
0.5524120330810547,
0.07266510277986526,
0.4782748818397522,
-1.6975305080413818,
-0.25602105259895325,
0.8349342346191406,
0.19827106595039368,
0.3958958685398102,
-0.02014913037419319,
-0.3558422029018402,
-0.3759235441684723,
0.2357889860868454,
0.2582239508628845,
-0.3148311674594879,
0.7651444673538208,
-0.7005537152290344,
0.025896813720464706,
-0.455573171377182,
-0.214381605386734,
0.8323789834976196,
0.22089220583438873,
-0.3162420988082886,
-0.01908612623810768,
0.04641508683562279,
-0.5305501222610474,
0.4078342318534851,
-0.21552766859531403,
-0.2906731367111206,
0.6288312077522278,
0.49159812927246094,
0.66731858253479,
0.22030043601989746,
-0.01618802361190319,
-0.5819452404975891,
0.8726029992103577,
-0.6321187615394592,
0.6226531863212585,
0.03346238657832146,
0.27800822257995605,
0.6527060270309448,
0.2312822788953781,
-0.3585743308067322,
0.196737602353096,
0.6604869961738586,
-0.11702550947666168,
0.043888919055461884,
0.20138299465179443,
0.12599647045135498,
0.38144218921661377,
0.6748281717300415,
-0.16616398096084595,
0.368541955947876,
-0.6220935583114624,
-0.3365272581577301,
-0.27618545293807983,
0.25098875164985657,
-1.3158214092254639,
-1.074310302734375,
0.26197749376296997,
-0.40643662214279175,
-0.17519010603427887,
-0.7935189008712769,
0.2502705752849579,
0.13709336519241333,
-0.0895109698176384,
-0.4012995660305023,
-0.8445920348167419,
-0.20341254770755768,
0.12257114052772522,
-0.14939473569393158,
0.17878301441669464,
-1.044032335281372,
0.5994846224784851,
-0.1181844100356102,
0.44277167320251465,
-0.1384730190038681,
0.7423143982887268,
0.2212609052658081,
0.707664966583252,
-0.19258597493171692,
-0.35638105869293213,
0.20572833716869354,
-0.25225210189819336,
0.6593480706214905,
0.2127072513103485,
0.9963868260383606,
0.17174264788627625,
-0.4278925955295563,
-0.6987366080284119,
-1.3482420444488525,
0.5691999197006226,
0.1599753499031067,
-0.399147629737854,
0.014005525968968868,
0.3939448595046997,
0.3449454605579376,
-0.32525455951690674,
0.07564422488212585,
-0.463943213224411,
-0.20180173218250275,
0.2074512541294098,
-0.4255290627479553,
-0.15509279072284698,
0.44164952635765076,
-0.7578374743461609,
0.9286190271377563,
0.35434189438819885,
0.34817853569984436,
-0.04642403870820999,
-0.3938489556312561,
-0.13640660047531128,
-0.07694214582443237,
-0.0595567561686039,
0.4650736451148987,
0.4988270401954651,
-0.4332544207572937,
0.924919843673706,
-0.5395084023475647,
0.12049128115177155,
0.2740902304649353,
-0.18401023745536804,
0.37366142868995667,
0.20212703943252563,
0.23095405101776123,
0.41160041093826294,
0.17228062450885773,
-0.22996991872787476,
-0.526050865650177,
0.5068285465240479,
0.19596296548843384,
-0.15929728746414185,
0.5961320996284485,
0.04774242639541626,
0.7365478277206421,
-0.4439089000225067,
-0.3955848217010498,
-0.2283211052417755,
-0.5532193183898926,
-0.3129880130290985,
0.7455050349235535,
0.03404223918914795,
1.6060166358947754,
-0.04355452209711075,
-0.5112516283988953,
-0.4005926549434662,
0.7353901267051697,
0.323432981967926,
-0.19996075332164764,
-0.444021999835968,
0.30581724643707275,
0.28208133578300476,
-0.42585039138793945,
1.2861213684082031,
-0.3852083384990692,
-0.08832988888025284,
0.39123964309692383,
0.6403194069862366,
0.6568359732627869,
-0.7750120759010315,
0.3923291265964508,
-0.11490414291620255,
-0.008952961303293705,
-0.21074067056179047,
-0.35062894225120544,
0.45327311754226685,
-0.8192000985145569,
-0.2812070846557617,
0.17683784663677216,
-0.5620384812355042,
-0.23548056185245514,
0.6731075644493103,
0.311810702085495,
0.6515437364578247,
0.14081129431724548,
-0.1320079118013382,
0.723422110080719,
-0.7113761901855469,
0.2912636399269104,
0.6886926293373108,
0.1516893059015274,
-0.2614462375640869,
-0.2447787970304489,
-0.08864780515432358,
0.2527782618999481,
-0.7754200100898743,
-0.05652816221117973,
-0.5529195666313171,
-0.18425039947032928,
0.34083905816078186,
-0.2536075711250305,
0.13527347147464752,
-0.21896523237228394,
-0.2473897635936737,
-0.4865466058254242,
0.48465800285339355,
-1.0210061073303223,
-0.0573161281645298,
0.1612676978111267,
0.610084593296051,
-0.13500234484672546,
-0.6209603548049927,
-0.20619985461235046,
0.07677750289440155,
0.4840248227119446,
0.1920842081308365,
-0.09128040820360184,
-0.6485654711723328,
-0.07281995564699173,
0.4722486138343811,
0.5863218903541565,
0.23147135972976685,
-0.5062983632087708,
-0.4857320487499237,
-0.17866267263889313,
-0.20655784010887146,
0.38337814807891846,
-0.4516046643257141,
1.412827491760254,
-0.6086018681526184,
-0.8212233781814575,
-0.7525242567062378,
-0.4677164554595947,
-0.5203007459640503,
-0.2431309074163437,
0.07414621859788895,
-1.032565951347351,
0.1515047401189804,
-0.07696269452571869,
0.9718690514564514,
0.12327083200216293,
0.33076703548431396,
-0.608435869216919,
0.11129873245954514,
0.0881761685013771,
-0.08454297482967377,
0.45681557059288025,
-0.4486939013004303,
-0.12363069504499435,
0.5366679430007935,
0.2162797749042511,
0.2037702351808548,
-0.2229054570198059,
0.030924933031201363,
0.09029962867498398,
0.36076411604881287,
0.09719227254390717,
-0.5876364707946777,
-0.35818129777908325,
0.2822858393192291,
-0.47372525930404663,
0.11217517405748367,
-0.041611045598983765,
0.17704856395721436,
-0.26621028780937195,
0.13248109817504883,
-4.7079644203186035,
0.12578466534614563,
-0.19485455751419067,
-0.4857889413833618,
0.15469233691692352,
0.2638505697250366,
0.9840667843818665,
-0.5358340740203857,
-1.1247094869613647,
0.4494222104549408,
-0.2494909018278122,
0.18233036994934082,
0.06982479244470596,
0.4871775805950165,
0.3744957745075226,
0.01439498271793127,
-0.30624309182167053,
-0.4533957242965698,
0.4175178110599518,
-0.025935616344213486,
-0.06857827305793762,
0.7795193791389465,
-0.2620219886302948,
0.6622201204299927,
-0.08869200944900513,
-0.07989294081926346,
-0.21479207277297974,
0.49663639068603516,
-1.0223066806793213,
0.15211406350135803,
0.23636242747306824,
-0.3129127025604248,
0.47454553842544556,
-0.20531851053237915,
-0.19624091684818268,
0.3036850094795227,
0.6277644634246826,
0.5611362457275391,
-0.3744640648365021,
-0.3744569420814514,
-0.7451481819152832,
0.2731989026069641,
0.094634510576725,
0.3451506793498993,
0.6923534274101257,
-0.215876966714859,
-0.10492421686649323,
-0.3203071355819702,
0.12009543925523758,
0.739444375038147,
0.07003264874219894,
-0.2819225490093231,
0.13982883095741272,
0.6600378155708313,
0.13435953855514526,
0.03520829603075981,
0.5654549598693848,
-0.5631250143051147,
-0.07707136124372482,
-0.26162809133529663,
0.8246030807495117,
-0.182199627161026,
-0.4221571981906891,
-0.6829411387443542,
0.3318753242492676,
-0.5414514541625977,
-0.45526444911956787,
0.17912855744361877,
0.6960316300392151,
-0.25275635719299316,
-0.017727969214320183,
-0.2510310113430023,
-0.017143307253718376,
-0.8189223408699036,
0.43287044763565063,
-0.7813213467597961,
-0.130209282040596,
0.01803707890212536,
0.1100120097398758,
0.2596736550331116,
-0.07023390382528305,
-0.21224552392959595,
-0.4476301074028015,
0.3682258129119873,
0.45156484842300415,
-0.1958635151386261,
-0.6364901661872864,
0.7313814163208008,
-0.7650704383850098,
-0.09842447191476822,
0.6097896099090576,
0.18933168053627014,
-0.08901473134756088,
0.45773014426231384,
-0.24617724120616913,
0.9255945682525635,
0.2968391478061676,
0.6037513017654419,
0.6306921243667603,
0.09997107833623886,
0.4225296378135681,
-0.8432855010032654,
-0.2364957630634308,
0.320980042219162,
-0.3044449985027313,
-0.49499690532684326,
-0.12228518724441528,
0.5569649338722229,
0.771335244178772,
-0.1394001543521881,
0.1491362750530243,
0.3737960457801819,
0.09449193626642227,
-0.7281439900398254,
0.6416780948638916,
0.05137220770120621,
-0.3017997145652771,
0.4645511507987976,
0.46211448311805725,
0.0368715301156044,
0.36720845103263855,
0.12664861977100372,
-0.31596314907073975,
0.16417372226715088,
0.4480735957622528,
0.11984006315469742,
0.16322976350784302,
0.08362092822790146,
-1.0955404043197632,
-0.28981584310531616,
-0.42943650484085083,
-0.19525368511676788,
0.23452380299568176,
0.04829350486397743,
-0.38387712836265564,
-0.742591917514801,
-0.6988582611083984,
0.6113746762275696,
0.07763902842998505,
-0.8338103294372559,
0.12915891408920288,
-0.3354014754295349,
-0.6683982610702515,
0.5503249764442444,
0.6961020231246948,
0.22171729803085327,
-0.3621002435684204,
-0.32276302576065063,
-0.9733613133430481,
0.17833900451660156,
0.11984051764011383,
-0.46261656284332275,
-0.008928376249969006,
-0.4490853548049927,
-0.16405576467514038,
0.4416854977607727,
-0.4463962912559509,
0.5812605619430542,
0.1249818354845047,
-0.758827805519104,
-0.40103739500045776,
-0.41255640983581543,
-1.22454833984375,
-0.16993634402751923,
0.09658173471689224,
-0.9837043285369873,
-0.689272403717041,
-0.7222877144813538,
-0.6661071181297302,
0.6925215721130371,
-0.4525536298751831,
-0.15143050253391266,
-0.3194158375263214,
-0.3894231617450714,
0.6084197759628296,
-0.28996944427490234,
-0.6384470462799072,
0.23574012517929077,
0.22813020646572113,
-0.4772413671016693,
-0.6091070771217346,
0.24980884790420532,
-0.11221858859062195,
0.4298786222934723,
0.4231767952442169,
-0.0748908668756485,
0.07693710923194885,
-0.2917077839374542,
-0.33327215909957886,
-0.10852333903312683,
-0.15605899691581726,
0.27573084831237793,
-0.22653833031654358,
0.22280508279800415,
-0.46058693528175354,
-0.36803463101387024,
-0.5489583611488342,
-0.15812547504901886,
0.2759697139263153,
-0.6632148623466492,
0.6910330653190613,
0.7752419114112854,
0.1065511628985405,
0.856686532497406,
1.0904715061187744,
-0.752922773361206,
0.5651038289070129,
0.08507902920246124,
-1.0307420492172241,
0.5716678500175476,
0.0469825342297554,
-0.9877479672431946,
-0.18571874499320984,
1.0439236164093018,
-0.42572659254074097,
-0.027205022051930428,
0.38641324639320374,
-0.788870632648468,
-0.5571385622024536,
0.04934937506914139,
0.3513173758983612,
0.09253115952014923,
-0.3922545909881592,
-0.24232448637485504,
-1.2825582027435303,
0.22165851294994354,
0.18757230043411255,
-0.2667723000049591,
1.51181161403656,
-0.5934850573539734,
-0.004211592487990856,
0.29522037506103516,
0.10038743168115616,
-0.2013426274061203,
-0.2912949025630951,
-0.23851822316646576,
0.01861678995192051,
0.0973314642906189,
0.11881633847951889,
0.04875827580690384,
1.0068072080612183,
0.5276477932929993,
0.233950674533844,
-0.39357584714889526,
-0.15048633515834808,
0.0757688581943512,
0.7246207594871521,
-0.9537700414657593,
-0.47497013211250305,
0.28158295154571533,
0.4155499339103699,
-0.3790649175643921,
-0.6830527186393738,
-0.5492841005325317,
0.4557822048664093,
0.02731487900018692,
-0.14615678787231445,
-0.13968411087989807,
0.5583729147911072,
-0.0016433997079730034,
0.02717381715774536,
-0.16053172945976257,
0.13257785141468048,
0.3100462555885315,
-0.057259220629930496,
0.04813079535961151,
-0.06345106661319733,
0.34497010707855225,
0.10205215215682983,
-0.3393907845020294,
-0.46147656440734863,
-0.4278419017791748,
0.341354101896286,
-0.15474416315555573,
0.2459580898284912,
0.06321170926094055,
0.03726894408464432,
-1.1109925508499146,
-0.10023065656423569,
0.1378408968448639,
0.5610317587852478,
-0.5897171497344971,
0.5571022629737854,
0.12252549827098846,
0.5743914842605591,
-0.8790218830108643,
-0.06393038481473923,
-1.1248729228973389,
-0.5723351240158081,
-0.24724212288856506,
-0.515686571598053,
0.04595378786325455,
-0.3449547588825226,
0.5081910490989685,
0.48358574509620667,
0.2949030101299286,
-0.09068787097930908,
0.21354889869689941,
0.013902992010116577,
-0.4035649597644806,
-0.8959182500839233,
0.4755043685436249,
0.01820087991654873,
-0.541818380355835,
0.23911525309085846,
0.11812516301870346,
-0.1367470622062683,
-0.6483834981918335,
0.12830135226249695,
0.5222399830818176,
0.2911224961280823,
0.08399824053049088,
0.19554540514945984,
0.965671718120575,
0.16095606982707977,
0.11645351350307465,
0.26422902941703796,
-0.0004405308573041111,
0.2327684611082077,
0.5354153513908386,
0.25294020771980286,
0.008172555826604366,
0.7450640201568604,
-0.2790537178516388,
0.2507530748844147,
0.5964545607566833,
-0.1335146427154541,
0.2633545994758606,
0.8326866030693054,
0.5139523148536682,
0.6729971170425415,
0.12659883499145508,
-0.4058479368686676,
0.7990025281906128,
0.35158124566078186,
-0.4363745152950287,
0.3258281350135803,
-0.8733412623405457,
-0.5231528282165527,
0.6089801788330078,
0.3495912253856659,
0.4377661347389221,
-0.008779224939644337,
0.31990697979927063,
-0.15825992822647095,
0.34440138936042786,
-0.33556294441223145,
0.17833389341831207,
0.49052342772483826,
-0.7928212285041809,
0.563500702381134,
-0.3963059186935425,
0.19055716693401337,
-0.6844966411590576,
-0.04435548931360245,
0.12656903266906738,
0.4486793577671051,
-0.21293188631534576,
-0.4412347376346588,
-0.21310056746006012,
-0.18374817073345184,
-0.05573158338665962,
-0.3598376214504242,
0.23763921856880188,
0.6315915584564209,
-0.19381862878799438,
0.20242264866828918,
-0.5215394496917725,
0.3680860698223114,
0.523684024810791,
0.1406235545873642,
-0.43811482191085815,
0.2064649760723114,
0.469345360994339,
0.4418273866176605,
-0.005404284223914146,
-0.12651175260543823,
0.4747559726238251,
0.3189913034439087,
-0.15643155574798584,
-0.4846724569797516,
0.036610186100006104,
-0.29908907413482666,
-0.3174722194671631,
0.31415897607803345,
-0.4984864294528961,
0.04280375689268112,
0.32412293553352356,
0.1353781670331955,
0.3036092519760132,
-0.12150014191865921,
0.3989967405796051,
0.6053737998008728,
-0.2502036392688751,
-0.1852743923664093,
-0.08223371207714081,
-0.26852479577064514,
0.21134380996227264,
-0.2948632538318634,
0.019789552316069603,
-0.321757972240448,
0.47381076216697693,
-0.3672109842300415,
-0.3925788104534149,
-0.5856004953384399,
0.36578863859176636,
-0.010737143456935883,
0.5550317168235779,
-0.9894673824310303,
0.029333127662539482,
-0.14657147228717804,
0.22269892692565918,
-0.054641325026750565,
1.23667311668396,
0.15136730670928955,
0.10744000971317291,
0.3506382703781128,
-0.6793869137763977,
-0.7364678382873535,
-0.37684956192970276,
0.4702678918838501,
-0.5077645182609558,
0.5594006776809692,
0.27085447311401367,
-0.5319167375564575,
-0.2922201454639435,
0.49274373054504395,
-0.21052959561347961,
0.11314071714878082,
0.1860792189836502,
-0.39271727204322815,
1.1405189037322998,
-0.475180059671402,
-0.04197545722126961,
-0.06623537093400955,
-0.24353712797164917,
0.36110469698905945,
0.7487360239028931,
0.015034680254757404,
-0.14095604419708252,
0.218791663646698,
-0.8093622922897339,
-0.027262913063168526,
0.35334983468055725,
-1.9675401449203491,
0.012665119022130966,
-0.43486925959587097,
-0.07453294098377228,
-0.32325848937034607,
-0.06165313348174095,
0.09725393354892731,
-0.5644179582595825,
0.03495744615793228,
-0.36018073558807373,
-0.011326081119477749,
-0.33365151286125183,
-0.26488232612609863,
-0.5886332988739014,
0.1830289214849472,
0.7165077328681946
] |
232044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebocephaly | Cebocephaly | Cebocephaly (from Greek kebos, "monkey" + kephale, "head") is a developmental anomaly that is part of a group of defects called holoprosencephaly. Cebocephaly involves the presence of two separate eyes set close together and a small, flat nose with a single nostril (no nasal septum). It may be diagnosed before or after birth. It has a very poor prognosis, with most affected infants dying soon after birth. It is very rare, having been estimated to affect around 1 in 40,000 deliveries.
Signs and symptoms
Cebocephaly causes:
two separate eyes set close together
a small, flat nose with a single nostril
ear abnormalities
mouth abnormalities (such as microstomia)
The presence of a nasal septum precludes a diagnosis of cebocephaly. Cebocephaly may cause malformations of the sphenoid and ethmoid bones behind the orbit.
Cause
Cebocephaly can be caused by many factors, particularly genetic variations. These include 18p-, 14q deletion, 13q deletion, and some vertically transmitted infections. It is part of a group of defects called holoprosencephaly.
Diagnosis
Before birth, cebocephaly may sometimes be diagnosed using ultrasound. After birth, cebocephaly is diagnosed based on the characteristic symptoms. A CT scan may be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Prognosis
Most infants born with cebocephaly die soon after birth.
Epidemiology
Cebocephaly is very uncommon. Some estimates of its prevalence include 1 in 40,000 neonatal deliveries.
History
The word "cebocephaly" is derived from Greek kebos (monkey), and kephale (head).
See also
Cephalic disorder
References
Congenital disorders of nervous system | [
-0.000603323511313647,
0.9631561040878296,
-0.7382739186286926,
-0.027639511972665787,
0.208772212266922,
0.17442019283771515,
0.3446153700351715,
0.5378395915031433,
-0.45104917883872986,
-0.7299203276634216,
-0.4589217007160187,
-0.10629835724830627,
-0.3575635552406311,
0.48917073011398315,
-0.5663018226623535,
0.28357577323913574,
0.9528847336769104,
0.34591081738471985,
-0.6217422485351562,
-0.1310494989156723,
-0.17915262281894684,
-0.30499744415283203,
-0.17077136039733887,
-0.2776572108268738,
-0.176200732588768,
-0.582377552986145,
-0.08680623024702072,
0.3865841329097748,
0.30938202142715454,
-0.49212387204170227,
-0.06369160860776901,
0.4304055869579315,
0.7212678790092468,
0.22820305824279785,
-0.2965233325958252,
-0.2689416706562042,
-0.6493483781814575,
-1.1686646938323975,
-0.09044499695301056,
-0.3981499671936035,
0.28627827763557434,
0.028070958331227303,
-0.05593535676598549,
0.23584699630737305,
-0.5592670440673828,
0.2539942264556885,
-1.2995356321334839,
0.5371581315994263,
-0.528988778591156,
0.3036128878593445,
-0.07149327546358109,
-0.0743105486035347,
0.13542328774929047,
0.05703496187925339,
0.08944021910429001,
-0.3546503186225891,
-1.202735424041748,
-0.30415892601013184,
0.7093378901481628,
-0.08107497543096542,
0.5052154064178467,
-0.12331364303827286,
-0.25487279891967773,
0.08383186906576157,
-0.24308602511882782,
0.057455647736787796,
0.33776700496673584,
0.9762909412384033,
-0.6838870644569397,
0.014764334075152874,
-0.6410112977027893,
-0.3586141765117645,
0.4108889698982239,
0.33982181549072266,
-0.3152506351470947,
-0.25999465584754944,
-0.07789313793182373,
-0.5450642704963684,
0.6561064720153809,
-0.357433557510376,
-0.21244224905967712,
0.6864092350006104,
0.21567322313785553,
0.03717255964875221,
0.1653379499912262,
0.23812998831272125,
-0.972121000289917,
0.6595157384872437,
-0.8548104763031006,
0.0825173482298851,
-0.10403400659561157,
0.24743373692035675,
0.6157933473587036,
0.5242074728012085,
-0.5155190229415894,
0.05095214769244194,
0.26325419545173645,
-0.3994514048099518,
0.6139463186264038,
-0.2114802449941635,
0.17513957619667053,
0.2651674747467041,
0.4052903950214386,
0.14090022444725037,
0.24697379767894745,
-0.5545449256896973,
0.4254682958126068,
0.3473298251628876,
-0.12384647130966187,
-0.18035461008548737,
-0.9512155055999756,
0.13014037907123566,
-0.506155788898468,
0.12031273543834686,
-0.3901531994342804,
0.24559429287910461,
-0.004537585191428661,
0.33548831939697266,
-0.5262851119041443,
-0.9967747926712036,
-0.4591715931892395,
0.4425993263721466,
0.003676894586533308,
0.42416420578956604,
-0.41982218623161316,
0.25117677450180054,
-0.7624263763427734,
0.36976128816604614,
-0.2739189565181732,
0.4134357273578644,
-0.07240976393222809,
0.3298659324645996,
-0.11214523017406464,
-0.3018607795238495,
0.3242018520832062,
0.3171180486679077,
0.21042847633361816,
0.4315701425075531,
0.7800857424736023,
0.14505207538604736,
-0.3502748906612396,
-0.30617961287498474,
-0.6958755254745483,
0.9533945918083191,
0.18626032769680023,
-0.5410367846488953,
-0.2992623448371887,
0.6117046475410461,
-0.4661729335784912,
0.20240837335586548,
-0.005883705336600542,
-0.09089873731136322,
-0.21932347118854523,
0.19798006117343903,
-0.2762364149093628,
0.37741518020629883,
-0.2502646744251251,
-0.6012834906578064,
0.038798633962869644,
0.363407701253891,
0.30593541264533997,
-0.004246371332556009,
-0.6731187701225281,
-0.4022276699542999,
-0.09862473607063293,
-0.37696021795272827,
0.7389823794364929,
0.09521009773015976,
-0.30348941683769226,
0.700876772403717,
-0.13901038467884064,
-0.06309773027896881,
0.3562100827693939,
-0.28670382499694824,
-0.18428483605384827,
0.5055735111236572,
0.5169830918312073,
0.14834102988243103,
0.7303640842437744,
0.06929664313793182,
-0.534294068813324,
-0.30437639355659485,
0.6154932975769043,
-0.14606168866157532,
-0.15978270769119263,
-0.16309116780757904,
0.07805290818214417,
-0.325212687253952,
-0.6079715490341187,
-0.47452548146247864,
-0.33185437321662903,
-0.3949934244155884,
0.7993350625038147,
0.19133944809436798,
1.2919234037399292,
-0.2756519019603729,
-0.47705429792404175,
-0.3374176621437073,
-0.028316037729382515,
0.29543524980545044,
-0.4750751852989197,
-0.2866557240486145,
0.46283426880836487,
0.3815620541572571,
-0.24681755900382996,
0.43554145097732544,
-0.13972583413124084,
-0.10115000605583191,
0.5286252498626709,
0.22362174093723297,
0.6310791969299316,
-0.3132539987564087,
0.7762787938117981,
-0.14368890225887299,
0.6491590738296509,
0.04682253301143646,
-0.180684432387352,
-0.3367709517478943,
-0.7736797332763672,
-0.560276985168457,
-0.06959608197212219,
-0.25238773226737976,
-0.061143260449171066,
0.27248919010162354,
-0.038916610181331635,
0.8730587959289551,
0.27368053793907166,
0.04755081608891487,
0.707270085811615,
-0.6442099213600159,
-0.41284501552581787,
0.2435329407453537,
0.5322648286819458,
-0.4844982326030731,
0.20032860338687897,
-0.062256090342998505,
0.31985020637512207,
-1.0058163404464722,
-0.059275735169649124,
-0.20696936547756195,
-0.2974054217338562,
0.3153982162475586,
-0.6046106815338135,
-0.21566493809223175,
0.17831182479858398,
-0.30679628252983093,
0.2260672003030777,
0.6082206964492798,
-1.1616545915603638,
-0.004398874007165432,
-0.20950879156589508,
0.6053146719932556,
0.5977743864059448,
-0.5225359797477722,
0.34446531534194946,
-0.19483278691768646,
0.49740564823150635,
-0.3683195412158966,
-0.05318659916520119,
-0.3562730848789215,
-0.4078737199306488,
0.16659808158874512,
0.15214286744594574,
-0.17428997159004211,
-0.529879629611969,
-0.2698926627635956,
0.2169439196586609,
0.20095013082027435,
0.20871855318546295,
-0.2875482439994812,
0.8289830088615417,
-0.3339819014072418,
-1.0271579027175903,
-0.1351349800825119,
-0.19743037223815918,
-0.2515798807144165,
-0.2076336294412613,
0.0425858311355114,
-0.2086721807718277,
-0.34262147545814514,
-0.18425697088241577,
0.7277866005897522,
0.015468813478946686,
-0.4401300549507141,
0.08304398506879807,
0.1098657101392746,
-0.029304442927241325,
-0.40508365631103516,
0.032861340790987015,
-0.7176500558853149,
-0.5680213570594788,
0.9506779909133911,
0.14335684478282928,
0.20110440254211426,
0.23494838178157806,
0.35238540172576904,
0.07632334530353546,
0.0030390655156224966,
0.09108450263738632,
-0.11946772783994675,
-0.02655824087560177,
0.17530415952205658,
0.18316331505775452,
-0.11941269040107727,
0.26174843311309814,
0.3546218276023865,
0.26151207089424133,
0.19333690404891968,
-5.581268310546875,
0.051396533846855164,
-0.21265609562397003,
-0.45198559761047363,
-0.17610886693000793,
0.1980833113193512,
0.8325775861740112,
0.11027377098798752,
0.05542581528425217,
-0.11129237711429596,
-0.034714434295892715,
-0.004366073291748762,
-0.5744653940200806,
0.13162843883037567,
0.096436507999897,
0.2473403811454773,
-0.2974645495414734,
-0.34632909297943115,
-0.1569010615348816,
0.759443461894989,
-0.1655752807855606,
0.34028348326683044,
-0.24169841408729553,
0.14158499240875244,
-0.42925751209259033,
0.08336406201124191,
-0.2758743464946747,
0.2789028286933899,
-0.9958114624023438,
-0.11960018426179886,
0.09249144047498703,
-0.3756359815597534,
-0.008290378376841545,
-0.3415948152542114,
-0.392596036195755,
0.5190722942352295,
0.027986682951450348,
0.3388635814189911,
-0.4343763589859009,
0.024565555155277252,
-0.5385182499885559,
-0.0005286204977892339,
0.40662166476249695,
0.048276931047439575,
0.5545729398727417,
-0.12696769833564758,
-0.0033431798219680786,
-0.009595785290002823,
0.07388878613710403,
1.0512056350708008,
0.06516929715871811,
0.03218534216284752,
-0.2285650074481964,
0.42953231930732727,
0.42018213868141174,
0.2860396206378937,
0.9219174981117249,
-0.15120507776737213,
-0.1809910237789154,
-0.1394830346107483,
0.5958952307701111,
-0.5208097696304321,
-0.45043161511421204,
-0.8022053837776184,
0.4233075976371765,
-0.3895546793937683,
-0.7274789214134216,
0.4390442669391632,
0.8231369853019714,
0.12215185165405273,
-0.0820419192314148,
0.2076876163482666,
0.20552486181259155,
-0.9353336095809937,
0.29186639189720154,
-0.17925585806369781,
-0.4040837287902832,
-0.23527777194976807,
-0.17428752779960632,
0.24256174266338348,
0.05172191560268402,
-0.14543282985687256,
-0.31696459650993347,
0.22261175513267517,
0.003253649454563856,
-0.5324736833572388,
-0.6446582674980164,
0.7910999655723572,
-0.2506706714630127,
0.20038489997386932,
0.8938416838645935,
0.21803657710552216,
-0.11292991042137146,
0.5402534604072571,
-0.07953596860170364,
0.8853063583374023,
-0.23706555366516113,
1.0485411882400513,
0.3769788146018982,
0.19354023039340973,
0.2140323966741562,
-0.48088324069976807,
-0.31963488459587097,
-0.06085120141506195,
-0.26641321182250977,
-0.3440827429294586,
-0.3650062382221222,
0.18303152918815613,
0.24973854422569275,
0.008312735706567764,
0.48724690079689026,
0.06696606427431107,
-0.26649636030197144,
-0.8456496000289917,
0.45644059777259827,
0.10026714205741882,
0.1720857471227646,
0.4699040651321411,
0.495823472738266,
-0.5607403516769409,
0.08806835860013962,
0.516217052936554,
-0.8900511264801025,
0.2617732584476471,
-0.13538163900375366,
-0.11663664877414703,
0.28955739736557007,
0.34601837396621704,
-0.12989382445812225,
-0.22176747024059296,
-0.3923364579677582,
0.2828904688358307,
0.26113778352737427,
0.21897706389427185,
-0.2766640782356262,
-0.4845791757106781,
-0.07781344652175903,
0.5143234729766846,
-0.09631793200969696,
-0.5370569229125977,
0.281512975692749,
-0.5832565426826477,
-0.21795332431793213,
0.1042025238275528,
0.1910092830657959,
-0.1809893399477005,
-0.46070265769958496,
0.1864330768585205,
-0.4183541536331177,
0.6185548901557922,
0.574907660484314,
-0.47622188925743103,
-0.04260507598519325,
0.1945008933544159,
-0.3897860050201416,
-0.00503215566277504,
0.17189916968345642,
0.3600071668624878,
0.39785870909690857,
-0.7378302216529846,
-0.08580505847930908,
-0.34739044308662415,
-0.42349621653556824,
-0.40619155764579773,
-0.012096647173166275,
-0.1283712089061737,
0.20750771462917328,
-0.9926275014877319,
-0.2987498641014099,
0.267416387796402,
-0.6664825677871704,
-0.21518772840499878,
-0.27600035071372986,
-0.596967339515686,
0.5640301704406738,
-0.41629117727279663,
-0.37908968329429626,
0.09190124273300171,
-0.06847406178712845,
0.04032249003648758,
-0.31056633591651917,
-0.1957002878189087,
0.6553336977958679,
0.06264662742614746,
0.5512138605117798,
0.031070834025740623,
-0.055004071444272995,
-0.32604241371154785,
-0.25877657532691956,
-0.8218372464179993,
-0.06905365735292435,
0.0483250692486763,
0.020146671682596207,
0.3882524371147156,
0.16863074898719788,
0.47703418135643005,
-0.6264634132385254,
-0.001768887392245233,
-0.07338874787092209,
-0.5880919098854065,
-0.12541314959526062,
0.09218675643205643,
-0.04921437427401543,
0.46849068999290466,
1.34931218624115,
-0.1921970546245575,
0.6220149397850037,
-0.10709825903177261,
-0.6649309992790222,
0.42094969749450684,
0.03397161141037941,
-0.711260199546814,
-0.7160765528678894,
0.3523601293563843,
-0.3959313929080963,
0.1026260256767273,
0.2575063109397888,
-0.6504066586494446,
-0.3511417806148529,
0.16005359590053558,
0.012270101346075535,
0.08220399171113968,
-0.07265541702508926,
-0.30888018012046814,
-0.3438878655433655,
-0.18998214602470398,
0.4241318702697754,
0.2351706326007843,
1.4511029720306396,
-0.34808066487312317,
-0.03237110748887062,
-0.13729731738567352,
-0.15657353401184082,
0.024189144372940063,
-0.5361602306365967,
-0.3452116549015045,
0.3347861170768738,
0.00706519465893507,
0.5307403802871704,
0.5230209231376648,
0.9195722937583923,
0.5391600728034973,
-0.07142069935798645,
0.31544187664985657,
-0.1954088807106018,
0.18091881275177002,
-0.003064136253669858,
-0.485013872385025,
-0.21028250455856323,
0.40814948081970215,
0.4387717843055725,
-0.020147638395428658,
0.004074533935636282,
0.1764598786830902,
0.2937656044960022,
-0.10267190635204315,
-0.05718143656849861,
-0.9756891131401062,
-0.08847758919000626,
0.06195519119501114,
0.12952888011932373,
-0.05425718426704407,
0.5708926916122437,
-0.2765306234359741,
-0.22754600644111633,
-0.16760383546352386,
-0.2928653955459595,
0.3142467439174652,
0.5645121335983276,
-0.19941827654838562,
0.11597038060426712,
-0.03634500876069069,
0.8294515609741211,
-0.19978253543376923,
-0.2893938720226288,
0.05530334264039993,
0.13733412325382233,
-0.8465625047683716,
0.23832477629184723,
0.2147575169801712,
0.1970352977514267,
-0.0433528870344162,
0.5183739066123962,
-0.22536560893058777,
0.3908505141735077,
-0.41910427808761597,
0.2938183844089508,
-0.716239869594574,
0.05982418358325958,
-0.15629959106445312,
-0.3798293173313141,
0.5670044422149658,
-0.18015816807746887,
0.02660697139799595,
0.1899028718471527,
-0.07472167164087296,
0.11364085227251053,
0.4373810589313507,
-0.08094421029090881,
0.15179698169231415,
-0.817611575126648,
0.729643702507019,
0.12994714081287384,
-0.588670551776886,
0.30398866534233093,
0.2743131220340729,
-0.3931981027126312,
-0.5264962911605835,
-0.31485050916671753,
0.22122739255428314,
0.18164223432540894,
-0.0887160524725914,
0.13347291946411133,
0.7509752511978149,
-0.35033324360847473,
0.28376084566116333,
0.24381697177886963,
-0.2965950071811676,
0.09674755483865738,
0.2389584630727768,
-0.05945280194282532,
0.44152477383613586,
0.09043165296316147,
-0.8743837475776672,
0.1393028348684311,
-0.28238552808761597,
0.1403932124376297,
0.23279309272766113,
0.13755078613758087,
0.8396352529525757,
0.5599811673164368,
0.14138711988925934,
0.19573292136192322,
0.7699269652366638,
0.4689786732196808,
-0.13097411394119263,
0.390268474817276,
-0.44113805890083313,
-0.1748528927564621,
0.6061648726463318,
0.05024551600217819,
0.17079007625579834,
-0.26737841963768005,
0.4110783636569977,
-0.424252986907959,
0.6718901991844177,
-0.18152585625648499,
-0.25631701946258545,
0.011831872165203094,
0.016168884932994843,
0.570530354976654,
-0.67488694190979,
0.46323367953300476,
0.026531990617513657,
0.024041766300797462,
0.34503424167633057,
0.36742517352104187,
-0.2064865678548813,
-0.8522555232048035,
0.2391943484544754,
-0.5201343894004822,
0.20288978517055511,
-0.08777350187301636,
0.7053145170211792,
0.11883575469255447,
-0.0811072587966919,
0.23659899830818176,
-0.19256670773029327,
0.38770341873168945,
0.016856377944350243,
0.1322086900472641,
-0.23492547869682312,
-0.08954858779907227,
0.1562313437461853,
0.046877000480890274,
-0.024000447243452072,
0.02935691550374031,
0.4657747745513916,
0.07405658066272736,
-0.2978901267051697,
-0.5122658610343933,
-0.6291853785514832,
-0.760797381401062,
-0.3267444372177124,
0.059212952852249146,
-0.11831559985876083,
0.11766330152750015,
0.8588118553161621,
-0.385834664106369,
0.46515166759490967,
0.257470041513443,
-0.5910134315490723,
0.5283510088920593,
-0.07808507978916168,
0.07398728281259537,
-0.057065449655056,
0.15974189341068268,
0.25063806772232056,
0.06655065715312958,
0.12836864590644836,
0.1451806128025055,
0.08677024394273758,
-0.5609517693519592,
-0.3388447165489197,
-0.4892580211162567,
0.6714783906936646,
0.4101596772670746,
0.5866156816482544,
-0.8074728846549988,
-0.13476558029651642,
-0.058656640350818634,
0.30861905217170715,
0.21343064308166504,
0.9287983179092407,
0.40907713770866394,
0.1777936965227127,
0.7088267207145691,
-0.11626644432544708,
-0.6086668968200684,
-0.8073546290397644,
0.3302139937877655,
-0.10261831432580948,
0.3344011604785919,
0.008078863844275475,
-0.1561158150434494,
0.21037299931049347,
0.7774815559387207,
0.15963514149188995,
-0.4636264145374298,
0.39137083292007446,
-0.34035906195640564,
0.4246501326560974,
-0.44120052456855774,
0.10759460926055908,
-0.3006722629070282,
-0.605080246925354,
0.7651626467704773,
0.4176322817802429,
-0.23192131519317627,
-0.136879563331604,
-0.003911233507096767,
-0.3921900689601898,
0.012789743952453136,
0.14296510815620422,
-0.1793670654296875,
-0.3257752060890198,
-0.3595307469367981,
0.15384767949581146,
-0.3646988272666931,
-0.2044130563735962,
0.3276410400867462,
-0.1892724335193634,
-0.08946968615055084,
-0.0200998205691576,
-0.16261494159698486,
-0.37621572613716125,
-0.3872990012168884,
0.01473142858594656,
-0.05867690220475197,
0.45533302426338196
] |
232046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydranencephaly | Hydranencephaly | Hydranencephaly is a condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent to a great degree and the remaining cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. "Cephalic" is the scientific term for "head" or "head end of body".
Hydranencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. These disorders are congenital conditions that derive from damage to, or abnormal development of, the fetal nervous system in the earliest stages of development in utero. These conditions do not have any definitive identifiable cause factor. Instead, they are generally attributed to a variety of hereditary or genetic conditions, but also by environmental factors such as maternal infection, pharmaceutical intake, or even exposure to high levels of radiation.
Hydranencephaly should not be confused with hydrocephalus, which is an accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
In hemihydranencephaly, only half of the cranial cavity is affected.
Signs and symptoms
An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth or may have some distortion of the skull and upper facial features due to fluid pressure inside the skull. The infant's head size and spontaneous reflexes such as sucking, swallowing, crying, and moving the arms and legs may all seem normal, depending on the severity of the condition. However, after a few weeks the infant sometimes becomes irritable and has increased muscle tone (hypertonia). After several months of life, seizures and hydrocephalus may develop, if they did not exist at birth. Other symptoms may include visual impairment, lack of growth, deafness, blindness, spastic quadriparesis (paralysis), and intellectual deficits.
Some infants may have additional abnormalities at birth including seizures, myoclonus (involuntary sudden, rapid jerks), limited thermoregulation abilities, and respiratory problems. Still other infants display no obvious symptoms at birth, going many months without a confirmed diagnosis of hydranencephaly. In some cases severe hydrocephalus, or other cephalic condition, is misdiagnosed.
Causes
Hydranencephaly is an extreme form of porencephaly, which is characterized by a cyst or cavity in the cerebral hemispheres.
Although the exact cause of hydranencephaly remains undetermined in most cases, the most likely general cause is by vascular insult, such as stroke, injury, intrauterine infections, or traumatic disorders after the first trimester of pregnancy. In a number of cases where intrauterine infection was determined to be the causing factor, most involved toxoplasmosis and viral infections such as enterovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr, and syncytial viruses. Another cause factor is monochorionic twin pregnancies, involving the death of one twin in the second trimester, which in turn causes vascular exchange to the living twin through placental circulation through twin-to-twin transfusion, causing hydranencephaly in the surviving fetus. One medical journal reports hydranencephaly as an autosomal inherited disorder with an unknown mode of transmission, causing a blockage of the carotid artery where it enters the cranium; this causes obstruction and damage to the cerebral cortex.
Genetic
Hydranencephaly s a recessive genetic condition, so both parents must carry the asymptomatic gene and pass it along to their child. There is a 25% chance that both parents will pass the gene to their child, resulting in hydranencephaly. Genetic hydranencephaly afflicts both males and females in equal numbers.
Post-natal brain injury
Though hydranencephaly is typically a congenital disorder, it can occur as a postnatal diagnosis in the aftermath of meningitis, intracerebral infarction, ischemia, or a traumatic brain injury.
Diagnosis
An accurate, confirmed diagnosis is generally impossible until after birth, though prenatal diagnosis using fetal ultrasonography (ultrasound) can identify characteristic physical abnormalities. After birth, diagnosis may be delayed for several months because the infant's early behavior appears to be relatively normal. The most accurate diagnostic techniques are thorough clinical evaluation (considering physical findings and a detailed patient history); advanced imaging techniques, such as angiography, computerized tomography (CT scan), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and (more rarely) transillumination. However, diagnostic literature fails to provide a clear distinction between severe obstructive hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly, leaving some children with an unsettled diagnosis.
Preliminary diagnosis may be made in utero via standard ultrasound, and can be confirmed with a standard anatomy ultrasound. Hydranencephaly is sometimes misdiagnosed as bilaterally symmetric schizencephaly (a less destructive developmental process on the brain), severe hydrocephalus (cerebrospinal fluid excess within the skull), or alobar holoprosencephaly (a neurological developmental anomaly).
Once destruction of the brain is complete, the cerebellum, midbrain, thalami, basal ganglia, choroid plexus, and portions of the occipital lobes typically remain preserved to varying degrees. The cerebral cortex is absent; however, in most cases, the fetal head remains enlarged due to increased intracranial pressure, which results from inadequate reabsorption of the cerebrospinal fluid produced in the choroid plexus.
Prognosis
There is no standard treatment for hydranencephaly. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. An accompanying diagnosis of hydrocephalus may be treated with surgical insertion of a shunt; this often improves prognosis and quality of life.
The prognosis for children with hydranencephaly is generally quite poor. Death often occurs within the first year of life, though many children live several years, or even into adulthood; in one reported case, a person with hydranencephaly lived until age 19.
Occurrence
This condition affects under 1 in 10,000 births worldwide. Hydranencephaly is a rare disorder in the United States, which is defined as affecting fewer than 1 in 250,000.
See also
Microhydranencephaly
References
External links
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Rare diseases | [
-0.5307868123054504,
0.5179481506347656,
-0.0334736630320549,
-0.009512683376669884,
-0.11548527330160141,
0.11215347051620483,
0.7348514199256897,
0.3987651765346527,
-0.27480366826057434,
-0.5535929203033447,
-0.8648400902748108,
0.5099560618400574,
-0.3001326620578766,
0.42392927408218384,
0.14824141561985016,
-0.13979798555374146,
1.4815943241119385,
0.5565626621246338,
-0.4710709750652313,
-0.05689861997961998,
0.008325614966452122,
-0.08531764894723892,
0.5351095795631409,
-0.3138798475265503,
0.16015438735485077,
-0.40608230233192444,
-0.5317862629890442,
0.053969886153936386,
0.19067539274692535,
-0.22851859033107758,
-0.4425187110900879,
0.7279061675071716,
0.010962799191474915,
-0.5567528009414673,
-0.08565062284469604,
0.2754323184490204,
-0.3825542628765106,
-0.669715940952301,
0.11165975034236908,
-0.20798934996128082,
0.46511372923851013,
-0.0563807338476181,
-0.10620907694101334,
-0.02841176837682724,
-0.8465867042541504,
0.4783090651035309,
-1.3030743598937988,
0.45759621262550354,
-0.3303585946559906,
-0.05773700773715973,
-0.7374123334884644,
-0.19348371028900146,
0.5255336761474609,
0.05395437404513359,
-0.3021914064884186,
0.08362184464931488,
-1.0393884181976318,
0.17486776411533356,
0.35939884185791016,
-0.40844351053237915,
0.38916122913360596,
0.06661535054445267,
-0.6608587503433228,
-0.1009279116988182,
-0.43596750497817993,
-0.43533754348754883,
0.07662881910800934,
0.49132010340690613,
-0.8098624348640442,
0.293165385723114,
0.061557941138744354,
-0.10443998873233795,
0.18099458515644073,
-0.01834564283490181,
-0.7322657704353333,
0.351539671421051,
0.11468581110239029,
-0.20583876967430115,
0.3189767003059387,
-0.13512064516544342,
-0.14331792294979095,
0.20615549385547638,
0.4817192554473877,
0.23028582334518433,
-0.6481119990348816,
-0.06480124592781067,
-0.35948893427848816,
0.77261883020401,
-0.09770261496305466,
0.17099031805992126,
-0.24704381823539734,
-0.22788816690444946,
0.6036040782928467,
-0.27286022901535034,
-0.3549540340900421,
0.11045698076486588,
0.9489473104476929,
-0.46609732508659363,
0.44406646490097046,
-0.2758651375770569,
-0.16347156465053558,
0.0072562359273433685,
-0.07661734521389008,
-0.06502585858106613,
0.12629736959934235,
-0.4565895199775696,
0.08075837790966034,
-0.2191663384437561,
-0.0063319033943116665,
0.04064639285206795,
-0.8292155265808105,
-0.295947790145874,
0.055354997515678406,
-0.11867058277130127,
-0.5976828336715698,
-0.35226744413375854,
-0.30969610810279846,
0.1923833191394806,
-0.44639602303504944,
-0.863234281539917,
0.10980977863073349,
0.2424575537443161,
-0.023458080366253853,
-0.22581355273723602,
-0.6853109002113342,
0.04764029383659363,
-0.05255041643977165,
0.053032487630844116,
-0.08865883201360703,
0.03874792158603668,
0.0011151867220178246,
0.2435225248336792,
0.33010604977607727,
-0.23233401775360107,
0.04347248747944832,
-0.3018637001514435,
0.32394981384277344,
0.0009932207176461816,
0.6791059970855713,
0.3277107775211334,
-0.03579311445355415,
-0.436040997505188,
-1.0418404340744019,
0.06094140186905861,
0.26835522055625916,
-0.4949675500392914,
0.0012853636872023344,
0.48937323689460754,
0.045306235551834106,
-0.3301754295825958,
-0.07222963869571686,
-0.028664853423833847,
0.06669016927480698,
-0.22726717591285706,
0.1300426870584488,
0.1504502147436142,
-0.06605476886034012,
-0.710655927658081,
0.6559070944786072,
0.07932315766811371,
0.46035411953926086,
-0.39898714423179626,
-0.4917738437652588,
-0.0831771269440651,
-0.16928212344646454,
-0.03218134492635727,
0.681921124458313,
0.44135066866874695,
-0.4253430664539337,
0.42433083057403564,
0.1770605444908142,
0.01614965870976448,
0.8048808574676514,
-0.17286984622478485,
-0.004337985534220934,
0.011437514796853065,
0.3900563716888428,
0.42596113681793213,
0.8722887635231018,
-0.4427059590816498,
-0.7995418906211853,
0.4229806959629059,
-0.13048288226127625,
-0.03023187257349491,
0.21356816589832306,
0.07704813778400421,
0.4752691686153412,
-0.13193784654140472,
-0.19949939846992493,
-0.5863210558891296,
0.01937377266585827,
-0.6861423254013062,
0.5307979583740234,
-0.15603680908679962,
1.6075705289840698,
0.036108944565057755,
-0.4221651554107666,
0.22973741590976715,
0.6101388931274414,
0.5528943538665771,
0.1417325735092163,
-0.05059925094246864,
0.20991595089435577,
0.3061178922653198,
-0.5480543971061707,
0.6876934170722961,
-0.2645018696784973,
-0.32728543877601624,
0.3816666603088379,
0.4550971984863281,
0.10996188223361969,
-0.9858120083808899,
-0.017376266419887543,
0.05724906548857689,
0.3826248049736023,
-0.4466856122016907,
-0.5512876510620117,
-0.0005089232581667602,
-0.24875961244106293,
0.1802961230278015,
0.06938627362251282,
-0.29096439480781555,
0.39567792415618896,
0.4394783079624176,
-0.0003050419909413904,
0.5864202380180359,
0.5298481583595276,
0.14065223932266235,
0.7281222343444824,
-0.6558931469917297,
0.21977673470973969,
-0.11163987964391708,
0.1601526290178299,
-0.14347784221172333,
-0.16445457935333252,
-0.16166195273399353,
0.7860774993896484,
-0.6629638671875,
0.2868088483810425,
-0.47053197026252747,
-0.5746903419494629,
0.36492690443992615,
-0.2623628079891205,
0.18123279511928558,
0.015303083695471287,
-0.1963624656200409,
-0.311104953289032,
0.5089415311813354,
-0.592329204082489,
-0.18169018626213074,
-0.11587074398994446,
1.0711774826049805,
-0.2264748364686966,
-0.7843226194381714,
0.4934122562408447,
-0.09723570942878723,
0.4168127179145813,
0.019040625542402267,
-0.05759591981768608,
-0.46770069003105164,
-0.2163695991039276,
0.4854743778705597,
-0.12146935611963272,
-0.168048694729805,
-0.3627259433269501,
-0.5951682329177856,
-0.0628630518913269,
-0.32664942741394043,
0.6172329187393188,
-0.4287053048610687,
1.1247702836990356,
-0.2860245406627655,
-0.005136949475854635,
0.42469093203544617,
-0.5383190512657166,
-0.3113902807235718,
-0.22275897860527039,
-0.1973404586315155,
-0.5581914782524109,
-0.4920596182346344,
0.19570836424827576,
0.6805756688117981,
-0.3112216889858246,
0.6912917494773865,
-0.5812110900878906,
0.04486842453479767,
-0.03602319210767746,
-0.4750716984272003,
0.3409064710140228,
-0.12561215460300446,
-0.3539777398109436,
0.1435401886701584,
0.5588369369506836,
0.06688373535871506,
-0.041983745992183685,
0.5403643250465393,
0.1421748548746109,
-0.044520266354084015,
-0.06920964270830154,
-0.0597468838095665,
-0.7473095059394836,
0.14092646539211273,
-0.42334508895874023,
0.3857854902744293,
0.2574179172515869,
0.013933403417468071,
0.057518329471349716,
0.4284191429615021,
-5.625174045562744,
0.05690055340528488,
-0.059526488184928894,
0.11991845816373825,
0.7131603360176086,
0.2522265911102295,
0.27813658118247986,
0.19028900563716888,
-0.35870182514190674,
0.06733769923448563,
0.103957399725914,
0.13294364511966705,
-0.2439369261264801,
0.7796548008918762,
-0.3420274257659912,
-0.5149644613265991,
-0.4854753017425537,
-0.21780091524124146,
-0.028246663510799408,
-0.07199598848819733,
-0.3368569016456604,
0.26681289076805115,
0.23280096054077148,
0.3821386396884918,
-0.3792974054813385,
0.39285174012184143,
0.046856172382831573,
0.6930464506149292,
-0.76524418592453,
0.006532153580337763,
-0.5115049481391907,
-0.3647867441177368,
-0.11162756383419037,
0.19574113190174103,
-0.16259098052978516,
0.2384698987007141,
0.09003404527902603,
0.08838461339473724,
0.26132118701934814,
-0.31049010157585144,
-0.589251697063446,
-0.2675435543060303,
0.15045922994613647,
0.4042360782623291,
0.5334166288375854,
-0.29945310950279236,
-0.17268531024456024,
-0.15067970752716064,
-0.004798454698175192,
0.9675045013427734,
-0.2463810294866562,
-0.03952670097351074,
-0.07992690056562424,
0.40594053268432617,
0.43986526131629944,
0.2876833975315094,
0.8655810356140137,
-0.3159557282924652,
-0.22618801891803741,
-0.19222520291805267,
0.5012253522872925,
-0.2798028290271759,
-0.644980788230896,
-0.37778937816619873,
0.04813295975327492,
0.15110963582992554,
-0.6526016592979431,
0.02828795276582241,
0.5668861865997314,
0.4058876633644104,
-0.20488432049751282,
0.5238246917724609,
-0.09526700526475906,
-0.9127101898193359,
0.3721138536930084,
-0.45030829310417175,
-0.0031083954963833094,
0.2798475921154022,
0.2267512083053589,
0.10956010967493057,
-0.17368321120738983,
0.11907462030649185,
-0.07198920100927353,
0.33804967999458313,
0.03123660199344158,
-0.15906019508838654,
-0.3621528148651123,
0.5753058791160583,
0.1578902155160904,
0.40664342045783997,
0.7065960764884949,
0.0621977373957634,
-0.1533387452363968,
0.4697553217411041,
-0.37304916977882385,
0.7015485167503357,
-0.2173834592103958,
1.0110352039337158,
0.6187336444854736,
0.3470968008041382,
0.6953430771827698,
-0.4350597560405731,
0.04506469890475273,
-0.0036020330153405666,
-0.3314882218837738,
-0.18839627504348755,
-0.6341165900230408,
0.5886513590812683,
0.6582744717597961,
-0.31790146231651306,
0.04753315448760986,
0.6788622140884399,
0.2247786521911621,
-0.4361068904399872,
0.34994563460350037,
0.047566235065460205,
-0.24801376461982727,
0.5193580985069275,
0.7168155908584595,
-0.29842710494995117,
0.29901614785194397,
0.6178271174430847,
-0.2619813084602356,
-0.23226085305213928,
0.11084815859794617,
0.3267907500267029,
0.15701554715633392,
0.23223532736301422,
0.06747612357139587,
-0.16161330044269562,
-0.006915207952260971,
0.00594596890732646,
0.5302729606628418,
0.46376779675483704,
0.14741545915603638,
-1.1592029333114624,
0.14602956175804138,
0.38462433218955994,
0.04399281367659569,
-0.3176000714302063,
0.603361189365387,
-0.01387071330100298,
-0.4167025685310364,
-0.13659757375717163,
0.2801488935947418,
-0.08850470185279846,
-0.653007447719574,
-0.5167597532272339,
-0.5561367869377136,
0.45020508766174316,
0.16512471437454224,
-0.5736294984817505,
-0.06032124161720276,
-0.2497178614139557,
-0.14294998347759247,
0.3750566244125366,
-0.2851656675338745,
0.2475138008594513,
-0.09692137688398361,
-0.1462492048740387,
-0.16981203854084015,
-0.715367317199707,
-1.197559118270874,
-0.21985475718975067,
-0.029486851766705513,
-0.08029968291521072,
-0.4398449957370758,
-0.5855683088302612,
-0.4239314794540405,
0.1588597595691681,
-0.29136523604393005,
0.03461555391550064,
-0.16055266559123993,
-0.37320998311042786,
0.6992249488830566,
-0.35666587948799133,
-0.23811471462249756,
0.6005710363388062,
0.20036129653453827,
-0.026793384924530983,
0.0012884241295978427,
-0.16444185376167297,
0.0017517074011266232,
-0.013980172574520111,
0.6325418949127197,
-0.5245733261108398,
0.2508857548236847,
-0.08563630282878876,
-0.10932135581970215,
-0.563887894153595,
-0.09182804822921753,
0.015159990638494492,
-0.24608004093170166,
0.23116587102413177,
0.30433106422424316,
0.5153499245643616,
-0.4623071551322937,
0.2525051236152649,
-0.12909600138664246,
0.1768037974834442,
0.39384186267852783,
0.16540516912937164,
-0.19956600666046143,
0.2434336394071579,
1.000076174736023,
-0.5231927037239075,
0.4004931151866913,
0.03899514302611351,
-0.7152153253555298,
0.6087708473205566,
0.012949281372129917,
-0.0700191780924797,
-0.6424561738967896,
0.3180299401283264,
-0.27518975734710693,
-0.0910940170288086,
0.16628052294254303,
-0.4070683717727661,
-0.24278676509857178,
0.12857769429683685,
0.07344097644090652,
0.31712114810943604,
-0.033468957990407944,
-0.1462033987045288,
-0.17807020246982574,
-0.2818050682544708,
0.5227416753768921,
-0.2804855406284332,
1.2949447631835938,
-0.3699934184551239,
-0.3170841634273529,
0.05767187103629112,
-0.28910309076309204,
0.22184233367443085,
0.1345563530921936,
-0.5987014770507812,
0.4240261912345886,
0.3816234767436981,
-0.42228928208351135,
-0.14712324738502502,
0.9947482943534851,
0.74612957239151,
0.15252774953842163,
0.22973573207855225,
-0.6427034735679626,
0.5018219947814941,
0.3401699662208557,
-0.8900574445724487,
0.14845024049282074,
-0.18451794981956482,
0.6990236043930054,
-0.1696137934923172,
-0.15361572802066803,
-0.227682426571846,
0.36630135774612427,
-0.25927722454071045,
0.011211535893380642,
-0.6814184784889221,
0.22498255968093872,
0.3103592097759247,
0.11161686480045319,
-0.24471315741539001,
0.0842289924621582,
0.020281538367271423,
-0.05762125924229622,
0.058526381850242615,
-0.42710617184638977,
-0.014841039665043354,
0.541961133480072,
-0.4829474091529846,
0.4465261399745941,
-0.14387796819210052,
0.19831964373588562,
-0.3177759051322937,
-0.14497193694114685,
0.23691006004810333,
-0.00016656378284096718,
-0.6219146847724915,
0.313601016998291,
-0.39885997772216797,
0.052756961435079575,
0.0016371934907510877,
-0.22798456251621246,
-0.05732860043644905,
0.32811009883880615,
-0.9641605019569397,
-0.08922339230775833,
-0.5435148477554321,
0.08653062582015991,
0.003383365925401449,
-0.8387105464935303,
0.212702214717865,
0.0499970018863678,
-0.37716007232666016,
-0.01319040171802044,
0.13508008420467377,
0.055084723979234695,
0.9149766564369202,
-0.3571997284889221,
-0.17537367343902588,
-0.6060214042663574,
0.07302862405776978,
-0.023650730028748512,
-0.4483661353588104,
-0.049729589372873306,
0.23798109591007233,
-0.29894834756851196,
-0.7956697940826416,
-0.16337096691131592,
-0.6295101046562195,
0.47495490312576294,
-0.03688587620854378,
0.168815478682518,
0.5640761852264404,
-0.18820084631443024,
-0.028931884095072746,
0.6110567450523376,
-0.2250642031431198,
-0.30410653352737427,
0.9133405089378357,
0.16397394239902496,
0.3609120845794678,
0.2510009706020355,
-0.15623560547828674,
-0.2699962556362152,
0.24870051443576813,
-0.24245572090148926,
0.2603565752506256,
0.6642155051231384,
0.985634982585907,
0.8002062439918518,
0.3847571015357971,
-0.19486327469348907,
0.7347710132598877,
0.4552832245826721,
-0.3181360960006714,
0.3830784559249878,
-1.231202244758606,
-0.5958586931228638,
0.23194275796413422,
0.5490438938140869,
0.4707457423210144,
-0.38691696524620056,
-0.21977649629116058,
-0.46742531657218933,
0.5068936347961426,
0.08419162780046463,
0.004140268079936504,
0.21986763179302216,
-0.0353907011449337,
0.5837216377258301,
-0.2910023629665375,
0.4035499691963196,
-0.13577823340892792,
0.2250741720199585,
0.24320420622825623,
0.35363370180130005,
-0.37281253933906555,
-0.36750972270965576,
-0.13800987601280212,
-0.4958493709564209,
0.17237873375415802,
-0.01314679253846407,
0.27518430352211,
0.06872136890888214,
-0.3027549684047699,
0.2722928822040558,
-0.3543379008769989,
0.6828185319900513,
-0.3909509778022766,
-0.4998973309993744,
-0.05500250682234764,
-0.4112464487552643,
-0.293472558259964,
0.19605231285095215,
-0.024075759574770927,
0.2546738386154175,
0.37266775965690613,
0.08182166516780853,
-0.4605361223220825,
-0.3117869794368744,
-0.13938985764980316,
-0.5988619327545166,
-0.1610797792673111,
0.1431950479745865,
0.314035028219223,
0.39557620882987976,
0.047700077295303345,
-0.3605985641479492,
0.6204825043678284,
-0.05446216091513634,
0.31563490629196167,
-0.10873646289110184,
-0.08505987375974655,
0.41305023431777954,
-0.11570271849632263,
-0.3512563407421112,
0.17421625554561615,
-0.05069704353809357,
0.0014185368781909347,
-0.031033072620630264,
0.312296986579895,
0.42641308903694153,
0.1720270812511444,
-0.41258758306503296,
0.359558641910553,
0.24755822122097015,
0.054715462028980255,
-0.7991768717765808,
-0.32028356194496155,
-0.13982702791690826,
0.3963155746459961,
-0.14307554066181183,
0.7577897310256958,
0.8855743408203125,
-0.3604832589626312,
0.3289678394794464,
0.12004978209733963,
-0.11429056525230408,
-0.6261752843856812,
0.2153588831424713,
-0.2640174925327301,
0.5207874774932861,
0.365835577249527,
-0.35818445682525635,
-0.13687670230865479,
0.5536378622055054,
-0.566544234752655,
-0.7472838759422302,
0.3534809648990631,
-0.8876026272773743,
0.401488333940506,
-0.7403622269630432,
-0.3845330774784088,
-0.35951727628707886,
-0.8547152876853943,
0.30739128589630127,
0.10541323572397232,
0.14898566901683807,
-0.3102458119392395,
0.2749335765838623,
-0.2345663458108902,
-0.011082961224019527,
0.50267493724823,
0.09280671179294586,
-0.06628498435020447,
-0.23121416568756104,
-0.2687009274959564,
-0.12880109250545502,
0.0857745110988617,
0.11707790195941925,
-0.15179580450057983,
0.06893312931060791,
-0.4580915570259094,
-0.3184184432029724,
-0.03664519637823105,
-0.05768377333879471,
-0.2065971940755844,
-0.1461382657289505,
0.8694937825202942
] |
232047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniencephaly | Iniencephaly | Iniencephaly is a rare type of cephalic disorder characterised by three common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine. Stillbirth is the most common outcome, with a few rare examples of live birth, after which death almost invariably occurs within a short time.
The disorder was first described by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1836. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek word ἰνίον inion, for the occipital bone/nape of the neck.
Classifications
There are two types of iniencephaly. The more severe group is iniencephaly apertus (open iniencephaly), involving the development of an encephalocele. In the other group, iniencephaly clausus (closed iniencephaly), the encephalocele is absent.
Signs and symptoms
The affected infant tends to be short, with a disproportionately large head. The fetal head of infants born with iniencephaly are hyperextended while the foramen magnum is enlarged and opens through the widened pedicles. The defective neural arches directly into the upper cervical reach of the spinal canal, causing the formation of a common cavity between most of the spinal cord and the brain. The skin of the anterior chest is connected directly to the face, bypassing the formation of a neck, while the scalp is directly connected to the skin of the back. Because of this, those born with this anomaly either have a highly shortened neck or no neck at all. This causes extreme retroflexion, or backward bending, of the head in a "star-gazing" fashion. The spine is severely distorted as well along with significant shortening due to marked lordosis. The vertebrae, especially cervical, are fused together in abnormal shapes and their numbers are reduced. The spinal cord is almost always defective while the ventricular system is often dilated and the cortex is thinned. Sometimes, in the case of iniencephaly apertus, an encephalocele (sac-like protrusions of the brain through an opening in the cranium) forms.
Additional symptoms
Additional symptoms include:
Causes
Though the iniencephaly is not genetic with its cause unknown, studies have shown that there are certain factors that can increase the risk of mothers giving birth to children with these anomalies.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Abnormalities in chromosomes such as trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and monosomy X have been shown to be tied to this disorder.
Environmental factors
Mothers with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor nutrition, low parity, and lack of folic acid supplementation, and/or hyperhomocysteinemia have shown to be at larger risk.
Drugs
Animal studies have shown that administration of the drugs vinblastine, streptonigrin, triparano, sulfonamide, tetracycline, antihistamines, and antitumor agents to pregnant mothers have resulted in offspring born with iniencephaly. The drug clomiphene, a drug commonly used for ovulation stimulation in fertility treatments, has also been seen to be associated with iniencephaly.
Obesity
Studies have shown that obesity of the mother increases the risk of neural tube disorders such as iniencephaly by 1.7 fold while severe obesity increases the risk by over 3 fold.
History of iniencephaly
Once a mother has given birth to a child with iniencephaly, risk of reoccurrence increases to 1-5%.
Pathogenesis
The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly is still unknown though there are proposed theories, most of which view the neural tube malformation from the primary neural anomaly standpoint.
Marin-Padilla and MarinPadilla have proposed that the cause for the abnormalities has to do with a deficiency in the primary mesoderm. P. Erdinçler, et al. suggests from their findings that the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the occipital bone and rachischisis of the posterior vertebral arches leading to herniation of neural tissue through the opening in the bone during gestation.
Diagnosis
The most accurate method of diagnosis is prenatal screening through real-time fetal images. However, since maternal body habitus leads to diagnostic difficulties using this method, MRI and sonography are the most commonly used technique since there is no exposure to ionizing radiation. At the beginning of the second trimester, the central nervous system (CNS) and anatomic structures of the fetus can be clearly visualized and the characteristic malformations of iniencephaly, such as a shortened trunk, marked lordosis in the cervicothoracic vertebrae, absence or partial absence of the occipital squama, abnormal fusion of vertebrae, closed vertebral arches, formation of an encephalocele (for iniencephaly apertus), and dorsiflexion of the head in respect to the spine, can be precisely diagnosed as well as the severity and location established. Once established, further decisions can be made with regard to terminating the pregnancy or providing a plan of adequate postnatal care.
Differential diagnosis
Since many of the characteristics of iniencephaly, such as congenital retroflexion of the spine and fusion of the cervical vertebrae, are shared with other disorders, key differences are important to note.
While anencephaly experiences a partial to total lack of the neurocranium, iniencephaly does not. In anencephaly, the retroflexed head is not covered with skin while in iniencephaly, the retroflexed head is covered with skin entirely. Cervical vertebrae are malformed and reduced in iniencephaly while they are almost normal in anencephaly.
Even though KFS does experience malformed cervical vertebra due to failure of segmentation during early fetal development, there is not retroflexion of the head as seen in iniencephaly. While iniencephaly clausus is fatal, KFS is not and can be surgically corrected. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly diagnose KFS and not mistake it for iniencephaly clausus.
Prevention
Pregnant mothers are advised to take folic acid supplements to reduce risk of iniencephaly by up to 70%. Pregnant mothers are also advised not to take antiepileptic drugs, diuretics, antihistamines, and sulfa drugs, all of which have been associated with increased risk for neural tube defects.
Treatment
Since newborns with iniencephaly so rarely survive past childbirth, a standard treatment does not exist.
Prognosis
Iniencephaly of both types carry a lethal prognosis, sometimes even ending in spontaneous abortion or stillborns. Most infants die within hours of childbirth. There are only seven reported cases of relatively long-term survival of those born with iniencephaly.
Epidemiology
Iniencephaly is thought to make up around 1% of all fetal abnormalities, with an incidence rate estimated at 0.1 to 10 in 10,000 deliveries.
For unknown reasons, this disease seems to occur most often in newborn females (about 90%).
References
External links
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Rare diseases | [
0.43922457098960876,
0.3069900572299957,
-0.3173626959323883,
0.05480745807290077,
-0.1650838702917099,
-0.02188093587756157,
0.15748263895511627,
0.26400190591812134,
-0.20063252747058868,
-0.18717549741268158,
-0.04903620481491089,
0.053385406732559204,
0.13986194133758545,
0.17068201303482056,
-0.2544011175632477,
0.303872287273407,
0.5641472935676575,
0.7999020218849182,
0.10600835084915161,
-0.10942234843969345,
-0.2919726073741913,
-0.3353310227394104,
0.1600021868944168,
-0.5187152028083801,
-0.19370655715465546,
-0.08857133984565735,
-0.3848814070224762,
-0.3644073009490967,
0.33495834469795227,
-0.4380371868610382,
-0.08613438904285431,
0.13718639314174652,
0.49840766191482544,
-0.19406574964523315,
-0.10956118255853653,
0.14487777650356293,
-0.25133216381073,
-0.31411653757095337,
0.00048197497380897403,
-0.2799644470214844,
0.028213897719979286,
-0.7119573950767517,
0.08652713894844055,
-0.18413648009300232,
-1.1144126653671265,
-0.6592603921890259,
-1.3556476831436157,
0.7317934632301331,
-0.21408113837242126,
0.4559957683086395,
-0.2783283293247223,
0.016916735097765923,
0.17906270921230316,
0.12020896375179291,
0.10193385183811188,
0.2225201576948166,
-0.5225129723548889,
-0.4990251660346985,
0.3711440861225128,
-0.7524698376655579,
0.12270279973745346,
0.09901811182498932,
-0.373953253030777,
-0.08565312623977661,
-0.2330065667629242,
0.44979602098464966,
-0.03691263124346733,
0.39359208941459656,
-0.8586748242378235,
-0.5022731423377991,
-0.521246612071991,
0.004041980020701885,
0.22433675825595856,
0.17086276412010193,
-0.026919305324554443,
-0.1495639979839325,
0.12471868842840195,
0.1946941614151001,
0.38006532192230225,
-0.1919417381286621,
0.055185090750455856,
0.37786665558815,
0.01375354453921318,
0.22098885476589203,
0.29245615005493164,
0.11801865696907043,
-0.4834359884262085,
0.6349509954452515,
-0.2745913565158844,
-0.371197372674942,
0.26326096057891846,
0.07254970818758011,
0.9008274674415588,
0.17077407240867615,
-0.3528485894203186,
0.5970371961593628,
0.29899945855140686,
-0.3830490708351135,
0.3491067886352539,
-0.09396747499704361,
0.018104776740074158,
0.03885197266936302,
-0.2497091442346573,
-0.10079247504472733,
-0.3069857954978943,
0.14100423455238342,
0.19274863600730896,
-0.12042438238859177,
-0.03447572886943817,
-0.13849154114723206,
-1.1860092878341675,
-0.31287145614624023,
-0.4317203760147095,
0.021858269348740578,
-0.2835742235183716,
0.39249852299690247,
0.23344367742538452,
0.07242908328771591,
-0.2691943943500519,
-0.5826876163482666,
-0.5714033842086792,
0.23650217056274414,
-0.19966836273670197,
0.24756978452205658,
0.08068151026964188,
0.6244758367538452,
0.16961050033569336,
0.44183745980262756,
-0.14921532571315765,
0.04821547493338585,
-0.05424240976572037,
0.31363534927368164,
-0.02385767549276352,
-0.09633700549602509,
0.3342830240726471,
-0.3337678015232086,
0.12043432891368866,
0.26747778058052063,
0.41487905383110046,
0.6553105711936951,
-0.6784638166427612,
-0.7696349024772644,
-0.4437292814254761,
0.10259894281625748,
0.08480507880449295,
-0.41281527280807495,
-0.3328533172607422,
0.1789395809173584,
0.028685888275504112,
-0.18376487493515015,
0.22483456134796143,
-0.3606082797050476,
0.27766865491867065,
0.00970550999045372,
0.10284797847270966,
0.07352610677480698,
0.26836347579956055,
-0.3561665117740631,
0.636343240737915,
0.3061700165271759,
0.2376985102891922,
0.3714064657688141,
-0.6786657571792603,
-0.3999946713447571,
0.3729174733161926,
-0.2750381529331207,
-0.05057431012392044,
0.33336806297302246,
-0.14780926704406738,
0.5037959814071655,
-0.3699437379837036,
-0.480244904756546,
0.5835294127464294,
-0.03189554437994957,
0.08537092804908752,
0.30955520272254944,
-0.1598442941904068,
0.11522941291332245,
0.35493338108062744,
-0.24466514587402344,
-0.7213360071182251,
0.3652965724468231,
-0.007964379154145718,
-0.5233312845230103,
-0.2507424056529999,
0.18343651294708252,
0.08713595569133759,
-0.10600525885820389,
-0.4484105408191681,
-0.40090635418891907,
-0.4119734466075897,
-0.34027767181396484,
0.4517732262611389,
-0.7142897844314575,
1.894634485244751,
-0.32969069480895996,
-0.362935870885849,
0.4524710774421692,
-0.042746953666210175,
0.2945089638233185,
-0.048365864902734756,
-0.2394910305738449,
0.5888309478759766,
0.0026283147744834423,
-0.38074159622192383,
0.29406821727752686,
0.2248157560825348,
-0.10551554709672928,
0.27215561270713806,
-0.038935981690883636,
0.3996970057487488,
-0.3126614987850189,
0.6174914836883545,
-0.11524667590856552,
0.01045838464051485,
-0.2290698140859604,
-0.5223761200904846,
0.4646141529083252,
-0.044967975467443466,
-0.09929690510034561,
0.44866231083869934,
-0.2638031244277954,
0.42176470160484314,
0.915647566318512,
0.017648858949542046,
0.5965338349342346,
0.5327666401863098,
-0.12542235851287842,
0.6242582201957703,
-0.47465816140174866,
-0.12464726716279984,
-0.010471248999238014,
0.5579352378845215,
-0.29949188232421875,
-0.2648392617702484,
-0.1297275274991989,
0.24076226353645325,
-0.4186277389526367,
0.5007394552230835,
-0.4841890037059784,
-0.20212474465370178,
0.6191509366035461,
-0.6676007509231567,
0.29134178161621094,
0.30242693424224854,
0.20099672675132751,
-0.39225757122039795,
0.5168898105621338,
-0.6548037528991699,
0.19175375998020172,
-0.1230938732624054,
0.845095694065094,
0.432792991399765,
-0.5418714880943298,
0.48922258615493774,
0.040085311979055405,
0.4583083391189575,
0.04866652563214302,
0.056864045560359955,
-0.04626726731657982,
-0.7499485611915588,
0.06255481392145157,
0.45430439710617065,
0.13852329552173615,
-0.12812091410160065,
0.048028137534856796,
-0.028011003509163857,
-0.5738405585289001,
0.570678174495697,
-0.09123323112726212,
1.1242694854736328,
0.17619410157203674,
-0.7815497517585754,
0.38056299090385437,
-0.8014583587646484,
-0.009839040227234364,
-0.4606490135192871,
0.15284328162670135,
-0.3524594306945801,
-0.258590430021286,
-0.21672026813030243,
0.15492653846740723,
0.22721262276172638,
-0.3282003402709961,
0.49346718192100525,
-0.00020760024199262261,
-0.5703853368759155,
-0.19875220954418182,
-0.4851432144641876,
-0.8239522576332092,
-0.18008917570114136,
0.10214971005916595,
0.26444754004478455,
0.1196548119187355,
0.2369643896818161,
-0.07588084787130356,
0.2446742057800293,
0.029856843873858452,
0.6740081906318665,
-0.04934535175561905,
-0.08997399359941483,
0.6027853488922119,
0.29601943492889404,
-0.0035795930307358503,
0.20676159858703613,
-0.03724395111203194,
0.21542394161224365,
0.05412944778800011,
-5.83457612991333,
0.14387814700603485,
0.04825197160243988,
0.18887579441070557,
0.3285687267780304,
0.05378231033682823,
0.4473997950553894,
0.1548263281583786,
-0.43632441759109497,
0.1256815642118454,
0.13848759233951569,
0.1839696317911148,
-0.13102112710475922,
0.45268020033836365,
0.1525808721780777,
0.2877953350543976,
-0.26104122400283813,
-0.10796429961919785,
0.3162910044193268,
0.4429561197757721,
-0.1000765711069107,
0.6565399169921875,
-0.0280544962733984,
0.8135074973106384,
0.2469029575586319,
-0.0763528048992157,
-0.9732000231742859,
0.32676348090171814,
-0.9075253009796143,
-0.10141992568969727,
0.0703352838754654,
-0.0021767080761492252,
0.1439257562160492,
-0.28036534786224365,
-0.4022069275379181,
0.34023532271385193,
0.7418251633644104,
0.06712043285369873,
-0.19753246009349823,
-0.16732844710350037,
-0.5412519574165344,
0.44324371218681335,
0.2857505679130554,
0.12286443263292313,
0.6247668266296387,
-0.22702664136886597,
-0.16338446736335754,
-0.3512824475765228,
-0.31325480341911316,
0.5322467684745789,
-0.41937583684921265,
0.001349391182884574,
0.10722263157367706,
0.5987049341201782,
-0.03325275331735611,
0.19663569331169128,
0.5466244220733643,
0.23056982457637787,
-0.4929389953613281,
0.07737262547016144,
0.19562770426273346,
-0.44945386052131653,
-0.42621421813964844,
-0.8078449964523315,
0.025905663147568703,
-0.263831228017807,
-0.05577430501580238,
0.14123448729515076,
0.6858640313148499,
0.16122038662433624,
-0.06939993053674698,
0.5167412161827087,
0.03891074284911156,
-1.2099807262420654,
0.5298343896865845,
-0.660784125328064,
-0.002237394219264388,
0.28785276412963867,
-0.10229062288999557,
0.4106673002243042,
-0.2593202292919159,
0.17256055772304535,
-0.03771142661571503,
0.3349913954734802,
-0.26600566506385803,
-0.052775751799345016,
0.04753907769918442,
0.22327370941638947,
0.1646486222743988,
0.5335765480995178,
0.4551388621330261,
0.4427102506160736,
0.2894110381603241,
0.232187882065773,
-0.3989090025424957,
0.8613836169242859,
0.2310847043991089,
0.9088383913040161,
0.012695961631834507,
-0.09705474972724915,
0.5303332209587097,
-0.28075942397117615,
-0.4636797606945038,
-0.2018960416316986,
-0.595492422580719,
-0.48829030990600586,
-0.46839606761932373,
0.09500153362751007,
0.5850104689598083,
-0.5153102874755859,
-0.08390279859304428,
0.29725947976112366,
-0.49367913603782654,
-0.5489537119865417,
0.03291789069771767,
0.00040181746589951217,
-0.5091629028320312,
0.557037353515625,
0.42288148403167725,
-0.5982992649078369,
0.23847424983978271,
0.6847690939903259,
-0.6317635774612427,
-0.18155279755592346,
-0.6177037358283997,
-0.17914046347141266,
-0.22966866195201874,
0.17418301105499268,
-0.5298015475273132,
-0.0015507087809965014,
-0.5414591431617737,
0.25089865922927856,
-0.1441621035337448,
0.39805367588996887,
-0.03167083114385605,
-0.1901610940694809,
0.12485476583242416,
0.6175392866134644,
-0.07516441494226456,
-0.1530134081840515,
0.6390170454978943,
-0.17843084037303925,
-0.3911757171154022,
0.5413868427276611,
0.24396701157093048,
0.0730888694524765,
-0.4832809567451477,
-0.02440227009356022,
-0.36768174171447754,
0.6706346273422241,
0.9553441405296326,
-0.44048744440078735,
0.39577504992485046,
0.21140968799591064,
-0.0736621618270874,
0.3000314235687256,
-0.0663597509264946,
0.2933605909347534,
-0.11811526864767075,
0.022055333480238914,
0.054976463317871094,
0.0722222775220871,
-0.9650011658668518,
-0.7056789398193359,
0.5990855693817139,
-0.6979548335075378,
-0.6546733975410461,
-0.9094976186752319,
-0.23350639641284943,
-0.03652877360582352,
-0.08348151296377182,
-0.1427282691001892,
-0.003902896773070097,
-0.08355805277824402,
0.33568090200424194,
-0.0373239740729332,
-0.2832682132720947,
0.15588858723640442,
-0.27953284978866577,
0.038179438561201096,
0.2432723343372345,
-0.2002251297235489,
0.006197236943989992,
0.1480373740196228,
0.9044471383094788,
-0.3552369177341461,
0.40453919768333435,
-0.18843400478363037,
0.052881523966789246,
0.1216585785150528,
-0.1450406163930893,
-0.07006371766328812,
0.4004436135292053,
0.18730439245700836,
0.07089290767908096,
0.30837389826774597,
-0.36817678809165955,
0.2855045199394226,
-0.23678062856197357,
-0.3574983775615692,
0.35606351494789124,
0.33455613255500793,
0.029797470197081566,
0.15794126689434052,
0.6625399589538574,
-0.24728679656982422,
0.2967599034309387,
-0.7104924917221069,
-0.5904707908630371,
0.1333438605070114,
-0.1291111260652542,
-0.5647997856140137,
-0.16304022073745728,
0.005169466603547335,
-0.052150972187519073,
-0.12338700890541077,
-0.10257948189973831,
-0.7350261211395264,
-0.5734308362007141,
0.25883665680885315,
0.17064930498600006,
0.32985565066337585,
0.050095222890377045,
-0.26013970375061035,
-0.37507522106170654,
-0.28434833884239197,
0.5469682216644287,
-0.35880574584007263,
1.4976186752319336,
-0.36377468705177307,
-0.11491305381059647,
-0.010842626914381981,
-0.18348687887191772,
-0.2795146107673645,
-0.595199465751648,
-0.18252263963222504,
0.448787659406662,
0.3071221709251404,
0.32476285099983215,
0.36359214782714844,
0.260596364736557,
0.23151236772537231,
-0.10178801417350769,
-0.6049612164497375,
-0.19933484494686127,
0.5794631838798523,
0.578905463218689,
-0.8641558885574341,
-0.27167508006095886,
0.26448723673820496,
0.19425328075885773,
-0.4531762897968292,
-0.3063688576221466,
-0.1975097507238388,
0.6149764657020569,
-0.26377567648887634,
0.08078406751155853,
-0.6573868989944458,
0.2367253452539444,
-0.34470707178115845,
0.036359068006277084,
-0.8579736948013306,
-0.03073279745876789,
0.19080697000026703,
-0.3935188949108124,
-0.2133878469467163,
-0.015259528532624245,
-0.11440050601959229,
0.4120853543281555,
-0.3943919539451599,
0.12421409040689468,
-0.5014880299568176,
0.8337622880935669,
0.09254302084445953,
-0.06650584191083908,
-0.13950525224208832,
-0.5260156393051147,
-0.09176550060510635,
-0.021525749936699867,
-0.07516976445913315,
0.022807443514466286,
-0.4216237962245941,
0.33351218700408936,
0.1407480090856552,
0.259615957736969,
-0.3893047869205475,
0.061984214931726456,
-0.6269721984863281,
-0.5585576295852661,
0.03251061961054802,
-0.5564242601394653,
0.16136781871318817,
-0.03012610226869583,
-0.555785596370697,
0.17372648417949677,
-0.09561527520418167,
-0.26714810729026794,
0.09714046865701675,
0.05569762736558914,
0.21803130209445953,
-0.985123336315155,
0.2800397574901581,
0.643543004989624,
-1.023634433746338,
-0.3048417866230011,
0.4687246084213257,
-0.2847781479358673,
-0.7971572875976562,
-0.06078663095831871,
-0.31712105870246887,
0.273441880941391,
-0.10211502760648727,
0.3633190095424652,
-0.10631239414215088,
-0.06692346185445786,
-0.01881829835474491,
0.22860117256641388,
-0.7524462342262268,
0.14275933802127838,
0.5201942920684814,
-0.11824111640453339,
-0.22036296129226685,
0.3825383186340332,
-0.15511548519134521,
-0.015992915257811546,
-0.04141075164079666,
0.10073806345462799,
0.19969654083251953,
0.2191934436559677,
0.4589380919933319,
0.6201440095901489,
0.2853498160839081,
-0.08037734031677246,
0.6997097730636597,
0.020982734858989716,
-0.14398987591266632,
0.33295682072639465,
-0.7420064210891724,
-0.3419044613838196,
0.5420467257499695,
0.6640482544898987,
0.5264495611190796,
0.1357947289943695,
0.06475023925304413,
-0.2521689534187317,
0.40119487047195435,
0.3421511948108673,
-0.12653526663780212,
0.07443537563085556,
0.3849483132362366,
0.4841228127479553,
-0.1655975729227066,
-0.15268945693969727,
-0.17398503422737122,
-0.24319466948509216,
-0.02217862196266651,
-0.17875641584396362,
-0.24635003507137299,
-0.15426187217235565,
0.40590912103652954,
-0.11215665936470032,
0.05978373438119888,
0.05315857380628586,
0.251537024974823,
-0.531059741973877,
-0.028252845630049706,
0.30465951561927795,
-0.12294820696115494,
0.1382026970386505,
-0.007411379832774401,
0.36979085206985474,
-0.11357952654361725,
-0.4867281913757324,
-0.1626698076725006,
-0.03339836001396179,
0.1774945855140686,
0.6814465522766113,
0.6606524586677551,
-0.02535891719162464,
-0.05466318130493164,
-0.5445407032966614,
-0.156790092587471,
-0.5373991131782532,
-0.23353804647922516,
0.5492963790893555,
-0.2019493579864502,
0.2877664864063263,
0.6931694149971008,
-0.6226862072944641,
0.379619300365448,
0.13190492987632751,
-0.5828218460083008,
0.7404302954673767,
-0.02551037259399891,
-0.03966293856501579,
-0.08268959820270538,
0.12422101199626923,
0.35027968883514404,
0.10121434181928635,
0.12636522948741913,
-0.011521216481924057,
-0.39299169182777405,
0.055014122277498245,
-0.1421884000301361,
-0.5194544196128845,
0.4264991581439972,
-0.3922942578792572,
0.27402567863464355,
-1.081663727760315,
-0.00509898504242301,
0.5243173837661743,
0.4447113871574402,
0.03933398798108101,
0.4401318430900574,
0.2487991452217102,
-0.027762537822127342,
0.545250654220581,
-0.21380284428596497,
-0.5818991661071777,
-0.1886824071407318,
-0.15115174651145935,
-0.06371567398309708,
0.6981148719787598,
0.06937000900506973,
-0.29733800888061523,
0.1781097948551178,
0.6061297059059143,
0.0034362266305834055,
-0.09503697603940964,
0.10827762633562088,
-0.944206178188324,
-0.32576045393943787,
-0.24826906621456146,
0.6029893159866333,
-0.22933292388916016,
-0.09777089953422546,
0.045019399374723434,
0.18267084658145905,
0.0537390410900116,
0.016995297744870186,
0.4110191762447357,
-0.35456371307373047,
-0.1932649314403534,
-0.0938185378909111,
0.18276487290859222,
0.7180824279785156,
-0.496959924697876,
-0.5383040308952332,
-0.0555805079638958,
-0.23346298933029175,
0.1624765247106552,
-0.26717013120651245,
0.039892908185720444,
-0.5268630385398865,
-0.24633267521858215,
-0.2651285231113434,
0.4582316279411316,
-0.20703937113285065,
0.18468010425567627,
0.4591456651687622
] |
232048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissencephaly | Lissencephaly | Lissencephaly (, meaning "smooth brain") is a set of rare brain disorders whereby the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth. It is caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation resulting in a lack of development of brain folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci). It is a form of cephalic disorder. Terms such as agyria (no gyri) and pachygyria (broad gyri) are used to describe the appearance of the surface of the brain.
Children with lissencephaly generally have significant developmental delays, but these vary greatly from child to child depending on the degree of brain malformation and seizure control. Life expectancy can be shortened, generally due to respiratory problems.
Symptoms and signs
Affected children display severe psychomotor impairment, failure to thrive, seizures, and muscle spasticity or hypotonia. Other symptoms of the disorder may include unusual facial appearance, difficulty swallowing, and anomalies of the hands, fingers, or toes.
Symptoms of lissencephaly are detected via ultrasound at about twenty-three weeks and require confirmation from a prenatal MRI. It is characterised by absence or reduction of the sulci and gyri of the cerebral surface and a thickened cortex.
There are anatomical symptoms that differ across the two main types of lissencephaly, Classical (Type I) and Cobble Stone (Type 2). In Classical lissencephaly the cortex becomes thickened and can be identified by four layers of the cerebral cortex rather than six.
Cobblestone lissencephaly is named after the pebbled or cobblestone appearance of the cortical surface. This uneven cortical surface is due to incomplete organogenesis which leads to no distinguishable layers in the cerebral cortex. Cobblestone lissencephaly shows a reduction and abnormalities in the grey matter of the cerebral cortex.
Causes
Causes of lissencephaly can include viral infections of the uterus or the fetus during the first trimester, or insufficient blood supply to the fetal brain early in pregnancy. There are also a number of genetic causes of lissencephaly, including mutation of the reelin gene (on chromosome 7), as well as other genes on the X chromosome and on chromosome 17. Genetic counseling is usually offered if there is a risk of lissencephaly, coupled with genetic testing.
Neural migration
Folding of the cerebral cortex is important in the development of overall brain function and cognitive abilities. Neuronal migration is the process by which neurons migrate to the final position in the brain during the development of the nervous system. This development of the nervous system occurs between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation. The neurons are created at the ventricular zone. The neurons then extend along the radial glia to reach the cortical zone. It is the disruption of the radial and tangential migration that causes reduced or absence gyri that is known as lissencephaly.
The lack of gyri causing a smooth appearance of the cerebral cortex is due to abnormal neuronal migration in the developmental stages of the nervous system. The cause of lissencephaly has been linked to both genetic and non-genetic factors. Three main types of lissencephaly have been identified and although all types display the similar symptoms the pathogenesis of each type varies.
The genes associated with lissencephaly are still being discovered; however, due to advances in genetics individual genes are being identified as the cause of lissencephaly. Mutations in LIS1, DCX (doublecortin), ARX(aristaless related homeobox), RELN have all been identified to cause lissencephaly. Viral infections can also cause lissencephaly.
The known genetic and viral mutation causes are listed below:
LIS1
LIS1 (also known as PAFAH1B1) is the most widely studied. LIS1 is located on chromosome 17p13.3. LIS1 is integral in regulating the motor protein dynein which plays an important role in the movement of neuronal nuclei along microtubules. The mutation or deletion involving LIS1 is associated with both Isolated Lissencephaly Syndrome and Miller–Dieker syndrome. Miller-Dieker syndrome however, has additional deletions of adjacent genes on chromosome 17 causing facial and other congenital abnormalities and defects. This mutation full or deletion of chromosome 17p13.3 leads to inadequate neuronal migration due to LIS1 encoding for an enzyme that interacts with the microtubule protein dynein. LIS1 mutation or deletion is not inherited from a parent and thus recurrence is unlikely.
A Chinese family with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and a mutation in this gene has been reported.
DCX
DCX or doublecortin encodes for the doublecortin protein which is similar to LIS1 as it encodes a microtubule associated protein that is related to microtubule function and transport in developing neuronal processes. DCX mutation causes the disorganisation of neocortical layering in the cerebral cortex leading to a reduced folding. DCX is localised to the X chromosome and thus this mutation may be inherited however it still can appear randomly. As it is an X chromosome linked abnormality males who inherit the gene are more likely to be severely affected. Females who inherit the DCX mutation have a more mild version of the syndrome.
ARX
The ARX gene encodes for the aristaless related homeobox genes which are active in the early embryonic development to control formation of many tissues and structure. ARX is involved in the development of the embryonic forebrain, migration and communication of neurons as well as migration and proliferation of interneurons. As ARX is expressed in the ganglionic eminences and the neocortical ventricular zone it can affect both radial and tangential migration. Similar to DCX, ARX is an X chromosome linked gene and is linked with other symptoms such as absence of portions of the brain, abnormal genitalia and severe epilepsy.
RELN
Reelin (RELN) is an extracellular matrix glycoproteins that is secreted to help with the regulation of neuronal migration. Lack of RELN in mice has shown deficiencies in migrating neurons. In reported cases, lissencephaly caused by RELN deficiency has been more severe in anterior brain regions with a very small cerebellum.
Viral infection
Lissencephaly has been recorded to have been caused by viruses and insufficient blood supply to the developing fetal brain. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes related virus that can cause congenital defects. CMV has a high affinity for the developing germinal matrix of the brain. The severity of the infection is proportional to the time in gestation that the fetus was infected. It is early infection that leads to lissencephaly. This is because early infection disrupts the migration and development of neurons.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of lissencephaly is usually made at birth or soon after by ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, these results should be interpreted cautiously since even experienced radiologists can misdiagnose polymicrogyria, a different developmental malformation of the brain, as lissencephaly.
Before birth, complex ultrasounds performed routinely during pregnancy may indicate the presence of a cerebral abnormality, but this method of diagnosis should be complemented by other methods, such as genetic studies and NMR, and the examination is not recommended as part of routine ultrasound examinations, unless family medical history or other reasons for suspecting brain malformation are present. The earliest point during gestation when it is possible to observe abnormal development of the brain surface is approximately in week 20, although ultrasound examinations in week 25–30 are more common. Up to this time, the fetal brain normally has a smooth appearance. If lissencephaly is suspected, chorionic villus sampling can test for some lissencephaly variants, but only those with a known genetic mutation.
Classification
The spectrum of lissencephaly is only now becoming more defined as neuroimaging and genetics have provided more insights into migration disorders. There are around 20 types of lissencephaly that make up the spectrum. Other causes which have not yet been identified are likely as well.
Different systems for classifying lissencephaly exist. One major distinction is "classic" (type I) vs. "cobblestone" (type II), but some systems add additional forms that fit into neither of these categories.
Some types of lissencephaly are described below (OMIM numbers are included where available):
Treatment
Treatment for those with lissencephaly is symptomatic and depends on the severity and locations of the brain malformations. Treatment is tailored towards the symptoms of the individual. Therapies for lissencephaly are to deal with the symptoms as the syndrome is congenital. Supportive care may be needed to help with comfort and nursing needs. Seizures may be controlled with medication and hydrocephalus may require shunting. If feeding becomes difficult, a gastrostomy tube may be considered.
There are a number of organisations that raise awareness and funding for rare disabilities such as lissencephaly. They also seek to increase the quality of life for individuals living with related disabilities. In the United States, these organizations include Arc of the United States, National Organization for Rare Disorders, and March of Dimes.
Prognosis
The prognosis for children with lissencephaly varies depending on the malformation and severity of the syndrome. Many individuals remain at a 3–5 month developmental level. Life expectancy is short and many children with lissencephaly will die before the age of 10. Some children with lissencephaly will be able to roll over, sit, reach for objects, and smile socially. Aspiration and respiratory disease are the most common causes of illness or death. In the past, life expectancy was said to be around two years of age. However, with advances in seizure control, and treatments for respiratory illness, most children live well beyond that age. With other advances in therapy and the broader availability of services and equipment, some children with lissencephaly are able to walk with varying degrees of assistance and to perform other functions once thought too advanced.
See also
Gyrification
CEP85L - gene associated with posterior predominant lissencephaly in a 2020 study
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on DCX-Related Disorders
OMIM entries on DCX-Related Disorders
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on LIS1 Lissencephaly
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Neuronal migration disorders
Tubulinopathies
Rare syndromes | [
-0.4799637794494629,
0.5593169331550598,
-0.27857401967048645,
0.02803240716457367,
-0.014321045018732548,
0.3613486588001251,
0.6502248048782349,
0.8174781799316406,
-0.5049740076065063,
-0.8199576735496521,
-0.667976438999176,
0.5006926655769348,
0.14828570187091827,
0.37953636050224304,
-0.25223731994628906,
0.18533451855182648,
0.9167346954345703,
0.34893643856048584,
-0.10357104986906052,
0.21033693850040436,
-0.10434165596961975,
-0.28813114762306213,
0.47671031951904297,
-0.6335967183113098,
-0.18716473877429962,
-0.4084160327911377,
-0.1454385370016098,
0.25747019052505493,
-0.09777490049600601,
-0.4156927764415741,
-0.4626011848449707,
0.5704793334007263,
0.1432642936706543,
-0.11926072090864182,
-0.30936896800994873,
0.5220561027526855,
-0.015320978127419949,
-0.8888850808143616,
-0.12064506858587265,
-0.21982930600643158,
0.33076587319374084,
0.07367610186338425,
-0.03931533917784691,
0.3763211965560913,
-0.6153756976127625,
-0.04506353288888931,
-1.1714640855789185,
0.6424074172973633,
-0.6136362552642822,
0.1685691922903061,
-0.3082910478115082,
0.38493651151657104,
0.8496655821800232,
-0.14490334689617157,
-0.11179535835981369,
0.2640681266784668,
-0.5900336503982544,
0.09057991206645966,
0.7496529221534729,
-0.046427905559539795,
0.6571828722953796,
0.11725760251283646,
-0.35650575160980225,
-0.3473533093929291,
-0.09726693481206894,
0.11785322427749634,
-0.04553084075450897,
0.2428824007511139,
-0.7798527479171753,
0.060276247560977936,
-0.06417291611433029,
-0.20221565663814545,
0.4732096493244171,
0.5292970538139343,
-0.3801176846027374,
0.164948508143425,
0.22599217295646667,
-0.6577652096748352,
0.2984160780906677,
-0.42067950963974,
-0.40274497866630554,
0.46502864360809326,
0.7226311564445496,
0.4093121290206909,
-0.12234107404947281,
0.32891973853111267,
-0.7494552731513977,
1.164198637008667,
-0.5433807373046875,
-0.09515128284692764,
0.05478556454181671,
-0.15060967206954956,
0.4330230951309204,
0.026548484340310097,
-0.2073860466480255,
-0.3166913390159607,
0.5164679884910583,
-0.2105502039194107,
0.33448436856269836,
0.19180497527122498,
0.2096351534128189,
0.5938647985458374,
0.4780139625072479,
0.15267376601696014,
0.46389490365982056,
-0.04951490834355354,
0.24058987200260162,
-0.09608392417430878,
-0.02171243540942669,
-0.33512505888938904,
-0.737274169921875,
0.057411544024944305,
-0.7615800499916077,
0.049754705280065536,
-1.0567570924758911,
0.2952724099159241,
-0.2964286506175995,
0.12106862664222717,
-0.6488181948661804,
-1.0759122371673584,
-0.16957561671733856,
0.08224336057901382,
0.004762470256537199,
0.00483930017799139,
-0.15685991942882538,
-0.00717497244477272,
-0.2388852834701538,
0.07955165952444077,
0.30236074328422546,
0.6170112490653992,
0.18719208240509033,
0.6011217832565308,
-0.12078264355659485,
-0.30488523840904236,
0.3302730619907379,
0.03793658688664436,
0.6655204892158508,
0.1426323801279068,
0.7920311093330383,
0.41387638449668884,
-0.044541701674461365,
-0.3737439215183258,
-1.021811604499817,
0.06270573288202286,
0.2381613701581955,
-0.7603099346160889,
0.029525723308324814,
0.17537306249141693,
-0.4187619686126709,
-0.5880897641181946,
0.21435724198818207,
0.10176363587379456,
-0.05013420432806015,
-0.05034271255135536,
0.3473808169364929,
0.48645830154418945,
-0.23396779596805573,
-0.7562779188156128,
0.38416752219200134,
0.1857655942440033,
-0.2138277292251587,
0.1002797856926918,
-0.7429304122924805,
-0.4843224883079529,
0.062155768275260925,
-0.20045925676822662,
0.6607692241668701,
0.29085004329681396,
-0.10577521473169327,
0.6495770215988159,
-0.35150501132011414,
0.07469210028648376,
0.39459866285324097,
-0.13375335931777954,
-0.20925579965114594,
0.34667402505874634,
0.3154267370700836,
0.3193212151527405,
0.8471871614456177,
-0.34411802887916565,
-0.7308211922645569,
0.015137406066060066,
0.5794450044631958,
-0.3557945191860199,
0.4828069508075714,
0.01451288815587759,
0.6122145652770996,
-0.16657215356826782,
-1.0432952642440796,
-0.4215180277824402,
-0.06852816790342331,
-0.6171610951423645,
0.9523619413375854,
0.20889249444007874,
1.3776581287384033,
0.08342921733856201,
-1.0404505729675293,
0.22700609266757965,
-0.0041679139249026775,
0.5796315670013428,
-0.14388373494148254,
-0.23938851058483124,
-0.24376043677330017,
-0.1301332414150238,
-0.409146249294281,
0.5546963214874268,
0.08167370408773422,
-0.3998333811759949,
0.3384138345718384,
0.16785983741283417,
0.30278998613357544,
-1.0625550746917725,
0.38349589705467224,
0.09720484912395477,
0.17796815931797028,
-0.4916393458843231,
-0.6214579343795776,
-0.000029694025215576403,
-0.21708576381206512,
-0.3373410999774933,
0.39140722155570984,
-0.14972181618213654,
0.13389219343662262,
1.1402463912963867,
0.16100114583969116,
0.8283374905586243,
0.2095394730567932,
0.10288003087043762,
0.5136131048202515,
-0.6228229999542236,
-0.1772882491350174,
-0.04261479154229164,
0.45995259284973145,
-0.4032634198665619,
-0.47808757424354553,
0.04732197895646095,
0.6281414031982422,
-0.6938045024871826,
0.50621098279953,
-0.3933402895927429,
-0.6027241945266724,
0.1318584680557251,
-0.4897136688232422,
0.2540695369243622,
0.3034971356391907,
-0.17234228551387787,
-0.26024219393730164,
0.6481435298919678,
-0.5105628967285156,
-0.04722710698843002,
-0.36096370220184326,
1.0623208284378052,
-0.09580381959676743,
-0.6963793039321899,
0.30587512254714966,
-0.1223004013299942,
0.4800240993499756,
-0.10976769030094147,
-0.09990272670984268,
-0.1854403167963028,
-0.5280900001525879,
0.34357935190200806,
-0.121536985039711,
-0.1015440821647644,
-0.6253948211669922,
-0.3358965516090393,
0.11449439823627472,
-0.29602691531181335,
0.6912083029747009,
-0.0382302850484848,
0.7870611548423767,
-0.18740831315517426,
-0.9540444612503052,
-0.01641186699271202,
-0.2609950602054596,
-0.4686434864997864,
-0.39107340574264526,
-0.20862257480621338,
-0.6367442607879639,
-0.3229156732559204,
0.40874534845352173,
1.24596107006073,
0.7537320852279663,
0.41322797536849976,
-0.5641452670097351,
0.052226580679416656,
0.018994605168700218,
-0.3608318865299225,
0.016169842332601547,
-0.24933190643787384,
-0.6622311472892761,
0.6266900897026062,
0.11742128431797028,
0.11708831787109375,
0.01375825610011816,
0.29177701473236084,
0.5228109359741211,
-0.5333523154258728,
0.18683308362960815,
-0.26017919182777405,
-0.15751473605632782,
0.34128132462501526,
-0.22504903376102448,
-0.08323407173156738,
-0.16441170871257782,
0.25286370515823364,
-0.05483489856123924,
-0.2866838574409485,
-5.427013874053955,
-0.4478704035282135,
0.2419765144586563,
-0.6280093193054199,
0.36884066462516785,
0.05992530658841133,
0.7578635215759277,
0.017915964126586914,
-0.48825356364250183,
0.2793862223625183,
-0.13793814182281494,
0.23816852271556854,
-0.2765926420688629,
0.3417617678642273,
0.29782748222351074,
-0.29129526019096375,
-0.07531332969665527,
-0.32826223969459534,
0.08183222264051437,
0.2318679541349411,
0.058641791343688965,
0.17457346618175507,
0.2397824376821518,
0.5593629479408264,
-0.48297011852264404,
0.9419546723365784,
0.1503545194864273,
0.4924425184726715,
-0.8518709540367126,
-0.36989691853523254,
-0.11176860332489014,
0.016542969271540642,
0.31459563970565796,
-0.24027279019355774,
0.0815400555729866,
0.211968794465065,
-0.2569810748100281,
0.18789604306221008,
0.1518440842628479,
0.03977116942405701,
-0.368356317281723,
0.33196893334388733,
0.3989739418029785,
0.09448080509901047,
0.7825828790664673,
-0.16972681879997253,
-0.34589704871177673,
-0.45019176602363586,
-0.048283666372299194,
0.8423245549201965,
-0.15658748149871826,
-0.43981707096099854,
-0.14344848692417145,
0.3331845700740814,
0.30803990364074707,
0.3175598978996277,
1.1217440366744995,
-0.26816287636756897,
-0.5250246524810791,
-0.16878318786621094,
0.5811594724655151,
-0.14135991036891937,
-0.47790494561195374,
-0.8008209466934204,
0.29238900542259216,
0.08183056116104126,
-0.34259921312332153,
0.009347634389996529,
0.7248339653015137,
0.2505094110965729,
0.13592419028282166,
-0.10768906027078629,
0.1530139148235321,
-0.9714450240135193,
0.28473830223083496,
-0.45027294754981995,
-0.22368261218070984,
-0.08340620249509811,
0.21063882112503052,
-0.13779406249523163,
-0.15441182255744934,
0.03904326260089874,
-0.7159917950630188,
-0.12500877678394318,
0.1806565523147583,
-0.674429714679718,
-0.21250180900096893,
0.7172152996063232,
-0.24931775033473969,
-0.12494587898254395,
0.6185696125030518,
0.2769067585468292,
0.1325053870677948,
0.1323569416999817,
-0.03379780054092407,
0.7330002188682556,
-0.03375672549009323,
1.0845494270324707,
0.43792039155960083,
-0.3184612989425659,
0.4727245271205902,
-0.8097728490829468,
0.09829463064670563,
-0.43819573521614075,
-0.20212481915950775,
0.06810738146305084,
-0.6029758453369141,
0.13918623328208923,
0.5841684937477112,
-0.20957617461681366,
-0.12424684315919876,
0.09898699074983597,
-0.2800467014312744,
-0.2730702757835388,
0.2707067131996155,
-0.1669640839099884,
-0.7050043940544128,
0.43879926204681396,
0.27524998784065247,
-0.6800341010093689,
0.34509748220443726,
0.3752448558807373,
-0.19002561271190643,
-0.027868755161762238,
-0.20476412773132324,
0.05359148606657982,
0.08604621887207031,
0.39179709553718567,
-0.4527192711830139,
0.2112586498260498,
0.17656482756137848,
0.21066156029701233,
0.31210049986839294,
0.34764423966407776,
-0.3688211441040039,
-0.671635627746582,
-0.0863162949681282,
0.6805624961853027,
-0.5213698744773865,
-0.4639926254749298,
0.5507765412330627,
-0.24854157865047455,
-0.29789677262306213,
0.07939639687538147,
0.5399378538131714,
0.02082642912864685,
-0.3879219591617584,
-0.21819795668125153,
-0.5597039461135864,
0.7575153708457947,
0.46488237380981445,
-0.370846152305603,
-0.27038368582725525,
0.034357983618974686,
-0.02189968340098858,
0.6542081832885742,
0.15168367326259613,
0.2831146717071533,
0.14851640164852142,
-0.3531228303909302,
-0.6819260120391846,
-0.28187060356140137,
-0.9175506830215454,
0.10359594970941544,
-0.40495097637176514,
-0.369223415851593,
-0.43764832615852356,
-0.9314548373222351,
-0.3501339554786682,
0.3846065104007721,
-0.5536252856254578,
-0.0008427719585597515,
-0.24134129285812378,
-0.4465930163860321,
0.37086305022239685,
-0.0031179944053292274,
-0.1766178160905838,
0.2941344082355499,
-0.027538612484931946,
0.05124732851982117,
-0.34977084398269653,
-0.13494344055652618,
0.35196366906166077,
0.3183903694152832,
0.5290935039520264,
-0.45288553833961487,
0.01816369779407978,
-0.04050761088728905,
-0.050317537039518356,
-0.48863863945007324,
0.40178540349006653,
-0.08671047538518906,
0.22105345129966736,
0.18054638803005219,
0.263288289308548,
0.3680174946784973,
-0.23957693576812744,
0.30961644649505615,
-0.28379562497138977,
-0.4958835542201996,
-0.05851324275135994,
0.24019454419612885,
-0.09710004925727844,
0.31892627477645874,
0.8946436047554016,
-0.8700166940689087,
0.7336745262145996,
0.012709123082458973,
-1.0891469717025757,
0.5206584334373474,
-0.3836609423160553,
-0.3303641378879547,
0.031039824709296227,
-0.01857576332986355,
-0.3067176342010498,
-0.16030237078666687,
0.32998645305633545,
-0.6275901794433594,
-0.21848684549331665,
0.11474543809890747,
0.02648286521434784,
0.048008475452661514,
-0.21614691615104675,
-0.13997435569763184,
-0.5400581359863281,
-0.7260275483131409,
0.5022349953651428,
-0.018996041268110275,
1.5677255392074585,
-0.2125142365694046,
0.15936215221881866,
-0.08378446847200394,
-0.23710648715496063,
-0.2139168679714203,
0.23466379940509796,
-0.12225741893053055,
0.008074494078755379,
0.33396804332733154,
0.6085051894187927,
-0.08322204649448395,
1.0490541458129883,
0.7832908034324646,
-0.20889165997505188,
0.4161362051963806,
-0.32370948791503906,
0.7059603333473206,
0.26922670006752014,
-0.7188588380813599,
-0.15615542232990265,
0.22112633287906647,
0.6719033122062683,
-0.08380483090877533,
-0.21884340047836304,
-0.1521376073360443,
0.7511919736862183,
-0.04591231048107147,
0.1975356936454773,
-0.7644761800765991,
0.10534776002168655,
0.015901578590273857,
-0.15127842128276825,
-0.48085111379623413,
0.8004077076911926,
0.3003503084182739,
-0.2207983434200287,
-0.3195710778236389,
-0.3208896219730377,
-0.025742139667272568,
0.4353982210159302,
-0.6114850044250488,
0.25206997990608215,
-0.2634369134902954,
0.31921154260635376,
-0.4978221654891968,
-0.7125047445297241,
-0.08049297332763672,
-0.02936774678528309,
-0.8286715149879456,
0.36609041690826416,
-0.016643287613987923,
0.04559122398495674,
-0.2510625720024109,
0.04553266242146492,
-0.4013580083847046,
0.14763639867305756,
-0.6059268712997437,
0.25499212741851807,
-0.5533175468444824,
-0.6343374252319336,
-0.3582618236541748,
-0.47014665603637695,
0.1328926831483841,
0.17323151230812073,
-0.03379140421748161,
-0.02637302316725254,
-0.05899222195148468,
-0.2883000671863556,
0.26014578342437744,
-0.7872805595397949,
0.0013728110352531075,
-0.6630578637123108,
0.1186976507306099,
-0.031198054552078247,
-0.7639743685722351,
0.2594934105873108,
0.5351263880729675,
-0.3548416197299957,
-0.777876615524292,
-0.014279651455581188,
-0.37251245975494385,
0.15232595801353455,
0.17069865763187408,
0.186790332198143,
0.7356230020523071,
0.03828909620642662,
-0.18584595620632172,
0.5663178563117981,
-0.2621290385723114,
0.047165025025606155,
0.6516072750091553,
-0.20111340284347534,
0.34837087988853455,
0.4226689040660858,
-0.5505022406578064,
0.1377040594816208,
0.5129455924034119,
0.21194225549697876,
0.21276195347309113,
0.3051508367061615,
0.9784696102142334,
0.5107341408729553,
0.3616298735141754,
-0.06735821813344955,
0.4415540397167206,
0.3515976071357727,
-0.26815861463546753,
0.44841474294662476,
-0.5131896138191223,
-0.7847464680671692,
0.4609701335430145,
0.4203569293022156,
0.4628133177757263,
-0.054436951875686646,
0.12507592141628265,
-0.2551988661289215,
0.37114977836608887,
-0.10614807158708572,
0.4139145016670227,
-0.029301919043064117,
-0.24176710844039917,
0.5774611234664917,
-0.529564380645752,
0.5742046236991882,
0.0013616735814139247,
-0.027118027210235596,
-0.21385207772254944,
0.09786754101514816,
-0.335429847240448,
-0.5941426157951355,
-0.2243703156709671,
-0.6685370206832886,
0.2245125025510788,
0.0288595799356699,
0.5921126008033752,
0.21254189312458038,
-0.31467655301094055,
0.3994404375553131,
0.08717317134141922,
0.3609721064567566,
0.39372092485427856,
-0.016900142654776573,
0.2381289303302765,
-0.18110036849975586,
0.09037607163190842,
-0.2295435667037964,
-0.6621358394622803,
0.3781959116458893,
0.37796512246131897,
0.19036075472831726,
-0.48697811365127563,
-0.2112031728029251,
-0.07873966544866562,
-0.5267959237098694,
-0.416903018951416,
0.38520851731300354,
0.11794440448284149,
0.0817641019821167,
0.3084861636161804,
-0.18868432939052582,
0.2019960582256317,
0.24646344780921936,
-0.19108842313289642,
-0.07384242862462997,
0.33931764960289,
-0.3049699366092682,
-0.03345630690455437,
-0.16445069015026093,
0.3419252038002014,
-0.13951821625232697,
-0.09715329110622406,
0.06820499151945114,
0.336419939994812,
0.2837279438972473,
0.3463108539581299,
-1.2522881031036377,
0.5953041315078735,
0.002618847182020545,
0.5679892301559448,
-1.2079598903656006,
-0.6169949173927307,
-0.044680725783109665,
0.6664847135543823,
-0.08878680318593979,
0.7830110788345337,
0.5675436854362488,
-0.3064986765384674,
0.285783976316452,
-0.05131521821022034,
-0.3340614438056946,
-0.3768335282802582,
0.12020053714513779,
0.10499218851327896,
0.8951119184494019,
0.15612272918224335,
0.24259428679943085,
0.0827130451798439,
0.4428066909313202,
-0.07621868699789047,
-0.46483102440834045,
-0.08673594892024994,
-0.7473307847976685,
0.4918687343597412,
-0.16134782135486603,
0.2155429720878601,
0.22140654921531677,
-0.33252617716789246,
0.2356013059616089,
0.14622502028942108,
0.17907561361789703,
-0.16474641859531403,
0.43898048996925354,
-0.5912423133850098,
-0.19132085144519806,
0.14879237115383148,
-0.6881814002990723,
-0.34682199358940125,
-0.5166609883308411,
-0.20787650346755981,
0.03728048875927925,
-0.11949696391820908,
0.38514265418052673,
-0.5676190257072449,
0.02572886273264885,
-0.49127405881881714,
0.20310267806053162,
0.039484210312366486,
-0.40021365880966187,
-0.12438756972551346,
-0.5163599252700806,
0.6276386976242065
] |
232049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalencephaly | Megalencephaly | Megalencephaly (or macrencephaly; abbreviated MEG) is a growth development disorder in which the brain is abnormally large. It is characterized by a brain with an average weight that is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean of the general population. Approximately 1 out of 50 children (2%) are said to have the characteristics of megalencephaly in the general population.
A mutation in the PI3K-AKT pathway is believed to be the primary cause of brain proliferation and ultimately the root cause of megalencephaly. This mutation has produced a classification of brain overdevelopment that consists of two syndromes including megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) and megalencephaly-polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus (MPPH). Megalencephaly is usually diagnosed at birth and is confirmed with an MRI.
There are several neuropsychiatric disorders linked with megalencephaly; however, studies have shown that autism is the most prevalent association with the malformation of MEG. Although no treatment currently exists for megalencephaly, management methods are focused at reducing deficits linked with autism. Most recent research is targeted at creating inhibitors to reduce the mutational pathway that causes megalencephaly.
Classification
Macrocephaly
Macrocephaly is a term used to refer to a person who has an abnormally large head. The circumference of the head must be above the 95th percentile or at least 2.5 standard deviations from the mean of normal weight and gender groups in the United States. A person with macrocephaly does not necessarily indicate that megalencephaly is also present. Large skulls usually exhibit no neurodevelopment conditions at all, meaning most individuals with macrocephaly are healthy.
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly is an extremely rare form of macrocephaly and is characterized by uneven development of brain hemispheres (one-half of brain is larger than other). The syndrome can be presented by itself or in association with phakomatosis or hemigigantism. Additionally, hemimegalencephaly will frequently cause severe epilepsy, focal neuro-logical deficits, macrocrania, and mild to severe mental retardation.
MCAP
Megalencephaly-capillary (MCAP) is one of the two major syndromes of megalencephaly. Typically, MCAP and MPPH can be distinguished by somatic features. MCAP includes many characteristics that are observed at birth including: cutaneous vascular malformations, especially capillary malformations of the face and cutis marmorata, polydactyly, connective tissue dysplasia, and focal or segmental body overgrowth. Furthermore, MCAP can occasionally be linked with asymmetric brain overgrowth (hemimegalencephaly) as well as segmental overgrowth of the body (hemihypertrophy).
MPPH
Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus (MPPH) is one of the two major syndromes contributing to megalencephaly. Typically MCAP and MPPH can be distinguished by somatic features. In differentiation to MCAP, MPPH lacks consistent somatic features other than postaxial polydactyly. Furthermore, brain and body development is normally symmetric in the majority of patients that appear to have MPPH symptoms.
Presentation
Autism
There is an extremely high association between megalencephaly and autism. Approximately 20% of autistic children have megalencephaly, making it the most common physical characteristic of autism. People who present both megalencephaly and autistic characteristics usually also show signs of hyperactivity as a major symptom. However, there is no definitive evidence that autism is the primary cause/result of megalencephaly.
Since most children with megalencephaly also have autism, the goal of treatment for MEG is focused on managing the signs and symptoms associated with autism.
Other associations
Achondroplasia
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Tuberous sclerosis (TS)
Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome
Epidermal naevus syndrome
Causes
Although very little is still known as to the direct cause of megalencephaly, recent studies have begun to provide early indications of possible sources for its formation. Recent research has shown that there is a strong link between genetic pathways that cause brain develop and mutations in that pathway that result in brain overgrowth.
PI3K-AKT
Recent studies have shown that mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT (also known as protein kinase B) pathway have been identified in MCAP and MPPH. This pathway has proven to be an integral part of brain growth and development and is an area of interest to many researchers who study the cause of megalencephaly. Mutations in this pathway have been shown to cause a gain of function in the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. This cellular pathway is critical in the regulation of diverse cell functions including, cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis and most importantly in regards to megalencephaly, brain development. AKT is a crucial signaling molecule part of the PI3K pathway and is also involved in many cellular functions. These functions include, brain development, synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment. Loss of function in AKT can cause microcephaly in humans while inactivation of the pathway can cause hemimegalencephaly. There are also several cancers that have been shown to be linked with mutations in the AKT pathway, including melanoma and lung cancer.
Pur-alpha
Pur-alpha (purα) is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA and RNA-binding protein. Studies have shown that the protein is primarily active during early development and is believed to have a role in brain enlargement. Although the exact function is still controversial, it is believed that pur-alpha is responsible for neuronal proliferation during neurogenesis as well as the maturation of dendrites. Thus, pur-alpha is also considered a potential root cause of megalencephaly and brain overgrowth.
Pathophysiology
One impact of megalencephaly is the complete lack of motor development. One medical study assessed three patients presenting megalencephaly who showed severely impaired motor and speech development as well as distinct facial abnormalities including skull bossing, a low nasal bridge and large eyes.
Diagnoses
Diagnosis of megalencephaly has changed over the years, however, with the development of more advanced equipment, physicians have been able to confirm the disorder with better accuracy. Usually, a physical exam is first performed when characteristics of megalencephaly have appeared. This typically occurs at birth or during early child development. A physician will then take head measurements in order to determine the circumference. This is known as the head circumference. Then a family background will be recorded in order to determine if there has been a history of megalencephaly in the family.
A neurological exam will then be performed using the technology of an MRI machine in order to confirm the diagnosis of megalencephaly. These imaging tests give detailed information regarding brain size, volume asymmetry and other irregular developments linked with MCAP, MPPH and hemimegalencephaly.
There is also a strong correlation of epilepsy and megalencephaly and this can aid doctors in their diagnosis.
If a diagnosis of megalencephaly is confirmed, the child is referred to a specialist who focuses on managing the symptoms and improving lifestyle. Since megalencephaly is usually presented with autism, the goal of treatment is to improve deficiencies associated with autistic causes. Additionally, since each patient has unique symptoms, there is no one specific treatment method and therefore is heavily reliant on symptoms associated with an individual.
Prevention
Since there are very few treatment methods focused on managing megalencephaly, future research is targeted at inhibiting mutation of the pathway. However, this next step could be met with several complications as understanding the underlying mechanism of the mutation is a difficult task. The genetic coding that initiates a single mutation is sporadic and patterns are hard to detect in many cases.
Even though very little research has been done to create inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT pathway, several pharmaceutical companies have begun to focus their interests in designing a prevention method for this purpose.
Treatment
There is currently no specific treatment for megalencephaly, however periodic head measurements may be assessed to determine the rate of brain growth.
Those individuals who develop neurological disorders may be prescribed anti-epileptic drugs for seizures. Studies have shown that reducing epilepsy can increase cell apoptosis and reduce the proliferation of neurons that ultimately leads to brain overgrowth.
Prognosis
The prognosis of megalencephaly depends heavily on the underlying cause and associated neurological disorders. Because the majority of megalencephaly cases are linked with autism, the prognosis is equivalent to the corresponding condition.
Since hemimegalencephaly is associated with severe seizures, hemiparesis and intellectual disability, the result is a poor prognosis. In most cases, those diagnosed with this type of megalencephaly usually do not survive through adulthood.
Epidemiology
Approximately one out of every 50 (2%) children in the general population are said to have megalencephaly. Additionally, it is said that megalencephaly affects 3–4 times more males than females.
Those individuals that are classified with macrocephaly, or general head overgrowth, are said to have megalencephaly at a rate of 10–30% of the time.
History
It is believed that megalencephaly was discovered in 1972. Prior to diagnoses that used MRI scanning as a way to confirm brain overgrowth, cases of megalencephaly were diagnosed by autopsy in which the physical brain was measured and weighed.
Research
Future research is targeted at further understanding mutations and how they lead to MCAP and MPPH syndromes. The majority of studies of megalencephaly have included mice who present brain abnormalities and overgrowth. The next step is to move to clinical trials involving humans in order to determine the exact genetic mutation causing the sequences. Additionally, scientists and pharmaceutical companies have begun to show interest in mutation inhibition and designing preventative methods to eliminate the underlying cause of megalencephaly altogether.
Other relations
Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, since it is related with the size of the brain.
References
External links
Megalencephaly information page (provided by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)
Congenital disorders of nervous system | [
0.08366663753986359,
0.3849790096282959,
-0.4783562123775482,
-0.022158628329634666,
-0.17838868498802185,
0.15573863685131073,
0.4856315851211548,
0.5930352807044983,
-0.45573288202285767,
-0.328799843788147,
-0.40429815649986267,
0.03753761947154999,
-0.7795722484588623,
0.3312458395957947,
-0.19560302793979645,
0.057839881628751755,
0.8749924302101135,
0.62124103307724,
-0.6360902786254883,
-0.0017182539450004697,
-0.15244734287261963,
-0.5472162961959839,
0.8114466071128845,
-0.023437777534127235,
0.07591013610363007,
-0.507584273815155,
0.19556309282779694,
0.06278348714113235,
0.35104894638061523,
-0.1609886884689331,
-0.35180798172950745,
0.49013638496398926,
0.592397928237915,
0.1254386603832245,
-0.10223612934350967,
0.5072094798088074,
-0.5108000040054321,
-0.38740062713623047,
-0.3557531237602234,
-0.4243948459625244,
0.3974165916442871,
-0.19576294720172882,
-0.42927059531211853,
0.4051699638366699,
-0.6915237307548523,
-0.31462568044662476,
-1.8835424184799194,
0.8504433631896973,
-0.5481889843940735,
0.008923078887164593,
-0.10279873013496399,
0.3729838728904724,
0.3164036273956299,
-0.026417449116706848,
-0.06953703612089157,
0.6209045648574829,
-0.7148823142051697,
-0.29889801144599915,
0.47741690278053284,
-0.344918817281723,
0.18860086798667908,
-0.6125677824020386,
-0.11577147245407104,
-0.09716247022151947,
-0.3425321578979492,
0.009057928808033466,
0.2594446837902069,
0.37907445430755615,
-0.8574077486991882,
-0.4329693913459778,
-0.6725308895111084,
-0.4185773730278015,
0.3897337019443512,
0.2504122853279114,
-0.48013320565223694,
0.05500607565045357,
-0.05362670123577118,
-0.4462296962738037,
0.5210142135620117,
-0.2677002549171448,
-0.23135951161384583,
0.6670870184898376,
0.2523094117641449,
0.1200164183974266,
0.040891923010349274,
-0.3127754032611847,
-0.30683353543281555,
1.0621154308319092,
-0.19168353080749512,
0.25730249285697937,
0.08060130476951599,
0.1996275633573532,
0.9396453499794006,
0.10620208084583282,
0.02185361459851265,
0.3316388428211212,
0.24535149335861206,
-0.41316211223602295,
0.13554967939853668,
0.19438417255878448,
0.6347323060035706,
0.5185005068778992,
-0.3119211196899414,
-0.3022787868976593,
0.07255998998880386,
-0.1637541502714157,
0.2696889638900757,
-0.35876381397247314,
-0.038743916898965836,
-0.3383563458919525,
-1.242593765258789,
-0.139657661318779,
-0.6767956018447876,
0.11363222450017929,
-0.380974143743515,
0.49871230125427246,
0.16646648943424225,
0.0889914333820343,
-0.4618194103240967,
-0.6695073843002319,
-0.05446385219693184,
0.43079042434692383,
-0.5526601672172546,
-0.10521338135004044,
-0.27104616165161133,
0.1473829299211502,
-0.44840437173843384,
0.3005948066711426,
-0.08672717213630676,
0.21863164007663727,
0.07240212708711624,
0.44375917315483093,
-0.07134761661291122,
-0.2318134605884552,
0.42293980717658997,
-0.11974707990884781,
0.23590268194675446,
0.5118038058280945,
0.7667255401611328,
0.055282048881053925,
-0.481812983751297,
-0.8289281129837036,
-0.4751453399658203,
0.16736707091331482,
0.27294227480888367,
-0.6556079387664795,
-0.24665509164333344,
-0.22397665679454803,
0.19087077677249908,
-0.3976651430130005,
0.01783015765249729,
-0.057948220521211624,
-0.5208959579467773,
0.38850894570350647,
0.3058434724807739,
0.4171353280544281,
-0.07053767889738083,
-0.8376681208610535,
0.5158984065055847,
0.4366801977157593,
0.331586092710495,
0.05046436935663223,
-0.9502642750740051,
-0.6301794648170471,
-0.19647876918315887,
-0.20767097175121307,
0.5476304292678833,
0.353737473487854,
-0.17555978894233704,
0.04115040972828865,
-0.5715122222900391,
-0.15889045596122742,
0.6369261145591736,
0.05989009514451027,
0.2942805886268616,
0.09614988416433334,
0.6460552215576172,
-0.16994115710258484,
0.5865743160247803,
-0.09933101385831833,
-0.8626370429992676,
-0.04649313911795616,
0.7159737348556519,
-0.30190470814704895,
0.962817370891571,
-0.15024667978286743,
0.37094035744667053,
-0.31242507696151733,
-0.5743327140808105,
-0.5524234771728516,
-0.340690940618515,
-0.39254119992256165,
0.7911072373390198,
0.03772608935832977,
1.7082843780517578,
-0.25681212544441223,
-0.11351829767227173,
0.15317091345787048,
0.30245447158813477,
-0.08431781083345413,
0.058395031839609146,
-0.4632151126861572,
0.4118950366973877,
-0.13679452240467072,
-0.2941213548183441,
-0.08759693056344986,
-0.04810228943824768,
-0.46575015783309937,
-0.29716840386390686,
0.3747462332248688,
0.5308881402015686,
-0.8482952117919922,
0.4703846275806427,
-0.33715224266052246,
0.15659798681735992,
-0.11598439514636993,
-0.7638339400291443,
0.3045731782913208,
-0.9157856702804565,
-0.0196685828268528,
0.15565693378448486,
-0.47902870178222656,
-0.3450656533241272,
0.711814820766449,
0.3088127374649048,
0.8064279556274414,
0.5387870669364929,
-0.2890082001686096,
0.8687755465507507,
-0.6105470061302185,
0.16311800479888916,
0.14874403178691864,
0.28042134642601013,
0.03763585165143013,
-0.286019504070282,
0.33560964465141296,
0.345694363117218,
-0.14332151412963867,
-0.3076920211315155,
-0.5191029906272888,
-0.43760621547698975,
0.4729780852794647,
-0.8434706330299377,
-0.14920875430107117,
-0.17278194427490234,
-0.32113245129585266,
-0.25314053893089294,
0.36483821272850037,
-0.9300406575202942,
0.17832686007022858,
0.08180147409439087,
0.5982523560523987,
0.9573748707771301,
-0.46560072898864746,
0.26748406887054443,
-0.30125805735588074,
0.3372427523136139,
-0.1011047288775444,
-0.08777758479118347,
-0.25808846950531006,
-0.5918517112731934,
0.007710469886660576,
0.004975737538188696,
-0.21861088275909424,
-0.3756170868873596,
-0.3343074321746826,
0.2581217586994171,
-0.2329644411802292,
0.4898371398448944,
-0.20941002666950226,
0.8619480133056641,
-0.2933293879032135,
-0.8954984545707703,
0.2876829206943512,
-0.33233124017715454,
-0.6573767066001892,
0.1846439689397812,
0.07673970609903336,
-0.49781346321105957,
-0.16213320195674896,
-0.029940372332930565,
1.1687390804290771,
0.3187171220779419,
-0.4451456069946289,
-0.003628361504524946,
-0.1610194593667984,
-0.41563180088996887,
-0.6554834842681885,
0.233050137758255,
-0.6007327437400818,
-0.8070458173751831,
0.38986513018608093,
0.24519659578800201,
0.12241847813129425,
0.01517675630748272,
0.03826942667365074,
0.31515276432037354,
0.21345043182373047,
0.3162403702735901,
0.19975067675113678,
-0.11728058755397797,
0.4386177659034729,
-0.2710115909576416,
-0.04822111502289772,
-0.11093299835920334,
0.34733083844184875,
-0.03645673021674156,
0.4954945147037506,
-5.54854679107666,
-0.03915785625576973,
-0.04080011695623398,
-0.5953049063682556,
0.1986238956451416,
0.20339663326740265,
0.343479186296463,
0.21182796359062195,
-0.3934556841850281,
-0.21475766599178314,
-0.36440199613571167,
-0.137898251414299,
-0.19768917560577393,
0.23475874960422516,
0.003050345927476883,
0.045746125280857086,
-0.39710280299186707,
-0.23027022182941437,
0.4374246895313263,
0.07164721935987473,
0.2285449355840683,
0.33300668001174927,
-0.2558818459510803,
0.7188173532485962,
-0.07784173637628555,
0.31602466106414795,
-0.08892674744129181,
0.14051282405853271,
-0.8226194381713867,
0.1896764189004898,
-0.24170199036598206,
-0.45895808935165405,
0.0797097235918045,
-0.2441737949848175,
0.0393822118639946,
0.5562794208526611,
0.34439578652381897,
0.3283502161502838,
-0.016484739258885384,
-0.6233862042427063,
-0.17537923157215118,
-0.08077653497457504,
0.12114003300666809,
0.2553858458995819,
0.8716034293174744,
-0.11586086452007294,
-0.2671842575073242,
-0.21753878891468048,
-0.6632406115531921,
0.5192797780036926,
0.11541370302438736,
0.1260964572429657,
0.053205933421850204,
0.1972673386335373,
0.3224601745605469,
-0.04523395374417305,
0.5636515617370605,
0.0373602919280529,
-0.1458822637796402,
-0.16981293261051178,
0.11257968097925186,
-0.08079616725444794,
-0.1391013115644455,
-0.22993861138820648,
-0.03615782782435417,
0.0065226140432059765,
-0.1929648369550705,
-0.14791607856750488,
0.6409100294113159,
-0.07706887274980545,
-0.18038319051265717,
0.5958165526390076,
0.05801576375961304,
-0.8206548094749451,
0.5187357068061829,
0.14114262163639069,
-0.26143795251846313,
0.05009054020047188,
0.34561604261398315,
0.008247427642345428,
-0.4734552204608917,
-0.217433363199234,
-0.3225742280483246,
-0.2211001217365265,
0.23414605855941772,
-0.5170051455497742,
-0.16351109743118286,
1.0146526098251343,
-0.06735935062170029,
0.5939673185348511,
0.2762312591075897,
-0.06215005740523338,
0.4311545491218567,
0.622983455657959,
0.5266991853713989,
0.490793377161026,
0.24078594148159027,
0.7211334109306335,
0.615356981754303,
-0.01749078556895256,
0.344387948513031,
-0.2437300980091095,
-0.37886154651641846,
-0.3877640664577484,
-0.19958236813545227,
-0.4819580912590027,
-0.4145176112651825,
0.43431878089904785,
0.15962092578411102,
-0.4256376326084137,
0.44102105498313904,
0.3701684772968292,
-0.2732129991054535,
-0.8292787075042725,
0.3755094110965729,
0.03626661002635956,
-0.1730189323425293,
0.762919545173645,
0.7915984988212585,
-0.09880892187356949,
-0.11048079282045364,
0.6113375425338745,
-0.5039871335029602,
0.06122264638543129,
-0.18444782495498657,
0.0036935172975063324,
-0.24562261998653412,
0.44227200746536255,
-0.14160676300525665,
-0.3729276657104492,
-0.14503167569637299,
0.4337874948978424,
0.4129685163497925,
0.04836137592792511,
-0.07237045466899872,
-0.7620561718940735,
0.05794288590550423,
0.41064321994781494,
-0.5418833494186401,
-0.7411518096923828,
0.6764103174209595,
-0.14020967483520508,
-0.24854359030723572,
0.17426712810993195,
0.021607980132102966,
-0.16013306379318237,
-0.41404128074645996,
0.293117880821228,
-0.07695620507001877,
-0.14856237173080444,
-0.07092821598052979,
-0.24143625795841217,
0.22892653942108154,
-0.16570033133029938,
-0.43724262714385986,
0.3409937918186188,
0.4460600018501282,
0.24882371723651886,
0.4641484022140503,
-0.44346731901168823,
-0.2863381803035736,
-0.5583115816116333,
-1.0060445070266724,
-0.2945306599140167,
-0.42801862955093384,
0.16743868589401245,
0.04914110153913498,
-0.9495118260383606,
0.10213668644428253,
0.6343191862106323,
-0.49709612131118774,
0.16959622502326965,
-0.3730347752571106,
-0.43892702460289,
0.3940780460834503,
-0.5127058625221252,
-0.07490970939397812,
-0.2537224590778351,
0.20988909900188446,
0.549846887588501,
-0.15793007612228394,
-0.546786367893219,
-0.12803617119789124,
0.45690107345581055,
0.8722140789031982,
0.33588463068008423,
0.07329650968313217,
0.09786597639322281,
-0.46685510873794556,
-0.5158247947692871,
-0.06028515845537186,
-0.29920241236686707,
0.03409947454929352,
-0.0818549394607544,
0.2765616476535797,
0.15097004175186157,
-0.17009501159191132,
0.14659050107002258,
0.09325931966304779,
-0.059952206909656525,
0.20214715600013733,
0.5482740998268127,
-0.5434919595718384,
0.07872560620307922,
1.0879825353622437,
-0.1613095998764038,
0.01623128168284893,
-0.35215476155281067,
-0.26774653792381287,
0.38163408637046814,
-0.2572757601737976,
-0.007978677749633789,
-0.41325291991233826,
0.2162521779537201,
-0.03781511262059212,
-0.03541974723339081,
-0.3647579550743103,
-0.47062674164772034,
-0.32022276520729065,
0.20632168650627136,
-0.19252409040927887,
0.28251489996910095,
-0.16087128221988678,
-0.1485799252986908,
-0.2774589955806732,
-0.2043420523405075,
0.6715430617332458,
-0.3335663378238678,
0.8284301161766052,
-0.31453225016593933,
-0.0701017677783966,
0.10198994725942612,
-0.21801523864269257,
-0.11117441207170486,
-0.07502331584692001,
-0.7508582472801208,
0.6403594613075256,
0.5772059559822083,
0.14521843194961548,
0.13734200596809387,
0.19714736938476562,
0.6305105090141296,
-0.11849576234817505,
0.17207755148410797,
-0.4114581048488617,
0.3893912136554718,
0.127089262008667,
-0.7747322916984558,
-0.2090972363948822,
0.04083124175667763,
0.1728508323431015,
0.21565558016300201,
-0.31276747584342957,
0.16605143249034882,
0.5969002842903137,
-0.3296903073787689,
-0.23463375866413116,
-0.884797215461731,
0.1569819301366806,
-0.207465261220932,
0.04175418242812157,
-0.030190782621502876,
0.4232024550437927,
0.4850054979324341,
0.24498789012432098,
0.07867099344730377,
-0.11939675360918045,
0.2505382299423218,
0.6750129461288452,
-0.5636835098266602,
0.20154595375061035,
0.11825425922870636,
0.7279143929481506,
0.18884563446044922,
-0.3535085618495941,
0.19404368102550507,
-0.2360929697751999,
-0.6415262222290039,
-0.10630668699741364,
0.6701800227165222,
0.37901076674461365,
-0.19096753001213074,
0.30995213985443115,
-0.4747086465358734,
0.775579571723938,
-0.8687044978141785,
0.32972756028175354,
-0.5967530608177185,
-0.005536284763365984,
0.05608263239264488,
-0.481113076210022,
0.2846330404281616,
0.1026637852191925,
-0.3926483690738678,
-0.028510091826319695,
0.1141979843378067,
0.17875415086746216,
-0.17174343764781952,
-0.11254725605249405,
-0.1518188714981079,
-0.8334810733795166,
0.5116742849349976,
-0.10913591831922531,
-1.235040307044983,
0.04418107122182846,
0.27821460366249084,
-0.45750170946121216,
-0.7016965746879578,
-0.7297657132148743,
-0.13621145486831665,
-0.12352653592824936,
0.006115722004324198,
0.1929422914981842,
0.3994625508785248,
-0.07145263254642487,
0.07890491187572479,
0.08165693283081055,
-0.453213632106781,
-0.04560568928718567,
0.46343153715133667,
0.1250821202993393,
0.6515504717826843,
-0.03223482146859169,
-0.4750715494155884,
0.14873480796813965,
0.05535004660487175,
0.32043933868408203,
0.11203360557556152,
0.26314398646354675,
0.7866920232772827,
0.6040594577789307,
0.24763257801532745,
-0.5576836466789246,
1.0966923236846924,
0.4349707365036011,
-0.6336187124252319,
0.6534708738327026,
-0.7023231983184814,
-0.5173669457435608,
0.6455824971199036,
0.5038214921951294,
0.05164967104792595,
0.12603969871997833,
0.4920109212398529,
-0.6124444603919983,
0.4459628462791443,
-0.1420782208442688,
0.11091425269842148,
0.1031746119260788,
0.263242244720459,
0.5287734866142273,
-0.14118747413158417,
-0.42553701996803284,
-0.11979907006025314,
-0.03194434940814972,
-0.5715582966804504,
0.5273159146308899,
-0.2742522358894348,
-0.3365781307220459,
0.20578162372112274,
-0.06211321800947189,
0.7357056736946106,
-0.10275197774171829,
0.9490000605583191,
0.4098096191883087,
-0.012072715908288956,
0.39446309208869934,
-0.0928950309753418,
0.45883941650390625,
0.32009923458099365,
0.14619281888008118,
0.22255867719650269,
-0.020784296095371246,
0.18860216438770294,
0.08278714865446091,
-0.11798897385597229,
0.2261071801185608,
0.6104313731193542,
-0.3990776538848877,
-0.3087921440601349,
-0.4182221591472626,
0.09449107944965363,
-0.2666853368282318,
-0.11274231970310211,
0.05726796016097069,
-0.08513081073760986,
0.1939295381307602,
0.36798757314682007,
0.04973255470395088,
0.18276077508926392,
0.5507054924964905,
-0.40482959151268005,
0.06007576733827591,
0.04278308525681496,
0.37913158535957336,
0.11895766854286194,
-0.19735126197338104,
0.3018243610858917,
0.0202792976051569,
0.33505895733833313,
0.000558185507543385,
-0.3059437572956085,
0.027882857248187065,
0.4320182204246521,
-0.8870406746864319,
0.31214460730552673,
0.3659421503543854,
-0.47144243121147156,
-1.0912576913833618,
-0.024476271122694016,
0.560446560382843,
0.4595385789871216,
-0.2800647020339966,
0.7693812847137451,
0.4307924509048462,
0.29104122519493103,
0.21176357567310333,
-0.4654981791973114,
-0.37123164534568787,
-0.811971127986908,
0.4904423654079437,
-0.2005424201488495,
0.903181791305542,
0.10932941734790802,
-0.22837471961975098,
0.2984519302845001,
0.5597728490829468,
-0.5587901473045349,
-0.06750327348709106,
0.15896429121494293,
-0.9572733044624329,
0.6720125079154968,
-0.08141923695802689,
0.03370261192321777,
-0.4386483132839203,
-0.3428722023963928,
0.47614479064941406,
-0.1481270045042038,
-0.19820556044578552,
-0.1556888371706009,
0.3744986355304718,
-0.5867406725883484,
-0.1021532192826271,
-0.09319112449884415,
-0.24130406975746155,
0.301826149225235,
-0.4066668450832367,
-0.4320751130580902,
0.15262983739376068,
-0.05016978830099106,
0.33005210757255554,
-0.383026123046875,
-0.16710788011550903,
-0.17705783247947693,
-0.12592433393001556,
0.12186235189437866,
0.0076635959558188915,
-0.22175414860248566,
0.05361326411366463,
0.27147048711776733
] |
232050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clash%20at%20Bonds%20International%20Casino | The Clash at Bonds International Casino | The Clash played a series of 17 concerts at Bonds International Casino in New York City in May and June 1981 in support of their album Sandinista!. Due to their wide publicity, the concerts became an important moment in the history of the band. Some of the nights were professionally recorded either for CBS records or for FM broadcast. The 9 June performance appears on countless bootleg records and several songs have appeared on From Here to Eternity: Live or other official Clash releases.
The site of the concerts was formerly Bonds department store which had been converted into a large second-floor hall. Promoters kept the name because there was a large Bonds sign on the outside of the building. As The Clash had not yet broken out into mass popularity, eight shows were originally scheduled: 28, 29, 30, 31 May and 1, 2, 3 and 5 June 1981. However, given the venue's legal capacity limit of 1750, the series was blatantly oversold (3500) right from the first night, leading the New York City Fire Department to cancel the Saturday, 30 May performance. In response, the band condemned the brazen greed of the promoters while demonstrating unprecedented integrity to each and every ticketholder by doubling the original booking with a total of 17 dates extending through June.
Strict interpretation of the fire laws meant that audiences were relatively small, resulting in a sense of intimacy between the band and the audience. Audience members clambered onto the stage to join in singalongs. New York musicians, including Pearl Harbor, assisted and overseen by Andy Dunkley, provided disc jockey services as the audience entered and gathered.
The concert captures The Clash on the cusp between being a cult band and their short-lived major market penetration. As always with The Clash, ticket and merchandise prices were set relatively low. Prices were $10 per ticket and $5 per ticket for matinee shows.
The band had a new opening act every night, including The Fall, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Dead Kennedys, Bad Brains, KRAUT, Lee "Scratch" Perry and many more. Many of the hip-hop groups that opened were either picketed or booed off the stage, which prompted Joe to chide the audience as soon as The Clash came on stage afterwards. Melle Mel later said that when they tried to perform the section of "Beat Street" with the, "Say Ho!", the audience members would yell, "Fuck you!".
Setlist
"London Calling"
"Safe European Home"
"The Leader"
"Train in Vain"
"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais"
"This Is Radio Clash"
"Corner Soul"
"Guns of Brixton"
"The Call Up"
"Bankrobber"
"Complete Control"
"Lightning Strikes (Not Once But Twice)"
"Ivan Meets GI Joe"
"Charlie Don't Surf"
"The Magnificent Seven"
"Broadway"
"Somebody Got Murdered"
"Police & Thieves"
"Clampdown"
"One More Time"
"Brand New Cadillac"
"The Street Parade"
"Janie Jones"
"Washington Bullets"
References
The Clash live albums
Bootleg recordings
1981 live albums | [
0.04435322433710098,
0.20392484962940216,
-0.37668946385383606,
0.15486997365951538,
-0.42692285776138306,
0.0910906046628952,
0.623623251914978,
0.7200320959091187,
-0.051216863095760345,
-0.15541717410087585,
0.3679206967353821,
0.5016357898712158,
-0.13331183791160583,
0.08726047724485397,
-0.04121571406722069,
0.1290459930896759,
0.013013201765716076,
0.0499732531607151,
0.5063929557800293,
-0.6807839274406433,
0.36266466975212097,
-0.05205888673663139,
0.44283169507980347,
0.3494366407394409,
0.04007110744714737,
-0.06950005143880844,
0.18282146751880646,
-0.11382587254047394,
0.4414065182209015,
0.4050332009792328,
0.41704681515693665,
0.5617578625679016,
-0.1813194304704666,
-0.7025174498558044,
0.35320454835891724,
0.004857383668422699,
0.24518634378910065,
0.08170473575592041,
-0.004247600212693214,
-0.7150074243545532,
0.35641130805015564,
-0.0253918394446373,
0.7957753539085388,
0.6150161623954773,
0.2931692898273468,
0.3345193862915039,
-1.0280629396438599,
0.3812442719936371,
-0.8148570656776428,
-0.10625454038381577,
-0.25324520468711853,
0.525566041469574,
0.9545915722846985,
0.4612167775630951,
0.1552586406469345,
0.3488054871559143,
-1.1299759149551392,
0.12458167970180511,
-0.23018421232700348,
-0.2899107336997986,
0.6213386058807373,
0.5341415405273438,
-0.17738060653209686,
-0.8706290125846863,
0.09276937693357468,
0.39660343527793884,
0.541896641254425,
1.1665555238723755,
0.24435994029045105,
-0.860101580619812,
-0.007429490331560373,
-0.059893231838941574,
-0.3931841552257538,
-0.12433314323425293,
0.4123210906982422,
-0.30251893401145935,
0.11107591539621353,
0.2649232745170593,
-0.9350926876068115,
0.27526530623435974,
-0.007174080237746239,
0.2253848910331726,
0.6572252511978149,
-0.18322724103927612,
0.005827214103192091,
-0.718217670917511,
-0.8530119061470032,
0.0660783052444458,
-0.14910218119621277,
0.19101516902446747,
-1.3422406911849976,
0.1592203676700592,
0.5618030428886414,
0.6302624344825745,
-0.02407187782227993,
0.5021297335624695,
-0.20629681646823883,
-0.0423162616789341,
0.6182345747947693,
0.38985568284988403,
0.12765870988368988,
0.007016198709607124,
0.3027842938899994,
-0.7642223238945007,
-0.3962297737598419,
0.04108382388949394,
-0.2610737681388855,
-0.7440083622932434,
0.3663676083087921,
-0.7535618543624878,
-0.0502333827316761,
-0.07091713696718216,
-0.2267507016658783,
-0.7398498058319092,
-0.22422006726264954,
0.3200090527534485,
0.43818947672843933,
-0.239488422870636,
-0.3506908416748047,
0.11143345385789871,
0.001124942908063531,
0.053032275289297104,
-0.4419875144958496,
0.6682695746421814,
-0.49610817432403564,
0.602597177028656,
-0.0334530808031559,
0.23529493808746338,
-0.13216280937194824,
-0.07575984299182892,
-0.24272358417510986,
0.8493494391441345,
0.21420222520828247,
-0.1225852444767952,
-0.1110469251871109,
-0.49930527806282043,
0.9017232060432434,
-0.11105771362781525,
-0.11262505501508713,
0.47262459993362427,
-0.1925312876701355,
-0.11409946531057358,
-0.6673429012298584,
0.21057575941085815,
0.5318926572799683,
-0.21333986520767212,
0.13892577588558197,
-0.6053292751312256,
0.4015040695667267,
-0.35138338804244995,
0.3814142644405365,
-0.9981664419174194,
-0.1743176132440567,
0.07021768391132355,
0.26061132550239563,
0.65732342004776,
0.14583323895931244,
-0.6410301923751831,
-0.1391981542110443,
0.08678345382213593,
0.36370357871055603,
0.14321190118789673,
-0.013993027620017529,
0.33832645416259766,
-0.541921854019165,
0.06888410449028015,
-0.5260242819786072,
-0.03844692185521126,
0.3314824104309082,
-0.12341327220201492,
-0.6273615956306458,
0.21177497506141663,
-0.14722926914691925,
-0.028375964611768723,
0.13464736938476562,
0.13997352123260498,
0.6077368259429932,
0.3596871495246887,
-0.11082891374826431,
0.4839002192020416,
-0.4802456200122833,
-0.12070483714342117,
0.6471207141876221,
0.22285278141498566,
1.1500760316848755,
-0.31704181432724,
0.4067372977733612,
-0.12161671370267868,
0.1938895434141159,
0.2987966537475586,
-0.3932746350765228,
-0.17863816022872925,
0.15152521431446075,
-0.6298799514770508,
1.1580134630203247,
0.3680341839790344,
-0.40968599915504456,
0.0748109221458435,
0.4171229600906372,
0.6264946460723877,
-0.2897091209888458,
0.18714743852615356,
0.7994027137756348,
-0.0029055101331323385,
-0.8080931901931763,
-0.0322619304060936,
0.40968000888824463,
-0.5224655270576477,
-0.21772150695323944,
0.9213500618934631,
0.018223296850919724,
-0.6029579043388367,
-0.2284080684185028,
0.4631228446960449,
0.06533056497573853,
-0.3813948333263397,
-0.45348986983299255,
0.2708916962146759,
0.22671324014663696,
-0.4075610339641571,
0.5106557011604309,
0.9930474758148193,
0.022611577063798904,
0.08152366429567337,
-0.17753227055072784,
1.1345280408859253,
-0.707004725933075,
0.2701038122177124,
0.1738516390323639,
-0.2134086936712265,
-0.18456865847110748,
0.7012733221054077,
-0.2689141035079956,
-0.441952645778656,
0.6380460262298584,
0.06346318125724792,
0.16331791877746582,
-0.6507302522659302,
-0.7615619897842407,
-0.013092543929815292,
0.6666423082351685,
-0.2320055365562439,
-1.0939404964447021,
0.6827880144119263,
-0.12970754504203796,
0.3523767292499542,
0.41238170862197876,
-0.18130937218666077,
-0.22227025032043457,
0.3054555356502533,
0.5442757606506348,
-0.3978666067123413,
0.3961498737335205,
-0.05042682960629463,
-0.23750470578670502,
0.29887816309928894,
-0.14814992249011993,
-0.3514029383659363,
0.033630672842264175,
-0.22866998612880707,
-0.15098987519741058,
-0.036606281995773315,
-0.019150570034980774,
0.7641000151634216,
-0.15096063911914825,
-0.6049156188964844,
-0.4642179608345032,
-0.1449602097272873,
-0.03433897718787193,
-0.8545423746109009,
0.5406943559646606,
-0.08971420675516129,
-0.2742161452770233,
-0.05564345419406891,
-0.06511751562356949,
0.04009335860610008,
-1.1858609914779663,
-0.23355700075626373,
0.15093615651130676,
-0.4066334068775177,
0.6468645930290222,
0.6321401000022888,
0.1336519569158554,
-0.7405703067779541,
-0.014257383532822132,
0.47167208790779114,
-0.22487393021583557,
-0.2539573311805725,
0.01889006979763508,
-0.5688294768333435,
0.26642292737960815,
0.014605360105633736,
-0.3153051733970642,
0.07674695551395416,
-0.144814133644104,
0.1623111218214035,
0.34036073088645935,
0.021027805283665657,
0.40694260597229004,
0.2319825440645218,
0.12415047734975815,
0.3012753427028656,
-0.707940936088562,
-0.33035510778427124,
0.925345778465271,
-0.6618859767913818,
-0.4136756658554077,
-0.6849196553230286,
-5.217174530029297,
0.9485232830047607,
-0.45028969645500183,
-0.11793480813503265,
0.3112061321735382,
0.17888328433036804,
0.2185775190591812,
-0.6560350656509399,
-0.20713092386722565,
-0.36741381883621216,
-0.8593575954437256,
-0.7687206864356995,
-0.3643014132976532,
0.5166820287704468,
0.44353604316711426,
-0.05340051278471947,
0.8069888353347778,
-0.3550872802734375,
0.6281307935714722,
0.238848015666008,
-0.3166925013065338,
-0.23502612113952637,
-0.27244800329208374,
0.10873395949602127,
0.262672483921051,
0.9349143505096436,
-0.034818489104509354,
-0.06138858571648598,
-0.20617471635341644,
0.26577508449554443,
-0.0981706976890564,
0.25501686334609985,
-0.25305306911468506,
-0.4001082181930542,
-0.05976308509707451,
0.5454136729240417,
0.7703261971473694,
-0.8818488717079163,
0.1138065755367279,
-1.11232590675354,
-0.193351149559021,
0.18326500058174133,
0.44934916496276855,
0.3369671404361725,
0.8810662031173706,
0.03034178353846073,
-0.6920382976531982,
0.11771984398365021,
-0.36686092615127563,
0.876231849193573,
0.25496065616607666,
-0.08080817013978958,
0.4166995882987976,
0.15614444017410278,
-0.448309987783432,
-0.01776222139596939,
0.2990485727787018,
-0.06089230254292488,
0.5619609355926514,
0.479383260011673,
0.42399078607559204,
-0.6539152264595032,
0.12151892483234406,
-0.6538868546485901,
0.14915773272514343,
-0.8107080459594727,
0.24721461534500122,
-0.09973428398370743,
0.4372885823249817,
0.5459962487220764,
0.20105604827404022,
0.37427133321762085,
-0.905876636505127,
-1.1391022205352783,
-0.1292196363210678,
-0.10525192320346832,
-0.8728225827217102,
-0.04512086510658264,
0.11474872380495071,
0.19463925063610077,
0.27820414304733276,
0.08727727085351944,
-0.5966461896896362,
-0.07712482661008835,
-0.2830542325973511,
0.1086525097489357,
-0.08311009407043457,
0.5400992631912231,
-0.7715709209442139,
-0.12868070602416992,
0.4091525077819824,
-0.034561578184366226,
-0.021314239129424095,
0.3444824814796448,
-0.2298046499490738,
0.05721581354737282,
0.041501160711050034,
-0.07964328676462173,
0.25787800550460815,
0.0024860615376383066,
0.3081168234348297,
-0.8635095953941345,
0.6232220530509949,
-0.04511767625808716,
-0.4288989305496216,
-0.5410535931587219,
-0.1767025589942932,
0.3761146366596222,
0.12746672332286835,
-0.15833112597465515,
0.2747819721698761,
-0.4013702869415283,
-0.15046150982379913,
-0.06760159879922867,
0.6033272743225098,
0.05130453407764435,
0.05116337537765503,
0.3195211887359619,
0.6282885074615479,
0.09731525182723999,
-0.09862308204174042,
-0.09829966723918915,
-0.2876827120780945,
-0.22881922125816345,
0.006351939402520657,
0.2929133176803589,
0.13809992372989655,
-0.38245463371276855,
-0.1638060212135315,
-0.39122259616851807,
-0.1631733924150467,
-0.06710250675678253,
0.07000958174467087,
0.5576362013816833,
0.3740028440952301,
-0.7229148149490356,
-0.2832813560962677,
-1.0680272579193115,
0.4005478024482727,
0.04086868837475777,
0.13042983412742615,
-0.27708539366722107,
0.13036514818668365,
0.17630663514137268,
0.028138840571045876,
0.7975609302520752,
-0.1659751832485199,
-0.8730316162109375,
-0.30295589566230774,
0.46434181928634644,
-0.19706320762634277,
-0.31177636981010437,
-0.2990213930606842,
-0.7543897032737732,
0.12959404289722443,
0.556389331817627,
0.28312841057777405,
-0.17073729634284973,
-0.09581591933965683,
-0.2581287920475006,
0.660680890083313,
0.33238646388053894,
-1.0826162099838257,
0.5444604754447937,
0.23116159439086914,
-0.5806569457054138,
0.2019101232290268,
-0.7856196165084839,
-1.1656588315963745,
0.7224449515342712,
-0.1292354315519333,
-0.29761481285095215,
-0.08808170258998871,
-0.0960846021771431,
0.6420885920524597,
-0.01344586443156004,
0.31863850355148315,
-0.530888020992279,
0.7127975821495056,
-0.5489023923873901,
-0.34617695212364197,
0.27467435598373413,
-0.40800586342811584,
0.3744415044784546,
-0.127169668674469,
-0.7398565411567688,
-0.9429618716239929,
-0.09362194687128067,
-0.10834198445081711,
0.18612368404865265,
0.3208121657371521,
0.1617276519536972,
-0.183617502450943,
-0.30368584394454956,
-0.5991207361221313,
-0.49971723556518555,
0.054022617638111115,
0.5097296833992004,
-0.5003835558891296,
-0.48675790429115295,
0.3670828342437744,
0.17135708034038544,
-0.17476007342338562,
0.1925901621580124,
0.1711040586233139,
-0.22252073884010315,
0.19672346115112305,
0.4436333477497101,
-0.563407838344574,
0.3751605749130249,
-0.20116935670375824,
-0.5931421518325806,
-0.6412253975868225,
0.23483486473560333,
-0.07763638347387314,
0.13146983087062836,
0.0510050468146801,
-0.5916836857795715,
-0.4534514546394348,
0.22741514444351196,
-0.10220545530319214,
-0.37575116753578186,
-0.46000903844833374,
-0.4764464795589447,
-0.8552534580230713,
0.5599284172058105,
-0.034349050372838974,
-0.37559935450553894,
0.2953132390975952,
-0.6203552484512329,
-0.4097771942615509,
0.3649272918701172,
0.19949756562709808,
0.2885179817676544,
-0.16171148419380188,
0.5608962774276733,
-0.2788596749305725,
0.24444273114204407,
0.01295288186520338,
0.32721593976020813,
0.33244866132736206,
0.4701511561870575,
0.4232194125652313,
-0.2968197762966156,
-0.28185293078422546,
-0.37897786498069763,
-0.07198785990476608,
0.2330320179462433,
-0.30532345175743103,
-0.28776243329048157,
-0.25479456782341003,
-0.041403260082006454,
-0.6493377089500427,
-0.5631803274154663,
0.17846299707889557,
-0.29288625717163086,
-0.26256701350212097,
0.08335863798856735,
-0.13349276781082153,
-0.14075396955013275,
-0.10102490335702896,
0.12458617985248566,
-0.8437648415565491,
0.08575904369354248,
0.2813512980937958,
-0.0746842697262764,
0.31000247597694397,
-0.19564075767993927,
0.43477141857147217,
0.28791344165802,
-0.1975046694278717,
-0.33812835812568665,
-0.06260600686073303,
-0.028038710355758667,
-0.3124956786632538,
-0.4013493061065674,
0.47051137685775757,
-0.922599196434021,
0.22419366240501404,
-0.05950551852583885,
-0.6071528792381287,
0.4104824960231781,
-0.03509628027677536,
-0.29114770889282227,
0.3420628607273102,
-0.7883666753768921,
-0.7475475668907166,
-0.10536806285381317,
-0.4655100405216217,
0.5676430463790894,
-0.23678424954414368,
0.001841531484387815,
0.5061370134353638,
-0.20331405103206635,
-0.16686362028121948,
-0.04139434173703194,
0.5866618752479553,
-0.0514976792037487,
-0.4048859775066376,
0.2786937654018402,
-1.1967674493789673,
0.8134421110153198,
0.08989641070365906,
-0.39324870705604553,
0.34070634841918945,
-0.28839874267578125,
0.2233089953660965,
-0.4290977716445923,
0.043294455856084824,
0.4175795316696167,
-0.3487717807292938,
0.1792590469121933,
-0.37357857823371887,
0.6316535472869873,
-1.2328226566314697,
0.0016279569827020168,
0.8464040756225586,
-0.6144775748252869,
0.16469581425189972,
0.26950910687446594,
0.12896166741847992,
-0.5535014867782593,
0.4601208567619324,
0.08758467435836792,
0.8275114297866821,
0.4690621793270111,
0.22663627564907074,
-0.40895676612854004,
0.8855118751525879,
-0.07762245833873749,
0.34687939286231995,
-0.3772223889827728,
-0.29838913679122925,
0.0011494283098727465,
-0.31090834736824036,
-0.441991925239563,
0.31209757924079895,
-0.8207001090049744,
-0.42637649178504944,
0.8455212116241455,
0.40167394280433655,
0.14036692678928375,
-0.24154916405677795,
0.2115255445241928,
0.2651505768299103,
-0.07864893227815628,
0.2505781054496765,
0.2618204653263092,
0.3559138774871826,
-0.18219804763793945,
0.5106737613677979,
-0.06363019347190857,
0.018456296995282173,
-0.6151357293128967,
1.0358206033706665,
-0.4296293258666992,
-0.18702763319015503,
0.2926294505596161,
-0.24154625833034515,
0.13944031298160553,
0.6070665717124939,
0.8678239583969116,
0.684664249420166,
-0.3936513662338257,
-0.07305160909891129,
0.00726030208170414,
-0.22936104238033295,
0.46890607476234436,
-0.021251780912280083,
0.678604006767273,
0.7470697164535522,
0.14308394491672516,
-0.3398192822933197,
-0.38224872946739197,
0.4979276955127716,
-0.04198990389704704,
0.0012661111541092396,
-0.04226855933666229,
-0.06921489536762238,
0.7386902570724487,
0.22201429307460785,
0.43230149149894714,
-0.9121488928794861,
-0.04795810952782631,
-0.045570068061351776,
-0.06625370681285858,
0.011979383416473866,
0.475390762090683,
-0.12473668903112411,
-0.27760809659957886,
0.6577081680297852,
-0.36814334988594055,
0.17183613777160645,
0.0033546555787324905,
-0.18592728674411774,
0.08218058198690414,
-0.1633371263742447,
0.31757640838623047,
-0.10718511790037155,
-0.011550121009349823,
0.6685262322425842,
0.2512425184249878,
0.07073210924863815,
0.265652060508728,
0.12618866562843323,
0.5574305653572083,
-0.9226587414741516,
-0.15014591813087463,
-1.0491501092910767,
0.9378854632377625,
0.07714637368917465,
-0.26640522480010986,
-0.15177783370018005,
0.5842331051826477,
-0.9275789260864258,
0.19632573425769806,
1.0334162712097168,
-0.3274362087249756,
-0.5883910059928894,
0.044355038553476334,
-0.06396643817424774,
-0.07089023292064667,
0.2872037887573242,
0.7722945809364319,
-0.4127404987812042,
-0.43419569730758667,
0.8455713391304016,
-0.4145035147666931,
0.35929742455482483,
0.9292657971382141,
0.8014617562294006,
-0.3631068170070648,
0.10156665742397308,
-0.17475205659866333,
-0.3541988134384155,
-0.5598173141479492,
0.0346805602312088,
0.47015413641929626,
0.6629141569137573,
-0.20597317814826965,
0.8884570598602295,
-0.3733973205089569,
0.41802170872688293,
-0.01283679623156786,
-0.12249204516410828,
-0.6258867979049683,
-0.1498710960149765,
-0.685687243938446,
-0.36057502031326294,
0.23244166374206543,
0.48277804255485535,
-0.17859411239624023,
-0.24405717849731445,
-0.19717484712600708,
0.029032427817583084,
-0.3493863344192505,
-0.45726948976516724,
-0.6801661849021912,
0.22458340227603912,
-0.1239120215177536
] |
232051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly | Microcephaly | Microcephaly (from New Latin microcephalia, from Ancient Greek μικρός mikrós "small" and κεφαλή kephalé "head") is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal head. Microcephaly may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. Since brain growth is correlated with head growth, people with this disorder often have an intellectual disability, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features, seizures and dwarfism.
The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that form the brain early in pregnancy, though the cause is not identified in most cases. Many genetic syndromes can result in microcephaly, including chromosomal and single-gene conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms. Mutations that result solely in microcephaly (primary microcephaly) exist but are less common. External toxins to the embryo, such as alcohol during pregnancy or vertically transmitted infections, can also result in microcephaly. Microcephaly serves as an important neurological indication or warning sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a head circumference (HC) more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex.
There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference). It is reported that in the United States, microcephaly occurs in 2 to 12 babies per 10,000 births.
Signs and symptoms
There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children. Infants with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled scalp. As the child grows older, the smallness of the skull becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and dwarfed.
Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life. Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. Convulsions may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from clumsiness in some to spastic quadriplegia in others.
Causes
Microcephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. It has been classified in two types based on the onset:
Congenital
Isolated
Familial (autosomal recessive) microcephaly
Autosomal dominant microcephaly
X-linked microcephaly
Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)
Syndromes
Chromosomal
Poland syndrome
Down syndrome
Edward syndrome
Patau syndrome
Unbalanced rearrangements
Contiguous gene deletion
4p deletion (Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome)
5p deletion (Cri-du-chat)
7q11.23 deletion (Williams syndrome)
22q11 deletion (DiGeorge syndrome)
Single gene defects
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Seckel syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Holoprosencephaly
Primary microcephaly 4
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
Acquired
Disruptive injuries
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Death of a monozygotic twin
Vertically transmitted infections
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Toxoplasmosis
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
Zika virus (see Zika fever#Microcephaly)
Drugs
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Other
Radiation exposure to mother
Maternal malnutrition
Maternal phenylketonuria
Poorly controlled gestational diabetes
Hyperthermia
Maternal hypothyroidism
Placental insufficiency
Craniosynostosis
Postnatal onset
Genetic
Inborn errors of metabolism
Congenital disorder of glycosylation
Mitochondrial disorders
Peroxisomal disorder
Glucose transporter defect
Menkes disease
Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism
Organic acidemia
Syndromes
Contiguous gene deletion
17p13.3 deletion (Miller–Dieker syndrome)
Single gene defects
Rett syndrome (primarily girls)
Nijmegen breakage syndrome
X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
Cohen syndrome
Cockayne syndrome
Acquired
Disruptive injuries
Traumatic brain injury
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Infections
Congenital HIV encephalopathy
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Toxins
Chronic kidney failure
Deprivation
Hypothyroidism
Anemia
Congenital heart disease
Malnutrition
Genetic mutations cause most cases of microcephaly. Relationships have been found between autism, duplications of genes and macrocephaly on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between schizophrenia, deletions of genes and microcephaly. Several genes have been designated "MCPH" genes, after microcephalin (MCPH1), based on their role in brain size and primary microcephaly syndromes when mutated. In addition to microcephalin, these include WDR62 (MCPH2), CDK5RAP2 (MCPH3), KNL1 (MCPH4), ASPM (MCPH5), CENPJ (MCPH6), STIL (MCPH7), CEP135 (MCPH8), CEP152 (MCPH9), ZNF335 (MCPH10), PHC1 (MCPH11) and CDK6 (MCPH12). Moreover, an association has been established between common genetic variants within known microcephaly genes (such as MCPH1 and CDK5RAP2) and normal variation in brain structure as measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)i.e., primarily brain cortical surface area and total brain volume.
The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the International Society for Infectious Diseases and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.
Microlissencephaly
Microlissencephaly is microcephaly combined with lissencephaly (smooth brain surface due to absent sulci and gyri). Most cases of microlissencephaly are described in consanguineous families, suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance.
Historical causes of microcephaly
After the dropping of atomic bombs "Little Boy" on Hiroshima and "Fat Man" on Nagasaki, several women close to ground zero who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly. Microcephaly was present in 7 children from a group of 11 pregnant women at 11–17 weeks of gestation who survived the blast at less than from ground zero. Due to their proximity to the bomb, the pregnant women's in utero children received a biologically significant radiation dose that was relatively high due to the massive neutron output of the lower explosive-yielding Little Boy. Researchers studied 286 additional children who were in utero during the atomic bombings, and after a year they found these children had a higher incidence of microcephaly and mental retardation.
Other relations
Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, as it is related with the size of the brain.
Pathophysiology
Microcephaly generally is due to the diminished size of the largest part of the human brain, the cerebral cortex, and the condition can arise during embryonic and fetal development due to insufficient neural stem cell proliferation, impaired or premature neurogenesis, the death of neural stem cells or neurons, or a combination of these factors. Research in animal models such as rodents has found many genes that are required for normal brain growth. For example, the Notch pathway genes regulate the balance between stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the stem cell layer known as the ventricular zone, and experimental mutations of many genes can cause microcephaly in mice, similar to human microcephaly. Mutations of the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene are associated with microcephaly in humans and a knockout model has been developed in ferrets that exhibits severe microcephaly. In addition, viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Zika have been shown to infect and kill the primary stem cell of the brain—the radial glial cell, resulting in the loss of future daughter neurons. The severity of the condition may depend on the timing of infection during pregnancy.
Microcephaly is a feature common to several different genetic disorders arising from a deficiency in the cellular DNA damage response. Individuals with the following DNA damage response disorders exhibit microcephaly: Nijmegen breakage syndrome, ATR-Seckel syndrome, MCPH1-dependent primary microcephaly disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A deficiency, Fanconi anemia, ligase 4 deficiency syndrome and Bloom syndrome. These findings suggest that a normal DNA damage response is critical during brain development, perhaps to protect against induction of apoptosis by DNA damage occurring in neurons.
Treatment
There is no known cure for microcephaly. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Because some cases of microcephaly and its associated symptoms may be a result of amino acid deficiencies, treatment with amino acids in these cases has been shown to improve symptoms such as seizures and motor function delays.
History
People with small heads were displayed as a public spectacle in ancient Rome.
People with microcephaly were sometimes sold to freak shows in North America and Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they were known by the name "pinheads". Many of them were presented as different species (e.g., "monkey man") and described as being the missing link. Famous examples include Zip the Pinhead (although he may not have had microcephaly), Maximo and Bartola, and Schlitzie the Pinhead,. Zip the Pinhead and Schlitzie the Pinhead, also stars of the 1932 film Freaks, were cited as influences on the development of the long-running comic strip character Zippy the Pinhead, created by Bill Griffith.
Notable cases
A 'dwarf' of Punt (ancient Somalia) was given by the Chief clans as partial tribute to the last ruler of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom, Pepi II Neferkare (6th Dynasty, circa 2125–2080 B.C.E.); it could be inferred that this person was also microcephalic. In a letter preserved at the British Museum, the young king gives instructions by letter, "Harkhuf! The men in your service [escorts; soldiers; sailors; guards, etc.] ought pay sincere care with the dwarf's head while sleeping during the voyage to the palace" (so that it does not fall off). At the same time, it could be for other reasons unrelated to microcephaly, etc.
Triboulet, a jester of duke René of Anjou (not to be confused with the slightly later Triboulet at the French court).
Jenny Lee Snow and Elvira Snow, whose stage names were Pip and Flip, respectively, were sisters with microcephaly who acted in the 1932 film Freaks.
Schlitze "Schlitzie" Surtees, possibly born Simon Metz, was a widely known sideshow performer and actor, who also appeared in Freaks.
Lester "Beetlejuice" Green, a member of radio host Howard Stern's Wack Pack.
See also
Anencephaly (Usually rapidly fatal)
Cerebral rubicon
Hydrocephaly
Macrocephaly
Seckel syndrome
Achalasia microcephaly
References
External links
NINDS Overview
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Disorders causing seizures | [
0.0945655032992363,
0.3444907069206238,
-0.37561821937561035,
0.019883612170815468,
0.28993329405784607,
0.5446907877922058,
0.08001700788736343,
0.1841103881597519,
-0.6062846183776855,
-0.6541709303855896,
-0.25813961029052734,
0.05752789229154587,
-0.15560734272003174,
0.6011067032814026,
-0.6181421279907227,
0.45235273241996765,
0.8503893613815308,
0.4021044075489044,
-0.5057587623596191,
0.24865980446338654,
-0.15405091643333435,
-0.3180030882358551,
0.5453893542289734,
-0.11344794183969498,
-0.1990603655576706,
-0.12322308868169785,
0.01855677179992199,
0.18393737077713013,
0.14583948254585266,
-0.31188392639160156,
-0.38512736558914185,
0.32288557291030884,
0.890264093875885,
-0.05238824710249901,
0.36462366580963135,
-0.04835405945777893,
-0.36052295565605164,
-0.5198350548744202,
-0.6112738847732544,
-0.5579942464828491,
0.5496265888214111,
0.239854633808136,
0.012629421427845955,
-0.10467985272407532,
-0.7786433100700378,
-0.2482278198003769,
-1.1817646026611328,
0.8902490735054016,
-0.7394767999649048,
0.33744364976882935,
0.0012829016195610166,
0.13619869947433472,
0.46834829449653625,
-0.018053868785500526,
-0.1736994981765747,
0.4734590947628021,
-0.3982303738594055,
0.32584139704704285,
0.37891602516174316,
-0.5962176322937012,
0.21490029990673065,
-0.16467802226543427,
-0.041550908237695694,
-0.16069762408733368,
0.13526766002178192,
-0.04774729162454605,
0.24793514609336853,
0.38799378275871277,
-0.5316407084465027,
-0.2799672484397888,
-0.5339725613594055,
-0.5957422256469727,
0.40293049812316895,
0.508657693862915,
-0.42259711027145386,
-0.1378064602613449,
0.08788546174764633,
-0.9014987945556641,
0.7122425436973572,
-0.040024284273386,
-0.49223098158836365,
0.22008642554283142,
0.026787618175148964,
0.20597685873508453,
-0.08110900223255157,
-0.21272212266921997,
-0.38053029775619507,
0.6670681238174438,
-0.5015519857406616,
0.2689734101295471,
0.37434035539627075,
-0.18141847848892212,
0.8528929352760315,
0.24144992232322693,
0.06597965955734253,
-0.4211082458496094,
0.25979551672935486,
-0.2809150516986847,
-0.006758189760148525,
-0.17027749121189117,
0.12431139498949051,
0.12097490578889847,
-0.03467218950390816,
0.25612106919288635,
0.29740968346595764,
-0.5603947043418884,
0.386716365814209,
-0.027968617156147957,
-0.1282743215560913,
-0.06223250925540924,
-0.8176589012145996,
0.2713082730770111,
-0.38802576065063477,
0.19394244253635406,
-0.8009800314903259,
0.20772282779216766,
-0.019288569688796997,
-0.1495361477136612,
-0.3772926330566406,
-0.76155024766922,
-0.3021072447299957,
0.10143055021762848,
0.11926683038473129,
-0.2806379199028015,
-0.14570805430412292,
-0.37086355686187744,
0.14833202958106995,
0.14227595925331116,
-0.2798578143119812,
0.027898285537958145,
0.7104977369308472,
0.8040237426757812,
-0.17647415399551392,
-0.2977368235588074,
0.29082930088043213,
-0.20113760232925415,
0.2810136377811432,
0.005592008586972952,
0.5470832586288452,
0.09138753265142441,
-0.018557390198111534,
-0.336879163980484,
-0.6424694061279297,
0.5121129155158997,
0.0748179629445076,
-0.5451148152351379,
-0.14672350883483887,
0.3037857115268707,
-0.6207481026649475,
-0.6119797229766846,
-0.26446038484573364,
0.2031116485595703,
0.2501744031906128,
-0.06308634579181671,
0.48039934039115906,
0.03672492504119873,
-0.3093910217285156,
-0.7885296940803528,
0.32616370916366577,
0.1482001096010208,
-0.23755449056625366,
-0.07859406620264053,
-0.9545872211456299,
-0.4768901467323303,
-0.03824738785624504,
-0.3414791226387024,
0.7900469899177551,
0.11389464139938354,
-0.030326753854751587,
0.9909242987632751,
0.010402100160717964,
0.2926689386367798,
0.47529828548431396,
0.2857917845249176,
-0.2573798596858978,
-0.023244062438607216,
0.7289487719535828,
-0.0754036232829094,
0.7433585524559021,
-0.11573764681816101,
-0.577864408493042,
0.01013699546456337,
0.18583287298679352,
-0.02263847552239895,
0.1394077092409134,
-0.14886407554149628,
0.647405743598938,
0.09339931607246399,
-0.4591326117515564,
-0.483274906873703,
-0.282094806432724,
-0.6184709668159485,
0.33366817235946655,
0.12824122607707977,
1.109019160270691,
0.042577702552080154,
-0.6867138147354126,
0.1830303966999054,
0.20854641497135162,
-0.06180005520582199,
-0.5633173584938049,
-0.1462608128786087,
0.23036298155784607,
-0.08942107856273651,
-0.4209887385368347,
-0.026277633383870125,
0.07877252995967865,
-0.18279482424259186,
-0.08042104542255402,
0.3132324516773224,
0.2784772217273712,
-0.99605393409729,
0.44926631450653076,
-0.4822692275047302,
0.1543871909379959,
-0.08359219133853912,
-0.431295782327652,
0.07403082400560379,
-0.4158526062965393,
-0.023592188954353333,
0.26106420159339905,
-0.3825305104255676,
0.05375121161341667,
0.6762285232543945,
0.4781968295574188,
0.770904541015625,
0.37486276030540466,
-0.07556422054767609,
0.2889156937599182,
-0.6125054955482483,
-0.3831638693809509,
-0.10835184156894684,
0.47518229484558105,
-0.022052891552448273,
-0.39690160751342773,
0.46607646346092224,
0.3131093382835388,
-0.8180534839630127,
0.3924538195133209,
-0.6974892020225525,
-0.45338016748428345,
-0.07942988723516464,
-0.39059534668922424,
-0.237334743142128,
0.608890950679779,
-0.15072935819625854,
-0.3871288001537323,
0.4801810085773468,
-0.23650971055030823,
0.4823535978794098,
-0.38518980145454407,
0.8936662673950195,
0.3375847041606903,
-0.6068034172058105,
0.4039553105831146,
-0.09974854439496994,
0.33463600277900696,
-0.05663198605179787,
0.17199262976646423,
-0.153353750705719,
-0.6195589900016785,
0.609228253364563,
0.45621243119239807,
-0.6256908178329468,
-0.5050570964813232,
0.08822344988584518,
0.023347321897745132,
0.08935599029064178,
0.3174267113208771,
0.08692725002765656,
0.702705442905426,
0.1140611320734024,
-0.95318204164505,
0.20571176707744598,
-0.08981451392173767,
-0.5516045689582825,
-0.20838972926139832,
0.10253653675317764,
-0.27834317088127136,
-0.710291862487793,
0.05709701031446457,
0.7375473976135254,
0.3471798598766327,
-0.028405264019966125,
0.08930984884500504,
-0.003095917869359255,
-0.22995741665363312,
-0.14128459990024567,
-0.09959223866462708,
-0.5791303515434265,
-0.921904444694519,
0.4896380603313446,
-0.1125759407877922,
-0.07483536750078201,
-0.06676541268825531,
0.4308256208896637,
-0.09679345786571503,
-0.3192567527294159,
0.5364222526550293,
-0.4938652515411377,
-0.19310183823108673,
0.02444077655673027,
-0.06741545349359512,
-0.2905069887638092,
-0.04346465319395065,
-0.027755415067076683,
0.35547739267349243,
0.17935685813426971,
-5.7591376304626465,
-0.37880823016166687,
0.20307381451129913,
-0.21468819677829742,
0.2689995765686035,
0.43032658100128174,
0.1714615821838379,
0.08021009713411331,
-0.4230082333087921,
0.20673799514770508,
-0.2524503171443939,
0.2819066345691681,
-0.0031633502803742886,
0.20178018510341644,
0.7338540554046631,
0.1104336753487587,
-0.275003045797348,
0.311018168926239,
-0.14520789682865143,
-0.12221021205186844,
0.4664355218410492,
0.04539700970053673,
-0.06445440649986267,
0.43342748284339905,
-0.2120635062456131,
0.2131086140871048,
-0.2233850359916687,
0.44253817200660706,
-0.9804902672767639,
-0.31579259037971497,
-0.5164796710014343,
-0.15108740329742432,
-0.0701579749584198,
-0.10807519406080246,
0.228188619017601,
0.5007842779159546,
-0.14145369827747345,
0.05998438224196434,
0.2811985909938812,
-0.2655841112136841,
-0.3412361145019531,
0.23451513051986694,
0.23201747238636017,
-0.1292693316936493,
0.7501338720321655,
-0.16508769989013672,
-0.11474274098873138,
-0.05719380080699921,
-0.45016488432884216,
0.66462641954422,
0.4080638885498047,
-0.01334440242499113,
-0.12043861299753189,
0.47225236892700195,
0.2553568482398987,
0.2595402002334595,
0.9518511295318604,
0.2137540578842163,
-0.6306859850883484,
-0.24827629327774048,
0.2011241912841797,
-0.3828904628753662,
-0.44054773449897766,
-0.5191270112991333,
0.22354193031787872,
-0.14733272790908813,
-0.5448482036590576,
0.03860768675804138,
0.6165909767150879,
0.27610400319099426,
0.15147064626216888,
0.14900261163711548,
0.20165471732616425,
-0.8862865567207336,
0.3731086254119873,
-0.26137062907218933,
-0.2657968997955322,
0.22226563096046448,
-0.2078160047531128,
0.3145042955875397,
-0.1591583639383316,
-0.3639213740825653,
-0.27384912967681885,
-0.10929889231920242,
-0.2827072739601135,
-0.5976499319076538,
-0.49354302883148193,
0.4580674171447754,
-0.4131033718585968,
0.6066344976425171,
0.3026280105113983,
0.06372249126434326,
-0.006826686207205057,
0.0991775393486023,
0.2266731560230255,
0.21374082565307617,
-0.04650883376598358,
0.5298925042152405,
0.22839775681495667,
0.11434187740087509,
0.3540879786014557,
-0.2325475960969925,
-0.13976560533046722,
-0.23964548110961914,
0.0603475496172905,
-0.28180640935897827,
-0.7591880559921265,
0.2904351055622101,
0.704357385635376,
-0.13435864448547363,
0.380781888961792,
0.3678880035877228,
0.08940117061138153,
-0.6247294545173645,
0.2754755914211273,
-0.13445612788200378,
-0.47275713086128235,
0.23174236714839935,
0.46650633215904236,
-0.5253209471702576,
0.07310687005519867,
0.3314257860183716,
-0.5961408019065857,
-0.23345239460468292,
0.16336482763290405,
-0.05091708153486252,
0.1692582219839096,
0.39198410511016846,
-0.011545720510184765,
0.4848737418651581,
0.32219716906547546,
0.46273475885391235,
0.09069234877824783,
0.20177708566188812,
-0.21395836770534515,
-0.08389679342508316,
-0.040192507207393646,
0.31967389583587646,
-0.3570956289768219,
-0.47307607531547546,
0.3032165467739105,
-0.3402256965637207,
0.06709862500429153,
0.13670676946640015,
0.23935917019844055,
0.24200645089149475,
-0.343595415353775,
-0.07067692279815674,
0.243747279047966,
0.6780143976211548,
-0.13342760503292084,
-0.06533798575401306,
0.0775703638792038,
0.015291530638933182,
0.11376743018627167,
0.13675348460674286,
0.22950923442840576,
0.3190598785877228,
0.055395614355802536,
-0.4972156584262848,
-0.5137206315994263,
-0.43584543466567993,
-1.0348396301269531,
-0.2839607894420624,
-0.5268495678901672,
0.1600438505411148,
-0.4300013482570648,
-0.5738013982772827,
0.38475170731544495,
0.601411759853363,
-0.09464013576507568,
-0.260907381772995,
-0.5475757718086243,
-0.4865145683288574,
0.5245568752288818,
-0.05317024886608124,
-0.01946358010172844,
0.3530605137348175,
-0.16348645091056824,
0.1443273276090622,
0.2534867823123932,
-0.3769107758998871,
0.48049888014793396,
0.05368737503886223,
0.46321138739585876,
-0.15529245138168335,
-0.25040507316589355,
-0.3416809141635895,
-0.49248960614204407,
-0.08123038709163666,
-0.32011663913726807,
-0.26312780380249023,
0.35321930050849915,
0.5900967121124268,
0.3631683886051178,
0.335828959941864,
-0.1830308437347412,
0.4560187757015228,
-0.4462052881717682,
-0.08945512771606445,
0.11868683248758316,
0.4779323637485504,
-0.04841834306716919,
0.13757258653640747,
0.7048162221908569,
-0.29600706696510315,
0.41979244351387024,
-0.338127464056015,
-0.1286761313676834,
0.6539531946182251,
-0.678369402885437,
0.08789724856615067,
-0.41874727606773376,
0.5134870409965515,
-0.40865156054496765,
0.198752298951149,
0.04036900773644447,
-0.043004125356674194,
-0.00712526636198163,
-0.44225558638572693,
0.38166508078575134,
0.38027623295783997,
-0.3082117438316345,
-0.2381342649459839,
-0.10463318228721619,
-0.3997659385204315,
0.0053719524294137955,
-0.29441869258880615,
0.8958386182785034,
0.05755210667848587,
0.2757805287837982,
-0.2949199378490448,
-0.35737496614456177,
-0.487029105424881,
0.20854727923870087,
-0.33626917004585266,
0.33520522713661194,
-0.007697941269725561,
0.1473555862903595,
-0.05836860090494156,
0.8265141248703003,
0.840137779712677,
0.15752309560775757,
0.23705145716667175,
-0.13630226254463196,
0.39696428179740906,
0.46441951394081116,
-0.882403552532196,
-0.37899211049079895,
0.43641382455825806,
0.7960165143013,
-0.34543871879577637,
-0.3017989993095398,
-0.3137631118297577,
0.5831590294837952,
-0.37604498863220215,
-0.1328071802854538,
-0.8835614323616028,
0.19228440523147583,
0.598029375076294,
0.1195441335439682,
-0.3264220654964447,
0.49722328782081604,
-0.04390508681535721,
0.08358334004878998,
0.31476891040802,
-0.2651943266391754,
0.17561998963356018,
0.24199716746807098,
-0.8229224681854248,
0.7719810605049133,
0.48809507489204407,
0.29912087321281433,
-0.19689850509166718,
-0.015759600326418877,
0.28736695647239685,
-0.4304715394973755,
-0.7692751288414001,
0.12780582904815674,
-0.35962387919425964,
0.22992770373821259,
0.027602817863225937,
-0.02286401018500328,
-0.1855500340461731,
0.27620819211006165,
-0.27687275409698486,
-0.121124766767025,
-0.057469405233860016,
-0.4747297167778015,
0.03511985018849373,
-0.41624730825424194,
-0.025177359580993652,
0.051303546875715256,
0.005637633614242077,
0.13601510226726532,
-0.2356938123703003,
-0.2561514675617218,
0.5970736742019653,
0.005310836248099804,
-0.21696849167346954,
-0.9782423973083496,
-0.06762203574180603,
0.17466504871845245,
-0.7355505228042603,
0.0867859274148941,
0.1772928088903427,
-0.43847596645355225,
-0.6044020652770996,
-0.23200134932994843,
-0.39097243547439575,
0.40563252568244934,
0.0868019238114357,
0.17382512986660004,
0.18952855467796326,
0.1306300312280655,
-0.5937744379043579,
0.21003569662570953,
-0.18632663786411285,
0.07269351929426193,
0.5192145705223083,
-0.16806992888450623,
0.3470293879508972,
0.4672951400279999,
-0.5763979554176331,
-0.15459610521793365,
-0.2451857477426529,
-0.14655204117298126,
0.18895916640758514,
-0.09170489013195038,
0.7071161270141602,
0.7692479491233826,
0.5807027816772461,
-0.1871967613697052,
0.5736198425292969,
0.527015745639801,
-0.27617207169532776,
-0.002601614920422435,
-0.4512132704257965,
-0.325161874294281,
0.6766800880432129,
0.4389601945877075,
0.2593638598918915,
0.21387979388237,
0.5766296982765198,
-0.14684882760047913,
0.5526365041732788,
0.2684626281261444,
-0.399056613445282,
0.13029024004936218,
0.1102188378572464,
0.40731221437454224,
-0.4787548780441284,
0.135135218501091,
-0.001646579708904028,
-0.3137361407279968,
0.11444855481386185,
0.6966872215270996,
-0.7067119479179382,
-0.5138794779777527,
0.4087967574596405,
-0.5801739692687988,
0.3126222491264343,
-0.32144325971603394,
0.20964521169662476,
0.22520551085472107,
0.0012444467283785343,
0.4391977787017822,
-0.6847413182258606,
0.09943608939647675,
-0.08313951641321182,
0.4881557524204254,
0.7432920932769775,
-0.27444756031036377,
0.5910016894340515,
0.006965381558984518,
0.1312236338853836,
0.4527505934238434,
0.6605693101882935,
-0.12839436531066895,
-0.5176724791526794,
-0.21957232058048248,
-0.37752610445022583,
0.040834691375494,
-0.270356684923172,
-0.49380728602409363,
0.20957589149475098,
0.5914666652679443,
0.19964848458766937,
0.3225334584712982,
0.40439504384994507,
0.2389260232448578,
-0.5797598958015442,
-0.10125207901000977,
0.26039695739746094,
-0.05505259335041046,
0.2549142837524414,
-0.3323304355144501,
-0.008705142885446548,
0.3853331506252289,
0.3168826103210449,
-0.4486652910709381,
-0.032692134380340576,
-0.017365943640470505,
-0.03470969572663307,
-0.9388008713722229,
0.295348584651947,
0.4202519953250885,
-0.28347212076187134,
-1.1163383722305298,
0.1830449104309082,
0.5164980888366699,
0.09862200915813446,
-0.29202693700790405,
0.8365119695663452,
0.12596939504146576,
0.014556513167917728,
0.4018629789352417,
-0.549258291721344,
-0.2212374359369278,
-0.9685694575309753,
0.1900395005941391,
-0.06291481852531433,
0.7748014330863953,
0.08583997189998627,
0.0403774157166481,
-0.010838083922863007,
0.5243929624557495,
-0.28824156522750854,
-0.26108622550964355,
0.4033423364162445,
-1.2322304248809814,
1.0104120969772339,
-0.400917649269104,
0.208798348903656,
-0.14412368834018707,
-0.2584380805492401,
0.5550439953804016,
0.11591474711894989,
0.12437363713979721,
-0.2986178696155548,
0.17027227580547333,
-0.660341203212738,
-0.41426175832748413,
-0.10211651027202606,
0.11768317222595215,
0.5343884229660034,
-0.20276233553886414,
-0.15583954751491547,
0.008858094923198223,
-0.29660746455192566,
0.46616771817207336,
-0.3451303541660309,
0.34001946449279785,
-0.34380093216896057,
0.04772770404815674,
-0.04701220244169235,
-0.5013585686683655,
-0.7209413051605225,
-0.21788564324378967,
0.48795968294143677
] |
232052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porencephaly | Porencephaly | Porencephaly is an extremely rare cephalic disorder involving encephalomalacia. It is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system characterized by cysts or cavities within the cerebral hemisphere. Porencephaly was termed by Heschl in 1859 to describe a cavity in the human brain. Derived from Greek roots, the word porencephaly means 'holes in the brain'. The cysts and cavities (cystic brain lesions) are more likely to be the result of destructive (encephaloclastic) cause, but can also be from abnormal development (malformative), direct damage, inflammation, or hemorrhage. The cysts and cavities cause a wide range of physiological, physical, and neurological symptoms. Depending on the patient, this disorder may cause only minor neurological problems, without any disruption of intelligence, while others may be severely disabled or face death before the second decade of their lives. However, this disorder is far more common within infants, and porencephaly can occur both before or after birth.
Signs and symptoms
Patients diagnosed with porencephaly display a variety of symptoms, from mild to severe effects on the patient. Patients with severe cases of porencephaly suffer epileptic seizures and developmental delays, whereas patients with a mild case of porencephaly display little to no seizures and healthy neurodevelopment. Infants with extensive defects show symptoms of the disorder shortly after birth, and the diagnosis is usually made before the age of 1.
The following text lists out common signs and symptoms of porencephaly in affected individuals along with a short description of certain terminologies.
Cause
Porencephaly is a rare disorder. The exact prevalence of porencephaly is not known; however, it has been reported that 6.8% of patients with cerebral palsy or 68% of patients with epilepsy and congenital vascular hemiparesis have porencephaly. Porencephaly has a number of different, often unknown, causes including absence of brain development and destruction of brain tissue. With limited research, the most commonly regarded cause of porencephaly is disturbances in blood circulation, ultimately leading to brain damage. However, a number of different and multiple factors such as abnormal brain development or damage to the brain tissue can also affect the development of porencephaly.
The following text lists out potential risk factors of developing porencephaly and porencephalic cysts and cavities along with brief description of certain terminologies.
Cysts or cavities can occur anywhere within the brain and the locations of these cysts depend highly on the patient. Cysts can develop in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, forebrain, hindbrain, temporal lobe, or virtually anywhere in the cerebral hemisphere.
Genetics
From recent studies, de novo and inherited mutations in the gene COL4A1, suggesting genetic predisposition within the family, that encodes type IV collagen α1 chain has shown to be associated with and present in patients with porencephaly. COL4A1 mutation causes a variety of phenotypes, including porencephaly, infantile hemiplegia, and cerebral small vessel diseases involving both stroke and infarction. Abnormal gene expression of COL4A1 can contribute to the development of porencephaly. COL4A1 gene expresses a type IV collagen (basement protein) that is present in all tissue and blood vessels and is extremely important for the structural stability of vascular basement membranes. The COL4A1 protein provides a strong layer around blood vessels. The mutation can weaken the blood vessels within the brain, elevating the probability of a hemorrhage, and eventually promoting internal bleeding then leading to porencephaly during neurodevelopment of infantile stage. Therefore, the formation of cavities can be a result of hemorrhages which promote cerebral degeneration. In a mouse model, mouse with COL4A1 mutations displayed cerebral hemorrhage, porencephaly, and abnormal development of vascular basement membranes, such as uneven edges, inconsistent shapes, and highly variable thickness. Purposely causing a mutation in the COL4A1 gene caused several mouse to develop cerebral hemorrhage and porencephaly-like diseases. Though, there is no direct correlation between mutations of the COL4A1 gene, it appears that it has an influential effect on the development of porencephaly.
Another genetic mutation, factor V G1691A mutation, has been reported to show possible association to the development of porencephaly. A mutation in factor V G1691A increases the risk of thrombosis, blood clots, in neonates, infants, and children. Therefore, 76 porencephalic and 76 healthy infants were investigated for factor V G1691A mutation along with other different prothrombotic risk factors. The results indicated that there was higher prevalence of the factor V G1691A mutation in the porencephalic patient group. The prediction that childhood porencephaly is caused by hypercoagulable state, a condition where one has a higher chance of developing blood clots, was supported by the significance of the factor V G1691A mutation. Also, pregnant women in hypercoagulable state can cause the fetus to have the same risks, therefore possibly causing fetal loss, brain damage, lesions, and infections that lead to porencephaly. However, other different prothrombotic risk factors individually did not reach statistical significance to link it to the development of porencephaly, but a combination of multiple prothrombotic risk factors in the porencephaly group was significant. Overall, factor V G1691A mutation has been linked to the development of porencephaly. However, this one mutation is not the cause of porencephaly, and whether further prothrombiotic risk factors are associated with porencephaly still remains unknown.
Cocaine and other street drugs
In utero exposure to cocaine and other street drugs can lead to porencephaly.
Diagnostics
The presence of porencephalic cysts or cavities can be detected using trans-illumination of the skull of infant patients. Porencephaly is usually diagnosed clinically using the patients and families history, clinical observations, or based on the presence of certain characteristic neurological and physiological features of porencephaly. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or with ultrasonography can be used as a method to exclude other possible neurological disorders. The diagnosis can be made antenatally with ultrasound. Other assessments include memory, speech, or intellect testing to help further determine the exact diagnose of the disorder.
Treatments
Currently, there is no cure for porencephaly because of the limited resources and knowledge about the neurological disorder. However, several treatment options are available. Treatment may include physical therapy, rehabilitation, medication for seizures or epilepsy, shunt (medical), or neurosurgery (removal of the cyst). According to the location, extent of the lesion, size of cavities, and severity of the disorder, combinations of treatment methods are imposed. In porencephaly patients, patients achieved good seizure control with appropriate drug therapy including valproate, carbamazepine, and clobazam. Also, anti-epileptic drugs served as another positive method of treatment.
Prognosis
The severity of the symptoms associated with porencephaly varies significantly across the population of those affected, depending on the location of the cyst and damage of the brain. For some patients with porencephaly, only minor neurological problems may develop, and those patients can live normal lives. Therefore, based on the level of severity, self-care is possible, but for the more serious cases lifelong care will be necessary. For those that have severe disability, early diagnosis, medication, participation in rehabilitation related to fine-motor control skills, and communication therapies can significantly improve the symptoms and ability of the patient with porencephaly to live a normal life. Infants with porencephaly that survive, with proper treatment, can display proper communication skills, movement, and live a normal life.
Research
Under the United States federal government, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute of Health are involved in conducting and supporting research related to normal and abnormal brain and nervous system development. Information gained from the research is used to develop understanding of the mechanism of porencephaly and used to offer new methods of treatment and prevention for developmental brain disorders such as porencephaly.
See also
Schizencephaly
References
External links
Porencephaly Information page, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Congenital disorders
Congenital disorders of nervous system | [
0.030861293897032738,
0.8691883087158203,
-0.7307069301605225,
-0.545355498790741,
-0.20750874280929565,
0.37777650356292725,
0.327114075422287,
0.9809813499450684,
-0.5945203900337219,
-0.6628729701042175,
-0.5157286524772644,
-0.08192767947912216,
-0.40718162059783936,
0.6923259496688843,
0.20100368559360504,
0.4861453175544739,
0.599393367767334,
0.8277981877326965,
0.2682236135005951,
-0.07808227837085724,
0.021972153335809708,
-0.41246119141578674,
0.23570352792739868,
-0.3925600051879883,
-0.6597952842712402,
-0.5175798535346985,
-0.0007943491800688207,
-0.16652533411979675,
0.5703552961349487,
-0.6245934963226318,
-0.03023383766412735,
0.8569211959838867,
0.9279564619064331,
-0.19589368999004364,
0.271817684173584,
-0.01560278981924057,
0.0062621948309242725,
-0.6505822539329529,
-0.12083698064088821,
-0.32577499747276306,
0.2589966654777527,
-0.13749723136425018,
0.5047601461410522,
0.10167986899614334,
-0.464249849319458,
-0.1825168877840042,
-1.5724802017211914,
0.8895860910415649,
-0.7400954365730286,
-0.11894417554140091,
0.04598788172006607,
-0.13816756010055542,
1.135512113571167,
0.4645826816558838,
-0.08918599039316177,
0.804122805595398,
-1.5487626791000366,
-0.0152763482183218,
0.7699244618415833,
-0.25051116943359375,
0.48286786675453186,
-0.39938029646873474,
-0.2911991477012634,
-0.5429561138153076,
0.09237369149923325,
0.20068690180778503,
-0.10076339542865753,
0.9706964492797852,
-0.4734397232532501,
-0.3125212490558624,
-0.4660988748073578,
-0.12236028909683228,
0.6864983439445496,
0.13975104689598083,
-0.14845365285873413,
0.4901321828365326,
-0.07146845757961273,
-0.8844054341316223,
0.41518014669418335,
-0.19318123161792755,
-0.38761913776397705,
0.6943239569664001,
0.27488791942596436,
0.512184202671051,
0.2861977815628052,
-0.039680931717157364,
-0.7721813321113586,
1.1473145484924316,
-0.38467496633529663,
0.6683167219161987,
0.027915343642234802,
0.16766534745693207,
0.45010074973106384,
-0.320923775434494,
-0.6424998641014099,
-0.14929047226905823,
0.09705597907304764,
-0.019215993583202362,
0.2826685309410095,
-0.043047964572906494,
-0.00280307256616652,
0.20174084603786469,
-0.29081347584724426,
-0.17288534343242645,
-0.029320599511265755,
0.15838119387626648,
-0.1176087036728859,
-0.3225809931755066,
0.4444883167743683,
-0.30092841386795044,
-0.5937550663948059,
-0.1619371473789215,
-0.6896749138832092,
-0.4370100200176239,
-0.8142755031585693,
0.2777445316314697,
-0.0589413158595562,
0.04237370565533638,
0.06896018981933594,
-0.7149979472160339,
-0.1709790676832199,
-0.045503344386816025,
-0.18307961523532867,
0.2152692824602127,
-0.8940917253494263,
0.442421019077301,
-0.2670513093471527,
0.6408755779266357,
-0.1206664964556694,
0.4623153507709503,
0.24395382404327393,
0.701887309551239,
0.13000859320163727,
-0.008055240847170353,
0.41260090470314026,
-0.5063384771347046,
0.0650860145688057,
0.1091107577085495,
1.1262987852096558,
0.2463415265083313,
-0.5311480164527893,
-0.4255273938179016,
-0.5572538375854492,
0.7013097405433655,
0.2215435951948166,
-0.40202903747558594,
-0.18076758086681366,
0.053533561527729034,
-0.36101850867271423,
-0.3937196731567383,
0.3554707467556,
-0.4102296531200409,
0.2918427586555481,
0.522706151008606,
-0.591465950012207,
-0.01699437014758587,
0.2707690894603729,
-0.7892376184463501,
0.5874187350273132,
0.48572635650634766,
0.30369946360588074,
0.12320157140493393,
-0.5933727622032166,
0.3184643089771271,
-0.04943929985165596,
-0.009348600171506405,
0.39485251903533936,
0.4369986355304718,
-0.5554041862487793,
0.7266042232513428,
-0.4129955768585205,
0.2693024277687073,
0.5045259594917297,
-0.43247491121292114,
0.4949478805065155,
0.5216853022575378,
0.08309818804264069,
0.5208916068077087,
0.8018022775650024,
-0.5315366983413696,
-0.736676812171936,
0.09520342946052551,
0.4852001368999481,
-0.4161570966243744,
0.8109522461891174,
0.4072316884994507,
0.3614395260810852,
-0.06554558128118515,
-0.5521766543388367,
-0.4187955856323242,
-0.7282534837722778,
-0.21959003806114197,
0.7510642409324646,
0.09729613363742828,
1.6316136121749878,
0.20127202570438385,
-0.7304137349128723,
-0.06020059809088707,
0.7701910138130188,
0.42379629611968994,
-0.2917604446411133,
-0.42631417512893677,
0.45007801055908203,
-0.09031929820775986,
-0.23226416110992432,
0.3341740667819977,
-0.13131940364837646,
-0.2894675135612488,
0.31745094060897827,
0.4182858467102051,
0.8353290557861328,
-0.5366030931472778,
0.5418537259101868,
-0.0807742327451706,
0.22684040665626526,
-0.24281945824623108,
-0.8462392091751099,
0.14144983887672424,
-0.4432222247123718,
-0.009302988648414612,
0.041456203907728195,
-0.5484321117401123,
-0.10480037331581116,
0.8721848726272583,
0.029779138043522835,
0.9792036414146423,
0.09654299169778824,
-0.35172221064567566,
0.7785781621932983,
-0.1592450737953186,
0.06382746994495392,
0.09320377558469772,
0.42843079566955566,
-0.9089075922966003,
-0.2446470707654953,
-0.04642069339752197,
0.48608797788619995,
-0.6325913667678833,
-0.07265318185091019,
-0.3416345715522766,
-0.03449181467294693,
0.42069604992866516,
-0.5536585450172424,
0.39686137437820435,
-0.20011034607887268,
0.08583328127861023,
-0.16951791942119598,
0.5579336881637573,
-0.28750133514404297,
-0.11661011725664139,
-0.06463214755058289,
1.109761357307434,
-0.2296256721019745,
-0.713478684425354,
0.10401098430156708,
-0.16426269710063934,
0.6472591161727905,
-0.48129743337631226,
0.019966555759310722,
-0.5174310803413391,
-0.32509440183639526,
0.33968818187713623,
0.4500799775123596,
0.26828891038894653,
-0.16365846991539001,
-0.508261501789093,
-0.3889020085334778,
-0.19766798615455627,
0.43572351336479187,
-0.46601301431655884,
1.5913864374160767,
-0.5457086563110352,
-1.2450686693191528,
0.5074319839477539,
-0.061688121408224106,
-0.1350712776184082,
-0.3782280385494232,
0.042524442076683044,
-0.9897162318229675,
-0.1447528749704361,
0.18849003314971924,
0.7678511142730713,
0.10696636140346527,
0.03667424991726875,
-0.7512463927268982,
0.09271983802318573,
0.06265326589345932,
0.23196794092655182,
0.25861304998397827,
-1.1190354824066162,
-0.5185982584953308,
0.4627062678337097,
0.21047095954418182,
0.11750171333551407,
-0.280364066362381,
0.37064987421035767,
0.008393975906074047,
0.42720434069633484,
0.41446995735168457,
-0.06187339127063751,
0.12604263424873352,
0.3393271565437317,
-0.4742560088634491,
-0.18299147486686707,
0.2618339955806732,
0.0715288445353508,
-0.25344422459602356,
-0.0631905198097229,
-4.872099876403809,
0.3550242483615875,
-0.2726052403450012,
-0.67938232421875,
0.553945004940033,
-0.05811057612299919,
0.7528775334358215,
-0.2035396844148636,
-0.4632188677787781,
-0.16599205136299133,
-0.2648480236530304,
-0.03711976483464241,
-0.2916984558105469,
0.38630151748657227,
0.24820561707019806,
0.18223711848258972,
-0.16712599992752075,
-0.5743846297264099,
0.36525958776474,
0.13507866859436035,
-0.5508246421813965,
0.5768660306930542,
-0.3366786539554596,
0.42538967728614807,
-0.1045268177986145,
0.3004552125930786,
-0.5658934116363525,
0.05744665116071701,
-0.6972532272338867,
0.4768296182155609,
-0.07174443453550339,
-0.20088247954845428,
0.09329038858413696,
-0.2090030163526535,
-0.7400155067443848,
0.1590031087398529,
0.19449937343597412,
-0.29475951194763184,
-0.3703232407569885,
-0.4807749390602112,
-0.5778391361236572,
0.18715418875217438,
-0.1734277307987213,
0.4932112395763397,
0.46867308020591736,
-0.24832694232463837,
-0.2841830551624298,
-0.49537816643714905,
-0.13626103103160858,
1.010462999343872,
-0.012501535937190056,
-0.09896103292703629,
0.09264277666807175,
-0.024017581716179848,
-0.05461326986551285,
0.385590523481369,
0.5994572639465332,
-0.27154541015625,
-0.4557836651802063,
-0.11827551573514938,
0.43206721544265747,
-0.5875822305679321,
-0.09494507312774658,
-0.6431366801261902,
0.32283759117126465,
-0.3932715654373169,
-0.2971845269203186,
0.12534432113170624,
0.8740330338478088,
0.2809627056121826,
0.052436817437410355,
0.630537748336792,
0.1261487901210785,
-0.9833789467811584,
0.7072968482971191,
-0.5774964690208435,
-0.48815903067588806,
-0.49560168385505676,
0.4538208842277527,
0.21815606951713562,
0.04773929715156555,
-0.26993101835250854,
-0.37839701771736145,
0.48164549469947815,
0.16853386163711548,
-0.5095011591911316,
0.12277977913618088,
0.6774452924728394,
-0.7821688652038574,
-0.5137458443641663,
0.31303220987319946,
-0.058368951082229614,
-0.009020419791340828,
0.44885823130607605,
-0.23338980972766876,
1.4411404132843018,
0.7202250957489014,
1.2837690114974976,
0.1278197169303894,
-0.012681460939347744,
0.8682795763015747,
-0.9171677827835083,
-0.5085042119026184,
-0.0504487082362175,
-0.2804173529148102,
-0.5612829923629761,
-0.3424602746963501,
0.36106428503990173,
0.3501288890838623,
-0.23526842892169952,
0.21841788291931152,
0.2504015862941742,
-0.11447488516569138,
-0.6371212601661682,
0.6366565227508545,
0.22440968453884125,
-0.3861726224422455,
0.7188044786453247,
0.6352695226669312,
-0.25641942024230957,
0.9971427321434021,
0.7083413600921631,
-0.1906818300485611,
-0.03352171182632446,
-0.38243016600608826,
0.24485892057418823,
0.5616322755813599,
-0.21107405424118042,
-0.7654428482055664,
-0.0864163339138031,
-0.750597357749939,
-0.09539184719324112,
-0.02401919476687908,
0.09047889709472656,
-0.10948362201452255,
-0.47127506136894226,
-0.5047146081924438,
0.6709970235824585,
-0.18123792111873627,
-0.6185442209243774,
0.2967645525932312,
-0.5621118545532227,
-0.7666832208633423,
0.5449687838554382,
0.46330222487449646,
0.056469935923814774,
-0.2613094747066498,
0.0006681904196739197,
-0.7405756115913391,
0.514200747013092,
0.21434341371059418,
-0.7988510727882385,
0.16612985730171204,
-0.4644632637500763,
0.10371145606040955,
0.3654076159000397,
-0.11710149049758911,
0.5909491777420044,
0.5259643793106079,
-0.8183524012565613,
-0.4244866669178009,
-0.17664511501789093,
-1.1059032678604126,
-0.038245830684900284,
-0.12547096610069275,
-1.1417213678359985,
-0.3134270906448364,
-0.7753844857215881,
-0.3529960811138153,
0.6754743456840515,
-1.133581519126892,
0.15337572991847992,
0.25102564692497253,
-0.17347310483455658,
0.4566974639892578,
-0.227196604013443,
-0.5395206809043884,
0.05617213621735573,
-0.016745347529649734,
0.009268848225474358,
-0.3449519872665405,
0.1338999718427658,
-0.2684282958507538,
0.3158363699913025,
0.5207645297050476,
0.03573695570230484,
-0.1616707146167755,
-0.1919003427028656,
-0.4096827208995819,
0.07525631040334702,
-0.040141213685274124,
0.23751433193683624,
0.08309660851955414,
-0.07301069051027298,
-0.567942202091217,
-0.3092784285545349,
-0.8112013339996338,
0.4867776334285736,
0.09126682579517365,
-0.802632749080658,
0.13504542410373688,
0.7352973222732544,
-0.15240295231342316,
0.3082824647426605,
1.1903712749481201,
-0.34071776270866394,
0.7481848001480103,
-0.03655540570616722,
-1.181159257888794,
0.5429463982582092,
0.19005529582500458,
-0.6113320589065552,
-0.4028228223323822,
0.6219322681427002,
-0.48982474207878113,
0.06514130532741547,
0.1351127028465271,
-0.56101393699646,
-0.17058518528938293,
0.3721618354320526,
-0.11459694802761078,
-0.22506584227085114,
0.09440582990646362,
-0.3724907636642456,
-0.6353323459625244,
0.029295245185494423,
0.5767266154289246,
-0.5205082297325134,
1.698875069618225,
0.018703265115618706,
-0.06219014897942543,
-0.34978169202804565,
0.02288629859685898,
-0.39177757501602173,
0.23814457654953003,
0.07909640669822693,
0.2625615894794464,
0.18380285799503326,
-0.024828141555190086,
0.09588717669248581,
0.8004840612411499,
0.44844093918800354,
-0.09443722665309906,
0.017034636810421944,
-0.5010434985160828,
0.18846479058265686,
0.42903441190719604,
-0.7973076701164246,
-0.38268783688545227,
0.11158065497875214,
0.5591601133346558,
-0.24725306034088135,
-0.3421170115470886,
-0.5957833528518677,
1.1252354383468628,
-0.014929760247468948,
0.21656621992588043,
-0.304307758808136,
0.004553242586553097,
-0.21845130622386932,
-0.16300234198570251,
-0.1441499888896942,
0.028957081958651543,
0.46766936779022217,
-0.05414414033293724,
-0.29178017377853394,
0.024269258603453636,
0.23686079680919647,
0.1429412066936493,
-0.12513425946235657,
-0.31678053736686707,
-0.16852056980133057,
0.9633620381355286,
-0.011741725727915764,
-0.10296028107404709,
0.3155619502067566,
0.12885379791259766,
-1.3006235361099243,
-0.10960600525140762,
0.25840485095977783,
-0.2037685662508011,
-0.6113114356994629,
0.39281347393989563,
0.2904078960418701,
0.5045660734176636,
-0.872893750667572,
-0.4807874858379364,
-0.9032564759254456,
-0.4613761305809021,
-0.5056794881820679,
-0.5595066547393799,
0.14504380524158478,
-0.3159438967704773,
-0.5649269819259644,
0.4495328366756439,
0.3203273117542267,
-0.38331151008605957,
0.16545622050762177,
-0.41738632321357727,
0.021239735186100006,
-0.8707727789878845,
0.6403419375419617,
0.40955841541290283,
-0.6073863506317139,
0.48714107275009155,
0.22649922966957092,
-0.335846871137619,
-0.5766652226448059,
-0.031955789774656296,
0.311859130859375,
0.4740944504737854,
-0.0004173868801444769,
0.06992506980895996,
0.3937649726867676,
-0.3502333164215088,
-0.23073148727416992,
0.45024576783180237,
-0.34948477149009705,
-0.4103844463825226,
0.8344467282295227,
0.3241845965385437,
-0.10011444985866547,
0.7281525135040283,
-0.019669895991683006,
-0.14210638403892517,
0.8525678515434265,
0.07076048105955124,
0.5715597867965698,
0.6816474795341492,
0.42200320959091187,
0.9944801330566406,
0.09201753884553909,
-0.5288611054420471,
0.9189828038215637,
0.23755984008312225,
-0.2211618572473526,
0.07593018561601639,
-0.861905038356781,
-0.3894026577472687,
0.5015364289283752,
0.25527384877204895,
0.6756318807601929,
-0.09127513319253922,
-0.09274330735206604,
-0.4626786410808563,
0.4563405513763428,
-0.4689277112483978,
-0.26274964213371277,
0.029883576557040215,
-0.3992990553379059,
0.9539574980735779,
-0.3696763515472412,
0.26750433444976807,
-0.07361175864934921,
0.17730720341205597,
-0.026825377717614174,
0.19228728115558624,
-0.36170628666877747,
-0.42134180665016174,
0.06349315494298935,
0.08277151733636856,
-0.024820325896143913,
0.24669380486011505,
0.6091890335083008,
-0.3912573456764221,
-0.30062901973724365,
0.26774123311042786,
-0.10528875887393951,
-0.007619649637490511,
-0.05166558548808098,
0.3130049705505371,
-0.18640555441379547,
0.1844182312488556,
0.43950653076171875,
0.012773695401847363,
0.1062178835272789,
-0.19248396158218384,
0.8508250713348389,
-0.13144952058792114,
-0.14910776913166046,
-0.8454479575157166,
0.37001338601112366,
-0.3770727813243866,
-0.14275005459785461,
0.1849684715270996,
0.01197694893926382,
0.013516427017748356,
0.3523370921611786,
-0.013363469392061234,
0.08221958577632904,
0.2362166941165924,
0.11226853728294373,
0.46826282143592834,
0.08763191848993301,
0.22830791771411896,
-0.26983562111854553,
0.06622256338596344,
0.38520950078964233,
0.03114824928343296,
-0.5106483101844788,
0.017926165834069252,
0.07318966835737228,
0.22739656269550323,
-0.24462783336639404,
-0.6070762872695923,
0.32154321670532227,
-0.08390708267688751,
1.1894075870513916,
-1.3457276821136475,
-0.16075454652309418,
-0.11371048539876938,
0.3513692021369934,
-0.0033543831668794155,
0.8750879764556885,
0.16281723976135254,
-0.21957562863826752,
0.6991919875144958,
-0.014805692248046398,
-0.6900051236152649,
-0.6372104287147522,
0.42723599076271057,
-0.3650067150592804,
0.7580475807189941,
0.0038193410728126764,
-0.1544855833053589,
-0.08698724955320358,
0.5269994735717773,
-0.3766314685344696,
0.039845600724220276,
0.14543649554252625,
-0.6194579601287842,
0.46776047348976135,
-0.475571870803833,
0.07264623045921326,
-0.3909679651260376,
-0.43836191296577454,
0.2591298222541809,
0.26361989974975586,
0.2373829334974289,
-0.24538645148277283,
0.3210239112377167,
-0.9993606209754944,
-0.01613464206457138,
-0.18035705387592316,
-0.0650668740272522,
0.03192295879125595,
-0.38541939854621887,
-0.2117472141981125,
-0.3813570737838745,
-0.14942921698093414,
0.44767889380455017,
-0.36785224080085754,
-0.06755883991718292,
-0.21509161591529846,
-0.23215220868587494,
-0.17021843791007996,
-0.09220558404922485,
-0.5250401496887207,
-0.40318167209625244,
0.8621072173118591
] |
232053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizencephaly | Schizencephaly | Schizencephaly () is a rare birth defect characterized by abnormal clefts lined with grey matter that form the ependyma of the cerebral ventricles to the pia mater. These clefts can occur bilaterally or unilaterally. Common clinical features of this malformation include epilepsy, motor deficits, and psychomotor retardation.
Presentation
Schizencephaly can be distinguished from porencephaly by the fact that in schizencephaly, the fluid-filled component is entirely lined by heterotopic grey matter, while a porencephalic cyst is lined mostly by white matter. Individuals with clefts in both hemispheres, or bilateral clefts, are often developmentally delayed and have delayed speech and language skills and corticospinal dysfunction. Individuals with smaller, unilateral clefts (clefts in one hemisphere) may be weak or paralyzed on one side of the body and may have average or near-average intelligence. Patients with schizencephaly may also have varying degrees of microcephaly, Cognitive impairment, hemiparesis (weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body), or quadriparesis (weakness or paralysis affecting all four extremities), and may have reduced muscle tone (hypotonia). Most patients have seizures, and some may have hydrocephalus.
Causes
In schizencephaly, the neurons border the edge of the cleft, implying a very early disruption of the usual grey matter migration during embryogenesis. The cause of the disruption is not known, but likely the cause may be either genetic or a physical insult, such as infection, infarction, hemorrhage, in utero stroke, exposure to a toxin, or mutation. It is thought that normal neuron migration during the second trimester of intrauterine development, when primitive neuron precursors (germinal matrix) migrate from just beneath the ventricular ependyma to the peripheral hemispheres where they form the cortical grey matter.
Genetic
There was once thought to be a genetic association with the EMX2 gene, although this theory has recently lost support. However it has been confirmed that mutations in the COL4A1 gene occur in some patients with schizencephaly.
In utero infections
Schizencephaly may also be caused by environmental toxin exposure during pregnancy, infection during pregnancy (such as Cytomegalovirus), or a vascular insult. Often there are additional associated heterotopias (isolated islands of neurons) which indicate a failure of migration of the neurons to their final position in the brain caused by possible stroke.
Diagnosis
Radiological methods like computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - unilateral or bilateral clefting of the brain.
Genetic testing for confirmation of mutations in the genes associated with susceptibility to the condition.
Treatment
Treatment for individuals with schizencephaly generally consists of physical therapy (KG-ZNS with Vojta Methode), occupational therapy (with specific emphasis on neuro-developmental therapy techniques), treatment for seizures, and, in cases that are complicated by hydrocephalus, a shunt.
Prognosis
The prognosis for individuals with schizencephaly varies depending on the size of the clefts and the degree of neurological deficit.
Frequency
In some cases, the defect is linked to mutations of the EMX2, SIX3, and Collagen, type IV, alpha 1 genes. Because having a sibling with schizencephaly has been statistically shown to increase risk of the disorder, it is possible that there is a heritable genetic component to the disease.
References
9.^ Herrera Ortiz, A., & Ortiz Sandoval, H. (2021). Open Lip Schizencephaly: A Case Report. Revista Cuarzo, 26(2), 27-29. https://doi.org/10.26752/cuarzo.v26.n2.510
External links
OMIM entries on Familial Schizencephaly, SIX3-Related
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Rare diseases | [
-0.016713619232177734,
0.6492941975593567,
-0.6023823618888855,
0.007010033819824457,
-0.025881314650177956,
0.5089719891548157,
0.9420432448387146,
1.0769832134246826,
-0.30561384558677673,
-0.6187266707420349,
-0.7346302270889282,
0.28807884454727173,
0.10062597692012787,
0.6774150133132935,
0.1157013550400734,
-0.2608163356781006,
1.0197359323501587,
0.25874564051628113,
-0.11919023841619492,
-0.01703771948814392,
-0.31220999360084534,
-0.6430298686027527,
0.40805426239967346,
-0.23831383883953094,
-0.20555678009986877,
-0.26464900374412537,
-0.2908782362937927,
-0.2035936415195465,
0.3365459442138672,
-0.4277160167694092,
0.0873757153749466,
0.5609760284423828,
0.6662132740020752,
-0.4320615530014038,
-0.42225202918052673,
-0.3254394233226776,
-0.09451939910650253,
-0.7558305859565735,
-0.48117539286613464,
-0.3945646286010742,
0.07770330458879471,
-0.12600484490394592,
0.3430388271808624,
0.03995708376169205,
-0.9043878316879272,
-0.0059129707515239716,
-1.7057374715805054,
0.6640000343322754,
-0.41861388087272644,
0.16588367521762848,
0.15754571557044983,
0.045415084809064865,
0.8180362582206726,
0.15818224847316742,
0.07499875873327255,
0.15148594975471497,
-0.9435321092605591,
-0.3653923273086548,
0.6393062472343445,
-0.3802736699581146,
0.446807861328125,
-0.08890265226364136,
0.13639798760414124,
-0.20323902368545532,
-0.13660533726215363,
0.04341181367635727,
-0.2192295491695404,
0.3396506607532501,
-1.0808459520339966,
0.059926871210336685,
-0.3093946874141693,
-0.255497008562088,
0.4753877520561218,
0.29267916083335876,
-0.3163687288761139,
0.26124483346939087,
-0.3414508104324341,
0.021570777520537376,
0.7605807185173035,
-0.3518226146697998,
-0.3531246781349182,
0.6111418008804321,
0.3351074755191803,
0.35353150963783264,
0.07587389647960663,
0.22544662654399872,
-0.8162215948104858,
1.0141671895980835,
-0.43396106362342834,
0.08617506176233292,
-0.27503731846809387,
-0.1480410099029541,
0.4656914472579956,
0.14059989154338837,
-0.3676353693008423,
-0.2474847286939621,
0.7320268750190735,
-0.28462648391723633,
0.056722234934568405,
0.08340614289045334,
0.14923153817653656,
0.4091649353504181,
0.39817702770233154,
-0.02980312518775463,
-0.24916145205497742,
-0.041292112320661545,
0.07183456420898438,
0.35250696539878845,
-0.40100377798080444,
-0.31926441192626953,
-0.9581308960914612,
-0.40314847230911255,
-0.44964516162872314,
-0.22879064083099365,
-0.9820189476013184,
0.03537161275744438,
-0.41775915026664734,
-0.058150939643383026,
0.035448506474494934,
-0.9815532565116882,
-0.2836061716079712,
-0.390608012676239,
-0.24029575288295746,
-0.0790146216750145,
-0.3939724266529083,
0.6655914187431335,
-0.17987842857837677,
0.5307473540306091,
0.3720542788505554,
0.35093218088150024,
-0.11710774898529053,
0.2464384287595749,
0.3521026074886322,
-0.271293580532074,
0.4185890853404999,
-0.506833016872406,
0.055551186203956604,
0.04102300852537155,
0.9656224250793457,
0.45708146691322327,
-0.35656824707984924,
-0.1266898512840271,
-0.9715978503227234,
0.07088761031627655,
0.2746991515159607,
-0.6220250725746155,
-0.23803584277629852,
0.23408560454845428,
-0.15401987731456757,
-0.4321187734603882,
-0.253429651260376,
-0.08724098652601242,
-0.03310507535934448,
-0.23250553011894226,
-0.21515390276908875,
-0.04460377246141434,
-0.04279640316963196,
-0.6738986968994141,
0.6316081881523132,
0.1337611824274063,
0.35676389932632446,
0.1658654510974884,
-0.3236630856990814,
0.39596882462501526,
-0.09295671433210373,
-0.21473410725593567,
0.677223265171051,
0.13229729235172272,
-0.561492383480072,
0.8162785172462463,
-0.08511780947446823,
0.21351328492164612,
0.6561902761459351,
-0.2144351452589035,
-0.22363023459911346,
-0.06348426640033722,
-0.046650342643260956,
0.0948193147778511,
0.825742244720459,
-0.3004665672779083,
-0.6233409643173218,
0.18455657362937927,
0.44904839992523193,
-0.2514518201351166,
-0.1620316505432129,
-0.03452511131763458,
0.2835654318332672,
0.24430391192436218,
-0.8483081459999084,
-0.3454536199569702,
-0.5216808319091797,
-0.7204505205154419,
0.6123023629188538,
0.1615622192621231,
1.435612440109253,
-0.27270928025245667,
-0.3663331866264343,
0.3920445442199707,
0.30875343084335327,
0.5005505084991455,
0.16807490587234497,
-0.630275547504425,
0.2643360197544098,
0.2135084569454193,
-0.4930524528026581,
0.46782734990119934,
-0.19742588698863983,
0.35284021496772766,
0.29644346237182617,
0.26086604595184326,
0.2859596908092499,
-0.765728771686554,
0.4619899094104767,
-0.09900669753551483,
0.04689387232065201,
-0.5086025595664978,
-0.5791610479354858,
0.2569252550601959,
-0.2569456398487091,
-0.29678666591644287,
0.3552061915397644,
-0.44982507824897766,
-0.3187639117240906,
0.47809070348739624,
0.20109286904335022,
0.8737291097640991,
0.5427938103675842,
-0.13471463322639465,
0.8505266308784485,
-0.5925091505050659,
-0.13461732864379883,
-0.22443562746047974,
0.4361644983291626,
-0.2701539695262909,
0.14871756732463837,
0.16251416504383087,
0.3236842155456543,
-0.577684223651886,
0.28169938921928406,
-0.36218130588531494,
-0.3252364695072174,
0.1636461317539215,
-0.5777137279510498,
-0.11257186532020569,
0.33611544966697693,
0.00845116563141346,
-0.45026084780693054,
0.6126666069030762,
-0.6537495851516724,
0.12166038900613785,
0.03780677914619446,
0.7500272393226624,
-0.13800983130931854,
-0.43535366654396057,
0.032661259174346924,
-0.04411247745156288,
0.546364963054657,
0.013425196520984173,
0.05069686099886894,
-0.16246846318244934,
-0.30166205763816833,
0.3542056977748871,
0.22233320772647858,
0.2219202220439911,
-0.3705674409866333,
-0.2951543927192688,
0.19827580451965332,
-0.05049757659435272,
0.858087420463562,
-0.09546685963869095,
0.9660466313362122,
-0.23363308608531952,
-0.7019523978233337,
0.20471084117889404,
-0.2872765064239502,
-0.27097755670547485,
-0.22850391268730164,
0.05656857043504715,
-0.6186344027519226,
0.17586612701416016,
-0.15807104110717773,
0.559778094291687,
-0.1284191757440567,
0.4367355704307556,
-0.1877446174621582,
0.17781898379325867,
0.037053462117910385,
-0.21911486983299255,
0.19004489481449127,
-0.5664055943489075,
-0.3123936057090759,
0.6126776337623596,
-0.1776573657989502,
0.36112967133522034,
0.026676662266254425,
-0.11078683286905289,
0.42931416630744934,
0.2053505778312683,
0.07079502940177917,
-0.468429833650589,
-0.18308980762958527,
0.7314828038215637,
0.014568979851901531,
0.06583775579929352,
0.3332992196083069,
0.5224021077156067,
0.057862117886543274,
-0.2607646584510803,
-5.3372483253479,
0.29858270287513733,
0.05355597287416458,
-0.8269832730293274,
0.7616698741912842,
0.2534480690956116,
0.1950499266386032,
0.08556556701660156,
-0.4898177683353424,
0.3027796447277069,
-0.1761624962091446,
0.15581876039505005,
-0.541789710521698,
-0.21769799292087555,
-0.28469783067703247,
-0.259370356798172,
-1.094006061553955,
-0.4192831218242645,
0.02677036076784134,
0.24621936678886414,
-0.12639851868152618,
0.12727002799510956,
0.40038228034973145,
0.9920293092727661,
-0.08724333345890045,
0.38566210865974426,
-0.1681458204984665,
0.14173167943954468,
-1.1088634729385376,
0.02320321649312973,
-0.3123433291912079,
-0.20127809047698975,
0.0342765636742115,
0.018148045986890793,
-0.860514223575592,
0.04813486337661743,
0.41657423973083496,
-0.1402042657136917,
0.6899369359016418,
-0.08493706583976746,
-0.7356931567192078,
0.22430133819580078,
-0.03310307860374451,
0.09062138944864273,
0.7815697193145752,
-0.2167671024799347,
-0.14986740052700043,
-0.25236883759498596,
-0.21646636724472046,
0.982915461063385,
-0.08543119579553604,
0.003378006163984537,
-0.23577506840229034,
0.7851171493530273,
0.1863994151353836,
0.4012557864189148,
0.7327432632446289,
-0.308736652135849,
-0.7389460802078247,
0.2376052439212799,
0.3160235583782196,
0.059494175016880035,
-0.459391325712204,
-0.5281209945678711,
0.4535876512527466,
-0.7428478002548218,
-0.6984733939170837,
0.5154359936714172,
0.6087141633033752,
0.1555439829826355,
0.13148081302642822,
0.043491967022418976,
0.4792288839817047,
-0.9036253690719604,
0.5210368037223816,
-0.57147216796875,
-0.6261610388755798,
-0.02868487313389778,
0.24109472334384918,
0.22808334231376648,
0.07800775021314621,
-0.006052066572010517,
0.08529645949602127,
0.07172723859548569,
-0.022466273978352547,
-0.3037894666194916,
-0.5697529911994934,
0.5169549584388733,
0.08085175603628159,
-0.29185548424720764,
0.5307069420814514,
0.5012136101722717,
0.18550094962120056,
-0.05947224423289299,
-0.509252667427063,
0.9820729494094849,
0.15263450145721436,
1.4177625179290771,
0.7004935145378113,
0.2474064826965332,
0.47130078077316284,
-0.5565873980522156,
-0.25018805265426636,
0.14204291999340057,
-0.34794896841049194,
-0.4017435312271118,
-0.36959823966026306,
0.5965436100959778,
0.6839507818222046,
-0.5955929756164551,
0.14839860796928406,
0.09842202812433243,
-0.6640381813049316,
-0.41696399450302124,
0.13590975105762482,
-0.10176099836826324,
-0.7501415610313416,
0.4285198450088501,
0.7519575357437134,
-0.8723469376564026,
0.5766894221305847,
0.5165716409683228,
-0.5249688029289246,
0.32859164476394653,
0.18389654159545898,
0.13918982446193695,
0.2074251025915146,
0.38354796171188354,
-0.23752573132514954,
-0.09815020859241486,
-0.40662476420402527,
-0.18746498227119446,
0.23423132300376892,
-0.1715671718120575,
-0.18725906312465668,
-0.8746113777160645,
-0.18580342829227448,
0.4211178421974182,
-0.3330175578594208,
-0.3414759337902069,
0.44919729232788086,
0.0572972372174263,
-0.252392053604126,
0.11266066879034042,
0.6059732437133789,
-0.2053043693304062,
-0.7649688124656677,
-0.31353330612182617,
-0.6407231092453003,
0.1053638607263565,
0.31048184633255005,
-0.515572726726532,
0.11768194288015366,
-0.2072688490152359,
-0.265267014503479,
0.4676911532878876,
-0.04912392795085907,
0.20880943536758423,
-0.21789619326591492,
-0.16628894209861755,
-0.16615182161331177,
-0.37137269973754883,
-1.2199903726577759,
-0.08414293080568314,
0.09078443050384521,
-0.30060237646102905,
-0.07995813339948654,
-1.0587263107299805,
-0.37428948283195496,
0.1691317856311798,
-0.26522567868232727,
0.1625477820634842,
-0.11690703779459,
-0.1576574295759201,
0.5038836002349854,
-0.13313792645931244,
-0.5249925851821899,
0.07640775293111801,
0.5447260737419128,
0.2079446166753769,
-0.2282715141773224,
-0.30955156683921814,
0.456269234418869,
0.580194890499115,
0.34847933053970337,
0.219087153673172,
-0.1322678178548813,
0.09191301465034485,
-0.35944998264312744,
-0.1357308179140091,
0.00027497942210175097,
-0.3169350028038025,
-0.0018255581380799413,
0.5650001764297485,
0.03497232124209404,
0.3849792182445526,
-0.8229900598526001,
0.13444668054580688,
0.20141223073005676,
-0.27970439195632935,
-0.22900530695915222,
0.04762514680624008,
0.11625981330871582,
0.07936607301235199,
1.5015875101089478,
-0.6198904514312744,
0.7210463285446167,
-0.3204479217529297,
-1.0061538219451904,
0.7558984756469727,
-0.06702225655317307,
-0.4804874360561371,
-0.14808301627635956,
0.3570006787776947,
-0.28878122568130493,
-0.38742703199386597,
0.22003993391990662,
-0.8860073089599609,
-0.6577814817428589,
0.1600823998451233,
0.3652651906013489,
0.07159924507141113,
-0.20261946320533752,
-0.3695751130580902,
-0.6299774646759033,
-0.07012905180454254,
0.23100635409355164,
-0.1818714290857315,
1.67188560962677,
-0.08999315649271011,
-0.32954660058021545,
0.09444723278284073,
-0.06312569230794907,
0.07271400094032288,
-0.043910641223192215,
-0.35906171798706055,
0.29279497265815735,
0.18189136683940887,
0.21097946166992188,
-0.03550269082188606,
1.0168330669403076,
0.5132774710655212,
-0.0005646072095260024,
0.15222468972206116,
-0.28127118945121765,
0.33810341358184814,
-0.11608821898698807,
-0.8562629818916321,
-0.16095450520515442,
0.3441506624221802,
0.4225718677043915,
-0.23573099076747894,
-0.020313065499067307,
-0.0862821638584137,
0.4940851330757141,
-0.11326286941766739,
0.12924343347549438,
-0.48724886775016785,
0.07411900162696838,
0.20913881063461304,
-0.3417222201824188,
0.05240973085165024,
0.3985097408294678,
0.45848211646080017,
0.23521985113620758,
-0.3657403290271759,
-0.40665900707244873,
0.41792410612106323,
0.2253991961479187,
-0.5819975137710571,
-0.061526719480752945,
-0.2342660129070282,
0.8607490658760071,
-0.5546000003814697,
-0.31145739555358887,
0.14789368212223053,
-0.12898984551429749,
-0.6085591316223145,
0.10993606597185135,
0.16059044003486633,
0.01091067399829626,
-0.5823628306388855,
-0.016925955191254616,
-0.06603134423494339,
0.429779052734375,
-0.5389537215232849,
0.020646629855036736,
-0.5247845649719238,
-0.29330459237098694,
0.10034030675888062,
-0.4799538552761078,
0.04258845001459122,
-0.1792674958705902,
0.03346725553274155,
0.08221812546253204,
-0.013912107795476913,
-0.5245420336723328,
0.5742892026901245,
0.08812054991722107,
0.11584394425153732,
-0.4299435615539551,
0.11292089521884918,
0.2726939022541046,
-0.794453501701355,
0.2490798681974411,
0.1251484900712967,
-0.427634596824646,
-0.9803890585899353,
-0.05173683911561966,
-0.04622625187039375,
0.23744644224643707,
0.272341787815094,
-0.16239869594573975,
0.7698183655738831,
0.11144101619720459,
-0.00501022394746542,
0.23925751447677612,
-0.28548866510391235,
-0.01745014637708664,
0.7787321209907532,
0.05762698873877525,
0.7502959370613098,
0.4216417074203491,
-0.36376142501831055,
-0.3879205286502838,
0.3064022362232208,
0.10129942744970322,
0.06449998170137405,
0.6868212819099426,
0.9335131645202637,
0.7670291066169739,
0.3323456943035126,
0.033078987151384354,
0.9745717644691467,
0.41266369819641113,
-0.6919698715209961,
0.31361663341522217,
-0.7841401696205139,
-0.16331152617931366,
0.20378920435905457,
0.4345637261867523,
0.5694184899330139,
-0.04489780217409134,
0.06405811756849289,
-0.45270347595214844,
0.5413863062858582,
0.24192647635936737,
0.5723414421081543,
-0.024826738983392715,
-0.18976755440235138,
0.5267801880836487,
-0.5282475352287292,
0.33918169140815735,
-0.25666868686676025,
-0.10001520812511444,
0.27172136306762695,
-0.10019920021295547,
-0.010634928941726685,
-0.7324747443199158,
-0.07367070764303207,
-0.9653344750404358,
0.34590980410575867,
0.2137720286846161,
0.06960006803274155,
0.032868389040231705,
-0.12655635178089142,
0.2834521532058716,
-0.08890355378389359,
0.3506770431995392,
-0.15435820817947388,
0.11953768879175186,
-0.013711990788578987,
-0.1417798548936844,
-0.11801638454198837,
-0.09776981174945831,
-0.10851826518774033,
-0.15256352722644806,
0.6064813137054443,
-0.0750681534409523,
-0.3934022784233093,
-0.4524582028388977,
-0.5155859589576721,
-0.5184067487716675,
0.2816031575202942,
0.09763040393590927,
-0.23118847608566284,
0.09384556859731674,
0.39357990026474,
-0.37440890073776245,
0.6530364155769348,
-0.3239862024784088,
-0.0373670868575573,
0.6058962941169739,
-0.16988085210323334,
0.4759967625141144,
-0.0673600360751152,
-0.37035539746284485,
0.38878899812698364,
0.19837644696235657,
0.12041595578193665,
-0.4021011292934418,
0.26622262597084045,
0.012938158586621284,
-0.2891805171966553,
-0.6814282536506653,
0.23388725519180298,
0.6871346235275269,
0.41537153720855713,
-1.0591857433319092,
-0.5808092355728149,
0.14075569808483124,
0.45951277017593384,
-0.2648659348487854,
1.1773743629455566,
0.3651430606842041,
0.13794581592082977,
0.8697746992111206,
0.3813052475452423,
-0.28427043557167053,
-0.864925742149353,
0.2810194790363312,
-0.048225998878479004,
0.5616082549095154,
-0.02582491561770439,
0.09996189177036285,
0.3513396382331848,
0.6699493527412415,
-0.1827772855758667,
-0.6884800791740417,
0.3032776415348053,
-0.8706039190292358,
0.17367257177829742,
-0.27417176961898804,
0.5350112915039062,
-0.26313358545303345,
-0.3840830624103546,
0.5020560026168823,
0.08537042140960693,
0.1709452122449875,
-0.01759406365454197,
0.0852566733956337,
-0.5759404897689819,
-0.1418112814426422,
0.10455139726400375,
0.13572098314762115,
0.014155082404613495,
-0.4762316644191742,
-0.1387069821357727,
-0.06095604971051216,
-0.2773372530937195,
0.38597023487091064,
-0.3264245092868805,
-0.14394010603427887,
-0.4835911989212036,
0.008526816964149475,
-0.10516096651554108,
-0.11897482722997665,
-0.23138822615146637,
-0.5361660718917847,
0.4943724274635315
] |
232055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exencephaly | Exencephaly | Exencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder wherein the brain is located outside of the skull. This condition is usually found in embryos as an early stage of anencephaly. As an exencephalic pregnancy progresses, the neural tissue gradually degenerates.
The prognosis for infants born with exencephaly is extremely poor. It is rare to find an infant born with exencephaly, as most cases that are not early stages of anencephaly are usually stillborn. Those infants who are born with the condition usually die within hours or minutes. Caused by the failure of cranial neuropore to properly fuse, between the 3rd and 4th week post conception. The calvarium doesn't develop/fuse properly, therefore the brain extrudes from the cranium.
Pathophysiology
Until recently, the medical literature did not indicate a connection among many genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that are now being found to be related. As a result of new genetic research, some of these are, in fact, highly related in their root cause despite the widely varying set of medical symptoms that are clinically visible in the disorders. Exencephaly is one disease that has recently been identified as part of an emerging class of diseases called cilopathies. The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary cilia structures of the cell, organelles which are present in many cell types throughout the human body. The cilia defects adversely affect "numerous critical developmental signaling pathways" essential to cellular development and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often multi-symptom nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases. Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alström syndrome, Meckel–Gruber syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.
See also
Anencephaly
Notes
External links
NINDS Overview
Obgyn.net
Congenital disorders of nervous system | [
0.192812979221344,
0.7332117557525635,
-0.49888068437576294,
0.05646611005067825,
-0.26582443714141846,
0.3485405445098877,
0.6370536088943481,
0.46883517503738403,
-0.184554785490036,
-0.6015793681144714,
-0.5694905519485474,
0.49386414885520935,
-0.2769911289215088,
0.1798384040594101,
-0.07575660943984985,
0.24744920432567596,
0.5654317736625671,
0.4639880955219269,
-0.43033432960510254,
-0.15124517679214478,
0.013367841020226479,
-0.4996614456176758,
0.10458085685968399,
-0.29173505306243896,
-0.14625351130962372,
-0.44935479760169983,
0.012020180933177471,
-0.0023636582773178816,
0.3823949098587036,
-0.3436947464942932,
-0.5271125435829163,
0.40284010767936707,
0.08900478482246399,
-0.4865718483924866,
0.05417943745851517,
0.1891622096300125,
-0.38340306282043457,
-0.8107420802116394,
0.010929301381111145,
-0.28087225556373596,
0.4382249712944031,
0.021192651242017746,
-0.15679526329040527,
0.19416505098342896,
-0.8109508156776428,
-0.2564733922481537,
-1.8236913681030273,
0.4212401509284973,
-0.772575318813324,
0.11154131591320038,
-0.10597623139619827,
-0.13941490650177002,
0.41368240118026733,
0.363882452249527,
0.08802323043346405,
0.5700323581695557,
-1.384169101715088,
-0.7186834216117859,
0.9266606569290161,
0.1349065750837326,
0.6127423644065857,
-0.025515466928482056,
-0.3342040479183197,
-0.14354878664016724,
-0.45671871304512024,
-0.18351247906684875,
0.01165534183382988,
0.6150401830673218,
-0.8471385836601257,
-0.20262008905410767,
-0.17230388522148132,
-0.10237911343574524,
0.24408100545406342,
-0.028430389240384102,
-0.5550968050956726,
0.2409631460905075,
0.408121258020401,
-0.576915979385376,
0.4583316147327423,
-0.08320801705121994,
-0.48912012577056885,
0.7183078527450562,
0.4515710473060608,
0.17605268955230713,
-0.03224273771047592,
0.16408953070640564,
-0.5310136675834656,
0.7300924062728882,
-0.5335018038749695,
0.03453461080789566,
-0.1284053921699524,
0.02774048037827015,
0.20886807143688202,
0.1875232458114624,
-0.16926611959934235,
0.34352347254753113,
0.6109669804573059,
-0.4912277162075043,
0.31605738401412964,
0.14610077440738678,
0.3048354387283325,
0.41316765546798706,
-0.2545279562473297,
-0.23901021480560303,
0.5680508017539978,
-0.09017691761255264,
0.147322416305542,
-0.6371145844459534,
-0.17565606534481049,
-0.6866272687911987,
-1.242591381072998,
0.04978574812412262,
-0.26871153712272644,
-0.07802020758390427,
-0.6507176160812378,
-0.14832818508148193,
0.39158737659454346,
0.404092401266098,
-0.28874072432518005,
-0.5224847197532654,
-0.0962524488568306,
0.35887423157691956,
-0.2155393660068512,
-0.0869990736246109,
-0.5135760307312012,
0.312561571598053,
-0.2782226800918579,
0.5545826554298401,
-0.11605966091156006,
-0.06903844326734543,
0.4490010440349579,
0.4604417383670807,
0.04492190480232239,
-0.1431730091571808,
0.5390617251396179,
-0.3217293322086334,
0.24313512444496155,
-0.026967808604240417,
0.6424310803413391,
0.09814861416816711,
-0.3453370928764343,
-0.8031445145606995,
-1.2588062286376953,
0.29357051849365234,
0.47719836235046387,
-0.7162226438522339,
-0.6264224052429199,
0.3699020743370056,
0.027163751423358917,
0.13849222660064697,
-0.12521935999393463,
-0.0463750883936882,
-0.137949600815773,
0.16328902542591095,
-0.1205119714140892,
0.16289003193378448,
-0.0051870811730623245,
-0.5287284255027771,
0.7088409066200256,
0.3719576895236969,
0.1250428855419159,
-0.3498421311378479,
-0.5516293048858643,
-0.20917300879955292,
-0.30326998233795166,
0.14647641777992249,
0.6027753949165344,
0.29130885004997253,
-0.5672668218612671,
0.44047975540161133,
-0.5695475339889526,
-0.11422692239284515,
0.6828776001930237,
-0.2973252236843109,
0.131829172372818,
-0.03824982792139053,
0.17135287821292877,
0.5396700501441956,
0.29359424114227295,
-0.41095170378685,
-0.7070974111557007,
-0.12559524178504944,
0.14252564311027527,
-0.7450581192970276,
0.309670090675354,
0.14738096296787262,
0.28477728366851807,
-0.0694502666592598,
-0.7285722494125366,
-0.547882616519928,
0.03318797051906586,
-0.44614455103874207,
0.8353632092475891,
-0.3490803837776184,
1.7339316606521606,
-0.3112918734550476,
-0.860503613948822,
-0.11063571274280548,
0.07434985041618347,
0.393903523683548,
0.20272816717624664,
-0.6669933795928955,
0.6598119735717773,
-0.0344926156103611,
0.029979240149259567,
0.7667294144630432,
0.0076581561006605625,
-0.26679563522338867,
0.2845824062824249,
0.39374327659606934,
0.7544302940368652,
-0.32877445220947266,
0.16179965436458588,
-0.12254005670547485,
0.24576246738433838,
-0.2878775894641876,
-0.6063251495361328,
0.2501906752586365,
-0.43831127882003784,
-0.15848341584205627,
0.2009870857000351,
-0.3537429869174957,
-0.079067662358284,
0.6042211651802063,
-0.10677588731050491,
1.1780517101287842,
-0.03547680005431175,
-0.18192800879478455,
0.9445686340332031,
-0.8546788096427917,
-0.23888999223709106,
0.16959156095981598,
0.3751024901866913,
-0.1839975118637085,
-0.3236422836780548,
-0.026068273931741714,
0.34893110394477844,
-0.5157443284988403,
0.1756337732076645,
-0.2793453335762024,
-0.21717442572116852,
0.37943190336227417,
-0.6575484871864319,
0.052954550832509995,
0.27556291222572327,
0.09997923672199249,
-0.3399578928947449,
0.5256897211074829,
-0.8591774106025696,
0.11334212124347687,
-0.43667247891426086,
0.7439321279525757,
0.1860407441854477,
-0.847107470035553,
0.7876333594322205,
-0.3012063801288605,
0.5439913868904114,
-0.17073877155780792,
-0.07307979464530945,
-0.34485122561454773,
-0.3639075458049774,
0.35697516798973083,
0.13496659696102142,
0.04937220364809036,
0.014950023032724857,
-0.7385727763175964,
0.054141685366630554,
-0.05359036475419998,
0.7579211592674255,
-0.4001164138317108,
1.4098864793777466,
-0.36267542839050293,
-0.45529305934906006,
0.12118907272815704,
-0.12898986041545868,
-0.01533171534538269,
-0.37695610523223877,
0.0392816960811615,
-0.5193986892700195,
-0.23117056488990784,
0.22774706780910492,
0.7369928956031799,
0.2642650008201599,
0.44400084018707275,
-0.2723383605480194,
0.032924652099609375,
-0.2052677422761917,
-0.37473171949386597,
0.02190040610730648,
-0.6387206315994263,
-0.4121361970901489,
0.4216628670692444,
0.47691524028778076,
0.05184631422162056,
-0.2906193435192108,
0.5278019905090332,
0.08398845791816711,
0.2022387981414795,
0.16490915417671204,
-0.37692487239837646,
-0.30820438265800476,
0.47625041007995605,
-0.7908588647842407,
0.020066022872924805,
0.1968792974948883,
0.15300175547599792,
-0.3494698405265808,
0.487684965133667,
-5.43498420715332,
0.06305715441703796,
-0.16144302487373352,
-0.4144967198371887,
0.6260746121406555,
0.4150635004043579,
0.21918337047100067,
-0.09883983433246613,
-0.5566959977149963,
-0.05524029582738876,
0.049219269305467606,
-0.05742507427930832,
-0.164935901761055,
0.5298720598220825,
-0.18520985543727875,
-0.007451515644788742,
-0.475260853767395,
-0.5277762413024902,
0.12388923764228821,
-0.08778481930494308,
-0.1869632750749588,
0.5719044208526611,
-0.2966936230659485,
0.3713705241680145,
-0.18627014756202698,
0.1515122950077057,
-0.5646806359291077,
0.2457619309425354,
-0.4752558171749115,
-0.021425211802124977,
-0.09965868294239044,
-0.3471236824989319,
-0.0476052388548851,
0.12010931223630905,
-0.3325245678424835,
0.5846683382987976,
0.40276843309402466,
-0.11730043590068817,
-0.00931484904140234,
-0.5571015477180481,
-0.875971257686615,
-0.046047624200582504,
0.13291536271572113,
0.0915617123246193,
0.7052462100982666,
-0.6087497472763062,
-0.4800805449485779,
-0.40259701013565063,
-0.13586929440498352,
0.5710822939872742,
-0.43627065420150757,
-0.21292129158973694,
-0.207710862159729,
0.262662798166275,
0.5155993103981018,
0.04376895725727081,
0.9047786593437195,
-0.18708361685276031,
-0.11535431444644928,
0.11577877402305603,
0.7224401831626892,
-0.3448641896247864,
-0.40027379989624023,
-0.738201379776001,
0.23615945875644684,
0.11805021017789841,
-0.18685084581375122,
-0.03125904127955437,
0.8307618498802185,
0.24742089211940765,
0.2343292236328125,
0.3359600305557251,
-0.307272344827652,
-0.9116725325584412,
0.31864020228385925,
-0.08154509961605072,
-0.1642187088727951,
-0.2702433168888092,
0.20610083639621735,
0.2347697764635086,
0.031352449208498,
0.10274218022823334,
-0.34953606128692627,
0.12201078981161118,
0.036751922219991684,
-0.4039990305900574,
-0.10606739670038223,
0.7975537180900574,
-0.3121979236602783,
0.2064598798751831,
0.3797503113746643,
0.04149976745247841,
-0.027278879657387733,
0.63005131483078,
-0.4223162531852722,
0.8774670958518982,
0.3177269697189331,
1.0632591247558594,
0.626646101474762,
-0.20079700648784637,
0.6402373909950256,
-0.5855739116668701,
-0.004009226802736521,
-0.15756362676620483,
-0.26986151933670044,
-0.49493730068206787,
-0.36183714866638184,
0.567254900932312,
0.7065626382827759,
-0.20566634833812714,
0.10478238016366959,
0.5741012096405029,
0.006584370043128729,
-0.5353222489356995,
0.2298499494791031,
-0.2180701047182083,
-0.35757651925086975,
0.8012025356292725,
0.6596540808677673,
-0.4064885377883911,
0.311912477016449,
0.5553138256072998,
-0.34222105145454407,
-0.1924300342798233,
-0.07788560539484024,
0.2104295939207077,
0.184456929564476,
0.37022483348846436,
-0.3447874188423157,
-0.33361414074897766,
-0.35502058267593384,
0.15915057063102722,
0.21820324659347534,
0.4574686586856842,
-0.023456647992134094,
-0.9280763864517212,
-0.22010262310504913,
0.39455872774124146,
0.10858388245105743,
-0.6968676447868347,
0.6835319399833679,
-0.4564167857170105,
-0.15649370849132538,
0.2575324773788452,
0.5038968324661255,
-0.07987125962972641,
-0.4675334393978119,
-0.15297235548496246,
-0.7167223691940308,
0.4305565655231476,
0.5892449617385864,
-0.370198518037796,
0.2005261331796646,
-0.13828735053539276,
-0.18270047008991241,
0.5397132635116577,
-0.07144556194543839,
0.06775197386741638,
-0.014861047267913818,
-0.49018746614456177,
-0.008659503422677517,
-0.13158154487609863,
-1.0905804634094238,
0.00852447934448719,
0.1210075244307518,
-0.27810123562812805,
-0.549138605594635,
-0.7001807689666748,
-0.23845428228378296,
0.31793954968452454,
-0.4814293086528778,
-0.16993141174316406,
-0.2704865634441376,
-0.403329998254776,
0.5877962708473206,
-0.40772902965545654,
-0.2856175899505615,
0.6489675641059875,
0.19595681130886078,
-0.33758875727653503,
-0.03553919121623039,
0.2588648200035095,
0.11093950271606445,
-0.05201047658920288,
0.8495813608169556,
-0.1887979358434677,
0.07930588722229004,
-0.1484472006559372,
-0.3484843969345093,
-0.47621867060661316,
-0.17181532084941864,
0.09843282401561737,
-0.020976994186639786,
0.3421946167945862,
0.06578423082828522,
0.4385286569595337,
-0.39951980113983154,
0.17829689383506775,
0.13330772519111633,
-0.21406656503677368,
0.28088271617889404,
0.6558334827423096,
0.11328326910734177,
0.3727668225765228,
1.151174783706665,
-0.37437212467193604,
0.3211660087108612,
-0.21403861045837402,
-0.5051332116127014,
0.7376667261123657,
-0.00985394325107336,
-0.24602079391479492,
-0.5388216972351074,
0.33779698610305786,
-0.06488532572984695,
-0.09979574382305145,
0.2685827612876892,
-0.6622825860977173,
-0.46806877851486206,
0.11733420938253403,
0.2944749593734741,
0.2254772186279297,
0.16103124618530273,
0.014756410382688046,
-0.535049557685852,
-0.3740132749080658,
0.5612145066261292,
-0.1090337336063385,
1.480796456336975,
0.1530098170042038,
-0.13678082823753357,
0.3291512727737427,
-0.047448717057704926,
-0.0626169815659523,
0.15008768439292908,
-0.4598449468612671,
0.7378138899803162,
0.32347235083580017,
-0.2979973256587982,
-0.08883431553840637,
0.9312583208084106,
0.4098641276359558,
0.02823806181550026,
0.08657678216695786,
-0.30183517932891846,
0.47562605142593384,
0.3311355412006378,
-0.9252744317054749,
-0.3205544948577881,
0.06616881489753723,
0.2419435679912567,
-0.11341536790132523,
-0.3206896185874939,
-0.13729676604270935,
0.7559717893600464,
-0.08343324810266495,
0.07773187756538391,
-0.6325171589851379,
0.3224062919616699,
-0.2634963095188141,
0.346994549036026,
-0.796002984046936,
0.09021053463220596,
0.4934512674808502,
-0.1896594762802124,
-0.195945605635643,
-0.3070010542869568,
0.18121682107448578,
0.3653389513492584,
-0.32033461332321167,
0.001785521861165762,
-0.1770908683538437,
0.36532944440841675,
0.18697649240493774,
-0.31055623292922974,
0.12119705229997635,
-0.11454683542251587,
-0.6838658452033997,
-0.22174488008022308,
0.048617132008075714,
0.2905876636505127,
-0.2267623096704483,
0.3076991140842438,
-0.10474412143230438,
0.25145524740219116,
-0.7661930322647095,
0.04416156932711601,
-0.7582032680511475,
0.03962182626128197,
-0.47098812460899353,
-0.7929098010063171,
0.1998419463634491,
0.30669111013412476,
-0.14558686316013336,
0.10199732333421707,
0.27403393387794495,
-0.3591133952140808,
0.49385637044906616,
0.11392705887556076,
-0.29841211438179016,
-0.8500645160675049,
0.2602608799934387,
0.2866484522819519,
-0.736108124256134,
0.3201824426651001,
0.10791818052530289,
-0.2554073631763458,
-0.40866518020629883,
-0.04088292270898819,
-0.14157183468341827,
0.07693567872047424,
-0.008094070479273796,
0.006627130322158337,
0.5828613638877869,
-0.010967276059091091,
-0.01445767842233181,
0.41808760166168213,
-0.4495188295841217,
-0.14350050687789917,
0.7870768904685974,
0.22714005410671234,
0.4028412103652954,
0.6803063154220581,
-0.29184603691101074,
-0.050259482115507126,
0.8479546308517456,
-0.05152571201324463,
0.41845908761024475,
0.5739084482192993,
0.13660366833209991,
0.8127998113632202,
-0.02259187400341034,
-0.4388734698295593,
1.144356608390808,
0.47076210379600525,
-0.09747573733329773,
0.28765586018562317,
-0.7066659927368164,
-0.2872106432914734,
0.4738825261592865,
0.6041969060897827,
0.4079625606536865,
-0.19296512007713318,
0.1638239622116089,
-0.6678296327590942,
0.7882146835327148,
-0.108890600502491,
0.29915955662727356,
0.117711141705513,
-0.07515504211187363,
0.9038187861442566,
-0.31671926379203796,
0.5563956499099731,
-0.337676465511322,
0.19192655384540558,
0.1395924687385559,
0.3513689339160919,
-0.12129820883274078,
-0.6599118113517761,
-0.012691767886281013,
0.2108227014541626,
0.23520871996879578,
0.40568768978118896,
0.5189849734306335,
0.14570358395576477,
-0.05886448919773102,
0.042964812368154526,
-0.1606564074754715,
-0.12730418145656586,
0.08850131928920746,
0.12334074825048447,
0.02399025484919548,
-0.16400280594825745,
0.3567407429218292,
-0.031485799700021744,
-0.06447498500347137,
0.1876063048839569,
0.4163000285625458,
-0.3446838855743408,
-0.460379421710968,
-0.3793441355228424,
-0.3843953013420105,
-0.428972989320755,
-0.32611873745918274,
0.4091181457042694,
0.07806797325611115,
0.052249725908041,
0.3828710913658142,
-0.13743118941783905,
0.26257240772247314,
0.14001210033893585,
0.18248282372951508,
0.48836615681648254,
-0.19739079475402832,
0.5880401134490967,
-0.0709654912352562,
-0.2952934503555298,
0.39027079939842224,
-0.2570995092391968,
-0.18425224721431732,
-0.0406244732439518,
0.36173537373542786,
0.07286874949932098,
-0.02047574892640114,
-0.6766592264175415,
0.3560415208339691,
0.11619096249341965,
0.3827914297580719,
-0.9488222002983093,
-0.2671804130077362,
0.1362655907869339,
0.27059510350227356,
-0.1547902673482895,
0.46022719144821167,
0.1924370527267456,
-0.0023087337613105774,
0.5264406800270081,
-0.056432053446769714,
-0.3412613868713379,
-0.20821605622768402,
0.3781285881996155,
-0.16521967947483063,
0.6187124252319336,
0.30056241154670715,
-0.381827175617218,
0.1535031944513321,
0.889419436454773,
-0.4996640682220459,
-0.5016350150108337,
-0.03731890022754669,
-0.6149374842643738,
-0.06937294453382492,
-0.5003803372383118,
0.49519288539886475,
-0.3409065902233124,
-0.6065903902053833,
0.5330504179000854,
0.4238201379776001,
-0.06901535391807556,
-0.19961340725421906,
0.06951085478067398,
-0.5907906889915466,
-0.17423509061336517,
0.21789848804473877,
-1.107837438583374,
-0.2574906051158905,
-0.23337550461292267,
-0.6875926852226257,
0.11541751772165298,
-0.12440548837184906,
0.18773651123046875,
-0.6194552779197693,
-0.06949445605278015,
-0.33116379380226135,
-0.31812962889671326,
0.24616190791130066,
0.19515590369701385,
-0.54619961977005,
-0.3008195161819458,
0.588021457195282
] |
232056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocephaly | Macrocephaly | Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorders. Those with benign or familial macrocephaly are considered to have megalencephaly.
Causes
Many people with abnormally large heads or large skulls are healthy, but macrocephaly may be pathological. Pathologic macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (enlarged brain), hydrocephalus (abnormally increased cerebrospinal fluid), cranial hyperostosis (bone overgrowth), and other conditions. Pathologic macrocephaly is called "syndromic", when it is associated with any other noteworthy condition, and "nonsyndromic" otherwise. Pathologic macrocephaly may be caused by congenital anatomic abnormalities, genetic conditions, or by environmental events.
Many genetic conditions are associated with macrocephaly, including familial macrocephaly related to the holgate gene, autism, PTEN mutations such as Cowden disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, and tuberous sclerosis; overgrowth syndromes such as Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism), Weaver syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (bulldog syndrome), and macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CMTC) syndrome; neurocardiofacial-cutaneous syndromes such as Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, Gorlin Syndrome, (also known as Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome) and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; leukodystrophies (brain white matter degeneration) such as Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts; and glutaric aciduria type 1 and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
At one end of the genetic spectrum, duplications of chromosomes have been found to be related to autism and macrocephaly; at the other end, deletions of chromosomes have been found to be related to schizophrenia and microcephaly.
Environmental events associated with macrocephaly include infection, neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding within the infant brain), subdural hematoma (bleeding beneath the outer lining of the brain), subdural effusion (collection of fluid beneath the outer lining of the brain), and arachnoid cysts (cysts on the brain surface).
In research, cranial height or brain imaging may be used to determine intracranial volume more accurately.
Below is a list of causes of macrocephaly from Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice noted in The Little Black Book of Neurology:
Hydrocephalus
Noncommunicating
Arnold-Chiari malformation
Aqueductal stenosis
X-linked hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius (HSAS) syndrome (L1CAM)
Dandy-Walker malformation
Galenic vein aneurysm or malformation
Neoplasms, supratentorial, and infratentorial
Arachnoid cyst, infratentorial
Holoprosencephaly with dorsal interhemispheric sac
Communicating
External or extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (dilated subarachnoid space)
Arachnoid cyst, supratentorial
Meningeal fibrosis/obstruction
Postinflammatory
Posthemorrhagic
Neoplastic infiltration
Vascular
Arteriovenous malformation
Intracranial hemorrhage
Dural sinus thrombosis
Choroid plexus papilloma
Neurocutaneous syndromes
Incontinentia pigmenti
Destructive lesions
Hydranencephaly
Porencephaly
Familial, autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, X-linked
Subdural fluid
Hematoma
Hygroma
Empyema
Brain edema (toxic-metabolic)
Intoxication
Lead
Vitamin A
Tetracycline
Endocrine (hypoparathyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism)
Galactosemia
Idiopathic (pseudotumorcerebri)
Thick skull or scalp (hyperostosis)
Familial variation
Anemia
Osteoporosis, severe precocious autosomal-recessive osteoporosis (CLCN7, TCIRG1)
Pycnodysostosis (CTSK)
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (ANKH)
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Pyle dysplasia
Sclerosteosis (SOST)
Juvenile Paget disease
Idiopathic hyperphosphatasia
Familial osteoectasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Rickets
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Hyperostosis corticalis generalisata (van Buchem disease)
Proteus syndrome
Megalencephaly and hemimegalencephaly
Diagnosis
Macrocephaly is customarily diagnosed if head circumference is greater than two standard deviations (SDs) above the mean. Relative macrocephaly occurs if the measure is less than two SDs above the mean, but is disproportionately above that when ethnicity and stature are considered. Diagnosis can be determined in utero or can be determined within 18–24 months after birth in some cases where head circumference tends to stabilize in infants. Diagnosis in infants includes measuring the circumference of the child's head and comparing how significant it falls above the 97.5 percentile of children similar to their demographic. If falling above the 97.5th percentile then the patient will be checked to determine whether there is any intracranial pressure present and whether or not immediate surgery is needed. If immediate surgery is not needed then further testing will be done to determine whether the patient has either macrocephaly or benign macrocephaly.
Diagnosis for macrocephaly involves the comparison of the infant's head circumference to that of other infants of the same age and ethnicity. If a patient is suspected of having macrocephaly molecular testing will be used to confirm diagnosis. Symptoms vary on the cause of macrocephaly on the child and if the child has any other accompanying syndromes which will be determined through molecular testing.
Benign or familial macrocephaly
Benign macrocephaly can occur without reason or be inherited by one or both parents (in which it is considered benign familial macrocephaly and is considered megalencephaly form of macrocephaly). Diagnoses for familial macrocephaly is determined by measuring the head circumference of both parents and comparing it to the child's. Benign and familial macrocephaly is not associated with neurological disorders. While benign and familial macrocephaly does not result in neurological disorders, neurodevelopment will still be assessed.
Although neurological disorders do not occur, temporary symptoms of benign and familial macrocephaly include: developmental delay, epilepsy, and mild hypotonia.
Neurodevelopment is assessed for all cases and suspected cases of macrocephaly to determine whether and what treatments may be needed, and whether any other syndrome/s may be present or likely to develop.
Treatment
Treatment varies depending on whether or not it occurs with other medical conditions in the child and where cerebrospinal fluid is present.
If benign and found between the brain and skull then no surgery is needed.
If excess fluid is found between the ventricle spaces in the brain then surgery will be needed.
Associated syndromes
Below is a list of syndromes associated with macrocephaly that are noted in Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Conditions: A Handbook.
Include multiple major and or minor anomalies
Acrocallosal syndrome
Apert syndrome
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Chromosome 14 - maternal disomy
Chromosome 22qter deletion
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Costello syndrome
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis
FG syndrome
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Hydrolethalus syndrome
Hypomelanosis syndrome
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Kelvin Peter anomaly plus syndrome
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Macrocephaly-CM (MCAP)
Marshall–Smith syndrome
Neuhauser megalocornea/MR syndrome
Neurofibromatosis type I
Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Ocular-ectodermal syndrome
Osteopathia striata - cranial sclerosis
Perlman syndrome
Robinow syndrome
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Sotos syndrome
Sturge–Weber syndrome
Weaver syndrome
Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome
3C syndrome
Secondary to a metabolic disorder
Glutaric aciduria type II
GM1 gangliosidosis
Hunter syndrome
Hurler syndrome
MPS VII
Sanfilippo syndrome
Zellweger syndrome
Associated with a skeletal dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Campomelic dysplasia
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia
Hypochondrogenesis
Hypochondroplasia
Kenny-Caffey syndrome
Kniest dysplasia
Lenz–Majewski syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta III
Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive form
Schneckenbecken dysplasia
Sclerosteosis
Short rib syndrome, beemer-langer type
Short rib-polydactyly 2 (majewski type)
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
Thanatophoric dysplasia
With no obvious physical findings
Alexander disease
Canavan disease
Cobalamin deficiency (combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria)
Dandy–Walker malformation
Glutaric aciduria type 1
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
Osteogenesis imperfecta IV
Osteopathia striata-cranial sclerosis
Periventricular heterotopia
Sandhoff disease
Tay–Sachs disease
See also
Microcephaly
Megalencephaly
Hydrocephalus
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on 9q22.3 Microdeletion
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system | [
0.016505522653460503,
0.585233211517334,
-0.5876430869102478,
-0.2431858777999878,
0.12427550554275513,
0.44072410464286804,
0.08026453107595444,
0.5476324558258057,
-0.767596960067749,
-0.8218914866447449,
-0.2996046841144562,
0.34728145599365234,
-0.18437731266021729,
0.1834992915391922,
-0.25161662697792053,
0.4247898757457733,
0.6796736717224121,
0.47789791226387024,
-0.592019259929657,
0.2517722249031067,
0.07572775334119797,
-0.4776633381843567,
0.4475674033164978,
-0.2837314307689667,
-0.2106965035200119,
-0.22078943252563477,
0.12843117117881775,
0.2724302113056183,
0.3338877856731415,
-0.15226033329963684,
-0.1638745218515396,
0.4473767876625061,
0.3364267349243164,
-0.28225234150886536,
0.16520431637763977,
-0.25667306780815125,
0.18057335913181305,
-0.3916776478290558,
-0.36103585362434387,
-0.2599039077758789,
0.7465419769287109,
-0.06077113002538681,
-0.020693408325314522,
-0.02234339527785778,
-0.5831905603408813,
-0.5857845544815063,
-1.2125911712646484,
0.7572974562644958,
-0.9300048351287842,
0.4571329653263092,
-0.28109610080718994,
0.17922326922416687,
0.06517425924539566,
0.20423102378845215,
0.10617414116859436,
0.406714528799057,
-1.0209510326385498,
-0.1884945034980774,
0.3088851869106293,
-0.13219472765922546,
0.2758321762084961,
0.03299596905708313,
-0.48608291149139404,
-0.5886900424957275,
-0.015633223578333855,
-0.15561112761497498,
0.10675761103630066,
0.16067712008953094,
-0.5597734451293945,
-0.1558111011981964,
-0.3626994788646698,
-0.22254008054733276,
0.3184814155101776,
0.445319265127182,
-0.37181103229522705,
-0.03158990666270256,
-0.1279391199350357,
-0.32444050908088684,
0.5577764511108398,
-0.4135531187057495,
-0.209335058927536,
0.38744983077049255,
0.2680288851261139,
-0.008405322209000587,
-0.031728483736515045,
-0.019604330882430077,
-0.6821569800376892,
0.8792805075645447,
-0.36790400743484497,
0.4769342541694641,
0.2895717918872833,
0.008626285940408707,
0.5485580563545227,
0.26348912715911865,
0.10858064889907837,
-0.052849773317575455,
0.5043326616287231,
-0.19249297678470612,
0.11964868009090424,
0.07098402827978134,
0.22398516535758972,
0.44385164976119995,
0.29615169763565063,
0.21328464150428772,
0.491646409034729,
-0.33116957545280457,
0.3229556977748871,
0.08224854618310928,
0.10396172851324081,
-0.5857682228088379,
-1.027072548866272,
0.18061797320842743,
-0.23342300951480865,
-0.1557781845331192,
-0.5969502925872803,
0.2626723349094391,
0.33185911178588867,
0.23943601548671722,
-0.3950708210468292,
-1.0182058811187744,
-0.5735481977462769,
0.21531595289707184,
-0.10136716067790985,
-0.06387187540531158,
-0.25846076011657715,
-0.3149852454662323,
-0.12923553586006165,
0.22864632308483124,
-0.17587339878082275,
0.010752936825156212,
0.12567998468875885,
0.6184512376785278,
0.018935171887278557,
-0.22904255986213684,
0.4120227098464966,
-0.17871639132499695,
0.5417988896369934,
-0.19800037145614624,
0.6332901120185852,
0.11801938712596893,
-0.033731695264577866,
-0.48837411403656006,
-0.5954035520553589,
0.2396453320980072,
0.05754498764872551,
-0.7408245801925659,
-0.2890450656414032,
-0.24674132466316223,
-0.3272903859615326,
-0.2787376046180725,
0.03708406165242195,
0.3298814594745636,
0.08347463607788086,
0.016791176050901413,
0.3493821322917938,
-0.3365583121776581,
-0.16799157857894897,
-0.5634760856628418,
0.13855880498886108,
0.31486812233924866,
-0.061775993555784225,
-0.04859495535492897,
-0.883624792098999,
-0.5255599617958069,
0.15392521023750305,
-0.3893483877182007,
0.8587703704833984,
0.17626819014549255,
-0.16332130134105682,
0.9048810601234436,
-0.1960277408361435,
0.2444395273923874,
0.5317034721374512,
0.2661227583885193,
-0.36565086245536804,
0.4677807688713074,
0.24165058135986328,
-0.07346173375844955,
0.5843503475189209,
-0.08351500332355499,
-0.538957417011261,
0.2938511371612549,
0.586732029914856,
-0.02560439333319664,
0.6692004203796387,
-0.2898011803627014,
0.8139573931694031,
-0.23261237144470215,
-0.791136622428894,
-0.8378382325172424,
0.09497520327568054,
-0.5983182787895203,
0.45346227288246155,
-0.16732542216777802,
1.1408166885375977,
-0.14710041880607605,
-0.8377171754837036,
-0.1570502668619156,
0.24800638854503632,
0.44111397862434387,
-0.6347428560256958,
-0.2697320878505707,
0.6101924180984497,
0.08760565519332886,
-0.2746596336364746,
0.5190751552581787,
0.06877408176660538,
-0.01079453807324171,
0.19828461110591888,
0.095584437251091,
0.49209317564964294,
-1.0579830408096313,
0.18223454058170319,
-0.3165958523750305,
0.04879214987158775,
-0.15209151804447174,
-0.4522128105163574,
0.33680543303489685,
-0.6949344873428345,
0.039009854197502136,
0.5347750186920166,
-0.011131996288895607,
0.21029812097549438,
0.9713882803916931,
0.35565927624702454,
0.7009474635124207,
0.38789650797843933,
-0.10993383079767227,
0.5009869933128357,
-0.8505568504333496,
-0.48383817076683044,
-0.19737796485424042,
0.28248876333236694,
0.028125589713454247,
-0.2512209713459015,
0.19880005717277527,
0.48258429765701294,
-0.6316964030265808,
0.4254388213157654,
-0.41739463806152344,
-0.5905287861824036,
0.24012930691242218,
-0.35605257749557495,
0.0525030680000782,
0.21179881691932678,
-0.02663971297442913,
-0.04787538945674896,
0.8641523718833923,
-0.5530017614364624,
0.12881147861480713,
-0.1615648865699768,
0.9691238403320312,
0.4971620738506317,
-0.6830430626869202,
0.23106271028518677,
-0.023720966652035713,
0.33735981583595276,
-0.28499898314476013,
0.15894322097301483,
-0.37480148673057556,
-0.5659114718437195,
0.07780315726995468,
0.4999333918094635,
-0.5254578590393066,
-0.7875115871429443,
-0.02342045307159424,
0.060683298856019974,
0.07732894271612167,
0.36378058791160583,
-0.3300098478794098,
1.0228534936904907,
-0.19609907269477844,
-1.126263976097107,
-0.05111736059188843,
-0.0763084888458252,
-0.30429670214653015,
-0.2853723466396332,
-0.3150285482406616,
-0.6603292226791382,
-0.49078404903411865,
0.12010785937309265,
0.6545023322105408,
0.5162595510482788,
0.1262272298336029,
0.009074033237993717,
-0.1775159239768982,
0.07504456490278244,
-0.4898552894592285,
0.06578920036554337,
-0.621488094329834,
-0.6927785873413086,
0.5343383550643921,
0.20493796467781067,
0.00732036167755723,
-0.05015084147453308,
0.5749019384384155,
0.0763603150844574,
-0.6837822794914246,
0.5861381888389587,
-0.33540084958076477,
0.029286503791809082,
0.05984966456890106,
-0.15222908556461334,
-0.0660979300737381,
-0.09083255380392075,
0.0789869949221611,
0.15339626371860504,
0.01846030354499817,
-5.600767612457275,
0.20568425953388214,
0.025337059050798416,
-0.5374981760978699,
0.12938867509365082,
0.12898997962474823,
0.4621013104915619,
-0.09963244199752808,
-0.7272005677223206,
0.21660271286964417,
-0.5031798481941223,
-0.23222127556800842,
0.010965384542942047,
0.32616594433784485,
0.6929720640182495,
0.16067923605442047,
0.15331976115703583,
-0.036234524101018906,
-0.08938392251729965,
0.08106827735900879,
0.33003371953964233,
-0.03852040693163872,
0.17288614809513092,
0.05828748643398285,
-0.028404854238033295,
0.25018376111984253,
-0.41353851556777954,
0.33316770195961,
-0.8640843629837036,
-0.2376755326986313,
-0.23530618846416473,
-0.17546488344669342,
-0.058852359652519226,
-0.42079856991767883,
-0.1310802847146988,
0.35410091280937195,
0.19643066823482513,
0.15369684994220734,
0.20939867198467255,
-0.20444093644618988,
-0.12046223878860474,
0.25389325618743896,
0.45069220662117004,
-0.012516115792095661,
0.760824978351593,
-0.13021503388881683,
-0.1528000831604004,
-0.22692064940929413,
-0.13973316550254822,
0.8415347933769226,
0.3911547064781189,
0.06054159626364708,
-0.037193067371845245,
0.21154555678367615,
0.2371935397386551,
0.3087035119533539,
1.343605399131775,
0.02976822666823864,
-0.8643631935119629,
-0.2988581955432892,
0.5604677200317383,
-0.5539095401763916,
-0.3454846739768982,
-0.5916692018508911,
0.3271629512310028,
-0.41626492142677307,
-0.5317959785461426,
0.2017032951116562,
0.8039247393608093,
0.19840137660503387,
-0.08517567068338394,
0.49844273924827576,
0.12251907587051392,
-0.8169221878051758,
0.5689454674720764,
-0.5497132539749146,
-0.1134803369641304,
0.1700751632452011,
-0.19903099536895752,
-0.10900362581014633,
-0.04862402006983757,
-0.22554299235343933,
-0.5547807216644287,
0.41211000084877014,
0.04170748591423035,
-0.33224233984947205,
-0.30472812056541443,
0.7058718204498291,
-0.6544919013977051,
0.2469545602798462,
0.4145162105560303,
-0.13416823744773865,
-0.05332877114415169,
0.021119551733136177,
0.08912009745836258,
-0.06995847076177597,
-0.03520908206701279,
0.594611644744873,
0.4459623396396637,
-0.0031473208218812943,
0.6263957023620605,
-0.36449381709098816,
-0.15795160830020905,
-0.38791850209236145,
-0.25929364562034607,
-0.32247114181518555,
-0.20102714002132416,
0.9437426924705505,
0.4374670386314392,
0.011278927326202393,
0.43597412109375,
0.5101217031478882,
-0.38731709122657776,
-0.6688013076782227,
0.07280737161636353,
0.016393117606639862,
-0.607101559638977,
0.12446668744087219,
0.3382391631603241,
-0.586859941482544,
-0.04320163279771805,
0.1995004266500473,
-0.4469744861125946,
-0.12219317257404327,
0.11522059887647629,
-0.10241610556840897,
0.006447841878980398,
0.14924491941928864,
-0.3719375729560852,
0.040547218173742294,
0.007412288337945938,
0.6310161352157593,
0.13868142664432526,
0.4614120423793793,
-0.28513431549072266,
-0.46094200015068054,
-0.07621293514966965,
0.4021015465259552,
0.1028311625123024,
-0.525140643119812,
0.5797591805458069,
-0.06790545582771301,
-0.029530536383390427,
0.16553588211536407,
0.45852869749069214,
0.3580673933029175,
-0.6801878809928894,
-0.07398069649934769,
-0.10855714976787567,
0.654639720916748,
0.1396808922290802,
-0.3839775323867798,
-0.0041094571352005005,
0.02295476198196411,
0.27355504035949707,
0.5375405550003052,
0.047957517206668854,
0.7608192563056946,
-0.011420326307415962,
-0.7901145219802856,
0.08058015257120132,
-0.13887637853622437,
-1.052891731262207,
-0.29716286063194275,
-0.23105402290821075,
-0.15049967169761658,
-0.5573829412460327,
-0.5259401202201843,
-0.029678059741854668,
0.5511186718940735,
-0.4557042121887207,
-0.22634772956371307,
-0.3572249114513397,
-0.8342009782791138,
0.2828376889228821,
-0.0008976889657787979,
-0.14846327900886536,
0.042753517627716064,
0.15961457788944244,
-0.11867844313383102,
0.1816098392009735,
0.14409083127975464,
0.5902864933013916,
0.50839763879776,
0.6749770045280457,
-0.2384112924337387,
-0.04614797607064247,
0.06004766374826431,
-0.29949721693992615,
-0.1920175552368164,
-0.16583560407161713,
-0.1452895849943161,
0.27538415789604187,
0.17869314551353455,
0.4036276042461395,
0.38131558895111084,
0.01256281603127718,
0.21455666422843933,
-0.4930644929409027,
0.1375664621591568,
0.1381986141204834,
0.4350685477256775,
0.06157698482275009,
0.42861834168434143,
0.7178394794464111,
-0.007020765449851751,
0.36981141567230225,
-0.5137841701507568,
-0.7138030529022217,
0.5544836521148682,
-0.6278900504112244,
-0.35339221358299255,
-0.5916798114776611,
0.10406754910945892,
-0.4118114709854126,
0.2521125376224518,
0.1119002103805542,
-0.22951562702655792,
-0.21386933326721191,
-0.44386354088783264,
0.4898223578929901,
0.30161234736442566,
-0.13967570662498474,
-0.40446019172668457,
-0.13975650072097778,
-0.22336368262767792,
0.09629791975021362,
-0.09552985429763794,
1.596668004989624,
-0.06256750226020813,
0.057893261313438416,
-0.389564573764801,
-0.3278270661830902,
-0.19420650601387024,
-0.16990098357200623,
-0.023649420589208603,
-0.04301174357533455,
0.16694815456867218,
0.15192334353923798,
0.1853722631931305,
0.7898030281066895,
0.8381240367889404,
0.345394492149353,
0.22330817580223083,
-0.3793487846851349,
0.521256685256958,
0.0605430044233799,
-0.8697262406349182,
-0.5614392161369324,
0.10572294145822525,
0.5311073660850525,
-0.6200263500213623,
-0.547703742980957,
-0.09271592646837234,
0.22899611294269562,
-0.061366308480501175,
-0.058710914105176926,
-0.8248684406280518,
0.21886280179023743,
-0.06250293552875519,
0.31188350915908813,
-0.5725091695785522,
0.2657621502876282,
0.21880939602851868,
0.13363446295261383,
-0.0282069630920887,
-0.11186628043651581,
0.25517746806144714,
0.7228935956954956,
-0.3527551591396332,
0.02486884593963623,
-0.048531487584114075,
0.30740904808044434,
-0.12272882461547852,
0.032742809504270554,
0.17090904712677002,
-0.14483602344989777,
-0.8156341314315796,
0.33677002787590027,
-0.5774204730987549,
0.27244389057159424,
-0.24811498820781708,
0.33381935954093933,
-0.3395155668258667,
0.23952773213386536,
-0.0006987324450165033,
0.006989054847508669,
-0.5976383686065674,
-0.40892189741134644,
0.05113883689045906,
-0.6789029836654663,
-0.1135631799697876,
-0.0388626828789711,
-0.32207536697387695,
0.13071368634700775,
0.18606509268283844,
0.04050573334097862,
0.3413674235343933,
-0.2561621069908142,
-0.2943321168422699,
-0.6892493963241577,
0.21809080243110657,
0.11386505514383316,
-1.1284791231155396,
0.1535838544368744,
-0.026693420484662056,
-0.5581835508346558,
-0.735697329044342,
0.042714085429906845,
-0.36202460527420044,
0.21787476539611816,
0.3198246657848358,
-0.019688639789819717,
0.4833846688270569,
0.33128952980041504,
-0.4872545301914215,
0.2689264714717865,
0.0294506773352623,
0.13238322734832764,
0.827521562576294,
-0.2913968563079834,
0.11731529235839844,
0.32260605692863464,
-0.4930286109447479,
-0.06197817623615265,
-0.020595727488398552,
0.10286518931388855,
0.31958410143852234,
-0.08212171494960785,
0.7646975517272949,
0.4016924202442169,
0.6588066816329956,
-0.353409081697464,
0.34181955456733704,
0.4819522202014923,
-0.5111760497093201,
0.2539868950843811,
-0.5062518119812012,
-0.21998421847820282,
0.558808445930481,
0.5555632710456848,
0.5759139060974121,
0.1859731823205948,
0.7688390016555786,
-0.27669569849967957,
0.031485214829444885,
-0.1449871063232422,
0.05764463171362877,
0.07076414674520493,
0.20754481852054596,
0.8027019500732422,
-0.6638141870498657,
0.3727477788925171,
-0.30470582842826843,
-0.007836410775780678,
0.08303047716617584,
0.2749834656715393,
-0.6135538220405579,
-0.46965348720550537,
-0.016980484127998352,
-0.6018204689025879,
0.4880446791648865,
-0.2433912307024002,
0.118007130920887,
0.13570135831832886,
0.12141735851764679,
0.5360815525054932,
-0.29708486795425415,
0.06543063372373581,
0.3883415460586548,
0.43926966190338135,
0.8836480379104614,
-0.22154530882835388,
0.17665623128414154,
0.1650778204202652,
0.2589869201183319,
0.0597350038588047,
0.8291138410568237,
-0.22846679389476776,
-0.6320253014564514,
-0.14524154365062714,
-0.2801145017147064,
-0.31176647543907166,
-0.2017897069454193,
-0.1332014501094818,
0.2762620747089386,
0.5036270022392273,
0.37836626172065735,
-0.17834913730621338,
0.4444040358066559,
0.24580974876880646,
-0.590636670589447,
0.07120703905820847,
0.05471515655517578,
-0.02844715304672718,
-0.3084854781627655,
-0.23473672568798065,
0.3204381465911865,
0.39263781905174255,
-0.030992276966571808,
-0.16038288176059723,
-0.15547910332679749,
0.05261322483420372,
0.052199915051460266,
-0.3891449570655823,
0.4025920033454895,
0.6859767436981201,
-0.18176066875457764,
-1.0246413946151733,
0.002115800976753235,
0.6229603886604309,
0.003422639099881053,
-0.20257197320461273,
0.9596291184425354,
0.2103959023952484,
0.0036497621331363916,
0.3191557228565216,
-0.3217031955718994,
-0.4563228487968445,
-0.7052448391914368,
0.11260875314474106,
-0.31571105122566223,
0.7047008872032166,
0.14796710014343262,
-0.008713175542652607,
-0.057297177612781525,
0.8188779950141907,
-0.2276507467031479,
-0.15963231027126312,
0.4723413586616516,
-1.0657930374145508,
0.6888225078582764,
-0.4411526024341583,
0.09758412837982178,
-0.12523114681243896,
-0.6814519166946411,
0.5170134902000427,
0.570227324962616,
0.34391114115715027,
-0.22802026569843292,
0.4641588032245636,
-0.6348432302474976,
-0.5497329235076904,
-0.07806819677352905,
-0.2828812599182129,
0.25429585576057434,
-0.5727518200874329,
-0.18528757989406586,
-0.1657109558582306,
-0.15239983797073364,
0.454774409532547,
-0.5317387580871582,
0.2657579183578491,
-0.42273470759391785,
-0.26141008734703064,
-0.20221547782421112,
-0.17472583055496216,
-0.5920843482017517,
-0.28445523977279663,
0.6356647610664368
] |
232060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycephaly | Brachycephaly | Brachycephaly (derived from the Ancient Greek βραχύς, 'short' and κεφαλή, 'head') is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species. It is perceived as a desirable trait in some domesticated dog and cat breeds, notably the pug and Persian, and can be normal or abnormal in other animal species. In humans, the cephalic disorder is known as flat head syndrome, and results from premature fusion of the coronal sutures, or from external deformation. The coronal suture is the fibrous joint that unites the frontal bone with the two parietal bones of the skull. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. This feature can be seen in Down syndrome.
In anthropology, human populations have been characterized as either dolichocephalic (long-headed), mesaticephalic (moderate-headed), or brachycephalic (short-headed). The usefulness of the cephalic index was questioned by Giuseppe Sergi, who argued that cranial morphology provided a better means to model racial ancestry.
There are also cases of brachycephaly associated with plagiocephaly. Brachycephaly with plagiocephaly is positional and has become more prevalent since the "Back to Sleep" campaign. The Back to Sleep campaign began in 1994 as a way to educate parents about ways to reduce the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The campaign was named for its recommendation to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep. Placing babies on their backs to sleep reduces the risk for SIDS, also known as "cot death" or "crib death." This campaign has been successful in promoting infant back sleeping and other risk-reduction strategies to parents, family members, child care providers, health professionals, and all other caregivers of infants, at a cost of increasing the incidence of this deformation of the head. It is considered a cosmetic problem. Many pediatricians remain unaware of the issue and possible treatments. Treatments include regular prone repositioning of babies ("tummy time").
Brachycephaly as a desired trait
Brachycephaly also describes a developmentally normal type of skull with a high cephalic index, such as in snub-nosed breeds of dog such as pugs, Shih Tzus, and bulldogs or cats such as the Persian, Exotic and Himalayan. The term is from Greek roots meaning 'short' and 'head'. While being a desirable trait of specific cat and dog breeds, the production and breeding of brachycephalic animals is technically considered as an animal abuse, in some states. This arises from fact, that animals with significantly shortened skulls frequently suffer from brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, causing them to have difficulties when breathing, suffering from hyperthermia due to insufficient cooling abilities and frequent infections of the cornea and lacrimal glands. Breeding of animals that will have significantly worsened life quality due to anatomical abnormalities is clearly stated to be illegal in some European countries, yet the production of such breeds is still very frequent. Apart from these, brachycephalic pups and kittens also suffer from high prenatal mortality. Attention should be paid to breed standards which promote increased brachycephaly in cats which has the potential to negatively impact their welfare, and potential buyers of brachycephalic cat breeds should be made aware of the risks of their conformation.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Brachycephaly can be corrected with a cranial remolding orthoses (helmet) which provide painless total contact over the prominent areas of the skull and leave voids over the flattened areas to provide a pathway for more symmetrical skull growth. Treatment generally takes 3–4 months, but varies depending on the infant's age and severity of the cranial asymmetry.
However, studies by scientists in the Netherlands have found there was no significant difference over time between infants treated with helmets and infants left untreated. All parents of infants treated with helmets confirmed negative side effects including skin irritation and sweating.
This study focused only on patients with mild to moderate cases, the participation rate was only 21%, and there was a 73% reporting of fitting issues, calling into question the validity of the study. Incorrectly fit devices cannot be expected to yield results. Additionally, independent published research that examined the effectiveness of helmet therapy concludes that as many as 95% of patients demonstrate an improvement in head shape symmetry following helmet therapy, and the American Orthotics and Prosthetics Association (AOPA) has serious concerns about the relevance and validity of this study.
See also
Artificial cranial deformation
Cephalic index
Craniosynostosis
Dolichocephaly
Plagiocephaly
Safe to Sleep
References
External links
NINDS - Cephalic Disorders Overview
Brachycephalic Official Website
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
Hereditary dog diseases | [
-0.14320020377635956,
0.624079167842865,
-1.0423288345336914,
-0.24040798842906952,
-0.4620192050933838,
0.6210048198699951,
0.4936254620552063,
0.4537193179130554,
-0.01660154014825821,
-0.4491529166698456,
-0.19090566039085388,
0.7048513293266296,
-0.13399609923362732,
0.24965530633926392,
-0.46498289704322815,
0.42898795008659363,
0.7146440744400024,
0.2965415418148041,
-0.0732615664601326,
0.06222924962639809,
0.2160336971282959,
-0.32787182927131653,
0.5341764688491821,
-0.6866748332977295,
0.07494806498289108,
-0.24691078066825867,
0.00422434788197279,
0.3561084568500519,
0.3759957551956177,
-0.4094030261039734,
-0.1820601522922516,
0.508436381816864,
-0.010185807943344116,
-0.006636011879891157,
-0.33592528104782104,
-0.24330662190914154,
-0.09421990811824799,
-0.6404812932014465,
-0.3963078558444977,
-0.8619990944862366,
0.46914151310920715,
0.07007725536823273,
0.01907205954194069,
0.5202722549438477,
-1.1948479413986206,
-0.06086638942360878,
-1.1476993560791016,
1.033611536026001,
-1.3980686664581299,
0.06372812390327454,
-0.09296011924743652,
-0.03758011758327484,
-0.11894240975379944,
0.12130355834960938,
-0.3330554962158203,
0.47578155994415283,
-0.8939340114593506,
-0.09093257039785385,
0.5101223587989807,
-0.463718056678772,
0.22389622032642365,
-0.0597187764942646,
-0.28097298741340637,
0.08225679397583008,
0.13629834353923798,
0.625853955745697,
-0.22862431406974792,
0.4925682544708252,
-0.7118908762931824,
0.5199477076530457,
-1.1178710460662842,
-0.6033324599266052,
0.09758564829826355,
0.8501976132392883,
-0.6981170773506165,
0.10216319561004639,
-0.37064099311828613,
-0.5394098162651062,
0.9804157614707947,
-0.30770525336265564,
0.21520566940307617,
0.3960980772972107,
0.25891274213790894,
0.23352685570716858,
-0.23339681327342987,
0.30763453245162964,
-0.8324992060661316,
0.052176497876644135,
-0.6912669539451599,
-0.1263512670993805,
-0.2237241566181183,
-0.4921284019947052,
0.5307179689407349,
0.8448771834373474,
-0.3300026059150696,
-0.24869458377361298,
0.07113972306251526,
-0.07374424487352371,
0.32897645235061646,
-0.015167582780122757,
0.012526413425803185,
-0.14305119216442108,
0.13730981945991516,
-0.41818276047706604,
0.05540088564157486,
-0.17634955048561096,
-0.05767257511615753,
-0.19427210092544556,
-0.4358024299144745,
-0.09261368215084076,
-1.3941373825073242,
0.1606469750404358,
-0.3570278286933899,
0.0957619920372963,
-0.4519146680831909,
0.26633158326148987,
0.21620546281337738,
-0.3422451615333557,
-0.2331734448671341,
-1.074744701385498,
-0.6129807829856873,
0.24284930527210236,
-0.27540603280067444,
-0.12986351549625397,
-0.28626251220703125,
-0.2620392441749573,
-0.3445112407207489,
0.34163445234298706,
0.0842638611793518,
0.6328302025794983,
0.3970617353916168,
0.7135207653045654,
0.20237818360328674,
0.3105676770210266,
0.05124186724424362,
-0.3320430815219879,
0.23238807916641235,
0.18501883745193481,
0.6342955231666565,
0.23920270800590515,
-0.2523175776004791,
-0.16508017480373383,
-1.0925843715667725,
0.2084427773952484,
0.3672730624675751,
-0.7341676354408264,
0.21088437736034393,
0.6241030693054199,
-0.2905157804489136,
-0.3517242968082428,
0.13276247680187225,
-0.5240389704704285,
0.09905470162630081,
-0.19319382309913635,
0.42792558670043945,
0.36734819412231445,
0.05068538710474968,
-0.6205388903617859,
0.18076469004154205,
-0.09236209094524384,
-0.00029337298474274576,
-0.16421617567539215,
-0.7417039275169373,
0.17344358563423157,
0.1785990446805954,
-0.37306293845176697,
0.7797132134437561,
0.22509883344173431,
-0.28185978531837463,
0.8685886263847351,
-0.41931861639022827,
-0.21486979722976685,
0.811072826385498,
0.2950381636619568,
-0.2300504893064499,
0.36525213718414307,
0.3290306627750397,
0.08407366275787354,
0.6827118992805481,
-0.3482138216495514,
-0.595333456993103,
0.17760732769966125,
0.474552184343338,
0.2125512957572937,
0.30468928813934326,
0.11464391648769379,
0.6576406955718994,
0.14874784648418427,
-0.7850790023803711,
-0.41398805379867554,
-0.7105779051780701,
-0.42897963523864746,
0.3317263424396515,
0.07385571300983429,
1.4509623050689697,
-0.26062631607055664,
-0.45068198442459106,
-0.309995174407959,
-0.05596978962421417,
0.530327558517456,
-0.2940545380115509,
-0.4784630537033081,
0.031009892001748085,
-0.1595594882965088,
-0.33999037742614746,
0.37160995602607727,
0.14503014087677002,
0.04573572054505348,
0.8756486177444458,
0.32560965418815613,
0.5000078082084656,
-0.7235850095748901,
0.0799734815955162,
-0.3758220970630646,
0.1629895120859146,
-0.012194753624498844,
-0.3106103539466858,
0.36602336168289185,
-0.40642133355140686,
-0.6821147799491882,
0.35013553500175476,
-0.4589381515979767,
0.10240907222032547,
0.19892865419387817,
0.2148217260837555,
0.4556376039981842,
0.5281051993370056,
0.07685478031635284,
0.4089423418045044,
-0.9425953030586243,
-0.17189744114875793,
-0.03248361498117447,
0.4790833592414856,
-0.24224932491779327,
0.07920195907354355,
-0.34280166029930115,
-0.07256170362234116,
-0.9765028953552246,
0.5211290717124939,
-0.6547812819480896,
-0.12805268168449402,
0.12718605995178223,
-0.46146732568740845,
0.1052960529923439,
0.48030245304107666,
-0.44609981775283813,
0.4106851816177368,
0.5136091113090515,
-0.7493430376052856,
0.2175164669752121,
-0.0656600371003151,
1.0416338443756104,
0.7056678533554077,
-0.2572707533836365,
0.5546850562095642,
0.01907035894691944,
0.492933452129364,
-0.0023528835736215115,
-0.2421974092721939,
-0.526249349117279,
-0.49768391251564026,
0.4010474979877472,
0.21478739380836487,
-0.028906559571623802,
-0.3525407612323761,
-0.17993971705436707,
0.295192688703537,
-0.10771261900663376,
0.7160162925720215,
-0.11977744847536087,
0.8405500650405884,
-0.047940757125616074,
-1.15375816822052,
0.6521617770195007,
-0.4668444097042084,
-0.20819440484046936,
0.142638698220253,
-0.23534540832042694,
-0.4808672368526459,
-0.34255072474479675,
-0.09397526830434799,
1.2668241262435913,
0.3172782063484192,
-0.39206385612487793,
-0.1978016048669815,
-0.5344876646995544,
0.4164692759513855,
-0.056450486183166504,
-0.048578403890132904,
-0.7205682992935181,
-0.24458128213882446,
-0.10515391081571579,
-0.09439663589000702,
0.09574075043201447,
-0.4451653063297272,
0.6469029188156128,
0.18667471408843994,
-0.3763980567455292,
0.48978933691978455,
-0.2179151475429535,
-0.6543530821800232,
-0.08891142904758453,
-0.22554869949817657,
0.04151514172554016,
0.3938729465007782,
-0.006523926742374897,
0.2776521146297455,
0.4280405044555664,
-5.159329414367676,
0.09643018245697021,
0.07867968082427979,
-0.3382880985736847,
0.5413681268692017,
0.38492611050605774,
0.3513103723526001,
-0.3048098385334015,
-0.5083580017089844,
-0.0906580239534378,
0.09096290171146393,
-0.1679067462682724,
-0.18082404136657715,
0.4977436661720276,
0.3539026081562042,
0.062231745570898056,
-0.31509777903556824,
0.2427700161933899,
-0.22775715589523315,
-0.1526167243719101,
0.02823127619922161,
-0.3411294221878052,
0.0648256242275238,
-0.09480023384094238,
-0.08213236927986145,
0.2807801365852356,
-0.16067729890346527,
0.2376546859741211,
-0.2763681411743164,
-0.16551852226257324,
0.03578310087323189,
-0.455710232257843,
0.2868094742298126,
0.03678292781114578,
-0.19980214536190033,
0.1825682818889618,
0.3995816111564636,
0.26807254552841187,
0.6170253753662109,
-0.12832465767860413,
-0.9204781651496887,
0.2727208137512207,
0.6688013076782227,
0.25885042548179626,
0.9428195953369141,
-0.4097914695739746,
0.055801063776016235,
0.003665718249976635,
-0.08314286917448044,
0.7575514912605286,
0.04685768857598305,
0.07404829561710358,
-0.21130608022212982,
0.5707176923751831,
0.4663242697715759,
0.3498901426792145,
1.114385724067688,
0.20029301941394806,
-0.16316352784633636,
0.04165920987725258,
0.6518871188163757,
-0.8609944581985474,
-0.47986942529678345,
-0.9051535129547119,
0.6472538113594055,
-0.09371035546064377,
-0.21201226115226746,
0.5470544099807739,
0.35363346338272095,
0.530794084072113,
-0.09675585478544235,
0.7878040075302124,
-0.07001518458127975,
-0.9545627236366272,
0.9563813209533691,
-0.19539155066013336,
-0.271511435508728,
-0.03986509516835213,
0.041541874408721924,
0.21293684840202332,
0.11211912333965302,
-0.37628379464149475,
-0.6836690902709961,
0.08892163634300232,
-0.22247856855392456,
-0.47985297441482544,
-0.5696327090263367,
0.32907038927078247,
-0.5440121293067932,
-0.13371150195598602,
0.5592086911201477,
-0.013877015560865402,
0.27594441175460815,
0.1293843388557434,
-0.5995742678642273,
0.7252253890037537,
-0.05654819682240486,
0.6545066833496094,
0.615449845790863,
-0.23863904178142548,
0.2473091185092926,
-0.4516139626502991,
-0.19578897953033447,
0.271003782749176,
-0.07973524928092957,
-0.7993918657302856,
-0.5909420847892761,
0.4403550624847412,
0.8357889652252197,
-0.07905183732509613,
0.5695915818214417,
0.20336946845054626,
-0.2657634913921356,
-0.3541264235973358,
0.5994539856910706,
-0.0935915857553482,
-0.4676526188850403,
0.2649335563182831,
1.1428414583206177,
-0.5201243758201599,
0.1301082819700241,
0.5151651501655579,
-0.8945297598838806,
-0.1669447422027588,
-0.13209019601345062,
-0.17195113003253937,
0.3411863148212433,
-0.12969142198562622,
-0.33021295070648193,
-0.7191048860549927,
-0.40076375007629395,
0.19623979926109314,
-0.018213467672467232,
0.1863071173429489,
-0.39663323760032654,
-0.15647733211517334,
-0.360093355178833,
0.05685070902109146,
-0.4425802230834961,
-0.38776516914367676,
0.06762154400348663,
-0.44205614924430847,
-0.21239633858203888,
0.10741966217756271,
0.5930982828140259,
0.43090274930000305,
-0.07252022624015808,
0.030368255451321602,
-0.2310095727443695,
1.0049772262573242,
-0.19474932551383972,
-0.4425138831138611,
-0.1257462054491043,
-0.52630215883255,
0.2412947416305542,
-0.08689302206039429,
0.09507142752408981,
0.6840777397155762,
-0.4324352443218231,
-0.950529932975769,
-0.435081422328949,
-0.25083908438682556,
-0.6633037328720093,
0.2527860701084137,
0.34473198652267456,
-0.00291291531175375,
-0.49378809332847595,
-1.055426836013794,
-0.389771968126297,
0.34767958521842957,
-0.5177338123321533,
-0.06659606844186783,
-0.1891697645187378,
-0.5342406630516052,
-0.1798567771911621,
-0.48166409134864807,
-0.08313562721014023,
0.277785062789917,
-0.49025958776474,
-0.09259303659200668,
0.1274927854537964,
0.2310459017753601,
0.6927779316902161,
0.3716660737991333,
1.1052730083465576,
-0.10903778672218323,
-0.4368346333503723,
-0.0544491782784462,
-0.5514765977859497,
-0.3591974079608917,
-0.43473735451698303,
0.11691766232252121,
0.27202051877975464,
0.1377267837524414,
0.1327679306268692,
0.25762584805488586,
-0.3653234839439392,
-0.22897681593894958,
-0.4579103887081146,
-1.113346815109253,
0.1592046320438385,
0.49756768345832825,
0.4708109200000763,
0.12168467044830322,
0.7497884035110474,
-0.20989888906478882,
0.999409556388855,
-0.6549578905105591,
-0.4931088089942932,
0.555300772190094,
-0.08161674439907074,
-0.33801546692848206,
-0.6926090717315674,
0.7261459827423096,
-0.16013666987419128,
0.00961657427251339,
0.17587335407733917,
0.17595070600509644,
-0.6243769526481628,
-0.6771725416183472,
0.777266800403595,
-0.04052188619971275,
-0.02244890294969082,
-0.0018121844623237848,
-0.6984155178070068,
0.04603860154747963,
0.26574644446372986,
-0.13432873785495758,
1.3674055337905884,
-0.369700163602829,
-0.046266332268714905,
-0.22492046654224396,
-0.0986076295375824,
0.006733408197760582,
-0.21661140024662018,
-0.37735676765441895,
0.43587517738342285,
-0.13985849916934967,
-0.16552451252937317,
-0.16910044848918915,
0.7398601770401001,
0.8015866875648499,
0.24091626703739166,
1.0004438161849976,
-0.21160784363746643,
0.0718608871102333,
0.03339413180947304,
-0.32230624556541443,
-0.5692088603973389,
0.20011115074157715,
0.5554951429367065,
-0.15089929103851318,
-0.9655683636665344,
-0.08939041942358017,
0.3190961480140686,
-0.06840930134057999,
0.14082317054271698,
-0.6359127759933472,
-0.1914527267217636,
0.21885332465171814,
0.21444623172283173,
0.32420262694358826,
0.25218695402145386,
0.1637473851442337,
-0.28413036465644836,
-0.10231487452983856,
-0.12362785637378693,
0.47582998871803284,
0.7588871121406555,
-0.3716053068637848,
0.12096808105707169,
0.035720519721508026,
0.566789984703064,
-0.11136417835950851,
-0.19359534978866577,
0.3583076596260071,
0.21190357208251953,
-0.9649242758750916,
0.6537542343139648,
-0.14363478124141693,
-0.1665722131729126,
0.38563504815101624,
0.2653886675834656,
-0.182503342628479,
-0.37393638491630554,
-0.41816213726997375,
0.25364795327186584,
-0.3785494863986969,
-0.3194597661495209,
-0.16805891692638397,
-0.3751707673072815,
-0.01556689478456974,
-0.014960724860429764,
-0.35571593046188354,
0.26566067337989807,
0.014156312681734562,
-0.22946543991565704,
0.46876761317253113,
-0.2919226586818695,
0.572493314743042,
-1.0471436977386475,
0.388531357049942,
0.5770462155342102,
-0.6456999778747559,
0.5648117065429688,
0.5555697679519653,
-0.38982653617858887,
-0.36974412202835083,
0.17814217507839203,
-0.2155424952507019,
0.38996076583862305,
0.1777418851852417,
0.321112722158432,
0.6838091015815735,
-0.34333154559135437,
-0.21559485793113708,
0.5773522257804871,
-0.7788358926773071,
0.14121533930301666,
1.0588527917861938,
-0.29026326537132263,
0.0652453601360321,
0.3735600709915161,
-0.56159508228302,
-0.07097657024860382,
0.11901947855949402,
-0.7369195222854614,
0.06276305764913559,
-0.10263627767562866,
1.1031779050827026,
0.46270158886909485,
0.3379916846752167,
-0.33336177468299866,
0.4942390024662018,
-0.1791168749332428,
-0.3888421952724457,
0.30846890807151794,
-0.5302011370658875,
0.18180452287197113,
1.2995843887329102,
0.7843203544616699,
0.3969651758670807,
-0.23486389219760895,
0.14106960594654083,
-0.6305429339408875,
0.7527875304222107,
-0.018844561651349068,
-0.33596688508987427,
0.4052743911743164,
0.44415050745010376,
0.5040266513824463,
-0.5716920495033264,
0.20434783399105072,
0.16911090910434723,
0.36808666586875916,
-0.10405048727989197,
0.06767456978559494,
-0.2510530650615692,
-1.0876518487930298,
0.19964194297790527,
-0.33165037631988525,
0.5797402858734131,
-0.0851837620139122,
-0.05456758663058281,
-0.551925003528595,
0.45817264914512634,
-0.15804798901081085,
-0.26237061619758606,
0.243124321103096,
0.2786644399166107,
0.5264208912849426,
0.43987974524497986,
-0.2928806245326996,
-0.36732247471809387,
0.2495947927236557,
0.6915431022644043,
0.34942731261253357,
0.6490963101387024,
-0.051376279443502426,
-0.675636887550354,
-0.22668170928955078,
-0.39775151014328003,
-0.6464697122573853,
-0.22669513523578644,
0.17394736409187317,
0.033389344811439514,
0.011804705485701561,
0.536929726600647,
0.10815121233463287,
0.00005656566281686537,
0.39910098910331726,
-0.6214098334312439,
0.5641416907310486,
-0.1064746156334877,
-0.15459302067756653,
-0.1225101575255394,
-0.013479501008987427,
0.4442296028137207,
0.18099425733089447,
-0.16415847837924957,
-0.0077941459603607655,
0.2743228077888489,
-0.3186955749988556,
-0.016999274492263794,
-0.12547841668128967,
0.6677130460739136,
0.23119068145751953,
0.2336045503616333,
-0.9190664887428284,
-0.3834230303764343,
0.35348546504974365,
-0.0239749476313591,
-0.3548533022403717,
0.5009369850158691,
0.08868321776390076,
-0.39243099093437195,
0.15965817868709564,
-0.28901973366737366,
-0.29670998454093933,
-0.38702186942100525,
0.2749228775501251,
0.13946259021759033,
0.31952258944511414,
0.46257489919662476,
-0.4019050598144531,
0.09054192900657654,
0.6345326900482178,
-0.07050193846225739,
-1.0294729471206665,
0.5715779662132263,
-0.19655555486679077,
0.36751770973205566,
-0.6091258525848389,
-0.24670220911502838,
-0.19259478151798248,
-0.2728797197341919,
0.831792414188385,
0.42258474230766296,
-0.3165838122367859,
-0.17691141366958618,
0.307773619890213,
-0.2707969546318054,
0.17427237331867218,
0.3503360152244568,
-0.47673162817955017,
-0.0897684246301651,
-0.5383528470993042,
-0.34771808981895447,
-0.5074657797813416,
-0.07412555813789368,
0.4501217305660248,
0.2190028429031372,
0.5390333533287048,
-0.0646032989025116,
-0.5244000554084778,
-0.12246815860271454,
-0.16484320163726807,
-0.4585905373096466,
-0.08244140446186066,
0.45699355006217957
] |
232061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycephaly | Oxycephaly | Oxycephaly is a type of cephalic disorder where the top of the skull is pointed or conical due to premature closure of the coronal suture plus any other suture, like the lambdoid, or it may be used to describe the premature fusion of all sutures. It should be differentiated from Crouzon syndrome. Oxycephaly is the most severe of the craniosynostoses.
Presentation
Common associations
It may be associated with:
8th cranial nerve lesion
Optic nerve compression
Intellectual disability
Syndactyly
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Acrocephalosyndactylia
References
Further reading
NINDS Overview
External links
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
Rare diseases | [
-0.005329460836946964,
1.0655676126480103,
-0.3531411290168762,
-0.28023001551628113,
-0.12499786168336868,
0.5315365195274353,
0.42390942573547363,
0.6237939596176147,
0.07631014287471771,
-0.8118771314620972,
-0.3954736590385437,
0.5157526135444641,
0.1016877144575119,
0.33090466260910034,
-0.4052058160305023,
0.3701673150062561,
0.6688410639762878,
0.2842499315738678,
-0.9045523405075073,
0.13189275562763214,
0.0710427388548851,
-0.9386057257652283,
0.3459510803222656,
-0.7339794039726257,
0.27866435050964355,
-0.14774975180625916,
-0.061017025262117386,
0.20893710851669312,
0.2576492726802826,
-0.12827004492282867,
-0.6262528896331787,
0.196487694978714,
0.2636544704437256,
-0.7185555696487427,
-0.39559176564216614,
0.11129935085773468,
-0.06620898842811584,
-0.624045193195343,
-0.16835443675518036,
-0.3357974886894226,
0.31385523080825806,
-0.4126681983470917,
0.4623730182647705,
0.3262976408004761,
-0.8493402600288391,
-0.32005661725997925,
-1.3296369314193726,
0.6619659066200256,
-0.9151538014411926,
0.15547245740890503,
0.10343611985445023,
-0.43011701107025146,
-0.11931630969047546,
0.1818789690732956,
0.2792292535305023,
-0.21759659051895142,
-0.8256362676620483,
-0.5373522639274597,
0.5738093256950378,
0.052889421582221985,
-0.05175182595849037,
0.1950252652168274,
-0.14293473958969116,
0.052056990563869476,
-0.14516548812389374,
0.1785019189119339,
-0.3250431716442108,
0.3793417513370514,
-1.2449480295181274,
0.25976118445396423,
-0.5128881931304932,
-0.13268233835697174,
0.1100674420595169,
0.20800936222076416,
-0.3059818744659424,
0.23311161994934082,
-0.43890145421028137,
-0.24240842461585999,
0.7972949743270874,
-0.149778813123703,
0.23090864717960358,
0.4172954857349396,
0.5722323656082153,
0.2827966511249542,
-0.15777938067913055,
-0.034873057156801224,
-0.715972363948822,
0.8144506216049194,
-0.49069955945014954,
-0.13223756849765778,
0.13407178223133087,
-0.26230520009994507,
0.14712055027484894,
0.5945096015930176,
-0.34424638748168945,
0.36201658844947815,
0.5828918218612671,
0.11494706571102142,
0.38029175996780396,
-0.1815561205148697,
0.2533157467842102,
-0.0445176437497139,
0.3449243903160095,
-0.024582190439105034,
0.3305812180042267,
-0.23231439292430878,
0.11416467279195786,
0.15189124643802643,
-0.48831552267074585,
-0.020194200798869133,
-1.0914218425750732,
0.29736003279685974,
0.04271502420306206,
-0.1896899938583374,
-0.10045892000198364,
-0.1711130291223526,
0.2125207781791687,
0.32965752482414246,
-0.11122488230466843,
-1.2070024013519287,
-0.5993048548698425,
0.12557940185070038,
-0.2740134596824646,
-0.15313459932804108,
-0.09624259173870087,
0.022783150896430016,
-0.30853307247161865,
0.5580292344093323,
-0.3521863520145416,
0.31034740805625916,
0.18473996222019196,
0.6543057560920715,
0.1301138550043106,
0.125058114528656,
0.3827851414680481,
-0.26970264315605164,
0.19120416045188904,
-0.28595393896102905,
1.113553524017334,
-0.16054965555667877,
-0.573296070098877,
0.008634367026388645,
-0.8576593995094299,
0.6301662921905518,
-0.039402835071086884,
-0.6174577474594116,
-0.03191882744431496,
0.685474693775177,
-0.3915041387081146,
0.03533831983804703,
0.5629400610923767,
-0.07319477945566177,
-0.31662243604660034,
-0.1870701014995575,
0.027792038396000862,
-0.20805343985557556,
0.18198411166667938,
-0.7545630931854248,
-0.04891242831945419,
0.10426090657711029,
0.3278166949748993,
0.01688261143863201,
-0.5240278244018555,
-0.10281103104352951,
0.27977830171585083,
-0.36627331376075745,
0.509533703327179,
-0.13368448615074158,
-0.2949008643627167,
0.8863884806632996,
-0.04396704211831093,
0.05276397988200188,
0.49896079301834106,
0.3561374843120575,
0.13449794054031372,
0.19450782239437103,
0.4433850646018982,
0.3242757320404053,
0.6010719537734985,
-0.10967402160167694,
-0.6790807843208313,
0.2894795835018158,
0.6112110614776611,
-0.06685976684093475,
-0.059961024671792984,
0.09626384824514389,
0.5665664672851562,
-0.052731845527887344,
-0.9585420489311218,
-0.7686873078346252,
-0.31495872139930725,
-0.49232912063598633,
0.43491247296333313,
-0.17607814073562622,
1.553690791130066,
-0.3509970009326935,
-0.825498640537262,
-0.040658704936504364,
-0.06894385814666748,
0.6171733736991882,
-0.36372658610343933,
-0.1381838470697403,
0.6601208448410034,
-0.17573881149291992,
-0.1282598078250885,
0.7293320894241333,
0.47203585505485535,
0.04916510730981827,
0.6440014243125916,
0.3780948519706726,
0.8447075486183167,
-0.8447098135948181,
0.027525706216692924,
-0.06630408763885498,
0.22182688117027283,
-0.2876792252063751,
-0.1629861742258072,
0.04472756385803223,
-0.27524131536483765,
-0.2005028873682022,
0.26491084694862366,
-0.49453216791152954,
0.21756255626678467,
0.41693389415740967,
0.1287548989057541,
0.5237687826156616,
0.25959521532058716,
-0.011555840261280537,
0.4446084499359131,
-0.6250014305114746,
-0.4374440610408783,
0.05160178244113922,
0.4531370997428894,
-0.22666426002979279,
0.36420655250549316,
-0.13015693426132202,
0.6193692684173584,
-0.5074604749679565,
0.40836215019226074,
-0.404026061296463,
-0.4882270097732544,
0.0015618703328073025,
-0.6290809512138367,
0.2709169387817383,
0.15976619720458984,
-0.14293867349624634,
-0.02800389565527439,
0.6087536811828613,
-0.6578529477119446,
0.1610725075006485,
-0.24843145906925201,
0.6834960579872131,
-0.06761740893125534,
-0.4589361846446991,
0.2744694650173187,
0.2042321115732193,
0.7606027126312256,
-0.3122732639312744,
-0.28770968317985535,
-0.2264896035194397,
-0.45556992292404175,
0.2322991043329239,
0.39506664872169495,
-0.41558992862701416,
-0.4358597695827484,
-0.11092356592416763,
0.34397926926612854,
-0.031341303139925,
0.708612859249115,
0.1989763081073761,
0.7131853699684143,
0.22035843133926392,
-0.7793598175048828,
0.5646283030509949,
-0.9019513130187988,
-0.06334167718887329,
-0.49137794971466064,
-0.23314684629440308,
-0.7153832912445068,
-0.5709310173988342,
0.0071761091239750385,
0.6835760474205017,
0.05839095264673233,
-0.19271394610404968,
-0.3126555383205414,
-0.014541445299983025,
0.3157692849636078,
-0.47360309958457947,
-0.17520460486412048,
-1.1428717374801636,
-0.6482080221176147,
0.49194711446762085,
0.47664156556129456,
0.0013593658804893494,
-0.15187105536460876,
0.07902873307466507,
-0.00025182575336657465,
-0.5699204802513123,
0.5027903318405151,
-0.5953252911567688,
-0.25398167967796326,
0.1583140790462494,
-0.10718181729316711,
-0.06403674930334091,
0.2563741207122803,
0.5359846353530884,
0.35552215576171875,
0.4156043529510498,
-5.4514994621276855,
0.04245125874876976,
0.02389296516776085,
-0.5662822127342224,
0.6392613053321838,
0.22980450093746185,
0.7327507138252258,
-0.2751865088939667,
-0.4968777894973755,
0.1209525540471077,
0.09057154506444931,
0.45215943455696106,
-0.2651408910751343,
0.15473130345344543,
0.06315171718597412,
-0.4839034974575043,
-0.42592155933380127,
0.031522542238235474,
0.13951168954372406,
0.26929107308387756,
0.4118669033050537,
-0.08609424531459808,
-0.013822934590280056,
0.2151288241147995,
-0.12044835835695267,
0.047954875975847244,
0.10991872847080231,
0.48306766152381897,
-0.6410979628562927,
-0.3959558308124542,
0.11789605766534805,
-0.5771169662475586,
0.4989657998085022,
0.33275875449180603,
-0.2693059742450714,
0.11978143453598022,
0.22281654179096222,
0.17846381664276123,
0.10218917578458786,
0.14262041449546814,
-0.42402228713035583,
0.13270457088947296,
0.3938003182411194,
0.03539270535111427,
0.8785424828529358,
-0.6208282113075256,
0.19062303006649017,
-0.2786593735218048,
-0.053778912872076035,
0.8742143511772156,
0.19112437963485718,
-0.17275050282478333,
-0.43853816390037537,
0.18826590478420258,
0.311928927898407,
0.020956281572580338,
0.9807021021842957,
-0.02514554187655449,
-0.486616313457489,
0.07800820469856262,
0.6460113525390625,
-0.5780563950538635,
-0.5876733660697937,
-0.9470429420471191,
0.05248483642935753,
-0.12012727558612823,
-0.41951295733451843,
0.4772005081176758,
0.647005021572113,
-0.04125067964196205,
-0.023154858499765396,
0.48951923847198486,
0.2302015870809555,
-0.8249222040176392,
0.745269775390625,
-0.3477676808834076,
-0.10674751549959183,
-0.5927780270576477,
-0.3655362129211426,
-0.1599094569683075,
-0.1784522384405136,
0.11253490298986435,
0.20935241878032684,
0.39289772510528564,
-0.05040422081947327,
-0.3135080337524414,
-0.3681490421295166,
0.564454197883606,
0.029399218037724495,
-0.15976589918136597,
1.0686867237091064,
-0.34086188673973083,
-0.2835136950016022,
0.3374292254447937,
-0.3771233856678009,
0.6407185196876526,
0.30640867352485657,
1.002221703529358,
0.5557118058204651,
0.2903432250022888,
0.5278991460800171,
-0.07870601117610931,
-0.2179492861032486,
0.2949470579624176,
-0.1908790022134781,
-0.694267213344574,
-0.26569992303848267,
0.4540939927101135,
0.6534114480018616,
-0.14656071364879608,
0.3732928931713104,
0.6691787242889404,
-0.29291218519210815,
-0.5150836706161499,
0.07242973148822784,
-0.21468372642993927,
-0.5553835034370422,
0.3241387605667114,
0.49586760997772217,
-0.5213913321495056,
0.052486173808574677,
0.17566193640232086,
-0.5541297197341919,
-0.16463275253772736,
0.32415616512298584,
0.08265950530767441,
0.2743498682975769,
0.0658683255314827,
-0.5551214814186096,
-0.038647767156362534,
-0.5529323816299438,
0.005711361765861511,
0.40282151103019714,
0.2839496433734894,
-0.3682776987552643,
-0.3294660449028015,
-0.4040667414665222,
0.33597439527511597,
-0.1982884407043457,
-0.06752457469701767,
0.36683401465415955,
-0.13663272559642792,
-0.31144848465919495,
-0.030443808063864708,
0.6015253663063049,
0.23831290006637573,
-0.6282848119735718,
-0.0007305206381715834,
-0.3578619956970215,
0.6654374599456787,
-0.07393631339073181,
-0.10526976734399796,
0.33654725551605225,
-0.14517167210578918,
0.20765691995620728,
0.3024061620235443,
-0.281451016664505,
0.5700697898864746,
-0.19032353162765503,
-0.6334725022315979,
-0.35616326332092285,
-0.4232816696166992,
-0.6666838526725769,
-0.003535053925588727,
0.10601098835468292,
-0.05937713757157326,
-0.6857311725616455,
-0.5887619853019714,
-0.34752747416496277,
-0.05645822733640671,
-0.38858336210250854,
0.20874245464801788,
0.11671813577413559,
-0.49245789647102356,
0.1044415608048439,
-0.3204205632209778,
-0.4560571014881134,
0.335454523563385,
-0.21170152723789215,
-0.6845941543579102,
-0.14113089442253113,
0.11457215994596481,
0.8342552781105042,
0.001105647417716682,
0.669230043888092,
-0.2734517455101013,
-0.5020607709884644,
-0.20944896340370178,
-0.2539137601852417,
-0.17136792838573456,
-0.3775261342525482,
-0.18589532375335693,
-0.02994903363287449,
0.23457524180412292,
0.346526563167572,
0.6248466372489929,
-0.42759400606155396,
-0.02405051328241825,
-0.2765536606311798,
-0.22552365064620972,
-0.28279733657836914,
-0.15201666951179504,
0.034128136932849884,
0.380124032497406,
0.8212568163871765,
-0.21087193489074707,
0.8882514834403992,
-0.40284857153892517,
-0.40936732292175293,
0.11855488270521164,
-0.1421339213848114,
-0.7790094017982483,
-0.6244515180587769,
0.464133620262146,
-0.17850500345230103,
-0.1667165905237198,
0.3052436411380768,
-0.30170032382011414,
-0.21059781312942505,
-0.032493799924850464,
0.609222412109375,
-0.14022161066532135,
-0.3934869170188904,
0.43313711881637573,
-0.34991130232810974,
0.05118444561958313,
0.05495377257466316,
-0.4377812147140503,
1.7460078001022339,
-0.45629897713661194,
0.24459275603294373,
0.07666587084531784,
-0.27544355392456055,
0.19079679250717163,
-0.2799573540687561,
-0.17472361028194427,
0.01687444932758808,
0.043132487684488297,
-0.4718022644519806,
0.11304650455713272,
1.1685649156570435,
0.26446619629859924,
0.24721339344978333,
0.37388694286346436,
-0.5515695214271545,
0.02026929333806038,
0.32829174399375916,
-0.4715416133403778,
-0.4993720054626465,
0.2981063723564148,
0.8924890160560608,
0.14779767394065857,
-0.44322046637535095,
-0.31148388981819153,
-0.05461888760328293,
0.06387263536453247,
-0.1637900024652481,
-0.8019139766693115,
-0.11323630064725876,
0.3196776807308197,
0.36704790592193604,
-0.40155479311943054,
0.386315256357193,
0.12255983054637909,
0.047370728105306625,
0.19106635451316833,
-0.47442397475242615,
0.07985679060220718,
0.509343683719635,
-0.44634103775024414,
-0.541266143321991,
0.09390746057033539,
1.0132087469100952,
-0.13938987255096436,
-0.1708289384841919,
0.04745741933584213,
-0.30201342701911926,
-0.6966261863708496,
0.37950143218040466,
-0.16349467635154724,
0.04711005091667175,
-0.23195332288742065,
0.08065886795520782,
-0.36696481704711914,
-0.2630009055137634,
-0.423157274723053,
0.35059654712677,
-0.4991759657859802,
-0.1875019520521164,
-0.12254444509744644,
-0.5844476222991943,
0.47783154249191284,
-0.09282989054918289,
-0.18611642718315125,
0.20625150203704834,
0.09813573956489563,
0.3258967101573944,
0.6639248728752136,
-0.06630779802799225,
0.35125336050987244,
-0.9202233552932739,
0.26890072226524353,
0.39078575372695923,
-0.7931392192840576,
0.5634920001029968,
0.33339813351631165,
-0.4956999123096466,
-0.6423934102058411,
0.33660686016082764,
0.2629607021808624,
0.17213226854801178,
0.22414551675319672,
-0.16843807697296143,
0.6371748447418213,
0.18401764333248138,
-0.05690591782331467,
0.3876667022705078,
-0.21359334886074066,
-0.13349543511867523,
0.663791298866272,
-0.029313761740922928,
0.4409927427768707,
0.4084172546863556,
-0.46571117639541626,
-0.20460788905620575,
-0.2389158308506012,
-0.057094164192676544,
0.22462213039398193,
0.20647777616977692,
0.6419063806533813,
-0.0027502523735165596,
0.1537281721830368,
0.027635781094431877,
0.4054771959781647,
0.16154329478740692,
-0.38842564821243286,
0.18661655485630035,
-0.8390530347824097,
0.10628160089254379,
0.346047580242157,
0.5397181510925293,
0.5759795308113098,
-0.1162673756480217,
0.3672959804534912,
-0.05184770002961159,
0.543286919593811,
-0.10201606154441833,
-0.3152730166912079,
-0.07408809661865234,
0.485555499792099,
0.2926172912120819,
-0.7436363101005554,
0.1879730224609375,
-0.4942602813243866,
-0.09560109674930573,
0.2989341914653778,
0.07761332392692566,
-0.07122521102428436,
-0.6803383231163025,
0.3299579322338104,
-0.5808920860290527,
0.3819309175014496,
-0.11355193704366684,
-0.0014056697255000472,
-0.11634966731071472,
0.15458422899246216,
0.2101001888513565,
-0.37976792454719543,
0.2551068663597107,
0.28837457299232483,
0.24446897208690643,
0.06673386693000793,
-0.269847571849823,
0.06536775827407837,
0.1950562298297882,
0.37852075695991516,
0.6216952800750732,
0.7116731405258179,
-0.10524354130029678,
-0.5518457293510437,
-0.5741270780563354,
-0.7845259308815002,
-0.6299750208854675,
0.08420191705226898,
0.17939665913581848,
-0.1921859234571457,
0.3057834506034851,
0.6137311458587646,
-0.14339596033096313,
0.00096526910783723,
0.2995564937591553,
-0.066376693546772,
0.6568874716758728,
-0.4327210485935211,
0.04683985188603401,
-0.3771474063396454,
0.1928141564130783,
0.2573786675930023,
-0.19699519872665405,
0.36907756328582764,
-0.41290074586868286,
0.2581841051578522,
0.30095580220222473,
-0.2867596447467804,
-0.492084801197052,
0.6256133913993835,
0.8016084432601929,
0.8279992938041687,
-0.9172344207763672,
-0.04299428313970566,
0.37209001183509827,
0.6942464113235474,
-0.09657873958349228,
0.6930280923843384,
-0.1358778327703476,
-0.840162992477417,
0.3757583498954773,
0.04260276257991791,
0.13212935626506805,
-0.5686759352684021,
0.24644693732261658,
-0.4529546797275543,
0.29711025953292847,
0.20047244429588318,
-0.4186534881591797,
-0.07752425223588943,
0.6718729734420776,
-0.0008499771356582642,
-0.7159589529037476,
0.41158971190452576,
-0.41377055644989014,
0.1681250035762787,
-0.5189756751060486,
-0.10427738726139069,
-0.3527860939502716,
-0.19768746197223663,
0.540453314781189,
0.40723443031311035,
-0.012184979394078255,
-0.7561305165290833,
0.2611527740955353,
-0.3524748980998993,
-0.7879120111465454,
0.13865305483341217,
-0.2302168905735016,
0.45691025257110596,
-0.729520320892334,
0.010164606384932995,
-0.22960855066776276,
0.07738733291625977,
0.14894616603851318,
-0.5251331329345703,
0.22142697870731354,
-0.16038833558559418,
-0.3575715124607086,
-0.742077112197876,
-0.108050137758255,
-0.16825726628303528,
-0.05113954469561577,
0.5041049122810364
] |
232062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiocephaly | Plagiocephaly | Plagiocephaly, also known as flat head syndrome, is a condition characterized by an asymmetrical distortion (flattening of one side) of the skull. A mild and widespread form is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in a supine position for prolonged periods.
Plagiocephaly is a diagonal asymmetry across the head shape. Often it is a flattening which is to one side at the back of the head and there is often some facial asymmetry. Depending on whether synostosis is involved, plagiocephaly divides into two groups: synostotic, with one or more fused cranial sutures, and non-synostotic (deformational). Surgical treatment of these groups includes the deference method; however, the treatment of deformational plagiocephaly is controversial. Brachycephaly describes a very wide head shape with a flattening across the whole back of the head.
Causes
Slight plagiocephaly is routinely diagnosed at birth and may be the result of a restrictive intrauterine environment giving a "diamond" shaped head when seen from above. If there is premature union of skull bones, this is more properly called craniosynostosis.
The incidence of plagiocephaly has increased dramatically since the advent of anti-sudden infant death syndrome recommendations for parents to keep their babies on their backs.
Data also suggest that the rates of plagiocephaly are higher for twins and multiple births, premature babies, babies who were positioned in the breech position or back-to-back, as well as for babies born after a prolonged labour.
Diagnosis
A developmental and physical assessment performed by a physician or a pediatric specialist is recommended. Often imaging is obtained if the diagnosis is questionable to see if the baby's sutures are present or not. If the sutures are not present, craniosynostosis may be ruled into question.
It is also common for an infant with positional plagiocephaly to have misaligned ears (the ear on the affected side may be pulled forward and down and be larger or protrude more than the unaffected ear).
Prevention
Prevention methods include carrying the infant and giving the infant time to play on their stomach (tummy time), which may prevent the baby from progressing into moderate or severe plagiocephaly.
Letting babies crawl may also prove to be crucial in preventing plagiocephaly as it strengthens babies' spine and neck muscles. Crawling also boosts gross and fine motor skills (large and refined movements), balance, hand-eye-coordination and overall strength.
In addition, specialized mattresses are available to prevent plagiocephaly. The design of these mattresses is characterized by an ergonomic design that reduces pressure on the baby's head. It is very important that these mattresses are certified to guarantee their effectiveness.
Treatment
The condition may improve to some extent as the baby grows, but in some cases, home treatment or physical therapy treatment can improve the shape of a baby’s head.
Early interventions (based on the severity) are of importance to reduce the severity of the degree of the plagiocephaly. Diagnosis is most commonly determined through clinical examination. In order to assess the severity of the condition and determine the best course of treatment, practitioners often use the Plagiocephaly Severity Scale. This is a scale that can help practitioners evaluate the condition in a standardized way.
The course of treatment is typically based on the age of the child when the diagnosis is made in conjunction with the severity of the diagnosis. If a diagnosis of mild to moderate plagiocephaly occurs before four months of age, repositioning therapy may be helpful. If the diagnosis is determined to be severe, practitioners will likely prescribe a cranial molding orthosis (helmet), which has the best results when prescribed between five to six months of age.
Repositioning
Initially, treatment usually takes the form of reducing the pressure on the affected area through repositioning of the baby onto their abdomen for extended periods of time throughout the day.
This may include repositioning the child's head throughout the day so that the rounded side of the head is placed against the mattress, re-positioning cribs and other areas that infants spend time in so that they will have to look in a different direction to see their parents or others in the room, re-positioning mobiles and other toys for similar reasons, and avoiding extended time sleeping in car-seats (when not in a vehicle), bouncy seats, or other supine seating which is thought to exacerbate the problem. If the child appears to have discomfort or cries when they are re-positioned, a neck problem should be ruled out.
Helmets
High quality evidence is lacking for cranial remolding orthosis (baby helmet) for the positional condition and use for this purpose is controversial. If conservative treatment is unsuccessful, helmets may help to correct abnormal head shapes. These helmets are used to treat deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, scaphocephaly and other head shape deformities in infants 3–18 months of age by gently allowing the head shape to grow back into a normal shape. This type of treatment has been used for severe deformations.
Prognosis
Preliminary research indicates that some babies with plagiocephaly may comprise a high-risk group for developmental difficulties. Plagiocephaly is associated with motor and language developmental delays. While developmental delay is more commonplace among babies with plagiocephaly, it cannot be inferred that plagiocephaly is the cause of the delay.
Etymology
Ancient Greek πλάγιος (plagios) 'oblique, slanting', from PIE plag- 'flat, spread', from *plak, and Modern Latin cephal- 'head, skull, brain', (from Greek κεφαλή) together means 'flat head'.
See also
Artificial cranial deformation
Yakovlevian torque
References
External links
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system | [
0.28140076994895935,
0.8133704662322998,
-0.4506196677684784,
-0.18657784163951874,
-0.2439245730638504,
0.40841877460479736,
0.5765367746353149,
0.5762265920639038,
-0.3190513253211975,
-0.5900366306304932,
-0.5064901113510132,
0.40147992968559265,
-0.0005077362293377519,
0.6416410803794861,
-0.46045926213264465,
0.5033884048461914,
0.563211977481842,
0.06389904767274857,
-0.38428205251693726,
0.0784304291009903,
0.2751178741455078,
-0.5789454579353333,
0.4917318522930145,
-0.6684368252754211,
-0.4577697813510895,
-0.3696061968803406,
0.18343111872673035,
0.383451372385025,
0.04230261594057083,
-0.029732728376984596,
-0.6952260732650757,
0.4855934977531433,
0.05123032256960869,
-0.47431984543800354,
-0.22667257487773895,
0.13026480376720428,
0.12047059088945389,
-0.538411021232605,
-0.28917691111564636,
-0.305939257144928,
0.5995398759841919,
-0.31225821375846863,
0.010696562938392162,
0.32846784591674805,
-0.7307883501052856,
-0.10514018684625626,
-1.2276742458343506,
0.7659663558006287,
-0.946559488773346,
-0.1811317503452301,
0.05801717936992645,
0.049987033009529114,
0.16927416622638702,
0.1788269281387329,
0.011752182617783546,
0.20337654650211334,
-1.123064398765564,
-0.3739269971847534,
0.5877761244773865,
-0.10073713213205338,
0.1375483125448227,
0.4239223897457123,
-0.02068827860057354,
-0.12061548978090286,
-0.024088731035590172,
-0.04379373416304588,
-0.18732066452503204,
0.6881868243217468,
-1.060071349143982,
-0.24632753431797028,
-0.3591984510421753,
-0.19035592675209045,
0.2858656644821167,
0.5029489994049072,
-0.31132835149765015,
0.36642318964004517,
-0.08442218601703644,
-0.33821094036102295,
0.7092297077178955,
-0.31424468755722046,
0.2831692695617676,
0.09592039883136749,
0.42551350593566895,
0.4537484049797058,
-0.09535392373800278,
-0.22241616249084473,
-0.7395905256271362,
0.743421733379364,
-0.3149411678314209,
0.11733186990022659,
-0.10151205956935883,
-0.21291889250278473,
0.7925860285758972,
0.4199286103248596,
0.13886786997318268,
0.18005506694316864,
0.2564014494419098,
-0.10921904444694519,
0.3437215983867645,
-0.06693553924560547,
0.19226375222206116,
0.10534340888261795,
0.2514062821865082,
0.12106288224458694,
0.3216010630130768,
-0.3700580298900604,
-0.13243600726127625,
0.2570549547672272,
-0.46481359004974365,
-0.40516433119773865,
-1.2544149160385132,
0.4143119156360626,
-0.2228056937456131,
0.06786594539880753,
-0.6863982677459717,
0.07390651106834412,
0.14628714323043823,
-0.20977453887462616,
-0.3120989203453064,
-0.7354907989501953,
-0.5499272346496582,
0.2839627265930176,
-0.1927090287208557,
-0.4684411287307739,
-0.05198824778199196,
0.26595786213874817,
-0.11937213689088821,
0.4613645374774933,
-0.44971272349357605,
0.24670414626598358,
0.4340512156486511,
0.5072541832923889,
-0.17353099584579468,
0.021951092407107353,
0.5958501100540161,
-0.45695847272872925,
0.5520561337471008,
-0.28590190410614014,
0.794531524181366,
0.015009106136858463,
-0.4651518762111664,
-0.3162464499473572,
-1.0032280683517456,
0.4146106541156769,
0.36234697699546814,
-0.3576953113079071,
0.3556194007396698,
0.4340914189815521,
-0.5084260702133179,
-0.21918301284313202,
0.17957879602909088,
-0.20996913313865662,
-0.25997045636177063,
-0.3815043568611145,
0.2949458956718445,
0.14153681695461273,
0.3649621903896332,
-0.6819199919700623,
0.4791114330291748,
0.1896614134311676,
0.1775672733783722,
0.1948809027671814,
-0.7188071012496948,
0.2359531819820404,
0.11739984899759293,
-0.35831719636917114,
0.3368437886238098,
0.1854606419801712,
-0.09742802381515503,
1.122016191482544,
-0.6420758962631226,
0.28488704562187195,
0.6356337070465088,
-0.10493163764476776,
0.13086271286010742,
0.17576821148395538,
0.4473746120929718,
0.16155049204826355,
0.6171124577522278,
-0.22941891849040985,
-0.5706263184547424,
-0.021870406344532967,
0.6141892075538635,
-0.14582665264606476,
-0.017446210607886314,
-0.05158054456114769,
1.0466772317886353,
-0.33556970953941345,
-0.7756946682929993,
-0.48771360516548157,
-0.32903996109962463,
-0.44239115715026855,
0.5600072145462036,
0.004844513721764088,
1.6442196369171143,
0.2942023277282715,
-1.2402656078338623,
0.21238790452480316,
0.2888002395629883,
0.8251942992210388,
-0.27277395129203796,
-0.16924285888671875,
0.33043432235717773,
0.3130149245262146,
-0.3540564477443695,
0.4172378480434418,
0.21702228486537933,
-0.2015761435031891,
0.2635181248188019,
0.47250065207481384,
0.6939697265625,
-0.7819229364395142,
0.0009878253331407905,
-0.013735639862716198,
-0.25801894068717957,
0.027335427701473236,
-0.45541828870773315,
0.19930443167686462,
-0.5275142192840576,
-0.12263136357069016,
0.33217090368270874,
-0.45994532108306885,
-0.10251162201166153,
-0.05108307674527168,
0.1650066077709198,
0.492514431476593,
-0.17817707359790802,
-0.06884671002626419,
0.39361771941185,
-0.7131211757659912,
-0.636042058467865,
0.4016551375389099,
0.20686358213424683,
-0.16560517251491547,
0.08997887372970581,
-0.07548058032989502,
0.403901070356369,
-0.6723692417144775,
0.41187185049057007,
-0.3955044448375702,
-0.5164719820022583,
0.04959261789917946,
-0.679725170135498,
0.27597054839134216,
-0.11518919467926025,
0.04485996440052986,
0.034267257899045944,
0.6467732787132263,
-0.6970744729042053,
-0.11460499465465546,
0.17810136079788208,
0.7280557155609131,
-0.16682465374469757,
-0.39978721737861633,
0.17302189767360687,
0.24670489132404327,
0.613008975982666,
-0.45436444878578186,
-0.21741002798080444,
-0.08586017042398453,
-0.5344258546829224,
0.5245372653007507,
0.5407094955444336,
0.007859562523663044,
-0.5306198000907898,
-0.6497419476509094,
0.18969160318374634,
-0.09576748311519623,
0.7265692949295044,
0.05565522238612175,
0.830819845199585,
-0.43940529227256775,
-0.8740226626396179,
0.575437605381012,
-0.4023650586605072,
0.048997316509485245,
-0.8297112584114075,
-0.42361757159233093,
-0.8886370062828064,
-0.5023798942565918,
0.011489484459161758,
1.0053966045379639,
0.5148707032203674,
0.1510268598794937,
-0.3519573211669922,
-0.012170891277492046,
0.14716331660747528,
-0.3044656813144684,
-0.01575428619980812,
-0.8494625091552734,
-0.358999103307724,
0.4729008078575134,
0.5382207632064819,
-0.0034317313693463802,
-0.20690254867076874,
0.3148753345012665,
0.06409107148647308,
-0.6459989547729492,
0.6575088500976562,
-0.3348947763442993,
-0.6561925411224365,
0.22787271440029144,
-0.4400961697101593,
-0.13999955356121063,
0.3042663037776947,
0.3508191406726837,
0.21849632263183594,
0.11022025346755981,
-5.39276647567749,
0.06600774824619293,
-0.11004403233528137,
-0.24019059538841248,
0.40669095516204834,
0.35422733426094055,
0.5716105103492737,
-0.2255328744649887,
-0.6586195826530457,
-0.09065099060535431,
0.026414016261696815,
0.2208012342453003,
-0.03705580160021782,
0.7640807032585144,
0.2726762592792511,
0.000005437547315523261,
-0.2551517188549042,
-0.2427753508090973,
0.15953102707862854,
0.2954631447792053,
0.2179294228553772,
0.224934920668602,
0.05846324563026428,
0.2739773392677307,
-0.24405242502689362,
0.4517882466316223,
0.28238028287887573,
0.648219883441925,
-0.80094975233078,
-0.3577398359775543,
0.2633413076400757,
-0.4968920946121216,
0.1332024186849594,
-0.03930819779634476,
-0.17120030522346497,
0.19286087155342102,
0.2986842691898346,
0.17930975556373596,
0.3843880593776703,
0.19685564935207367,
-0.3556467592716217,
0.19137199223041534,
0.37899500131607056,
0.03378324210643768,
1.0521724224090576,
-0.47312119603157043,
0.07579720765352249,
-0.13450311124324799,
0.31037431955337524,
0.5844724178314209,
0.31990334391593933,
-0.21080636978149414,
0.013808740302920341,
0.4129927158355713,
-0.034844618290662766,
0.44667932391166687,
0.9701626896858215,
-0.009210765361785889,
-0.49802783131599426,
0.11081786453723907,
0.8828555345535278,
-0.5461084842681885,
-0.4585281312465668,
-1.0379141569137573,
0.17124350368976593,
-0.6552063822746277,
-0.2516523003578186,
0.3209265470504761,
0.6011014580726624,
0.03754330798983574,
0.20219817757606506,
0.4364580810070038,
-0.13688455522060394,
-0.981395423412323,
0.8761326670646667,
-0.42528507113456726,
-0.3844168484210968,
-0.46700698137283325,
-0.32053959369659424,
0.23466138541698456,
-0.2543005049228668,
-0.169324591755867,
-0.2277122288942337,
0.24552471935749054,
0.015819886699318886,
-0.3914183974266052,
-0.16412155330181122,
0.7484028935432434,
-0.3498762547969818,
-0.08224295824766159,
0.6098974943161011,
-0.2905957102775574,
-0.08427876979112625,
0.2932676076889038,
-0.3678772449493408,
0.8860092759132385,
0.1800096184015274,
0.6681609749794006,
1.0168540477752686,
0.3980238437652588,
0.40551692247390747,
-0.7277631759643555,
0.1106906309723854,
0.3159486949443817,
-0.3201006352901459,
-0.5203467011451721,
-0.06298297643661499,
0.5523566007614136,
0.9959261417388916,
-0.06068944185972214,
0.17795540392398834,
0.31154972314834595,
-0.017801295965909958,
-0.16907347738742828,
0.4737647473812103,
0.03689819201827049,
-0.29164576530456543,
0.2639971971511841,
0.47464117407798767,
-0.5390526056289673,
0.027716634795069695,
-0.18756763637065887,
-0.4981929659843445,
-0.07040105760097504,
0.5440633296966553,
-0.3372061550617218,
0.2725219428539276,
0.054029542952775955,
-0.8371875882148743,
0.18524472415447235,
-0.42866215109825134,
0.26983392238616943,
0.548647940158844,
0.42680588364601135,
-0.11155877262353897,
-0.2854452133178711,
-0.21105659008026123,
0.24980242550373077,
-0.21209214627742767,
-0.5394659042358398,
0.33682435750961304,
-0.3204214572906494,
-0.0724451020359993,
0.3337782919406891,
0.6721731424331665,
0.2673821747303009,
-0.4617825150489807,
0.010508677922189236,
-0.6282000541687012,
0.7180365920066833,
-0.30903691053390503,
-0.05682027339935303,
-0.14091382920742035,
-0.37383466958999634,
0.4033249318599701,
0.24715404212474823,
-0.33256080746650696,
0.5926356911659241,
-0.004767759703099728,
-0.2632931172847748,
-0.3155144453048706,
-0.7104135155677795,
-0.7983088493347168,
-0.20317594707012177,
-0.20359931886196136,
-0.13863301277160645,
-0.8544058799743652,
-0.8037369251251221,
-0.16456161439418793,
0.4930708110332489,
-0.5424218773841858,
-0.11222808808088303,
-0.24298186600208282,
-0.4616468846797943,
0.2784954905509949,
-0.3654404580593109,
-0.32092049717903137,
0.13270500302314758,
-0.19664305448532104,
-0.6538636088371277,
-0.5185969471931458,
0.23388823866844177,
0.33078667521476746,
0.32956621050834656,
0.5689811110496521,
0.1070229560136795,
-0.49508753418922424,
0.0015312237665057182,
-0.27627187967300415,
-0.22081221640110016,
-0.43302154541015625,
0.14541031420230865,
-0.13498251140117645,
0.637731671333313,
-0.03825324401259422,
0.42658814787864685,
-0.20162224769592285,
0.2447824478149414,
-0.27680760622024536,
-0.45331841707229614,
0.08554329723119736,
0.11866399645805359,
-0.07599226385354996,
0.39257556200027466,
0.9797058701515198,
-0.6140219569206238,
0.8898513913154602,
-0.22854426503181458,
-0.682407796382904,
0.5935273766517639,
-0.08811786025762558,
-0.8731618523597717,
-0.21398063004016876,
0.5666990280151367,
-0.32956239581108093,
0.029131382703781128,
0.32245054841041565,
-0.43585553765296936,
-0.16724443435668945,
0.09445078670978546,
0.3873691260814667,
-0.09741845726966858,
-0.48580747842788696,
-0.03358212485909462,
-0.8808781504631042,
0.05188789591193199,
-0.1408960521221161,
-0.09941735118627548,
1.4326238632202148,
-0.4954926669597626,
0.4679614007472992,
-0.20305804908275604,
-0.11440646648406982,
0.03893036022782326,
-0.31292662024497986,
-0.11593052744865417,
0.0014153583906590939,
0.2329193353652954,
-0.06837067753076553,
-0.030683936551213264,
1.12477445602417,
0.453866571187973,
0.2180781066417694,
0.2522489130496979,
-0.37493690848350525,
-0.026718489825725555,
0.5503448247909546,
-0.2700536847114563,
-0.29170656204223633,
0.09741507470607758,
0.7370311617851257,
-0.3049828112125397,
-0.7184768319129944,
-0.18154968321323395,
0.23285169899463654,
-0.08976871520280838,
0.018200388178229332,
-1.2674154043197632,
0.2611914575099945,
0.30601203441619873,
0.1582147777080536,
0.08779820799827576,
0.2954270541667938,
-0.16302518546581268,
-0.07949778437614441,
-0.20461130142211914,
-0.029616665095090866,
0.3448674976825714,
0.3859545886516571,
-0.07768279314041138,
-0.14309757947921753,
-0.019544264301657677,
0.4734947979450226,
-0.1345808357000351,
-0.37481340765953064,
-0.0875677838921547,
0.010596172884106636,
-0.9879786372184753,
0.21573153138160706,
-0.057816557586193085,
-0.2882431447505951,
-0.04452713578939438,
0.009998567402362823,
-0.48055359721183777,
-0.3707629442214966,
-0.2740704119205475,
0.2819981575012207,
-0.3138010799884796,
-0.2410540133714676,
0.12370274215936661,
-0.7912658452987671,
0.18325944244861603,
-0.22502344846725464,
0.02548404596745968,
0.3433679938316345,
-0.19443751871585846,
-0.052107393741607666,
0.7203113436698914,
-0.15691018104553223,
0.07589203864336014,
-1.0650080442428589,
0.24042586982250214,
0.1373755931854248,
-0.8709149956703186,
0.437203586101532,
0.0765637531876564,
-0.21461525559425354,
-0.8101146221160889,
0.6017042994499207,
0.2795661389827728,
0.32823827862739563,
-0.03354348987340927,
-0.1486799418926239,
0.5998340249061584,
0.2327403426170349,
-0.1438855230808258,
0.5856615900993347,
-0.3803230822086334,
-0.02123132161796093,
0.8260334134101868,
-0.21807467937469482,
0.5612392425537109,
0.5599244236946106,
-0.7627865076065063,
-0.09015734493732452,
-0.06174881011247635,
-0.039184022694826126,
0.16438493132591248,
0.5296692252159119,
0.3637217879295349,
0.3733796775341034,
0.21146780252456665,
0.09562616795301437,
0.3985561430454254,
0.3051973283290863,
-0.2941587567329407,
0.17460045218467712,
-0.6206443905830383,
0.1452472060918808,
0.415021687746048,
-0.02738909237086773,
0.18684978783130646,
0.031315263360738754,
0.1822577863931656,
0.01968706026673317,
0.6635915040969849,
-0.30356937646865845,
-0.09436342865228653,
0.210017129778862,
0.0781712681055069,
0.5172239542007446,
-0.5493204593658447,
0.2396257072687149,
-0.7356313467025757,
0.012102719396352768,
-0.1878470629453659,
0.053768955171108246,
-0.4697193503379822,
-1.2259653806686401,
0.2740024924278259,
-0.030596230179071426,
0.6004973649978638,
-0.11814094334840775,
-0.11587509512901306,
-0.20772118866443634,
-0.29384708404541016,
0.34071847796440125,
-0.12313571572303772,
0.07319654524326324,
0.42599382996559143,
0.379942923784256,
0.39255887269973755,
-0.42172661423683167,
0.44113150238990784,
-0.08825132250785828,
-0.0685546025633812,
0.3839988708496094,
0.6332932710647583,
0.07000022381544113,
-0.3705204427242279,
-0.30996179580688477,
-0.6066872477531433,
-0.5609527826309204,
-0.2413226217031479,
-0.0021078139543533325,
-0.1964280754327774,
0.4285503327846527,
0.5800288319587708,
0.5200300812721252,
0.03440706059336662,
-0.051967281848192215,
-0.21950632333755493,
0.2635425627231598,
0.2580288052558899,
-0.4322882890701294,
-0.6769139766693115,
0.057666029781103134,
0.14574037492275238,
-0.11477722972631454,
0.20170579850673676,
-0.009542841464281082,
0.2541350722312927,
0.15240983664989471,
-0.001293454086408019,
-0.6315420866012573,
0.3518328070640564,
0.17471323907375336,
0.5681034922599792,
-1.1350317001342773,
0.06418193131685257,
0.06893669068813324,
0.493502676486969,
-0.18781070411205292,
0.8723194003105164,
-0.14951087534427643,
-0.4345996379852295,
0.36014145612716675,
-0.15970294177532196,
-0.038096241652965546,
-0.4040588140487671,
0.3131067156791687,
-0.41173723340034485,
0.9076749682426453,
0.3758218586444855,
-0.25801628828048706,
-0.26307758688926697,
0.552421510219574,
-0.16450227797031403,
-0.31615009903907776,
0.02704436145722866,
-0.6420798897743225,
0.38193923234939575,
-0.4389324486255646,
0.40818479657173157,
-0.12266676872968674,
-0.2932599186897278,
0.6101924180984497,
0.5545362830162048,
-0.22003377974033356,
-0.9207450747489929,
0.02844938263297081,
-0.641638457775116,
-0.10619250684976578,
0.23200568556785583,
0.04527616500854492,
-0.15504197776317596,
-0.4703938663005829,
-0.08554603904485703,
-0.08741199225187302,
-0.25600919127464294,
0.35905545949935913,
-0.4928539991378784,
0.48904022574424744,
-0.3690531253814697,
-0.3290344476699829,
-0.5587871670722961,
-0.19423390924930573,
-0.4356405735015869,
-0.18247996270656586,
0.4400535523891449
] |
232063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphocephaly | Scaphocephaly | Scaphocephaly is a type of cephalic disorder which occurs when there is a premature fusion of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture joins together the two parietal bones of the skull. Scaphocephaly is the most common of the craniosynostosis conditions and is characterized by a long, narrow head.
Treatment
This condition can be corrected by surgery if the child is young enough. The use of a cranial remolding orthosis can also benefit the child if the child begins wearing it at an early age.
Terminology
The term is from Greek skaphe meaning 'light boat or skiff' and kephale meaning 'head') describes a specific shape of a long narrow head that resembles an inverted boat.
See also
Dolichocephaly
References
External links
NINDS Overview
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system | [
0.010422800667583942,
0.7323779463768005,
-0.7198134660720825,
-0.2090030163526535,
0.029541198164224625,
0.5034108757972717,
0.6808316707611084,
0.878247082233429,
-0.13434505462646484,
-0.849675714969635,
-0.5465934872627258,
0.2134193778038025,
-0.4174622595310211,
0.3640771508216858,
-0.03906869888305664,
0.35572537779808044,
0.3852093815803528,
0.1307622343301773,
-0.052440859377384186,
-0.22826187312602997,
-0.2737206816673279,
-0.4119850695133209,
0.5599066019058228,
-0.529544472694397,
-0.08588843792676926,
-0.3753456473350525,
-0.28788211941719055,
0.17200812697410583,
0.3598536252975464,
-0.47763898968696594,
-0.23766185343265533,
0.24705824255943298,
0.48001885414123535,
-0.5631097555160522,
-0.11245506256818771,
-0.22050873935222626,
0.3124612867832184,
-0.6213377118110657,
-0.2613215744495392,
-0.2859807014465332,
0.1425987184047699,
-0.2791709899902344,
0.7421547770500183,
-0.366305410861969,
-0.1662752330303192,
-0.0159267857670784,
-1.3731472492218018,
0.1499071717262268,
-0.7706818580627441,
0.07334350049495697,
0.5431016683578491,
-0.1333043873310089,
0.5350618362426758,
0.34795641899108887,
0.24965651333332062,
0.1427152305841446,
-1.3176851272583008,
-0.3370532691478729,
0.707556426525116,
-0.34896913170814514,
0.21937009692192078,
0.26176372170448303,
-0.3332469165325165,
-0.2432992309331894,
0.3547900319099426,
0.16997280716896057,
-0.35323506593704224,
0.5438117980957031,
-0.827079713344574,
-0.006354117766022682,
-0.3975566327571869,
-0.46275782585144043,
0.24261640012264252,
0.18574129045009613,
-0.03366949409246445,
0.25059378147125244,
-0.7229940891265869,
-0.16023136675357819,
0.49229657649993896,
-0.4861428737640381,
-0.28135862946510315,
1.0701771974563599,
0.3478491008281708,
0.6774833798408508,
0.25169938802719116,
-0.09305544942617416,
-0.712356686592102,
1.284423589706421,
-0.6210906505584717,
0.555905282497406,
0.08046936243772507,
0.03850375488400459,
0.0819145068526268,
0.07458862662315369,
-0.4549170136451721,
-0.1590329110622406,
0.4702955186367035,
0.2742817997932434,
0.4589049220085144,
0.06316597759723663,
-0.07794757187366486,
0.08931638300418854,
0.20767876505851746,
-0.10176967084407806,
0.48537832498550415,
-0.35972586274147034,
0.02031654119491577,
0.24780316650867462,
0.12274661660194397,
-0.3349335193634033,
-0.5795736312866211,
-0.17990341782569885,
-0.1315188705921173,
-0.4446232318878174,
-0.5498525500297546,
-0.09885131567716599,
-0.25412824749946594,
-0.2429143786430359,
-0.47895553708076477,
-1.3533070087432861,
-0.0971013680100441,
-0.1633872240781784,
-0.1424170732498169,
0.08288120478391647,
-0.6442867517471313,
0.07427026331424713,
0.12214267998933792,
0.6158488988876343,
-0.24943020939826965,
0.588834285736084,
0.11409223824739456,
0.7748124003410339,
0.09487284719944,
0.2361806482076645,
0.3576768636703491,
-0.26497122645378113,
0.09697280079126358,
-0.28955984115600586,
0.9640336036682129,
0.2707761824131012,
-0.6146460771560669,
0.1947915256023407,
-0.9083418846130371,
0.6487886309623718,
0.00892459973692894,
-0.2909657061100006,
-0.1425117403268814,
0.3941357433795929,
-0.2291405349969864,
-0.27475303411483765,
0.3531058430671692,
-0.21825945377349854,
-0.4329729378223419,
0.43111392855644226,
-0.3895229697227478,
-0.19425499439239502,
0.7827641367912292,
-0.7720520496368408,
0.07189992815256119,
0.5495662093162537,
0.05355479568243027,
-0.029374390840530396,
-0.5268277525901794,
0.4483878016471863,
0.19613832235336304,
-0.4925164580345154,
0.7273672223091125,
-0.2638867497444153,
-0.21377137303352356,
1.0588029623031616,
-0.16871961951255798,
0.08024019002914429,
0.33951514959335327,
-0.20173078775405884,
-0.05444977805018425,
0.1430271416902542,
0.1598425805568695,
0.1393408179283142,
0.645621657371521,
-0.18029341101646423,
-0.5903078317642212,
0.256569504737854,
0.4426676630973816,
0.05237395688891411,
0.4815421998500824,
-0.23023781180381775,
0.5927352905273438,
0.06038099527359009,
-0.9087905883789062,
-0.6176316142082214,
-0.6907252073287964,
-0.6902027726173401,
0.7404184937477112,
0.37516170740127563,
1.294985294342041,
-0.030818361788988113,
-0.630723774433136,
-0.16446661949157715,
0.42656269669532776,
0.5379534363746643,
-0.49191147089004517,
-0.004211616236716509,
0.2903299927711487,
0.016911253333091736,
-0.12366621196269989,
1.0585370063781738,
0.05801883712410927,
0.35362645983695984,
0.733604371547699,
0.3662812113761902,
0.3642997443675995,
-0.5034131407737732,
0.11830883473157883,
-0.3307580351829529,
0.14258919656276703,
-0.5615944266319275,
-0.3214694559574127,
-0.09793590754270554,
-0.4951761066913605,
-0.4564869701862335,
0.44904014468193054,
-0.254501610994339,
0.2713555097579956,
0.5342831611633301,
0.0764462798833847,
0.6992095112800598,
0.06499724090099335,
-0.08929111808538437,
0.14891955256462097,
-0.2541811168193817,
-0.22445441782474518,
0.15798592567443848,
0.42660996317863464,
-0.5190844535827637,
0.4449594020843506,
0.1285094916820526,
0.1897503137588501,
-0.7744140028953552,
0.011012911796569824,
-0.37283673882484436,
-0.08741967380046844,
0.3029941916465759,
-0.4271359443664551,
-0.14137156307697296,
0.348455548286438,
0.026583010330796242,
0.0049344198778271675,
0.6277879476547241,
-0.7107543349266052,
0.22379635274410248,
-0.15551769733428955,
0.6575701236724854,
-0.34166648983955383,
-0.6389932036399841,
-0.10177437961101532,
0.08222531527280807,
0.5645492672920227,
-0.1762593686580658,
0.04697856307029724,
-0.6602048873901367,
-0.2797081172466278,
-0.0037087483797222376,
0.14609475433826447,
0.04622681066393852,
-0.5026264190673828,
0.09815923124551773,
0.11186102032661438,
0.15962320566177368,
0.791111409664154,
-0.07759273052215576,
0.878009557723999,
-0.15874634683132172,
-1.2431210279464722,
0.10448145866394043,
-0.8400982618331909,
0.016024386510252953,
-0.3640139102935791,
0.07148032635450363,
-0.5601537227630615,
-0.0006353616481646895,
0.05443861708045006,
0.5075284838676453,
0.06728462874889374,
-0.07470094412565231,
-0.461515873670578,
0.1485215127468109,
0.5886843204498291,
0.1113150417804718,
-0.2099306285381317,
-0.9642964005470276,
-0.253238707780838,
0.4333602488040924,
0.03154287114739418,
0.16414578258991241,
-0.052376288920640945,
-0.042924024164676666,
-0.03432011604309082,
-0.03199516609311104,
0.2419765293598175,
-0.711496114730835,
-0.055581383407115936,
0.19556692242622375,
0.24731311202049255,
-0.22952508926391602,
0.45157283544540405,
0.17659863829612732,
-0.033455271273851395,
-0.26560965180397034,
-5.3045654296875,
-0.04099671170115471,
0.002629245864227414,
-0.5556371212005615,
0.5063691139221191,
0.13922393321990967,
0.8379844427108765,
-0.19121073186397552,
-0.42608755826950073,
0.07578049600124359,
-0.3101031482219696,
0.25665029883384705,
-0.374786913394928,
0.10361063480377197,
0.07499305158853531,
-0.13969546556472778,
-0.6227592825889587,
-0.25391802191734314,
0.41637149453163147,
0.15151113271713257,
0.04113065451383591,
0.3657121956348419,
-0.024418286979198456,
0.5014060735702515,
-0.15556682646274567,
0.08943253755569458,
-0.4699981212615967,
0.28464460372924805,
-0.44722169637680054,
-0.1445646435022354,
-0.046490900218486786,
-0.21491222083568573,
0.5247077345848083,
0.22154980897903442,
-0.6570166349411011,
-0.1317329853773117,
0.5418675541877747,
0.06450118124485016,
0.37543952465057373,
-0.0810716301202774,
-0.6665549278259277,
0.007096230983734131,
0.05821804702281952,
0.2776365876197815,
0.6377303004264832,
-0.3734835982322693,
0.06745101511478424,
-0.3332034945487976,
0.14376915991306305,
1.413333535194397,
0.1766439527273178,
-0.1252434253692627,
0.01655978336930275,
0.2324976921081543,
0.39873191714286804,
0.04796465113759041,
0.6383665204048157,
-0.25816652178764343,
-0.4637993276119232,
-0.11580748856067657,
0.21781706809997559,
-0.6749417781829834,
-0.6792505979537964,
-0.7787508368492126,
0.14251412451267242,
-0.21072302758693695,
-0.8296237587928772,
0.6030851006507874,
0.6382124423980713,
0.18218262493610382,
-0.230436772108078,
0.5072729587554932,
0.40146663784980774,
-0.8369066119194031,
0.5896703004837036,
-0.8381509780883789,
-0.5677236318588257,
-0.22038933634757996,
0.06787138432264328,
0.1903255134820938,
0.3008055090904236,
0.03170095756649971,
-0.27295833826065063,
0.4185260832309723,
0.5527783036231995,
-0.12586647272109985,
-0.3251517713069916,
0.2306900918483734,
-0.5033063292503357,
-0.36232396960258484,
0.5535303354263306,
0.2886573076248169,
-0.22763502597808838,
0.28801217675209045,
-0.4132544696331024,
1.0830802917480469,
0.05388566479086876,
0.9871042370796204,
0.3732524514198303,
-0.02018953487277031,
0.7811946868896484,
-0.4245665669441223,
-0.2924160361289978,
0.32946082949638367,
-0.11287306249141693,
-0.47116661071777344,
-0.1357240080833435,
0.6550304293632507,
0.07411062717437744,
-0.14625415205955505,
0.53678297996521,
0.45511290431022644,
-0.5285599827766418,
-0.4008622169494629,
0.09649858623743057,
0.0934055894613266,
-1.1026630401611328,
0.3194567859172821,
0.43275198340415955,
-0.4585931897163391,
0.6591671109199524,
0.23842023313045502,
-0.3582783639431,
0.10707734525203705,
-0.14849741756916046,
0.15295539796352386,
0.4033189117908478,
0.18902288377285004,
-0.4090114235877991,
0.155829519033432,
-0.2604040205478668,
-0.02220286801457405,
0.1804066002368927,
-0.1020384207367897,
0.07581663876771927,
-0.5703032612800598,
-0.5723181366920471,
0.38235217332839966,
-0.04576976224780083,
-0.24576795101165771,
0.1868743747472763,
0.11757159978151321,
-0.4636903703212738,
-0.02359812520444393,
0.7303825616836548,
0.27383488416671753,
-0.43551304936408997,
-0.3376592993736267,
-0.2944639325141907,
0.19901058077812195,
-0.09681668877601624,
-0.5835700035095215,
-0.03472783416509628,
-0.5801801681518555,
0.0014972734497860074,
0.3575025796890259,
-0.38340508937835693,
0.4026612639427185,
-0.057357896119356155,
-0.5263019800186157,
-0.49002906680107117,
-0.39003199338912964,
-1.3802348375320435,
-0.0944598987698555,
-0.03994157165288925,
-0.7639761567115784,
-0.6193171143531799,
-1.043235182762146,
-0.6129152774810791,
0.048977818340063095,
-0.5444700717926025,
0.08976380527019501,
0.5781150460243225,
-0.4887363314628601,
0.2422487586736679,
-0.35518118739128113,
-0.6565003991127014,
0.11099860817193985,
0.12796345353126526,
-0.325448602437973,
-0.43546369671821594,
0.09723787754774094,
0.5824858546257019,
0.25756019353866577,
0.299466609954834,
-0.24798786640167236,
-0.20516565442085266,
-0.24528388679027557,
-0.2601277530193329,
0.061920538544654846,
-0.0350484699010849,
0.11531596630811691,
0.3814427852630615,
0.3861902356147766,
0.22285503149032593,
0.27733707427978516,
-0.5001976490020752,
0.2134503871202469,
0.04098820686340332,
-0.7567160129547119,
-0.055949866771698,
0.36845070123672485,
0.27357205748558044,
0.38969534635543823,
0.7970344424247742,
0.03859706595540047,
1.1721749305725098,
-0.050616394728422165,
-0.9035769701004028,
0.3384169936180115,
0.06709173321723938,
-0.5065709352493286,
-0.5018702745437622,
0.7223225831985474,
-0.5683667659759521,
-0.11554986238479614,
0.37519389390945435,
-0.3085756301879883,
-0.27189722657203674,
0.1787213683128357,
0.44892868399620056,
-0.048434264957904816,
-0.3231545686721802,
-0.2261514663696289,
-0.5658369660377502,
0.45350804924964905,
0.05594409629702568,
-0.5771099328994751,
1.6200447082519531,
0.021223576739430428,
0.07508696615695953,
-0.10722806304693222,
-0.11996086686849594,
-0.4442635178565979,
-0.1632022261619568,
-0.10943348705768585,
-0.004403835162520409,
-0.2173139750957489,
-0.09372255206108093,
-0.1934065967798233,
1.197114109992981,
0.571602463722229,
0.3351927697658539,
-0.17980946600437164,
-0.5041430592536926,
0.21082361042499542,
0.3328567445278168,
-0.8692219257354736,
-0.2486628144979477,
0.8697760105133057,
0.7822226285934448,
-0.02792961150407791,
-0.60077303647995,
-0.2933574616909027,
0.2424083650112152,
0.2620202898979187,
-0.521223247051239,
-0.47710874676704407,
-0.3431146740913391,
0.11180239170789719,
0.4549892544746399,
-0.17858760058879852,
0.3691519796848297,
0.26424863934516907,
0.1669435352087021,
-0.03898441046476364,
0.3632715046405792,
0.1736088991165161,
0.37961307168006897,
-0.3110198378562927,
-0.28133952617645264,
-0.04142876714468002,
0.6124588251113892,
-0.6046030521392822,
-0.3351914584636688,
0.5244531631469727,
-0.332738995552063,
-0.854844868183136,
0.12410120666027069,
0.41409236192703247,
0.21960663795471191,
-0.6260893940925598,
-0.024605095386505127,
0.014635656960308552,
-0.021744145080447197,
-0.6027765870094299,
0.06742682307958603,
-0.4093531370162964,
-0.3687256872653961,
-0.10466234385967255,
-0.42637890577316284,
-0.39172232151031494,
-0.21391433477401733,
-0.14120541512966156,
0.1763753443956375,
0.1287171095609665,
-0.27501752972602844,
0.16604049503803253,
-0.24150805175304413,
-0.1889350712299347,
-0.8660789728164673,
0.20615530014038086,
0.27488672733306885,
-0.8849889039993286,
0.26441818475723267,
0.3697366714477539,
-1.0343059301376343,
-0.5854204297065735,
0.25727564096450806,
0.3772015869617462,
-0.04038584604859352,
0.043739330023527145,
-0.06235935539007187,
0.6900502443313599,
0.04726577177643776,
-0.10727346688508987,
0.16486014425754547,
-0.03485466539859772,
-0.602518618106842,
0.7864869832992554,
0.05570774897933006,
-0.035524025559425354,
0.5165655612945557,
-0.53614741563797,
-0.31552058458328247,
0.11947525292634964,
0.0209081768989563,
0.38724005222320557,
0.42153793573379517,
0.7098907828330994,
0.6565993428230286,
-0.07297828793525696,
-0.17164944112300873,
0.7905943989753723,
0.4684615433216095,
-0.6365683674812317,
0.13736571371555328,
-0.5418750047683716,
-0.07697959989309311,
0.41545790433883667,
0.3923666179180145,
0.6557161808013916,
0.1566273272037506,
0.7102039456367493,
-0.06234721466898918,
0.03745747357606888,
-0.029526691883802414,
-0.03993428498506546,
0.03334745392203331,
0.0023046366404742002,
0.7636512517929077,
-0.6892953515052795,
0.17097896337509155,
-0.05739875137805939,
0.3950784206390381,
0.1220913827419281,
0.5541642904281616,
-0.08983950316905975,
-0.28052812814712524,
0.00026699184672906995,
-0.6704833507537842,
0.49143272638320923,
-0.2174285352230072,
0.4436287581920624,
0.1587051898241043,
-0.20119889080524445,
0.26698416471481323,
-0.4876236021518707,
0.3933256268501282,
-0.023809824138879776,
0.4602583050727844,
0.21643155813217163,
-0.08625570684671402,
0.18765266239643097,
0.6374320387840271,
0.31169581413269043,
0.029788075014948845,
0.8031250238418579,
0.08022040873765945,
-0.25102096796035767,
-0.7387678027153015,
-0.09795302897691727,
-0.758380651473999,
-0.12147097289562225,
0.08991241455078125,
0.06853143870830536,
0.33676138520240784,
0.3200245797634125,
0.15682503581047058,
0.12454646080732346,
-0.06403008848428726,
0.07157524675130844,
0.686364471912384,
-0.2679443955421448,
0.009178671054542065,
-0.19199904799461365,
0.08634668588638306,
0.38257479667663574,
0.17301787436008453,
0.15973369777202606,
-0.10003252327442169,
0.2908230423927307,
0.11644024401903152,
-0.4698193371295929,
-0.4802897572517395,
0.29468098282814026,
0.9527723789215088,
0.7327490448951721,
-0.9871633052825928,
-0.2716197073459625,
0.2857288718223572,
0.8319546580314636,
-0.11891765147447586,
1.1243700981140137,
0.1442447453737259,
-0.3143708109855652,
0.6725151538848877,
-0.48624691367149353,
-0.10580264031887054,
-0.586392879486084,
0.4242168664932251,
-0.4682353138923645,
0.3544219732284546,
0.11934413015842438,
0.0013401112519204617,
-0.07406715303659439,
0.3363792300224304,
0.18562132120132446,
-0.42502760887145996,
0.5417184829711914,
-0.5294102430343628,
0.4169454872608185,
0.09567763656377792,
0.40445178747177124,
-0.10499335080385208,
-0.3125389516353607,
0.0455668568611145,
0.06306897848844528,
0.08391686528921127,
-0.4783710539340973,
0.4089854657649994,
-0.7147960662841797,
-0.8357847332954407,
0.02941427007317543,
-0.3404620885848999,
-0.09680896252393723,
-0.9306311011314392,
-0.12247707694768906,
-0.18034853041172028,
-0.1409066915512085,
0.6695874333381653,
-0.3609692454338074,
0.07485348731279373,
-0.21828901767730713,
-0.34548327326774597,
-0.43846020102500916,
-0.2841547727584839,
-0.1751967817544937,
-0.1067495048046112,
0.5386224389076233
] |
232064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonocephaly | Trigonocephaly | Trigonocephaly is a congenital condition of premature fusion of the metopic suture (from the Greek , "forehead"), leading to a triangular forehead. The merging of the two frontal bones leads to transverse growth restriction and parallel growth expansion. It may occur syndromic, involving other abnormalities, or isolated. The term is from the Greek , "triangle", and , "head".
Cause
Trigonocephaly can either occur syndromatic or isolated. Trigonocephaly is associated with the following syndromes: Opitz syndrome, Muenke syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Baller–Gerold syndrome and Say–Meyer syndrome. The etiology of trigonocephaly is mostly unknown although there are three main theories. Trigonocephaly is probably a multifactorial congenital condition, but due to limited proof of these theories this cannot safely be concluded.
Intrinsic bone malformation
The first theory assumes that the origin of pathological synostosis lies within disturbed bone formation early on in the pregnancy. Causes can either be genetic (9p22–24, 11q23, 22q11, FGFR1 mutation), metabolic (TSH suppletion in hypothyroidism) or pharmaceutical (valproate in epilepsy).
Fetal-head constraint
The second theory says that synostosis begins when the fetal head gets hindered in the pelvic outlet during birth.
Intrinsic brain malformation
The third theory predominates disturbed brain formation of the two frontal lobes as the main issue behind synostosis. Limited growth of the frontal lobes leads to an absence of stimuli for cranial growth, therefore causing premature fusion of the metopic suture.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be characterized by typical facial and cranial deformities.
Observatory signs of trigonocephaly are:
a triangular forehead seen from top view leading to a smaller anterior cranial fossa
a visible and palpable midline ridge
hypotelorism inducing ethmoidal hypoplasia
Imaging techniques (3D-CT, Röntgenography, MRI) show:
epicanthal folds in limited cases
teardrop-shaped orbits angulated towards the midline of the forehead ('surprised coon' sign) in severe cases
a contrast difference between a röntgenograph of a normal and a trigonocephalic skull
anterior curving of the metopic suture seen from lateral view of the cranium on a röntgenograph
a normal cephalic index (maximum cranium width / maximum cranium length) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadening
The neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses.
Neuropsychological signs are:
problems in behaviour, speech and language
mental retardation
neurodevelopmental delays such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and conduct disorder (CD). Many of these delays become evident at school age.
Treatment
Treatment is surgical with attention to form and volume. Surgery usually takes place before the age of one since it has been reported that the intellectual outcome is better.
Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling
A form of surgery is the so-called fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. Firstly, the supraorbital bar is remodelled by a wired greenstick fracture to straighten it. Secondly, the supraorbital bar is moved 2 cm. forward and fixed only to the frontal process of the zygoma without fixation to the cranium. Lastly, the frontal bone is divided into two, rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar causing a nude area (craniectomy) between the parietal bone and frontal bone. Bone will eventually regenerate since the dura mater lies underneath (the dura mater has osteogenic capabilities). This results in an advancement and straightening of the forehead.
'Floating forehead technique'
The so-called 'floating forehead technique' combined with the remodelling of the supraorbital bar is derived from the fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. The supraorbital bar is remodelled as described above. The frontal bone is split in two pieces. Instead of using both pieces as in fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling, only one piece is rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar. This technique also leaves a craniectomy behind.
Other
Suturectomy
Distraction osteogenesis
Minimal invasive endoscopic surgery
These approaches are 2D solutions for a 3D problem, therefore the results are not optimal. Distraction osteogenesis and minimal invasive endoscopic surgery are yet in experimental phase.
Outcomes
Surgical
Trigonocephaly seems to be the most compliant form of craniosynostosis for surgery. Because of standardization of current surgical approaches there is no surgical mortality and complications are few to none.
The simple suturectomy is presently insufficient to adjust the complicated growth restrictions caused by metopic synostosis. On the other hand, the fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling and the 'floating forehead technique' create sufficient space for brain growth and result in a normal horizontal axis of the orbits and supraorbital bar. The fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling is the most used method nowadays.
Over the past few years distraction osteogenesis has been gradually acknowledged since it has a positive effect on hypotelorism. Expanding the distance between the orbits using springs seems to be successful. However, there are discussions whether hypotelorism really needs to be corrected.
The minimal invasive endoscopic surgery has been gaining attention since the early '90s, however, it has technical limitations (only strip craniectomy is possible). Attempts have been made to reach beyond these limits.
Aesthetic
Aesthetic outcome of metopic synostosis surgery is persistently good with reoperation hazards below 20%. In 1981 Anderson advised that craniofacial operations for synostosis should be as extensive as necessary after a study of 107 cases of metopic and coronal synostosis. Surgery does not provide a 100% natural outcome, mostly there will be minor irregularities. Reoperations are usually performed on more severe cases (including syndromic metopic synostosis). The hypotelorism and temporal hollowing are the most difficult to correct: the hypotelorism usually remains under corrected and a second operation is often needed for correction of temporal hollowing.
Neurological
The highest rate of neurological problems of single suture synostosis are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. Surgery is performed generally before the age of one because of claims of better intellectual outcome. Seemingly surgery does not influence the high incidence of neurodevelopment problems in patients with metopic synostosis. Neurological disorders such as ADHD, ASD, ODD and CD are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. These disorders are usually also associated with decreased IQ. The presence of ADHD, ASD and ODD is higher in cases with an IQ below 85. This is not the case with CD which showed an insignificant increase at an IQ below 85.
Epidemiology
The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15,000 newborns globally (differs per country). Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6.5:1. Hereditary relations in metopic synostosis have been found of which 5.5% were well defined syndromic. Maternal age and a birth weight of less than 2500g may also play a role in trigonocephaly. These data are based on estimations and do not give factual information.
Only one article gives valuable and reliable information regarding the incidence of metopic synostosis in the Netherlands. The incidence in the Netherlands showed an increase from 0.6 (1997) to 1.9 (2007) for every 10,000 live births.
History
In former times people born with malformed skulls were rejected based upon their appearance. This still persists today in various parts of the world even though the intellectual development is often normal. The Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall presented the science of phrenology in the early 19th century through his work The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular.
Hippocrates described trigonocephaly as follows: Men's heads are by no means all like to one another, nor are the sutures of the head of all men constructed in the same form. Thus, whoever has a prominence in the anterior part of the head (by prominence is meant the round protuberant part of the bone which projects beyond the rest of it), in him the sutures of the head take the form of the Greek letter 'tau', τ.
Hermann Welcker coined the term trigonocephaly in 1862. He described a child with a V-shaped skull and a cleft lip.
Popular culture
Via a photo shown on a Facebook page, the mother of a child previously diagnosed with this condition recognised the symptoms and reported them to the family involved, resulting in an immediate diagnosis that medical professionals had overlooked in all earlier consultations.
References
External links
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system | [
-0.07345200330018997,
0.6320462822914124,
-0.5264583826065063,
-0.11211762577295303,
0.16163519024848938,
0.9072337746620178,
0.8802929520606995,
0.32991549372673035,
-0.1646108329296112,
-1.0764732360839844,
-0.5177844166755676,
0.34851977229118347,
-0.011385245248675346,
0.6290087699890137,
-0.33499547839164734,
0.29329559206962585,
0.43031907081604004,
0.0906822681427002,
-0.5673331022262573,
-0.1157701164484024,
-0.09787189960479736,
-0.9178515076637268,
0.2293134182691574,
-0.22805887460708618,
0.14509767293930054,
-0.35031163692474365,
0.06472371518611908,
-0.07220469415187836,
0.6188793778419495,
0.3541143834590912,
0.23461931943893433,
0.4068887531757355,
0.4366753101348877,
-0.9604395627975464,
-0.0351385623216629,
0.01598680391907692,
0.014454702846705914,
-0.42174190282821655,
-0.34748363494873047,
-0.5304800271987915,
0.42700186371803284,
-0.31318676471710205,
0.4081076979637146,
-0.018383383750915527,
-0.5702453851699829,
0.05651324242353439,
-1.3900412321090698,
0.8004094958305359,
-0.9354987144470215,
-0.046232275664806366,
0.05259828642010689,
-0.19577819108963013,
0.42100098729133606,
0.3674924373626709,
0.39191094040870667,
0.3047143220901489,
-1.127548336982727,
0.024901237338781357,
0.4854718744754791,
-0.19900575280189514,
0.1124308705329895,
0.16786697506904602,
0.048880089074373245,
0.01971355453133583,
0.11236529052257538,
0.24730637669563293,
-0.31094929575920105,
0.4810938835144043,
-0.8487006425857544,
-0.014431856572628021,
-0.5251938700675964,
-0.5249858498573303,
0.6168140769004822,
0.13230852782726288,
-0.10523854941129684,
0.579190731048584,
-0.49652934074401855,
0.10341272503137589,
0.6694755554199219,
-0.054278869181871414,
-0.182717427611351,
0.05778338760137558,
0.22720967233181,
0.2360387146472931,
0.18848200142383575,
-0.40417540073394775,
-0.8871591091156006,
0.806895911693573,
-0.4172431230545044,
0.4150627851486206,
0.13744182884693146,
-0.023412151262164116,
0.3910737633705139,
0.28255826234817505,
-0.32152557373046875,
0.21289166808128357,
-0.09582609683275223,
-0.25073158740997314,
0.42804375290870667,
0.021073056384921074,
0.21906845271587372,
-0.18162715435028076,
0.6588972806930542,
0.241943821310997,
0.07076584547758102,
-0.6729102730751038,
-0.15276136994361877,
0.10754214972257614,
-0.046217773109674454,
-0.29137665033340454,
-0.7723782062530518,
0.3667930066585541,
0.2206684798002243,
-0.26405414938926697,
-0.689965546131134,
-0.035200558602809906,
0.11736413836479187,
-0.0395425520837307,
-0.1698388010263443,
-0.8165944218635559,
-0.37761250138282776,
0.06422101706266403,
-0.16303321719169617,
-0.22400718927383423,
-0.1894747018814087,
0.38654008507728577,
-0.006118151359260082,
0.5092406868934631,
-0.7487920522689819,
0.28324639797210693,
-0.10720407217741013,
0.7682049870491028,
0.008708544075489044,
0.08725497126579285,
0.14355279505252838,
-0.32119178771972656,
0.5093282461166382,
-0.26368001103401184,
1.174020767211914,
0.09458290785551071,
-0.6658061742782593,
0.27066439390182495,
-0.3991052806377411,
0.3067549169063568,
-0.051672402769327164,
-0.34934717416763306,
0.3661663234233856,
0.15856924653053284,
0.04546456038951874,
-0.34891071915626526,
0.05224717780947685,
-0.12966889142990112,
-0.016556041315197945,
-0.3698021173477173,
-0.4303949177265167,
-0.28519752621650696,
0.24791362881660461,
-0.2965187728404999,
-0.0013642609119415283,
0.19975510239601135,
0.3931369483470917,
0.34334346652030945,
-0.02570062316954136,
0.38497084379196167,
-0.03771870210766792,
-0.12283119559288025,
0.6686410307884216,
0.05032438412308693,
-0.2583921551704407,
0.9367021918296814,
-0.14740844070911407,
0.21092736721038818,
0.38762345910072327,
-0.12604840099811554,
0.19104218482971191,
0.31299614906311035,
0.512528657913208,
-0.022705907002091408,
0.842441201210022,
-0.23230808973312378,
-0.5244457125663757,
0.5790942907333374,
0.6747227311134338,
0.28732022643089294,
0.15088385343551636,
-0.05666595697402954,
0.5193564295768738,
-0.17042584717273712,
-0.7910332083702087,
0.025459418073296547,
-0.557109534740448,
-0.3824504017829895,
0.39718788862228394,
-0.17061357200145721,
1.2656973600387573,
0.30939751863479614,
-0.7175007462501526,
0.1637268364429474,
0.023007944226264954,
0.6207205057144165,
-0.18602760136127472,
-0.15539859235286713,
0.4639776945114136,
0.4513315260410309,
-0.6242280602455139,
0.613603413105011,
-0.006917336490005255,
0.20693668723106384,
0.3128766715526581,
0.0475645586848259,
0.599396824836731,
-0.8840528726577759,
0.3498287796974182,
-0.15258392691612244,
0.030237847939133644,
0.04241766780614853,
-0.30119064450263977,
-0.07051443308591843,
-0.5972620248794556,
-0.2910947799682617,
0.14714761078357697,
-0.43130990862846375,
0.17293092608451843,
0.08169186860322952,
0.22139538824558258,
0.5045773983001709,
-0.25769317150115967,
-0.17930914461612701,
0.48587486147880554,
-0.49185577034950256,
-0.4480539560317993,
0.2815447151660919,
0.283854216337204,
-0.28379324078559875,
0.574216365814209,
-0.4059009253978729,
0.4270572066307068,
-0.869098961353302,
0.288716584444046,
-0.18957911431789398,
-0.6504517793655396,
0.2776965796947479,
-0.4712924659252167,
-0.03666694834828377,
-0.04242685064673424,
-0.18822549283504486,
-0.023990456014871597,
0.07651404291391373,
0.0034859897568821907,
0.055739518254995346,
0.2734050750732422,
0.8670563101768494,
-0.25228384137153625,
-0.1588517427444458,
-0.26246267557144165,
0.14845165610313416,
0.9281666278839111,
0.2791579067707062,
-0.075828917324543,
-0.37106072902679443,
-0.21208128333091736,
0.26823797821998596,
0.4393208622932434,
-0.2794247269630432,
-0.5767085552215576,
-0.738493800163269,
0.08891116082668304,
0.3038506507873535,
0.5365185141563416,
-0.10556995868682861,
0.6686537861824036,
-0.1179548054933548,
-1.0578771829605103,
-0.007449635304510593,
-0.8052789568901062,
-0.566695511341095,
-0.5968918204307556,
0.0651625320315361,
-0.8873608708381653,
-0.18145231902599335,
-0.06706789135932922,
0.7583072185516357,
-0.2741852402687073,
-0.3026255965232849,
-0.23438645899295807,
0.33648014068603516,
0.33357685804367065,
-0.2750045657157898,
-0.011036054231226444,
-0.6763349771499634,
-0.45968252420425415,
0.7969762086868286,
0.05313942953944206,
0.25394192337989807,
0.29551857709884644,
0.15003730356693268,
0.03787054121494293,
-0.015419681556522846,
0.3333316147327423,
-0.27704858779907227,
-0.13947780430316925,
0.3573606014251709,
0.2107030600309372,
0.10783230513334274,
0.03535766899585724,
-0.00960600096732378,
0.3203025162220001,
0.24529992043972015,
-5.506186008453369,
0.04263060539960861,
0.007662578951567411,
-0.22097338736057281,
0.19219699501991272,
0.23383747041225433,
0.5971390604972839,
0.35469138622283936,
-0.07875790446996689,
-0.02111739106476307,
-0.2012210488319397,
0.0003652088053058833,
-0.4076679050922394,
0.037060096859931946,
0.05870456621050835,
-0.30318483710289,
-0.4658237099647522,
-0.32420358061790466,
0.38643351197242737,
0.36288392543792725,
0.2906704545021057,
0.20226533710956573,
0.15986564755439758,
0.42332813143730164,
-0.255494087934494,
0.06139571964740753,
0.3590703010559082,
0.29391995072364807,
-1.061600685119629,
-0.1716381311416626,
0.053700584918260574,
-0.4331969916820526,
0.43541765213012695,
0.050799865275621414,
-0.39577388763427734,
-0.18794062733650208,
0.5696721076965332,
-0.0780634731054306,
0.3450016975402832,
0.316165953874588,
-0.38657811284065247,
0.09657803922891617,
0.2897799015045166,
0.28999775648117065,
0.6015496850013733,
-0.4030086100101471,
0.3696865439414978,
-0.09691310673952103,
0.46620142459869385,
1.1174455881118774,
0.3252454400062561,
0.22564931213855743,
-0.09043525904417038,
0.23644647002220154,
-0.17501328885555267,
0.6992065906524658,
0.6048198342323303,
-0.44642165303230286,
-0.7053505182266235,
0.14013516902923584,
0.2853604853153229,
-0.49090445041656494,
-0.6796295046806335,
-0.811946451663971,
0.7114298343658447,
-0.945556640625,
-1.0192413330078125,
0.12271670252084732,
0.43547794222831726,
0.45644238591194153,
-0.13877473771572113,
0.5681422352790833,
0.3946548402309418,
-0.8439154624938965,
0.6218723654747009,
-0.5730574131011963,
-0.3869064748287201,
-0.2825096547603607,
-0.06292608380317688,
-0.07864336669445038,
-0.11488693207502365,
-0.1563178300857544,
0.17977461218833923,
0.5060552954673767,
0.31580597162246704,
-0.09218158572912216,
-0.8399848937988281,
0.22647927701473236,
-0.17195957899093628,
0.08880820125341415,
0.858722448348999,
-0.044045090675354004,
-0.08921423554420471,
-0.08773941546678543,
-0.20563919842243195,
0.7848643064498901,
-0.14331433176994324,
0.724616289138794,
0.7469907999038696,
0.6008713245391846,
0.10390032827854156,
-0.6482688784599304,
-0.037714000791311264,
0.4889237582683563,
-0.13675639033317566,
-0.39896199107170105,
-0.04207872971892357,
0.24833780527114868,
0.46682295203208923,
0.0150228813290596,
0.24053402245044708,
0.16822101175785065,
-0.4228987395763397,
-0.0313955619931221,
-0.04244343563914299,
-0.039599981158971786,
-0.2784399092197418,
0.15829682350158691,
0.5230832099914551,
-0.07516828179359436,
0.34333017468452454,
-0.045156847685575485,
-0.5018010139465332,
0.03856470063328743,
0.5210665464401245,
-0.2347451150417328,
0.039030518382787704,
-0.08396214246749878,
-0.3939414322376251,
0.27272409200668335,
-0.773067831993103,
-0.5305326581001282,
0.12012147903442383,
-0.20075631141662598,
-0.02054031752049923,
-0.10669093579053879,
-0.5111790299415588,
0.38311639428138733,
-0.16253145039081573,
0.26633480191230774,
0.3205592632293701,
-0.10935338586568832,
-0.262386292219162,
0.030661053955554962,
0.94139164686203,
0.32106152176856995,
-0.5897049307823181,
-0.5601119995117188,
-0.29378655552864075,
0.5273088216781616,
-0.19903621077537537,
-0.40019482374191284,
0.24406683444976807,
-0.4843819737434387,
-0.038648009300231934,
0.49797046184539795,
-0.005508962087333202,
0.5881777405738831,
-0.15915657579898834,
-0.4019218385219574,
-0.482177197933197,
-0.6569245457649231,
-1.1797153949737549,
-0.3370974361896515,
0.02816879004240036,
-0.2109282910823822,
-0.47777751088142395,
-0.7458416819572449,
-0.5381492376327515,
0.29834505915641785,
-0.40391722321510315,
-0.16117767989635468,
-0.18573254346847534,
-0.1932276487350464,
0.27980974316596985,
0.2108939290046692,
-0.2822364866733551,
0.05658045783638954,
0.26039639115333557,
-0.105349101126194,
-0.45509228110313416,
-0.2214469611644745,
0.41973114013671875,
0.640934944152832,
0.5488093495368958,
0.19212788343429565,
-0.46720078587532043,
0.04666082188487053,
-0.6253649592399597,
-0.14617110788822174,
-0.1371299922466278,
-0.15721914172172546,
0.00028874658164568245,
0.24808526039123535,
-0.046393901109695435,
0.42850980162620544,
-0.5588033199310303,
0.39302918314933777,
-0.18737104535102844,
-0.22085116803646088,
-0.2713378667831421,
0.44218969345092773,
-0.17425140738487244,
0.5178691148757935,
0.9921785593032837,
-0.5569876432418823,
0.5371540188789368,
0.09083110839128494,
-0.8596392273902893,
0.3328253924846649,
0.14278191328048706,
-0.7677785754203796,
-0.13898828625679016,
0.7046687006950378,
-0.5707599520683289,
-0.322269082069397,
0.1256665140390396,
-0.2787986099720001,
-0.07053931057453156,
0.06235857680439949,
0.3382303714752197,
-0.16492503881454468,
-0.09511968493461609,
-0.20592746138572693,
-0.5322472453117371,
0.4958730936050415,
-0.08452139794826508,
-0.31137391924858093,
1.0496859550476074,
-0.49876442551612854,
0.07635149359703064,
-0.2806532680988312,
-0.16424904763698578,
0.015346048399806023,
-0.42045581340789795,
-0.18846642971038818,
0.11566946655511856,
-0.06797000765800476,
-0.13096201419830322,
0.16479729115962982,
1.3181794881820679,
0.07239469885826111,
0.3696347177028656,
0.18054546415805817,
-0.23740841448307037,
0.16358225047588348,
0.7794562578201294,
-0.881239652633667,
-0.4742012321949005,
0.3745216429233551,
0.49698883295059204,
-0.3335241973400116,
-0.8467899560928345,
-0.5273563265800476,
-0.0803094208240509,
0.12576861679553986,
-0.04830191656947136,
-0.46618562936782837,
-0.22246897220611572,
0.5925752520561218,
0.03149588406085968,
-0.012730208225548267,
0.29949259757995605,
-0.36210107803344727,
0.14417727291584015,
-0.053961653262376785,
-0.1834890991449356,
0.49311238527297974,
0.25014325976371765,
-0.4252912104129791,
-0.1845410019159317,
-0.0012306264834478498,
0.8407560586929321,
-0.1892467588186264,
-0.1937275230884552,
0.4879998564720154,
-0.19822800159454346,
-0.6170607805252075,
0.6716543436050415,
-0.21878042817115784,
-0.15838909149169922,
-0.5697214603424072,
-0.044603344053030014,
-0.1578536331653595,
0.028848521411418915,
-0.08287002891302109,
0.10631638765335083,
-0.32941734790802,
-0.24190875887870789,
0.037496328353881836,
-0.7125898003578186,
0.1629197895526886,
-0.372159868478775,
0.20462630689144135,
0.22279293835163116,
-0.18463322520256042,
-0.21710172295570374,
0.5499153137207031,
0.18465743958950043,
-0.0047355229035019875,
-1.1414064168930054,
0.4329952001571655,
0.03132054954767227,
-1.0133482217788696,
0.36812812089920044,
0.24768583476543427,
-0.03310350328683853,
-0.5991754531860352,
0.45650002360343933,
0.11790967732667923,
0.517594039440155,
-0.02849634923040867,
-0.17611266672611237,
0.5457941293716431,
0.2732827365398407,
0.25891825556755066,
0.5438534021377563,
-0.4277397692203522,
-0.060559507459402084,
0.6880640387535095,
0.08877957612276077,
0.46135812997817993,
0.6979108452796936,
-0.5456374287605286,
-0.216414213180542,
-0.1248222067952156,
0.17922772467136383,
-0.28784096240997314,
-0.034057315438985825,
0.9190016984939575,
0.3011138439178467,
0.06468392163515091,
-0.1040228009223938,
0.3478147089481354,
0.40741801261901855,
-0.7551442384719849,
0.014535975642502308,
-0.7278377413749695,
0.14375288784503937,
0.7164748907089233,
0.526618242263794,
0.5314117670059204,
0.01977783627808094,
0.52439945936203,
0.03375018760561943,
0.1329258680343628,
0.03113712929189205,
-0.08201467245817184,
0.35816529393196106,
-0.29761138558387756,
0.32977694272994995,
-0.6672049164772034,
0.29748862981796265,
-0.5791656970977783,
-0.02196173556149006,
0.3251460790634155,
0.31924185156822205,
-0.24244311451911926,
-0.407371461391449,
0.07456439733505249,
-0.5963582396507263,
0.009565032087266445,
-0.18072548508644104,
-0.06181171163916588,
0.06155562400817871,
0.09857204556465149,
0.15792608261108398,
-0.31114858388900757,
-0.10657995194196701,
0.008317752741277218,
0.14689984917640686,
-0.0803254172205925,
-0.02845126762986183,
0.18821083009243011,
0.10426405817270279,
0.001559804892167449,
0.2503810226917267,
0.5216824412345886,
0.1997198611497879,
-0.39542579650878906,
-0.41800421476364136,
-0.6632206439971924,
-0.7512433528900146,
0.09017650038003922,
-0.1430167704820633,
-0.4106132686138153,
0.2008393108844757,
0.24817052483558655,
0.35010141134262085,
0.21989278495311737,
0.06634266674518585,
-0.3405633270740509,
0.4451860785484314,
0.03984491899609566,
-0.4132964015007019,
-0.27208131551742554,
-0.06225544214248657,
0.4431191384792328,
-0.2100081741809845,
0.14633826911449432,
-0.2142484039068222,
0.3628235161304474,
0.11232694238424301,
-0.4463779032230377,
-0.5275368690490723,
0.10904304683208466,
1.2115569114685059,
0.7924249172210693,
-1.053256630897522,
-0.15323325991630554,
0.051518794149160385,
0.5029937028884888,
-0.04985371232032776,
0.86213219165802,
-0.29002195596694946,
-0.6924765110015869,
0.3933989703655243,
-0.25169429183006287,
-0.02619183249771595,
-0.9980255961418152,
0.3719674348831177,
-0.3665010333061218,
0.11008772999048233,
0.03375476226210594,
-0.11615355312824249,
-0.3729444444179535,
0.5070633888244629,
0.13213418424129486,
-0.20690754055976868,
0.6277092695236206,
-0.4478398561477661,
0.6919668316841125,
-0.33247286081314087,
0.13182666897773743,
-0.21160747110843658,
0.11097831279039383,
0.3701007664203644,
0.3856915533542633,
-0.1861841231584549,
-0.6306008696556091,
0.29172468185424805,
-0.666897714138031,
-0.7452573776245117,
0.1674308478832245,
-0.03517397493124008,
-0.0641060546040535,
-0.5252683758735657,
0.26762932538986206,
-0.22956089675426483,
0.08739397674798965,
0.11355192214250565,
-0.4351309537887573,
0.4526669979095459,
-0.41165944933891296,
-0.26115670800209045,
-1.0435526371002197,
-0.24585771560668945,
-0.37937915325164795,
-0.061710700392723083,
0.7479283809661865
] |
232067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen%20Chamberlain | Austen Chamberlain | Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (16 October 1863 – 16 March 1937) was a British statesman, son of Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (twice) and was briefly Conservative Party leader before serving as Foreign Secretary.
Brought up to be the political heir of his father, whom he physically resembled, he was elected to Parliament as a Liberal Unionist at a by-election in 1892, and held office in the Unionist coalition governments of 1895–1905, remaining in the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1903–05) after his father resigned in 1903 to campaign for Tariff Reform. After his father's disabling stroke in 1906 Austen became the leading tariff reformer in the House of Commons. Late in 1911 he and Walter Long were due to fight one another for the leadership of the Conservative Party (in succession to Arthur Balfour), but both withdrew in favour of Bonar Law rather than risk a party split on a close result.
Chamberlain returned to office in H. H. Asquith's wartime coalition government in May 1915, as Secretary of State for India, but resigned to take responsibility for the disastrous Kut Campaign. He again returned to office in David Lloyd George's coalition government, once again serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He then served as Conservative Party leader in the Commons (1921–2), before resigning after the Carlton Club meeting voted to end the Lloyd George Coalition.
Like many leading coalitionists, he did not hold office in the Conservative governments of 1922–4. By now regarded as an elder statesman, he served an important term as Foreign Secretary in Stanley Baldwin's Second Government (1924–9), during which he negotiated the Locarno Pact (1925), aimed at preventing war between France and Germany, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He last held office as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1931. He was one of the few MPs supporting Winston Churchill's appeals for rearmament against the German threat in the 1930s, and remained an active backbench MP until his death in 1937.
Early life and career
Austen Chamberlain was born in Birmingham, the second child and eldest son of Joseph Chamberlain, then a rising industrialist and political radical, later Mayor of Birmingham and a dominant figure in Liberal and Unionist politics at the end of the 19th century. His father and mother, the former Harriet Kenrick had a baby daughter Beatrice Chamberlain who would become an educationalist. Harriet died giving birth to Austen, leaving his father so shaken that for almost 25 years he maintained a distance from his first-born son. In 1868, his father married Harriet's cousin, Florence, and had further children, the oldest of whom, Neville, would become Prime Minister in the year of Austen's death.
Austen was dominated by his elder sister and was therefore sent away to be educated first at Rugby School "to release him from her thrall", before passing on to Trinity College, Cambridge. While at Trinity College, he became a lifelong friend of F. S. Oliver, a future advocate of Imperial Federation and, after 1909, a prominent member of the Round Table movement. Chamberlain made his first political address in 1884 at a meeting of the university's Political Society and was vice-president of the Cambridge Union.
It would seem that from an early age his father had intended for politics to be Austen's future path, and with that in mind, he was sent first to France, where he studied at the Paris Institute of Political Studies and developed a lasting admiration for the French people and culture. For nine months, he was shown the brilliance of Paris under the Third Republic, and he met and dined with the likes of Georges Clemenceau and Alexandre Ribot.
From Paris, Austen was sent to Berlin for twelve months, to imbibe the political culture of the other great European power, Germany. Though in his letters home to Beatrice and Neville, he showed an obvious preference for France and the lifestyle he had left behind there, Chamberlain undertook to learn German and learn from his experience in the capital of the German Empire. Among others, Austen met and dined with the "Iron Chancellor", Otto von Bismarck, an experience that was to hold a special place in his heart for the duration of his life.
While attending the University of Berlin, Austen developed a suspicion of the growing nationalism in Germany based upon his experience of the lecturing style of Heinrich von Treitschke, who opened up to him "a new side of the German character - a narrow-minded, proud, intolerant Prussian chauvinism", the consequences of which he was later to ponder during the First World War and the crises of the 1930s.
Austen returned to England in 1888, lured largely by the prize of a parliamentary constituency. He was first elected to parliament as a member of his father's own Liberal Unionist Party in 1892, sitting for the seat of East Worcestershire. Owing to the prominence of his father and the alliance between the anti-Home Rule Liberal Unionists and Conservatives, Chamberlain was returned unopposed on 30 March, and at the first sitting of the new session, he walked up the floor of the house flanked by his father and his uncle, Richard.
Owing to the dissolution of parliament and the 1892 general election that August, Chamberlain was unable to make his maiden speech until April 1893, but, when delivered, it was acclaimed by the four-time Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone as "one of the best speeches which has been made". That Chamberlain was speaking against Gladstone's own Second Home Rule Bill does not seem to have dampened the enthusiasm of the Prime Minister, who responded by publicly congratulating both Austen and his father, Joseph, on such an excellent performance. That was highly significant, given the bad blood existing between Joseph Chamberlain and his former leader.
Political office
Appointed a junior Whip of the Liberal Unionists after the general election, Austen's main role was to act as his father's "standard bearer" in matters of policy. Following the Conservative and Unionist landslide win in the election of 1895, Chamberlain was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty, holding that post until 1900, when he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Lord Salisbury retired as Prime Minister in July 1902, and the following month Chamberlain was promoted to the position of Postmaster General by the new premier, the Conservative Arthur J. Balfour, who also designated this a cabinet position, and appointed him to the Privy Council.
In the wake of the struggle between his father and Balfour, Austen Chamberlain became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1903. Austen's appointment was largely a compromise solution to the bitter division of the two Unionist heavyweights, which threatened to split the coalition between supporters of Chamberlain's Imperial Tariff campaign and Balfour's more cautious advocacy of protectionism. While Austen supported his father's programme, his influence within the cabinet was diminished following the departure of the senior Chamberlain to become backbenchers. Facing a resurgent Liberal opposition and the threat of an internal party split, Balfour eventually took the Unionists into opposition in December 1905, and in the ensuing rout in the election of 1906, Austen found himself one of the few surviving Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons.
After his father's stroke and enforced retirement from active politics a few months later, Austen became the effective leader of the tariff reform campaign within the Unionist Party, and thus, he was a contender for the eventual leadership of the party itself.
Leadership questions
With the Unionists in disarray after electoral defeats at both the January and December 1910 elections, Balfour was forced from his position as party leader in November 1911. Chamberlain was one of the leading candidates to succeed as Conservative leader even though he was still technically a member of the Liberal Unionist wing of the coalition (the two parties merged formally only in 1912).
Chamberlain was opposed by Canadian-born Bonar Law, Walter Long and Irish Unionist Edward Carson.
Given their standing in the party, only Chamberlain and Long had a realistic chance of success and though Balfour had intended Chamberlain to succeed him, it became clear from an early canvass of the sitting MPs that Long would be elected by a slender margin.
After a short period of internal party campaigning, Chamberlain determined to withdraw from the contest for the good of the still-divided party. He succeeded in persuading Long to withdraw with him in favour of Law, who was subsequently chosen by unanimous vote as a compromise candidate.
Chamberlain's action, while it prevented him from attaining the party leadership and, arguably, the premiership, did a great deal to maintain unity within the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties at a time of great uncertainty and strain.
Irish Home Rule
In the last years before the outbreak of World War I, Chamberlain was concerned with one issue above all others: Home Rule for Ireland. The issue that had prompted his father to leave the Liberal Party in the 1880s now threatened to spill over into outright civil war, with the government of H. H. Asquith committed to the passage of a Third Home Rule Bill. Chamberlain was resolutely opposed to the dissolution of the Union with Ireland. To the strain then was added the death of his father in July 1914, only a few days after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which began the train of events that led to the war.
First World War
Pressure from the Conservative opposition, in part led by Chamberlain, eventually resulted in the formation of the wartime coalition government, in 1915. Chamberlain joined the cabinet as Secretary of State for India. Like other politicians, including Arthur Balfour and George Curzon, Chamberlain supported the invasion of Mesopotamia to increase British prestige in the region, thus discouraging a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.
Chamberlain remained at the India Office after David Lloyd George succeeded Asquith as Prime Minister in late 1916, but following inquiries into the failure of the Mesopotamian campaign (undertaken by the separately-administered Indian Army) in 1915, including the loss of the British garrison during the Siege of Kut, Chamberlain resigned his post in 1917; as the minister ultimately responsible, the fault lay with him. He was widely acclaimed for such a principled act.
After Lloyd George's Paris speech (12 November 1917) at which he said that "when he saw the appalling casualty lists he wish(ed) it had not been necessary to win so many ("victories")" there was talk of Chamberlain withdrawing support from the government. Lloyd George survived by claiming that the aim of the new inter-Allied Supreme War Council was purely to "coordinate" policy, not to overrule the British generals, who still enjoyed a good deal of support from Conservatives.
Later, he returned to government and became a member of the War Cabinet in April 1918 as Minister without Portfolio, replacing Lord Milner, who had become Secretary of State for War.
Following the victory of the Lloyd George coalition in the 1918 general election, Chamberlain was again appointed to the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer in January 1919 and immediately faced the huge task of restoring Britain's finances after four years of wartime expenditure.
Leadership
Citing ill health, Law retired from the leadership of the Conservative branch of the Lloyd George government in the spring of 1921. His seniority and the general dislike of Curzon, his counterpart in the House of Lords, helped Chamberlain to both succeed Law as Leader of the House of Commons and take over in the office of Lord Privy Seal. He was succeeded at the Exchequer by Sir Robert Horne; it seemed that after ten years of waiting, Austen would again be given the opportunity of succeeding to the premiership.
The Lloyd George coalition was beginning to falter, following numerous scandals and the unsuccessful conclusion of the Anglo-Irish War, and it was widely believed that it would not survive until the next general election. He had previously had little regard for Lloyd George, but the opportunity of working closely with the "Welsh Wizard" gave Chamberlain a new insight into his nominal superior in the government (by now, the Conservative Party was by far the largest partner in the government).
It was an unfortunate change of allegiance for Chamberlain, for by late 1921, the Conservative backbenchers were growing more and more restless for an end to the coalition and a return to single-party (Conservative) government. Conservatives in the House of Lords began, in public, to oppose the coalition, disregarding calls for support from Chamberlain. In the country at large, Conservative candidates began to oppose the coalition at by-elections, and discontent spread to the House of Commons.
In the autumn of 1922, Chamberlain faced a backbench revolt, largely led by Stanley Baldwin, designed to oust Lloyd George, and when he summoned the Carlton Club meeting 19 October 1922, of Conservative MPs, a motion was there passed for fighting the forthcoming election as an independent party. Chamberlain resigned the party leadership rather than act against what he believed to be his duty. He was succeeded by Law, whose views and intentions he had predicted the evening before the vote at a private meeting. Law formed a government shortly thereafter, but Chamberlain was not given a post, but it seems that he would not have accepted a position even if he had been offered one.
Austen and Neville Chamberlain and Iain Duncan Smith are the only three Conservative leaders not to lead the party into a general election. Until William Hague (1997-2001), Austen had been the only Conservative overall leader in the history of the party not to become Prime Minister.
Foreign Secretary
After the second resignation of Law in May 1923 (Law died from throat cancer later that year), Chamberlain was passed over again for the leadership of the party in favour of Stanley Baldwin. Baldwin offered Chamberlain the post of Lord Privy Seal, but Chamberlain insisted other former ministers from the Coalition to be included as well; Baldwin refused. However, Chamberlain returned to government when Baldwin formed his second ministry following success in the election of October 1924, serving in the important office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1924 to 1929. Chamberlain was largely allowed a free hand by the easy-going Baldwin.
It is as Foreign Secretary that Chamberlain's place in history was finally assured. In a difficult period in international relations, Chamberlain faced not only a split in the entente cordiale by the French invasion of the Ruhr but also the controversy over the 1924 Geneva Protocol, which threatened to dilute British sovereignty over the issue of League of Nations economic sanctions.
Locarno Pact
Despite the importance to history of other pressing issues, his reputation chiefly rests on his part in the negotiations over what came to be known as the Locarno Pact of 1925. Seeking to maintain the postwar status quo in the West, Chamberlain responded favourably to the approaches of German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann for a British guarantee of Germany's western borders. Besides promoting Franco-German reconciliation, Chamberlain's main motive was to create a situation in which Germany could pursue territorial revisionism in Eastern Europe peacefully.
Chamberlain's understanding was that if Franco-German relations improved, France would gradually abandon the Cordon sanitaire, the French alliance system in Eastern Europe between the wars. Once France had abandoned its allies in Eastern Europe as the price of better relations with the Reich, the Poles and Czechoslovaks would have no Great Power ally to protect them, would be forced to adjust to German demands. Chamberlain believed that they would peacefully hand over the territories claimed by Germany such as the Sudetenland, the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig. Promoting territorial revisionism in Eastern Europe in Germany's favour was one of Chamberlain's principal reasons for Locarno.
Together with Aristide Briand of France, Chamberlain and Stresemann met at the town of Locarno in October 1925 and signed a mutual agreement (together with representatives from Belgium and Italy) to settle all differences between the nations by arbitration, not war. For his services, Chamberlain was not only awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but also made a Knight of the Order of the Garter. He was the first ordinary Knight of the Garter since Elizabethan times (Sir Henry Lee) to die without having been made a peer. He was the 871st Knight of the Garter.
Chamberlain also secured Britain's accession to the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which theoretically outlawed war as an instrument of policy. Chamberlain infamously said that Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was "a man with whom business could be done".
Later career
Following his less-satisfactory engagement in issues in the Far East and Egypt, and the resignation of Baldwin's government after the election of 1929, Chamberlain resigned his position as Foreign Secretary and went into retirement. He briefly returned to government in 1931 as First Lord of the Admiralty in Ramsay MacDonald's first National Government, but soon retired later that year after having been forced to deal with the unfortunate Invergordon Mutiny.
Over the next six years as a senior backbencher, he gave strong support to the National Government on domestic issues but was critical on foreign policy. In 1935 the government faced a parliamentary rebellion over the Hoare-Laval Pact; his opposition to the vote of censure is widely believed to have been instrumental in saving the government from defeat on the floor of the House.
Chamberlain was again briefly considered in 1935 for the post of Foreign Secretary but was passed over once the crisis was over for being too old for the job. Instead, his advice was sought as to the suitability of his former Parliamentary Private Secretary, now Minister for the League of Nations, Anthony Eden for the post.
Calls for rearmament
From 1934 to 1937, Chamberlain was, with Winston Churchill, Roger Keyes and Leo Amery, the most prominent voice calling for British rearmament in the face of a growing threat from Nazi Germany.
However, in 1935, the British Government produced a White Paper and announced modest rearmament. Although Baldwin would forever be condemned for his failure to rearm sufficiently, the Labour Party opposed the White Paper. Attlee said:
We believe in a League system in which the whole world would be ranged against an aggressor. If it is shown that someone is proposing to break the peace, let us bring the whole world opinion against her.
Afterwards, Austen Chamberlain, the former British Foreign Secretary, fully supported Stanley Baldwin and severely criticised Attlee's speech with the words:
If war breaks out, and we become involved in a struggle and if the Honourable Member for Limehouse [Clement Attlee] is sitting on the government benches while London is being bombed, do you think he will hold the language he held today? If he does he will be one of the first victims of the war, for he will be strung up by an angry and justifiably angry populace to the nearest lamp post.
In addition to speaking eloquently in Parliament on the matter, he was the chairman of two Conservative parliamentary delegations in late 1936 that met with Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to remonstrate with him about his government's delay in rearming the British defence forces. More respected than Churchill, Chamberlain became something of an icon to young Conservatives, as the last survivor of Victorian high politics.
Though he never again served in a government, he survived in good health until March 1937, dying just ten weeks before his younger half-brother, Neville, became the first and only member of the Chamberlain dynasty to become Prime Minister.
Chamberlain died at the age of 73 in his London home, 24 Egerton Terrace, on 16 March 1937. He is buried in East Finchley Cemetery in London.
His estate was valued at probate at £45,044, a relatively modest sum for such a famous public figure. Much of his father's fortune had been lost in a failed attempt by his younger brother Neville to grow sisal in the West Indies in the early 1890s, and unlike Neville, he never went into business to make money for himself.
His personal and political papers are housed in the Cadbury Research Library at the University of Birmingham.
Assessments
Robert Blake wrote that Austen Chamberlain "for all his talents was only a thin echo of his formidable father, a mere shadow of that extraordinary figure ... Austen Chamberlain was altogether kinder than his father, more likeable, more honourable, more high-minded and less effective … he lacked that ultimate hardness without which men seldom reach supreme political power". Blake comments that he often missed his chances because he could be persuaded to back off by the suggestion that he was acting for self-seeking reasons, hence Churchill's quip that "he always played the game, and he always lost it".
David Dutton comments that early assessments of Chamberlain's career compared him unfavourably with his father, who overshadowed his early career, and his brother, who overshadowed his later decades. In his forties, when he was ready to carve out his own identity, he had to act as a surrogate for his disabled father, whom he resembled in appearance (although he was softer and less wiry, both in face and body) and dress (wearing a monocle, and an orchid in his lapel). Until William Hague (1997-2001), he was the only Conservative leader of the twentieth century not to become Prime Minister. Although this is sometimes attributed to character defects, Dutton argues that he was a major figure in his own right, who only narrowly missed becoming Prime Minister in 1922 or 1923. Dutton quotes with approval Leo Amery's verdict written just after Chamberlain's death: 'He just missed greatness and the highest position, but his was a fine life of honourable public service'.
Chamberlain could speak effectively, but was never a stirring orator. For most of his career he was renowned for rectitude and civic duty. Before the war Chamberlain had been a somewhat reluctant radical, but after 1918 he became more conservative, concerned at the new threat of socialism, and whose dress – he not only wore a monocle and frock coat but was one of the last MPs to wear a top hat inside the Commons Chamber – made him appear a relic from a previous generation. Dutton suggests that his "exaggerated sense of his own importance and dignity which compounded an already stiff and unbending personal demeanour", came from having to serve under men – Law and Baldwin – whom he regarded as his juniors.
Personal life
In 1906, Chamberlain married Ivy Muriel Dundas (died 1941), daughter of Colonel Henry Dundas. She was created a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in 1925. The couple had two sons, Joseph and Lawrence, and a daughter, Diane.
During the 1920s, the Chamberlains lived at a house called Twytt's Ghyll in Fir Toll Road, Mayfield, East Sussex. The house was sold in 1929. R.C.G. Foster said, "He kept himself quite aloof from the village and was not popular with his neighbours". He had an interest in rock gardening. At his death, his estate was valued for probate at £45,044 18/1.
Archives
A collection of archival material related to Austen Chamberlain can be found at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. A separate collection of letters relating to Austen Chamberlain can also be found there.
See also
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s) (30 November 1925)
References
Sources and further reading
Dutton, David. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and British Foreign Policy 1931–37." Diplomacy and Statecraft 16.2 (2005): 281-295.
Edwards, Peter. "The Austen Chamberlain-Mussolini Meetings." The Historical Journal 14.1 (1971): 153-164.
Grayson, Richard. "Austen Chamberlain and the Commitment to Europe: British Foreign Policy, 1924–1929" Diplomacy & Statecraft 17#4 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290600943304
- argues that Crewe gave Chamberlain key ideas about French security and disarmament policy, the implementation of the Geneva Protocol, the Treaty of Locarno, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
McKercher, B. J. C. "Austen Chamberlain and the continental balance of power: Strategy, stability, and the league of nations, 1924-29." Diplomacy and Statecraft 14.2 (2003): 207-236.
McKercher, Brian J. C. "A Sane and Sensible Diplomacy: Austen Chamberlain, Japan, and The Naval Balance of Power in the Pacific Ocean, 1924-29." Canadian Journal of History 21.2 (1986): 187-214.
Tomes, Jason H. "Austen Chamberlain and the Kellogg Pact." Millennium 18.1 (1989): 1-27.
Turner, Arthur. "Austen Chamberlain, The Times and the Question of Revision of the Treaty of Versailles in 1933." European History Quarterly 18.1 (1988): 51-70.
Zametica, Jovan. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and the Italo-Yugoslav crisis over Albania February-May 1927." Balcanica 36 (2005): 203-235. online
Primary sources
2 vols.
External links
1863 births
1937 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
British Secretaries of State
Burials at East Finchley Cemetery
Austen
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Chancellors of the University of Reading
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Nobel laureates
English Unitarians
First Lords of the Admiralty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
People educated at Rugby School
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Sciences Po alumni
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
United Kingdom Postmasters General
People from Mayfield, East Sussex | [
-0.24599672853946686,
0.03959450498223305,
-0.18649901449680328,
-0.15672937035560608,
-0.45216554403305054,
0.686074435710907,
0.5218251943588257,
-0.22358326613903046,
-0.2910313606262207,
-0.4927076995372772,
0.0019314475357532501,
-0.19691859185695648,
-0.0755767822265625,
0.49158716201782227,
0.17287610471248627,
0.1757962852716446,
-0.9203292727470398,
0.23354670405387878,
-0.32809707522392273,
-0.02441892959177494,
-0.11100821942090988,
0.6024511456489563,
0.189024418592453,
0.34028786420822144,
0.08879174292087555,
-0.10453800857067108,
0.4359767436981201,
-0.572533905506134,
0.06818170845508575,
-0.18603435158729553,
0.40323084592819214,
0.011439147405326366,
0.3335714042186737,
-0.23558415472507477,
-0.32500705122947693,
-0.5794091820716858,
-0.6033463478088379,
-0.6099091172218323,
-0.19819968938827515,
0.3629997670650482,
-0.2818759083747864,
0.19013574719429016,
0.4507986605167389,
0.18153952062129974,
-0.342357337474823,
-0.4355798363685608,
-1.9123305082321167,
0.38677865266799927,
0.21083441376686096,
-0.6636236310005188,
0.27114659547805786,
0.08905430883169174,
0.7820073962211609,
0.19794267416000366,
0.2445007711648941,
0.1138504296541214,
-0.4926656484603882,
0.10652612149715424,
0.05530520901083946,
-0.40674224495887756,
0.11197753995656967,
0.014392693527042866,
0.7593660354614258,
0.06891632080078125,
0.30532106757164,
0.0017355694435536861,
-0.20109567046165466,
0.2534603178501129,
-0.6683955192565918,
0.1127353236079216,
0.10209129005670547,
-0.26695793867111206,
0.362429141998291,
0.2174418866634369,
0.32390138506889343,
-0.40008118748664856,
0.07826840132474899,
0.26777034997940063,
-0.024939270690083504,
-0.018857065588235855,
0.017760951071977615,
-0.6668593883514404,
0.2687986195087433,
0.5072360634803772,
-0.13323447108268738,
0.30539610981941223,
0.05085143819451332,
0.7386617064476013,
-0.45944660902023315,
0.256660133600235,
-0.5496706962585449,
-0.0264228954911232,
0.5559158325195312,
-0.20984898507595062,
-0.35950878262519836,
-0.10769225656986237,
0.39647963643074036,
-0.16990485787391663,
-0.24460506439208984,
-0.6067272424697876,
-0.17227770388126373,
0.15647760033607483,
0.13768263161182404,
-0.38887321949005127,
-0.8230628371238708,
0.12552113831043243,
-0.4109262228012085,
-0.21230366826057434,
0.24831177294254303,
0.364408016204834,
-0.2633184492588043,
0.15390229225158691,
-0.46021395921707153,
0.07910854369401932,
-0.07666748762130737,
0.05507144331932068,
-0.16917845606803894,
-1.1216740608215332,
-0.7009167075157166,
-0.45232507586479187,
-0.1259593367576599,
0.6923217177391052,
-0.09886534512042999,
0.375140905380249,
-0.40047475695610046,
-0.05968858674168587,
0.4506513178348541,
-0.4871135652065277,
0.2431616336107254,
-0.041962169110774994,
0.6270647048950195,
1.223484992980957,
-0.44667187333106995,
-0.15328450500965118,
-0.5792749524116516,
-0.13489873707294464,
0.0388299822807312,
0.1508362740278244,
-0.42939871549606323,
0.03905482590198517,
0.0004098430508747697,
-0.2556021213531494,
-0.0517924539744854,
0.5836737155914307,
0.65138840675354,
0.16440147161483765,
-0.0854271724820137,
0.4425390064716339,
-0.1915804147720337,
0.05794355645775795,
-0.2009793221950531,
0.12100253999233246,
-0.0635957345366478,
-0.37156906723976135,
0.13589000701904297,
0.3895658254623413,
0.8487126231193542,
-0.03206273168325424,
0.967738151550293,
0.14754363894462585,
-0.18656928837299347,
-0.45207643508911133,
-0.21758238971233368,
-0.1243409812450409,
0.21280346810817719,
0.4603291451931,
0.4287630021572113,
0.09256716072559357,
-0.4520130753517151,
-0.0770166665315628,
-0.8799337148666382,
0.4302936792373657,
0.34655633568763733,
-0.06743378937244415,
-0.1154676303267479,
0.3801371455192566,
0.3320985734462738,
-0.009641790762543678,
0.5517356991767883,
-0.4253571331501007,
-0.8003881573677063,
-0.47451233863830566,
-0.05863281711935997,
-0.02682936005294323,
0.5451380610466003,
0.6083769798278809,
0.06612930446863174,
-0.3595537841320038,
0.062411099672317505,
-0.43425631523132324,
-0.14473910629749298,
-0.8722841739654541,
-0.5536023378372192,
-0.4233298897743225,
0.32187342643737793,
0.31592637300491333,
-0.32318300008773804,
0.007224673870950937,
0.24699153006076813,
0.6234952211380005,
0.23706364631652832,
-0.08907359093427658,
-0.07401148974895477,
-0.42325925827026367,
0.3127271831035614,
0.28693997859954834,
-0.12734760344028473,
0.4075857400894165,
0.3844437599182129,
0.5754354596138,
0.414422869682312,
-0.505760669708252,
0.10768190026283264,
0.16570112109184265,
-0.31600064039230347,
-0.32919496297836304,
-0.0945281907916069,
-0.1954542100429535,
0.10221366584300995,
0.06737004965543747,
0.5208473801612854,
0.39707157015800476,
-0.042064275592565536,
0.6078758835792542,
-0.13788893818855286,
0.784598708152771,
-0.19331051409244537,
0.251204252243042,
-0.5532165169715881,
-0.3788011372089386,
-0.08438336104154587,
-0.08633499592542648,
0.07701118290424347,
-0.10453090071678162,
0.15788862109184265,
0.0014147612964734435,
0.029615530744194984,
-0.15800784528255463,
0.07192081212997437,
-0.03108174167573452,
-0.043534476310014725,
0.25604957342147827,
-0.3212650418281555,
0.5281811356544495,
0.07973460108041763,
0.53743976354599,
-0.14512260258197784,
-0.24297179281711578,
-0.4818405508995056,
0.17667928338050842,
0.20317484438419342,
0.342303067445755,
0.30089297890663147,
0.565138041973114,
0.1282414048910141,
-0.2976052165031433,
-0.12063118815422058,
0.005333025008440018,
0.36924952268600464,
0.5014918446540833,
0.22096696496009827,
0.5533053874969482,
-0.07546339184045792,
0.369468629360199,
0.06188000366091728,
0.1309201866388321,
0.21261298656463623,
-0.3331541121006012,
0.33602750301361084,
-0.269711434841156,
0.5894022583961487,
-0.7108116745948792,
-0.4556041359901428,
0.08472514152526855,
0.9413549304008484,
-0.33659031987190247,
-0.22452285885810852,
0.7476082444190979,
-0.3309355676174164,
-0.5967760682106018,
0.031251970678567886,
0.7327359914779663,
-0.8924123644828796,
0.05980413407087326,
-0.20038676261901855,
-0.019250474870204926,
-0.3516554832458496,
-0.635873556137085,
0.13262873888015747,
-0.19849739968776703,
0.02451350726187229,
0.39800605177879333,
-0.2789580523967743,
0.02487391047179699,
-0.5790826678276062,
0.8921964764595032,
-0.4417841136455536,
-0.6128538846969604,
-0.022483166307210922,
-0.37315240502357483,
-0.3425182104110718,
0.3439767062664032,
0.12589332461357117,
0.36549845337867737,
0.715485155582428,
0.5708497762680054,
-0.6076968908309937,
0.18710701167583466,
-5.491955757141113,
0.06601671874523163,
0.18956702947616577,
0.04501945152878761,
0.7094500064849854,
0.14108075201511383,
0.09655074775218964,
-0.18837614357471466,
-0.13601553440093994,
-0.527022659778595,
0.9674504995346069,
-0.10511257499456406,
-0.07528141140937805,
0.3927042484283447,
0.7677171230316162,
0.5108603835105896,
1.0472636222839355,
0.0709923803806305,
0.7119283676147461,
0.16765493154525757,
-0.2705478072166443,
0.08808036148548126,
-0.11761998385190964,
0.675727903842926,
0.35637569427490234,
-0.29193422198295593,
-0.19409064948558807,
-0.19449396431446075,
-0.9078600406646729,
-0.5295220017433167,
0.4034199118614197,
0.25780802965164185,
0.11378900706768036,
-0.17787782847881317,
0.008700484409928322,
-0.1460464894771576,
0.25658100843429565,
0.8170827031135559,
-0.117515429854393,
0.38101404905319214,
-0.08208656311035156,
0.08817622065544128,
-0.7185115814208984,
0.28196823596954346,
0.059339821338653564,
-0.12345957010984421,
-0.7718592882156372,
0.5365584492683411,
0.22258028388023376,
0.07771070301532745,
-0.17440013587474823,
0.46036121249198914,
-0.11530894786119461,
-0.003123907372355461,
-0.07255284488201141,
0.9679387211799622,
-0.26619860529899597,
0.19759057462215424,
-0.791574239730835,
0.08137673884630203,
0.39279595017433167,
-0.05472887307405472,
0.5003572702407837,
0.49682310223579407,
0.10970073938369751,
0.05872297286987305,
-0.06805072724819183,
-0.1416219025850296,
-0.07518017292022705,
-0.3062131702899933,
-0.38290539383888245,
-0.08245237171649933,
0.5217644572257996,
-1.1039477586746216,
-0.39586636424064636,
-0.494692862033844,
0.052018903195858,
0.6026415824890137,
-0.11479156464338303,
-0.04112361744046211,
-0.3728790879249573,
-0.31284523010253906,
-0.5022518634796143,
0.30584144592285156,
0.23929275572299957,
-0.16063523292541504,
-0.314536988735199,
-0.13643033802509308,
-0.06183541193604469,
-0.2568095624446869,
-0.3399794101715088,
-0.7469968199729919,
-0.4844144582748413,
0.6332871913909912,
0.48845040798187256,
-0.17942623794078827,
-0.3961978256702423,
0.5307799577713013,
-0.041907794773578644,
0.17971740663051605,
-0.4363917112350464,
0.03407350182533264,
-0.48867160081863403,
-0.5978118777275085,
0.6270360350608826,
-0.004227133933454752,
-0.2535417079925537,
0.29701125621795654,
0.1430545598268509,
-0.43883591890335083,
0.05627293884754181,
0.18517594039440155,
-0.43919798731803894,
-0.5905458927154541,
0.08549384027719498,
-0.496548056602478,
0.15301236510276794,
-0.016587115824222565,
0.7872911095619202,
0.5453530550003052,
-0.22839978337287903,
0.8656316995620728,
-0.9375672340393066,
0.16614198684692383,
-0.54538893699646,
0.11715103685855865,
0.2500852942466736,
-0.7705302238464355,
-0.5737808346748352,
-0.2580392062664032,
0.3611629009246826,
0.32625365257263184,
-0.30421051383018494,
0.21483689546585083,
0.18663839995861053,
-0.5423821210861206,
-0.40114083886146545,
-0.04465949162840843,
-0.03020133078098297,
-0.4904540777206421,
-0.6359413862228394,
0.2949998676776886,
-0.1968502253293991,
-0.09921445697546005,
0.3345701992511749,
0.3128317892551422,
0.25152578949928284,
0.06380952149629593,
-0.2464582622051239,
0.32757237553596497,
-0.16106431186199188,
0.2321944534778595,
0.43091198801994324,
-0.22703713178634644,
-0.3819558918476105,
0.11470568925142288,
-0.5244986414909363,
0.15447379648685455,
-0.5933985114097595,
-0.33063992857933044,
-0.30871832370758057,
-0.4450133144855499,
-0.7288432121276855,
-0.20140600204467773,
0.5858492255210876,
-0.08380693197250366,
-0.49251583218574524,
-0.3155851364135742,
-0.349357545375824,
0.37613704800605774,
0.05742044746875763,
-0.5017692446708679,
-0.27569323778152466,
-0.5495500564575195,
0.015449589118361473,
0.35821548104286194,
-0.06068277359008789,
-0.4407084882259369,
-0.19094650447368622,
-0.13928967714309692,
0.16812030971050262,
0.003074261825531721,
-0.7112070918083191,
0.16138526797294617,
-0.08620079606771469,
-0.03905143216252327,
-0.7412936091423035,
-0.5538671016693115,
-0.05375203117728233,
-0.5594624280929565,
-0.17698949575424194,
-0.665343165397644,
0.6926304697990417,
0.5466859340667725,
-0.2961561679840088,
-0.1417296677827835,
0.5894098877906799,
0.22746434807777405,
-0.21706894040107727,
-0.40648117661476135,
-0.07842063903808594,
0.7324715256690979,
-0.48243841528892517,
-0.6995916962623596,
0.03715808317065239,
-0.9596300721168518,
-0.45098114013671875,
0.034558750689029694,
0.19339439272880554,
0.8342493176460266,
-0.27017942070961,
-0.6704003810882568,
-0.1598891019821167,
0.3138505518436432,
0.04506710544228554,
0.05329110845923424,
0.36292797327041626,
0.027249900624155998,
-0.10533460229635239,
-0.25950556993484497,
-0.5249854922294617,
-0.06508654356002808,
-0.7236002087593079,
-0.31201252341270447,
-0.431095153093338,
0.3449914753437042,
0.16480010747909546,
-0.32902753353118896,
0.5896657109260559,
-0.3946077525615692,
-0.06736373156309128,
-0.09398707002401352,
-0.13490630686283112,
0.7822484970092773,
0.16028225421905518,
0.3497052490711212,
0.7581313848495483,
-0.07592311501502991,
-0.1424051970243454,
-0.3307710587978363,
1.083966612815857,
1.1130956411361694,
0.21810142695903778,
-0.40281811356544495,
0.4285087585449219,
-0.05685487762093544,
0.2881462574005127,
-0.3712330162525177,
-0.19598230719566345,
0.34923049807548523,
0.12630872428417206,
-0.39935579895973206,
-0.612144947052002,
-0.09944533556699753,
0.5644007325172424,
-0.7476034760475159,
0.12630735337734222,
0.24600674211978912,
0.2917204201221466,
0.6325128674507141,
-0.30750253796577454,
0.4451761245727539,
0.630363404750824,
0.4943768382072449,
0.35484957695007324,
0.5462498068809509,
-0.07608246803283691,
0.1001221165060997,
-0.06376302242279053,
-0.44125187397003174,
0.0757257267832756,
-0.20197390019893646,
-0.5029176473617554,
-0.07504526525735855,
-0.3802601099014282,
0.16764025390148163,
0.010250364430248737,
-0.4811140298843384,
0.4548555016517639,
-0.09096608310937881,
-0.5818012356758118,
-0.1715388298034668,
0.24352595210075378,
-1.410575032234192,
-0.7702775001525879,
-1.0484819412231445,
-0.34396886825561523,
-0.14810238778591156,
-0.12238848954439163,
0.03357057273387909,
-0.6874496936798096,
-0.21689987182617188,
-0.04816046729683876,
-0.1299160271883011,
-0.2897092401981354,
0.4569503962993622,
-0.904358983039856,
0.1554323136806488,
-0.3846920132637024,
-0.1413792371749878,
0.0031574389431625605,
0.8760184049606323,
0.312008261680603,
0.059048376977443695,
0.656833291053772,
0.2204837054014206,
-0.4365008473396301,
-0.5270578265190125,
-0.22731277346611023,
-0.30395224690437317,
0.0936196818947792,
-0.6790010929107666,
0.10502145439386368,
0.3298313319683075,
-1.012987732887268,
-0.11241667717695236,
0.7448107004165649,
-0.11416687816381454,
0.22064238786697388,
-0.20557142794132233,
-0.07794058322906494,
0.13693709671497345,
0.13003192842006683,
-0.47395098209381104,
0.04370616003870964,
0.4877304136753082,
0.21865886449813843,
0.24399498105049133,
-0.04156835377216339,
0.5416285395622253,
0.19991683959960938,
-0.28283655643463135,
-0.6059338450431824,
0.788515567779541,
0.04805280640721321,
-0.09704168885946274,
0.4052658975124359,
-0.4250735938549042,
0.18434424698352814,
0.3138067126274109,
0.33416908979415894,
0.5759850144386292,
-0.42164739966392517,
0.17871667444705963,
0.11606065183877945,
0.5433824062347412,
-0.02936677075922489,
0.6472761631011963,
-0.5532821416854858,
0.7963701486587524,
0.7021633386611938,
0.6021084189414978,
-0.08993104845285416,
-0.4589887261390686,
0.3068278431892395,
0.4141574800014496,
0.9093689918518066,
-0.256804496049881,
-0.435995489358902,
0.01817636936903,
0.43352824449539185,
-0.28572753071784973,
1.2174612283706665,
0.00023932142357807606,
-0.15051980316638947,
0.055074986070394516,
0.2542324960231781,
-0.2076692432165146,
0.3758011758327484,
0.11621389538049698,
0.12947522103786469,
-0.3939664363861084,
-0.06357137113809586,
0.02584659680724144,
0.5072251558303833,
0.2707657217979431,
0.5799842476844788,
-0.6046156883239746,
0.4472678601741791,
0.14842993021011353,
-0.24362701177597046,
0.1610700488090515,
-0.038645416498184204,
-0.5307579636573792,
-0.5618665814399719,
-0.022184131667017937,
-0.318970263004303,
0.42696496844291687,
-0.4626576602458954,
-0.4729425609111786,
0.3882042169570923,
-0.12868717312812805,
-0.47726598381996155,
0.4112169146537781,
-0.569294273853302,
-0.4449480473995209,
-0.5222968459129333,
0.5735535621643066,
0.5411638617515564,
-0.610371470451355,
-0.48634809255599976,
0.5537011623382568,
-0.1905800849199295,
0.11430471390485764,
-0.004688596352934837,
0.42847931385040283,
-0.17792338132858276,
-0.5674130916595459,
-0.9698643088340759,
0.003282209625467658,
-0.37000715732574463,
-0.3523654043674469,
-0.4976741075515747,
-0.2776569724082947,
0.26094499230384827,
0.20086653530597687,
0.3210073709487915,
-0.5514392256736755,
-0.24380064010620117,
-0.016041504219174385,
0.3142147958278656,
0.3171815872192383,
0.416132390499115,
-0.14031542837619781,
-0.16052314639091492,
0.4971519410610199,
0.7484769821166992,
0.2118370682001114,
-0.5505022406578064,
0.5405398607254028,
-0.7082754373550415,
-0.06097109988331795,
-0.8294743299484253,
-0.20049935579299927,
-0.21664296090602875,
0.4351520538330078,
0.1316775530576706,
0.9301666617393494,
0.05637306347489357,
-0.41700977087020874,
0.36164310574531555,
0.18744447827339172,
0.6741175651550293,
0.04238344356417656,
0.3859129548072815,
-0.14013908803462982,
0.13755100965499878,
-0.37698298692703247,
0.35978952050209045,
0.9654577374458313,
0.6963685750961304,
0.5583823919296265,
0.35831382870674133,
-0.10486318916082382,
1.2317533493041992,
0.07273732125759125,
0.008591752499341965,
-0.6223739385604858,
0.6710513234138489,
0.27790454030036926
] |
232071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yellow%20Book | The Yellow Book | The Yellow Book was a British quarterly literary periodical that was published in London from 1894 to 1897. It was published at The Bodley Head Publishing House by Elkin Mathews and John Lane, and later by John Lane alone, and edited by the American Henry Harland. The periodical was priced at 5 shillings and lent its name to the "Yellow Nineties", referring to the decade of its operation.
Significance
The Yellow Book was a leading journal of the British 1890s; to some degree associated with Aestheticism and Decadence, the magazine contained a wide range of literary and artistic genres, poetry, short stories, essays, book illustrations, portraits, and reproductions of paintings. Aubrey Beardsley was its first art editor, and he has been credited with the idea of the yellow cover, with its association with illicit French fiction of the period. He obtained works by such artists as Charles Conder, William Rothenstein, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert, and Philip Wilson Steer. The literary content was no less distinguished; authors who contributed were: Max Beerbohm, Arnold Bennett, "Baron Corvo", Ernest Dowson, George Gissing, Sir Edmund Gosse, Henry James, Richard Le Gallienne, Charlotte Mew, Arthur Symons, H. G. Wells, William Butler Yeats and Frank Swettenham.
Though Oscar Wilde never published anything within its pages, it was linked to him because Beardsley had illustrated his Salomé and because he was on friendly terms with many of the contributors. Moreover, in Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), a major corrupting influence on Dorian is "the yellow book" which Lord Henry sends over to amuse him after the suicide of his first love. This "yellow book" is understood by critics to be À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans, a representative work of Parisian decadence that heavily influenced British aesthetes like Beardsley. Such books in Paris were wrapped in yellow paper to alert the reader to their lascivious content. It is not clear, however, whether Dorian Gray is the direct source for the review's title. Wilde was purported to have been carrying a copy of the "Yellow Book" when he was arrested, at the Cadogan Hotel, in 1895. This has yet to be established although was not a copy of Pierre Louÿs’s racy, yellow-bound novel Aphrodite as has been suggested as this book was not published until 1896, a year after Wilde's arrest.
Soon after Wilde was arrested Beardsley was dismissed as the periodical's art editor; his post taken over by the publisher, John Lane, assisted by another artist, Patten Wilson. Although critics have contended that the quality of its contents declined after Beardsley left and that The Yellow Book became a vehicle for promoting the work of Lane's authors, a remarkably high standard in both art and literature was maintained until the periodical ceased publication in the spring of 1897. A notable feature was the inclusion of work by women writers and illustrators, among them Ella D'Arcy and Ethel Colburn Mayne (both also served as Harland's subeditors), George Egerton, Charlotte Mew, Rosamund Marriott Watson, Ada Leverson, Ethel Reed and the sisters Netta Syrett, Mabel Syrett and Nellie Syrett.
Perhaps indicative of The Yellow Book past significance in literary circles of its day is a reference to it in a fictional piece thirty-three years after it ceased publication. American author Willa Cather noted its presence in the personal library of one of her characters in the short story, "Double Birthday", noting that it had lost its "power to seduce and stimulate".
The Yellow Book differed from other periodicals in that it was issued clothbound, made a strict distinction between the literary and art contents (only in one or two instances were these connected), did not include serial fiction, and contained no advertisements except publishers' lists.
Initial reception
The Yellow Book brilliant colour immediately associated the periodical with illicit French novels - an anticipation, many thought, of the scurrilous content inside. The article 'A Defence of Cosmetics' by Max Beerbohm appeared in the first volume, causing something of a sensation and establishing his reputation. Yet generally The Yellow Book first list of contributors bespoke a non-radical, typically conservative collection of authors: Edmund Gosse, Walter Crane, Frederick Leighton, and Henry James among others.
Upon its publication, Oscar Wilde dismissed The Yellow Book as "not yellow at all". In The Romantic '90s, Richard Le Gallienne, a poet identified with the New Literature of the Decadence, described The Yellow Book as the following: "The Yellow Book was certainly novel, even striking, but except for the drawings and decorations by Beardsley, which, seen thus for the first time, not unnaturally affected most people as at once startling, repellent, and fascinating, it is hard to realize why it should have seemed so shocking. But the public is an instinctive creature, not half so stupid as is usually taken for granted. It evidently scented something queer and rather alarming about the strange new quarterly, and thus it almost immediately regarded it as symbolic of new movements which it only partially represented".
Influence of Aubrey Beardsley
The Yellow Book owed much of its reputation to Aubrey Beardsley, who, despite John Lane's remonstrations, repeatedly attempted to shock public opinion. Lane would painstakingly peruse Beardsley's drawings before each publication as Beardsley was known for hiding inappropriate details in his work. Throughout Beardsley's contribution to The Yellow Book, the two were caught in a game of hide-and-seek. Lane's scrutiny of Beardsley's drawings suggests that he wished The Yellow Book to be a publication only slightly associated with the Decadence's shocking aesthetic. Indeed, Lane continually emphasized that he desired the work to be suitable reading material for any audience.
However, Beardsley openly mocked the Victorian artistic ideal, which he considered to be both prudish and hypocritical. Beardsley's artwork was perhaps the most controversial aspect of The Yellow Book; his style was thought both highly unnatural and grotesque and he was openly caricatured in contemporary periodicals.
In response, Beardsley cleverly published two drawings stylistically divergent to his own under the names Phillip Broughton and Albert Foschter in The Yellow Book third volume. While Saturday Review termed Broughton's piece "a drawing of merit" and Foschter's "a clever study", they decried the drawings under Beardsley's own name, deeming them "as freakish as ever".
Beardsley's contribution transformed The Yellow Book into a periodical associated with the more decadent attitudes of the fin-de-siecle. It was the decision of both Beardsley and Henry Harland to design the book in accordance with the French novel. This decision was the key factor in causing Beardsley's removal from the periodical. The media reported the yellow book which Oscar Wilde carried to his trial to be The Yellow Book itself. Sally Ledger writes in "Wilde Women and The Yellow Book: The Sexual Politics of Aestheticism and Decadence", "[A]s far as the newspapers were concerned, Wilde was accompanied to his trial by The Yellow Book, and such media reports cemented in the cultural imagination of the 1890s an association between The Yellow Book, aestheticism and Decadence and, after April and May 1895, homosexuality". Due to Beardsley's associations with Wilde through his illustrations of Salome, poetry contributor William Watson demanded he be fired as art editor. With this internal and (after Bodley Head's premises were set upon by a mob who vandalised the building) external pressure, publishers removed all traces of the artist in the quarterly after Volume V, though an advertisement exists for Volume VI exhibiting his work.
According to Stanley Weintraub, "The color of The Yellow Book was an appropriate reflection of the 'Yellow Nineties', a decade in which Victorianism was giving way among the fashionable to Regency attitudes and French influences; For yellow was not only the decor of the notorious and dandified pre-Victorian Regency, but also of the allegedly wicked and decadent French novel". If The Yellow Book was not as "daring" as its prospectus advertised, it was still a part of the vanguard of cultural debate which typified the main struggles of the "Yellow Nineties". Its variegated array of contributors associated The Yellow Book with the "impressionism, feminism, naturalism, dandyism, symbolism and classicism [which] all participate[d] in the politics of decadence in the nineties". Sabine Doran writes (in her The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity) that "from the moment of its conception, The Yellow Book presents itself as having a close relationship with the culture of scandal; it is, in fact, one of the progenitors of this culture."
Art separate from text
The Yellow Book has been credited as "... commercially the most ambitious and typographically the most important of the 1890s periodicals. [It] gave the fullest expression to the double resistance of graphic artists against literature, and Art against commerce, the double struggle symbolized by the paired words on the contents-pages of the Yellow Books: Letterpress and Pictures, Literature and Art."
The Yellow Book contents-pages diverged from Victorian ideas concerning art, where "[t]exts prescribed pictures and not the other way round". In the Illustration of Books: A Manual for the Use of Students, Joseph Pennell explains that "an illustration really is a work of art ... which is explanatory". Interviewed before the appearance of The Yellow Book first publication, Harland and Beardsley rejected the idea that the function of artwork was merely explanatory: "There is to be no connection whatever [between the text and illustrations]. [They] will be quite separate". The equilibrium which The Yellow Book poses between art and text is emphasized by the separate title pages before each individual work whether literary or pictorial. The use of title pages announces the piece before the viewer's eye is allowed to glimpse it, separating the work from the other contributions and presenting each individual work as both serious and independent from the whole.
Page layout
The Yellow Book mise-en-page differed dramatically from current Victorian periodicals: "... its asymmetrically placed titles, lavish margins, abundance of white space, and relatively square page declare The Yellow Book specific and substantial debt to Whistler". The copious amount of blank space utilized by The Yellow Book brought the magazine simplicity and elegance, stylistically overshadowing the "anaesthetic clutter of the typical Victorian page". The use of white space is positive rather than negative, simultaneously drawing the reader's eye to the blank page as an aesthetic and essentially created object. The first issue of The Yellow Book prospectus introduces it "as a book in form, a book in substance; a book beautiful to see and convenient to handle; a book with style, a book with finish; a book that every book-lover will love at first sight; a book that will make book-lovers of many who are now indifferent to books".
The decision to print The Yellow Book in Caslon-old face further signified the ties which The Yellow Book held to the Revivalists. Caslon-old face, "an eighteenth-century revival of a seventeenth-century typographical style" became "the type-face of deliberate and principled reaction or anachronism". A type-face generally reserved for devotional and ecclesiastical work, its use in the pages of The Yellow Book at once identified it with the "Religion of Beauty". The use of catch-words on every page enhanced The Yellow Book link to the obsolescent. Both antiquated and obtrusive, the catch-phrase interrupts the cognitive process of reading: “making-transparent ... the physical sign which constitutes the act of reading; and in doing this, catch-words participate in the ‘pictorialization’ of typography”. By interrupting readers through the very use of irrelevant text, catch-words lend the printed word a solidity of form which is otherwise ignored.
The cover for the final edition of the Yellow Book (published in April 1897) was designed by Mabel Syrett.
Mentions in literature
The Yellow Book is mentioned in W. Somerset Maugham's Of Human Bondage (1915):
Maugham also wrote critically about it in his semi-autobiographical work, The Summing Up (1938), commenting "If one takes the trouble to look through the volumes of The Yellow Book, which at that time seemed the last thing in sophisticated intelligence, it is startling to discover how thoroughly bad the majority of its contributors were. For all their parade these writers were no more than an eddy in a backwater and it is unlikely that the history of English literature will give them more than a passing glance."
The Yellow Book is also mentioned in Evelyn Waugh's Put Out More Flags (1942):
The Yellow Book was parodied in Robert Hichens's 1894 novel The Green Carnation as The Yellow Disaster which contains a drawing by Aubrey Beardsley of the Archbishop of Canterbury sitting in a wheelbarrow consisting of just three lines to form the image. Lord Reginald Hastings (a fictional portrayal of Lord Alfred Douglas) makes the following remark, "What exquisite simplicity!"
In the library of the protagonist of Willa Cather's short story, "Double Birthday" (1929):
John Betjeman's poem "The arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel" (1937) describes Wilde as saying:
So you've brought me the latest Yellow Book:
And Buchan has got in it now:
Approval of what is approved of
Is as false as a well-kept vow.
In An Ideal Husband (1895) by Oscar Wilde, Mrs Cheveley (a rather immoral character) says:
The book sent by Lord Henry to Dorian Gray in Wilde's novel (widely thought to be Joris-Karl Huysmans' À rebours), which contributes considerably to his descent into corruption, is also described as being
See also
The Hobby Horse
The Savoy
References
Further reading
Mix, Katherine Lyon. A Study in Yellow: The Yellow Book and Its Contributors. (1960)
External links
All 13 volumes are available at the yellow nineties online in various formats, with introductions to each volume, reviews of the period, and biographies of contributors.
All 13 volumes are also available to view or download from the Internet Archive in various formats:
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume I, April 1894
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume II, July 1894
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume III, October 1894
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume IV, January 1895
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume V, April 1895
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume VI, July 1895
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume VII, October 1895
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume VIII, January 1896
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume IX, April 1896
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume X, July 1896
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume XI, October 1896
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume XII, January 1897
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly: Volume XIII, April 1897
Heidelberg University Library
The Yellow Book - digital
1894 establishments in the United Kingdom
1897 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
John Lane (publisher) books
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1894
Magazines disestablished in 1897
Poetry literary magazines
Victorian poetry | [
-0.29661858081817627,
-0.0900125503540039,
-0.31926003098487854,
-0.0862971842288971,
-0.05929073318839073,
0.38321685791015625,
0.011189961805939674,
0.5035960674285889,
-0.23872436583042145,
0.010290413163602352,
-0.36530011892318726,
-0.17163397371768951,
-0.7081984281539917,
-0.13345378637313843,
-0.2580958306789398,
-0.1701195240020752,
0.5418112277984619,
0.2427930384874344,
-0.4077880382537842,
-0.4596967101097107,
-0.3955635130405426,
0.32515549659729004,
-0.026227453723549843,
-0.4150486886501312,
0.5857356190681458,
-0.2621619403362274,
0.3226200342178345,
-0.20193496346473694,
0.15975214540958405,
0.021757181733846664,
0.39998766779899597,
0.35841670632362366,
0.3006935119628906,
-0.04305172711610794,
-0.24089014530181885,
-0.40340930223464966,
-0.6542957425117493,
-0.7357431054115295,
-0.03744165226817131,
-0.22415350377559662,
-0.17975904047489166,
0.5975194573402405,
0.5540222525596619,
0.7120421528816223,
0.2433510422706604,
-0.3103014826774597,
-2.488384246826172,
0.07634647935628891,
-0.5790897011756897,
0.2519129812717438,
-0.37131771445274353,
1.1401212215423584,
0.6864318251609802,
0.18058232963085175,
-0.16293582320213318,
0.8420667052268982,
-0.4089142084121704,
0.2395068109035492,
-0.3750469386577606,
-0.5938582420349121,
0.18421468138694763,
-0.12203937023878098,
0.6012219190597534,
0.5809088349342346,
-0.058562230318784714,
0.3010495901107788,
-0.4850442409515381,
0.44024309515953064,
0.20212143659591675,
0.062194760888814926,
0.1259816288948059,
0.28211843967437744,
-0.14587001502513885,
0.3243130147457123,
-0.14805638790130615,
-0.03554431349039078,
0.2530655562877655,
-0.333359032869339,
-0.04811026528477669,
0.546603262424469,
-0.05542008951306343,
0.533972978591919,
0.885033130645752,
0.24720695614814758,
0.16624869406223297,
0.20659524202346802,
-0.6182776093482971,
0.17108666896820068,
-0.09667640924453735,
0.03199838846921921,
-0.2183457762002945,
-0.12478450685739517,
0.12957067787647247,
0.04752792790532112,
0.34113895893096924,
-0.3161337375640869,
0.002602227730676532,
0.053090039640665054,
-0.48233819007873535,
-0.16592343151569366,
0.16579817235469818,
0.3930082619190216,
0.304445743560791,
-0.19462847709655762,
-0.9577326774597168,
0.07947200536727905,
0.11188416928052902,
-0.3820567727088928,
0.8834372758865356,
0.45065838098526,
-0.20739857852458954,
0.3244836628437042,
-0.11463857442140579,
0.05309116467833519,
0.4321155548095703,
0.8771010041236877,
0.193184956908226,
-0.20451045036315918,
-0.6466878652572632,
0.31742075085639954,
-0.43708789348602295,
0.4555489122867584,
0.32797619700431824,
0.13566026091575623,
-0.44471344351768494,
0.4542493522167206,
0.15248779952526093,
0.6368216276168823,
-0.06217237189412117,
0.31024298071861267,
0.32401901483535767,
0.5958576798439026,
-0.03109118342399597,
-0.6659354567527771,
-0.47566550970077515,
0.3488377332687378,
0.2736559510231018,
0.48017123341560364,
-0.028663964942097664,
0.49961236119270325,
0.1106104701757431,
0.18526580929756165,
-1.1019959449768066,
-0.7430833578109741,
0.4783935844898224,
-0.527062177658081,
-0.1309453397989273,
-0.5807667970657349,
-0.47505053877830505,
-1.033361554145813,
0.3398309350013733,
-0.2818610370159149,
-0.15058746933937073,
-0.016311874613165855,
-0.43730923533439636,
0.10324367135763168,
0.014772698283195496,
0.19025158882141113,
0.32066237926483154,
-0.33385032415390015,
-0.17319311201572418,
0.014082537032663822,
0.12744861841201782,
-0.009286285378038883,
-0.6495885252952576,
0.22699512541294098,
0.44374385476112366,
-0.15816111862659454,
0.4930383563041687,
0.2478683590888977,
-0.14660218358039856,
-0.2539827823638916,
0.6966673731803894,
0.3813498318195343,
0.36164575815200806,
0.05803428962826729,
1.0312817096710205,
0.4840380847454071,
0.3015590310096741,
-0.3455410897731781,
-0.9731839299201965,
0.49213042855262756,
0.14407533407211304,
-0.05208142474293709,
-0.07393337041139603,
-0.03197379410266876,
0.6140745878219604,
-0.008812524378299713,
-0.4518353343009949,
-0.06729260087013245,
-1.1212215423583984,
-0.330438494682312,
-0.017523037269711494,
-0.16336685419082642,
1.3610966205596924,
-0.2787354588508606,
-0.23947805166244507,
0.9450532793998718,
-0.6492664813995361,
0.585265040397644,
0.18261654675006866,
0.437155544757843,
0.1810196489095688,
-0.1406421959400177,
0.023072246462106705,
0.19435499608516693,
-0.2831900715827942,
0.7182269096374512,
0.11939942091703415,
0.44167575240135193,
0.1580106019973755,
-0.7148533463478088,
0.31371042132377625,
0.783215343952179,
0.0841556265950203,
-0.372823029756546,
-0.34439435601234436,
0.26758649945259094,
0.16741026937961578,
-0.17625322937965393,
0.9731782078742981,
-0.04308469593524933,
0.1171102300286293,
0.37295615673065186,
0.24053792655467987,
0.2468406856060028,
0.3796420693397522,
0.14147375524044037,
0.43130600452423096,
-0.5916737914085388,
0.3518565893173218,
0.2833470106124878,
0.7085641622543335,
-0.7586230635643005,
0.23216818273067474,
-0.45444628596305847,
-0.17954117059707642,
-0.5375402569770813,
0.27875852584838867,
-0.07015139609575272,
0.40327057242393494,
-0.3906078338623047,
0.05088958889245987,
0.510693371295929,
0.17779448628425598,
0.3124760687351227,
0.07366064190864563,
0.7401648163795471,
0.1859346181154251,
-0.25242480635643005,
0.437199205160141,
0.4157244861125946,
0.30928757786750793,
-0.20790350437164307,
-0.3089630603790283,
-0.22394564747810364,
-0.0020711978431791067,
-0.2237478792667389,
0.6828065514564514,
0.6631624698638916,
-0.25987252593040466,
0.03674238547682762,
-0.0013773901155218482,
0.05419943481683731,
0.10201515257358551,
-0.24473252892494202,
-0.030276166275143623,
-1.0136582851409912,
0.1597723513841629,
-0.062443993985652924,
0.6851842403411865,
0.4491903781890869,
-0.24135705828666687,
0.33800655603408813,
0.08897976577281952,
-0.24638217687606812,
0.5585724115371704,
-0.0880189910531044,
0.06127171963453293,
-0.433132529258728,
-0.11651503294706345,
0.2458345890045166,
-0.11183449625968933,
-0.7291900515556335,
0.0722481980919838,
0.08643659204244614,
0.2305263876914978,
-0.25811123847961426,
-0.009747832082211971,
-0.45639768242836,
-0.11619242280721664,
0.5403050780296326,
0.02237597666680813,
-0.0273713618516922,
-0.1645817756652832,
0.20392940938472748,
-0.23538552224636078,
0.10593152046203613,
0.00009689244325272739,
-0.2323024719953537,
0.3391956090927124,
0.19047662615776062,
0.15396305918693542,
0.09299559891223907,
0.3625253736972809,
-0.022223321720957756,
-0.5132681131362915,
-0.13756005465984344,
-5.6068501472473145,
0.32844048738479614,
-0.061395514756441116,
-0.31533315777778625,
0.12142228335142136,
0.2670843303203583,
0.28688114881515503,
-0.3222065269947052,
0.009115120396018028,
-0.35905665159225464,
-0.4354463219642639,
0.007884083315730095,
-0.16072426736354828,
0.2119120955467224,
0.09068311005830765,
0.6514423489570618,
-0.26286497712135315,
-0.13281381130218506,
-0.14817461371421814,
0.12352011352777481,
-0.2678591012954712,
0.15635047852993011,
0.18423765897750854,
0.7123504877090454,
0.6143304109573364,
1.2226238250732422,
0.01929410919547081,
-0.3851017951965332,
-0.08833259344100952,
-0.006688072811812162,
0.3590478301048279,
-0.38392582535743713,
-0.32527273893356323,
-0.40801671147346497,
0.11318948119878769,
0.07450324296951294,
0.711183488368988,
0.319879412651062,
-0.2942306399345398,
0.21582724153995514,
-0.267372727394104,
0.235624298453331,
0.03339751437306404,
0.08957193046808243,
0.5716568827629089,
-0.14072594046592712,
-0.3323633074760437,
-0.6368726491928101,
-0.5987496972084045,
0.7134876251220703,
-0.08569769561290741,
-0.24494166672229767,
-0.2396014928817749,
0.34594520926475525,
-0.22837872803211212,
-0.0990384966135025,
-0.17853158712387085,
-0.2971336245536804,
-0.18205797672271729,
-0.27459022402763367,
0.33069053292274475,
0.24398382008075714,
-0.06677628308534622,
-0.16310685873031616,
-0.2868090271949768,
-0.29362720251083374,
-0.3582506775856018,
0.0022091870196163654,
0.2957093119621277,
-0.09333524852991104,
0.03236044943332672,
0.38086459040641785,
-0.11746745556592941,
-0.9131261706352234,
-0.7731336951255798,
-0.6213364005088806,
0.05831729248166084,
-0.3267294466495514,
-0.01186181791126728,
0.31059393286705017,
0.30228933691978455,
-0.31938621401786804,
-0.042855117470026016,
0.3999280333518982,
-0.08390803635120392,
-0.9235917329788208,
-0.5712330341339111,
0.6124427318572998,
-0.9727532267570496,
-0.8889614939689636,
0.6355579495429993,
-0.01773739606142044,
0.19882790744304657,
0.5428053140640259,
0.8635628819465637,
0.12252944707870483,
0.3544497489929199,
0.352445125579834,
0.11013592034578323,
0.035757485777139664,
0.10225287079811096,
-0.14429046213626862,
0.1754544973373413,
-0.3630192279815674,
-0.240285724401474,
-0.007186133414506912,
-0.9305786490440369,
0.08687344938516617,
0.4317069947719574,
-0.6870501041412354,
-0.17417654395103455,
-0.2506044805049896,
-0.5949236750602722,
-0.10487321764230728,
0.3741847276687622,
0.2107868194580078,
0.40200844407081604,
-0.08189468830823898,
-0.7181159257888794,
0.088104248046875,
-0.6383451819419861,
0.4468289911746979,
-0.4295958876609802,
-0.23424255847930908,
-0.31358689069747925,
0.2239001989364624,
0.12564536929130554,
-0.7429542541503906,
0.4569590389728546,
-0.08291668444871902,
0.3673378825187683,
-0.09296108782291412,
-0.42113959789276123,
0.11477479338645935,
-0.5046289563179016,
-0.20682752132415771,
-0.5764831304550171,
-0.23699504137039185,
-0.15381839871406555,
0.31619763374328613,
-0.25862759351730347,
-0.14205460250377655,
0.10324732214212418,
-0.0578339621424675,
1.0914323329925537,
-0.03899699077010155,
-0.6641172766685486,
-0.2830379009246826,
-0.08259113132953644,
0.46426188945770264,
-0.5446745157241821,
0.03531896322965622,
-0.0029918437357991934,
-0.669991135597229,
0.05100623518228531,
-0.002073475392535329,
-0.11288833618164062,
0.6324928402900696,
-0.5411699414253235,
-0.08811435848474503,
-0.1490476280450821,
-0.6062716841697693,
-0.8394606113433838,
-0.09907668083906174,
-0.04781720042228699,
0.10804383456707001,
0.193735271692276,
-0.4984451234340668,
-0.07516270875930786,
0.14250126481056213,
0.06957390904426575,
-0.1262759417295456,
0.19481274485588074,
-0.3424758017063141,
0.5035996437072754,
-0.20297914743423462,
-0.3597594201564789,
-0.4551490247249603,
-0.2038200944662094,
-0.3119209408760071,
-0.32942983508110046,
-0.6117579936981201,
-0.2728976607322693,
0.1312611997127533,
1.1547696590423584,
-0.40400463342666626,
-0.26955369114875793,
-0.5610874891281128,
0.0006404620362445712,
-0.14233025908470154,
0.1271936595439911,
0.29262128472328186,
0.4169560968875885,
0.3820270001888275,
-0.5647501945495605,
-0.4019351303577423,
-0.031242646276950836,
-0.20243027806282043,
0.036709096282720566,
-0.48453783988952637,
0.3814718425273895,
-0.08183544874191284,
-0.3084885776042938,
0.048017390072345734,
-0.32856473326683044,
-0.9530317783355713,
0.43599414825439453,
-0.7631017565727234,
-1.344550371170044,
0.8179667592048645,
-0.017997976392507553,
-0.27550068497657776,
-0.03306927531957626,
0.09282833337783813,
-0.48658016324043274,
-0.12016791850328445,
-0.5447015762329102,
0.03592395409941673,
-0.43241122364997864,
0.02188078500330448,
-0.5105307102203369,
0.09847275912761688,
-0.8189297318458557,
-0.1852937638759613,
0.08431081473827362,
-0.348814457654953,
0.36546990275382996,
-0.1789180338382721,
-0.09108423441648483,
-0.40126046538352966,
0.3404504060745239,
-0.010271688923239708,
0.00634227879345417,
-0.36275604367256165,
0.11491824686527252,
0.5935350060462952,
-0.2780746817588806,
-0.21138615906238556,
0.3730628192424774,
0.07462918758392334,
-0.11793737858533859,
0.3409210741519928,
0.3368256390094757,
-0.5443448424339294,
0.039734385907649994,
0.5435240268707275,
0.011671418324112892,
-0.10697329044342041,
-0.5936296582221985,
0.4105075001716614,
0.28455621004104614,
-0.05513985827565193,
-0.3075762391090393,
-0.17470374703407288,
0.3815908133983612,
-0.23018640279769897,
-0.07656321674585342,
0.561082124710083,
-0.033512745052576065,
0.3953297436237335,
0.10857131332159042,
0.1576296091079712,
-0.12223296612501144,
0.6655027866363525,
0.4355964958667755,
0.5066797733306885,
0.21706616878509521,
-0.515325665473938,
0.41010308265686035,
-0.10812653601169586,
-0.0910424217581749,
-0.5029001832008362,
-0.22609387338161469,
-0.1557881087064743,
0.30903366208076477,
-0.2509390115737915,
-0.25585317611694336,
-0.6597228050231934,
-0.45194166898727417,
0.2859654426574707,
-0.22904986143112183,
0.039647120982408524,
0.192569300532341,
-0.40902891755104065,
-0.0392000786960125,
-0.8302743434906006,
0.6588674783706665,
-0.028689438477158546,
-0.0075106872245669365,
-0.2888815999031067,
0.11139180511236191,
0.053345937281847,
0.07781572639942169,
0.2644314765930176,
0.09258890897035599,
-0.12113284319639206,
0.3280056118965149,
0.14414900541305542,
0.18308508396148682,
0.1014687791466713,
-0.3054880201816559,
0.4648435115814209,
0.19821374118328094,
0.1818649172782898,
0.5461249947547913,
0.044898953288793564,
-0.25536251068115234,
0.1114685982465744,
-0.2785160541534424,
0.14588867127895355,
0.013871503993868828,
-0.2649956941604614,
0.1550196409225464,
0.29469600319862366,
-1.030598759651184,
-0.09540148824453354,
0.29479143023490906,
-0.39974018931388855,
0.5009547472000122,
0.3312370777130127,
0.5259303450584412,
0.3082504868507385,
0.23777838051319122,
0.19263111054897308,
-0.9576207399368286,
0.5087518095970154,
-0.6785741448402405,
0.7101902961730957,
0.035190146416425705,
-0.5509651899337769,
-0.11515845358371735,
-0.023944562301039696,
0.39164578914642334,
0.6439032554626465,
-0.15090835094451904,
-0.8066418766975403,
0.2500247657299042,
-0.7598327994346619,
-0.38912835717201233,
0.1875784695148468,
0.32428011298179626,
-0.3238065540790558,
0.09717479348182678,
-0.01927649974822998,
-0.11348352581262589,
0.19174224138259888,
0.28639787435531616,
0.007173576857894659,
0.057128582149744034,
0.5477834343910217,
0.50315922498703,
0.5714929699897766,
0.2127281278371811,
-0.23436790704727173,
0.588254988193512,
-0.23647478222846985,
0.6216487288475037,
-0.4107576310634613,
-0.1082044467329979,
0.021121099591255188,
-0.08002329617738724,
0.658980667591095,
0.23109103739261627,
-0.175598606467247,
-0.49379611015319824,
0.6502141356468201,
0.37647637724876404,
-0.3698468804359436,
0.12969447672367096,
0.10697709023952484,
-0.004004570655524731,
-0.6631262302398682,
0.10716352611780167,
0.11441344767808914,
0.19780519604682922,
0.7394702434539795,
0.5063060522079468,
0.30444732308387756,
0.501686692237854,
0.6378459334373474,
-0.2739028334617615,
0.037867989391088486,
-0.43352392315864563,
-0.29776713252067566,
0.3552192747592926,
-0.35951370000839233,
-0.6903033256530762,
0.013733131811022758,
-0.18504256010055542,
-0.42118972539901733,
-0.201731339097023,
-0.5955358743667603,
-0.5541346073150635,
-0.2999320328235626,
-0.3346875309944153,
0.016570350155234337,
0.34164944291114807,
1.5009390115737915,
-0.22039157152175903,
-0.19353976845741272,
-0.23812267184257507,
-0.3553311228752136,
0.28668686747550964,
0.2130175530910492,
-0.43441852927207947,
0.9931659698486328,
-0.500069260597229,
0.49934765696525574,
-0.4478411078453064,
0.5402989387512207,
0.13419109582901,
0.3589610457420349,
0.3048401474952698,
1.1095572710037231,
-0.1542753428220749,
0.346442312002182,
0.0952940434217453,
0.13611987233161926,
-0.35825851559638977,
0.1202036514878273,
0.4181671440601349,
0.2700009047985077,
-0.32754889130592346,
-0.1926802396774292,
-0.686286985874176,
0.20612920820713043,
-0.00006682155071757734,
0.361318975687027,
-0.13611483573913574,
0.21363800764083862,
-0.2370162308216095,
-0.6041495203971863,
-0.7875756025314331,
-0.2773658037185669,
-0.583828866481781,
0.5474112629890442,
0.03785266354680061,
0.3800002336502075,
0.10818243026733398,
-0.31921982765197754,
0.055084310472011566,
-0.25015488266944885,
0.5373678803443909,
-0.3489971458911896,
-0.1030341312289238,
0.2112901657819748,
-0.233686625957489,
0.033258069306612015,
-0.4236952066421509,
0.7851982712745667,
0.21843890845775604,
-0.28139811754226685,
0.1515200436115265,
-0.2847771942615509,
0.5034912824630737,
-0.15282276272773743,
-0.33382609486579895,
-0.4019853472709656,
0.4052216708660126,
-0.0820438340306282
] |
232087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Cornaro | Catherine Cornaro | Catherine Cornaro (, ) (25 November 1454 – 10 July 1510) was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Cyprus, also holding the titles of the Queen of Jerusalem and Armenia. She was queen consort of Cyprus by marriage to James II of Cyprus, regent of Cyprus during the minority of her son James III of Cyprus in 1473–1474, and finally queen regnant of Cyprus. She reigned from 26 August 1474 to 26 February 1489 and was declared a "Daughter of Saint Mark" in order that the Republic of Venice could claim control of Cyprus after the death of her husband, James II.
Life
Catherine was a daughter of Venetian Marco Cornaro, Cavaliere del Sacro Romano Impero (Knight of the Holy Roman Empire) and Fiorenza Crispo. She was the younger sister of the Nobil Huomo Giorgio Cornaro (1452 – 31 July 1527), "Padre della Patria" and Knight of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Cornaro family had produced four Doges. Her family had long associations with Cyprus, especially with regard to trade and commerce. In the Episkopi area, in the Limassol District, the Cornaro family administered various sugar mills and exported Cypriot products to Venice.
Catherine was painted by Dürer, Titian, Bellini and Giorgione.
Succession
On the death of the King, John II, in 1458 the succession was disputed between his daughter Charlotte and the illegitimate James, who tried to seize the island. On the strength of the marriage of Louis of Savoy to Charlotte, the duke of Savoy claimed the island and Charlotte was named Queen. In 1468 Caterina, through negotiations by her father and uncle, was offered to James as his wife. The marriage was extremely advantageous to the Republic of Venice as it could henceforth secure the commercial rights and other privileges of Venice in Cyprus. The proposal was agreed to, and the contract was signed in 1468, strengthing James's position.
Queen consort
Thus in 1468, James II, otherwise known as James the Bastard, became king of Cyprus. He and Caterina married in Venice on 30 July 1468 by proxy when she was 14 years old. She finally set sail to Cyprus in November 1472 and married James in person at Famagusta.
Regent
James died soon after the wedding due to a sudden illness and, according to his will, Caterina, who at the time was pregnant, acted as regent. As soon as the Venetian fleet sailed away a plot to depose the infant James III of Cyprus in favour of Charlotte, James's legitimate daughter, broke out, and Caterina was kept a prisoner. The Venetians returned, and order was soon restored, but the republic was meditating the seizure of Cyprus, although it had no valid title whatever.
Monarch
Caterina became monarch when James III died in August 1474 before his first birthday, probably from illness, even if it was rumored that he had been poisoned by Venice or Charlotte's partisans.
The kingdom had long since declined, and had been a tributary state of the Mameluks since 1426. Under Caterina, who ruled Cyprus from 1474 to 1489, the island was controlled by Venetian merchants.
In 1488 the republic, fearing that Sultan Bayezid II intended to attack Cyprus, and having also discovered a plot to marry Caterina to Alfonso II of Naples decided to recall the queen to Venice and formally annex the island. In February 1489, the Venetian government persuaded Catherine to cede her rights as ruler of Cyprus to the doge of Venice—and by extension the Venetian government as a whole—as she had no heir.
On 14 March 1489 she was forced to abdicate and sell the administration of the country to the Republic of Venice.
According to George Boustronios:
"on 15 February 1489 the queen exited from Nicosia in order to go to Famagusta, to leave [Cyprus]. And when she went on horseback wearing a black silken cloak, with all the ladies and the knights in her company [...] Her eyes, moreover did not cease to shed tears throughout the procession. The people likewise shed many tears."
Later life
The last Crusader state became a colony of Venice, and as compensation, Catherine was allowed to retain the title of queen and was made lady of Asolo, a county on the Terraferma of the Republic of Venice in the Veneto region, in 1489. Asolo soon gained a reputation as a court of literary and artistic distinction, mainly as a result of it being the fictitious setting for Pietro Bembo's platonic dialogues on love, Gli Asolani. Caterina lived in Asolo until 1509, when the League of Cambrai sacked the town, then fled to Venice where she lived for another year, dying on July 10, 1510.
Legacy
A libretto based on her life by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges formed the basis of the operas Catharina Cornaro (1841) by Franz Lachner, La reine de Chypre (1841) by Fromental Halévy, and Caterina Cornaro (1844) by Gaetano Donizetti.
The Cornaro Institute, a charitable organisation founded by the artist Stass Paraskos in the city of Larnaca, for the promotion of art and other culture, memorialised her name in Cyprus, prior to its closure by Larnaca Municipality in 2017.
Also in Cyprus, in October 2011, the Cyprus Antiquities Department announced Caterina Cornaro's partially ruined summer palace in Potamia would be renovated in a one million euro restoration project, becoming a cultural centre.
Work is on going in Potamia by craftsmen from the Department of Antiquities to renovate Caterina Cornaro's Summer Palace with about half now completed.
References
Sources
Further reading
Hadjikyriakos, Iosif. Caterina Depicted. Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 9. Ed: A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova. Lomonosov Moscow State University / St. Petersburg, NP-Print, 2019, pp. 686–691. ISSN 2312-2129.
Cypriot queens consort
Queens regnant
Kings of Cyprus
15th-century women rulers
1454 births
1510 deaths
15th century in Cyprus
Republic of Venice nobility
15th-century Italian women
Catherine | [
-0.39663025736808777,
0.16503897309303284,
0.2093207687139511,
0.315959632396698,
-0.32716724276542664,
0.48397713899612427,
0.2474481612443924,
-0.1401655673980713,
-0.8516747951507568,
0.30485251545906067,
-0.10709462314844131,
0.21352313458919525,
-0.20097783207893372,
0.25911271572113037,
-0.6312798857688904,
0.3116174042224884,
0.2938295006752014,
0.5934302806854248,
-0.3306320607662201,
-0.8876607418060303,
0.4917196035385132,
0.2572978436946869,
0.17873439192771912,
0.057611554861068726,
-0.24388985335826874,
0.3424939513206482,
0.7069624066352844,
0.0987163633108139,
0.07779470831155777,
0.03450430557131767,
0.5252512097358704,
-0.3344353437423706,
0.19050729274749756,
-0.05374172702431679,
0.01550155971199274,
0.18329989910125732,
0.08786081522703171,
0.09781717509031296,
-0.2894931435585022,
-0.30857184529304504,
-0.479042649269104,
-0.23659910261631012,
0.44587355852127075,
0.7166782021522522,
0.13135209679603577,
-0.31322094798088074,
-1.1674381494522095,
0.4275808334350586,
-0.1875809133052826,
0.05000323802232742,
-0.3738710582256317,
0.01822877675294876,
0.6196953058242798,
0.11701149493455887,
0.25574421882629395,
0.21252460777759552,
-1.1777524948120117,
-0.15514147281646729,
-0.04604807496070862,
-0.038515832275152206,
0.4984150528907776,
0.39801502227783203,
0.3672129809856415,
-0.2695062756538391,
0.2473314106464386,
-0.3118366301059723,
0.2527695298194885,
0.4714534282684326,
-0.13606593012809753,
0.11416986584663391,
0.10743465274572372,
0.3419875502586365,
-0.051575832068920135,
-0.004702662583440542,
-0.14246506989002228,
-0.6217557191848755,
0.0922897607088089,
-0.10566753149032593,
1.2626358270645142,
0.27281057834625244,
-0.007132487837225199,
-0.5497559905052185,
0.21397937834262848,
0.3311307430267334,
-0.01368016842752695,
0.10888098180294037,
0.10876695066690445,
0.011961143463850021,
-1.0375398397445679,
0.22986812889575958,
-0.17160718142986298,
0.3228003978729248,
0.5373697876930237,
0.005471630021929741,
-0.934246301651001,
0.07833797484636307,
-0.20546934008598328,
-0.1824434995651245,
0.157388836145401,
0.028389085084199905,
-0.014301842078566551,
0.25551846623420715,
-0.6065590977668762,
-0.5212478637695312,
-0.4667384624481201,
-0.21555021405220032,
-0.350523978471756,
0.13939453661441803,
-0.394115686416626,
-0.15937775373458862,
-0.24622000753879547,
0.3538565933704376,
-0.026675734668970108,
-0.003575777867808938,
-0.2974832057952881,
-0.1387275755405426,
0.007364495191723108,
-0.3235701620578766,
-0.45297765731811523,
0.10449746251106262,
0.3886604607105255,
0.3357345461845398,
-0.5735226273536682,
-0.6367396712303162,
0.2672770619392395,
-0.20937493443489075,
0.34989133477211,
0.3859522044658661,
-0.3795914649963379,
0.5471948981285095,
0.5296676158905029,
0.6393628716468811,
-0.9194471836090088,
-0.22120147943496704,
0.5549994111061096,
-0.37601104378700256,
0.23266038298606873,
-0.04885243624448776,
0.5420648455619812,
-0.03655248507857323,
-0.833459734916687,
-0.030871503055095673,
-0.28831619024276733,
0.3024790287017822,
-0.11238717287778854,
-0.12140176445245743,
0.34916171431541443,
0.17985235154628754,
-0.17954713106155396,
-0.17665508389472961,
-0.2599550187587738,
-0.09465872496366501,
-0.04832293465733528,
-0.6235085725784302,
-0.5929749011993408,
-0.1953972429037094,
0.245422825217247,
-0.2915113866329193,
-0.24797339737415314,
0.6202279329299927,
0.21486599743366241,
-0.02825344353914261,
0.0956260934472084,
-0.14112943410873413,
0.6093154549598694,
0.2132730633020401,
0.34658804535865784,
0.7571732997894287,
-0.09047900140285492,
-0.33452579379081726,
-0.7979645133018494,
0.19677293300628662,
-0.29925718903541565,
-0.540736198425293,
-0.6982426047325134,
0.8244240283966064,
0.017009997740387917,
-0.22754308581352234,
0.020126696676015854,
-0.28770753741264343,
-0.43670931458473206,
0.2699689567089081,
-0.46945151686668396,
0.17939122021198273,
0.4014502465724945,
0.614285945892334,
0.5349995493888855,
-0.34042924642562866,
0.4832400381565094,
-0.4402971565723419,
-0.1961585432291031,
-0.2238585352897644,
0.25792238116264343,
-0.1324659287929535,
1.033739447593689,
-0.3383811116218567,
-1.011799931526184,
0.31181055307388306,
-0.020569976419210434,
0.8610035181045532,
-0.4759409725666046,
-0.005251369904726744,
-0.11980240792036057,
-0.2717631161212921,
0.37781041860580444,
0.16616906225681305,
0.10850454121828079,
0.25937020778656006,
0.7512941360473633,
1.1266928911209106,
0.2334791123867035,
-0.5671011209487915,
-0.03300391510128975,
0.24691089987754822,
-0.39186790585517883,
-0.39159825444221497,
-0.7598984241485596,
0.2627362608909607,
-0.05807783082127571,
0.16898870468139648,
0.5838373303413391,
0.21538466215133667,
-0.37774187326431274,
0.36915239691734314,
-0.18930064141750336,
0.27840638160705566,
-0.20593996345996857,
0.32326921820640564,
0.009223602712154388,
-0.23082901537418365,
-0.3237002193927765,
0.360720157623291,
0.4183560907840729,
-0.3890800178050995,
0.16015727818012238,
0.06179339438676834,
-0.21247044205665588,
-0.2158689647912979,
0.5687099099159241,
-0.25254979729652405,
-0.12309959530830383,
0.3472210168838501,
0.017717398703098297,
0.16737563908100128,
-0.42080336809158325,
0.5511253476142883,
-0.6077233552932739,
-0.20651118457317352,
-0.5205778479576111,
-0.8852151036262512,
0.2783994972705841,
0.26282939314842224,
-0.13037334382534027,
0.04399276524782181,
0.38213783502578735,
-0.6100550889968872,
-0.08221868425607681,
0.058217380195856094,
0.0007818359299562871,
-0.1169753149151802,
0.10100453346967697,
0.012408571317791939,
0.366079181432724,
0.2788183093070984,
0.6309322714805603,
0.19834288954734802,
-0.44750747084617615,
-0.4556783437728882,
0.04433408007025719,
0.25550413131713867,
0.055771078914403915,
-0.6581084132194519,
-0.20400117337703705,
-0.22204197943210602,
0.07213351875543594,
0.03413260728120804,
-0.8431740403175354,
0.27368834614753723,
-0.39006948471069336,
-0.9826673269271851,
0.26692306995391846,
0.5141206383705139,
0.10512243211269379,
0.06593351811170578,
-0.8001360893249512,
0.14793185889720917,
0.5311222076416016,
-0.36369529366493225,
-0.016980238258838654,
-0.1940055638551712,
0.03145429491996765,
0.3815360367298126,
0.5054620504379272,
-0.31933119893074036,
0.23628780245780945,
0.4215671122074127,
-0.6074134111404419,
0.11794565618038177,
0.22981807589530945,
-0.041403818875551224,
-0.5574597716331482,
0.1534341275691986,
-0.26016247272491455,
-0.1840493530035019,
0.5955327749252319,
0.07650724053382874,
-0.23415565490722656,
0.30553242564201355,
-5.82668399810791,
0.31356754899024963,
-0.4180874228477478,
-0.25136950612068176,
-0.15960924327373505,
-0.3665614128112793,
0.5164138674736023,
0.1299658715724945,
0.581896185874939,
0.054922424256801605,
0.6418814063072205,
0.18080276250839233,
-0.20783105492591858,
0.33601146936416626,
0.43288540840148926,
0.29115521907806396,
0.35721755027770996,
-0.5997872352600098,
0.22619906067848206,
0.3239698112010956,
0.5399541854858398,
-0.08165658265352249,
-0.19067570567131042,
0.5061630606651306,
0.23676466941833496,
0.2910023629665375,
0.17894211411476135,
0.005745050963014364,
-0.7034029364585876,
-0.2952100932598114,
-0.1563761681318283,
-0.24009954929351807,
0.49173906445503235,
-0.2741122543811798,
0.27850034832954407,
0.03874151036143303,
0.19798657298088074,
0.06588331609964371,
-0.5011262893676758,
-0.28737321496009827,
0.005802419036626816,
-0.2674131393432617,
-0.08637971431016922,
0.1638575792312622,
-0.2244834452867508,
-0.4389204978942871,
-0.5844148397445679,
0.36741986870765686,
-0.3195009231567383,
0.611427903175354,
0.1388256549835205,
-0.3245984613895416,
0.26409950852394104,
-0.39729544520378113,
0.1413370817899704,
0.38184091448783875,
0.11825365573167801,
0.1257922649383545,
-0.316569983959198,
0.30557486414909363,
0.7742326855659485,
-0.2600156366825104,
0.6148082613945007,
-0.04518541321158409,
0.01898328959941864,
0.04690149798989296,
-0.43391090631484985,
0.16455943882465363,
-0.23766577243804932,
0.4628475308418274,
-0.03606746345758438,
0.1617775559425354,
-0.5728216767311096,
-0.9120995998382568,
0.23807978630065918,
-0.26188433170318604,
-0.3182459771633148,
-0.061370473355054855,
-0.11503075063228607,
-0.27030739188194275,
0.27038243412971497,
-0.3883897662162781,
0.4261399507522583,
0.7341326475143433,
-0.07680168002843857,
-0.41969409584999084,
-0.029830558225512505,
0.23372505605220795,
-0.5078075528144836,
0.38754338026046753,
0.6122497320175171,
-0.6860818266868591,
-0.21835868060588837,
0.6215840578079224,
-0.3719690144062042,
0.40996986627578735,
-0.12863072752952576,
-0.2700841724872589,
0.6451334953308105,
0.309826135635376,
-0.34455129504203796,
0.4486929774284363,
0.5367403626441956,
-0.2793706953525543,
0.2998245060443878,
-0.12350014597177505,
-0.6019194722175598,
-0.26032331585884094,
0.09381915628910065,
-0.3806096315383911,
0.2679983079433441,
-0.028561852872371674,
0.07776939868927002,
-1.1487388610839844,
0.23407350480556488,
-0.710960865020752,
0.8650110363960266,
0.027345966547727585,
0.3697071969509125,
-0.6557973027229309,
-0.3433744013309479,
0.17046403884887695,
-0.011066150851547718,
0.30120009183883667,
-0.4407804608345032,
0.4197274446487427,
0.03227069228887558,
0.4459110200405121,
-0.0686565488576889,
0.3328455984592438,
-0.4328401982784271,
-0.2265484780073166,
0.27824047207832336,
0.3809933662414551,
0.3037908673286438,
-0.568578839302063,
0.058278437703847885,
-0.3256111145019531,
0.10203602910041809,
-0.18030785024166107,
-0.778962254524231,
-0.46931493282318115,
-0.6479717493057251,
0.2935781180858612,
0.16510187089443207,
0.0941089317202568,
0.013100742362439632,
-0.01795663684606552,
-0.25384852290153503,
0.6412179470062256,
-0.39852672815322876,
0.23599699139595032,
0.7505637407302856,
0.11177565902471542,
-0.5559865236282349,
-0.44951996207237244,
0.5747671127319336,
0.2812180519104004,
-0.1744356006383896,
0.06506355851888657,
-0.5109680891036987,
-0.6370595097541809,
-1.0595728158950806,
-0.5475471019744873,
-0.053525522351264954,
0.23620876669883728,
0.13415834307670593,
0.07355564832687378,
-0.3103581964969635,
0.7951626181602478,
0.3854181170463562,
-0.4418456256389618,
-0.25602129101753235,
-0.09683176130056381,
0.09240245819091797,
-0.49823012948036194,
-0.20714789628982544,
0.4872739613056183,
-0.39093339443206787,
-0.252473384141922,
-0.1504417359828949,
0.038821931928396225,
0.10113035142421722,
-0.003487955778837204,
0.2554158866405487,
0.2423487901687622,
-0.4061172306537628,
-0.4339195191860199,
-0.10501255095005035,
-0.2657860219478607,
0.14736831188201904,
0.1893947273492813,
-0.40775132179260254,
0.07648409157991409,
-0.5301975607872009,
-0.11938779801130295,
0.3430909514427185,
0.47988760471343994,
0.051955897361040115,
-0.2517995536327362,
-0.17880749702453613,
0.3781067728996277,
-0.24930818378925323,
0.33815354108810425,
0.3334600329399109,
-0.6925333738327026,
0.7675347328186035,
0.5064098238945007,
-0.2376471310853958,
0.22741569578647614,
-0.09489698708057404,
-0.6165891885757446,
0.5312632918357849,
0.9693416953086853,
-0.41373658180236816,
0.7424290776252747,
0.18186667561531067,
-0.1376716047525406,
-0.15619656443595886,
-0.778673529624939,
-0.1517554521560669,
-0.18333321809768677,
-0.16503112018108368,
0.20463453233242035,
-0.0650423988699913,
0.7235074639320374,
0.7277475595474243,
0.09858506917953491,
0.1164851263165474,
0.14415857195854187,
-0.2010881006717682,
0.11268071830272675,
-0.03316391631960869,
-0.17962893843650818,
-0.5170313715934753,
-0.45023462176322937,
0.6909459233283997,
-0.13456149399280548,
-0.08624715358018875,
0.42318814992904663,
0.33336880803108215,
0.8032944798469543,
0.05447576195001602,
0.432172954082489,
0.21497176587581635,
0.14141574501991272,
-0.5696784853935242,
-0.3166962265968323,
0.5709901452064514,
-0.3550935983657837,
-0.2569759488105774,
0.4665609300136566,
0.07400855422019958,
-0.29248952865600586,
0.44385963678359985,
-0.4824836552143097,
0.038633186370134354,
0.18339820206165314,
0.24771195650100708,
-0.041772618889808655,
-0.06117371842265129,
0.580474853515625,
-0.012498602271080017,
0.11240333318710327,
-0.017490381374955177,
0.42760932445526123,
0.3818175196647644,
-0.137425497174263,
0.3466625511646271,
0.2577434778213501,
0.004812129307538271,
-0.49677395820617676,
0.04496067389845848,
0.16223861277103424,
-0.6747198700904846,
-0.04686477780342102,
-0.28854647278785706,
-0.592749834060669,
0.8292186260223389,
0.26670753955841064,
-0.867587149143219,
-0.4107643961906433,
-0.21797995269298553,
0.20740608870983124,
0.2656567692756653,
-0.6784883737564087,
-0.23001959919929504,
0.21734610199928284,
0.17895463109016418,
0.1037139818072319,
-0.05050565302371979,
0.1638936847448349,
0.3204118609428406,
0.38667231798171997,
-0.019684167578816414,
0.0042999302968382835,
-0.41936102509498596,
0.485736608505249,
-0.001845429535023868,
-0.7797069549560547,
-0.7039727568626404,
0.3274783790111542,
0.23302683234214783,
0.4288775622844696,
-0.30148324370384216,
-0.007865616120398045,
0.23133517801761627,
-0.577687680721283,
0.10770697891712189,
0.4548541307449341,
0.34411492943763733,
-0.26361003518104553,
0.4799356460571289,
-0.3473781645298004,
0.1473042070865631,
0.035241011530160904,
0.455928236246109,
0.10815957188606262,
-0.4341522455215454,
0.2614913284778595,
0.02645130269229412,
0.2432732731103897,
-0.2227509319782257,
-0.22849398851394653,
0.18749240040779114,
-0.019388655200600624,
-0.3902270495891571,
0.34707221388816833,
-0.11581677943468094,
0.16140709817409515,
0.4545474946498871,
0.28381916880607605,
-0.610339879989624,
0.5075376629829407,
-0.10315606743097305,
-0.4573606848716736,
-0.23907992243766785,
-0.6930510401725769,
0.7399178743362427,
0.20659518241882324,
0.39625754952430725,
0.2511724531650543,
-0.6962727308273315,
-0.1141992136836052,
0.20621366798877716,
0.3846599757671356,
-0.9824216961860657,
0.02790765091776848,
0.6548882722854614,
-0.325359970331192,
0.5704028010368347,
0.025977248325943947,
0.007378534879535437,
-0.7192508578300476,
0.25557804107666016,
0.8078107237815857,
0.5423439145088196,
-0.15728731453418732,
-0.17587222158908844,
-0.09437985718250275,
-0.5399346351623535,
-0.5672256946563721,
0.4420660734176636,
-0.14765849709510803,
-0.23783563077449799,
-0.06116374582052231,
0.08182469755411148,
-0.11909599602222443,
0.7290349006652832,
-0.2918507158756256,
0.16445188224315643,
-0.09357289224863052,
-0.2773441970348358,
0.1834496706724167,
0.2942543029785156,
0.30604737997055054,
0.19656194746494293,
0.29129189252853394,
-0.13497629761695862,
-0.19783201813697815,
-0.26759636402130127,
-0.022495917975902557,
0.24213238060474396,
-1.0053822994232178,
-0.6884803771972656,
0.3274221122264862,
0.4860294759273529,
-0.3972855508327484,
0.285207599401474,
-0.592577338218689,
-0.017224499955773354,
-0.5570104718208313,
0.21377967298030853,
-0.1805647313594818,
-0.43819528818130493,
0.20799298584461212,
-0.296840101480484,
0.6619201302528381,
0.3194221258163452,
-0.02192721888422966,
0.0888059213757515,
0.27070608735084534,
0.18712244927883148,
0.2581236660480499,
-0.19548819959163666,
0.6522359848022461,
0.2717423737049103,
-0.3167349696159363,
-0.5491499304771423,
0.21370208263397217,
-0.35450834035873413,
-0.0013931978028267622,
0.22719208896160126,
0.41749995946884155,
-0.17927534878253937,
0.25766128301620483,
0.504067063331604,
-0.3954300284385681,
0.08968749642372131,
-0.07825151085853577,
0.06601186096668243,
-0.5205621719360352,
0.31550467014312744,
-0.2620626389980316,
0.14094379544258118,
-0.17817580699920654,
-0.030802734196186066,
0.11895833164453506,
-0.14222314953804016,
0.04184088110923767,
-0.05796780809760094,
0.507221519947052,
0.30126506090164185,
-0.19478678703308105,
-0.20709958672523499,
0.31934452056884766,
0.23621289432048798,
-0.21494024991989136,
-0.14955592155456543,
-0.864488422870636,
-0.18616242706775665,
0.35134345293045044,
0.5613186955451965,
0.201920285820961,
0.3253999352455139,
-0.5372278690338135,
0.0475078746676445,
-0.22781819105148315,
-0.46656349301338196,
0.18420186638832092,
-0.23629553616046906,
-0.14319488406181335,
0.37439900636672974,
-0.705485463142395,
0.2858574390411377,
-0.8866040110588074,
0.004922288935631514,
-0.5826802253723145,
0.16290704905986786,
0.07133264094591141
] |
232088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendragon | Pendragon | Pendragon or Pen Draig (Middle Welsh pen[n] dragon, pen[n] dreic; composed of Welsh pen, "head, chief, top" and draig/dragon, "dragon; warrior"; borrowed from the Latin word dracō, plural dracōnēs, "dragon[s]", ) literally means "Chief-Dragon" or "Head-Dragon", but in a figurative sense, "chief leader", "chief of warriors", "commander-in-chief", "generalissimo", or "chief governor"). It is the epithet of Uther, father of King Arthur in medieval and modern Arthurian literature and occasionally applied to historical Welsh heroes in medieval Welsh poetry, such as Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd.
In the Historia Regum Britanniae, one of the earliest texts of the Arthurian legend, only Uther is given the surname "Pendragon", which is explained by the author Geoffrey of Monmouth as literally meaning "dragon's head".
In the prose version of Robert de Boron's Merlin, the name of Uther's elder brother Ambrosius is given as "Pendragon", while Uter (Uther) changes his name after his brother's death to "Uterpendragon".
The use of "Pendragon" to refer to Arthur, rather than to Uther or his brother, is of much more recent vintage. In literature, one of its earliest uses to refer to Arthur is in Alfred Tennyson's poem Lancelot and Elaine, where, however, it appears as Arthur's title rather than his surname, following contemporary speculation that "pendragon" had been a term for an ancient Welsh war-chief. In C. S. Lewis's 1945 novel That Hideous Strength, the Pendragon leads a national moral struggle through the centuries; bearers of the title include Cassibelaun, Uther, Arthur, and Elwin Ransom.
Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court makes various satirical and scathing remarks about "The Pendragon Dynasty" which are in fact aimed at ridiculing much later British dynasties.
Shakespeare King Henry VI part 1 act III scene ii line 95. Dying Bedford wants to emulate Pendragon who, despite being very sick, was carried to the battlefield and there vanquished his foes.
References
Arthurian characters
Legendary British kings
Medieval legends | [
-0.41308891773223877,
0.26560336351394653,
-0.4898226261138916,
-0.2534714639186859,
-0.30989304184913635,
0.41550102829933167,
0.40471014380455017,
0.02174839749932289,
-0.1347324103116989,
-0.4707208275794983,
-0.7355284094810486,
0.17353112995624542,
0.19098803400993347,
0.2401081919670105,
0.17952027916908264,
0.7280192971229553,
0.4714040756225586,
0.28957629203796387,
-0.3857174217700958,
-0.5778623819351196,
-0.16164813935756683,
-0.2697674036026001,
-0.24263440072536469,
0.1527523398399353,
0.8287568688392639,
0.4619589149951935,
0.40249937772750854,
-0.1883382648229599,
0.14887933433055878,
0.1395612508058548,
0.3130468428134918,
0.20606471598148346,
-0.1383335143327713,
-0.11516416817903519,
0.09125017374753952,
-0.6370543241500854,
-0.36734673380851746,
-0.9189643859863281,
-0.479287326335907,
-0.7248367071151733,
0.39397263526916504,
-0.1885521560907364,
0.18862350285053253,
0.5396398901939392,
-1.102445363998413,
-0.134355828166008,
-1.3837835788726807,
0.7053447365760803,
-0.026171917095780373,
0.5362343192100525,
-0.4068529009819031,
0.3575296401977539,
-0.41130387783050537,
-0.04394569620490074,
-0.07877981662750244,
0.6255394220352173,
-0.4266529083251953,
0.2149946391582489,
0.18698418140411377,
-0.7397028207778931,
0.513847827911377,
0.1550367921590805,
-0.16900785267353058,
0.8746508955955505,
0.1353764832019806,
0.6931864023208618,
0.25762608647346497,
0.5029358267784119,
-0.5438053011894226,
-0.37893179059028625,
-0.6576842069625854,
0.4498078525066376,
0.35623762011528015,
0.7675942778587341,
-0.7430116534233093,
0.06741119176149368,
0.1263197958469391,
-0.5362430810928345,
0.30423077940940857,
0.2876012623310089,
0.006865811068564653,
-0.17400337755680084,
0.72379469871521,
-0.25856202840805054,
0.05498327314853668,
-0.060664139688014984,
-0.6964340806007385,
-0.05728989839553833,
-0.015785787254571915,
0.15641407668590546,
-0.026629917323589325,
-0.6030415892601013,
-0.10268888622522354,
0.20506654679775238,
-0.4326952397823334,
0.05618808791041374,
0.023448729887604713,
-0.13858789205551147,
0.17120136320590973,
-0.41817983984947205,
0.008818842470645905,
-0.6548348069190979,
0.3719448149204254,
-0.35689857602119446,
-1.1876529455184937,
-0.09861518442630768,
-0.29565346240997314,
-0.3696354329586029,
0.03967372700572014,
0.0432640016078949,
-0.7509430050849915,
0.2746143937110901,
0.28864786028862,
0.06893336772918701,
0.015097316354513168,
-0.469644159078598,
0.17696219682693481,
0.2619159519672394,
0.06698349863290787,
-0.4266919493675232,
0.06738334894180298,
0.6510387063026428,
0.20513375103473663,
0.7141798734664917,
0.5058494210243225,
-0.6532634496688843,
-0.1834545135498047,
0.16382186114788055,
-0.9099306464195251,
-0.31658869981765747,
0.3494684100151062,
0.5018207430839539,
-0.04990749433636665,
0.008776380680501461,
-0.5168274641036987,
-0.4002135097980499,
-0.19030025601387024,
-0.03676939755678177,
0.7433978915214539,
0.6072576642036438,
-1.100265383720398,
0.05016862601041794,
-0.6126081347465515,
0.38233038783073425,
0.7388031482696533,
-0.1401681751012802,
0.5218998193740845,
-0.05642835423350334,
-0.031566593796014786,
0.2928047776222229,
-0.0914035364985466,
-0.08938354253768921,
0.16361431777477264,
-0.0018610007828101516,
-0.11666229367256165,
0.4488743543624878,
-0.5630291700363159,
-0.07686039060354233,
0.4317716658115387,
-0.3358793556690216,
-0.2956419885158539,
-0.2871624529361725,
-0.27401524782180786,
0.4774099290370941,
0.5947493314743042,
-0.13772542774677277,
-0.3133455812931061,
-0.44458597898483276,
-0.4890691637992859,
0.5422237515449524,
-0.20692074298858643,
-0.2235070765018463,
0.2994133234024048,
0.3523334264755249,
-0.3307378888130188,
0.10967006534337997,
0.27324727177619934,
-0.1590811014175415,
0.470492422580719,
-0.47698765993118286,
-0.7525334358215332,
0.19150911271572113,
0.39548859000205994,
-0.22859250009059906,
0.0039011428598314524,
-0.05351908504962921,
0.3624986410140991,
-0.447920024394989,
0.023111477494239807,
0.05884682014584541,
-0.6898736953735352,
-0.23763978481292725,
-0.3194601237773895,
-0.5670410990715027,
0.8963383436203003,
-0.45099908113479614,
0.0558735728263855,
0.184446319937706,
-0.17287185788154602,
0.7591925859451294,
0.003999006003141403,
-0.5883075594902039,
0.8006970286369324,
-0.30393487215042114,
-0.299419641494751,
0.2442522794008255,
0.15007634460926056,
-0.15126465260982513,
0.42906978726387024,
0.01248655654489994,
0.5052561163902283,
-0.12590056657791138,
0.44727134704589844,
-0.2724223732948303,
0.18102072179317474,
0.23552431166172028,
0.20435215532779694,
-0.39734068512916565,
-0.008555997163057327,
-0.09714610129594803,
0.4825114607810974,
-0.4902530610561371,
0.021246448159217834,
0.3691069185733795,
0.19396422803401947,
0.3054669201374054,
-0.0363507941365242,
0.08503968268632889,
-0.305225133895874,
-0.8576110005378723,
-0.27661362290382385,
-0.17186637222766876,
0.14665184915065765,
-0.2360607087612152,
0.3128901720046997,
-0.5323119163513184,
0.14437751471996307,
-0.2398708313703537,
0.7946457862854004,
-0.3966647684574127,
-0.2382613569498062,
-0.384865403175354,
-0.22376662492752075,
0.3416725993156433,
0.7597239017486572,
0.39516904950141907,
0.07768241316080093,
0.010703912936151028,
0.6717935800552368,
-0.18708209693431854,
0.27267271280288696,
-0.06826458871364594,
0.5682606101036072,
-0.2924075722694397,
0.17818193137645721,
-0.1472627818584442,
0.06527845561504364,
-0.41241687536239624,
0.17524749040603638,
0.3406984806060791,
-0.9241977334022522,
0.4367164969444275,
-0.2541275918483734,
0.1771012544631958,
0.1990705132484436,
-0.28572937846183777,
-0.2908858358860016,
-0.14090032875537872,
0.6720984578132629,
0.3443731665611267,
-0.015237107872962952,
0.24345210194587708,
-0.6049458980560303,
-0.4472857117652893,
-0.34495627880096436,
-0.4057881236076355,
0.27422064542770386,
-0.15801890194416046,
-0.3396759033203125,
-0.7282478213310242,
0.05814778804779053,
0.5161638259887695,
0.4411267042160034,
-0.5011529326438904,
0.3733227550983429,
-0.38039615750312805,
0.1654905527830124,
-0.7940434813499451,
-0.05100523680448532,
-0.2786160409450531,
0.0860949233174324,
0.12379882484674454,
-0.12268566340208054,
0.41503483057022095,
0.06454668194055557,
0.06276550889015198,
-0.1371172070503235,
-0.18561847507953644,
0.0112358583137393,
-0.10754258930683136,
-0.18436460196971893,
-0.20938162505626678,
0.023959418758749962,
0.24539236724376678,
0.7281494140625,
-0.5278851389884949,
0.15940262377262115,
0.7932308912277222,
-5.560425281524658,
0.18833965063095093,
-0.26253658533096313,
0.07947669923305511,
-0.11996244639158249,
0.5513992309570312,
0.16156430542469025,
0.12302254885435104,
0.016973914578557014,
-0.3259824812412262,
-0.29151231050491333,
-0.2995319366455078,
0.2916428744792938,
0.15031997859477997,
0.5652624368667603,
0.4072425663471222,
0.23601305484771729,
0.5166024565696716,
-0.4828815460205078,
0.349450021982193,
0.40964823961257935,
0.011985696852207184,
-0.35018470883369446,
0.3314307630062103,
0.6298273205757141,
-0.19081823527812958,
0.07612153887748718,
-0.6936008334159851,
-0.5830415487289429,
-0.5579420328140259,
0.19080570340156555,
-0.07693631947040558,
0.1642804592847824,
0.27540820837020874,
-0.4741745889186859,
-0.194439098238945,
0.639838457107544,
-0.06049615517258644,
0.7173764109611511,
-0.6384902000427246,
-0.60533607006073,
0.16106560826301575,
0.5628483891487122,
-0.14940576255321503,
0.3133760094642639,
-0.4707881808280945,
-0.014267856255173683,
-0.05572525039315224,
-0.07060172408819199,
0.3126823902130127,
-0.2406671941280365,
-0.07408555597066879,
0.22124435007572174,
0.04923473298549652,
0.3116442561149597,
0.42495185136795044,
-0.015604661777615547,
-0.0717930942773819,
-0.4955732822418213,
0.5418643951416016,
1.0046645402908325,
-0.772223711013794,
-0.16324497759342194,
-0.2572532296180725,
0.6763255596160889,
-0.6198388934135437,
-0.5297396183013916,
-0.19438540935516357,
0.5211278200149536,
0.17364253103733063,
-0.35838940739631653,
0.5554834604263306,
0.09045280516147614,
-0.7120468020439148,
0.2807673513889313,
-0.5333337187767029,
-0.2813971936702728,
0.45436447858810425,
0.2817040979862213,
0.06481412053108215,
-0.5562217235565186,
0.06201029568910599,
-0.5798457264900208,
0.18835444748401642,
-0.3995610177516937,
-0.5442251563072205,
-0.30809536576271057,
0.22964294254779816,
0.15308016538619995,
0.12384802103042603,
0.9292497038841248,
0.24369797110557556,
0.46854743361473083,
0.2551891803741455,
0.28646957874298096,
0.24648036062717438,
0.16749799251556396,
-0.026760419830679893,
0.7112500667572021,
0.04495437070727348,
0.023895621299743652,
0.014715582132339478,
0.27367472648620605,
-0.3092982769012451,
-0.25694501399993896,
-0.14567674696445465,
-0.2632753849029541,
0.45087772607803345,
0.7579673528671265,
0.0723823681473732,
-0.21439673006534576,
-0.13854172825813293,
-0.08253850042819977,
-0.37718555331230164,
-0.1162133663892746,
0.10386624932289124,
0.038704801350831985,
0.26165926456451416,
1.1728421449661255,
-0.2571200728416443,
-0.21322162449359894,
0.803497314453125,
-0.4194793701171875,
-0.047276727855205536,
0.12575778365135193,
-0.3687969446182251,
0.10693245381116867,
-0.3802739083766937,
0.315367728471756,
-0.4310317933559418,
0.1961008608341217,
-0.28122174739837646,
0.5390477776527405,
-0.4352957308292389,
-0.5751644968986511,
-0.3762426972389221,
-0.11076176911592484,
-0.5529512166976929,
-0.5117310285568237,
0.04257997125387192,
-0.2878881096839905,
-0.5252717733383179,
0.2525354325771332,
-0.1646651178598404,
0.09598005563020706,
-0.26655977964401245,
-0.18469108641147614,
0.1811009794473648,
0.1506766974925995,
0.977576494216919,
-0.040931086987257004,
0.20277313888072968,
0.9383441805839539,
-0.7962526082992554,
-0.23594944179058075,
-0.5272958874702454,
-0.46549442410469055,
0.21052740514278412,
-0.07041854411363602,
-0.4203403890132904,
0.09067890048027039,
-0.22815412282943726,
-0.5145291090011597,
0.039641447365283966,
0.7389706373214722,
0.020908325910568237,
-0.1298101395368576,
-0.6349214315414429,
-0.07458574324846268,
0.7477536201477051,
-0.1520777940750122,
-0.12499022483825684,
-0.8902166485786438,
0.29571884870529175,
0.012677177786827087,
0.07065219432115555,
-0.1955147683620453,
0.5382922887802124,
0.3008926510810852,
0.32416749000549316,
0.2281436175107956,
0.09039903432130814,
0.6465509533882141,
0.9181415438652039,
0.5707772374153137,
-0.2182675451040268,
-0.5285448431968689,
0.43715009093284607,
-0.6141068339347839,
0.13140639662742615,
0.01688394881784916,
-0.1577959805727005,
0.06757932901382446,
-0.10217957943677902,
-0.7094929218292236,
0.566861629486084,
-0.007271393667906523,
0.5843541026115417,
-0.2514221668243408,
-0.2768430709838867,
-0.1399630755186081,
-0.029715077951550484,
-0.43148672580718994,
-0.448585569858551,
0.100375235080719,
-0.45259109139442444,
0.4584997892379761,
-0.5260404944419861,
-0.5470444560050964,
0.3616078794002533,
-0.21905969083309174,
-0.21522025763988495,
-0.24388359487056732,
0.20754489302635193,
-0.04581214860081673,
-0.05177176743745804,
0.11579599231481552,
-0.49443283677101135,
-0.4857574701309204,
-1.232640266418457,
0.39338138699531555,
-0.9471032619476318,
0.15120109915733337,
0.4793640673160553,
0.05999399721622467,
-0.007227388676255941,
0.11946786195039749,
0.06690764427185059,
1.1132924556732178,
-0.2950040102005005,
0.017021827399730682,
0.4933958947658539,
-0.037956733256578445,
0.3049834966659546,
0.23728309571743011,
0.1386825293302536,
0.30967774987220764,
0.09648077934980392,
0.3246094584465027,
0.04558835178613663,
0.7901967167854309,
1.0355186462402344,
0.376444935798645,
0.28899210691452026,
-0.3841390609741211,
-0.12930697202682495,
-0.31575852632522583,
-0.992479681968689,
-0.36101821064949036,
0.11006069928407669,
0.7642366290092468,
-0.5486906170845032,
-0.20697049796581268,
-0.29156380891799927,
0.8259294629096985,
-0.2827688157558441,
0.4955941140651703,
0.26949799060821533,
0.03801945596933365,
0.4433818757534027,
0.1112617775797844,
0.2951933741569519,
-0.2957489490509033,
-0.19430013000965118,
-0.17838259041309357,
-0.2056063711643219,
-0.8892280459403992,
-0.24251487851142883,
0.5273851752281189,
-0.7210673689842224,
-0.5239615440368652,
0.23452971875667572,
0.3444795608520508,
0.2317361682653427,
0.8278625011444092,
-0.36934247612953186,
-0.24737687408924103,
-0.34616589546203613,
0.30344852805137634,
-0.31887802481651306,
-0.7182974815368652,
0.3010954260826111,
0.047747720032930374,
-0.09494516253471375,
0.1883874535560608,
-0.3108489215373993,
0.1715284287929535,
-0.011040501296520233,
0.09568551182746887,
-0.19802320003509521,
-0.05352962762117386,
-0.0326361283659935,
0.1737336367368698,
0.09216682612895966,
-0.2935006618499756,
0.09807135164737701,
-0.06169132515788078,
0.42857128381729126,
0.14914825558662415,
0.4134385287761688,
-0.9182438850402832,
0.5740147829055786,
0.2387891560792923,
-0.5893374681472778,
-0.31808823347091675,
0.819469153881073,
0.48967331647872925,
-0.5928341150283813,
-0.10933345556259155,
-0.3349462151527405,
0.2595294117927551,
0.0789477676153183,
0.22855277359485626,
0.48260244727134705,
-0.40153542160987854,
-0.24386776983737946,
0.7677132487297058,
-0.5364567041397095,
-0.08458904922008514,
0.19972358644008636,
0.40033823251724243,
-0.11911898851394653,
0.02266608364880085,
0.16208486258983612,
-0.09931782633066177,
0.6320641040802002,
-0.76176917552948,
-0.4384477734565735,
0.2559960186481476,
0.4490209221839905,
0.3793617784976959,
0.7012364864349365,
-0.9950694441795349,
0.3179127275943756,
-0.4081473648548126,
-0.5619634389877319,
0.13470971584320068,
-0.016894066706299782,
0.6982594132423401,
0.7578743100166321,
0.2454851269721985,
0.3554041385650635,
-0.4991498291492462,
0.00660757115110755,
-0.32163238525390625,
0.6269193887710571,
0.37537881731987,
-0.5922548174858093,
-0.5452767610549927,
0.44787076115608215,
0.22756387293338776,
-0.38805529475212097,
0.17220713198184967,
-0.30744603276252747,
-0.42969846725463867,
-0.07274115830659866,
-0.455962598323822,
0.3743561804294586,
0.02082345448434353,
-0.13077305257320404,
-0.2829687297344208,
-0.15808670222759247,
0.4033811688423157,
-0.5124658942222595,
-0.5454317331314087,
0.4517591893672943,
0.07136396318674088,
-0.20460392534732819,
0.018061572685837746,
-0.18844948709011078,
0.27208107709884644,
0.23230238258838654,
-0.7293230295181274,
-0.530011773109436,
-0.034821998327970505,
-0.18953537940979004,
0.7946949005126953,
0.17080898582935333,
-0.09307433664798737,
-0.09260918200016022,
-0.22546814382076263,
-0.14485350251197815,
-0.37600597739219666,
-0.33042120933532715,
0.47318679094314575,
-0.03449614718556404,
0.02282528206706047,
0.4206295609474182,
-0.5308311581611633,
0.5178404450416565,
0.7052780985832214,
-0.08141675591468811,
-0.30498114228248596,
-0.031426768749952316,
0.18909704685211182,
-0.1338503062725067,
-0.33514562249183655,
0.738560676574707,
0.3822091817855835,
0.5186677575111389,
0.26257631182670593,
0.18556852638721466,
0.13012365996837616,
0.13660842180252075,
0.010487736202776432,
0.1993650496006012,
-0.04536484181880951,
-0.4339267909526825,
-0.32357358932495117,
-0.16663973033428192,
0.8198017477989197,
-0.6640631556510925,
0.05121362954378128,
1.0101412534713745,
-0.25016462802886963,
-0.15410730242729187,
0.8287005424499512,
0.12161097675561905,
0.3106658160686493,
-1.0967650413513184,
0.08290816843509674,
0.47403526306152344,
-0.26615267992019653,
0.6452816724777222,
0.09996238350868225,
-0.19723479449748993,
0.7396790385246277,
0.15226788818836212,
-0.6357104778289795,
0.7008048295974731,
-0.08478908985853195,
-0.2245643436908722,
-0.8154922127723694,
-0.03751235082745552,
-0.2649066746234894,
-0.25878873467445374,
0.6521155834197998,
0.4256473183631897,
-0.7152214646339417,
-0.1010122075676918,
-0.6535124182701111,
-0.05198373645544052,
0.22115014493465424,
0.3662918210029602,
-0.5017731785774231,
-0.14875252544879913,
-0.44234132766723633,
-0.6560273170471191,
-0.5356018543243408,
0.4956890940666199,
0.8998026251792908,
0.1662839651107788,
0.49331343173980713,
0.5669558048248291,
-0.08994824439287186,
0.06013688072562218,
-0.06932086497545242,
-0.8200080990791321,
-0.0942191481590271,
0.3655063807964325
] |
232091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus%20Destroyers | Columbus Destroyers | The Columbus Destroyers were an Arena Football League (AFL) team based in Columbus, Ohio, with home games in Nationwide Arena. The team was founded in as the Buffalo Destroyers, based in Buffalo, New York, and relocated to Columbus in . They folded along with the original incarnation of the AFL following the 2008 season, after a total of ten seasons of play.
On February 7, 2019, the AFL announced that it had placed an expansion team in Columbus and once again play at Nationwide Arena. The league announced on February 22, that the team as a re-launch of the Destroyers and revealed the new logo and Matthew Sauk as the head coach.
After the 2019 season, the AFL announced that they had suspended local business operations including the Destroyers, but were looking into become a traveling league. A month later, on November 27, 2019, the league announced that they had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and were ceasing operations.
History
Buffalo Destroyers (1999–2003)
The Buffalo Destroyers began play during the 1999 AFL season, playing their home games at HSBC Arena (now known as KeyBank Center), and were owned by Buffalo-area businessman Mark Hamister. The team was founded, in part, because of fears that a lease expiration could have led to the demise or relocation of the NFL's Buffalo Bills, the city's largest sports franchise. Those fears were unfounded as a multiyear lease deal to keep the Bills in Western New York was signed shortly thereafter and remained in effect long after the Destroyers left Buffalo (the lease was again renewed in 2012). The name "Destroyers" came from a naming contest and alluded to the naval ship of the same name, one of which sits outside the HSBC Arena in the nearby Buffalo Naval and Serviceman's Park.
The Destroyers initially attracted high attendance levels, but a lack of winning early on caused attendance to decline, something from which the team never recovered. Among the members of the inaugural roster was former NFL kicker Bjorn Nittmo. The first head coach, Dave Whinham, was fired in the middle of the Destroyers' second season after an abysmal 1–17 record. Former Buffalo Bills player Ray Bentley was selected as his replacement; however, he couldn't lead the Destroyers to a winning season. The closest he came was in 2001, when his team started 6–3 but would end the season on an 0–5 skid to just barely miss the playoffs. The team had another 6–8 season, this time enough to make the playoffs but lost in the first round, in 2002. Bentley abruptly resigned after that season to take a job in broadcasting, and Ron Selesky, a respected personnel man was hired to replace him. Selesky's record in 2003 was a lackluster 5–11. Jerry Crafts, former Bills offensive lineman, played for the Destroyers in 2001 and served most notably as nose tackle, anchoring one of the league's better defenses.
After the 2003 season concluded, talks of a re-location began, as the Destroyers had lost $5 million over five years, went nearly unnoticed by the media (NBC had blacked out all of their games in 2003), and suffered from a lack of local support reflected in low attendance levels. At the time, Destroyers owner Hamister was also in the running, along with partner Todd Berman, to buy the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, but a deal for a state incentive package fell through and the team was instead sold to Rochester-area entrepreneur and politician B. Thomas Golisano. Shortly after the Sabres deal fell through, in September 2003, Hamister announced that he was relocating the Destroyers to Columbus, Ohio for the 2004 season.
On May 24, 2008 the Arena Football League announced that it was returning to Buffalo with a new franchise to be owned by Bills alumni Jim Kelly and Thurman Thomas along with Rochester Raiders owner Bob Bartosiewicz. That team was to play in the AFL's minor league system, af2. The team was originally scheduled to begin play in 2009, but did not materialize in time for that season, and with the dissolution of the AFL as well as af2, the proposal appears to be dead, since the current version of the league has shown no interest in the Buffalo market, and the Raiders have since suspended operations.
In 2018, an exhibit honoring the 20th anniversary of the Destroyers' establishment went on display at the Buffalo History Museum. It was attended mostly by former front office staffers.
First iteration of the Columbus Destroyers (2004–2008)
The Buffalo Destroyers moved to Columbus after the 2003 Arena Football League season. They played their home games in downtown's Nationwide Arena, which they shared with the National Hockey League's Columbus Blue Jackets. The last time the AFL played in Columbus was the expansion Columbus Thunderbolts back in 1991. After one season, they relocated to Cleveland.
The Destroyers were sold to John H. McConnell, founder of Worthington Industries and majority owner of the Blue Jackets, and accountant Jim Renacci. Also owning a stake in the team was NFL wide receiver and former Ohio State football standout Joey Galloway. Mark Hamister, who owned the team during the Buffalo tenure, initially stayed on as a minority owner, but would eventually sell his share.
The Columbus Destroyers, over their first two years, would often market people with the team who are also associated with Ohio State University football program, rather than the team itself. In the 2004 season, it relied heavily on head coach, former Ohio State coach Earle Bruce, and front office worker Chris Spielman. In the 2005 season, Spielman became head coach of the team and much of the Destroyers merchandise bore his name. However, as the 2006 season approached, the team appeared to have dropped marketing Ohio State personalities, instead promoting the Destroyers playing "Fast-forward football". Afterwards, the Destroyers have enjoyed more success, finishing 7–9 in 2006 and making a run all the way to ArenaBowl XXI in 2007.
Despite high hopes the 2008 Destroyers weren't able to capitalize on the previous two years success and finished with a 3-13 record. It was announced at the end of the season that Destroyers ownership and Doug Kay had reached a decision that he would not return as head coach.
The Destroyers' mascot's name was Bruiser.
The Destroyers were better received in Columbus than they had been in Buffalo, as their attendance levels were some of the highest in the AFL, and they were regularly covered in the media. Home games were televised locally on Columbus Sports Network, but this coverage ceased after the network folded. All games were broadcast on their radio partner Wink 107.1 FM.
In 2009, the AFL declared bankruptcy after the owners could not agree on a new financial plan. Arena Football 1, the entity that bought the AFL out of bankruptcy in late 2009, maintained the Destroyers trademark for the next decade. When the league relaunched in 2010, it kept the brands of several of the pre-bankruptcy teams.
Second iteration (2019)
On February 11, 2019, the league announced an expansion team for Columbus that would begin play the 2019 season. On February 22, at Nationwide Arena, the AFL announced that the team would be a revival of the Destroyers, with the same logo as before in a simplified grayscale color scheme, and introduced Matthew Sauk as the new head coach.
In October 2019, the league ceased all team operations, including the Destroyers, and then filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in November. The next month, the Indoor Football League announced it would expand to Columbus in the 2021 season. This expansion team has been repeatedly delayed.
Memorable Destroyers moments
First Game
On April 30, 1999 Columbus played their first game as the Buffalo Destroyers. They lost to the New England Sea Wolves 59-26 in Marine Midland Arena in front of 13,214 fans. They finished with a 1–13 record that year, thus failing to qualify for the playoffs in their inaugural season.
First Playoff Game
It took their second season to post a playoff position, with their only five wins coming as a five-game winning streak before dropping their season finale in San Jose. Their playoff game against the Arizona Rattlers took place on July 27, 2000 with a crowd of 9,471 at the US Airways Center (then named America West Arena, dubbed "the Snake Pit") in Phoenix. The Rattlers trumped the Destroyers with a 41–34 decision and knocking Buffalo out of the playoffs.
Last Game in Buffalo
The team hosted the New York Dragons on May 11, 2003 in front of 6,116 at HSBC Arena. The Destroyers lost the game 49–30.
Last Game as Buffalo
In front of 9,701 fans at the Thomas and Mack Center, the team lost to the then Las Vegas Gladiators by a score of 55–38 on May 15, 2003
Move to Columbus
The team moved to Columbus after the 2003 season. They played their first home game against the Carolina Cobras and lost 54–53 in front of a team record 17,171 fans.
Road to Arena Bowl XXI
On July 7, 2007 they upset the heavily favored Dallas Desperados who had a regular season record of 15–1. ESPN ranked it as one of history's top upsets.
One week later on July 14, 2007 The Destroyers reached their first Arena Bowl after defeating the heavily favored 14–2 Georgia Force 66–56.
On July 21, 2007 the Destroyers had a bye in the Arena Bowl playoffs, where they broke local attendance records by beating up and destroying a Ford Focus compact car. This resulted in a Columbus Dispatch front-page story on July 22, 2007 where the editors of the paper declared the team "Chevy Strong."
The playoff run ended on July 29 when they played the San Jose Sabercats in ArenaBowl XXI. After the Destroyers played great football during the first half, they seemed to lose some momentum during the second half. In the end they lost to the Cats 55–33 in front of a sellout New Orleans Arena crowd.
Season-by-season
Coaches
Players of note
Arena Football Hall of Famers
Individual awards
All-Arena players
The following Destroyers players were named to All-Arena Teams:
C Will Rabatin (1)
OL Howard Duncan (1)
DL Ken Jones (1)
DS Dwaine Carpenter (1), Jerald Brown (1)
K Steve McLaughlin (1)
All-Ironman players
The following Destroyers players were named to All-Ironman Teams:
FB/LB Harold Wells (2)
WR/LB Sedrick Robinson (1), Cornelius White (1), B. J. Barre (1)
All-Rookie players
The following Destroyers players were named to All-Rookie Teams:
C Will Rabatin
OL/DL Kerwin Hairston
DS Prentice Taylor
Notes
External links
Official Website
Buffalo Destroyers at ArenaFan
Columbus Destroyers at ArenaFan
Sports teams in Columbus, Ohio
American football teams established in 1999
American football teams disestablished in 2008
American football in Buffalo, New York
2004 establishments in Ohio
2008 disestablishments in Ohio
1999 establishments in New York (state) | [
-0.0918295830488205,
-0.33799588680267334,
0.005962037947028875,
0.13253480195999146,
-0.2490573227405548,
0.20136624574661255,
0.10776356607675552,
0.2651289105415344,
-0.4948473274707794,
-1.1643753051757812,
0.32007554173469543,
0.24111373722553253,
-0.7082250714302063,
0.15011772513389587,
-0.1824529767036438,
0.3706907629966736,
-0.28291502594947815,
0.4528152644634247,
-0.47489041090011597,
-0.45705610513687134,
0.18598708510398865,
0.062444232404232025,
0.610677182674408,
0.31272563338279724,
-0.3132316768169403,
0.46108782291412354,
0.1705404818058014,
0.4930403530597687,
0.4578273594379425,
0.3291647732257843,
0.5315084457397461,
0.16028232872486115,
-0.21475538611412048,
-0.23450998961925507,
0.32402700185775757,
0.2620323896408081,
-0.27715423703193665,
0.11003807187080383,
-0.43519553542137146,
-0.17453604936599731,
-0.20635901391506195,
-0.07877049595117569,
-0.36992406845092773,
0.7663984894752502,
0.08575215190649033,
0.42750391364097595,
-1.2764511108398438,
0.046179186552762985,
-1.2932029962539673,
-0.3478788137435913,
-0.07308261841535568,
-0.14624884724617004,
0.09883365035057068,
0.46304023265838623,
0.1791696697473526,
0.4490949213504791,
-0.5914451479911804,
0.3509981334209442,
-0.28259825706481934,
-0.27538079023361206,
0.22042164206504822,
0.25457707047462463,
0.23389242589473724,
0.1378539651632309,
-0.2556309401988983,
-0.0011242902837693691,
0.47027552127838135,
0.18151728808879852,
0.361502468585968,
-0.26977643370628357,
0.11481816321611404,
0.5038717985153198,
-0.15955889225006104,
0.3062830865383148,
0.36370471119880676,
-0.4086650609970093,
0.0007761710439808667,
-0.07008158415555954,
0.12984801828861237,
0.8449428677558899,
0.023988528177142143,
0.49832719564437866,
1.1400426626205444,
0.6183890700340271,
0.4176161587238312,
-0.10545498877763748,
-1.013026237487793,
-0.2510179579257965,
-0.2581041157245636,
0.7535576224327087,
-0.2634059190750122,
-0.46087881922721863,
0.22945377230644226,
0.19412723183631897,
-0.03181484714150429,
-0.2822484076023102,
-0.05813659727573395,
0.38693758845329285,
0.34070858359336853,
-0.03921053558588028,
-0.3155173659324646,
0.29160839319229126,
-0.24546849727630615,
-0.2301114797592163,
-0.376587450504303,
-0.18187569081783295,
0.03057456761598587,
-0.3117632567882538,
0.10006427019834518,
-0.28990548849105835,
-0.3011486232280731,
0.12077240645885468,
0.31302133202552795,
-0.5925419926643372,
0.2523426115512848,
0.3367308974266052,
0.506746768951416,
-0.5559260249137878,
0.042320068925619125,
-0.019907645881175995,
-0.007554040290415287,
0.49672994017601013,
0.20607101917266846,
0.26930367946624756,
-0.087771475315094,
0.2793754041194916,
0.6416119933128357,
0.24121183156967163,
-0.474534273147583,
-0.7236025333404541,
0.1552872657775879,
0.7226930856704712,
-0.6614969372749329,
0.39116963744163513,
0.007757483050227165,
0.1859230101108551,
-0.13528379797935486,
0.09361923485994339,
-0.23680390417575836,
0.24841707944869995,
-0.9161056876182556,
-0.36117976903915405,
-0.6112369894981384,
-0.8646746873855591,
0.07159329950809479,
-0.8187963366508484,
0.07752431929111481,
-0.473125696182251,
0.004209265112876892,
0.07929717004299164,
-0.1326538324356079,
-0.08767912536859512,
-0.036108482629060745,
0.11184882372617722,
-0.44639137387275696,
0.05074021592736244,
0.9882445931434631,
-0.11084634810686111,
0.473176509141922,
0.4776913523674011,
0.10490758717060089,
0.49234622716903687,
-0.9593448638916016,
-0.05139240249991417,
-0.03208839148283005,
0.14007751643657684,
-0.45579391717910767,
-0.5683256387710571,
0.5497946739196777,
-0.28169524669647217,
-0.4900887906551361,
0.13588154315948486,
0.4653138220310211,
-0.1701841503381729,
-0.03669821470975876,
-0.05989290773868561,
0.7675607204437256,
-0.013217151165008545,
-0.2343599647283554,
-0.06266797333955765,
-0.676484227180481,
-0.3311583399772644,
0.9113154411315918,
0.45898500084877014,
0.04928574338555336,
-0.39366450905799866,
0.7402911186218262,
-0.1208881214261055,
-0.14487530291080475,
-0.00988286454230547,
-0.31188496947288513,
-0.08126424998044968,
0.5166477560997009,
-0.48802611231803894,
0.8404445648193359,
-0.054633140563964844,
-0.18430081009864807,
0.6637078523635864,
0.024521132931113243,
0.21172626316547394,
-0.16879010200500488,
-0.0636996477842331,
0.405372679233551,
-0.1075926199555397,
-0.4116610586643219,
0.052247531712055206,
0.23372113704681396,
0.025299225002527237,
-0.34133419394493103,
0.5779113173484802,
0.7591620683670044,
-0.7598422169685364,
0.18245035409927368,
0.4581576883792877,
-0.26492559909820557,
-0.8504728078842163,
-0.7197256684303284,
0.32369115948677063,
0.387905478477478,
-0.5232594013214111,
1.232377052307129,
0.5439151525497437,
0.5169515013694763,
0.02597012370824814,
-0.44643905758857727,
0.2595866024494171,
-0.6400569081306458,
0.09675174206495285,
0.3526918590068817,
-0.7650390267372131,
0.4161898195743561,
0.20089638233184814,
-0.30503562092781067,
-0.7665472626686096,
0.0861206203699112,
-0.31274786591529846,
0.06050457805395126,
-0.5938295722007751,
-0.42698052525520325,
-0.1254405826330185,
0.10259022563695908,
0.08759038150310516,
-0.5783597230911255,
0.370632141828537,
0.3914220929145813,
-0.5081106424331665,
0.022768057882785797,
0.38483861088752747,
0.45975202322006226,
-0.06250227242708206,
0.09611622989177704,
-0.18665821850299835,
0.27975091338157654,
-0.2758500277996063,
0.08488515019416809,
0.2238992303609848,
-0.18764609098434448,
0.034522201865911484,
0.3682745695114136,
0.22855842113494873,
0.16951608657836914,
-0.3278259038925171,
-0.0035275828558951616,
0.10760427266359329,
-0.4719207286834717,
-0.8547418713569641,
-0.2837182581424713,
-0.6232122778892517,
-0.29129764437675476,
0.162774458527565,
0.46335354447364807,
0.22150897979736328,
-0.290701299905777,
-0.11519772559404373,
-0.5392199158668518,
-0.23004600405693054,
0.10005819797515869,
0.20237767696380615,
-0.3187708556652069,
-0.7158989310264587,
-0.003255863208323717,
0.4628746807575226,
1.1025034189224243,
-0.6796045899391174,
-0.7334983348846436,
0.3407571613788605,
-0.0037604470271617174,
-0.09143228083848953,
-0.11610503494739532,
-0.40999776124954224,
-0.19801180064678192,
0.2931372821331024,
-0.32625648379325867,
0.9753842949867249,
0.022370832040905952,
0.23369476199150085,
0.5139949917793274,
0.4549247920513153,
0.2082022726535797,
-0.21448011696338654,
-0.595714807510376,
0.46050527691841125,
-0.32122018933296204,
-0.23987224698066711,
0.41765692830085754,
-0.8040662407875061,
-0.455898642539978,
-0.3229294419288635,
-5.638261318206787,
0.28368696570396423,
-0.015002227388322353,
-0.3489614427089691,
0.526299774646759,
0.36222967505455017,
0.2625506520271301,
-0.5032747983932495,
0.07074889540672302,
0.30007633566856384,
0.2885567843914032,
0.23104959726333618,
-0.09924265742301941,
-0.16799944639205933,
0.46832022070884705,
0.04781993478536606,
0.7060562372207642,
0.09380703419446945,
0.062387559562921524,
-0.5393574237823486,
-0.167291522026062,
-0.3699520230293274,
-0.12918876111507416,
-0.047685928642749786,
0.3390672206878662,
0.23937219381332397,
-0.48723411560058594,
-0.32832276821136475,
-0.2701595425605774,
-0.34342923760414124,
-0.018675589933991432,
0.19369728863239288,
-0.14704060554504395,
0.006604973692446947,
0.09619353711605072,
-0.6732127666473389,
0.7875949144363403,
0.05684991180896759,
-0.6699037551879883,
-0.8162209987640381,
-0.12977400422096252,
0.6161336302757263,
-0.013899140059947968,
-0.5890552401542664,
0.3723601698875427,
0.3378564417362213,
-0.23329633474349976,
0.013909075409173965,
-0.30574309825897217,
0.9297522902488708,
0.26781824231147766,
-0.24544663727283478,
0.26258930563926697,
0.6187950372695923,
0.05762976035475731,
-0.5251918435096741,
0.08491355180740356,
0.38163644075393677,
0.48305097222328186,
0.13217055797576904,
0.035215478390455246,
-0.5714021325111389,
0.3235017657279968,
-0.12035860866308212,
-0.5213165879249573,
0.19082854688167572,
0.004235501866787672,
0.470471054315567,
0.43068093061447144,
-0.037057772278785706,
-0.19877004623413086,
0.36535513401031494,
-0.3961363732814789,
-1.130218505859375,
0.19368071854114532,
-0.4196595847606659,
0.06708107143640518,
-0.2736200988292694,
-0.3569382429122925,
-0.061202891170978546,
0.13993997871875763,
-0.34096187353134155,
-0.1441609412431717,
0.263227254152298,
0.03203883022069931,
-0.17797116935253143,
0.17055439949035645,
0.32530686259269714,
-0.4834947884082794,
-0.04485289752483368,
-0.0766063705086708,
-0.4869332015514374,
-0.004713647533208132,
-0.14001674950122833,
-0.13435518741607666,
-0.014437831938266754,
0.012447928078472614,
0.5837143659591675,
0.07705562561750412,
0.15471991896629333,
0.3609786629676819,
-0.15052974224090576,
0.24736300110816956,
-0.21604864299297333,
0.05683543533086777,
0.29724258184432983,
-0.09684716910123825,
-0.15859629213809967,
1.0277519226074219,
-0.2144199162721634,
0.42595937848091125,
-0.019551465287804604,
-0.2701159119606018,
-0.1516093909740448,
0.31632745265960693,
0.19272151589393616,
-0.06992066651582718,
0.4034144878387451,
0.007246852852404118,
0.06758972257375717,
-0.3437028229236603,
0.09052933007478714,
-0.8608900308609009,
-0.19552218914031982,
-0.06847396492958069,
-0.03892651945352554,
0.3436906337738037,
0.07025785744190216,
0.48894229531288147,
0.0383811816573143,
0.13050980865955353,
0.20347633957862854,
0.32728999853134155,
0.2744997441768646,
-0.0657040998339653,
-0.15465183556079865,
-0.37578681111335754,
-0.14484903216362,
0.6802650690078735,
0.0390528105199337,
-0.17193755507469177,
-0.06726644188165665,
0.2572975754737854,
-0.057682182639837265,
0.580315351486206,
0.6597463488578796,
0.23618364334106445,
0.15106266736984253,
-0.881184995174408,
0.44732701778411865,
-0.005611145868897438,
-0.6661874651908875,
0.9762569069862366,
-0.8945059776306152,
0.2606380879878998,
0.13607503473758698,
0.23728644847869873,
-0.04560026898980141,
0.34934064745903015,
-0.7126826047897339,
0.0985279232263565,
-0.1862219274044037,
-0.5696209073066711,
0.15230879187583923,
0.011952641420066357,
-0.006497025489807129,
0.12335021793842316,
-0.5266373753547668,
-0.9969300031661987,
0.07625408470630646,
0.2994501292705536,
-0.5273224711418152,
-0.6928181648254395,
0.1966700702905655,
0.4206730127334595,
0.23412863910198212,
-0.25946539640426636,
-0.34383565187454224,
-0.028585996478796005,
0.23265258967876434,
-0.09345569461584091,
0.8331835269927979,
0.05390943959355354,
0.07739961892366409,
0.3116093873977661,
-0.5441803336143494,
-0.2371574491262436,
-0.08391477167606354,
0.23849089443683624,
0.24108633399009705,
0.4193297028541565,
0.2957167625427246,
0.06024501100182533,
-0.25957196950912476,
0.4094691872596741,
-0.06078612431883812,
0.3183082342147827,
0.6145603656768799,
-0.06194059178233147,
-0.8902221322059631,
0.5520899891853333,
0.21136726438999176,
-0.5700528621673584,
0.10080089420080185,
-0.005798945669084787,
-0.05231662467122078,
-0.10511790961027145,
-0.2426120489835739,
0.005837333854287863,
0.006114634219557047,
-0.40556955337524414,
-0.02311318926513195,
-0.08668030798435211,
0.4066888093948364,
-0.5496466159820557,
-0.01904575526714325,
-0.2333494871854782,
-0.30732423067092896,
-0.24788802862167358,
-0.5302883386611938,
-0.9247384071350098,
0.1129649430513382,
-0.13285742700099945,
-0.17490990459918976,
-0.8326244354248047,
0.31724807620048523,
0.6378271579742432,
-0.5806524753570557,
-0.2939300537109375,
-0.35310694575309753,
0.33039501309394836,
-0.21962569653987885,
-0.013333586975932121,
-0.40424177050590515,
0.6645624041557312,
-0.031825143843889236,
0.21917986869812012,
-0.09237030148506165,
0.29435253143310547,
0.26458707451820374,
0.12985560297966003,
0.707617998123169,
-0.3599613308906555,
-0.6170417666435242,
0.19543753564357758,
-0.4839985966682434,
0.7644537687301636,
-0.021465033292770386,
-0.5297181010246277,
0.3239838778972626,
0.27409258484840393,
-0.31814709305763245,
-0.5829581618309021,
0.07427963614463806,
0.8054938912391663,
-0.9026985168457031,
-0.19426201283931732,
0.4928315579891205,
0.06254258751869202,
-0.6424531936645508,
0.1771899312734604,
0.028060654178261757,
-0.9580990076065063,
0.6007686853408813,
0.18384522199630737,
0.38151925802230835,
-0.7469910383224487,
-0.8916017413139343,
-0.2325524091720581,
-0.24197672307491302,
-0.12711787223815918,
0.6158674359321594,
0.5612491369247437,
0.5329011678695679,
-0.04497499018907547,
0.24861037731170654,
0.2720406651496887,
-0.5971556305885315,
0.11490387469530106,
-0.11639759689569473,
-0.521747350692749,
0.3656170666217804,
-0.3081686794757843,
-0.46378540992736816,
0.5852320194244385,
-1.0077307224273682,
-0.09888096898794174,
-0.16767649352550507,
-0.35099300742149353,
0.33153975009918213,
-0.11132397502660751,
-0.030133327469229698,
-0.23840269446372986,
-0.03376036882400513,
0.003044004086405039,
0.11219257116317749,
0.3211878538131714,
-0.5149378180503845,
0.050282061100006104,
0.40601906180381775,
-0.7834181189537048,
0.29404133558273315,
-0.12352558225393295,
-0.4335416257381439,
0.055693626403808594,
-0.6553681492805481,
0.056242842227220535,
0.07149755209684372,
-0.2840251922607422,
-0.013696662150323391,
0.03736094385385513,
-0.19786913692951202,
0.12722522020339966,
1.007175087928772,
-0.8818886280059814,
-0.007593400776386261,
0.4752190113067627,
-0.6164583563804626,
-0.10869266837835312,
0.035041775554418564,
-0.034031227231025696,
0.8258432745933533,
0.1919189989566803,
0.36706697940826416,
-0.23628827929496765,
1.3035674095153809,
-0.07421327382326126,
0.12252391129732132,
0.024172751232981682,
0.5773653388023376,
0.1884748637676239,
-0.6181297302246094,
-0.596677839756012,
0.9250492453575134,
0.15848413109779358,
-0.5614106059074402,
0.19658589363098145,
-0.6050643920898438,
-0.22002653777599335,
0.722253680229187,
0.26048433780670166,
0.5128076672554016,
-0.3148203194141388,
0.15542811155319214,
-0.24880915880203247,
0.2348657250404358,
0.02194201573729515,
0.34971141815185547,
0.5156107544898987,
0.27362799644470215,
0.03437916561961174,
-0.6648103594779968,
-0.08833525329828262,
0.3304491639137268,
0.09460904449224472,
0.023332515731453896,
0.4357377588748932,
-0.7153199315071106,
-0.3000633716583252,
-0.04556473717093468,
0.18127696216106415,
0.07445169240236282,
0.39018604159355164,
-0.1878933161497116,
-0.18048904836177826,
-0.29236289858818054,
-0.2594311833381653,
-0.27904120087623596,
-0.3158312141895294,
0.24325405061244965,
-0.009216276928782463,
0.6137305498123169,
0.13683612644672394,
0.35442474484443665,
-0.07701747119426727,
0.007163184694945812,
0.8373512625694275,
0.2448701560497284,
-0.3120530843734741,
0.08379635214805603,
-0.0030654643196612597,
0.22790034115314484,
-0.20569241046905518,
-0.443342924118042,
0.2647803723812103,
-0.06521841883659363,
-0.2980683743953705,
-0.020475288853049278,
0.2601804733276367,
-0.09031371027231216,
0.2377890646457672,
-0.34166327118873596,
-0.4773263931274414,
-0.23640666902065277,
0.48438015580177307,
-0.42410141229629517,
0.14822757244110107,
0.16198299825191498,
0.531281054019928,
0.7286486625671387,
0.32954689860343933,
-0.23183414340019226,
0.3177282512187958,
0.2908836901187897,
-0.2728120982646942,
0.024744393303990364,
-0.20370933413505554,
0.15279468894004822,
-0.392821341753006,
0.726970911026001,
0.11221560835838318,
0.28224262595176697,
-0.11265380680561066,
0.45120513439178467,
-0.00011825106048490852,
-0.48297086358070374,
0.7996135354042053,
-0.4725165367126465,
-0.3438604474067688,
-0.23243111371994019,
0.09454842656850815,
-0.11872247606515884,
0.4235388934612274,
0.6441437602043152,
-0.14346419274806976,
-0.2713119387626648,
0.016447264701128006,
-0.660047709941864,
-0.2674987018108368,
0.7131940722465515,
0.31983068585395813,
-0.4397561550140381,
-0.6769736409187317,
0.04617169871926308,
-0.4358188211917877,
-0.3095513582229614,
-0.37658727169036865,
0.4955330193042755,
1.1584038734436035,
-0.09649823606014252,
0.5545603632926941,
-0.3015526235103607,
-0.31902146339416504,
-0.6203469634056091,
0.3730159103870392,
0.8263416886329651,
0.18038393557071686,
-0.1393427699804306,
-0.4452317953109741,
0.9598058462142944,
-0.12314987927675247,
-0.44466641545295715,
0.35794195532798767,
0.00888100266456604,
-0.3374643325805664,
-0.12255385518074036,
-0.3143216371536255,
0.22290615737438202,
0.03802100196480751,
-0.020007049664855003
] |
232097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compote | Compote | Compote or compôte (French for mixture) is a dessert originating from medieval Europe, made of whole or pieces of fruit in sugar syrup. Whole fruits are cooked in water with sugar and spices. The syrup may be seasoned with vanilla, lemon or orange peel, cinnamon sticks or powder, cloves, other spices, ground almonds, grated coconut, candied fruit or raisins. The compote is served either warm or cold.
History
Compote conformed to the medieval belief that fruit cooked in sugar syrup balanced the effects of humidity on the body. The name is derived from the Latin word compositus, meaning mixture. In late medieval England it was served at the beginning of the last course of a feast (or sometimes the second out of three courses), often accompanied by a creamy potage. During the Renaissance, it was served chilled at the end of dinner. Because it was easy to prepare, made from inexpensive ingredients and contained no dairy products, compote became a staple of Jewish households throughout Europe. In modern French, the term refers to usually unsweetened fruit purée without fruit chunks, such as applesauce.
Today, it is widespread and often served in lieu of vegetables in Northern European countries such as Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium; in Scandinavia; and in France.
Variations
Dried fruit is often used for compote by cultures from Eastern Europe, and its syrup is also drunk as a beverage. Both are called kompot. In Mennonite culture, dried-fruit compote is known by the Plautdietch name .
The dessert may be topped with whipped cream, cinnamon, or vanilla sugar. The syrup may be made with wine, as in one early 15th-century recipe for pear compote. Other variations include using dried fruit that have been soaked in water in which alcohol can be added, for example kirsch, rum or Frontignan.
See also
Fruit fool
Kompot
Kissel
Tomato compote
Tong sui
List of French desserts
References
Fruit dishes
Ottoman cuisine
Armenian desserts
French desserts
Jewish desserts | [
-0.30092209577560425,
-0.1613849252462387,
-0.1223512515425682,
0.3973611891269684,
-0.15860430896282196,
0.6376645565032959,
0.11447723954916,
0.7585437297821045,
-0.575708270072937,
-0.36066728830337524,
-0.2908695638179779,
0.24312123656272888,
-0.27709054946899414,
0.22471249103546143,
-0.48113682866096497,
-0.001517709344625473,
1.2400411367416382,
0.4049740135669708,
-0.2943907082080841,
-0.5085288286209106,
-0.2064087986946106,
-0.3920220732688904,
-0.2747878134250641,
-0.14651228487491608,
0.4642074704170227,
0.14040601253509521,
-0.2087973654270172,
-0.1545606404542923,
0.414707750082016,
0.09685587137937546,
-0.060127269476652145,
0.46724292635917664,
0.7241658568382263,
-0.502318263053894,
-0.2461148202419281,
-0.016475319862365723,
0.3794418275356293,
-0.39976766705513,
-0.42197737097740173,
-0.34586867690086365,
0.24741274118423462,
-0.09911546856164932,
0.8102948665618896,
0.06950347125530243,
-0.1698601394891739,
-0.1253599375486374,
-1.2667925357818604,
0.4580264091491699,
-0.7749618291854858,
0.3134409189224243,
0.05499572306871414,
0.11865836381912231,
-0.2235158234834671,
0.24424253404140472,
0.19432154297828674,
0.44892647862434387,
-1.157734990119934,
0.3440919518470764,
0.12211509048938751,
-0.39625734090805054,
-0.4841019809246063,
0.6891456842422485,
0.6616206169128418,
-0.3448951542377472,
-0.41324326395988464,
0.04851596802473068,
0.03823822736740112,
0.5923979878425598,
-0.39090442657470703,
-0.4889804720878601,
0.15491868555545807,
-1.0995534658432007,
0.030033981427550316,
-0.09447760879993439,
0.03504261001944542,
-0.4698353707790375,
-0.41471219062805176,
-0.2600944936275482,
0.2322055846452713,
0.3848154544830322,
-0.6313900351524353,
-0.04224500432610512,
0.6838277578353882,
0.010523374192416668,
0.4929206371307373,
0.6010554432868958,
-0.2695395350456238,
0.32084399461746216,
-0.5303465723991394,
0.05930941924452782,
-0.06560263782739639,
0.075376957654953,
1.063166856765747,
-0.43425753712654114,
-0.2216891646385193,
-0.4212963581085205,
0.42785772681236267,
0.029154114425182343,
0.19242507219314575,
0.21860401332378387,
-0.27929458022117615,
0.3064166307449341,
0.25426045060157776,
-0.01671428233385086,
-0.7517412304878235,
0.30261677503585815,
-0.2620556950569153,
-0.28239905834198,
-0.16880996525287628,
0.07989867031574249,
-0.151295006275177,
-0.18375623226165771,
0.08555632829666138,
1.0998200178146362,
-0.5261845588684082,
0.008131813257932663,
0.13125109672546387,
0.3833714425563812,
-0.570984959602356,
-0.5673644542694092,
0.41477829217910767,
-0.015662159770727158,
0.7530550956726074,
-0.13811463117599487,
0.5892853140830994,
-0.21961748600006104,
0.2297746241092682,
0.769588053226471,
0.09741581976413727,
0.2409399300813675,
0.45330655574798584,
0.3147072196006775,
-0.22455474734306335,
-0.10707538574934006,
-0.2828962206840515,
-0.23001958429813385,
-0.18229421973228455,
0.030621439218521118,
0.4498012959957123,
0.21928176283836365,
-0.8525830507278442,
0.3867402970790863,
-0.2765795886516571,
-0.004434692673385143,
-0.05441613122820854,
-0.3333595097064972,
-0.22444850206375122,
0.08049670606851578,
-0.16294525563716888,
-0.37533462047576904,
0.08353821933269501,
0.08585146814584732,
0.12149524688720703,
-0.07483158260583878,
-0.13962523639202118,
0.7266266942024231,
-0.6209479570388794,
0.15029916167259216,
-0.25334686040878296,
-0.3317760229110718,
-0.07578041404485703,
0.34034281969070435,
0.2724906802177429,
-0.3503795266151428,
0.16908735036849976,
0.04958222433924675,
0.004802174866199493,
0.4101518988609314,
-0.26462453603744507,
1.118203043937683,
-0.13451169431209564,
0.36022987961769104,
0.44385644793510437,
-0.10538674145936966,
-0.6126673817634583,
0.11915887892246246,
0.5226271748542786,
0.005104177165776491,
0.5622473955154419,
0.14338001608848572,
-0.4983050227165222,
0.46861088275909424,
0.27231720089912415,
-0.7655243277549744,
0.13728450238704681,
0.10430548340082169,
0.4667278230190277,
-0.3980120122432709,
0.10104092210531235,
-0.2730257511138916,
-0.6877283453941345,
0.056390512734651566,
-0.5929021835327148,
-0.6604897379875183,
0.9534052014350891,
-0.33585241436958313,
-0.6130698323249817,
0.5709061622619629,
0.5765311121940613,
-0.13606691360473633,
-0.27206727862358093,
0.18829426169395447,
0.35761725902557373,
-0.4178629517555237,
-0.6749540567398071,
0.28467023372650146,
-0.3282061517238617,
0.21260926127433777,
0.6843695044517517,
0.04177534207701683,
0.16530320048332214,
-0.21659401059150696,
0.5625334978103638,
-0.38396161794662476,
-0.4230922758579254,
0.400691419839859,
-0.09568917751312256,
0.3692138195037842,
0.5240978598594666,
-0.3788130581378937,
0.20772969722747803,
-0.3164306581020355,
-0.36552760004997253,
0.5152909755706787,
-0.18084459006786346,
0.504033625125885,
0.00691932113841176,
0.07967813313007355,
0.44813284277915955,
0.07600737363100052,
-0.11296325922012329,
-0.21450009942054749,
0.4781031608581543,
-0.36035028100013733,
-0.1965140849351883,
0.34959375858306885,
0.4032723307609558,
0.15431442856788635,
0.2901824116706848,
-0.5505673885345459,
0.2562529146671295,
0.059617314487695694,
0.014879357069730759,
-0.36985233426094055,
0.3788670301437378,
-0.06839629262685776,
-0.4568518102169037,
0.4613264203071594,
0.02146158553659916,
-0.22260741889476776,
-0.026189906522631645,
0.6100625395774841,
0.08015268296003342,
0.02860906720161438,
0.008487757295370102,
-0.4953385889530182,
0.22633101046085358,
0.6470561027526855,
0.07946434617042542,
0.7541895508766174,
-0.5715958476066589,
0.07408499717712402,
-0.05750562250614166,
-0.4052245616912842,
0.2769695520401001,
-0.41223379969596863,
-0.4520776867866516,
0.061640072613954544,
0.6295484304428101,
0.24037271738052368,
0.053299762308597565,
-0.35382866859436035,
-1.0534093379974365,
-0.047210078686475754,
0.007075191009789705,
-0.713562548160553,
0.049605317413806915,
0.3726065158843994,
-0.4199132025241852,
-0.7491182684898376,
-0.4288477897644043,
0.16941621899604797,
0.0557875856757164,
0.04819576442241669,
-0.19123390316963196,
-0.5222702026367188,
0.24125050008296967,
-0.7298373579978943,
-0.3205028176307678,
-0.14526815712451935,
0.3099975287914276,
0.6201255917549133,
-0.5938904881477356,
-0.8406009674072266,
0.3406062722206116,
-0.10111324489116669,
-0.27019521594047546,
0.5570098757743835,
0.533729612827301,
-0.37423136830329895,
0.2916843891143799,
0.2234184741973877,
0.08885814994573593,
0.3696824014186859,
0.46798890829086304,
0.04655875265598297,
0.37754568457603455,
0.017674578353762627,
-5.8540472984313965,
-0.2630661427974701,
-0.27842408418655396,
0.06489678472280502,
-0.011409977450966835,
0.1756608933210373,
0.3289138674736023,
-0.25841227173805237,
0.215713232755661,
0.12780308723449707,
-0.13933055102825165,
-0.09470603615045547,
-0.07690449059009552,
0.5027436017990112,
0.3634420931339264,
0.4485236704349518,
-0.30582618713378906,
-0.19980816543102264,
0.0007495993049815297,
0.29239749908447266,
0.1368992030620575,
-0.036275994032621384,
0.1988496482372284,
1.0643768310546875,
-0.3397720456123352,
-0.2654876112937927,
-0.20309197902679443,
0.055835265666246414,
-0.7293579578399658,
-0.011163697578012943,
-0.1194787323474884,
0.0050699892453849316,
0.45972269773483276,
-0.3664131760597229,
0.019049830734729767,
0.04876221343874931,
0.15879280865192413,
-0.21788129210472107,
-0.055269792675971985,
0.11949258297681808,
-0.14685994386672974,
0.589460015296936,
0.46634718775749207,
-0.6218412518501282,
0.15198901295661926,
-0.37695884704589844,
-0.17083342373371124,
-0.52452152967453,
-0.6172201633453369,
0.7173643708229065,
0.5160319805145264,
-0.22544319927692413,
-0.2826324999332428,
-0.1759987771511078,
0.33262747526168823,
0.48778027296066284,
0.5961663126945496,
0.17857149243354797,
-0.6939828991889954,
0.2816029191017151,
0.3892391324043274,
0.048542678356170654,
-0.2759498059749603,
0.07006209343671799,
0.035768527537584305,
-0.1071036085486412,
-0.8331322073936462,
0.44289496541023254,
0.4578183591365814,
0.26996779441833496,
-0.2643079161643982,
-0.28755009174346924,
0.28408169746398926,
-0.8394083380699158,
0.034894268959760666,
-0.4321318566799164,
-0.36918509006500244,
-0.09944060444831848,
-0.0001931448350660503,
0.8115149736404419,
0.007312778849154711,
0.2056787610054016,
0.0005182460299693048,
-0.08682676404714584,
0.33105987310409546,
-0.13890090584754944,
-0.58150714635849,
-0.08648425340652466,
-0.4403690993785858,
-0.07593213021755219,
0.42528197169303894,
-0.32278063893318176,
-0.012086079455912113,
0.184685617685318,
-0.12545910477638245,
1.0252845287322998,
-0.20236623287200928,
0.4957978427410126,
-0.16500897705554962,
-0.43350163102149963,
-0.26530107855796814,
0.0231111329048872,
0.7795829176902771,
0.07930390536785126,
0.2085147202014923,
-0.1853567361831665,
-0.2414020299911499,
0.3871367573738098,
0.5263718962669373,
-0.11833823472261429,
0.24588143825531006,
0.20533965528011322,
-0.6607723832130432,
-0.596697211265564,
0.2709163725376129,
0.1518765091896057,
-0.04339437559247017,
0.22759070992469788,
0.21783335506916046,
-0.4783911406993866,
0.22085434198379517,
0.1382414549589157,
-0.23972593247890472,
0.10166934877634048,
-0.5684758424758911,
-0.5030291080474854,
-0.04531135782599449,
-0.21676839888095856,
0.7340183854103088,
0.3749299943447113,
0.06430989503860474,
-0.11211944371461868,
0.09758282452821732,
-0.30797097086906433,
0.3814375102519989,
-0.22268231213092804,
0.09583376348018646,
-0.3544076681137085,
-0.7091178894042969,
-0.6044183969497681,
0.175430566072464,
-0.47701171040534973,
-0.25323426723480225,
0.03197604417800903,
0.42954301834106445,
0.10544403642416,
-0.7102487683296204,
-0.13924887776374817,
0.13094684481620789,
0.3562867045402527,
0.24795086681842804,
0.8586329221725464,
0.31201550364494324,
0.09287528693675995,
-0.35963043570518494,
-0.3944592773914337,
0.19160683453083038,
0.31912854313850403,
0.14912138879299164,
-0.1403455287218094,
-0.1394130289554596,
-0.9667287468910217,
-1.3961397409439087,
-0.15798646211624146,
0.12933635711669922,
0.18741698563098907,
-0.7308250069618225,
-0.4779164493083954,
0.28433752059936523,
0.47235429286956787,
-0.1677868813276291,
-0.2484378069639206,
0.004362807143479586,
0.007518596015870571,
0.14267826080322266,
-0.17745693027973175,
0.39301881194114685,
-0.12254367768764496,
-0.48672544956207275,
0.06187932938337326,
-0.03853535279631615,
-0.575298011302948,
0.1226019486784935,
-0.08021721988916397,
0.6453781723976135,
-0.26607686281204224,
-0.217107892036438,
0.3089961111545563,
-0.3928687572479248,
0.15367086231708527,
-0.5725624561309814,
-0.05076516419649124,
0.011796730570495129,
0.46216341853141785,
-0.178350567817688,
-0.23323382437229156,
-0.8419254422187805,
0.211576908826828,
0.05887385830283165,
-0.19144433736801147,
-0.1870349943637848,
-0.14692462980747223,
-0.4276493787765503,
-0.09766586869955063,
0.45034319162368774,
-0.44201359152793884,
0.6346166729927063,
-0.24815355241298676,
-0.2535267770290375,
0.2757072150707245,
-0.14666754007339478,
-0.6016162633895874,
0.25631919503211975,
0.5295324325561523,
0.14114642143249512,
0.3524375259876251,
-0.09315931051969528,
-0.17993977665901184,
-0.24224990606307983,
-0.6129682064056396,
0.1998036503791809,
-0.2371916025876999,
-0.4128377139568329,
0.06871955841779709,
-0.3221474587917328,
0.43962839245796204,
0.5728492140769958,
-0.28723281621932983,
0.3889009952545166,
0.2688371241092682,
0.3227122128009796,
-0.0022161747328937054,
-0.47241175174713135,
0.4301743805408478,
0.20880566537380219,
0.029211342334747314,
0.13880020380020142,
0.11636871844530106,
0.18102633953094482,
0.11759625375270844,
0.3045658767223358,
0.45527148246765137,
0.3195575773715973,
-0.35761579871177673,
-0.24035152792930603,
0.2238314002752304,
0.28223904967308044,
-0.547748863697052,
-0.19193418323993683,
0.17768296599388123,
-0.21785421669483185,
-0.09533081203699112,
-0.2578507363796234,
-0.4225199222564697,
0.6144386529922485,
-0.20188066363334656,
-0.1791507750749588,
-0.0602685883641243,
-0.13942983746528625,
0.7802744507789612,
-0.019190678372979164,
0.005304023157805204,
0.33299973607063293,
0.3757043480873108,
0.2592451572418213,
-0.46545547246932983,
-0.19563056528568268,
-0.2614251673221588,
-0.3093680441379547,
-0.55141681432724,
0.6545251607894897,
0.1177690178155899,
0.27085134387016296,
0.49642935395240784,
0.22511079907417297,
0.2270243614912033,
-0.1881396770477295,
-1.283191442489624,
0.2718196511268616,
0.08898815512657166,
-0.5999629497528076,
-0.4601585865020752,
-0.4357116222381592,
0.538928747177124,
-0.0578584261238575,
-0.6402129530906677,
-0.27951985597610474,
0.04899049177765846,
-0.6385188698768616,
0.25850239396095276,
-0.054002635180950165,
0.43682435154914856,
0.14806191623210907,
-0.05454223230481148,
0.2177755981683731,
0.08049357682466507,
-0.21075968444347382,
0.08962278813123703,
0.10585260391235352,
0.315422385931015,
-0.6075817346572876,
-0.010461457073688507,
-0.06981222331523895,
-0.8036729693412781,
-0.05530088394880295,
0.7059001922607422,
-0.16249729692935944,
-0.2191011905670166,
-0.36624854803085327,
-0.002499603433534503,
0.5095217227935791,
-0.40294161438941956,
0.10615064203739166,
-0.21071317791938782,
0.030329806730151176,
0.016970427706837654,
0.5438631176948547,
-0.49164992570877075,
-0.04857828840613365,
0.8233336806297302,
0.8125202655792236,
0.20346492528915405,
-0.05132792145013809,
-0.19842427968978882,
0.03654433414340019,
0.34078192710876465,
-0.27093055844306946,
-0.30372101068496704,
-0.18879564106464386,
0.003292591543868184,
0.8229142427444458,
0.6049472689628601,
-0.22691893577575684,
-0.0928635522723198,
0.05856462940573692,
-0.5739426016807556,
-0.4700779318809509,
-0.3635786771774292,
0.2417166829109192,
0.4760047495365143,
0.5304203629493713,
0.11741816997528076,
-0.11602792143821716,
0.2765745222568512,
0.08703653514385223,
0.7641697525978088,
0.29487016797065735,
-0.4197762906551361,
0.16766148805618286,
0.16110485792160034,
0.1895187348127365,
0.259469598531723,
0.5346431732177734,
0.13247862458229065,
0.47276434302330017,
0.18895843625068665,
-0.12388189136981964,
-0.4072362184524536,
-0.42036372423171997,
-0.12085796147584915,
0.019613880664110184,
0.19949914515018463,
0.4669094681739807,
0.15644659101963043,
-0.24628745019435883,
0.420599102973938,
-0.13092471659183502,
-0.07352960109710693,
-0.4920339584350586,
0.45173153281211853,
-0.0255390964448452,
-0.21889446675777435,
-0.36206668615341187,
0.7967280745506287,
-0.20874139666557312,
-0.09439441561698914,
0.4973814785480499,
0.9786804914474487,
0.40689659118652344,
-0.2652594745159149,
-0.575372040271759,
-0.13651274144649506,
-0.2533723711967468,
-0.10326259583234787,
-0.3887585997581482,
0.2851654291152954,
-0.17701835930347443,
0.11784139275550842,
-0.20279823243618011,
0.40848541259765625,
-0.5687754154205322,
-0.14129649102687836,
0.4006752371788025,
-0.21132399141788483,
0.22174668312072754,
0.18732047080993652,
-0.032607268542051315,
0.8406808972358704,
0.1358049064874649,
-0.4050193428993225,
0.010813922621309757,
0.09894979745149612,
-0.14270880818367004,
-0.4682057797908783,
-0.32013189792633057,
0.0058029103092849255,
-0.02466711588203907,
-0.12093444913625717,
-0.5061525702476501,
-0.14743490517139435,
0.4155113995075226,
-0.7939878702163696,
-0.10569635033607483,
-0.0612356998026371,
-0.1437196582555771,
-0.11991169303655624,
0.5823144316673279,
0.3444422781467438,
0.2494318187236786,
-1.2406346797943115,
0.26352664828300476,
0.3719821572303772,
0.4147876799106598,
0.1620740443468094,
-0.02065948024392128,
0.07807659357786179,
0.24034254252910614,
0.10139293223619461,
-0.6832743883132935,
0.5096470713615417,
-0.1888083964586258,
0.40842172503471375,
-0.27574288845062256,
0.15203151106834412,
-0.31158164143562317,
-0.014720176346600056,
0.6673980355262756,
0.07114522159099579,
-0.4050612151622772,
0.045238200575113297,
-0.20229384303092957,
-0.11882932484149933,
-0.17594590783119202,
-0.25375795364379883,
-0.31428658962249756,
0.10348933935165405,
0.22565044462680817,
0.09734270721673965,
-0.6006121635437012,
0.08648701012134552,
0.04836038500070572,
-0.3981783390045166,
0.0911727175116539,
0.0985763818025589,
-0.005688114557415247,
-0.14102475345134735,
0.202259823679924,
-0.17930753529071808,
-0.045063477009534836,
0.1044195219874382
] |
232099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez%20Lamar%20Monroe%20Curry | Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry | Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry (June 5, 1825 – February 12, 1903) was an American Democratic politician and diplomat who served as an officer of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. He was also a slave owner.
Biography
Curry was born in Lincoln County, Georgia, the son of William and Susan Winn Curry. His father, scion of a prominent Southern family, was cousin of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas and husband of Tabitha Burwell Jordan, J.L.M. Curry's aunt. Curry grew up in Alabama and graduated from the University of Georgia in 1843 where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. While studying at Harvard Law School, Curry was inspired by the lectures of Horace Mann and became an advocate of free universal education. He served in the Mexican–American War; in the Alabama State Legislature in 1847, 1853, and 1855; as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives in 1857–1861; and in the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. As a lieutenant-colonel in the Confederate Army, he was a staff aide to General Joseph E. Johnston and General Joseph Wheeler.
After the war he studied for the ministry and became a preacher, but the focus of his work was free education in the South. He traveled and lectured in support of state normal schools, adequate rural schools, and a system of graded public schools. He was president of Howard College (now Samford University), Alabama from 1865–68, then a professor of history and literature at Richmond College, Virginia. From 1881 until his death he was agent for the Peabody and Slater Funds to aide schools in the South and was instrumental in the founding of both the Southern Education Board and the first normal school in Virginia, now known as Longwood University.
Curry served as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain during 1885–1888 and as ambassador extraordinary to Spain on the coming of age of King Alfonso XIII in 1902. His publications include works on education, American government, and Spanish history. He was awarded the Royal Order of Charles III and several honorary degrees. Curry died on February 12, 1903, and is buried in Richmond, Virginia. His wife is buried in Talladega, Alabama, where their home, the J.L.M. Curry House, also called the Curry-Burt-Smelley House, still stands, a National Historic Landmark today.
Legacy
The Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia was named for him in 1905 in accordance with a stipulation in a donation given that year by John D. Rockfeller, Sr. to fund the establishment of the school. In 2020, the university's board of visitors voted to remove his name from the school.
In the Spring of 2020, the University of Virginia President Jim Ryan supported a recommendation that Curry's name be removed from its School of Education. The University's Board of Visitors will have the final decision on whether or not the name change will be accepted. This reflects a shared effort on the part of the institution and the broader Charlottesville community to mitigate the stains of racism and slavery.
As 21st Century objections to Confederate tributes have become more widespread throughout the United States, Curry's legacy is worthy of careful scrutiny. His pro-slavery speeches from before the Civil War and membership in the Confederate House of Representatives demonstrate strong ties to the southern cause. However, his efforts to promote education for blacks during the Reconstruction era up through the end of the 19th century are reflective of ideals that were not shared by many of his contemporaries. However, he promoted a more vocational style of education for blacks than he would for whites.
Curry Hall dormitory at Longwood University and the Curry Building at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro are also named for him.
Until October 2009, Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry was honored by one of Alabama's two statues in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. It was donated in 1908 and sculpted by Dante Sodini. In October 2009, the statue was replaced with a statue of Helen Keller, and Curry's statue went to Samford University. It was displayed in Samford's university center until the building was closed for renovation in 2018. At that point the statue was returned to the Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Works
Constitutional Government in Spain (1889)
William Ewart Gladstone (1891)
The Southern States of the American Union (1894)
Difficulties, Complications, and Limitations Connected with the Education of the Negro (1895)
Civil History of the Government of the Confederate States, with some Personal Reminiscences (1901)
References
External links
NSHC biography
The South in the Olden Time. Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1901.
History of the University of Georgia by Thomas Walter Reed, Thomas Walter Reed, Imprint: Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia, ca. 1949
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry at Encyclopedia Virginia
1825 births
1903 deaths
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Alabama Democrats
Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Harvard Law School alumni
Longwood University people
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Alabama
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
People from Lincoln County, Georgia
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
University of Georgia alumni
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American slave owners | [
-0.3894433379173279,
0.10574115067720413,
-0.8969442248344421,
0.1183682456612587,
0.5587645769119263,
0.48176977038383484,
0.9757897257804871,
0.3058898150920868,
-0.6501472592353821,
-0.5281657576560974,
-0.17218858003616333,
0.532260000705719,
-0.6186793446540833,
0.7377869486808777,
-0.19544294476509094,
0.6142308115959167,
-0.06615155190229416,
-0.2579120993614197,
-0.10443335771560669,
-0.14341393113136292,
0.006305610295385122,
0.14133916795253754,
0.339986652135849,
-0.27436012029647827,
-0.4223767817020416,
0.26962023973464966,
-0.5006778240203857,
-0.2983192205429077,
0.22853372991085052,
-0.1288352906703949,
-0.020268579944968224,
0.04320414736866951,
0.4711667597293854,
0.27397575974464417,
-1.4535800218582153,
-0.014769596047699451,
-0.31293657422065735,
-0.46953368186950684,
0.05715146288275719,
0.5457424521446228,
-0.6834940314292908,
0.12483728677034378,
0.27218297123908997,
-0.07364912331104279,
-0.3734200894832611,
-0.564278781414032,
-1.7223644256591797,
-0.084734246134758,
-0.6464453339576721,
-0.6196016669273376,
0.2064543068408966,
0.22202852368354797,
0.3681865334510803,
0.13316650688648224,
-0.2975967228412628,
0.6430279612541199,
-0.1955089420080185,
-0.5356379151344299,
-0.14230377972126007,
-0.5866163969039917,
0.20040066540241241,
0.2151261568069458,
1.1052523851394653,
-0.19237874448299408,
0.007353768218308687,
-0.15258513391017914,
-0.3480830788612366,
0.3737686574459076,
0.16679991781711578,
-0.06538394838571548,
0.09704568237066269,
0.26405900716781616,
0.6488407850265503,
0.56349116563797,
0.32376718521118164,
-0.30298101902008057,
0.25340747833251953,
0.6361624598503113,
-0.30269429087638855,
0.36292117834091187,
-0.5578729510307312,
-0.5757527947425842,
0.762532651424408,
0.15397590398788452,
0.02685791812837124,
0.35235652327537537,
-0.833296000957489,
0.42708519101142883,
-0.41268405318260193,
-0.38647010922431946,
-0.62406325340271,
-0.07474268227815628,
-0.1755058616399765,
0.17749568819999695,
-0.7332172393798828,
-0.23290744423866272,
0.38947245478630066,
-0.1823578178882599,
-0.1800052523612976,
0.026821525767445564,
-0.05771331116557121,
0.06805719435214996,
0.9614836573600769,
0.36196842789649963,
-0.1836731880903244,
0.1707298904657364,
-0.36184921860694885,
-0.543014645576477,
-0.30400657653808594,
0.0546090230345726,
-0.5386108756065369,
0.2481967955827713,
0.017049040645360947,
-0.63521409034729,
-0.493130087852478,
0.31080400943756104,
-0.03803804889321327,
-0.8642901182174683,
-0.4128093123435974,
-0.4418772757053375,
0.02532142959535122,
0.5570213198661804,
0.04785459116101265,
0.3522322475910187,
-0.5053792595863342,
-0.3535184860229492,
0.07056179642677307,
-0.06026439368724823,
-0.16323301196098328,
1.1014940738677979,
0.7668124437332153,
0.45934486389160156,
-0.4308067560195923,
0.07073456794023514,
-0.8712961077690125,
-0.10726231336593628,
0.27866145968437195,
0.15015766024589539,
-0.011678783223032951,
0.2395097315311432,
-0.658287525177002,
-0.47826382517814636,
-0.30014801025390625,
0.10347738862037659,
0.2795907258987427,
-0.24846956133842468,
0.1210896298289299,
0.44245681166648865,
-0.20633044838905334,
-0.1637803167104721,
-0.08305296301841736,
-0.12218011170625687,
0.867304265499115,
0.0547674335539341,
-0.4241397976875305,
0.5556536912918091,
0.28449609875679016,
-0.2943650484085083,
0.9455286860466003,
0.464698851108551,
-0.16710272431373596,
0.23132361471652985,
0.0389372892677784,
-0.06428647041320801,
0.5701835751533508,
0.3858799934387207,
0.3620370328426361,
-0.08758244663476944,
-0.44041725993156433,
-0.14793533086776733,
0.043171342462301254,
0.004115454852581024,
0.33596402406692505,
-0.553966760635376,
-0.09322672337293625,
0.4914708733558655,
0.9348018765449524,
0.23257404565811157,
0.4384539723396301,
-0.561939001083374,
-0.8394883275032043,
-0.3317197263240814,
0.40407976508140564,
0.13764919340610504,
0.4332583546638489,
0.24609117209911346,
0.3392106592655182,
-0.6567175388336182,
0.34978777170181274,
-0.4733780026435852,
-0.9929065704345703,
-0.4046145975589752,
-0.28558313846588135,
-0.5126149654388428,
0.3350224792957306,
0.43170541524887085,
-0.5993261933326721,
0.45255354046821594,
-0.14128939807415009,
0.2137020081281662,
0.22373519837856293,
-0.48011514544487,
-0.10278850048780441,
-0.043433189392089844,
0.03864056244492531,
0.10173981636762619,
0.7432695031166077,
0.014840833842754364,
0.2239937037229538,
1.6709275245666504,
0.36559444665908813,
-0.501755952835083,
-0.3208077549934387,
0.8412318825721741,
-0.24604342877864838,
-0.2652103006839752,
-0.18952538073062897,
-0.7701670527458191,
0.5382316708564758,
-0.1177961677312851,
0.8352283835411072,
-0.054110269993543625,
0.10157239437103271,
0.7853299379348755,
0.08425375819206238,
0.6244833469390869,
-0.39702245593070984,
-0.0007436797604896128,
-0.5733011960983276,
-0.2806808054447174,
0.10371270775794983,
-0.016255047172307968,
0.022495921701192856,
-1.2825390100479126,
0.4917192757129669,
0.2413024604320526,
-0.061945103108882904,
-0.4063437581062317,
0.01699962094426155,
-0.5480149984359741,
-0.2759554982185364,
0.3806585371494293,
-0.11698199808597565,
-0.09432700276374817,
0.0741436630487442,
0.05952621251344681,
-0.378774493932724,
-0.7280409932136536,
0.0219236072152853,
-0.3373264670372009,
0.1746765375137329,
0.7967166304588318,
0.5483000874519348,
-0.4727133512496948,
0.047030821442604065,
-0.014791726134717464,
-0.07423806190490723,
0.18099120259284973,
-0.11165502667427063,
-0.11772245913743973,
0.1015394777059555,
0.5653610229492188,
0.02556636556982994,
0.2393052875995636,
0.4514986276626587,
0.19919969141483307,
-0.7048161029815674,
-0.3605829179286957,
-0.3406819999217987,
0.10316652804613113,
0.6234334707260132,
-0.24351629614830017,
-0.10816231369972229,
0.49232515692710876,
0.4626532196998596,
0.3826550841331482,
-0.7048713564872742,
0.07367324829101562,
-1.0130529403686523,
-0.7210092544555664,
0.5362818241119385,
0.6868205070495605,
-0.20333325862884521,
-0.19664618372917175,
-0.16490481793880463,
-0.9691328406333923,
-0.18718762695789337,
-0.3101705014705658,
0.13156628608703613,
-0.070637546479702,
-0.41818711161613464,
0.730388343334198,
-0.5340093970298767,
0.6680974364280701,
0.094545878469944,
0.24269306659698486,
-0.2012587934732437,
-0.15034864842891693,
0.08280755579471588,
-0.3695729076862335,
-0.6165899038314819,
0.036667656153440475,
0.01563127711415291,
0.2645479738712311,
1.219287395477295,
-0.5177228450775146,
0.2568100392818451,
0.05222936347126961,
-4.946241855621338,
0.5090479850769043,
0.07251513749361038,
-0.445606529712677,
0.37690454721450806,
0.48613810539245605,
0.2175295352935791,
-0.3732840120792389,
0.12431947141885757,
-0.06954257935285568,
0.8885675072669983,
0.22703076899051666,
-0.31313538551330566,
0.11140607297420502,
0.4959675371646881,
0.7805237770080566,
1.0893546342849731,
0.14481882750988007,
0.34165331721305847,
0.4257320463657379,
-0.26309505105018616,
-0.49931684136390686,
-0.09890654683113098,
0.32123667001724243,
0.5510331392288208,
0.23323935270309448,
-0.2718208134174347,
0.013851527124643326,
-0.0856572836637497,
0.23702552914619446,
0.3128393888473511,
0.7692102193832397,
-0.32375505566596985,
-0.28351056575775146,
0.13843576610088348,
-0.41150346398353577,
0.09299355745315552,
0.033693600445985794,
-0.2501598596572876,
0.037955403327941895,
0.21494026482105255,
0.4746084213256836,
-1.5106257200241089,
-0.26368606090545654,
0.3467295467853546,
-0.6203432083129883,
-0.37769168615341187,
0.3156633675098419,
0.16948308050632477,
0.061625074595212936,
0.0002661344187799841,
0.2696859538555145,
0.0971134603023529,
0.5476428866386414,
0.2624925971031189,
0.05962847173213959,
0.03195827454328537,
-0.08813528716564178,
-0.7401936054229736,
0.16511456668376923,
0.35880783200263977,
-0.9209766387939453,
-0.2264069765806198,
0.16338679194450378,
0.040987204760313034,
-0.5586441159248352,
0.14291125535964966,
-0.25607404112815857,
0.12343083322048187,
-0.2750895619392395,
-0.22269469499588013,
1.277940034866333,
0.1126004159450531,
-1.2166093587875366,
0.3235110938549042,
-0.06320252269506454,
-0.5930697917938232,
0.11481909453868866,
-0.9966134428977966,
-0.23160488903522491,
0.13031214475631714,
-0.16371768712997437,
0.6268742084503174,
0.9968430995941162,
0.6965396404266357,
-0.11318367719650269,
0.23540204763412476,
0.2767648696899414,
-0.936743974685669,
-0.19093674421310425,
-0.382946640253067,
-0.12340763956308365,
0.17247530817985535,
0.0431271567940712,
0.7823506593704224,
0.4451693594455719,
-0.032150257378816605,
0.5731662511825562,
0.4947950541973114,
0.2536078691482544,
-0.4075666666030884,
-0.48383069038391113,
-0.5030482411384583,
-0.8315395712852478,
0.5308470129966736,
0.19239403307437897,
-0.1602271944284439,
0.5660430192947388,
0.42323774099349976,
0.4678489565849304,
-0.26961642503738403,
0.0027784444391727448,
-0.6114305853843689,
0.07144376635551453,
0.09661370515823364,
-0.39680686593055725,
0.4792099595069885,
0.11654763668775558,
0.8829178810119629,
-0.006227667909115553,
0.1696418672800064,
0.7562749981880188,
-0.5928128361701965,
0.14304815232753754,
-0.16671419143676758,
-0.653923749923706,
0.10225918889045715,
-0.26843777298927307,
-0.09881088882684708,
0.3552151322364807,
0.021319041028618813,
0.39437615871429443,
-0.7270494699478149,
0.2576431334018707,
-0.19336532056331635,
-0.39530619978904724,
-0.03375992551445961,
-0.40536564588546753,
-0.2774943709373474,
-0.1684960275888443,
-0.1440182626247406,
-0.6302938461303711,
-0.38575279712677,
0.09579256922006607,
0.2350669652223587,
-0.009736267849802971,
0.440216600894928,
-0.1082516759634018,
-0.5709724426269531,
0.7626394033432007,
-1.0692594051361084,
-0.7516077756881714,
0.28003746271133423,
-0.33064231276512146,
-0.18382002413272858,
-0.49212875962257385,
0.07934678345918655,
-0.20502273738384247,
0.11061201244592667,
-0.02798636443912983,
-0.06388970464468002,
0.17858575284481049,
-0.6314024925231934,
-0.04948832839727402,
-0.046948935836553574,
-0.005605484824627638,
-0.3924507200717926,
0.3081597089767456,
-0.9287298917770386,
0.5667857527732849,
0.24031242728233337,
-0.8916479349136353,
0.04202968627214432,
0.1603582352399826,
0.17884811758995056,
-0.019070899114012718,
0.17186252772808075,
0.12213529646396637,
0.08095191419124603,
-0.16757285594940186,
0.1262037456035614,
0.25387242436408997,
-0.7188476324081421,
-0.40238216519355774,
0.30709975957870483,
-0.3916138708591461,
-0.33203375339508057,
-0.5768481492996216,
-0.21088114380836487,
-0.10246592015028,
-0.02954791486263275,
-0.12450078874826431,
0.19651676714420319,
0.8395517468452454,
-0.17036418616771698,
-0.15508434176445007,
0.35745951533317566,
0.10217209160327911,
-0.028705459088087082,
-0.8197890520095825,
0.30401140451431274,
-0.10170222818851471,
-0.3506203889846802,
-0.02077392116189003,
-0.5965604782104492,
-0.7424615025520325,
0.19813521206378937,
-0.08334184437990189,
-0.18763042986392975,
0.8627033829689026,
-0.39977020025253296,
-0.5071807503700256,
0.034606724977493286,
0.4530830383300781,
-0.030668476596474648,
0.24266883730888367,
0.22851163148880005,
0.7988719344139099,
-0.17829470336437225,
-0.4230842888355255,
-0.750152587890625,
-0.7007396817207336,
-0.34184396266937256,
-0.015376245602965355,
-0.6245671510696411,
0.7917094826698303,
0.4996781051158905,
-0.2474006563425064,
0.9887846112251282,
0.06813949346542358,
-0.9051814079284668,
-0.36568185687065125,
-0.22116534411907196,
0.4697474241256714,
-0.20434822142124176,
-0.0023087295703589916,
0.36031046509742737,
0.10106576234102249,
-0.4677438735961914,
-0.25292181968688965,
0.45488688349723816,
1.4843006134033203,
0.25627362728118896,
-0.28989604115486145,
-0.3575468063354492,
-0.029533328488469124,
0.028635717928409576,
-0.4063030779361725,
-0.274160236120224,
-0.0017403537640348077,
0.5680683851242065,
0.3024623394012451,
-0.6855112314224243,
0.12457507848739624,
0.7392997741699219,
-0.2521904706954956,
0.0419168584048748,
0.7771053910255432,
-0.1565772294998169,
0.14484991133213043,
0.09665494412183762,
0.4291341006755829,
-0.2651921808719635,
-0.37199074029922485,
0.32403236627578735,
-0.609334409236908,
0.41227051615715027,
0.14694374799728394,
0.44245487451553345,
-0.9633609652519226,
-0.8151202201843262,
-0.3496458828449249,
-0.12022718787193298,
0.6158958077430725,
-0.12853826582431793,
0.2339174598455429,
0.3749447464942932,
-0.262239933013916,
0.43092575669288635,
0.32039329409599304,
-1.1146869659423828,
-0.9866672158241272,
-0.3303355872631073,
-0.13757944107055664,
0.21333622932434082,
-1.2055678367614746,
-0.1123436987400055,
-0.3882141709327698,
-0.05819093436002731,
-0.578842282295227,
-0.20803314447402954,
0.411471426486969,
-0.12162589281797409,
0.013014581054449081,
-0.5431360602378845,
0.5439454317092896,
-0.8044825196266174,
0.7150541543960571,
-0.3203735947608948,
0.0637531504034996,
-0.6587236523628235,
0.8335844278335571,
0.11832273751497269,
-0.050836265087127686,
0.007615699432790279,
-0.22570402920246124,
0.341269850730896,
-0.4125266671180725,
-0.3590013086795807,
0.13855403661727905,
-0.23561668395996094,
-0.38819921016693115,
0.8478425741195679,
-0.053707197308540344,
-0.720867395401001,
-0.09941397607326508,
0.9096040725708008,
-0.33454805612564087,
-0.5956912636756897,
-0.4990104138851166,
-0.3216749131679535,
0.10216657817363739,
0.6117172241210938,
0.022728394716978073,
0.7373152375221252,
0.7086127400398254,
-0.07358017563819885,
0.23656047880649567,
-0.06361992657184601,
0.2546481490135193,
-0.047306012362241745,
-0.22834841907024384,
-0.10710995644330978,
0.28313353657722473,
0.2127998322248459,
0.11982516944408417,
-0.25945815443992615,
-0.4040805697441101,
-0.027467021718621254,
0.9619299173355103,
-0.3241792321205139,
0.8022315502166748,
0.24286961555480957,
0.3466452956199646,
0.07057850807905197,
0.02549670822918415,
0.006912588607519865,
0.5244449377059937,
0.2387891411781311,
-0.2410789579153061,
0.22827889025211334,
0.38745859265327454,
0.08382731676101685,
0.2875731587409973,
-0.12583357095718384,
-0.14744816720485687,
0.2809557318687439,
-0.020284218713641167,
-1.0654370784759521,
-0.4320681691169739,
0.42523428797721863,
-0.38599008321762085,
1.4092395305633545,
-0.4199429452419281,
-0.12567947804927826,
-0.030869966372847557,
-0.09656580537557602,
-0.6600541472434998,
0.0019356232369318604,
0.8572031855583191,
0.4426425099372864,
-0.07225073128938675,
0.387408971786499,
0.4465644061565399,
0.7528494596481323,
0.4310515522956848,
0.6850365996360779,
-0.27996060252189636,
-0.39874306321144104,
-0.09624411165714264,
-0.044417016208171844,
-0.09191448986530304,
-0.3566214442253113,
-0.4838194251060486,
0.0042589763179421425,
0.230180025100708,
-0.07680866122245789,
0.15816250443458557,
0.053903430700302124,
-0.9695010185241699,
-0.17163872718811035,
-0.4292829930782318,
-0.6400040984153748,
0.03658067062497139,
0.3001583516597748,
0.4243808388710022,
0.2392541915178299,
1.2509570121765137,
0.5492317080497742,
-0.13560031354427338,
0.37495434284210205,
-0.17673951387405396,
-0.0325252041220665,
-0.2968461215496063,
-0.2996501922607422,
0.5723267197608948,
-0.6133739352226257,
0.36921143531799316,
-1.3627939224243164,
0.6422077417373657,
-0.1520630419254303,
0.2900346517562866,
-0.5444512367248535,
0.5260041356086731,
-0.37973329424858093,
0.24010069668293,
0.7720527052879333,
-0.22177329659461975,
-0.06105648726224899,
-0.7388959527015686,
0.21010909974575043,
0.11323197185993195,
0.14047755300998688,
-0.0698852613568306,
-0.2963586747646332,
-0.47730594873428345,
0.33924952149391174,
-0.009819289669394493,
0.043813131749629974,
0.6713754534721375,
0.4182439148426056,
-1.0117930173873901,
-0.03706927224993706,
-0.5340225100517273,
-0.5858634114265442,
-0.5874096155166626,
0.17150990664958954,
1.403098464012146,
0.638629138469696,
-0.42769333720207214,
0.8316906094551086,
0.25466009974479675,
0.5100911855697632,
-0.23375444114208221,
0.5010290145874023,
-0.41444259881973267,
0.1296963393688202,
-0.6772406697273254,
0.4208012521266937,
1.0196940898895264,
-0.25557655096054077,
-0.21244999766349792,
0.3152725100517273,
-0.7306585907936096,
0.7872231602668762,
0.4507179856300354,
0.10146944224834442,
0.1136651560664177,
0.3936278820037842,
-0.08561825752258301
] |
232102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20attack | Angle of attack | In fluid dynamics, angle of attack (AOA, α, or ) is the angle between a reference line on a body (often the chord line of an airfoil) and the vector representing the relative motion between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. Angle of attack is the angle between the body's reference line and the oncoming flow. This article focuses on the most common application, the angle of attack of a wing or airfoil moving through air.
In aerodynamics, angle of attack specifies the angle between the chord line of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft and the vector representing the relative motion between the aircraft and the atmosphere. Since a wing can have twist, a chord line of the whole wing may not be definable, so an alternate reference line is simply defined. Often, the chord line of the root of the wing is chosen as the reference line. Another choice is to use a horizontal line on the fuselage as the reference line (and also as the longitudinal axis). Some authors do not use an arbitrary chord line but use the zero lift axis where, by definition, zero angle of attack corresponds to zero coefficient of lift.
Some British authors have used the term angle of incidence instead of angle of attack. However, this can lead to confusion with the term riggers' angle of incidence meaning the angle between the chord of an airfoil and some fixed datum in the airplane.
Relation between angle of attack and lift coefficient
The lift coefficient of a fixed-wing aircraft varies with angle of attack. Increasing angle of attack is associated with increasing lift coefficient up to the maximum lift coefficient, after which lift coefficient decreases.
As the angle of attack of a fixed-wing aircraft increases, separation of the airflow from the upper surface of the wing becomes more pronounced, leading to a reduction in the rate of increase of the lift coefficient. The figure shows a typical curve for a cambered straight wing. Cambered airfoils are curved such that they generate some lift at small negative angles of attack. A symmetrical wing has zero lift at 0 degrees angle of attack. The lift curve is also influenced by the wing shape, including its airfoil section and wing planform. A swept wing has a lower, flatter curve with a higher critical angle.
Critical angle of attack
The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces the maximum lift coefficient. This is also called the "stall angle of attack". Below the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack decreases, the lift coefficient decreases. Conversely, above the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack increases, the air begins to flow less smoothly over the upper surface of the airfoil and begins to separate from the upper surface. On most airfoil shapes, as the angle of attack increases, the upper surface separation point of the flow moves from the trailing edge towards the leading edge. At the critical angle of attack, upper surface flow is more separated and the airfoil or wing is producing its maximum lift coefficient. As the angle of attack increases further, the upper surface flow becomes more fully separated and the lift coefficient reduces further.
Above this critical angle of attack, the aircraft is said to be in a stall. A fixed-wing aircraft by definition is stalled at or above the critical angle of attack rather than at or below a particular airspeed. The airspeed at which the aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft, the load factor, the center of gravity of the aircraft and other factors. However, the aircraft always stalls at the same critical angle of attack. The critical or stalling angle of attack is typically around 15° - 20° for many airfoils.
Some aircraft are equipped with a built-in flight computer that automatically prevents the aircraft from increasing the angle of attack any further when a maximum angle of attack is reached, regardless of pilot input. This is called the 'angle of attack limiter' or 'alpha limiter'. Modern airliners that have fly-by-wire technology avoid the critical angle of attack by means of software in the computer systems that govern the flight control surfaces.
In takeoff and landing operations from short runways (STOL), such as Naval Aircraft Carrier operations and STOL backcountry flying, aircraft may be equipped with the angle of attack or Lift Reserve Indicators. These indicators measure the angle of attack (AOA) or the Potential of Wing Lift (POWL, or Lift Reserve) directly and help the pilot fly close to the stalling point with greater precision. STOL operations require the aircraft to be able to operate close to the critical angle of attack during landings and at the best angle of climb during takeoffs. Angle of attack indicators are used by pilots for maximum performance during these maneuvers since airspeed information is only indirectly related to stall behavior.
Very high alpha
Some military aircraft are able to achieve controlled flight at very high angles of attack, but at the cost of massive induced drag. This provides the aircraft with great agility. A famous example is Pugachev's Cobra. Although the aircraft experiences high angles of attack throughout the maneuver, the aircraft is not capable of either aerodynamic directional control or maintaining level flight until the maneuver ends. The Cobra is an example of supermaneuvering as the aircraft's wings are well beyond the critical angle of attack for most of the maneuver.
Additional aerodynamic surfaces known as "high-lift devices" including leading edge wing root extensions allow fighter aircraft much greater flyable 'true' alpha, up to over 45°, compared to about 20° for aircraft without these devices. This can be helpful at high altitudes where even slight maneuvering may require high angles of attack due to the low density of air in the upper atmosphere as well as at low speed at low altitude where the margin between level flight AoA and stall AoA is reduced. The high AoA capability of the aircraft provides a buffer for the pilot that makes stalling the airplane (which occurs when critical AoA is exceeded) more difficult. However, military aircraft usually do not obtain such high alpha in combat, as it robs the aircraft of speed very quickly due to induced drag, and, in extreme cases, increased frontal area and parasitic drag. Not only do such maneuvers slow the aircraft down, but they cause significant structural stress at high speed. Modern flight control systems tend to limit a fighter's angle of attack to well below its maximum aerodynamic limit.
Sailing
In sailing, the physical principles involved are the same as for aircraft. A sail's angle of attack is the angle between the sail's chord line and the direction of the relative wind.
See also
Air data boom, measures angle of attack
Advance ratio
Aircraft principal axes
Angle of sideslip
Bernoulli's principle
Drag equation
Küssner effect
Lift (force)
References
Lawford, J.A. and Nippress, K.R.; Calibration of Air-data Systems and Flow Direction Sensors (NATO) Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, AGARDograph No. 300 Vol. 1 (AGARD AG-300 Vol. 1); "Calibration of Air-data Systems and Flow Direction Sensors"; Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, Boscombe Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 OJF, United Kingdom
USAF & NATO Report RTO-TR-015 AC/323/(HFM-015)/TP-1 (2001).
Aerodynamics
Aircraft wing design
Kites | [
-0.2928231954574585,
-0.05397369712591171,
0.31205350160598755,
0.08736488223075867,
-0.3776518702507019,
0.5117514133453369,
-0.1134176030755043,
-0.2549523711204529,
0.25696301460266113,
-0.7538260221481323,
-0.13772477209568024,
0.8110597133636475,
-0.15917398035526276,
-0.15824325382709503,
0.36855632066726685,
0.5368824005126953,
-0.00013997938367538154,
-0.11119959503412247,
-0.07014396041631699,
0.04334009811282158,
-0.37077516317367554,
-0.2115544229745865,
0.44536107778549194,
-0.370572566986084,
0.5932444334030151,
-0.6176460981369019,
0.05684897303581238,
0.22422778606414795,
0.1157289370894432,
0.3638598322868347,
0.34430181980133057,
0.6352734565734863,
-0.26038655638694763,
-0.44733497500419617,
-0.07082103192806244,
-0.24433696269989014,
0.19315659999847412,
0.3313523232936859,
-0.12653161585330963,
-0.5258616209030151,
-0.34723642468452454,
-0.1466260403394699,
0.5637621879577637,
-0.11705736815929413,
-0.0022066959645599127,
-0.6347412467002869,
-1.3977539539337158,
0.030228417366743088,
-0.4154049754142761,
-0.05207810923457146,
0.3351650536060333,
0.560316801071167,
-0.19147300720214844,
0.3807779550552368,
-0.14705821871757507,
0.42458659410476685,
-0.7947919964790344,
-0.22749483585357666,
0.05071432888507843,
-0.7868624329566956,
0.7410892248153687,
0.5422729849815369,
0.19850505888462067,
0.3777500092983246,
0.24097202718257904,
0.46889030933380127,
-0.043372783809900284,
-0.23546329140663147,
-0.2574537992477417,
-0.6745316386222839,
-0.10413694381713867,
0.28714221715927124,
-0.39876940846443176,
0.45823484659194946,
-0.4497825801372528,
-0.21953184902668,
-0.2861675024032593,
0.00034229279845021665,
0.22658444941043854,
-0.028438063338398933,
0.7254502773284912,
-0.04906592145562172,
-0.10877987742424011,
0.051373422145843506,
-0.04398711770772934,
0.18699616193771362,
-0.589458703994751,
0.43031081557273865,
-0.25835439562797546,
0.5949876308441162,
0.17837147414684296,
-0.28533831238746643,
0.17932216823101044,
0.09245461225509644,
0.23078653216362,
-0.2597951889038086,
0.8751184940338135,
-0.2071201056241989,
0.23791296780109406,
0.08335137367248535,
-0.14435115456581116,
-0.5092281103134155,
0.2956582307815552,
0.11958727985620499,
0.09400369226932526,
-0.2203211933374405,
-0.21469052135944366,
-0.36223432421684265,
-0.0741785541176796,
0.15373185276985168,
-1.340855360031128,
0.1286580115556717,
-0.487576425075531,
-0.7784282565116882,
-0.6988961696624756,
-0.34009480476379395,
0.04109499976038933,
-0.1353173404932022,
0.4598958492279053,
0.1529776155948639,
-0.30669525265693665,
0.48574885725975037,
0.007316119037568569,
0.0885506123304367,
-0.0896620973944664,
-0.11301375925540924,
0.5696293711662292,
0.5540094375610352,
-0.8965395092964172,
0.06919621676206589,
0.23496639728546143,
0.2438185214996338,
-0.22423753142356873,
0.45754438638687134,
-0.10708275437355042,
-0.31478452682495117,
0.4711529612541199,
0.06405643373727798,
0.037665657699108124,
-0.21431586146354675,
-0.42908087372779846,
-1.173761010169983,
-0.6356160640716553,
-0.5459163188934326,
0.15200422704219818,
-0.3955395817756653,
0.23685172200202942,
-0.6696757078170776,
-0.14657121896743774,
-0.292099267244339,
0.16024884581565857,
0.3904196619987488,
-0.7433225512504578,
0.42763593792915344,
-0.14411897957324982,
-0.3862861692905426,
0.5149229168891907,
0.05168910697102547,
-0.5112617611885071,
0.42908287048339844,
0.31806623935699463,
0.2914818525314331,
-0.13686688244342804,
0.12583637237548828,
0.6753074526786804,
-0.3782476484775543,
0.30608034133911133,
0.060906872153282166,
-0.026829758659005165,
0.16077087819576263,
-0.7625598907470703,
0.13202491402626038,
0.2666642665863037,
-0.02654796838760376,
0.057059746235609055,
0.1601257473230362,
0.4220198094844818,
-0.18220722675323486,
0.7216857075691223,
0.09231306612491608,
-0.5485766530036926,
0.41983258724212646,
0.3344119191169739,
0.13353116810321808,
-0.02281194180250168,
-0.2690921127796173,
0.6341710090637207,
-0.46269917488098145,
0.33625367283821106,
0.3222253918647766,
-0.20375753939151764,
-0.6683326959609985,
-0.4328177869319916,
-0.7887084484100342,
1.0178877115249634,
-0.2401343733072281,
-0.5661344528198242,
0.8044922351837158,
-0.09430316835641861,
1.0055304765701294,
-0.02956359088420868,
0.164811372756958,
0.6965987682342529,
0.030990246683359146,
-0.006243276875466108,
-0.2898864150047302,
0.4896264672279358,
0.007124614901840687,
0.41426882147789,
0.7126840353012085,
0.14750228822231293,
-0.04645039513707161,
-0.5113779902458191,
-0.5129342079162598,
-0.2428024262189865,
-0.183071568608284,
-0.7616655826568604,
0.4647791385650635,
-0.08916709572076797,
0.18869897723197937,
0.978562593460083,
-0.11872539669275284,
-0.35262662172317505,
0.27243006229400635,
0.016588089987635612,
0.485640287399292,
0.4466705918312073,
0.6132766604423523,
-0.13651947677135468,
-0.7394021153450012,
-0.051294971257448196,
-0.0110242934897542,
0.09324725717306137,
-0.4396078288555145,
-0.3692775070667267,
0.18740463256835938,
0.33797013759613037,
-0.21688015758991241,
0.9089970588684082,
-0.4658922255039215,
-0.027238836511969566,
0.5671954154968262,
-0.4223744571208954,
0.5905389189720154,
-0.2438565194606781,
-0.5471717119216919,
0.2908344566822052,
-0.0632784366607666,
-0.1376980096101761,
0.7076263427734375,
-0.4933253824710846,
0.281228244304657,
0.4027824103832245,
-0.31174561381340027,
-0.1155705600976944,
-0.018212005496025085,
0.1593179553747177,
0.23097889125347137,
0.019137876108288765,
0.021700454875826836,
-0.13076354563236237,
0.04671386256814003,
0.7400991320610046,
0.20561736822128296,
-0.12442415207624435,
-0.48107606172561646,
-0.08453185111284256,
0.11982514709234238,
0.49642613530158997,
0.25784537196159363,
0.43447205424308777,
0.572407603263855,
-0.07019487023353577,
-0.4660128355026245,
-0.8876849412918091,
-0.5110229849815369,
0.481432169675827,
0.5622210502624512,
-0.38038864731788635,
-0.2816079258918762,
0.22526179254055023,
0.7272014617919922,
0.18566790223121643,
-0.6581436991691589,
0.4618595838546753,
-0.17313073575496674,
0.20845066010951996,
-0.13310420513153076,
-0.8021506667137146,
0.11555919051170349,
-0.4250136911869049,
-0.41427403688430786,
-0.3145553469657898,
0.16965791583061218,
-0.058100275695323944,
0.2906542420387268,
0.3129411041736603,
-0.07407823950052261,
0.45158982276916504,
-0.7773796319961548,
-0.33537524938583374,
0.13253158330917358,
-0.07888130098581314,
-0.2465273141860962,
-0.03898715227842331,
-0.4975542724132538,
-0.26765352487564087,
0.6661915183067322,
-5.636387825012207,
-0.19166384637355804,
0.11693824827671051,
0.14303161203861237,
0.14867180585861206,
0.49145105481147766,
0.5772154331207275,
-0.25302836298942566,
-0.6554643511772156,
-0.3197922706604004,
0.06667652726173401,
-0.23963166773319244,
0.38693147897720337,
0.2993689179420471,
0.36862263083457947,
0.16664686799049377,
0.49214693903923035,
-0.0788845345377922,
0.05135923624038696,
0.9309602975845337,
-0.18350788950920105,
-0.5581111311912537,
0.06315727531909943,
0.0613737627863884,
0.42916348576545715,
-0.25254026055336,
-0.10494914650917053,
0.4566006660461426,
-0.4591709077358246,
-0.03208408132195473,
0.3404468595981598,
-0.037179168313741684,
0.028766104951500893,
0.01593170501291752,
0.23342552781105042,
-0.3088812530040741,
0.13881731033325195,
-0.18101157248020172,
0.35409194231033325,
0.06428832560777664,
-0.38822269439697266,
0.48700669407844543,
0.027603622525930405,
-0.43184855580329895,
0.012709266506135464,
-0.8418578505516052,
0.2984068691730499,
0.5705850720405579,
0.03582651540637016,
0.7401057481765747,
0.11429408192634583,
0.2089224010705948,
0.14166660606861115,
-0.08482428640127182,
0.07101310789585114,
-0.007125846575945616,
0.4244499206542969,
-0.08041049540042877,
-0.16175943613052368,
0.5567668676376343,
0.3237774670124054,
-0.753230631351471,
-0.23967990279197693,
-0.2086314857006073,
-0.2402382791042328,
-0.1653350293636322,
-0.32911229133605957,
-0.5393498539924622,
0.2223014086484909,
0.3010229170322418,
0.0919589102268219,
0.03646441921591759,
-0.1457332819700241,
-0.7969480156898499,
0.1766078919172287,
-0.45875680446624756,
0.6586358547210693,
-0.43517857789993286,
0.382527619600296,
-0.18048876523971558,
-0.06081012263894081,
-0.08728231489658356,
-0.362199604511261,
0.1394297033548355,
-0.2824515402317047,
-0.2651393711566925,
0.19577528536319733,
-0.3716864585876465,
-0.10596009343862534,
0.2245490401983261,
0.4435252249240875,
-0.2542371153831482,
0.7981800436973572,
-0.5497646927833557,
-0.18560267984867096,
-0.01963266171514988,
-0.38742515444755554,
-0.2925584614276886,
0.7719393968582153,
-0.27226921916007996,
0.22169607877731323,
0.18569137156009674,
0.2293083667755127,
0.004898076876997948,
0.6233701705932617,
-0.07243086397647858,
-0.14982041716575623,
0.17271269857883453,
0.9450457096099854,
0.02750074304640293,
0.0017532444326207042,
-0.28946444392204285,
-0.1179538294672966,
0.014836450107395649,
-0.25307831168174744,
-0.12339411675930023,
-0.6514986157417297,
-0.22204706072807312,
0.3091679513454437,
-0.4097819924354553,
-0.39946240186691284,
-0.05782276764512062,
-0.7934076189994812,
0.2278628647327423,
0.3354285657405853,
-0.00301531283184886,
-0.44153255224227905,
0.5245510339736938,
0.07606236636638641,
0.3089785873889923,
0.4293611943721771,
0.7040725946426392,
0.2030596286058426,
0.1928124725818634,
0.29095232486724854,
-0.4385732412338257,
0.7180923819541931,
-0.07550578564405441,
0.31277522444725037,
-0.4145886301994324,
0.09199639409780502,
0.14416064321994781,
-0.2269762009382248,
-0.5388801097869873,
0.831088662147522,
0.4620855450630188,
0.06891234964132309,
-0.24085044860839844,
-0.029919926077127457,
0.3861068785190582,
0.18579745292663574,
0.12432940304279327,
-0.20257122814655304,
-0.28649529814720154,
0.2356184422969818,
-0.1377571076154709,
-0.22562752664089203,
-0.1614304631948471,
-0.2892880141735077,
-0.5962798595428467,
1.0180004835128784,
0.2949221134185791,
-1.1173421144485474,
-0.6157024502754211,
-0.6292060613632202,
0.5361639261245728,
-0.6557384729385376,
-0.4848876893520355,
0.041176602244377136,
-0.4241606891155243,
-0.09906363487243652,
-0.61644047498703,
-0.37016111612319946,
-0.4814291000366211,
-0.07465329766273499,
-0.08009570837020874,
-0.4438048005104065,
0.0655844584107399,
0.32077649235725403,
-0.8343544602394104,
0.23378196358680725,
-0.02594948746263981,
-0.19613517820835114,
0.7173186540603638,
0.13611750304698944,
-0.8163068294525146,
-0.42723459005355835,
0.009203431196510792,
-0.07820959389209747,
-0.3869055509567261,
0.22776095569133759,
0.1181589886546135,
-0.07219359278678894,
-0.4467790722846985,
0.2798241376876831,
0.04908264800906181,
-0.0940207839012146,
0.5119231343269348,
-0.6440431475639343,
0.08033787459135056,
-0.07980843633413315,
0.99156254529953,
-0.34710437059402466,
0.9014447927474976,
-0.4901861846446991,
0.17232857644557953,
0.47809064388275146,
0.14881540834903717,
0.13742880523204803,
0.12818676233291626,
-0.139444962143898,
-0.8338844180107117,
-0.4051012694835663,
0.7429036498069763,
-0.05783923342823982,
0.7694597244262695,
-0.2218739241361618,
-0.369134783744812,
0.44433581829071045,
-0.12473858147859573,
0.3108305037021637,
-0.2670712172985077,
-0.2749495208263397,
0.2534688115119934,
-0.5869137644767761,
0.2469898760318756,
0.3180959224700928,
-0.5175694227218628,
0.7592365145683289,
-0.04390634596347809,
0.04630054533481598,
0.33009836077690125,
0.20779582858085632,
0.12170935422182083,
-0.2230193316936493,
-0.39537063241004944,
-0.9151214957237244,
-0.49738427996635437,
-0.35904037952423096,
-0.41960808634757996,
-0.1646328866481781,
1.2290953397750854,
0.12953878939151764,
-0.0006431684014387429,
0.567183792591095,
0.6599919199943542,
0.5315622687339783,
-0.9879150390625,
-0.5345603823661804,
-0.1892794668674469,
-0.1226138323545456,
-0.13938242197036743,
-0.5741114020347595,
-0.17495742440223694,
0.012790355831384659,
0.3376545011997223,
-0.33879879117012024,
-0.3802350163459778,
-0.052531346678733826,
0.6212331056594849,
-0.12039322406053543,
-0.5769681930541992,
-0.7832603454589844,
0.09016726166009903,
-0.5424214005470276,
0.028314819559454918,
-0.24327625334262848,
-0.09684870392084122,
-0.008876112289726734,
-0.19374100863933563,
0.41605088114738464,
-0.38110461831092834,
0.5895580053329468,
0.319473534822464,
0.27028682827949524,
0.26568594574928284,
0.011545705609023571,
-0.3158482015132904,
0.24321365356445312,
0.01923315040767193,
-0.531685471534729,
-0.1415138989686966,
-0.0034147235564887524,
-0.5052585601806641,
0.2239493876695633,
0.5105525255203247,
0.5775915384292603,
0.3704378604888916,
-0.3601142168045044,
0.3222283720970154,
-0.22933565080165863,
0.18769830465316772,
-0.06604330986738205,
0.5039937496185303,
-0.17017990350723267,
0.8469705581665039,
0.2504121661186218,
0.3052159547805786,
-0.19761306047439575,
-0.6873474717140198,
-1.1676102876663208,
0.14893345534801483,
0.08117200434207916,
-0.36131730675697327,
0.4170391857624054,
-0.3386974036693573,
0.2161494940519333,
-0.5521206259727478,
0.2276938110589981,
0.00660578440874815,
0.4977116882801056,
0.10662741959095001,
-0.5205596685409546,
0.6651754975318909,
0.3043622374534607,
-0.025279000401496887,
0.4736630618572235,
-0.4640277624130249,
-0.10394313931465149,
0.33079999685287476,
-0.5254618525505066,
0.33959537744522095,
0.358766108751297,
-0.3173992931842804,
-0.265122652053833,
-0.5121126770973206,
-0.721154510974884,
0.3385673761367798,
-0.7566511631011963,
0.5742373466491699,
0.7015551328659058,
0.277700275182724,
-0.4958728849887848,
0.49229928851127625,
-0.15162140130996704,
-0.47468483448028564,
0.43057337403297424,
-0.6884041428565979,
-0.032705459743738174,
0.2174946665763855,
0.30954575538635254,
1.1165015697479248,
0.43741220235824585,
0.37683314085006714,
0.20053556561470032,
-0.2469492405653,
0.5191952586174011,
0.7781191468238831,
-0.4796481430530548,
-0.2090294063091278,
-0.07802598178386688,
-0.05131368339061737,
0.3122307360172272,
-0.8552345633506775,
0.032535821199417114,
0.6951711773872375,
0.5735936760902405,
-0.16399113833904266,
-0.36650338768959045,
0.21136079728603363,
-0.2330845594406128,
0.46162718534469604,
0.49769073724746704,
-0.8063485622406006,
-0.13103549182415009,
-0.18865396082401276,
0.45001962780952454,
-0.6699376702308655,
0.18916480243206024,
0.013094593770802021,
-0.18698720633983612,
0.5134718418121338,
-0.583796501159668,
0.3678509294986725,
0.40093037486076355,
0.07314443588256836,
0.1263771653175354,
0.5455732345581055,
-0.30233559012413025,
-0.3837487995624542,
-0.0064331539906561375,
-0.06821427494287491,
-0.330996572971344,
-0.6491686105728149,
0.024221371859312057,
0.20840540528297424,
0.08907056599855423,
-0.06462142616510391,
0.07544578611850739,
-0.1626792848110199,
0.5943922400474548,
-0.2821057438850403,
0.5822086334228516,
-0.011088298633694649,
0.1903742104768753,
0.1748146265745163,
-0.1079736053943634,
0.762134850025177,
0.49419811367988586,
0.08619271963834763,
-0.1294553279876709,
0.4470542371273041,
-0.15452434122562408,
0.31489357352256775,
-0.5374531745910645,
0.3564791977405548,
0.045722659677267075,
0.33851784467697144,
-0.6576263904571533,
0.36031562089920044,
0.5358932018280029,
-0.6026599407196045,
-0.07253824919462204,
0.24669639766216278,
-0.17460250854492188,
-0.48520413041114807,
0.19154410064220428,
-0.22727389633655548,
0.3230423033237457,
-0.2557072043418884,
-0.13470067083835602,
0.03415857255458832,
-0.17147131264209747,
-0.4763152599334717,
-0.296056866645813,
-0.11983813345432281,
0.38951173424720764,
0.287679523229599,
-0.19409921765327454,
0.15744026005268097,
-0.5412734150886536,
0.2323448210954666,
-0.7265909314155579,
0.6920802593231201,
-0.20976139605045319,
-0.0040819826535880566,
0.06942760944366455,
0.8171704411506653,
0.4722072184085846,
-0.3243628442287445,
0.38687315583229065,
-0.015532830730080605,
-0.151713564991951,
0.004680669866502285,
0.39553260803222656,
-0.24782942235469818,
-0.2266451120376587,
-0.2501337230205536,
-0.053262826055288315,
0.5633261203765869,
0.5737413763999939,
-0.4639672040939331,
0.16046711802482605,
-0.1546092927455902,
-0.7847700715065002,
-0.03474746271967888,
-0.26971057057380676,
-0.6639033555984497,
-0.5117517709732056,
0.2270391285419464
] |
232106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrule | Chondrule | A chondrule (from Ancient Greek χόνδρος chondros, grain) is a round grain found in a chondrite. Chondrules form as molten or partially molten droplets in space before being accreted to their parent asteroids. Because chondrites represent one of the oldest solid materials within the Solar System and are believed to be the building blocks of the planetary system, it follows that an understanding of the formation of chondrules is important to understand the initial development of the planetary system.
Abundance and size
Different kinds of the stony, non-metallic meteorites called chondrites contain different fractions of chondrules (see table below). In general, carbonaceous chondrites contain the smallest percentage (by volume) of chondrules, including the CI chondrites which, paradoxically, do not contain any chondrules despite their designation as chondrites, whereas ordinary and enstatite chondrites contain the most. Because ordinary chondrites represent 80% of the meteorites that fall to earth, and because ordinary chondrites contain 60-80% chondrules, it follows that most of the meteoritic material that falls on earth (excluding dust) is made up of chondrules.
Chondrules can range in diameter from just a few micrometers to over . Again, different kinds of chondrites contain different ranges of chondrule sizes: they are smallest in CH, CM, and CO chondrites (see meteorite classification), moderately large in CR, CV, L, LL, and R chondrites, and largest in some CB chondrites (see table). Other chondrite groups are intermediate between these.
Mineralogy and petrology
Most chondrules are composed primarily of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, surrounded by feldspathic material that may either be glassy or crystalline. Small amounts of other minerals are often present, including Fe sulfide (troilite), metallic Fe-Ni, oxides such as chromite, and phosphates such as merrillite. Less common types of chondrules may be dominantly composed of feldspathic material (again either glassy or crystalline), silica, or metallic Fe-Ni and sulfides.
Chondrules display a wide variety of textures, which can be seen when the chondrule is sliced open and polished. Some show textural evidence for extremely rapid cooling from a molten or nearly completely molten state. Pyroxene-rich chondrules that contain extremely fine-grained, swirling masses of fibrous crystals only a few micrometers in size or smaller are called cryptocrystalline chondrules. When the pyroxene fibers are coarser, they may appear to radiate from a single nucleation site on the surface, forming a radial or excentroradial texture. Olivine-rich chondrules may contain parallel plates of that mineral, surrounded by a continuous shell of olivine and containing feldspathic glass between the plates; these are known as barred textures. Other observed textural features that are clearly the result of very rapid cooling are dendritic and hopper-shaped olivine grains, and chondrules that are composed entirely of glass.
More commonly, chondrules display what is known as a porphyritic texture. In these, grains of olivine and/or pyroxene are equidimensional and sometimes euhedral. They are named on the basis of the dominant mineral, i.e. porphyritic olivine (PO), porphyritic pyroxene (PP), and porphyritic olivine-pyroxene (POP). It seems likely that these chondrules cooled more slowly than those with radial or barred textures, however they still may have solidified in a matter of hours.
The composition of olivine and pyroxene in chondrules varies widely, although the range is usually narrow within any single chondrule. Some chondrules contain very little iron oxide (FeO), resulting in olivine and pyroxene that are close to forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and enstatite (MgSiO3) in composition. These are commonly called Type I chondrules by scientists, and often contain large amounts of metallic Fe. Other chondrules formed under more oxidizing conditions and contain olivine and pyroxene with large amounts of FeO (e.g., olivine with the formula ). Such chondrules are called Type II. Most chondrites contain both Type I and Type II chondrules mixed together, including those with both porphyritic and nonporphyritic textures, although there are exceptions to this.
Formation
Chondrules are believed to have formed by a rapid (flash) heating (within minutes or less) and melting of solid dust aggregates of approximately Solar composition under temperatures of about 1000 K. These temperatures are lower than those under which CAIs are thought to have formed. However, the environmental setting, the energy source for the heating, and the precursor material are not known. The solar nebula or a protoplanetary environment are possible places of formation.
Proposed heating mechanisms are:
Impacts between molten planetesimals
Meteor ablation
Hot inner nebula
FU Orionis-type outburst of the early sun
Energetic bipolar-shaped outflows
Nebular lightning
Magnetic flares
Shock waves in the protoplanetary disk shocks
Supernova radiation and shock wave
Isotope studies indicate a nearby supernova explosion added fresh material to what became the Solar System. The Ningqiang carbonaceous chondrite contained sulfur-36 derived from chlorine-36. As chlorine-36 has a half-life of only 300,000 years, it could not have travelled far from its origin. The presence of iron-60 also indicates a nearby supernova. Such proximity implies the radiation and shock wave would have been significant, although the degree of heating is not known.
In contrast, the fine grained matrix, in which the chondrules are embedded after their accretion into the chondrites parent body, is assumed to have been condensed directly from the solar nebula.
Types
There are a couple of different ways to organize different chondrules into textural types according to their appearance.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
List of meteorite minerals
Carbonaceous chondrites
Chondrites
Cosmochemistry
Radiometric dating
References
Further reading
Wlotzka F., Heide F. (1995). Meteorites: Messengers from Space, Springer Verlag,
Hewins R.H., Jones R.H., and Scott E.R.D. eds. (1996). Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk, Cambridge University Press, UK,
Oliver Botta, Jeffrey L. Bada (2002). "Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds in Meteorites", Surveys in Geophysics 23 (5): 411–467. .
Vogel N. (2003). Chondrule formation and accretion processes in the early solar nebula – Clues from noble gases in different constituents of unequilibrated chondrites, Der Andere Verlag, Osnabrück,
External links
A Pictorial of Chondrules – Meteorites Australia (Meteorites.com.au)
Chondrules and their Origins
Chondrite meteorites
Meteorite mineralogy and petrology | [
-0.4922340214252472,
0.5640630722045898,
-0.48390182852745056,
0.11940363049507141,
-0.17586669325828552,
0.5178460478782654,
-0.28877440094947815,
0.32673895359039307,
-0.18327167630195618,
-0.030832141637802124,
-0.13218258321285248,
0.029316769912838936,
0.07252168655395508,
0.9286284446716309,
-0.14315152168273926,
0.5074869990348816,
0.36509963870048523,
0.47445887327194214,
-0.1552237719297409,
-0.5780419111251831,
0.15495039522647858,
-0.22773469984531403,
0.19800174236297607,
-0.12623779475688934,
0.3876097500324249,
-0.038207028061151505,
0.08076674491167068,
0.0644257590174675,
0.024164950475096703,
-0.18274454772472382,
-0.5025197267532349,
0.8474816679954529,
0.8042033910751343,
-0.4842785894870758,
0.4865756034851074,
0.36741214990615845,
0.3271278142929077,
-0.36182379722595215,
-0.6501442193984985,
-0.8839132785797119,
0.612134575843811,
-0.01268802396953106,
0.4745999872684479,
0.3433704078197479,
-1.0714259147644043,
-0.2059452384710312,
-1.171755075454712,
0.9997703433036804,
-0.8599448204040527,
0.2225896120071411,
0.12157643586397171,
0.4548351466655731,
0.7096777558326721,
-0.2739795446395874,
-0.37739497423171997,
0.7242920994758606,
-0.9362486004829407,
0.38309887051582336,
0.6134862899780273,
-0.34212133288383484,
-0.011534078046679497,
-0.11236242949962616,
-0.2840993404388428,
0.23310008645057678,
0.06634095311164856,
0.5198803544044495,
-0.24727927148342133,
0.46177220344543457,
-0.6159084439277649,
0.11037138849496841,
-0.24655362963676453,
-0.6262232065200806,
-0.13344544172286987,
0.4583292305469513,
-0.2773180305957794,
-0.00887666828930378,
-0.639430046081543,
-0.4498152732849121,
0.009749052114784718,
0.3820539116859436,
-0.49475786089897156,
0.3614954650402069,
-0.026668695732951164,
-0.29951366782188416,
0.21228645741939545,
0.39389941096305847,
-0.6092614531517029,
0.5970034599304199,
-0.7928802967071533,
0.40962937474250793,
-0.09666190296411514,
0.006817057728767395,
0.6762591600418091,
0.46578362584114075,
-0.10593340545892715,
-0.838748037815094,
0.1783434897661209,
-0.1811245232820511,
0.7083638310432434,
0.2469322830438614,
-0.04921809956431389,
-0.3154543340206146,
0.31792396306991577,
0.13232354819774628,
0.04458268731832504,
-0.07413298636674881,
-0.13787147402763367,
-0.7435535788536072,
-0.19907045364379883,
0.06646201759576797,
-0.04154963046312332,
0.3350549340248108,
-0.177298903465271,
0.3540283441543579,
-0.2996884286403656,
-0.13759112358093262,
-0.21402673423290253,
-0.12152022868394852,
-0.4170667827129364,
-0.406155526638031,
-0.025060510262846947,
0.5677793025970459,
0.14451585710048676,
0.18805024027824402,
-0.3478356897830963,
-0.15086625516414642,
0.13525214791297913,
0.6879425644874573,
-0.6964799761772156,
0.25755566358566284,
0.31667762994766235,
0.7109932899475098,
0.15991957485675812,
0.29165223240852356,
-0.3526762127876282,
-0.3352029025554657,
-0.20208297669887543,
-0.21216203272342682,
0.7691702842712402,
0.3170863091945648,
-0.6986904144287109,
0.4145207107067108,
-0.6258103251457214,
0.2115231603384018,
-0.27571141719818115,
-0.6039518117904663,
0.07359469681978226,
-0.2676487863063812,
-0.5241860151290894,
-0.12204314023256302,
0.5314950942993164,
0.130620077252388,
0.36213940382003784,
0.3885570764541626,
-0.7597965598106384,
-0.28135642409324646,
-0.3279520571231842,
0.20441927015781403,
-0.4084865152835846,
0.01527027040719986,
-0.44770416617393494,
0.12408453971147537,
0.13757961988449097,
-0.4998815357685089,
0.007150134537369013,
-0.10677420347929001,
0.8555600047111511,
0.11105562001466751,
-0.2122064232826233,
0.725445568561554,
-0.30192533135414124,
0.028500469401478767,
0.5218332409858704,
0.4143986403942108,
-0.32796511054039,
0.1276184618473053,
0.23719166219234467,
0.23283199965953827,
0.8931208252906799,
-0.33828169107437134,
-0.6734756827354431,
0.2452016919851303,
0.4951874315738678,
-0.24503076076507568,
0.22768381237983704,
0.34646621346473694,
0.5438989996910095,
-0.06191105395555496,
-0.14685752987861633,
-0.24732758104801178,
-0.5502481460571289,
-0.21975259482860565,
-0.15816619992256165,
-0.18502256274223328,
1.3443669080734253,
0.1159319207072258,
-0.580272376537323,
-0.303556352853775,
0.14784947037696838,
-0.07567090541124344,
-0.8463879823684692,
0.12130272388458252,
0.2026107758283615,
-0.3690791428089142,
-0.09170882403850555,
0.4279952049255371,
0.41431570053100586,
0.19271880388259888,
0.6185417175292969,
0.34084880352020264,
0.13076947629451752,
-0.7895123958587646,
1.0825555324554443,
-0.5786907076835632,
0.24112315475940704,
0.08955138176679611,
-0.24854780733585358,
0.4707910716533661,
-0.030259136110544205,
-0.0200510211288929,
0.4919135272502899,
-0.654969334602356,
-0.3108871579170227,
0.4884259104728699,
-0.3480699360370636,
0.2868223786354065,
0.7055038809776306,
-0.12561248242855072,
0.3033847510814667,
-0.22894369065761566,
0.19718676805496216,
-0.22009800374507904,
1.1003339290618896,
-0.39506304264068604,
-0.3567170202732086,
0.09926210343837738,
0.17090709507465363,
-0.3337452709674835,
0.24988096952438354,
-0.41634491086006165,
0.16081219911575317,
-0.029296886175870895,
-0.25814178586006165,
-0.07445167005062103,
0.1979335993528366,
0.39167553186416626,
-0.043850746005773544,
0.1628243774175644,
-0.011986233294010162,
-0.2828525900840759,
0.12939083576202393,
0.4049992263317108,
0.2734701335430145,
-0.19693520665168762,
-0.11818427592515945,
-0.179190993309021,
0.2581793963909149,
0.2972913980484009,
0.18183961510658264,
-0.2248842865228653,
-0.5363888144493103,
-0.16125480830669403,
0.020864564925432205,
-0.4238393306732178,
0.1110638678073883,
0.07538565248250961,
-0.10003337264060974,
-0.19930370151996613,
0.7539515495300293,
0.21191847324371338,
0.11449571698904037,
0.12009832262992859,
-1.015933632850647,
0.4460415542125702,
0.07768341898918152,
-0.6702012419700623,
-0.12040960043668747,
0.012690319679677486,
-0.9287093281745911,
-0.8375441431999207,
0.04970238730311394,
0.7976434826850891,
0.3514503538608551,
-0.23208646476268768,
-0.03787379711866379,
-0.09650386869907379,
-0.06979834288358688,
0.04320906475186348,
0.3338940739631653,
-0.8293108344078064,
-0.48500728607177734,
0.3198961615562439,
-0.5675597190856934,
0.02252952940762043,
-0.033748310059309006,
0.7374892234802246,
-0.21270446479320526,
-0.314170777797699,
0.3782230615615845,
-0.4663422405719757,
0.12330210953950882,
-0.5263374447822571,
-0.4743209779262543,
0.32463008165359497,
0.22090266644954681,
0.261820912361145,
-0.07856879383325577,
0.07256527245044708,
-5.681149482727051,
-0.09867921471595764,
-0.5822080373764038,
-0.5157002806663513,
0.4074828624725342,
0.3481665253639221,
-0.13953940570354462,
-0.050329115241765976,
-0.1336718201637268,
-0.08354238420724869,
-0.374953955411911,
0.11199873685836792,
-0.2604328691959381,
0.36757808923721313,
0.8065456748008728,
0.3378579318523407,
0.528032660484314,
0.07437650859355927,
-0.16951614618301392,
0.26316723227500916,
0.2363867610692978,
0.26860302686691284,
-0.3430352210998535,
0.7764378190040588,
-0.7219146490097046,
0.0021405955776572227,
0.22876876592636108,
0.09451160579919815,
-0.7758752107620239,
-0.1821586638689041,
-0.4431770443916321,
-0.297884464263916,
0.08344237506389618,
-0.47154271602630615,
0.18607625365257263,
0.16494177281856537,
-0.02723059058189392,
0.038313575088977814,
-0.003420252352952957,
-0.11536554992198944,
-0.23695987462997437,
0.7213978171348572,
0.32415464520454407,
0.4292728304862976,
0.7736931443214417,
-0.4790244400501251,
-0.21932467818260193,
-0.25434359908103943,
-0.6264505386352539,
0.5254674553871155,
0.20966170728206635,
0.13868850469589233,
0.2067345529794693,
-0.19423186779022217,
-0.29102402925491333,
0.6794186234474182,
0.5577593445777893,
0.0812993198633194,
-0.6618135571479797,
-0.071348637342453,
0.4848596155643463,
-0.10862044990062714,
-0.2763749063014984,
-0.332537978887558,
-0.15337173640727997,
-0.5798938870429993,
-0.4757319390773773,
0.44781970977783203,
0.3501811623573303,
0.1836497038602829,
-0.17581242322921753,
0.28088968992233276,
0.21171019971370697,
-0.3002289831638336,
0.23496679961681366,
-0.10467663407325745,
-0.18173019587993622,
-0.270567923784256,
-0.04379953444004059,
0.4347667992115021,
-0.11868969351053238,
0.0589320994913578,
0.49301761388778687,
0.14366258680820465,
0.22480592131614685,
-0.16826197504997253,
-0.1768055260181427,
0.3739955723285675,
-0.5761597156524658,
-0.021654879674315453,
0.7886823415756226,
-0.24767069518566132,
0.33398839831352234,
0.38547560572624207,
0.13561981916427612,
0.6197883486747742,
0.04769399017095566,
-0.18857194483280182,
0.635335385799408,
-0.14866816997528076,
0.43129727244377136,
-0.14492535591125488,
0.29637521505355835,
-0.06180768460035324,
-0.18181626498699188,
-0.20046725869178772,
-0.4737071394920349,
0.43371614813804626,
0.41731685400009155,
0.3003081977367401,
0.20576782524585724,
0.533955991268158,
-0.09202812612056732,
-0.08845110982656479,
0.3337312638759613,
0.06380756199359894,
-0.49426665902137756,
-0.2050624042749405,
0.16367973387241364,
-0.2949060797691345,
0.21641236543655396,
0.15026570856571198,
-0.5727518796920776,
-0.1856987178325653,
-0.17827773094177246,
-0.5565674901008606,
0.45955750346183777,
-0.2867703139781952,
0.141987144947052,
0.3223905563354492,
0.025174176320433617,
-0.20484615862369537,
-0.17121312022209167,
-0.2761988341808319,
0.1414109170436859,
-0.116553395986557,
-0.03469106927514076,
0.28529873490333557,
-1.0835281610488892,
-0.5693491697311401,
0.47475045919418335,
-0.42137622833251953,
-0.03920985758304596,
0.23723380267620087,
0.6204633116722107,
0.11450464278459549,
-0.4769795835018158,
0.387186199426651,
-0.3828773498535156,
0.6882311105728149,
-0.18581323325634003,
0.1415388584136963,
0.3281800150871277,
-0.2993882894515991,
-0.0633455365896225,
0.090074323117733,
0.07246436923742294,
0.5252450704574585,
0.22860009968280792,
-0.5168775916099548,
-0.17646944522857666,
0.23793523013591766,
-1.2033462524414062,
-0.059620779007673264,
-0.4889848828315735,
-0.11627461761236191,
-0.4227603077888489,
-0.2523261606693268,
-0.091859832406044,
0.8546856045722961,
-0.15027004480361938,
0.35725709795951843,
-0.18163776397705078,
-0.22012336552143097,
-0.1493961662054062,
0.4615704417228699,
0.6195346713066101,
0.10378618538379669,
-0.01814686879515648,
-0.05378221720457077,
-0.16306856274604797,
-0.18736803531646729,
0.13956700265407562,
0.33152782917022705,
0.17004050314426422,
-0.4339318573474884,
-0.6175495386123657,
0.18005120754241943,
-0.44568106532096863,
-0.36914363503456116,
-0.24563440680503845,
-0.2974773347377777,
0.08640580624341965,
0.41413959860801697,
0.17648445069789886,
-0.31173229217529297,
-0.055724676698446274,
0.2643607556819916,
-0.4087023138999939,
-0.760303795337677,
-0.20934294164180756,
-0.0038650936912745237,
-0.7862206697463989,
0.4917594790458679,
0.3717588484287262,
-0.5619646310806274,
0.43396490812301636,
-0.38337424397468567,
-0.015592874959111214,
0.2660219669342041,
-0.13055390119552612,
-0.23876647651195526,
-0.27621686458587646,
0.3593182861804962,
-0.13615480065345764,
0.0005354045424610376,
0.03817543759942055,
-0.058107562363147736,
-0.1390661895275116,
-0.4249880611896515,
0.021953487768769264,
-0.3211238980293274,
-0.25081878900527954,
0.016541676595807076,
-0.21275188028812408,
0.44517889618873596,
0.34121763706207275,
-0.2448987364768982,
0.1969761997461319,
-0.06719402968883514,
0.5209380984306335,
-0.12437088042497635,
0.05162922665476799,
-0.6151491403579712,
-0.07623337209224701,
-0.10820508003234863,
0.013122188858687878,
0.14522288739681244,
-0.00978774856775999,
0.09364918619394302,
0.5945810079574585,
0.7706220746040344,
0.7318835854530334,
0.5586454272270203,
-0.023379767313599586,
-0.2525065839290619,
0.4251865744590759,
-0.5333118438720703,
-0.3443065285682678,
0.5584455728530884,
0.5119909048080444,
-0.0036657715681940317,
-0.2750326693058014,
-0.788202166557312,
0.5704836249351501,
-0.026071885600686073,
0.32980474829673767,
-0.23898236453533173,
0.07758603990077972,
0.8915140628814697,
-0.0022365627810359,
-0.051189158111810684,
0.06251039355993271,
0.048825059086084366,
-0.003625504905357957,
-0.17409677803516388,
-0.7980279326438904,
-0.04978315532207489,
0.6104746460914612,
-1.0742584466934204,
0.4855257272720337,
0.35490304231643677,
0.23313932120800018,
0.32689714431762695,
0.3594962954521179,
0.24534189701080322,
-0.033106934279203415,
-0.8539477586746216,
0.058945633471012115,
-0.124845951795578,
-0.9787318706512451,
-0.2252550572156906,
0.23895524442195892,
0.11711154878139496,
0.2223721593618393,
-0.3453909158706665,
-0.7545632123947144,
0.03359835222363472,
-0.34420251846313477,
-0.13445015251636505,
-0.515907347202301,
0.32031354308128357,
-0.265190064907074,
0.14331915974617004,
-0.14200828969478607,
0.35760822892189026,
-0.11419705301523209,
0.44839996099472046,
-0.1287163943052292,
0.7597370147705078,
-1.266939640045166,
0.3931000232696533,
0.23226770758628845,
-0.882306694984436,
-0.056145064532756805,
0.17647713422775269,
0.0061133489944040775,
-0.05634070932865143,
-0.018577516078948975,
0.10132641345262527,
0.5380721092224121,
-0.2974279820919037,
-0.686617910861969,
-0.1681184321641922,
0.009220460429787636,
-0.43234241008758545,
0.2883515954017639,
-0.3482052981853485,
0.2898808717727661,
0.6058686375617981,
0.34554916620254517,
0.18920964002609253,
0.10350055992603302,
-0.2115718424320221,
-0.06344722956418991,
0.3588416278362274,
-0.5460892915725708,
0.23207977414131165,
-0.38561496138572693,
0.19668252766132355,
0.4686006009578705,
0.0850902572274208,
-0.45074498653411865,
0.20741227269172668,
0.3114098608493805,
-0.4180286228656769,
-0.1587037593126297,
-0.7949278950691223,
0.052321434020996094,
0.5779778361320496,
0.4108281433582306,
0.14164908230304718,
-0.17277133464813232,
-0.11201387643814087,
0.12387601286172867,
0.5102536082267761,
-0.17270317673683167,
-0.5829590559005737,
-0.2743763029575348,
0.23062221705913544,
0.2678178548812866,
-0.09717944264411926,
0.5116187334060669,
-0.1085883304476738,
-0.1023579090833664,
-0.33174246549606323,
0.42876818776130676,
0.3621082305908203,
-0.2556174397468567,
0.668731689453125,
-0.34210243821144104,
0.33020713925361633,
-0.22870707511901855,
0.03748847916722298,
-0.2536368668079376,
-0.028783155605196953,
-0.21355153620243073,
-1.1580719947814941,
-0.5684351325035095,
-0.07552163302898407,
0.02295682020485401,
0.18878290057182312,
-0.22889135777950287,
0.5770223736763,
-0.051562994718551636,
-0.3169272541999817,
-0.11108140647411346,
0.7218844890594482,
0.07713685184717178,
0.23094429075717926,
-0.31070345640182495,
0.020778285339474678,
-0.4159294068813324,
-0.2512971758842468,
-0.6977229714393616,
-0.5292714834213257,
0.43275049328804016,
0.24635714292526245,
0.0796113982796669,
-0.2744586169719696,
0.2749323844909668,
-0.16616199910640717,
-0.1668064296245575,
0.03953494876623154,
-0.4634011685848236,
-0.06760701537132263,
-0.39726659655570984,
1.161238193511963,
0.35233622789382935,
0.22545479238033295,
-0.31531089544296265,
-0.3727496862411499,
0.07813038676977158,
0.177549347281456,
-0.12620463967323303,
0.19257478415966034,
0.30318713188171387,
0.8121785521507263,
-0.979465901851654,
0.542600691318512,
0.5474734902381897,
-0.5914450287818909,
-0.2506144642829895,
0.7491058707237244,
0.016405614092946053,
-0.36649441719055176,
0.46700701117515564,
-0.3744637966156006,
0.21474188566207886,
-0.4406594932079315,
0.3504151701927185,
-0.1282559335231781,
0.20737603306770325,
0.08879411220550537,
-0.14838440716266632,
-0.3070806562900543,
0.4613460302352905,
-0.07805474102497101,
-0.30496692657470703,
0.1876586675643921,
-0.12157084792852402,
0.47890132665634155,
-0.3907069265842438,
0.6984105706214905,
-0.5983077883720398,
0.148010715842247,
-0.08083534985780716,
0.2458166927099228,
-0.033682938665151596,
-0.20592397451400757,
0.4252302050590515,
-0.32865381240844727,
-0.6370529532432556,
-0.593040406703949,
-0.26592034101486206,
0.7485039830207825,
-0.17031094431877136,
-0.09477853775024414,
0.08272267878055573,
0.5630905032157898,
0.2607930600643158,
-0.24863573908805847,
0.17010065913200378,
0.30198097229003906,
-0.18063662946224213,
-0.7311590909957886,
-0.3022181987762451,
-0.38658109307289124,
0.18121348321437836,
0.20361913740634918
] |
232111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy%20cane | Candy cane | A candy cane is a cane-shaped stick candy often associated with Christmastide, as well as Saint Nicholas Day. It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint, but they also come in a variety of other flavors and colors.
History
A record of the 1837 exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, where confections were judged competitively, mentions "stick candy". A recipe for straight peppermint candy sticks, white with colored stripes, was published in The Complete Confectioner, Pastry-Cook, and Baker, in 1844. The earliest documentation of a "candy cane" is found in the short story "Tom Luther's Stockings", published in Ballou's Monthly Magazine in 1866. Although described as "mammoth", no mention of color or flavor was provided. The Nursery monthly magazine mentions "candy-canes" in association with Christmas in 1874, and Babyland magazine describes "tall, twisted candy canes" being hung on a Christmas tree in 1882.
Folklore
A common folkloric story of the origin of candy canes says that in 1670, in Cologne, Germany, the choirmaster at Cologne Cathedral, wishing to remedy the noise caused by children in his church during the Living Crèche tradition of Christmas Eve, asked a local candy maker for some "sugar sticks" for them. In order to justify the practice of giving candy to children during worship services, he asked the candy maker to add a crook to the top of each stick, which would help children remember the shepherds who visited the infant Jesus. In addition, he used the white color of the converted sticks to teach children about the Christian belief in the sinless life of Jesus. From Germany, candy canes spread to other parts of Europe, where they were handed out during plays reenacting the Nativity. The candy cane became associated with Christmastide.
Production
As with other forms of stick candy, the earliest canes were manufactured by hand. Chicago confectioners the Bunte Brothers filed one of the earliest patents for candy cane making machines in the early 1920s.
In 1919 in Albany, Georgia, Robert McCormack began making candy canes for local children and by the middle of the century, his company (originally the Famous Candy Company, then the Mills-McCormack Candy Company, and later Bobs Candies) had become one of the world's leading candy cane producers. Candy cane manufacturing initially required significant labor that limited production quantities; the canes had to be bent manually as they came off the assembly line to create their curved shape and breakage often ran over 20 percent. McCormack's brother-in-law, Gregory Harding Keller, was a seminary student in Rome who spent his summers working in the candy factory back home. In 1957, Keller, as an ordained Roman Catholic priest of the Diocese of Little Rock, patented his invention, the Keller Machine, which automated the process of twisting soft candy into spiral striping and cutting it into precise lengths as candy canes.
Use during Saint Nicholas Day
On Saint Nicholas Day celebrations, candy canes are given to children as they are also said to represent the crosier of the Christian bishop, Saint Nicholas; crosiers allude to the Good Shepherd, a name sometimes used to refer to Jesus of Nazareth.
See also
Polkagris
Stick candy
References
External links
Candy
Christian symbols
Christmas food | [
0.010434313677251339,
0.2931884825229645,
0.0909373015165329,
0.5068324208259583,
-0.18783560395240784,
0.39279669523239136,
0.23401165008544922,
0.9502982497215271,
-0.5680710077285767,
-0.20726178586483002,
-0.22006602585315704,
-0.12319140136241913,
-0.0973321944475174,
0.582951009273529,
-0.43007901310920715,
0.5544416308403015,
0.20836731791496277,
0.6900293827056885,
0.2041005790233612,
-0.55165034532547,
-0.4376172125339508,
-0.5688641667366028,
0.4051552414894104,
-0.12933747470378876,
0.41459813714027405,
-0.4276832640171051,
-0.07758644223213196,
-0.009999088943004608,
0.2117539644241333,
0.056666068732738495,
-0.09047673642635345,
0.36924460530281067,
0.4298034608364105,
-0.21341341733932495,
0.20817413926124573,
-0.08126068115234375,
-0.08831252157688141,
-0.5693593621253967,
-0.17440415918827057,
-0.616441011428833,
0.2117919921875,
-0.2786606550216675,
0.10079224407672882,
0.02322705090045929,
0.09934715926647186,
-0.33795541524887085,
-1.22818124294281,
0.2901371717453003,
-0.2520604133605957,
0.1873096525669098,
-0.3437117338180542,
0.35445764660835266,
0.3149149417877197,
0.16533838212490082,
0.4667454957962036,
0.5278545022010803,
-0.3037223219871521,
0.3826098144054413,
0.4364146888256073,
-0.5361236333847046,
-0.21236364543437958,
0.13751041889190674,
0.3253868520259857,
-0.321637362241745,
-0.26588714122772217,
-0.08303112536668777,
0.39043089747428894,
0.4496003985404968,
-0.4360707998275757,
-0.8644298911094666,
-0.1590133160352707,
-1.073005199432373,
-0.08367346227169037,
-0.22589266300201416,
0.5773388147354126,
-0.6836471557617188,
0.1451653689146042,
-0.17357131838798523,
0.42379409074783325,
0.2850213050842285,
-0.03894992917776108,
0.3251800537109375,
0.6558341979980469,
0.6485406756401062,
-0.19860494136810303,
0.9830151200294495,
-0.2896590232849121,
0.16370980441570282,
-0.26039841771125793,
0.31195324659347534,
-0.3882194757461548,
0.28799620270729065,
1.0433474779129028,
0.4689392149448395,
-0.4474807381629944,
-0.18211214244365692,
0.26023849844932556,
-0.06316278129816055,
0.548561155796051,
0.6256013512611389,
0.19067732989788055,
-0.129577174782753,
0.6310006380081177,
0.49756160378456116,
-0.303143709897995,
0.17652089893817902,
0.13891543447971344,
-0.18237897753715515,
-0.24710462987422943,
-0.37611913681030273,
-0.1512027531862259,
-0.00637626089155674,
-0.058937717229127884,
1.0977839231491089,
0.020357897505164146,
-0.2278197705745697,
0.574184000492096,
-0.19844363629817963,
-0.7302801609039307,
0.01961630769073963,
0.13408152759075165,
-0.05815768986940384,
0.056538175791502,
-0.264320433139801,
0.21478056907653809,
0.3688155710697174,
0.1291017234325409,
0.6194140315055847,
-0.00717298174276948,
0.0437307171523571,
0.4225504696369171,
0.35543912649154663,
-0.1481724977493286,
-0.385663777589798,
-0.22661468386650085,
-0.5139856934547424,
-0.007031566463410854,
0.23025991022586823,
0.45145463943481445,
0.019444605335593224,
-1.0949766635894775,
-0.29241859912872314,
-0.543358564376831,
-0.5932281017303467,
-0.020986337214708328,
-0.34392106533050537,
-0.3166975677013397,
-0.26934605836868286,
-0.39704954624176025,
0.18394309282302856,
0.15607161819934845,
0.1577848494052887,
-0.28100910782814026,
0.35753607749938965,
-0.08392124623060226,
0.19604799151420593,
-0.34573107957839966,
0.19459085166454315,
-0.24750542640686035,
0.010063630528748035,
-0.21455059945583344,
0.18611061573028564,
-0.5246899127960205,
0.08505385369062424,
-0.0829501822590828,
0.35628968477249146,
0.4244033694267273,
0.354122132062912,
0.2757129371166229,
0.38054177165031433,
0.30660244822502136,
0.3195575773715973,
-0.09900042414665222,
-0.4451671838760376,
-0.8875615000724792,
0.3995738923549652,
0.20043246448040009,
-0.11688637733459473,
0.44968369603157043,
0.12170930206775665,
-0.26137232780456543,
0.6534267663955688,
0.5898926258087158,
-0.5760805010795593,
-0.867474377155304,
0.2612241506576538,
0.24415244162082672,
-0.13383322954177856,
0.2228473424911499,
-0.8275211453437805,
-0.33676430583000183,
0.12691424787044525,
-0.12256629019975662,
-0.6953051090240479,
0.7337060570716858,
0.12100111693143845,
-0.9631280303001404,
0.5208792090415955,
0.056571248918771744,
-0.07382047921419144,
-0.1100735291838646,
0.0570451058447361,
0.14856791496276855,
-0.5234679579734802,
-0.8956623077392578,
0.3546740412712097,
0.14354762434959412,
0.08046045899391174,
0.3247900605201721,
-0.01634620875120163,
0.35218238830566406,
-0.6235008835792542,
0.6500518918037415,
-0.459598183631897,
-0.17515073716640472,
0.37703779339790344,
-0.1817433089017868,
-0.029089443385601044,
0.10794798284769058,
-0.3877858519554138,
0.07066815346479416,
-0.038681887090206146,
-0.2730807363986969,
0.3412601947784424,
0.1302325427532196,
0.7801498770713806,
-0.26201871037483215,
0.04054516181349754,
0.4671810567378998,
-0.3611905574798584,
0.4753705561161041,
-0.02775822952389717,
0.21086834371089935,
-0.4468553364276886,
-0.4861789047718048,
0.13773731887340546,
0.40561625361442566,
-0.380975604057312,
0.15148700773715973,
0.022291116416454315,
0.15686723589897156,
0.14394865930080414,
0.03248250484466553,
-0.2514578104019165,
0.14237451553344727,
-0.387294739484787,
-0.524329662322998,
0.09879107773303986,
0.10163519531488419,
-0.32643046975135803,
-0.1063246876001358,
0.5418868064880371,
0.03633086383342743,
0.5365222692489624,
0.2592140734195709,
0.28476187586784363,
-0.3965199589729309,
-0.007884874939918518,
0.11992836743593216,
0.6887491345405579,
0.000007571079549961723,
-0.0015202094800770283,
0.239967480301857,
0.2717754542827606,
-0.1950002759695053,
0.005068530794233084,
0.04363952949643135,
-0.14859813451766968,
0.10136665403842926,
0.49404415488243103,
0.06349397450685501,
-0.18659129738807678,
-0.5874093770980835,
-0.2862330973148346,
0.1408192664384842,
-0.49727895855903625,
0.06299906969070435,
0.46403613686561584,
-0.6418799161911011,
-0.5311141610145569,
-0.1873382329940796,
0.36059701442718506,
0.5915878415107727,
-0.3169914782047272,
-0.4592824876308441,
-0.9811241626739502,
0.0924685075879097,
-0.7154467105865479,
0.10831788182258606,
-0.38651779294013977,
-0.4225136339664459,
0.8445755839347839,
-0.42593127489089966,
-0.008286201395094395,
-0.07477149367332458,
0.07363259792327881,
0.1144670844078064,
0.46323418617248535,
0.7277536988258362,
-0.6288397312164307,
0.36705154180526733,
-0.2442847043275833,
-0.17521393299102783,
-0.04874379187822342,
0.2626621425151825,
0.47493889927864075,
-0.07152397185564041,
-0.5100659728050232,
-5.928709983825684,
-0.16301722824573517,
-0.5627076625823975,
-0.27619749307632446,
-0.09218315035104752,
0.5744858980178833,
1.0293275117874146,
-0.3207554519176483,
0.029080934822559357,
-0.2445455640554428,
0.24827134609222412,
0.3183322250843048,
-0.06292218714952469,
0.1372370570898056,
0.430430144071579,
0.1758064180612564,
0.48412269353866577,
-0.8378463387489319,
0.33763587474823,
-0.12976805865764618,
-0.11186780780553818,
0.39025601744651794,
-0.01239488460123539,
0.631622850894928,
-0.11942515522241592,
-0.08495074510574341,
-0.3362583816051483,
0.09724310785531998,
-0.11746865510940552,
0.5683231949806213,
-0.12301195412874222,
-0.29237255454063416,
-0.3192673921585083,
-0.9871833920478821,
0.3368995189666748,
0.06826519221067429,
0.30333176255226135,
-0.20602910220623016,
0.24731749296188354,
0.043826762586832047,
0.07956171035766602,
0.5331293344497681,
0.08600365370512009,
-0.11474568396806717,
0.5194376111030579,
-0.2819857895374298,
-0.11071360856294632,
-0.48623210191726685,
-0.647405743598938,
0.6848763227462769,
0.3220590054988861,
0.2821577191352844,
0.13176774978637695,
-0.16752658784389496,
0.5529573559761047,
0.3499215841293335,
0.40157586336135864,
0.05508216843008995,
-0.9766502976417542,
-0.14664974808692932,
0.6759932041168213,
0.4348057806491852,
-0.24310366809368134,
-0.04967750981450081,
-0.547224760055542,
-0.15007492899894714,
-0.6609952449798584,
0.19150488078594208,
0.5964156985282898,
0.012373818084597588,
-0.5340163707733154,
-0.4035916030406952,
-0.14598862826824188,
-0.7037163972854614,
0.26525193452835083,
-0.10794416069984436,
-0.24466487765312195,
0.3338146209716797,
-0.2935561239719391,
0.2583514153957367,
-0.1578102856874466,
-0.2643919289112091,
0.0751686692237854,
0.00022823170002084225,
0.09672018140554428,
-0.09652694314718246,
-0.5402719378471375,
-0.365554541349411,
-0.3182348906993866,
0.10287531465291977,
0.39844948053359985,
0.28119978308677673,
0.08416162431240082,
-0.1455465704202652,
0.052046310156583786,
0.5368698835372925,
0.4500430226325989,
0.031715475022792816,
-0.1285841017961502,
-0.2680422365665436,
0.4269397556781769,
0.24389860033988953,
0.3679659068584442,
-0.5534734725952148,
0.12126430124044418,
-0.1530856341123581,
-0.2506915330886841,
0.3714699447154999,
0.6807382106781006,
-0.17589522898197174,
0.08907921612262726,
0.030497703701257706,
-0.4806981682777405,
-0.5098630785942078,
0.2033964991569519,
-0.02386041171848774,
0.2674481272697449,
0.5727683305740356,
0.11630360037088394,
-0.5936375260353088,
0.18688911199569702,
-0.06786074489355087,
-0.06835133582353592,
-0.3680395483970642,
-0.015997380018234253,
-0.27987149357795715,
-0.27579137682914734,
0.23199012875556946,
0.3708799183368683,
0.4610268771648407,
0.2266772985458374,
0.20301920175552368,
-0.1756356954574585,
-0.2589683532714844,
-0.12596440315246582,
0.07139740884304047,
-0.07869501411914825,
-0.724443256855011,
-0.28999409079551697,
-0.7675454616546631,
0.17944742739200592,
-0.6121419072151184,
0.0044037350453436375,
0.1125086173415184,
0.5832371711730957,
0.3275585174560547,
-0.3111603856086731,
-0.47260528802871704,
-0.24961979687213898,
0.5424594879150391,
-0.06490909308195114,
0.6695613265037537,
0.05436275899410248,
0.24014270305633545,
-0.05706074833869934,
-0.21165812015533447,
0.5452733635902405,
0.26183879375457764,
-0.1783864051103592,
-0.010060942731797695,
0.2873016893863678,
-0.5762563347816467,
-1.3224788904190063,
0.014674527570605278,
-0.1810334175825119,
0.1796928346157074,
-0.6333414912223816,
0.1608460396528244,
0.3747359812259674,
0.5450075268745422,
0.3146626055240631,
-0.6552691459655762,
-0.8366835117340088,
0.22264602780342102,
0.364044189453125,
0.10349878668785095,
-0.21373866498470306,
-0.43444985151290894,
-0.2430448830127716,
-0.5678828358650208,
0.1209125891327858,
-0.5743939280509949,
-0.17332974076271057,
-0.46792086958885193,
0.10975381731987,
-0.4955421984195709,
0.15444998443126678,
-0.12553666532039642,
-0.001453972770832479,
0.2520897686481476,
-0.2760084271430969,
-0.1701243370771408,
0.03400324285030365,
0.06923949718475342,
-0.30441269278526306,
-0.5853784084320068,
-0.372271865606308,
0.7657297849655151,
0.17646466195583344,
-0.38356441259384155,
0.06004813313484192,
-0.12682342529296875,
-0.8759340047836304,
0.29245004057884216,
0.2532617449760437,
-0.34269845485687256,
0.28376641869544983,
0.018008628860116005,
-0.23664116859436035,
0.17326876521110535,
-0.2850833833217621,
-0.38429543375968933,
0.19191013276576996,
0.5675930380821228,
0.07101070135831833,
0.18102116882801056,
-0.1448516547679901,
0.3231057822704315,
-0.2389204502105713,
-0.273641973733902,
0.1605266034603119,
0.17673765122890472,
-0.8962411284446716,
-0.4022686183452606,
-0.04351411759853363,
0.8839586973190308,
1.0078670978546143,
-0.5444685220718384,
0.21789054572582245,
-0.052494440227746964,
0.5863849520683289,
-0.678781270980835,
-0.4163910150527954,
0.10936838388442993,
-0.17183904349803925,
0.6699773669242859,
-0.609348475933075,
0.1932268738746643,
0.2281835675239563,
0.3631371259689331,
0.4434953033924103,
0.6255843639373779,
-0.49711766839027405,
-0.5526571273803711,
-0.2572144567966461,
0.556953489780426,
0.3462395966053009,
-0.6990427374839783,
-0.39090782403945923,
0.40186452865600586,
-0.628724992275238,
-0.34234970808029175,
0.3978942036628723,
0.02185346558690071,
0.24247151613235474,
-0.3275658190250397,
-0.45165929198265076,
0.4296908676624298,
0.5827574133872986,
0.07152770459651947,
-0.22608350217342377,
-0.45419448614120483,
-0.18520471453666687,
0.21842755377292633,
-0.13465872406959534,
-0.29876309633255005,
-0.3852168917655945,
0.16238071024417877,
-0.058971576392650604,
-0.31296321749687195,
0.5164927840232849,
0.38513606786727905,
0.749632716178894,
0.5599079132080078,
-0.35833293199539185,
0.10827381908893585,
-0.15971507132053375,
-0.17368480563163757,
-0.3184836506843567,
0.19147799909114838,
-0.519446611404419,
-0.21039284765720367,
-0.0941522866487503,
0.1392061412334442,
0.07649614661931992,
-0.5003520846366882,
0.12138909101486206,
0.02073550783097744,
-0.07655300199985504,
-0.3793496787548065,
-0.07438856363296509,
0.8678010702133179,
-0.09165104478597641,
0.10410645604133606,
0.06351663917303085,
0.3300693929195404,
0.2701402008533478,
0.18038158118724823,
0.13144278526306152,
0.13332942128181458,
-0.09242822974920273,
0.37288767099380493,
0.29789382219314575,
-1.0149787664413452,
-0.1903880536556244,
-0.039077915251255035,
-0.11158745735883713,
-0.19410757720470428,
-0.39147689938545227,
-0.17435047030448914,
0.3914179801940918,
-0.13682837784290314,
-0.19544853270053864,
0.1677676886320114,
0.26513904333114624,
0.08168328553438187,
0.25720223784446716,
-0.019039684906601906,
-0.12285266816616058,
0.49222174286842346,
0.15941528975963593,
0.40043920278549194,
0.37049341201782227,
-0.4566723108291626,
-0.04057850316166878,
0.15944547951221466,
-0.03738692030310631,
-0.11260075867176056,
-0.1629715859889984,
-0.06281471252441406,
0.6735215783119202,
-0.10569208860397339,
-0.2795284688472748,
0.49211329221725464,
0.2728648781776428,
-0.14110200107097626,
-0.20787152647972107,
-0.5198554992675781,
-0.39829346537590027,
0.8663051128387451,
0.6250017881393433,
-0.18616308271884918,
0.07359462976455688,
-0.02852274291217327,
0.5453357100486755,
0.14116735756397247,
0.32896313071250916,
-0.12476455420255661,
0.21602296829223633,
-0.0969088226556778,
0.4546108543872833,
0.12585225701332092,
0.38998669385910034,
-0.24503833055496216,
0.6052222847938538,
-0.4598746597766876,
0.3884221315383911,
-0.38783350586891174,
-0.8038910627365112,
-0.27090704441070557,
-0.2139144241809845,
0.08743137121200562,
0.1855788677930832,
0.07061421871185303,
0.12596088647842407,
0.32823190093040466,
-0.2046632170677185,
0.0028919826727360487,
-0.2666928768157959,
0.012467474676668644,
0.2110109031200409,
-0.09705354273319244,
-0.32158923149108887,
1.0303890705108643,
-0.19541265070438385,
0.36511850357055664,
0.3038361072540283,
0.5703445076942444,
0.4811488389968872,
0.20403093099594116,
-0.35885247588157654,
-0.04540075361728668,
-0.04573473706841469,
0.013920493423938751,
-0.38189274072647095,
-0.28541100025177,
0.18446354568004608,
0.40408995747566223,
-0.34934383630752563,
0.13680876791477203,
0.05123452842235565,
0.020771976560354233,
0.30241668224334717,
-0.3530333638191223,
-0.23471269011497498,
0.5179203152656555,
-0.39218422770500183,
0.992042601108551,
-0.27972736954689026,
0.005255051422864199,
-0.09137336909770966,
-0.035892508924007416,
-0.1225479319691658,
-0.02876388467848301,
-0.6267756223678589,
0.04199649766087532,
-0.08138330280780792,
-0.22356419265270233,
-0.46847009658813477,
0.7200117707252502,
0.2399579882621765,
-0.3323145806789398,
-0.15829110145568848,
-0.8121751546859741,
-0.08689117431640625,
-0.15885768830776215,
0.3840497136116028,
-0.08520122617483139,
-0.12196754664182663,
-0.8339900970458984,
0.3746393024921417,
0.12344066798686981,
0.40923482179641724,
0.2206457108259201,
0.2537150979042053,
-0.20131723582744598,
0.12330613285303116,
0.017314672470092773,
-0.28953784704208374,
0.098192498087883,
-0.17139343917369843,
0.1387506127357483,
-0.197800412774086,
0.6077200174331665,
-0.06826968491077423,
-0.5206618905067444,
0.07740791141986847,
0.3676261305809021,
0.2399372011423111,
-0.541251540184021,
-0.09999021887779236,
-0.2426832616329193,
0.016432199627161026,
-0.22321869432926178,
-0.0027641491033136845,
-0.06819771230220795,
0.5925441384315491,
-0.036636173725128174,
-0.46123364567756653,
0.080940842628479,
-0.16747139394283295,
-0.8108057379722595,
0.09334617108106613,
0.06438381969928741,
0.43995335698127747,
-0.3407379686832428,
0.0594693198800087,
-0.1637335866689682,
-0.02214491367340088,
0.11798333376646042
] |
232117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20Space%20Treaty | Outer Space Treaty | The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a multilateral treaty that forms the basis of international space law. Negotiated and drafted under the auspices of the United Nations, it was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, entering into force on 10 October 1967. , 111 countries are parties to the treaty—including all major spacefaring nations—and another 23 are signatories.
The Outer Space Treaty was spurred by the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in the 1950s, which could reach targets through outer space. The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, in October 1957, followed by a subsequent arms race with the United States, hastened proposals to prohibit the use of outer space for military purposes. On 17 October 1963, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution prohibiting the introduction of weapons of mass destruction in outer space. Various proposals for an arms control treaty governing outer space were debated during a General Assembly session in December 1966, culminating in the drafting and adoption of the Outer Space Treaty the following January.
Key provisions of the Outer Space Treaty include prohibiting nuclear weapons in space; limiting the use of the Moon and all other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes; establishing that space shall be freely explored and used by all nations; and precluding any country from claiming sovereignty over outer space or any celestial body. Although it forbids establishing military bases, testing weapons and conducting military maneuvers on celestial bodies, the treaty does not expressly ban all military activities in space, nor the establishment of military space forces or the placement of conventional weapons in space.
Drawing heavily from the Antarctic Treaty of 1961, the Outer Space Treaty likewise focuses on regulating certain activities and preventing unrestricted competition that could lead to conflict. Consequently, it is largely silent or ambiguous on newly developed space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining. Nevertheless, the Outer Space Treaty is the first and most foundational legal instrument of space law, and its broader principles of promoting the civil and peaceful use of space continue to underpin multilateral initiatives in space, such as the International Space Station and the Artemis Program.
Provisions
The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. According to the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the core principles of the treaty are:
the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind;
outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States;
outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means;
States shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner;
the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes;
astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind;
States shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities;
States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects; and
States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies.
Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing them in outer space. It specifically limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes, and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Article IV). However, the treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit, and thus some highly destructive attack tactics, such as kinetic bombardment, are still potentially allowable. In addition, the treaty explicitly allows the use of military personal and resources to support peaceful uses of space, mirroring a common practice permitted by the Antarctic Treaty regarding that continent. The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and that space shall be free for exploration and use by all the states.
Article II of the treat explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial body such as the Moon or a planet as its own territory, whether by declaration, occupation, or "any other means". However, the state that launches a space object, such as a satellite or space station, retains jurisdiction and control over that object; by extension, a state is also liable for damages caused by its space object.
Responsibility for activities in space
Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" and that States Party shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.
As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: "A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."
Applicability in the 21st century
Being primarily an arms control treaty for the peaceful use of outer space, the Outer Space Treaty offers limited and ambiguous regulations to newer space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining. It is therefore debated whether the extraction of resources falls within the prohibitive language of appropriation, or whether the use of such resources encompasses the commercial use and exploitation.
Seeking clearer guidelines, private U.S. companies lobbied the U.S. government, which in 2015 introduced the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 legalizing space mining. Similar national legislation to legalize the appropriation of extraterrestrial resources are now being introduced by other countries, including Luxembourg, Japan, China, India, and Russia. This has created some controversy regarding legal claims over the mining of celestial bodies for profit.
1976 Bogota Declaration
The "Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries", also known as the "Bogota Declaration", was one of the few attempts to challenge the Outer Space Treaty. It was promulgated in 1976 by eight equatorial countries to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nations' territory. These claims did not receive wider international support or recognition, and were subsequently abandoned.
Influence on space law
As the first international legal instrument concerning space, the Outer Space Treaty is considered the "cornerstone" of space law. It was also the first major achievement of the United Nations in this area of law, following the adoption of the first U.N. General Assembly resolution on space in 1958, and the first meeting of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) the subsequent year.
Within roughly a decade of the treaty's entry into force, several other treaties were brokered by the U.N. to further develop the legal framework for activities in space:
Rescue Agreement (1968)
Space Liability Convention (1972)
Registration Convention (1976)
Moon Treaty (1979)
With the exception of the Moon Treaty, to which only 18 nations are party, all other treaties on space law have been ratified by most major space-faring nations (namely those capable of orbital spaceflight). COPUOS coordinates these treaties and other questions of space jurisdiction, aided by the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs.
The Bogota Declaration tried to complement shortcomings of the treaty on safeguarding control of Earth's geostationary orbit, but was not implemented.
List of parties
The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of February 2021, 111 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.
Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington, D.C. Also indicated is whether the state became a party by way of signature and subsequent ratification, by accession to the treaty after it had closed for signature, or by succession of states after separation from some other party to the treaty.
Partially recognized state abiding by treaty
The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently recognized by , ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that it still considers the ROC to be "bound by its obligations".
States that have signed but not ratified
Twenty-three states have signed but not ratified the treaty.
List of non-parties
The remaining UN member states and UN observer state which have neither ratified nor signed the Outer Space Treaty are:
See also
High-altitude nuclear explosion (HANE)
Kármán line
Lunar Flag Assembly
Common heritage of mankind
Human presence in space
Militarization of space
Moon Treaty
SPACE Act of 2015
Treaty on Open Skies
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
International waters
International zone
Extraterritorial jurisdiction
Extraterritorial operation
Extraterritoriality
References
Further reading
Annette Froehlich, et al.: A Fresh View on the Outer Space Treaty. Springer, Vienna 2018, .
External links
International Institute of Space Law
Full text of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, or Spanish
Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space (list of state parties to treaty), UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
"The Case for Withdrawing from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty"
Still Relevant (and Important) After All These Years: The case for supporting the Outer Space Treaty
Squadron Leader KK Nair's Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence. Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, Chap. 5 "Examining Space Law...", pp. 84–104, available at Google Books.
Introductory note by Vladimír Kopal, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
The Progressive Development of International Space Law by the United Nations—Lecture by Vladimír Kopal] in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
The Law of Outer Space in the General Legal Field (Commonalities and Particularities)—Lecture by Vladlen Stepanovich Vereshchetin in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Humans on Mars and beyond full-text
Arms control treaties
Cold War treaties
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United States relations
Treaties of the United States
Nuclear weapons policy
Space weapons
Space treaties
1967 in spaceflight
1967 in military history
Treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones
Treaties concluded in 1967
Treaties entered into force in 1967
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of China (1949–1971)
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of India
Treaties of the Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Pakistan
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Syria
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Vietnam
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of South Yemen
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of North Korea
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Montserrat
Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
Treaties extended to British Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
Treaties extended to British Dominica
Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
Treaties extended to British Grenada
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to British Saint Lucia
Treaties extended to British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)
January 1967 events | [
0.5600928068161011,
0.3271889090538025,
0.2429959625005722,
0.29050958156585693,
0.2873443365097046,
-0.4231826364994049,
-0.68072909116745,
-0.01865345612168312,
-0.1464425027370453,
-0.17136186361312866,
-0.7621751427650452,
0.47012025117874146,
-0.40789926052093506,
0.5095223784446716,
-0.42280954122543335,
0.084623783826828,
0.35472390055656433,
0.33978110551834106,
0.12838858366012573,
-0.05133866146206856,
-0.23356392979621887,
0.4696955978870392,
-0.06982983648777008,
-0.5752729773521423,
0.10703594982624054,
-0.15388379991054535,
0.05312895029783249,
0.07400175929069519,
-0.1389135718345642,
0.3432145416736603,
0.16916020214557648,
-0.01658262498676777,
-0.6783099174499512,
0.184056356549263,
0.11076841503381729,
0.015250368975102901,
-0.1281236857175827,
-0.03570590913295746,
-0.5876744389533997,
-0.5206472873687744,
0.2995462417602539,
0.152704119682312,
-0.0717519074678421,
0.0007111399318091571,
-0.129717618227005,
-0.2693479657173157,
-0.5632980465888977,
0.3640232980251312,
0.069939523935318,
0.32199203968048096,
-0.14153975248336792,
-0.1042056754231453,
0.025463638827204704,
0.32668548822402954,
0.547614336013794,
0.14057046175003052,
-0.5356438159942627,
-0.5099770426750183,
-0.04624653980135918,
-0.4702744781970978,
0.46621206402778625,
0.48402607440948486,
0.05939898267388344,
-0.26363125443458557,
0.40416717529296875,
0.01904716156423092,
0.2601737976074219,
-0.7053192853927612,
-0.05375627428293228,
-0.4907641112804413,
-0.2036091536283493,
-0.28050386905670166,
-0.8765292763710022,
0.021448204293847084,
0.0900130569934845,
-0.6642633080482483,
0.25400927662849426,
-0.08900798857212067,
-0.025507792830467224,
0.43582990765571594,
0.7663745880126953,
0.2696150839328766,
-0.08635181188583374,
0.028873711824417114,
0.18112322688102722,
-0.3385511040687561,
-0.5757192373275757,
0.20458358526229858,
-0.5816627740859985,
0.3393642008304596,
0.2515985071659088,
0.07079800218343735,
0.46701955795288086,
-0.23608221113681793,
0.19820080697536469,
-0.08765256404876709,
0.07728486508131027,
-0.42171812057495117,
0.2942209243774414,
0.1560932993888855,
-0.606188952922821,
-0.03234534338116646,
0.12401475757360458,
-0.24650093913078308,
-0.24209214746952057,
-0.6581242084503174,
-0.280953586101532,
-0.7635920643806458,
0.24122439324855804,
0.07361961901187897,
0.1349778175354004,
0.08320605754852295,
0.23628278076648712,
0.18806621432304382,
-0.5318471789360046,
0.4758732318878174,
-0.16726329922676086,
-0.664379894733429,
0.25725433230400085,
0.4071756899356842,
0.4240390658378601,
0.5998031497001648,
0.08544041216373444,
-0.048593733459711075,
0.46785613894462585,
0.19248121976852417,
0.9796245694160461,
0.32071155309677124,
-1.3005058765411377,
-0.1059628278017044,
-0.13258177042007446,
0.4916380047798157,
-0.45062434673309326,
0.09729093313217163,
-0.5927735567092896,
0.3637007772922516,
0.568869948387146,
-0.2210119068622589,
0.7175971865653992,
0.20403382182121277,
-0.3501811921596527,
-0.5139604806900024,
-0.6520224213600159,
-0.11493681371212006,
0.4926207959651947,
-0.0164970513433218,
0.2892899215221405,
-0.490517795085907,
-0.9124993085861206,
0.07766228169202805,
-0.0925360769033432,
-0.022694353014230728,
0.23503845930099487,
0.19551591575145721,
-0.17443232238292694,
-0.23708675801753998,
0.5946973562240601,
0.5852310657501221,
-0.3276638984680176,
0.1333778202533722,
0.2423028200864792,
-0.27087751030921936,
-0.3270346522331238,
-0.14057806134223938,
0.4752921462059021,
0.13189534842967987,
-0.18627776205539703,
0.5886159539222717,
0.17768561840057373,
0.27314844727516174,
0.10019063949584961,
0.25378289818763733,
0.29756271839141846,
-0.8604639768600464,
-0.011552958749234676,
-0.20822672545909882,
0.7665272355079651,
0.38087576627731323,
0.6249695420265198,
0.1156672015786171,
-0.4269616901874542,
-0.45541420578956604,
-0.24750687181949615,
0.14895932376384735,
0.16225172579288483,
-0.05212882161140442,
0.15512345731258392,
0.014944500289857388,
-0.19579057395458221,
0.3898080289363861,
-0.4558761417865753,
-0.431092768907547,
0.26698148250579834,
-0.5781392455101013,
0.6433119177818298,
-0.20815077424049377,
0.28080928325653076,
0.8139323592185974,
-0.2770886719226837,
0.2467517852783203,
-0.25062692165374756,
0.4755954146385193,
0.47402167320251465,
0.021609550341963768,
-0.6059941053390503,
0.5292091965675354,
0.017408719286322594,
-0.14349891245365143,
-0.17644555866718292,
0.4180263876914978,
0.41654202342033386,
-0.047135721892118454,
-0.04124050587415695,
-0.499031662940979,
0.314859539270401,
-0.7126908898353577,
-0.7928448915481567,
0.7153438925743103,
-0.15652544796466827,
0.5709326863288879,
0.5886914730072021,
0.187321737408638,
0.4410824179649353,
0.10025566816329956,
0.00264703668653965,
-0.022382695227861404,
0.00030710551072843373,
0.45057040452957153,
0.31479331851005554,
-0.3275912404060364,
-0.18944302201271057,
-0.6675525307655334,
0.35791724920272827,
-0.3266700208187103,
0.2595099210739136,
-0.04972187429666519,
0.19416314363479614,
-0.2343442142009735,
0.2461957186460495,
-0.17539989948272705,
-0.3669150769710541,
0.3188880383968353,
-0.5431230068206787,
0.40861791372299194,
-0.5563620924949646,
-0.08633412420749664,
0.3722168505191803,
-0.1324683129787445,
-0.34529033303260803,
0.49135762453079224,
-0.150930717587471,
0.1331627517938614,
0.05382397398352623,
-0.26276177167892456,
-0.09387648850679398,
-0.02951059676706791,
-0.31439366936683655,
0.16406641900539398,
0.33166342973709106,
-0.5511623620986938,
-0.05600002035498619,
-0.0003937191213481128,
0.013998143374919891,
0.07800347357988358,
-0.37490326166152954,
-0.7331065535545349,
-0.37109678983688354,
-0.45755651593208313,
0.06552404910326004,
0.5299832224845886,
0.5063811540603638,
-0.14360015094280243,
-0.567416250705719,
-0.15350638329982758,
-0.4789712131023407,
0.16849422454833984,
0.09228652715682983,
0.6625926494598389,
-0.12224683165550232,
0.013504005037248135,
0.3956863284111023,
-0.11632534116506577,
0.3166241943836212,
-0.22096851468086243,
-0.11832202225923538,
-0.13231022655963898,
0.08189787715673447,
-0.8885818123817444,
-0.254212886095047,
-0.016909614205360413,
0.20106591284275055,
0.19792601466178894,
0.1697944551706314,
-0.1206037774682045,
0.17790134251117706,
0.7104530930519104,
-0.25814855098724365,
0.3034417927265167,
0.26519477367401123,
0.20549839735031128,
-0.3222461938858032,
0.23982752859592438,
-0.38198429346084595,
0.13344638049602509,
0.3999020457267761,
-0.04063916951417923,
-0.24475762248039246,
0.02737782709300518,
-5.948456764221191,
-0.2522234320640564,
-0.5765131711959839,
0.18759287893772125,
-0.1264977902173996,
0.4739478826522827,
1.1237196922302246,
0.06065386161208153,
-0.03021085076034069,
-0.1613040268421173,
0.1326036900281906,
0.01433989405632019,
0.38071367144584656,
0.48309823870658875,
0.5404426455497742,
0.21738635003566742,
0.0025661305990070105,
-0.1536099910736084,
0.15872062742710114,
0.18344879150390625,
-0.0408514104783535,
-0.2391079068183899,
0.2332567572593689,
0.2456240952014923,
0.3262864351272583,
-0.08686041086912155,
-0.23150421679019928,
-0.01168558094650507,
-0.21052834391593933,
0.016125787049531937,
-0.406158447265625,
0.11586447805166245,
-0.08679640293121338,
-0.7230836749076843,
-0.016742490231990814,
0.1490025371313095,
0.43144893646240234,
0.03492894768714905,
0.2005288302898407,
-0.21162013709545135,
-0.19874174892902374,
0.473779559135437,
0.41992536187171936,
-0.2881399691104889,
0.1570766121149063,
-0.4458077549934387,
0.12701240181922913,
0.059720855206251144,
-0.048972804099321365,
0.9083155393600464,
-0.35696902871131897,
0.796319305896759,
-0.010645664297044277,
-0.513308048248291,
-0.42403045296669006,
0.46653977036476135,
0.029570572078227997,
-0.015468568541109562,
-0.4103713929653168,
0.002881474792957306,
0.13720926642417908,
-0.6199586987495422,
-0.27136021852493286,
-0.6210091710090637,
-0.38493096828460693,
-0.0755138024687767,
-0.6696957349777222,
-0.49407508969306946,
0.19051991403102875,
-0.006810002028942108,
-0.366451621055603,
0.33460965752601624,
-0.2751953899860382,
-1.0605287551879883,
0.25358298420906067,
-0.545233428478241,
0.20111139118671417,
-0.012547736056149006,
0.4857960045337677,
-0.08412028104066849,
0.021185213699936867,
0.12397988885641098,
-0.11275725066661835,
0.1833411604166031,
-0.24285314977169037,
-0.21293579041957855,
0.28093263506889343,
-0.15072110295295715,
-0.7097982168197632,
-0.11306130141019821,
0.7915447950363159,
-0.6000446081161499,
-0.13173067569732666,
0.34741854667663574,
-0.09040171653032303,
-0.0513986200094223,
-0.3661833703517914,
0.2203742265701294,
0.6932040452957153,
0.16036908328533173,
-0.004751564934849739,
-0.09690813720226288,
0.3194521963596344,
-0.6290004849433899,
-0.4281977713108063,
-0.023393016308546066,
0.15098193287849426,
0.2852840721607208,
0.5852535367012024,
0.055452898144721985,
-0.09003687649965286,
0.30215534567832947,
0.21713721752166748,
-0.239044189453125,
0.06137144938111305,
0.1521659940481186,
-0.23234614729881287,
0.22136399149894714,
0.2742975056171417,
0.1969352662563324,
0.12316055595874786,
0.34714576601982117,
0.4117022156715393,
0.1755359172821045,
-0.1607455611228943,
0.00717611238360405,
-0.2719288170337677,
0.08149285614490509,
-0.056337207555770874,
0.21205011010169983,
0.1049145832657814,
0.778836190700531,
0.13970886170864105,
-0.08746782690286636,
0.2830440104007721,
0.2637222707271576,
-0.28072911500930786,
0.2641095817089081,
0.30573007464408875,
-0.3541564643383026,
0.05429079383611679,
-0.3037506341934204,
0.22027431428432465,
-0.245982363820076,
0.23610424995422363,
0.1969820261001587,
0.21485556662082672,
0.011731886304914951,
0.13284260034561157,
0.8992504477500916,
0.401475191116333,
-0.24199940264225006,
0.33515387773513794,
0.01790330559015274,
-0.09471067041158676,
-0.5021708011627197,
0.617391049861908,
0.05313772335648537,
0.583651602268219,
-0.28396376967430115,
-0.0625627413392067,
-0.33281567692756653,
-0.620181143283844,
0.07693161815404892,
0.2772636115550995,
-0.32163670659065247,
-0.7087084054946899,
-0.2584910988807678,
-0.4700043201446533,
0.16769985854625702,
-0.04948108643293381,
-0.25150156021118164,
-0.2310309112071991,
0.09440785646438599,
-0.2963104844093323,
0.5330254435539246,
-0.16241195797920227,
0.1244174912571907,
-0.03171459585428238,
-0.12001889199018478,
0.29273679852485657,
-0.4482589662075043,
-0.7907583117485046,
-0.29455190896987915,
-0.27140069007873535,
-0.49561193585395813,
0.07533971965312958,
-0.0002483332937117666,
0.2579646110534668,
-0.022077182307839394,
0.035549115389585495,
0.5110644102096558,
0.24959854781627655,
0.13030411303043365,
-0.021902095526456833,
-0.2814047634601593,
-0.43083301186561584,
0.567322850227356,
-0.29821309447288513,
-0.0680646076798439,
0.3745883107185364,
0.23500706255435944,
-0.774886429309845,
0.18500766158103943,
-0.39272651076316833,
-0.07157506793737411,
0.34808507561683655,
0.3352566659450531,
0.4717002809047699,
0.3006170392036438,
-0.31613948941230774,
-0.4803497791290283,
-0.07673786580562592,
0.5456023812294006,
-0.5663958787918091,
-0.23161748051643372,
-0.06288868188858032,
-0.2598702311515808,
-0.2741602659225464,
-0.1820678412914276,
0.46237197518348694,
0.12465980648994446,
-0.10961306095123291,
0.015134570188820362,
-0.26196521520614624,
0.524319589138031,
0.09694021195173264,
-0.078236423432827,
-0.37543654441833496,
-0.1240534856915474,
-0.33784326910972595,
-0.4377768337726593,
0.04228036478161812,
-0.18162016570568085,
-0.26106682419776917,
-0.1608375757932663,
-0.5063668489456177,
-0.2805836796760559,
0.07605736702680588,
0.05816547945141792,
0.4295158088207245,
0.5395073890686035,
0.3100265562534332,
-0.9311949014663696,
-0.5954662561416626,
0.33782872557640076,
0.5729626417160034,
-0.6231657266616821,
-0.4483654201030731,
-0.4095569849014282,
-0.16694429516792297,
-0.3200809061527252,
-0.5395012497901917,
-0.2465706467628479,
0.7190223932266235,
-0.2765822112560272,
-0.18415813148021698,
0.10828746855258942,
-0.19786638021469116,
-0.2005859613418579,
0.2944553792476654,
-0.4999903738498688,
-0.9752275347709656,
-0.4796680510044098,
0.3785834312438965,
-0.11912944167852402,
-0.14674650132656097,
0.03864702209830284,
-0.5941109657287598,
-0.6573399901390076,
0.21441307663917542,
-0.1247100830078125,
0.6276242733001709,
0.14141984283924103,
0.24787971377372742,
-0.016249829903244972,
0.21550753712654114,
-0.10574661940336227,
0.22938203811645508,
-0.04973191022872925,
-0.48113974928855896,
0.6377128958702087,
0.0319371297955513,
-0.16388532519340515,
0.3965124785900116,
-0.6603778004646301,
-0.2522195279598236,
0.29581379890441895,
-0.13917775452136993,
-0.772491991519928,
-0.6740024089813232,
-0.24282172322273254,
-0.8739497065544128,
0.49885064363479614,
-0.40384963154792786,
-0.29212334752082825,
0.06308969110250473,
0.012108628638088703,
0.26947611570358276,
0.11945539712905884,
-0.9998173713684082,
0.22112055122852325,
0.32246431708335876,
-0.5437485575675964,
0.32564547657966614,
0.02332136407494545,
0.46055901050567627,
-0.09005033224821091,
0.5213141441345215,
0.49434739351272583,
0.673727810382843,
-0.2071671187877655,
0.0032854604069143534,
0.8590419292449951,
-0.456966757774353,
0.22617073357105255,
0.5253376960754395,
-0.5430179238319397,
0.37471240758895874,
0.3261624872684479,
0.13035565614700317,
0.12277822941541672,
-0.07643284648656845,
0.14395871758460999,
-0.0649615004658699,
-0.20340971648693085,
-0.3633919954299927,
0.4552672803401947,
0.14130008220672607,
0.03653372824192047,
0.44501662254333496,
0.014104319736361504,
0.4777180850505829,
0.07140156626701355,
-0.31237560510635376,
-0.06529133021831512,
0.38066697120666504,
-0.5156244039535522,
-0.6320657730102539,
0.7527306079864502,
0.0689321756362915,
0.49508601427078247,
-0.3340213894844055,
-0.44632455706596375,
-0.10109075903892517,
0.4083603024482727,
-0.11504795402288437,
0.3520496189594269,
0.11587872356176376,
0.48231321573257446,
0.2890844941139221,
-0.08453836292028427,
0.06410147994756699,
-0.09843586385250092,
0.015603553503751755,
0.1230066642165184,
0.486556738615036,
-0.5192732214927673,
-0.13194334506988525,
-0.23271486163139343,
0.2715790271759033,
0.6211060285568237,
0.5366239547729492,
0.30837881565093994,
0.4151952564716339,
0.01389191672205925,
0.2976731061935425,
-0.8650968670845032,
0.5133675336837769,
-0.3618210256099701,
0.12879979610443115,
0.258919358253479,
-0.7223020792007446,
0.3013961613178253,
0.12845119833946228,
-0.8119687438011169,
0.6627393960952759,
0.2911022901535034,
0.13516168296337128,
-0.19465678930282593,
-0.02693001925945282,
-0.24800710380077362,
0.38953933119773865,
-1.151779294013977,
-0.37971869111061096,
0.252740740776062,
0.11328255385160446,
0.3687252104282379,
0.08759848028421402,
-0.2830318212509155,
-0.24995945394039154,
-0.5445019602775574,
-0.39549553394317627,
0.586877703666687,
-0.4569430351257324,
0.14197388291358948,
0.32131266593933105,
0.4357316195964813,
0.2091662585735321,
-0.08200893551111221,
0.397837370634079,
-0.06449849158525467,
-0.10571517050266266,
-0.20824606716632843,
0.16066516935825348,
0.07269132137298584,
-0.6009502410888672,
0.4069761335849762,
-0.12324625253677368,
0.42225533723831177,
0.5568147301673889,
-0.15505895018577576,
0.20340478420257568,
0.32617616653442383,
-0.07207106798887253,
0.08752463012933731,
0.8313415050506592,
-0.3018965423107147,
0.28780606389045715,
-0.13791874051094055,
0.0007935372996143997,
-0.11169656366109848,
-0.6483138799667358,
-0.37246400117874146,
-0.17801383137702942,
-0.3698579967021942,
0.8054033517837524,
0.30577534437179565,
-0.025608940050005913,
1.0371037721633911,
-0.031716007739305496,
-0.6361026167869568,
-0.7576972842216492,
0.8138685822486877,
-0.4676714241504669,
-0.2760812044143677,
-0.6018972992897034,
0.6006596684455872,
0.6103225946426392,
-0.615939736366272,
0.19162839651107788,
0.3166484534740448,
0.2397458851337433,
-0.050102002918720245,
0.36758944392204285,
-0.5472675561904907,
0.01866164244711399,
-0.121560238301754,
-0.6103842854499817,
0.7183008790016174,
0.13410311937332153,
-0.07926944643259048,
0.293386846780777,
-0.6197258234024048,
0.20758214592933655,
-0.56196528673172,
0.8697516322135925,
-0.4665396809577942,
0.2558574974536896,
0.44388434290885925
] |
232121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namboku%20Line%20%28Kobe%29 | Namboku Line (Kobe) | The Namboku Line (南北線 Namboku-sen) is one of two lines owned by the Kobe Rapid Transit Railway (0.4 km). It is operated by Kobe Electric Railway and has only two stations. This short stretch of track, opened in 1968 is important as it connects the Kobe Electric Railway to Shinkaichi, allowing Shintetsu passengers to transfer directly to Hankyū and Hanshin trains bound for Kobe Sannomiya and Umeda (Osaka), and Sanyo line trains bound for Himeji. As it is only used by Shintetsu rolling stock, the line is narrow gauge.
List of stations on the Namboku Line
References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Railway lines in Japan
Transport in Kobe | [
0.03908759355545044,
-0.2284228503704071,
-0.22223448753356934,
-0.07999233156442642,
-0.5780849456787109,
0.24548454582691193,
0.5522275567054749,
0.08434969186782837,
-0.2981610894203186,
-0.10683726519346237,
0.3378967046737671,
0.10388416796922684,
-0.4542987644672394,
0.32252463698387146,
-0.17483243346214294,
-0.3262035846710205,
0.9583056569099426,
0.31081756949424744,
-0.48035871982574463,
-0.5651107430458069,
0.23511599004268646,
0.0441790334880352,
0.8793919086456299,
-0.4536752998828888,
0.21401527523994446,
-0.1979779154062271,
-0.1819150745868683,
1.163640022277832,
0.10360628366470337,
-0.42071864008903503,
-0.21607065200805664,
0.25634604692459106,
0.060759808868169785,
0.3662344813346863,
0.5694043636322021,
-0.10504735261201859,
0.4102307856082916,
-0.09417644888162613,
0.054984550923109055,
0.1351332813501358,
-0.31062349677085876,
0.26300206780433655,
-0.19314666092395782,
0.07153316587209702,
0.7782129645347595,
-1.0607951879501343,
-0.6772797703742981,
-0.18246638774871826,
-0.8676180243492126,
0.15744438767433167,
-0.7149111032485962,
0.0013000735780224204,
-0.3384486734867096,
0.765163242816925,
0.4893568754196167,
0.9980654120445251,
-0.6157419085502625,
0.21487239003181458,
0.3249381184577942,
0.2580515444278717,
0.32565611600875854,
0.12022101134061813,
-0.2677939236164093,
0.7918367385864258,
0.3310770094394684,
1.061622142791748,
-0.10551223903894424,
0.8594755530357361,
-0.27352094650268555,
-0.298866868019104,
0.45936644077301025,
0.197745680809021,
0.051224879920482635,
0.390812486410141,
-0.23429423570632935,
-0.5717542171478271,
-0.5886622071266174,
-0.8246223330497742,
-0.8447039127349854,
0.19695845246315002,
-0.7308265566825867,
-0.18328772485256195,
0.9852767586708069,
-0.2197667360305786,
1.1790070533752441,
0.2470933347940445,
-0.24818147718906403,
-0.061499759554862976,
-0.41959643363952637,
0.6726483106613159,
-0.40888476371765137,
0.3738901615142822,
-0.020089415833353996,
-0.21447283029556274,
0.1828548163175583,
0.07692670077085495,
-0.5541226863861084,
0.49500468373298645,
0.9988842010498047,
0.6727762818336487,
0.1524394005537033,
-0.1535024344921112,
0.4086795449256897,
-0.07175314426422119,
-0.9351890087127686,
-1.1517380475997925,
-0.47062668204307556,
-0.7087339162826538,
-0.12244103848934174,
-0.08258336782455444,
-0.882391631603241,
0.43382424116134644,
-0.7410212159156799,
-0.6551370024681091,
-0.21426072716712952,
-0.02189561352133751,
0.4254777431488037,
-0.9437139630317688,
-0.07759591192007065,
-0.19432252645492554,
0.7045451402664185,
0.5668715238571167,
-0.443159818649292,
0.4884474575519562,
0.1984965205192566,
0.3038659393787384,
-0.09072092175483704,
0.13482898473739624,
0.5992417335510254,
0.5353285074234009,
0.7205123901367188,
1.8495732545852661,
0.24195238947868347,
-0.16746649146080017,
0.07959616184234619,
-1.0829850435256958,
0.10490689426660538,
0.7894394993782043,
-0.02497219294309616,
-0.014841966331005096,
-1.4229633808135986,
0.0060198926366865635,
-0.6754836440086365,
0.009666165336966515,
0.7754034996032715,
0.8445518612861633,
-1.0768368244171143,
-0.4406767189502716,
-0.497435063123703,
-0.4658949673175812,
0.4914316236972809,
0.5588354468345642,
0.16823317110538483,
0.7178736329078674,
-0.5257886052131653,
0.21335718035697937,
0.7843296527862549,
0.07499729841947556,
-0.23003797233104706,
0.16352415084838867,
0.0490509457886219,
0.5422849059104919,
-0.5425907373428345,
0.2230953872203827,
-0.05871391296386719,
0.03276661038398743,
0.17123261094093323,
-0.0274251326918602,
0.665263831615448,
-0.4021138548851013,
-0.1990242600440979,
-1.054598331451416,
-0.14167992770671844,
-0.4553721249103546,
0.4117535352706909,
-0.34621039032936096,
0.24420489370822906,
0.1641409993171692,
-0.29713666439056396,
-0.25453904271125793,
-1.134283185005188,
0.2635752856731415,
0.30378761887550354,
0.013234727084636688,
0.0912722572684288,
0.09901537001132965,
-0.7001132965087891,
0.6523714065551758,
-0.2091948390007019,
-0.040100373327732086,
0.07479773461818695,
-0.1546153724193573,
0.13670332729816437,
-0.7483322620391846,
0.6187160015106201,
0.5265366435050964,
0.27992919087409973,
0.997364342212677,
-0.16255317628383636,
0.5119805932044983,
0.49686476588249207,
-0.7036150097846985,
0.047875650227069855,
0.8041722178459167,
-1.2479820251464844,
0.7981964945793152,
-0.10953540354967117,
0.05770500749349594,
0.15014365315437317,
0.762077271938324,
0.022882483899593353,
0.2637471854686737,
0.26009708642959595,
-0.6058309078216553,
0.7092110514640808,
-0.2599838972091675,
0.06077819690108299,
-0.6296574473381042,
0.386684387922287,
-0.17627453804016113,
0.48965439200401306,
0.1870756596326828,
-0.38406163454055786,
0.48854243755340576,
-0.8459853529930115,
0.9166626334190369,
0.15695132315158844,
1.0874049663543701,
-0.37759512662887573,
0.14370746910572052,
0.5941031575202942,
-0.15521079301834106,
0.41010504961013794,
-0.03602393716573715,
-0.7070621252059937,
0.011652885936200619,
0.6526492834091187,
-0.5052865743637085,
0.5268434286117554,
-0.2842426598072052,
-0.06526283919811249,
-0.02159937471151352,
-0.7210357785224915,
0.8361985683441162,
0.7384871244430542,
0.3044544756412506,
0.05434255674481392,
0.23125390708446503,
-0.5492971539497375,
-0.28176748752593994,
-0.19910496473312378,
0.336819589138031,
0.1626860350370407,
-0.532708466053009,
0.15985193848609924,
-0.9705240726470947,
0.15206632018089294,
-0.06716316193342209,
-0.24360843002796173,
0.057868391275405884,
0.13353219628334045,
-0.4718347489833832,
0.4841344654560089,
-0.49769994616508484,
-0.9982827305793762,
0.03556879609823227,
0.28591081500053406,
-0.11319399625062943,
0.3586009442806244,
-0.07863408327102661,
0.2821200489997864,
-0.5066414475440979,
-1.0938529968261719,
-0.10332019627094269,
-0.23722462356090546,
0.020127641037106514,
0.1655772179365158,
0.9076392650604248,
-0.6472362875938416,
0.19556598365306854,
0.2400609850883484,
0.34012702107429504,
0.14700976014137268,
-0.593019962310791,
-0.45296767354011536,
-0.45715177059173584,
-0.1365605741739273,
-0.19122079014778137,
-0.4182102382183075,
-0.43415555357933044,
-0.75064617395401,
0.5858401656150818,
-0.20518556237220764,
0.26119282841682434,
0.6575931310653687,
-0.12433472275733948,
-0.23729759454727173,
-0.11255615204572678,
0.6361709833145142,
-0.4930906295776367,
-0.2143489122390747,
-0.17103654146194458,
-0.19153013825416565,
0.2646726965904236,
-0.08104204386472702,
-0.12226881086826324,
-0.08380487561225891,
-0.6451886296272278,
-4.10197114944458,
1.0211467742919922,
-0.5950704216957092,
0.2447085976600647,
-0.11669962108135223,
0.32902389764785767,
0.3103751838207245,
-0.19023321568965912,
0.4140818417072296,
-1.0820469856262207,
0.15990377962589264,
-0.11358270794153214,
0.30541473627090454,
0.2342631071805954,
0.34647849202156067,
-0.3800019919872284,
0.30705276131629944,
-0.13842225074768066,
0.7028376460075378,
-0.7915836572647095,
-0.30911439657211304,
0.25711485743522644,
-0.24553266167640686,
0.7719070911407471,
0.6999489665031433,
0.979640781879425,
-0.6816673278808594,
0.1308952271938324,
-0.9524975419044495,
-0.40071067214012146,
0.6618750691413879,
-0.7425400018692017,
-0.21999295055866241,
-0.41142722964286804,
-0.44476577639579773,
-0.35074785351753235,
0.7789571285247803,
-0.11070646345615387,
0.5985230803489685,
-0.013326349668204784,
-0.0148606663569808,
0.31409528851509094,
-0.09717552363872528,
-0.10665298253297806,
0.19677197933197021,
-0.6982614994049072,
-1.0252927541732788,
0.07401975989341736,
-0.10534042119979858,
0.5851553082466125,
0.4892813563346863,
0.19691428542137146,
0.9051280617713928,
-0.6418834328651428,
-0.07943251729011536,
-0.73713219165802,
-0.27315160632133484,
-0.07436317205429077,
-0.7191155552864075,
0.03698759898543358,
0.4633325934410095,
0.23179906606674194,
-0.29125210642814636,
-0.15311579406261444,
0.06643600761890411,
-0.5078423619270325,
0.14442558586597443,
-0.2434171587228775,
0.16855347156524658,
-0.19418875873088837,
-1.3682695627212524,
1.1078778505325317,
0.34757301211357117,
-0.9700888395309448,
0.7703143954277039,
-0.050689030438661575,
-0.9921764135360718,
0.49682894349098206,
0.5293905735015869,
-0.44863471388816833,
-0.0642542615532875,
-0.4173645079135895,
-0.4493032991886139,
0.9677847623825073,
0.2625720202922821,
-0.4902295172214508,
0.5642631649971008,
-0.08767737448215485,
0.1407938301563263,
0.1537051647901535,
0.9141883254051208,
-0.1153973862528801,
0.808506429195404,
0.5674042701721191,
-0.3284091353416443,
0.8437979221343994,
-0.06841741502285004,
0.6563499569892883,
0.06212865188717842,
-0.7823660373687744,
0.39812207221984863,
-0.23490332067012787,
-0.22761039435863495,
-0.7939466238021851,
-0.34145230054855347,
-0.9433448314666748,
0.06890742480754852,
0.1469653695821762,
-0.24911081790924072,
-0.03533048927783966,
-0.1985306590795517,
-0.6053377985954285,
-0.4092622697353363,
-0.051555365324020386,
0.998435378074646,
0.17766501009464264,
-0.8684232831001282,
0.9775711894035339,
-0.03932364284992218,
0.5370466113090515,
0.07427381724119186,
1.0384818315505981,
0.19150370359420776,
-0.34133440256118774,
-0.3643464744091034,
0.19280466437339783,
0.14882498979568481,
0.7678046822547913,
0.2844032347202301,
-0.03520781174302101,
0.0031160633079707623,
0.7893360257148743,
-0.32312774658203125,
-0.7182464003562927,
-0.4657313823699951,
-1.1860132217407227,
-0.5823299884796143,
-0.49441301822662354,
0.5671924948692322,
0.777155339717865,
0.2605076730251312,
0.22786836326122284,
-0.9399601221084595,
0.15808570384979248,
-0.23422250151634216,
1.300893783569336,
-0.09856948256492615,
-0.17292287945747375,
-0.9371076226234436,
-0.29444339871406555,
-0.5621378421783447,
-1.5838255882263184,
0.2736037075519562,
-0.49493733048439026,
-0.33976539969444275,
0.4329676926136017,
-0.4252835810184479,
0.22353899478912354,
-0.22785282135009766,
0.1394096463918686,
-0.5457932353019714,
-0.3118739128112793,
-0.3060479760169983,
0.3192584812641144,
-0.7546550035476685,
-0.5931520462036133,
0.5037833452224731,
-0.5917248725891113,
-0.5099088549613953,
0.3517274856567383,
0.023065755143761635,
-0.4591119587421417,
-0.2232956737279892,
-0.3945385813713074,
0.3927495777606964,
0.06460408866405487,
0.36873048543930054,
0.20573624968528748,
-0.545294463634491,
-0.7151046395301819,
0.22749534249305725,
-0.2616327404975891,
0.22988155484199524,
0.9283714890480042,
0.4678390920162201,
-1.505528211593628,
-0.4053327143192291,
-0.1836155205965042,
0.33815431594848633,
-0.12426470220088959,
-0.07609371840953827,
-0.18064536154270172,
0.656316876411438,
0.4133386015892029,
0.7951966524124146,
-1.304234504699707,
0.00957283191382885,
0.5361179709434509,
-0.9897129535675049,
-0.9545405507087708,
0.029593195766210556,
0.525407075881958,
-0.6528639197349548,
0.301595002412796,
0.2423945814371109,
-0.5044320821762085,
0.49896231293678284,
0.6785788536071777,
-0.6391468644142151,
-0.12516815960407257,
-0.6067621111869812,
-0.5959256291389465,
0.219639852643013,
-0.46852487325668335,
-0.5771356821060181,
0.36209937930107117,
0.654613733291626,
0.020763400942087173,
-0.7858325839042664,
-0.9390191435813904,
-0.4655423164367676,
-0.14840060472488403,
-0.592095673084259,
-0.7007044553756714,
-0.8786065578460693,
0.8054179549217224,
0.6332405805587769,
-1.0464131832122803,
0.039525628089904785,
-0.7636033892631531,
-0.18209116160869598,
-0.13520565629005432,
0.41202160716056824,
0.9216529726982117,
-0.0679282397031784,
-0.16162846982479095,
-0.3768117427825928,
-0.22919175028800964,
0.34451165795326233,
1.2020759582519531,
0.6059648990631104,
0.29658547043800354,
-0.050880108028650284,
0.007129632867872715,
-0.4103022813796997,
0.5191875696182251,
0.6503820419311523,
-0.2061431109905243,
-0.04650527983903885,
0.5567187070846558,
0.4346458613872528,
-0.8730037212371826,
-0.9709507822990417,
-0.52701735496521,
1.2066214084625244,
-0.552470326423645,
-0.5488880276679993,
0.3376891613006592,
-0.048929568380117416,
0.03167647868394852,
0.17063425481319427,
-0.5582641959190369,
-0.43205052614212036,
0.5124247670173645,
0.19854311645030975,
0.16169460117816925,
0.17846719920635223,
-0.2667529881000519,
0.8150171041488647,
-0.5904628038406372,
-0.4685955345630646,
-0.7017411589622498,
0.21554015576839447,
0.14872905611991882,
0.06136877462267876,
0.49286454916000366,
-0.19777055084705353,
-0.6930108070373535,
-0.42556366324424744,
-0.5482057929039001,
-0.4625827372074127,
0.00837942585349083,
0.35701456665992737,
-0.6621941328048706,
-0.10636425763368607,
-0.5936917662620544,
0.15601825714111328,
0.1833765208721161,
-0.2440154105424881,
0.49708643555641174,
-0.7576871514320374,
-0.7453411817550659,
-0.2169671654701233,
-0.262484073638916,
-0.10195035487413406,
0.21731272339820862,
0.12559473514556885,
0.3043401539325714,
-0.480055034160614,
0.29257819056510925,
-0.2077960968017578,
0.26907363533973694,
-0.4264864921569824,
-0.17286542057991028,
0.09407643228769302,
0.5085748434066772,
0.681222140789032,
-0.42258793115615845,
-0.07813312113285065,
1.2683212757110596,
0.02518225647509098,
0.5379599928855896,
0.06736866384744644,
1.424009919166565,
0.3145032823085785,
0.47212761640548706,
-0.1955696940422058,
-0.6627562046051025,
-0.8955703973770142,
0.14770027995109558,
0.1501561850309372,
0.5366732478141785,
-0.0003188071132171899,
0.7606959342956543,
-0.20906636118888855,
0.3979617655277252,
-0.05135003849864006,
-0.24033495783805847,
-0.032080862671136856,
0.651324450969696,
0.5229253172874451,
-0.6233987212181091,
-0.2575903832912445,
0.38223427534103394,
0.1967964768409729,
0.3156527578830719,
0.15809129178524017,
-0.43858641386032104,
0.112815722823143,
0.18604330718517303,
-0.547972559928894,
0.7007914185523987,
-0.9062756896018982,
-0.12337088584899902,
-0.02190822921693325,
0.5372128486633301,
0.026501404121518135,
0.2918221950531006,
0.1399567723274231,
0.6032538414001465,
0.14403823018074036,
0.4390967786312103,
-0.4658176600933075,
-0.3764449954032898,
-0.11856096982955933,
0.09550294280052185,
-0.27226293087005615,
-0.7228015661239624,
0.3101171553134918,
-0.34530043601989746,
0.2955377995967865,
0.11717779189348221,
0.09525447338819504,
-0.11157002300024033,
-0.5757083296775818,
-0.5329172015190125,
0.11674128472805023,
-0.35409241914749146,
-0.031194038689136505,
0.42087653279304504,
-0.6536880135536194,
0.5499265789985657,
0.15581366419792175,
0.4975486993789673,
0.41933533549308777,
1.3085095882415771,
0.5022621750831604,
-0.09980113804340363,
0.0453394390642643,
0.19511114060878754,
-0.20828783512115479,
0.6917787194252014,
-0.15067070722579956,
-0.44886353611946106,
-0.3171539306640625,
0.14599698781967163,
0.07350622862577438,
0.06354034692049026,
-0.8395348191261292,
-0.7979438900947571,
0.04344641789793968,
0.2800125479698181,
-0.11007541418075562,
0.2777334153652191,
-0.6063600778579712,
0.018325353041291237,
-0.44335782527923584,
-0.17449568212032318,
1.2305132150650024,
0.07527805119752884,
0.16866648197174072,
0.6439287662506104,
0.25048327445983887,
1.1517326831817627,
-0.36959075927734375,
0.5499948263168335,
-0.9253787994384766,
0.3132089376449585,
-0.4850851595401764,
0.09273505210876465,
0.27753132581710815,
0.5850943326950073,
0.04698479175567627,
0.352324515581131,
0.09651950001716614,
-0.1128876581788063,
0.5342106223106384,
-0.29463523626327515,
-0.16298341751098633,
-0.029120823368430138,
-0.3424910306930542,
-1.310275673866272,
0.32336723804473877,
0.9542407989501953,
0.2943412661552429,
-0.8706509470939636,
-0.08353591710329056,
-0.41022446751594543,
0.6515384912490845,
-0.05002399533987045,
0.34040284156799316,
-0.6982296109199524,
-0.051939457654953,
-0.6937153935432434,
-0.3341282308101654,
1.0931593179702759,
0.13925085961818695,
0.8754451870918274,
0.9835119247436523,
-0.17425934970378876,
0.3606985807418823,
0.20557431876659393,
0.4349798858165741,
0.4439111649990082,
-0.731487512588501,
-0.3044513165950775,
-0.022998781874775887,
-0.6399166584014893,
-1.3804970979690552,
0.002886130241677165,
-0.027398137375712395,
-0.3693544864654541,
0.7395868897438049,
0.18465720117092133,
0.32017889618873596,
-0.20338310301303864,
0.3400306701660156,
0.19747352600097656,
0.7689807415008545,
-0.0001703021553112194
] |
232122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkaichi%20Station | Shinkaichi Station | is a railway station operated by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., Hankyu Corporation and Kobe Electric Railway Co., Ltd. in the district of Shinkaichi, Hyogo-ku, Kobe opened on April 7, 1968.
Kobe Rapid Transit Railway Co., Ltd. owns the railway lines, and Hanshin, Hankyu and Shintetsu operate trains running on the lines.
Shinkaichi was originally at the heart of Kobe, but Kobe's central business district has shifted towards Sannomiya.
All 3 railway lines that stop at this station are named Kobe Kosoku Line.
Layout
Hanshin, Hankyu
There are two island platforms with three tracks on the second basement.
Shintetsu
There are two dead-end platforms with three tracks on the first basement.
Adjacent stations
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Buildings and structures in Kobe
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1968 | [
-0.3601953685283661,
-0.25498121976852417,
-0.14236781001091003,
-0.10838670283555984,
-0.1442716270685196,
0.10223445296287537,
1.15410578250885,
0.391648530960083,
-0.022434212267398834,
-0.4324439764022827,
0.34123164415359497,
-0.01892925053834915,
-0.31715044379234314,
0.4826606810092926,
-0.4867821931838989,
-0.6147949695587158,
0.22065679728984833,
0.07013021409511566,
-0.32537350058555603,
-0.808500349521637,
0.461107462644577,
-0.5631185173988342,
0.06098315492272377,
0.15439678728580475,
0.11660881340503693,
-0.343438059091568,
0.2009802758693695,
0.9092594385147095,
0.1935167908668518,
-0.17862673103809357,
0.1090942993760109,
-0.0426725335419178,
-0.09371247887611389,
-0.441034197807312,
0.13169962167739868,
0.25347062945365906,
0.2854877710342407,
-0.3200826942920685,
0.10119051486253738,
0.14838653802871704,
-0.054479897022247314,
0.26585546135902405,
0.06983696669340134,
0.22401419281959534,
0.565398097038269,
-0.6457166075706482,
-1.7036511898040771,
-0.08041805773973465,
-0.5174025297164917,
0.120440274477005,
-0.28033778071403503,
0.24419011175632477,
0.12108155339956284,
0.4400770664215088,
0.059320516884326935,
1.2741855382919312,
-0.5309255719184875,
0.4649449288845062,
-0.17860816419124603,
-0.13014332950115204,
0.19772450625896454,
-0.037818025797605515,
0.14821501076221466,
0.5500906705856323,
-0.26490041613578796,
0.6723352670669556,
-0.32437777519226074,
-0.3326117992401123,
0.009984743781387806,
-0.06865981966257095,
0.37528935074806213,
0.14599455893039703,
0.1645597517490387,
0.19014589488506317,
-0.289381742477417,
-0.17525765299797058,
-0.8454568982124329,
-0.37265005707740784,
-0.8646352887153625,
0.5184754729270935,
-0.6342242360115051,
-0.5872599482536316,
0.8204119801521301,
0.11228165030479431,
0.8766177892684937,
0.14897175133228302,
-0.6855627298355103,
0.41857460141181946,
-0.30561164021492004,
0.4522051513195038,
-0.6914200186729431,
0.23671023547649384,
0.11797232925891876,
-0.025089729577302933,
-0.15216419100761414,
-0.23344731330871582,
-0.3157089650630951,
0.5506315231323242,
0.7017404437065125,
0.3614000678062439,
-0.15621790289878845,
-0.33539924025535583,
0.37735721468925476,
0.09912300109863281,
-0.6969918012619019,
-1.1372849941253662,
-0.15106864273548126,
-0.5833534002304077,
-0.010384821332991123,
-1.4053316116333008,
-0.6742720603942871,
0.6035014390945435,
-0.7238548994064331,
-0.3465351462364197,
0.01297107245773077,
-0.11071227490901947,
0.30920132994651794,
-0.4768901765346527,
0.22562597692012787,
-0.19241450726985931,
0.036072999238967896,
0.28834545612335205,
-0.4066436290740967,
0.1777564138174057,
0.24727031588554382,
0.7183787226676941,
0.017029378563165665,
-0.017748622223734856,
0.4895781874656677,
0.34267935156822205,
0.9568256735801697,
1.223426103591919,
0.23310260474681854,
-0.1587674617767334,
0.8227865695953369,
-0.7604133486747742,
-0.2147543728351593,
0.05309263616800308,
-0.11766733974218369,
-0.12265270948410034,
-1.092236876487732,
-0.0015119129093363881,
-1.8482643365859985,
-0.10879763960838318,
-0.021277960389852524,
0.501960813999176,
-1.1769278049468994,
-0.8008167743682861,
-0.3607071340084076,
-0.4260469377040863,
0.2711726129055023,
0.6273043155670166,
-0.07265564054250717,
0.8485851883888245,
-0.7476842999458313,
-0.2872462272644043,
0.531959593296051,
-0.29382944107055664,
0.11780909448862076,
0.32132285833358765,
-0.27403903007507324,
-0.06081976369023323,
-0.5781903266906738,
0.012393186800181866,
-0.19008706510066986,
-0.5140946507453918,
0.28109028935432434,
-0.053714584559202194,
0.15281161665916443,
0.1639298051595688,
-0.2902548015117645,
-0.7645758390426636,
-0.2564590573310852,
-0.6273176670074463,
0.7443987131118774,
-0.6479067802429199,
0.16379918158054352,
-0.20012816786766052,
0.20192068815231323,
-0.324746310710907,
-1.215529441833496,
0.09575343877077103,
-0.02107338234782219,
0.3861493468284607,
-0.2137685865163803,
0.38898301124572754,
0.1255100667476654,
0.37565699219703674,
-0.2895790636539459,
0.301038533449173,
-0.09663572907447815,
-0.12703298032283783,
-0.31274232268333435,
-0.22331027686595917,
0.9590261578559875,
0.05324026942253113,
-0.18317127227783203,
0.3167906403541565,
-0.333125501871109,
0.26709845662117004,
0.08300555497407913,
-0.15832972526550293,
0.3594062924385071,
0.11778504401445389,
-0.8313860893249512,
1.6703262329101562,
-0.0018676953623071313,
0.06666222959756851,
0.1379825621843338,
0.4232185184955597,
0.3146175742149353,
0.10566949099302292,
0.12478306889533997,
0.11776421964168549,
0.5289433002471924,
-0.2738243341445923,
-0.577418327331543,
-0.5828146934509277,
0.5275775790214539,
-0.05734226107597351,
0.5953534245491028,
0.09318557381629944,
-0.36179471015930176,
0.49576321244239807,
-0.2613512873649597,
0.7280160784721375,
0.21301491558551788,
1.1695970296859741,
-0.13417036831378937,
-0.8549677729606628,
0.5243511199951172,
-0.17298807203769684,
0.35699957609176636,
0.1686352789402008,
-0.26011353731155396,
0.27854040265083313,
0.7728518843650818,
-0.20680087804794312,
0.8207597136497498,
0.2818979322910309,
-0.06474205106496811,
0.1809304654598236,
-0.4267902970314026,
0.7383396029472351,
0.9277350902557373,
-0.14227882027626038,
-0.03823219612240791,
0.768947422504425,
-0.7343608140945435,
-0.5374503135681152,
0.2371644526720047,
0.22813783586025238,
0.33914628624916077,
-0.5415171980857849,
0.12489239126443863,
-0.4245957136154175,
-0.18177752196788788,
0.12074659019708633,
-0.8257604837417603,
0.4080835282802582,
-0.05631081387400627,
0.08401639759540558,
0.3186343014240265,
-0.17527581751346588,
-0.38068199157714844,
-0.21940502524375916,
0.17058372497558594,
-0.14664269983768463,
0.5656611919403076,
-0.16505351662635803,
0.4374432861804962,
-0.3869170546531677,
-0.30363398790359497,
-1.7645089626312256,
-0.5234361290931702,
0.15723858773708344,
-0.2161174714565277,
1.006848931312561,
-0.5398703813552856,
0.19614392518997192,
0.3688429594039917,
0.2732417583465576,
0.1595122516155243,
-0.5803049206733704,
-0.16344411671161652,
-0.14000555872917175,
-0.5455547571182251,
-0.7245047092437744,
-0.5152292251586914,
-0.4692532420158386,
-0.4627822935581207,
0.5606030821800232,
-0.10671588778495789,
0.22719798982143402,
-0.04189327731728554,
-0.20865514874458313,
-0.05037597939372063,
-0.1302405744791031,
0.8858820199966431,
-0.3118467926979065,
-0.5839009881019592,
-0.23496900498867035,
-0.3379758894443512,
0.42381060123443604,
-0.2743610739707947,
0.3397286832332611,
0.00816833134740591,
-0.6114548444747925,
-4.413816452026367,
0.6841098666191101,
-0.4394659996032715,
0.2551249861717224,
0.45373567938804626,
-0.20257166028022766,
0.5219656825065613,
-0.09274585545063019,
0.333570271730423,
-0.4497314989566803,
0.07485595345497131,
-0.12132589519023895,
0.18180131912231445,
0.0967492014169693,
-0.29124295711517334,
0.24347244203090668,
0.34949007630348206,
-0.30771884322166443,
0.2769698202610016,
-0.48930761218070984,
-0.41669192910194397,
0.18007215857505798,
0.1897224485874176,
1.1383267641067505,
0.34876736998558044,
1.0424491167068481,
-0.6564190983772278,
-0.07054083794355392,
-1.0419821739196777,
-0.0581444650888443,
0.03552203252911568,
-0.2695181667804718,
-0.15942247211933136,
0.04150472953915596,
-0.3471781015396118,
-0.2631738483905792,
0.5655604600906372,
-0.23899343609809875,
0.5865415930747986,
0.10189700871706009,
0.019785061478614807,
0.34278443455696106,
-0.5759152173995972,
-0.5172575116157532,
0.6831413507461548,
-0.722958505153656,
-1.1151347160339355,
-0.1722962111234665,
-0.2626255750656128,
0.3816941976547241,
0.15278421342372894,
-0.011324325576424599,
1.2153593301773071,
-0.21188896894454956,
0.2171671986579895,
-0.42827656865119934,
0.22747822105884552,
-0.05238954722881317,
0.26100650429725647,
0.3940373957157135,
0.3840795159339905,
0.07649825513362885,
0.03812689706683159,
-0.5761533379554749,
-0.3181018829345703,
-0.04253514111042023,
0.7564669847488403,
0.1726047694683075,
-0.047380492091178894,
0.3173837661743164,
-0.8076135516166687,
0.3814328610897064,
0.4045024514198303,
-0.8348309993743896,
0.28414058685302734,
-0.2630128860473633,
-0.6795352101325989,
0.14275585114955902,
-0.15973588824272156,
-0.2902889549732208,
-0.16995775699615479,
-0.28051167726516724,
0.4068361520767212,
0.6280787587165833,
-0.16682495176792145,
-0.5049421787261963,
-0.030233507975935936,
0.18245942890644073,
0.5341916084289551,
0.05996391549706459,
0.4363996386528015,
-0.4456455409526825,
0.20327982306480408,
-0.010816135443747044,
0.008722511120140553,
0.45348429679870605,
0.6769129037857056,
0.2548368275165558,
-0.4993956387042999,
-0.8631730079650879,
0.24131250381469727,
-0.12829196453094482,
-0.5369831323623657,
-0.33425065875053406,
-0.19281837344169617,
-1.171865701675415,
0.2821112275123596,
0.06187816709280014,
-0.10559844970703125,
-0.014209496788680553,
-0.08757948130369186,
-0.45991650223731995,
-0.7481173276901245,
-0.21070381999015808,
0.8800705075263977,
0.36548522114753723,
-0.43837350606918335,
0.41553667187690735,
-0.10991954058408737,
0.6384821534156799,
0.05002496764063835,
0.5624412894248962,
-0.14305554330348969,
-0.47076478600502014,
-0.2497285008430481,
0.30826181173324585,
0.038685113191604614,
0.6481741666793823,
0.17664368450641632,
-0.1558796912431717,
-0.40870997309684753,
0.579885721206665,
-0.40380793809890747,
-0.47885429859161377,
-0.40930381417274475,
-0.8611586093902588,
-0.6701837778091431,
-0.3531073033809662,
1.1988089084625244,
0.691555917263031,
0.4893248677253723,
0.34490445256233215,
-0.9889284372329712,
0.15757568180561066,
0.09338077902793884,
0.9012517333030701,
-0.5944883227348328,
-0.01663544774055481,
-0.7278451919555664,
-0.22821688652038574,
-0.49735766649246216,
-1.161759853363037,
0.24256150424480438,
-0.22321146726608276,
0.23113369941711426,
0.5367898344993591,
-0.5644962191581726,
0.02106359414756298,
-0.5265411734580994,
0.3187170922756195,
0.001225918997079134,
-0.3445112705230713,
-1.025413155555725,
0.497836709022522,
-0.3778725266456604,
-0.11647693067789078,
0.44169196486473083,
-0.35142219066619873,
-0.4483775794506073,
0.41422826051712036,
0.02490929327905178,
-0.0978553518652916,
-0.09790487587451935,
-0.502884030342102,
0.08302395790815353,
0.24433331191539764,
0.4160332977771759,
0.39076361060142517,
-0.024282507598400116,
0.07859238237142563,
0.3193511664867401,
0.11900642514228821,
0.13992848992347717,
0.7835640907287598,
0.09727372974157333,
-0.8934542536735535,
-0.3809758126735687,
-0.1673451066017151,
0.5169941186904907,
-0.1519366204738617,
0.3136010766029358,
-0.43945473432540894,
0.24385637044906616,
0.4403333067893982,
0.5306221842765808,
-0.9021207094192505,
0.19676794111728668,
-0.05700313672423363,
-0.5777016282081604,
-0.1510493904352188,
-0.19114546477794647,
0.40868306159973145,
-0.18073642253875732,
0.1611957550048828,
0.3037920296192169,
-0.5072143077850342,
0.24033065140247345,
1.1483838558197021,
-0.1527486890554428,
-0.2042272388935089,
-0.8304103016853333,
-0.5306692123413086,
0.5145328044891357,
-0.5298521518707275,
-0.1718658059835434,
0.030647963285446167,
0.15395444631576538,
-0.0024415727239102125,
-0.33223313093185425,
-0.47797146439552307,
-0.5084642767906189,
0.6206881403923035,
-0.5749775767326355,
-0.7794321775436401,
-0.598101019859314,
0.38958320021629333,
0.3752189576625824,
-0.621593177318573,
-0.12566503882408142,
-0.2922822833061218,
0.26095685362815857,
0.32744187116622925,
0.6339996457099915,
0.586094081401825,
0.15614785254001617,
-0.46705082058906555,
-0.23600837588310242,
-0.0855836570262909,
0.5753596425056458,
0.2993561327457428,
0.7890760898590088,
0.5222119688987732,
0.14415580034255981,
0.12890826165676117,
-0.00024408051103819162,
0.49485450983047485,
0.6306602954864502,
-0.080873042345047,
-0.14980290830135345,
0.6537227034568787,
0.30791544914245605,
-0.3552623987197876,
-0.6399176716804504,
-0.11948379874229431,
0.8157377243041992,
-0.5130698680877686,
0.26748883724212646,
0.9751121401786804,
0.15571261942386627,
0.16663758456707,
-0.545628547668457,
-0.47423458099365234,
-0.24547263979911804,
0.596194863319397,
-0.079978808760643,
0.0740620493888855,
-0.3386777937412262,
-0.20844925940036774,
0.6886194944381714,
-0.8395940661430359,
-0.6134812235832214,
-0.6230234503746033,
-0.05911009758710861,
0.7278316617012024,
0.08255543559789658,
0.1652384251356125,
-0.17894773185253143,
-0.20384573936462402,
-0.1863398402929306,
0.23677606880664825,
0.5493965744972229,
0.2575339674949646,
0.2256157547235489,
-0.4798103868961334,
-0.45529046654701233,
-0.38535964488983154,
0.2622247040271759,
0.5444208383560181,
-0.23104602098464966,
0.4134769141674042,
-1.215059757232666,
-0.41165074706077576,
0.12224766612052917,
-0.04147627577185631,
-0.2801873981952667,
0.315144419670105,
-0.32424893975257874,
-0.047452379018068314,
-0.0102933868765831,
-0.09079483151435852,
-0.48169106245040894,
0.17794229090213776,
0.05127160996198654,
0.27778738737106323,
0.6170657873153687,
0.22745849192142487,
0.10427353531122208,
-0.07376007735729218,
0.15308073163032532,
0.5040597915649414,
0.19674165546894073,
0.2664584815502167,
0.19566485285758972,
0.8717615008354187,
0.26895296573638916,
0.7904168963432312,
-0.08499238640069962,
-0.6083775758743286,
-0.37065914273262024,
-0.1951124668121338,
0.3546161651611328,
0.7251052260398865,
0.05020558834075928,
0.3945881128311157,
0.013491407968103886,
0.64373379945755,
0.11480794101953506,
0.10873638093471527,
-0.1283019781112671,
0.31602510809898376,
0.07451481372117996,
-0.46603086590766907,
-0.307425856590271,
0.8647801280021667,
-0.19386573135852814,
-0.2146729826927185,
0.2044977992773056,
-0.02760995365679264,
0.28801411390304565,
-0.1726207733154297,
-0.29852351546287537,
0.4823281764984131,
-0.43618345260620117,
0.27099043130874634,
0.1004369854927063,
0.6427819132804871,
0.2337338626384735,
0.08597429096698761,
-0.24393919110298157,
0.16640007495880127,
0.7109584808349609,
0.704871654510498,
-0.13258224725723267,
-0.39824047684669495,
0.018464447930455208,
0.14969579875469208,
-0.02383943647146225,
-0.7005119919776917,
0.2939489483833313,
-1.2585872411727905,
0.2533565163612366,
-0.014767132699489594,
0.023640908300876617,
0.0014083218993619084,
-0.14566299319267273,
-0.12032878398895264,
-0.10957805812358856,
-0.14183524250984192,
-0.053679559379816055,
0.7169309854507446,
-0.6823710799217224,
0.34864261746406555,
0.26489874720573425,
-0.08076987415552139,
-0.06582413613796234,
0.8466182351112366,
0.4488595426082611,
0.3188605308532715,
-0.30821481347084045,
0.3474540114402771,
0.27584436535835266,
0.6575566530227661,
-0.38999655842781067,
-0.22343210875988007,
0.17467278242111206,
0.4620164930820465,
-0.46144357323646545,
0.36669865250587463,
-0.44336020946502686,
-0.4068811237812042,
0.3725402355194092,
0.12861178815364838,
-0.4531515836715698,
0.4183945059776306,
-0.3320711851119995,
-0.00040806064498610795,
-0.37299954891204834,
-0.3193179666996002,
0.6470969915390015,
0.5645931363105774,
-0.12922614812850952,
-0.04480726644396782,
-0.2116020768880844,
0.8282173275947571,
-0.19494472444057465,
0.6114001274108887,
-0.6724167466163635,
0.48576852679252625,
-0.6011350154876709,
-0.23642045259475708,
0.5538237690925598,
0.9441177248954773,
-0.03795139119029045,
0.40716180205345154,
-0.3711036145687103,
0.059933315962553024,
0.5142186880111694,
0.14713066816329956,
-0.2921338677406311,
0.34829893708229065,
-0.2688479423522949,
-0.6228725910186768,
0.43380415439605713,
0.6883627772331238,
0.3941796123981476,
-0.4101318418979645,
0.23128098249435425,
-0.29715216159820557,
0.2896016836166382,
0.5980543494224548,
-0.029155490919947624,
-0.6769804954528809,
0.1891072392463684,
-0.6801533699035645,
0.0013963138917461038,
0.4169246554374695,
0.16226524114608765,
1.0503326654434204,
1.0228036642074585,
-0.22870691120624542,
0.48837584257125854,
0.06555606424808502,
0.32569947838783264,
0.13294824957847595,
-3.7313692569732666,
-0.3712367117404938,
-0.24601615965366364,
-0.759988009929657,
-0.8054324984550476,
-0.28138113021850586,
0.09545505791902542,
-0.46358174085617065,
0.9305818676948547,
0.11120579391717911,
0.0533750019967556,
-0.3591461777687073,
0.2848028540611267,
-0.3965456485748291,
0.6628201007843018,
-0.11562132090330124
] |
232124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe%20Electric%20Railway | Kobe Electric Railway | , often called , is a Japanese private railway company in Kobe and surrounding cities.
Lines
Arima Line (Minatogawa - Arima Onsen)
Sanda Line (Arimaguchi - Sanda)
Kōen-Toshi Line (Yokoyama - Woody Town Chuo)
Ao Line (Suzurandai - Ao)
Kobe Kosoku Line (Shinkaichi - Minatogawa) - Kobe Rapid Transit Railway owns the tracks of the line as the "Namboku Line". Shintetsu operates trains on the line.
Rolling stock
1000 series
1100 series
1300 series
1500 series
2000 series
3000 series
5000 series
6000 series
6500 series (from spring 2016)
References
External links
Transport in Kobe
Railway companies of Japan
Companies based in Kobe
Hankyu Hanshin Holdings
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
1926 establishments in Japan | [
0.4572436511516571,
-0.2562650144100189,
-0.31033894419670105,
0.270477831363678,
-0.33652055263519287,
-0.00912000983953476,
0.4292643964290619,
0.36559268832206726,
-0.6206321716308594,
0.12279046326875687,
0.19884349405765533,
-0.13744297623634338,
-0.2229601889848709,
0.5301097631454468,
-0.42276641726493835,
-0.2978654205799103,
0.6774681210517883,
0.21735556423664093,
-0.4326081871986389,
-0.34566450119018555,
-0.12059660255908966,
0.0021079520229250193,
0.8609127998352051,
-0.052243269979953766,
-0.11294665187597275,
-0.299104243516922,
-0.08257082104682922,
0.7928504347801208,
-0.18032144010066986,
-0.25183042883872986,
0.05531176179647446,
0.6850407123565674,
-0.0030203929636627436,
0.40396419167518616,
-0.31504926085472107,
-0.30430054664611816,
-0.0023470367304980755,
-0.49653545022010803,
-0.11039780080318451,
-0.1556561142206192,
0.011498845182359219,
-0.015254668891429901,
-0.05548129230737686,
0.04100937023758888,
0.7080140113830566,
-0.4302375316619873,
-0.6954062581062317,
0.2074730396270752,
-0.5185841917991638,
-0.025744687765836716,
-0.7213149666786194,
0.2606699466705322,
0.2853628396987915,
1.0320053100585938,
0.0981675386428833,
0.7348299026489258,
-0.4094019830226898,
0.4875262379646301,
0.3262907862663269,
-0.5100118517875671,
0.4073663055896759,
0.2455579787492752,
0.18248508870601654,
0.7115152478218079,
0.3872874677181244,
0.6886589527130127,
0.0895543172955513,
0.41051730513572693,
0.2995990216732025,
-0.23563379049301147,
0.05865766480565071,
-0.12363941967487335,
0.06591188162565231,
0.289690762758255,
0.03300766274333,
-0.8696560263633728,
-0.4514637887477875,
-0.910371720790863,
-0.4032498002052307,
0.1335209757089615,
-0.36024054884910583,
0.558240532875061,
0.44597434997558594,
-0.2324579805135727,
0.8392384052276611,
0.18074004352092743,
-0.43821439146995544,
0.2182362824678421,
-0.6521493792533875,
0.7127723097801208,
-0.5210129618644714,
0.6203804612159729,
0.2696217894554138,
-0.3467690050601959,
-0.44729501008987427,
-0.0993029773235321,
-0.254636287689209,
0.3848479688167572,
0.8248395919799805,
0.7529252767562866,
-0.26870402693748474,
-0.1595088392496109,
0.3952808678150177,
0.4323197305202484,
-0.6294180154800415,
-1.0149781703948975,
-0.1282912790775299,
0.003724382258951664,
-0.2365667223930359,
0.47385385632514954,
-0.8829412460327148,
0.16618366539478302,
-0.6658378839492798,
-0.0983283743262291,
0.05963525548577309,
0.0017745181685313582,
0.3288099765777588,
-0.7763373851776123,
-0.12785907089710236,
-0.17907969653606415,
0.08975096791982651,
0.21009284257888794,
-0.5324690341949463,
0.49818336963653564,
-0.12571081519126892,
0.3901809751987457,
-0.031459543853998184,
0.178584486246109,
0.1741112619638443,
-0.22723081707954407,
0.570192277431488,
1.253021478652954,
0.0489884652197361,
-0.1692664623260498,
0.0632663369178772,
-0.39475199580192566,
-0.027471382170915604,
0.4683174788951874,
-0.01841304451227188,
0.019419901072978973,
-1.4632149934768677,
0.18117736279964447,
-0.4471836984157562,
-0.22012114524841309,
0.27956870198249817,
0.7229990363121033,
-0.8843616247177124,
-0.3185657262802124,
-0.5304993987083435,
-0.31406086683273315,
0.47421589493751526,
0.6840164065361023,
-0.3466629385948181,
0.5291076302528381,
-0.317463219165802,
0.1908860057592392,
0.8861269950866699,
-0.4506065249443054,
0.34203392267227173,
0.2920224070549011,
-0.289542019367218,
0.1007937416434288,
-0.5336801409721375,
0.148638516664505,
-0.46421828866004944,
-0.3517913818359375,
0.3170892596244812,
-0.002692540641874075,
0.5749638676643372,
-0.20199108123779297,
-0.2318975031375885,
-0.677068829536438,
-0.40022727847099304,
-0.3435248136520386,
0.2136922925710678,
-0.288612961769104,
0.06329265981912613,
-0.025809980928897858,
-0.20674294233322144,
0.21852970123291016,
-0.9890530109405518,
0.32508331537246704,
0.48910072445869446,
-0.28845277428627014,
-0.07714424282312393,
0.11690745502710342,
-0.4688285291194916,
0.19174085557460785,
0.10321080684661865,
-0.1337607502937317,
0.02206232026219368,
-0.3386809825897217,
-0.1652149260044098,
-0.4976796507835388,
0.7593346238136292,
-0.00029846085817553103,
0.14658446609973907,
0.809821605682373,
-0.24344412982463837,
0.41504159569740295,
0.47146981954574585,
-0.11036437004804611,
-0.0687783882021904,
0.1939249187707901,
-0.8159918785095215,
0.20766301453113556,
0.16930916905403137,
0.01813373528420925,
-0.36829283833503723,
0.11638057231903076,
-0.2717207372188568,
0.12444467097520828,
0.5188763737678528,
-0.8165388107299805,
0.32578232884407043,
-0.40953898429870605,
-0.35461366176605225,
-0.3761647641658783,
0.42069172859191895,
-0.2779674530029297,
0.68246990442276,
0.24990558624267578,
-0.42695748805999756,
0.8069229125976562,
-0.5317586064338684,
0.27234500646591187,
0.19941018521785736,
0.8118564486503601,
-0.4847067594528198,
0.07633679360151291,
0.5467131733894348,
0.20487123727798462,
0.11154098808765411,
0.09100642800331116,
0.2168239951133728,
0.3593005836009979,
0.08756314218044281,
-0.27617865800857544,
0.09630491584539413,
0.12567386031150818,
0.5188606977462769,
0.13249945640563965,
-0.6485751271247864,
0.5981444716453552,
0.863227367401123,
-0.1302655041217804,
-0.09080397337675095,
0.37123745679855347,
-0.5920266509056091,
-0.42414912581443787,
-0.02443000115454197,
-0.0734620913863182,
0.33031323552131653,
-0.009908764623105526,
0.21958287060260773,
-0.865888774394989,
0.31115272641181946,
-0.13724377751350403,
0.1548936814069748,
0.019367290660738945,
0.26883193850517273,
-0.6398105621337891,
-0.5022703409194946,
-0.5505358576774597,
-0.4743260145187378,
-0.08518567681312561,
0.004463010933250189,
-0.15992625057697296,
0.4524171054363251,
0.08509913831949234,
0.36536890268325806,
0.07549355924129486,
-0.5088933706283569,
0.06031755357980728,
-0.4185999929904938,
-0.3533588647842407,
-0.09789011627435684,
0.8761768341064453,
-0.4950970411300659,
0.3238810896873474,
0.03476903960108757,
-0.006249188911169767,
-0.0579906664788723,
-0.8396248817443848,
-0.25865766406059265,
-0.6734961867332458,
-0.3383689820766449,
-0.4593443274497986,
-0.9197913408279419,
-0.48180970549583435,
-0.3346697986125946,
0.3238072991371155,
-0.45690205693244934,
0.17437869310379028,
0.33604493737220764,
-0.1248217225074768,
-0.0856209471821785,
-0.22304046154022217,
0.4563985764980316,
-0.8660159707069397,
-0.13586880266666412,
-0.6537768840789795,
0.28591546416282654,
0.02794813923537731,
-0.03393607959151268,
0.054963018745183945,
-0.11960148066282272,
-0.514552891254425,
-5.319607734680176,
0.09109587222337723,
-0.6711902022361755,
0.3523838520050049,
0.3261376619338989,
0.2166246771812439,
0.5833772420883179,
-0.15973767638206482,
0.5012184381484985,
-0.42746469378471375,
0.09715934842824936,
0.19052770733833313,
-0.16918516159057617,
0.5555624961853027,
-0.08308695256710052,
0.45493432879447937,
0.49054479598999023,
0.17807547748088837,
0.41088661551475525,
-0.38170480728149414,
-0.10490703582763672,
-0.12456049770116806,
-0.25592488050460815,
0.9711896777153015,
0.2782326936721802,
0.23212291300296783,
-1.080725908279419,
0.3042651116847992,
-0.5163431167602539,
-0.256862610578537,
0.46380525827407837,
-0.5329081416130066,
-0.08102639019489288,
-0.033561769872903824,
-0.16549120843410492,
-0.14789387583732605,
0.9275621771812439,
0.1381596028804779,
-0.06865490227937698,
0.10481805354356766,
-0.3403906226158142,
0.19217602908611298,
-0.21711961925029755,
-0.44462692737579346,
0.36182573437690735,
-0.8128784894943237,
-0.48293977975845337,
-0.2818623483181,
0.0988454669713974,
0.8342282772064209,
0.23685556650161743,
0.49448415637016296,
0.847558856010437,
-0.5383668541908264,
0.19389387965202332,
-0.46547186374664307,
-0.18223094940185547,
-0.16273275017738342,
-0.31691375374794006,
0.014241122640669346,
0.21046653389930725,
0.12244610488414764,
0.04175093024969101,
-0.23512676358222961,
-0.20488141477108002,
-0.16181020438671112,
0.3459382653236389,
0.0881054699420929,
0.23624378442764282,
0.26396507024765015,
-1.3055615425109863,
0.4514527916908264,
0.6641477346420288,
-0.9694547653198242,
0.2705901563167572,
-0.46371960639953613,
-0.37423256039619446,
0.6421487331390381,
0.25452670454978943,
0.24662314355373383,
-0.35124850273132324,
-0.3079220652580261,
-0.3500119149684906,
0.6033380627632141,
0.41303178668022156,
-0.28445616364479065,
0.44969937205314636,
-0.17172136902809143,
0.3497580289840698,
0.027621358633041382,
0.804517388343811,
-0.27137836813926697,
0.8907240629196167,
0.05795378237962723,
0.06545019894838333,
0.5513679385185242,
-0.18727119266986847,
0.5613539814949036,
-0.06556237488985062,
-0.9935316443443298,
0.3972458243370056,
-0.018242107704281807,
-0.5139862895011902,
-0.3326971232891083,
-0.255975604057312,
-1.0015804767608643,
0.5196906328201294,
-0.211952343583107,
0.01944061368703842,
0.34269294142723083,
0.16902682185173035,
-0.4830687642097473,
-0.8818367719650269,
-0.4676758944988251,
0.5352428555488586,
0.5265192985534668,
-0.49097681045532227,
0.8163529634475708,
-0.04848392680287361,
0.4105202853679657,
0.12809230387210846,
0.7331008315086365,
0.01857597567141056,
-0.3362409770488739,
-0.6909419894218445,
0.0041765072382986546,
-0.11190463602542877,
0.5842905640602112,
0.4808920919895172,
-0.12017896771430969,
-0.16757218539714813,
0.7864705920219421,
0.05007573217153549,
-0.07580841332674026,
-0.4560113251209259,
-0.47360631823539734,
-0.6528589725494385,
-0.34812262654304504,
0.1166299432516098,
0.15543021261692047,
0.29963940382003784,
0.17968827486038208,
-0.6313102841377258,
0.0995805412530899,
0.4228934347629547,
1.1446963548660278,
-0.2909935712814331,
-0.16214999556541443,
-0.4646545350551605,
-0.15827694535255432,
-0.18679416179656982,
-1.169716715812683,
-0.17289040982723236,
0.1267876923084259,
-0.48401787877082825,
0.16849130392074585,
0.14777706563472748,
0.5423274040222168,
-0.5127108693122864,
0.24511894583702087,
-0.03296063095331192,
-0.7766372561454773,
-0.25096654891967773,
0.2869749069213867,
0.17045839130878448,
-0.14242993295192719,
0.061830248683691025,
-0.7808674573898315,
-0.17625536024570465,
0.2136283665895462,
0.22464600205421448,
-0.25824493169784546,
-0.3540067672729492,
-0.4616367816925049,
0.7532010078430176,
0.36632177233695984,
0.22606733441352844,
-0.1201154962182045,
-0.3683445155620575,
-0.3643837571144104,
0.47816306352615356,
-0.053006723523139954,
-0.2633647918701172,
0.6198352575302124,
0.5883707404136658,
-1.035975694656372,
-0.5159673690795898,
-0.08370945602655411,
0.25027844309806824,
0.23833602666854858,
0.2949124872684479,
-0.24914062023162842,
0.2456902265548706,
0.6308733820915222,
0.559939444065094,
-0.7266433835029602,
0.3870398700237274,
0.0676402747631073,
-0.586651086807251,
-1.2836203575134277,
-0.22575385868549347,
0.44802793860435486,
-0.24945956468582153,
0.036215025931596756,
0.3930503726005554,
-0.6402164101600647,
0.36399826407432556,
0.47211405634880066,
-0.3579173684120178,
-0.27830129861831665,
-0.8801711797714233,
-0.6773281693458557,
0.10450971871614456,
-0.1445380300283432,
-0.41040441393852234,
-0.04480849206447601,
0.4657192528247833,
-0.12183470278978348,
-0.6200298070907593,
-0.6684402823448181,
-0.30021002888679504,
0.5108631253242493,
-0.5228685140609741,
-0.8356568813323975,
-0.7583591341972351,
0.6735037565231323,
0.7418965697288513,
-0.6001560091972351,
-0.5616102814674377,
-0.4559082090854645,
0.035321202129125595,
0.28932979702949524,
0.011288119480013847,
0.6495662927627563,
0.06611418724060059,
0.05483531951904297,
-0.09500496089458466,
0.0753210037946701,
1.0318223237991333,
0.5278310775756836,
0.5452781915664673,
0.7285207509994507,
0.07476291060447693,
-0.053936246782541275,
-0.031988970935344696,
0.6950450539588928,
0.7596064805984497,
-0.11542266607284546,
-0.011884900741279125,
0.8453251719474792,
0.07357589900493622,
-1.024053931236267,
-1.0694268941879272,
-0.47763198614120483,
0.6428250074386597,
-0.7364662289619446,
-0.5080139636993408,
0.09080459177494049,
-0.5105093121528625,
-0.1448504477739334,
-0.24953845143318176,
-0.5173724293708801,
-0.4585692882537842,
0.14786501228809357,
-0.23537856340408325,
0.3560624420642853,
-0.3674817979335785,
-0.2825354039669037,
0.44432494044303894,
-0.9815043807029724,
0.3697572946548462,
-0.35323116183280945,
0.47226089239120483,
0.41376277804374695,
0.23338575661182404,
0.17640037834644318,
-0.29586002230644226,
0.10370239615440369,
-0.5042086839675903,
-0.03825186565518379,
-0.2112637609243393,
0.07021632790565491,
0.2189289778470993,
-0.29732343554496765,
-0.4525914788246155,
-0.49504536390304565,
0.13747534155845642,
0.007907942868769169,
-0.1941111832857132,
-0.13740955293178558,
-0.4564732015132904,
-0.8171769380569458,
0.09191299229860306,
-0.24397152662277222,
-0.47075095772743225,
0.15993884205818176,
0.07883261889219284,
0.41841229796409607,
-0.19003169238567352,
0.2507599890232086,
-0.2811233699321747,
0.5437971353530884,
0.2668896019458771,
-0.4079647958278656,
0.09925898164510727,
0.4984225034713745,
-0.034331418573856354,
-0.23445162177085876,
0.3019387423992157,
0.7140523791313171,
0.4369836151599884,
0.23058956861495972,
-0.08838949352502823,
1.6051356792449951,
-0.12843473255634308,
0.34940654039382935,
0.23588357865810394,
-0.4166087210178375,
-0.573148787021637,
0.15827731788158417,
0.11190330982208252,
0.426960825920105,
0.015732120722532272,
0.004080212675035,
-0.26265498995780945,
0.4608049988746643,
-0.0953039899468422,
0.020396310836076736,
-0.4484078288078308,
0.8647759556770325,
0.44311317801475525,
-0.37332281470298767,
-0.5352160334587097,
0.5783713459968567,
0.08824381977319717,
-0.15787461400032043,
-0.05674932897090912,
-0.06581307202577591,
-0.01890489086508751,
0.25580692291259766,
0.00516815809533,
0.26392173767089844,
-0.47948548197746277,
-0.04560592398047447,
0.09683400392532349,
0.6787039637565613,
0.1728958636522293,
-0.0384858138859272,
0.08616811037063599,
0.6388495564460754,
0.35760197043418884,
0.1089734137058258,
0.21605025231838226,
-0.09609629213809967,
0.07021571695804596,
0.035227563232183456,
-0.2525480091571808,
-0.38013651967048645,
0.9042961001396179,
0.2861645221710205,
0.24981077015399933,
-0.011317226104438305,
0.037636563181877136,
0.06020773574709892,
-0.21365536749362946,
-0.08918754756450653,
0.22611768543720245,
-0.7308547496795654,
-0.061326559633016586,
0.09005801379680634,
-0.1300801783800125,
0.25444066524505615,
0.03899218514561653,
0.40059733390808105,
0.3183191418647766,
0.9499472975730896,
0.2829399108886719,
0.153578981757164,
0.35121989250183105,
0.6096709966659546,
-0.3027186989784241,
0.6645568013191223,
-0.4065759778022766,
-0.43528181314468384,
0.016393085941672325,
0.12679573893547058,
-0.48075544834136963,
0.7468793392181396,
-0.6992983222007751,
-0.381751149892807,
-0.2525944709777832,
-0.39228299260139465,
0.048283323645591736,
0.19069170951843262,
-0.3945778012275696,
-0.3411731719970703,
-0.0795377567410469,
0.21026425063610077,
0.5056906342506409,
-0.1533031016588211,
0.20411497354507446,
0.34570738673210144,
0.29982998967170715,
0.5773420929908752,
-0.4948781728744507,
0.6172557473182678,
-0.8810127973556519,
-0.05801907181739807,
-0.07272704690694809,
-0.02559010125696659,
0.35165536403656006,
0.2586668133735657,
-0.1251620203256607,
-0.03913307562470436,
0.032826971262693405,
0.10037259757518768,
0.7516821026802063,
-0.28912538290023804,
-0.33800265192985535,
0.151269793510437,
-0.6221200227737427,
-0.8777416944503784,
0.30317604541778564,
0.7387990355491638,
0.44628986716270447,
-0.12493427842855453,
0.4513460099697113,
-0.47398921847343445,
0.05552329123020172,
0.3651472330093384,
-0.027586117386817932,
-0.44137558341026306,
-0.2589353919029236,
-0.30465126037597656,
-0.20666871964931488,
0.19625324010849,
-0.1663350760936737,
0.6894317865371704,
0.8324532508850098,
0.203764870762825,
0.38804832100868225,
0.02891361713409424,
-0.035654209554195404,
0.22639305889606476,
0.013427764177322388,
-0.26233989000320435,
-0.29947787523269653,
-0.4349893629550934,
-1.0630773305892944,
0.12744271755218506,
0.2263578176498413,
-0.4825323224067688,
0.7460439801216125,
0.526247501373291,
0.3558359742164612,
-0.5571489334106445,
0.5326876640319824,
-0.3757351040840149,
0.6721357703208923,
-0.7665027379989624
] |
232126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dzai%20Line%20%28Kobe%29 | Tōzai Line (Kobe) | The Tōzai Line (東西線 Tōzai-sen) is one of three lines of the Kobe Rapid Transit Railway, operated by Hanshin Railway and Hankyu Railway. Trains from Hanshin, Hankyu and Sanyo railways enter this line.
Since the Tozai Line connects three lines, it has three termini: Nishidai in the west, Hankyu Sannomiya and Motomachi in the east. All three were opened in 1968. Tracks from the three termini meet at Kosoku-Kobe. Unlike the Namboku Line, it has standard gauge tracks, .
Stations served
Legend
● : Stops
∥ : Does not run through here
References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Railway lines in Japan
Standard gauge railways in Japan
Lines of Hanshin Electric Railway
Hankyu Railway lines
Railway lines opened in 1968 | [
-0.07220891863107681,
-0.38648250699043274,
-0.45119285583496094,
0.07445359975099564,
-0.2210034281015396,
0.21336796879768372,
0.9179145097732544,
0.1490260362625122,
-0.044716741889715195,
-0.376155823469162,
0.14656272530555725,
0.09325937926769257,
-0.4775494337081909,
0.1498769223690033,
-0.33648332953453064,
-0.39087599515914917,
0.7529661655426025,
-0.2110636979341507,
-0.686703622341156,
-0.4820154309272766,
0.15351326763629913,
0.09729272127151489,
0.7667708396911621,
-0.512527346611023,
0.3632920980453491,
-0.29212161898612976,
-0.22582773864269257,
0.9239607453346252,
0.08522653579711914,
-0.30050790309906006,
0.32010185718536377,
0.31810927391052246,
0.0872664675116539,
-0.19897280633449554,
0.18190988898277283,
-0.21365253627300262,
0.3990103006362915,
-0.3523567020893097,
0.20325912535190582,
0.09196028858423233,
-0.2803298234939575,
0.07513277232646942,
0.3717404901981354,
-0.30223220586776733,
0.9021916389465332,
-1.0783562660217285,
-0.9705584049224854,
-0.30877113342285156,
-0.8045547604560852,
0.463611364364624,
-0.2165139615535736,
0.0039250669069588184,
0.021430496126413345,
0.5476168394088745,
0.7153931856155396,
1.1011253595352173,
-0.632260262966156,
0.06416832655668259,
0.007499393541365862,
0.22828423976898193,
0.5610061883926392,
0.18814784288406372,
-0.17892786860466003,
0.9614432454109192,
0.28770965337753296,
1.0742404460906982,
0.15523888170719147,
0.5521294474601746,
-0.100281722843647,
-0.4216562807559967,
0.4582057297229767,
0.39114099740982056,
0.15484793484210968,
0.6694429516792297,
-0.36834320425987244,
-0.5507203936576843,
-0.7274185419082642,
-0.6116998791694641,
-0.9204844832420349,
0.1044725626707077,
-1.065240740776062,
-0.4946662187576294,
0.765255868434906,
-0.2060583382844925,
0.9893002510070801,
0.14437101781368256,
-0.07120075076818466,
0.15391720831394196,
-0.6367804408073425,
1.0280141830444336,
-0.34276115894317627,
0.38739413022994995,
-0.0007642358541488647,
-0.01158927008509636,
0.14007332921028137,
-0.3265525996685028,
-0.63663250207901,
0.5780049562454224,
0.7598087191581726,
0.8810216784477234,
-0.2255333513021469,
-0.21390660107135773,
0.6732547283172607,
-0.2040230929851532,
-0.749616801738739,
-0.97176194190979,
-0.4939868152141571,
-0.7183758020401001,
-0.06660187989473343,
0.3638390898704529,
-0.9546691179275513,
0.1522379070520401,
-0.5133655071258545,
-0.7412781119346619,
-0.15488392114639282,
-0.1541317105293274,
0.34246426820755005,
-0.9262635111808777,
0.055600233376026154,
-0.42546945810317993,
0.4751304090023041,
0.3841974437236786,
-0.5780302286148071,
0.4487770199775696,
0.11593005806207657,
0.536903977394104,
-0.08097332715988159,
0.001521199126727879,
0.45086321234703064,
0.19768787920475006,
0.9373683929443359,
1.552788257598877,
0.07102727890014648,
-0.31402429938316345,
0.08464454114437103,
-0.6879006624221802,
-0.1331005096435547,
0.4227132201194763,
-0.0649406760931015,
0.3421356678009033,
-1.0462946891784668,
-0.2674843668937683,
-0.4041629135608673,
-0.17030403017997742,
0.6590044498443604,
0.7178717851638794,
-1.2154532670974731,
-0.5572254061698914,
-0.34409159421920776,
-0.5195754170417786,
0.42759624123573303,
0.5714730024337769,
-0.17731179296970367,
0.5810468792915344,
-0.4917983412742615,
0.12331874668598175,
0.8033925294876099,
0.15432855486869812,
-0.08340063691139221,
0.14640416204929352,
-0.2271289974451065,
0.6047934293746948,
-0.45935797691345215,
0.01807803101837635,
0.1990431845188141,
-0.12237841635942459,
0.27762898802757263,
-0.08424636721611023,
0.24977989494800568,
-0.056326236575841904,
-0.46468305587768555,
-0.9517318606376648,
-0.27263349294662476,
-0.56402987241745,
0.2817860543727875,
-0.06099563091993332,
0.30387240648269653,
0.20282965898513794,
0.10919156670570374,
-0.06381319463253021,
-1.2801809310913086,
0.22472640872001648,
0.10943381488323212,
0.3042811155319214,
0.380708247423172,
0.06099480390548706,
-0.6537670493125916,
0.4497363567352295,
-0.09132158011198044,
0.002771511673927307,
-0.17636102437973022,
-0.14194343984127045,
-0.07905284315347672,
-0.47611191868782043,
0.5243695378303528,
0.39635929465293884,
0.11065343022346497,
0.987743079662323,
-0.4399782717227936,
0.6242349743843079,
0.434624582529068,
-0.4994904100894928,
0.35289549827575684,
0.6509774923324585,
-0.7682170867919922,
0.35311537981033325,
-0.191414475440979,
-0.009948773309588432,
0.36072859168052673,
0.7250023484230042,
-0.36485517024993896,
0.24448712170124054,
0.2283363789319992,
-0.2930460572242737,
0.4704708456993103,
-0.3661814332008362,
-0.19968026876449585,
-0.5257695913314819,
0.23719651997089386,
-0.24779903888702393,
0.7569778561592102,
-0.012229436077177525,
-0.6725077033042908,
0.4673411548137665,
-0.8988438248634338,
1.0314866304397583,
0.3216252326965332,
1.3087999820709229,
-0.20372545719146729,
0.2959786653518677,
0.734323263168335,
0.07700803130865097,
0.5346536636352539,
-0.13847815990447998,
-0.3733496367931366,
0.1121983453631401,
0.7497522830963135,
-0.3541162312030792,
0.6159265041351318,
-0.25933730602264404,
0.29486456513404846,
0.11176389455795288,
-0.937427818775177,
0.6634615659713745,
1.3354853391647339,
0.3806818127632141,
-0.14119882881641388,
-0.0944037213921547,
-0.5378674268722534,
-0.24336028099060059,
-0.19463913142681122,
0.3647039830684662,
0.1529911309480667,
-0.6177012920379639,
0.18874406814575195,
-0.8460912108421326,
0.11389803886413574,
-0.017877716571092606,
-0.5615277290344238,
-0.03548699617385864,
0.01778765395283699,
-0.0541088692843914,
0.4546338617801666,
-0.6069676876068115,
-0.803299069404602,
0.06371725350618362,
0.04516084864735603,
0.18191412091255188,
0.3976883888244629,
0.0480491928756237,
-0.02565893530845642,
-0.3390680253505707,
-1.0461856126785278,
0.37638336420059204,
-0.7268166542053223,
0.061252497136592865,
-0.27756160497665405,
1.0640554428100586,
-0.35947301983833313,
0.2818531095981598,
0.2133999466896057,
0.29160094261169434,
0.2732742726802826,
-0.6523671746253967,
-0.35384485125541687,
-0.34075483679771423,
-0.3041498064994812,
-0.6361867189407349,
-0.8219015598297119,
-0.4024900197982788,
-0.8017781972885132,
0.6322574019432068,
-0.3075464963912964,
0.1564093977212906,
0.3672342598438263,
-0.3641076982021332,
-0.27307406067848206,
-0.030711624771356583,
0.5114099383354187,
-1.1225026845932007,
-0.2185884267091751,
-0.20703339576721191,
0.2966093122959137,
0.26330792903900146,
-0.04147966206073761,
-0.25396355986595154,
-0.23952628672122955,
-0.6484718918800354,
-4.268363952636719,
0.8612713813781738,
-0.5339094400405884,
0.5177454948425293,
0.11311071366071701,
0.3167085647583008,
0.49035412073135376,
-0.4278644025325775,
0.34709516167640686,
-0.8776295781135559,
0.15180788934230804,
-0.000557811523322016,
0.4424913227558136,
0.0037326421588659286,
0.08141638338565826,
-0.15728259086608887,
0.0724746510386467,
0.012247513048350811,
0.6618252396583557,
-0.6274904608726501,
-0.09501858800649643,
0.23190779983997345,
-0.2052723467350006,
1.0674123764038086,
0.8030188083648682,
0.8298704624176025,
-0.9105561375617981,
-0.012938529253005981,
-1.0274704694747925,
-0.3715696334838867,
0.7602604627609253,
-0.317352294921875,
-0.12519924342632294,
0.0713287964463234,
-0.46808183193206787,
-0.2798331081867218,
0.77486652135849,
-0.21997451782226562,
0.4557991623878479,
0.16692276298999786,
0.029342999681830406,
0.15066982805728912,
-0.19609948992729187,
-0.9111462235450745,
0.23990051448345184,
-0.5844142436981201,
-0.6525819897651672,
0.07984327524900436,
-0.04183467850089073,
0.5285576581954956,
0.6829829812049866,
0.1830073446035385,
0.48964616656303406,
-0.6339671611785889,
0.08745495975017548,
-0.4815959632396698,
0.02852777950465679,
0.018173323944211006,
-0.42985600233078003,
0.2536123991012573,
0.6567831039428711,
0.06123973801732063,
-0.24720026552677155,
-0.03571020066738129,
-0.028324242681264877,
-0.5963820815086365,
0.13094064593315125,
0.11401646584272385,
0.12079137563705444,
0.2701866924762726,
-1.3268494606018066,
0.6615737676620483,
0.4894822835922241,
-1.1100246906280518,
0.677726686000824,
-0.13314299285411835,
-0.759640097618103,
0.42366912961006165,
0.2603679299354553,
-0.13266660273075104,
0.015153683722019196,
-0.4616674780845642,
-0.4994252920150757,
0.9203859567642212,
0.17087218165397644,
-0.8163255453109741,
0.18588554859161377,
-0.22841908037662506,
0.2274962216615677,
0.16068975627422333,
0.6640324592590332,
-0.08341936767101288,
0.6566544771194458,
0.35105422139167786,
-0.2672928273677826,
0.5115330815315247,
-0.19804014265537262,
0.5326796174049377,
0.012422910891473293,
-0.6488121151924133,
0.34857040643692017,
-0.11279428005218506,
-0.14556388556957245,
-0.6897815465927124,
-0.28944092988967896,
-1.1335718631744385,
0.35883089900016785,
0.004618557635694742,
-0.24476966261863708,
-0.0027963100001215935,
-0.0629129484295845,
-0.7401250600814819,
-0.8353028893470764,
-0.3519511818885803,
0.48027756810188293,
0.1673724502325058,
-0.7735891342163086,
0.6668186187744141,
-0.25705486536026,
0.8633126020431519,
-0.15755976736545563,
0.8404834866523743,
-0.5150668621063232,
0.02838752418756485,
-0.5411398410797119,
0.2986471652984619,
0.2016219049692154,
0.7350762486457825,
0.38297897577285767,
-0.009760230779647827,
-0.12562213838100433,
0.6835365891456604,
-0.3888322710990906,
-0.42487505078315735,
-0.685008704662323,
-1.219287633895874,
-0.5226200222969055,
-0.6189289093017578,
0.5066807270050049,
0.7368515729904175,
0.07816072553396225,
0.3697562515735626,
-0.8503340482711792,
0.14660945534706116,
0.09807445108890533,
1.3622781038284302,
-0.44127026200294495,
-0.5463615655899048,
-0.9737057685852051,
-0.22451603412628174,
-0.537167489528656,
-1.1701408624649048,
0.030038705095648766,
-0.36786821484565735,
-0.12316356599330902,
0.5452196002006531,
-0.5858518481254578,
0.12518851459026337,
-0.25132861733436584,
0.13471633195877075,
-0.477757066488266,
-0.10313621163368225,
-0.3903747797012329,
0.003565489314496517,
-0.5534226894378662,
-0.4061902165412903,
-0.033006634563207626,
-0.7688409090042114,
-0.21619448065757751,
0.4388214349746704,
-0.1625755876302719,
-0.22029055655002594,
-0.05361032858490944,
-0.09495560824871063,
0.3129044771194458,
0.062139514833688736,
0.3590974807739258,
0.26322880387306213,
-0.1858217865228653,
-0.6343414187431335,
0.17504537105560303,
-0.322292685508728,
0.28002458810806274,
0.7582651376724243,
0.5283740162849426,
-1.3068596124649048,
-0.4350796937942505,
-0.11481085419654846,
0.6631153225898743,
-0.20982614159584045,
0.25573259592056274,
-0.17642942070960999,
0.6934821605682373,
0.529840886592865,
0.9129800796508789,
-1.146864652633667,
0.25307637453079224,
0.7904269695281982,
-1.12651526927948,
-0.6650252342224121,
-0.27087244391441345,
0.6381238698959351,
-0.2952599823474884,
0.08807094395160675,
0.051522377878427505,
-0.4489491581916809,
0.480561763048172,
0.8223273754119873,
-0.5531893372535706,
-0.4982525110244751,
-0.7619591951370239,
-0.8215285539627075,
0.44649219512939453,
-0.3017098307609558,
-0.3811783194541931,
0.47535741329193115,
0.5562440752983093,
-0.22841335833072662,
-0.7920231223106384,
-0.8803236484527588,
-0.28146636486053467,
0.06390380859375,
-0.3669998347759247,
-0.7264214754104614,
-0.8638302683830261,
0.7770676612854004,
0.8901828527450562,
-0.8848444819450378,
-0.3226412534713745,
-0.5556034445762634,
0.05417431518435478,
0.17816708981990814,
0.389713853597641,
0.8108305335044861,
-0.20392251014709473,
-0.16978313028812408,
-0.154157355427742,
-0.3366253077983856,
0.32197317481040955,
0.8709471821784973,
0.814642608165741,
0.4456161558628082,
0.221732497215271,
0.27706608176231384,
-0.192688450217247,
0.49781692028045654,
0.6806871294975281,
-0.2935626804828644,
0.18463820219039917,
0.7024717330932617,
0.27734464406967163,
-1.0061099529266357,
-1.062926173210144,
-0.6450316905975342,
0.9479358792304993,
-0.8201252222061157,
-0.7401900887489319,
0.40042147040367126,
-0.3594810664653778,
0.3960282504558563,
0.11773549765348434,
-0.4472620487213135,
-0.1287761628627777,
0.5484508275985718,
0.0003311295295134187,
0.24605205655097961,
-0.025370189920067787,
0.06722839921712875,
0.9277044534683228,
-0.43997490406036377,
-0.44324812293052673,
-0.6669520735740662,
0.3518219292163849,
0.13226677477359772,
-0.018911289051175117,
0.45465004444122314,
-0.050989001989364624,
-0.5469076037406921,
-0.6509543061256409,
-0.44005638360977173,
-0.802394449710846,
-0.07733771950006485,
-0.007786261849105358,
-0.3068492114543915,
-0.39730599522590637,
-0.532274603843689,
0.20927946269512177,
0.3295946717262268,
-0.19592753052711487,
0.526218593120575,
-0.9524012804031372,
-0.8104982376098633,
-0.11321838945150375,
-0.04758768156170845,
-0.0753457248210907,
0.19935321807861328,
-0.07140418142080307,
0.32630404829978943,
-0.23093922436237335,
0.19884958863258362,
-0.4167051315307617,
0.1710006147623062,
-0.5270856618881226,
-0.15102648735046387,
0.1194167286157608,
0.388166218996048,
0.5683627128601074,
-0.5041765570640564,
0.1844303458929062,
1.225358486175537,
0.26734304428100586,
0.0746043398976326,
0.19838204979896545,
1.5247149467468262,
0.13592244684696198,
0.7422401309013367,
-0.22526581585407257,
-0.4298918545246124,
-0.9352144598960876,
0.1773010641336441,
0.18758134543895721,
0.5678814649581909,
-0.059019751846790314,
0.6642434000968933,
-0.3201369643211365,
0.33422818779945374,
-0.29436084628105164,
-0.09053148329257965,
-0.4598669707775116,
0.7361553311347961,
0.6055336594581604,
-0.9131514430046082,
-0.6958646178245544,
0.405674546957016,
0.17627078294754028,
0.019742567092180252,
0.21024510264396667,
-0.31398239731788635,
0.2791288197040558,
0.10347522795200348,
-0.2754378020763397,
0.48697933554649353,
-0.8585799932479858,
0.04589435085654259,
0.062205273658037186,
0.27010366320610046,
0.18180103600025177,
0.33896777033805847,
0.4816179871559143,
0.5214303731918335,
0.1230040043592453,
0.45973947644233704,
-0.5311226844787598,
-0.5195679068565369,
0.1223175898194313,
0.5167062878608704,
-0.5174981951713562,
-0.7452221512794495,
0.4133482575416565,
-0.015425777062773705,
0.43164169788360596,
-0.06925666332244873,
-0.05974399298429489,
-0.35686004161834717,
-0.6492562890052795,
-0.5294687151908875,
-0.014046055264770985,
-0.6886049509048462,
0.024279344826936722,
0.49216532707214355,
-0.5804061889648438,
0.6099783182144165,
0.3162037432193756,
0.31115707755088806,
0.697921633720398,
1.1561192274093628,
0.6162499189376831,
0.1893540471792221,
-0.026051772758364677,
0.17205014824867249,
-0.47155630588531494,
0.7494261860847473,
-0.10898980498313904,
-0.28159797191619873,
-0.293654203414917,
0.44519826769828796,
-0.01488984003663063,
0.13941901922225952,
-0.8345287442207336,
-0.8386013507843018,
0.0033064568415284157,
0.21493031084537506,
-0.08010602742433548,
0.06879382580518723,
-0.3656359016895294,
0.01836264878511429,
-0.33301177620887756,
-0.24150089919567108,
1.1869500875473022,
0.34513288736343384,
0.19783271849155426,
0.49393075704574585,
0.1461416631937027,
0.7054395079612732,
-0.46822381019592285,
0.657656192779541,
-0.4407104253768921,
0.11701852083206177,
-0.5178042054176331,
0.11063389480113983,
0.3339496850967407,
0.7262738943099976,
0.03112097457051277,
0.36419162154197693,
-0.23229336738586426,
-0.13039395213127136,
0.6332893967628479,
-0.29393133521080017,
0.008977948687970638,
-0.008629083633422852,
-0.2525407671928406,
-1.0994669198989868,
0.4582383930683136,
0.9182822108268738,
0.1812475174665451,
-0.7968053221702576,
0.17647294700145721,
-0.35094135999679565,
0.6847209930419922,
0.3257446587085724,
0.2531801462173462,
-0.31856873631477356,
0.41734445095062256,
-0.44135385751724243,
-0.4104464054107666,
0.826169490814209,
-0.20425233244895935,
0.8625795245170593,
1.023320198059082,
-0.3289470672607422,
0.7495667338371277,
0.2739536464214325,
0.07784036546945572,
0.5829000473022461,
-0.09607955813407898,
-0.3531316816806793,
0.1948457807302475,
-0.5211741328239441,
-1.1509318351745605,
0.04502107575535774,
-0.03968328982591629,
-0.7783986330032349,
0.7449825406074524,
0.1257254034280777,
0.39277735352516174,
-0.33617860078811646,
0.5332430005073547,
0.03715655952692032,
0.4663262963294983,
-0.2675662040710449
] |
232132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasta | Rasta | Rasta may refer to:
Rastafari movement, or a follower of that movement
Rasta (Congo), warlords from the Second Congo War
Rasta (Mandaeism) a white religious garment of the Mandaean sect
Lester "Rasta" Speight, American football player, wrestler, and actor
Rasta (singer) (born 1989 as Stefan Đurić), Serbian recording artist and producer
Stig Rästa (born 1980), Estonian musician
See also
Raasta (disambiguation)
Raster (disambiguation) | [
0.3765084147453308,
0.222940593957901,
-0.6612885594367981,
-0.6636325716972351,
-0.47002720832824707,
0.5454080700874329,
1.0598111152648926,
0.2570473253726959,
-0.6022500991821289,
-0.02304440177977085,
-0.6805267333984375,
0.19834621250629425,
-0.7862969040870667,
0.12323468923568726,
-0.19718436896800995,
0.5228217840194702,
-0.13597604632377625,
0.4422456920146942,
-0.021227169781923294,
0.18408679962158203,
-0.4914964437484741,
0.038019854575395584,
0.16431671380996704,
-0.287416934967041,
0.3376491963863373,
0.30431827902793884,
0.24537882208824158,
0.531562089920044,
-0.28123384714126587,
0.4058684706687927,
0.2689175009727478,
0.8533374071121216,
0.3713940382003784,
-0.2012622356414795,
0.2100062072277069,
0.09707877039909363,
0.23784945905208588,
-0.3605118691921234,
0.1041484996676445,
-0.5223985910415649,
-0.17162339389324188,
-0.39191290736198425,
0.5453593134880066,
0.11992153525352478,
-0.315311461687088,
-0.47349801659584045,
-1.1598174571990967,
0.8207316994667053,
-0.9611977338790894,
-0.06395138800144196,
-0.08747009932994843,
0.0398043692111969,
0.1220092847943306,
0.19544380903244019,
0.3241097331047058,
0.12675900757312775,
-0.5681615471839905,
0.21607448160648346,
0.4684479534626007,
-0.8091182708740234,
0.8829418420791626,
0.08014099299907684,
0.08109285682439804,
-0.36534082889556885,
-0.2558843791484833,
-0.2115047723054886,
-0.4497726559638977,
0.07987654209136963,
-0.2520615756511688,
-0.5565986633300781,
-0.0745323896408081,
-0.03682378679513931,
-0.18917351961135864,
-0.09006547182798386,
-0.06300826370716095,
-0.1821340024471283,
-0.11702907830476761,
0.19096939265727997,
0.04735354334115982,
0.1901407539844513,
-0.090871661901474,
-0.3451939523220062,
0.8581469655036926,
0.615355372428894,
0.02341967262327671,
-0.1995641589164734,
-0.06888695061206818,
-0.04171920567750931,
-0.5233272314071655,
0.1111714094877243,
-0.2180199772119522,
-0.5060641765594482,
0.6184243559837341,
0.45897504687309265,
-0.6123300790786743,
0.23205862939357758,
0.20720766484737396,
0.2775157392024994,
0.01031188853085041,
-0.27051666378974915,
-0.05181652307510376,
-0.043414853513240814,
0.00603291392326355,
0.00079002371057868,
-0.9126423597335815,
0.5174263715744019,
-0.08835569769144058,
0.5287538170814514,
-0.03777901455760002,
-0.2770042419433594,
-0.27961763739585876,
0.16921278834342957,
0.2405235469341278,
-0.15793189406394958,
0.2361619770526886,
-0.168892040848732,
-0.1906398981809616,
-0.6363025307655334,
-0.5446943044662476,
0.20724603533744812,
0.12851443886756897,
0.2316945195198059,
0.05739404633641243,
0.5921310186386108,
-0.03767520934343338,
0.11132988333702087,
0.21719582378864288,
0.4222889542579651,
-0.39614248275756836,
0.9779043793678284,
0.6046392321586609,
0.4041551351547241,
-0.41150766611099243,
0.4014250934123993,
-0.6900119185447693,
-0.4214867949485779,
0.25069165229797363,
-0.15525731444358826,
0.5047720670700073,
0.31751179695129395,
-0.9554874897003174,
-0.059768546372652054,
-0.5531157851219177,
0.09059719741344452,
0.20826472342014313,
-0.40120163559913635,
-0.02848180942237377,
0.32245439291000366,
0.13615679740905762,
-0.4264030158519745,
-0.22769135236740112,
-0.7863603830337524,
0.051920030266046524,
0.027030810713768005,
-0.14975473284721375,
0.1692103147506714,
0.1988983452320099,
-0.5231199264526367,
0.7053002715110779,
0.13125942647457123,
-0.1604314148426056,
0.44391223788261414,
0.27821531891822815,
0.6139647364616394,
0.6096891164779663,
-0.14765945076942444,
-0.2622333765029907,
0.20114506781101227,
-0.5002679824829102,
0.2551800012588501,
-0.260398805141449,
0.5818036198616028,
-0.017099959775805473,
0.14950205385684967,
-0.5911222696304321,
0.6043153405189514,
0.5985658168792725,
0.06692316383123398,
-0.12532252073287964,
-0.15305815637111664,
-0.5142365097999573,
0.17941166460514069,
-0.028859931975603104,
0.08357096463441849,
-0.017805667594075203,
0.12186286598443985,
0.06877529621124268,
-0.08500545471906662,
0.5795131921768188,
-0.37157073616981506,
-0.8252353668212891,
-0.43156737089157104,
0.4720327854156494,
-0.2082599699497223,
0.5078722238540649,
-0.3951251208782196,
-0.5346812605857849,
0.11938082426786423,
0.32192865014076233,
0.23324055969715118,
0.13277456164360046,
-0.7483202219009399,
0.28227221965789795,
-0.43087634444236755,
-0.2556929290294647,
0.5092989206314087,
-0.09804531931877136,
0.2055944949388504,
0.26284658908843994,
-0.2170260101556778,
0.9255591034889221,
-0.5437725782394409,
-0.4635615348815918,
-0.1356448233127594,
0.29698121547698975,
-0.17738009989261627,
-0.25906679034233093,
0.13237780332565308,
0.12780654430389404,
-0.24791017174720764,
0.539675772190094,
-0.4749041497707367,
-0.6498034596443176,
-0.22502948343753815,
0.09768830239772797,
0.32940053939819336,
-0.33826375007629395,
-0.023415522649884224,
0.46552035212516785,
-0.2103651762008667,
0.30919894576072693,
0.4578414261341095,
-0.00731826713308692,
-0.41718730330467224,
-0.4258168637752533,
0.07706465572118759,
0.4206312596797943,
-0.03479158505797386,
0.40960079431533813,
-0.41742151975631714,
0.24528871476650238,
0.1328798234462738,
-0.3918478190898895,
-0.6694526672363281,
0.5883459448814392,
-0.22572721540927887,
-0.5322127938270569,
-0.04754191264510155,
-0.32733163237571716,
-0.0037661283276975155,
0.19082726538181305,
0.43663743138313293,
0.042887087911367416,
-0.04097149148583412,
0.06917941570281982,
0.25489017367362976,
0.16800875961780548,
0.0797601193189621,
0.28547608852386475,
-0.3286212682723999,
-0.32438406348228455,
-0.04156054928898811,
0.1316392570734024,
0.19307047128677368,
0.06369040906429291,
-0.11426538974046707,
-0.21079613268375397,
0.08938173949718475,
0.6650156378746033,
0.36471250653266907,
0.29025697708129883,
0.3351907432079315,
-0.20283325016498566,
0.10135884582996368,
-0.1354963481426239,
-0.8404549956321716,
-0.1139368936419487,
-0.06459791213274002,
-0.27519485354423523,
-0.537824273109436,
-0.1722131222486496,
0.38311851024627686,
0.4504103362560272,
-0.2750103175640106,
-0.2438269853591919,
-0.11848512291908264,
0.37434670329093933,
0.5910521149635315,
0.14333194494247437,
0.10301762819290161,
-0.19674044847488403,
0.6074155569076538,
-0.367706298828125,
-0.3715022802352905,
-0.04980996251106262,
-0.030851291492581367,
0.46149036288261414,
0.39422255754470825,
-0.34581854939460754,
-0.18273738026618958,
-0.26600679755210876,
0.4359627962112427,
0.21755766868591309,
0.07207930088043213,
0.5466830730438232,
0.268516480922699,
-0.6250820755958557,
0.018450763076543808,
-5.90538215637207,
0.43554288148880005,
-0.43153613805770874,
-0.5470934510231018,
-0.14045855402946472,
-0.1086656004190445,
0.5382842421531677,
-0.2855147123336792,
0.0628710687160492,
-0.9950060248374939,
-0.7285486459732056,
0.06573755294084549,
-0.24791871011257172,
0.24460670351982117,
0.16807584464550018,
0.2962707579135895,
0.23964175581932068,
0.174148291349411,
0.35723790526390076,
0.4173121452331543,
-0.03645073622465134,
0.26563936471939087,
-0.20720578730106354,
0.5507863163948059,
-0.2866694927215576,
0.9157809019088745,
-0.4255129098892212,
0.13622431457042694,
-0.20912811160087585,
-0.41414085030555725,
-0.1439169943332672,
0.09735403954982758,
0.06319252401590347,
-0.33177006244659424,
0.15226535499095917,
0.03255213424563408,
0.17479178309440613,
-0.14542479813098907,
0.33924630284309387,
0.003177683101966977,
-0.10963045805692673,
0.3778027892112732,
-0.2872787117958069,
-0.5017026662826538,
0.43923476338386536,
0.36536094546318054,
-0.5322874784469604,
0.05415462329983711,
-0.3130629360675812,
0.6373719573020935,
-0.20011582970619202,
-0.8435211181640625,
0.04140429571270943,
0.12592065334320068,
0.6430060267448425,
-0.090994693338871,
0.2267676144838333,
0.3500799834728241,
0.2271176278591156,
0.45067501068115234,
0.31192246079444885,
-0.08465557545423508,
-0.02209480106830597,
-1.028482437133789,
-0.007950831204652786,
0.04078783094882965,
-0.12383677065372467,
-0.2960509955883026,
0.43746331334114075,
0.16458141803741455,
-0.09252169728279114,
-0.2859686613082886,
-0.4275033473968506,
-0.8059889078140259,
-0.351528525352478,
-0.45155075192451477,
-0.24609938263893127,
-0.09518211334943771,
-0.20247335731983185,
0.5028281807899475,
-0.25338372588157654,
-0.47138115763664246,
0.12425162643194199,
-0.4613993167877197,
0.043406467884778976,
-0.523196816444397,
-0.42417189478874207,
0.08238469064235687,
-0.5128928422927856,
0.06893426924943924,
0.6750227212905884,
-0.4902471899986267,
-0.2311641424894333,
0.3863568902015686,
0.7425827383995056,
0.4260680079460144,
0.020494284108281136,
-0.3194497525691986,
0.49821290373802185,
-0.18699204921722412,
0.4766508936882019,
-0.7278475165367126,
0.3135010302066803,
-0.29869624972343445,
0.42219582200050354,
0.46158385276794434,
-0.553594172000885,
0.1301257461309433,
1.0775418281555176,
-0.3117092251777649,
0.21777570247650146,
-0.19446536898612976,
-0.28549274802207947,
-0.6356658339500427,
0.7018454074859619,
-0.3701244592666626,
0.14345960319042206,
0.36690229177474976,
0.2566351890563965,
0.32798293232917786,
0.3279378414154053,
-0.04321936517953873,
-0.10512739419937134,
-0.20927686989307404,
-0.22500251233577728,
0.01140164490789175,
-0.018407922238111496,
0.09621961414813995,
0.003419640474021435,
0.2358451932668686,
0.14863598346710205,
-0.04038666561245918,
0.09542740136384964,
0.09659229964017868,
0.39559125900268555,
-0.1976151168346405,
-0.18291954696178436,
-0.7380982041358948,
0.17970192432403564,
-0.657475471496582,
0.0035302573814988136,
-0.5576326251029968,
0.19673123955726624,
0.5699469447135925,
0.3249003291130066,
0.40140435099601746,
0.37329259514808655,
-0.058835651725530624,
-0.10628222674131393,
0.5140021443367004,
0.39579933881759644,
0.36475199460983276,
0.6329300999641418,
-0.6422255635261536,
-0.6668323874473572,
-0.07067263126373291,
0.2679360806941986,
0.2296316921710968,
-0.3768114149570465,
-0.2673186659812927,
0.391051709651947,
-0.5829457640647888,
-1.1768600940704346,
0.29463452100753784,
-0.15140186250209808,
-0.5483752489089966,
0.11124901473522186,
-0.329694539308548,
-0.05159958451986313,
0.3504301607608795,
-0.34450042247772217,
-0.7122083902359009,
-0.3235236406326294,
0.037563879042863846,
0.3320368528366089,
-0.460050106048584,
-0.18931880593299866,
0.48984628915786743,
0.03061109222471714,
0.19672325253486633,
-0.1472145915031433,
0.49503394961357117,
-0.5369662642478943,
0.1846890151500702,
0.5771248936653137,
0.20187582075595856,
-0.27942776679992676,
0.1198972538113594,
-0.3505949378013611,
0.18639066815376282,
0.2729721963405609,
0.5135404467582703,
0.48504638671875,
0.2282508909702301,
-0.0793771967291832,
-0.6581903696060181,
-0.49618634581565857,
0.6035357117652893,
0.35993608832359314,
-0.1885446012020111,
0.643771767616272,
0.10844249278306961,
-0.17641055583953857,
0.026980100199580193,
0.1569722294807434,
-0.14855025708675385,
1.1306871175765991,
-0.06892666220664978,
-0.8118709325790405,
0.12714295089244843,
-0.1832706779241562,
-0.955305814743042,
0.2916273772716522,
0.5173773765563965,
-0.6817683577537537,
0.12296179682016373,
-0.22527985274791718,
-0.15534262359142303,
-0.2683769464492798,
-0.7033816576004028,
0.056768566370010376,
-0.4729629456996918,
-0.11214553564786911,
0.7111007571220398,
-0.2366255819797516,
0.34287029504776,
0.5692658424377441,
-0.23066511750221252,
0.17760911583900452,
0.34150430560112,
0.14430630207061768,
0.19914452731609344,
-0.09827166050672531,
0.4482435882091522,
-0.3970550000667572,
0.4227624833583832,
0.023898165673017502,
0.11519317328929901,
0.4187600016593933,
0.1863824725151062,
0.5233845710754395,
0.556725025177002,
-0.07047159224748611,
-0.49280133843421936,
0.1539398431777954,
0.4793110489845276,
0.016580116003751755,
0.1432570219039917,
-0.1632329821586609,
0.22870896756649017,
0.4098615348339081,
0.24803709983825684,
-0.8629903197288513,
0.14941222965717316,
0.7316099405288696,
-0.35066676139831543,
-0.17505773901939392,
0.05773565173149109,
0.016382461413741112,
0.29992467164993286,
0.3805467188358307,
0.12526187300682068,
0.14558883011341095,
0.10623855143785477,
-0.3879927396774292,
-0.0665203258395195,
-0.4319116473197937,
-0.4901156723499298,
0.212779238820076,
-0.30618172883987427,
-0.38274848461151123,
-0.38663309812545776,
0.7026451826095581,
0.2463516741991043,
-0.025615673512220383,
-0.023449014872312546,
-0.23879025876522064,
-0.5363218784332275,
-0.3577571511268616,
0.5299213528633118,
-0.5298939347267151,
-0.22231292724609375,
-0.02054266259074211,
0.15629927814006805,
0.668170690536499,
-0.8701623678207397,
0.17016728222370148,
0.07122614234685898,
-0.31284675002098083,
-0.45934590697288513,
-0.30259793996810913,
0.09071754664182663,
0.12241686880588531,
0.5274345278739929,
-0.57430499792099,
0.08177776634693146,
0.34714287519454956,
0.02429378591477871,
-0.07057776302099228,
-0.16324959695339203,
-0.26157525181770325,
0.5930906534194946,
0.44527825713157654,
-0.0163856353610754,
0.2811082899570465,
-0.21052372455596924,
0.08229561150074005,
-0.6541644930839539,
0.42168787121772766,
-0.020099414512515068,
-0.048632387071847916,
0.05410655587911606,
0.09731090813875198,
0.7155048251152039,
-0.16847509145736694,
0.2601247727870941,
0.1639762669801712,
0.06986819952726364,
0.6060768961906433,
0.26132988929748535,
0.492037832736969,
-0.2435777187347412,
0.5917356610298157,
0.3844947814941406,
0.41809019446372986,
0.4202519357204437,
-0.04641714319586754,
-0.3058345317840576,
0.8388535380363464,
0.014880591072142124,
0.317196249961853,
-0.071329265832901,
0.08878720551729202,
-0.14589841663837433,
-0.44567060470581055,
0.01545885019004345,
0.2725127339363098,
-0.04367498308420181,
-0.24338392913341522,
0.5605185031890869,
0.20618638396263123,
-0.08766721189022064,
-0.3371497690677643,
-0.12146735191345215,
-0.007159090600907803,
-0.2605360746383667,
-0.23168404400348663,
-0.10750902444124222,
0.4970921576023102,
-0.09737837314605713,
-0.1833001673221588,
-0.3520364761352539,
-0.43280029296875,
-0.14330211281776428,
0.4035264551639557,
-0.1788400113582611,
0.09794463962316513,
-0.5390548706054688,
-0.3407593071460724,
0.14529551565647125,
0.13797041773796082,
-0.18723326921463013,
0.5176954865455627,
0.18536709249019623,
0.1593017280101776,
0.27057769894599915,
-0.4290896952152252,
-1.1819696426391602,
-0.04401123523712158,
0.2068871259689331,
0.1817348599433899,
0.13015927374362946,
-0.053403712809085846,
0.5921979546546936,
0.17474770545959473,
0.11401655524969101,
0.2929733395576477,
0.5270721316337585,
-0.1412290632724762,
0.13714511692523956,
-0.40875911712646484,
-0.1149461567401886,
-0.38173457980155945,
-0.4681760370731354,
0.5194056034088135,
-0.2598734498023987,
-0.3874495029449463,
-0.42457693815231323,
-0.49912628531455994,
0.08809619396924973,
0.24672873318195343,
-0.23900431394577026,
-0.030996287241578102,
-0.3198927342891693,
0.1506662219762802,
0.21925503015518188,
-0.34283247590065,
0.8804579973220825,
0.28094401955604553,
0.12059523910284042,
0.04588944837450981,
0.18675486743450165,
0.029550928622484207,
-0.22930872440338135,
-0.5097687244415283,
-0.3246300220489502,
-0.35699665546417236,
-0.3650858402252197,
-0.38389140367507935,
0.8956877589225769,
0.20008380711078644,
-0.432405024766922,
0.18607254326343536,
0.31045666337013245,
0.100568488240242,
0.3272804021835327,
0.22285541892051697,
-0.26077818870544434,
-0.08694513887166977,
-0.6173103451728821,
0.060231082141399384,
-0.16551893949508667,
-0.10329905897378922,
0.379783034324646,
-0.2455396056175232,
-0.08793952316045761,
-0.17375344038009644,
0.6282736659049988,
-1.1064696311950684,
-0.08972015976905823,
-0.05112037435173988,
-0.27830320596694946,
-0.30579209327697754,
-0.006862185429781675,
-0.5766987204551697,
-0.20510052144527435,
0.5391912460327148,
0.2020830512046814,
-0.35338327288627625,
-0.5765480995178223,
0.39622822403907776,
-0.3433098793029785,
0.04441451281309128,
0.14772480726242065,
-0.07348037511110306,
0.23219817876815796,
-0.1541561633348465,
-0.024213749915361404,
-0.7010624408721924,
0.2699790894985199,
-0.08003489673137665,
-0.6349374055862427,
0.4569130539894104,
-0.03764514625072479,
0.5809378623962402,
-0.05447747930884361,
0.09194700419902802,
-0.23141580820083618,
0.23229695856571198,
-0.6107996106147766
] |
232137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad%20I%20of%20Egypt | Fuad I of Egypt | Fuad I ( Fu’ād al-Awwal; or ; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel. He substituted the title of Sultan for King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922.
Early life
Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo, the fifth issue of Isma'il Pasha. He spent his childhood with his exiled father in Naples. He got his education from the military academy in Turin, Italy. His mother was Ferial Qadin.
Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of Cairo University. He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of Albania for himself, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne. Fuad also served as President of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918.
Reign
Fuad came under consideration as a candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.
The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.
Creation of the Royal Archives
Fuad was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian historiography. He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors — especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather Ibrahim, and his father — as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian history.
Personal life
Fuad married his first wife in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at the Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf), Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898. During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.
Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was Nazli Sabri (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, Tawfika Khanum Sharif. Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General Muhammad Sharif Pasha, sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha, a French officer in Napoleon's army who converted to Islam and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future King Farouk, and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became Queen Consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathia.
As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Koubbeh Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.
King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to the United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world.
China
The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting. Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to Beijing by the King.
Titles
26 March 1868 – 9 October 1917: His Highness Ahmed Fuad Pasha
9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922: His Highness The Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur
15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936: His Majesty The King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur
Honours
Domestic
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Agriculture
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Culture
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Commerce and Industry
Foreign
Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class, 1893
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1911
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, 1912
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), 1917
Imperial Order of Persia, 1919
Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword, 1920
Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 1921
Grand Cross w/Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1921
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 1921
Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 1922
Collar of the Order of Charles III, 1922
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Renaissance of the Hejaz, 1922
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1925
Grand Collar of the Order of the Supreme Sun, 1927
Grand Collar of the Kingdom of Albania, 1927
Royal Victorian Chain (RVC), 1927
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 1927
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1927
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Umayyads of Syria, 1927
Collar of the Order of the White Lion of Czechoslovakia, 1927
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle, 1932
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 1933
Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1934
Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 1932
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland, 1935
Grand Collar of the Order of the Crown, 1935
See also
Kingdom of Egypt
List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
References
General
Specific
External links
1868 births
1936 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
20th-century Egyptian monarchs
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Kings of Egypt
Kings of Sudan
Sultans of Egypt
Field marshals of Egypt
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vasa
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Egyptian people of Albanian descent
Egyptian people of French descent
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) | [
-0.3509746193885803,
0.7110085487365723,
-0.22611801326274872,
-0.13739804923534393,
-0.3465922474861145,
0.511587917804718,
0.43944576382637024,
-0.1497776359319687,
-0.18659991025924683,
-0.47951847314834595,
-0.5438151359558105,
-0.3827042877674103,
-0.40089377760887146,
0.6499624252319336,
0.4433637857437134,
0.41829028725624084,
0.2545319199562073,
0.5495630502700806,
-0.382559210062027,
0.15206262469291687,
0.05157361552119255,
0.24404332041740417,
0.015115215443074703,
-0.06599111109972,
0.4097912311553955,
-0.3156718313694,
0.9468395113945007,
-0.16320298612117767,
0.07016859948635101,
-0.4756326973438263,
0.26723918318748474,
-0.18780139088630676,
-0.3502803444862366,
-0.2238345742225647,
-0.5107331871986389,
-0.05900421738624573,
-0.29432785511016846,
-0.6182961463928223,
-0.11738111823797226,
-0.28379765152931213,
-0.9281656742095947,
-0.30501043796539307,
0.429340660572052,
0.5176317095756531,
-0.17755857110023499,
-0.939725935459137,
-1.0018527507781982,
0.16057215631008148,
-0.41557130217552185,
0.08482086658477783,
-0.17771755158901215,
0.25083938241004944,
-0.2293863594532013,
0.027334539219737053,
0.8523189425468445,
0.08243637531995773,
-0.9362298846244812,
-0.0484505370259285,
0.035492729395627975,
-0.2975764870643616,
1.2124558687210083,
0.4334386885166168,
0.3926141858100891,
-0.11655547469854355,
-0.14222727715969086,
0.44791314005851746,
0.2543494403362274,
0.37150806188583374,
0.054728616029024124,
0.31582289934158325,
-0.14726006984710693,
0.41448280215263367,
-0.3748997747898102,
0.051157448440790176,
0.468070924282074,
-0.5928497910499573,
0.25603529810905457,
0.045240215957164764,
0.27901431918144226,
0.3703277111053467,
0.005027157720178366,
-0.451156347990036,
0.845128059387207,
0.44707831740379333,
0.13986410200595856,
0.004703291226178408,
-0.15126393735408783,
0.6743229627609253,
-0.20601920783519745,
0.13075365126132965,
-0.3184267580509186,
0.2767389416694641,
0.19740284979343414,
-0.38179007172584534,
-0.5826809406280518,
0.1258510947227478,
-0.0724911093711853,
0.40114834904670715,
-0.16430214047431946,
-0.3231827914714813,
0.48518651723861694,
0.19798524677753448,
-0.23354285955429077,
0.04398420825600624,
-0.5619528293609619,
0.1586376577615738,
0.02640349231660366,
0.3713832199573517,
-0.5980964303016663,
-0.21129335463047028,
-0.2787742614746094,
0.6434150338172913,
-0.1359723061323166,
0.01729433238506317,
0.004375702701508999,
-0.10552647709846497,
0.11659612506628036,
-0.5866209268569946,
-0.4161454737186432,
-0.12851738929748535,
-0.006130537483841181,
0.1955820620059967,
-0.011335421353578568,
-0.03646302968263626,
0.3109682500362396,
-0.25776004791259766,
-0.32197484374046326,
0.18824069201946259,
-0.6548318862915039,
0.7174509763717651,
1.177852988243103,
0.2930963635444641,
0.14963820576667786,
-0.32485324144363403,
-0.17564260959625244,
-0.6153402328491211,
0.05897016450762749,
0.34491708874702454,
0.4864792823791504,
-0.037251003086566925,
-0.9805613160133362,
-0.03631255030632019,
-0.4151584804058075,
0.7370864748954773,
-0.1251560002565384,
-0.11254585534334183,
0.5064289569854736,
0.25973182916641235,
-0.21081076562404633,
-0.13295957446098328,
-0.19996245205402374,
-0.6527716517448425,
-0.24963447451591492,
-0.42394280433654785,
-0.41174814105033875,
0.40452879667282104,
0.3140222430229187,
0.14422069489955902,
0.43519890308380127,
0.21562068164348602,
0.2870238423347473,
0.33806830644607544,
-0.10213340073823929,
-0.30474212765693665,
0.4583168625831604,
0.2258443981409073,
0.545849084854126,
0.21863354742527008,
0.323597252368927,
0.25960904359817505,
-0.46260032057762146,
-0.28044602274894714,
0.25699102878570557,
-0.279812753200531,
-0.5090265870094299,
0.2790275514125824,
0.7901628017425537,
0.06461051106452942,
0.1212199330329895,
-0.19614845514297485,
-0.2573554515838623,
-0.5694672465324402,
-0.14406129717826843,
0.0767207220196724,
0.4021354615688324,
-0.15813380479812622,
0.6021782159805298,
-0.7268706560134888,
0.2695269286632538,
-0.511911153793335,
0.14663827419281006,
-0.31293785572052,
0.26623332500457764,
-0.17368414998054504,
0.6072330474853516,
0.4989565312862396,
-0.8299822211265564,
-0.12216641753911972,
-0.192972332239151,
0.5832260847091675,
0.2366703748703003,
-0.08733014762401581,
0.45288988947868347,
-0.1568586677312851,
-0.04452518746256828,
0.6938313245773315,
-0.08122862875461578,
0.17827263474464417,
0.08731315284967422,
0.9835430979728699,
0.7926943898200989,
-0.6047400832176208,
-0.19851937890052795,
-0.16044296324253082,
-0.2725803256034851,
-0.16617055237293243,
-0.05272069573402405,
-0.05738348513841629,
-0.18595409393310547,
-0.21186114847660065,
0.6846336126327515,
0.36868950724601746,
-0.6306391358375549,
0.5803914666175842,
-0.2278984636068344,
0.16305036842823029,
-0.4225161671638489,
-0.1650131642818451,
-0.5574992895126343,
-0.07925751805305481,
-0.3219052851200104,
-0.14511369168758392,
0.622572124004364,
-0.36020007729530334,
0.2388683706521988,
-0.5415179133415222,
-0.1373387575149536,
-0.13450370728969574,
0.07778897881507874,
0.10116063058376312,
0.5456311702728271,
0.3208058178424835,
-0.15907683968544006,
0.1882815957069397,
0.2882762849330902,
0.3653307259082794,
-0.13808012008666992,
0.05837394297122955,
-0.5620759725570679,
-0.07224994897842407,
-0.1513146311044693,
0.17830291390419006,
0.23434759676456451,
-0.3947547674179077,
0.4516777992248535,
-0.612456738948822,
-0.5029053092002869,
0.021534426137804985,
0.4923011064529419,
0.5319567322731018,
0.22085560858249664,
0.43022647500038147,
0.005966445431113243,
0.24649319052696228,
0.4659702479839325,
-0.09898168593645096,
0.026574892923235893,
-0.24998389184474945,
-0.16684244573116302,
0.3892061710357666,
1.0273306369781494,
-0.16259440779685974,
-0.666745126247406,
0.22829128801822662,
0.6235558986663818,
0.34249258041381836,
-0.13653533160686493,
-0.035654615610837936,
-0.2189505249261856,
-0.5442924499511719,
0.5932098031044006,
0.4484544098377228,
-0.12824083864688873,
-0.12577486038208008,
-0.37061867117881775,
-0.4370317757129669,
-0.047069232910871506,
-0.6102845072746277,
0.2902146875858307,
-0.06263196468353271,
-0.2210569679737091,
0.6098340749740601,
0.4095955193042755,
-0.10254727303981781,
-0.23751422762870789,
0.2992328107357025,
-0.381327360868454,
-0.10075110197067261,
0.3184964060783386,
-0.3593069911003113,
-1.0859615802764893,
0.034175802022218704,
-0.682232141494751,
0.29133880138397217,
0.74283766746521,
0.4159720838069916,
-0.4277716279029846,
0.08891885727643967,
-5.6698431968688965,
-0.34618452191352844,
0.39908289909362793,
0.2521131634712219,
0.24366070330142975,
0.33185356855392456,
0.18936996161937714,
0.29699650406837463,
0.5462466478347778,
-0.6362701058387756,
0.3096071183681488,
-0.28648483753204346,
-0.2498546987771988,
0.6068351864814758,
0.0801008939743042,
0.5710906982421875,
0.4059531092643738,
-0.3045159578323364,
0.1813708245754242,
0.17676576972007751,
0.0026033325120806694,
-0.16550180315971375,
-0.351024329662323,
0.13319283723831177,
0.3127375841140747,
0.19885089993476868,
-0.41382813453674316,
-0.01793590933084488,
-0.8512961864471436,
-0.46942105889320374,
-0.0702347382903099,
-0.23495666682720184,
0.2664603292942047,
-0.17998450994491577,
-0.007113912608474493,
-0.08431026339530945,
0.7782236337661743,
0.15716877579689026,
-0.32996609807014465,
-0.1784324049949646,
-0.2632269561290741,
-0.41934043169021606,
-1.1208245754241943,
0.39286771416664124,
0.2582080364227295,
-0.13561901450157166,
-0.561138391494751,
0.10240025818347931,
0.06166929379105568,
0.14364710450172424,
-0.37969014048576355,
0.22928179800510406,
-0.2451726645231247,
-0.8191186785697937,
-0.31590694189071655,
0.713438868522644,
-0.735085129737854,
0.4509913921356201,
-0.23600947856903076,
0.5436837077140808,
0.3913615942001343,
-0.5174077749252319,
0.2282201051712036,
0.3068302273750305,
0.4277549386024475,
-0.18187321722507477,
0.2248324751853943,
0.12260013073682785,
0.07026220113039017,
0.36599448323249817,
-0.08601333945989609,
0.4725660979747772,
0.05446605011820793,
-0.5922057628631592,
0.056893013417720795,
-0.5830817818641663,
0.24537056684494019,
-0.10107874125242233,
-0.251666784286499,
-0.10983938723802567,
-0.34157252311706543,
-0.021736733615398407,
0.3819909393787384,
0.904238760471344,
-0.28606608510017395,
-0.20386800169944763,
0.03277682885527611,
0.3654027581214905,
0.36044448614120483,
0.221145361661911,
0.3478972315788269,
-0.8802472949028015,
0.130416601896286,
0.47669538855552673,
-0.27294081449508667,
0.367272287607193,
-0.36325451731681824,
0.28204458951950073,
0.44955548644065857,
0.25508472323417664,
-0.500637412071228,
-0.12433073669672012,
-0.34357327222824097,
0.011304778046905994,
-0.060324642807245255,
0.056694332510232925,
-0.18441557884216309,
-0.11012154072523117,
0.682917594909668,
-0.3084185719490051,
-0.2001188099384308,
0.3497501015663147,
-0.6204304099082947,
0.03562590852379799,
0.7742409110069275,
-0.1556110829114914,
0.02869945392012596,
0.5500981211662292,
0.593584418296814,
0.48542848229408264,
-0.2594357132911682,
0.28509947657585144,
0.25498852133750916,
-0.4040786623954773,
0.025493931025266647,
0.3765757083892822,
0.5632853507995605,
-0.0016761672450229526,
-0.04733836278319359,
-0.5518407225608826,
-0.4439764618873596,
0.20368431508541107,
-0.18074358999729156,
0.5219142436981201,
0.1063871681690216,
-0.7750311493873596,
-0.45495814085006714,
-0.516535222530365,
-0.020807959139347076,
-0.08535663783550262,
-0.6955868601799011,
-0.37523695826530457,
0.03680816665291786,
0.24596339464187622,
0.22000406682491302,
-0.11983887851238251,
0.1745751053094864,
0.18596088886260986,
-0.1693071573972702,
0.45546677708625793,
0.1661587357521057,
0.2795107066631317,
0.8633714914321899,
-0.20259012281894684,
-0.7321186661720276,
0.1814439296722412,
0.6296062469482422,
0.18982180953025818,
-0.41420337557792664,
-0.4761044979095459,
-0.12184028327465057,
-0.6016721129417419,
-0.8400589227676392,
0.22986182570457458,
-0.3091990351676941,
0.8504773378372192,
-0.2857997715473175,
0.06814301759004593,
0.16190339624881744,
0.6079405546188354,
0.49279168248176575,
-1.066953420639038,
-0.2634848654270172,
-0.584648609161377,
0.1028847023844719,
-0.056706901639699936,
-0.5856510400772095,
0.12729358673095703,
0.10932660102844238,
-0.7205991148948669,
-0.7241407036781311,
0.21391481161117554,
-0.4846827983856201,
0.04197798669338226,
0.46129879355430603,
0.23124441504478455,
-0.7166838049888611,
-0.5759179592132568,
-0.23989035189151764,
0.24174216389656067,
-0.053894102573394775,
-0.07111294567584991,
-0.062105413526296616,
0.059750746935606,
-0.6417564749717712,
-0.2559508979320526,
0.17849226295948029,
0.11292792111635208,
0.40736010670661926,
-0.4488423764705658,
-0.21084901690483093,
0.14153219759464264,
0.10028830915689468,
-0.13341949880123138,
-0.3527548015117645,
-0.7227774262428284,
0.3594764769077301,
-0.05454636737704277,
-0.21075384318828583,
0.8105100989341736,
-0.09820716083049774,
-0.6808351874351501,
0.026768967509269714,
0.899038553237915,
-0.4067089855670929,
0.24558638036251068,
0.01789851486682892,
0.20201312005519867,
0.47850295901298523,
-0.6647010445594788,
-0.09216055274009705,
-0.38155603408813477,
0.08280696719884872,
0.13199861347675323,
-0.4616524875164032,
0.10646538436412811,
0.6099293231964111,
0.04975739121437073,
-0.12490277737379074,
-0.10412943363189697,
0.41382071375846863,
0.20737747848033905,
-0.18228447437286377,
0.7578286528587341,
-0.37541767954826355,
0.16873885691165924,
1.0108882188796997,
-0.09708709269762039,
-0.43015947937965393,
0.01931912638247013,
0.22545862197875977,
0.5593278408050537,
0.1548401117324829,
-0.5570312142372131,
0.5069354176521301,
0.34284594655036926,
-0.33779585361480713,
-0.5384086966514587,
0.24567478895187378,
0.2780193090438843,
0.09556874632835388,
-0.16895116865634918,
-0.9458881616592407,
-0.3879437744617462,
0.30971282720565796,
-0.4326339662075043,
0.2927204668521881,
-0.04841136932373047,
-0.23828217387199402,
0.13403631746768951,
0.006525900214910507,
0.866191029548645,
-0.08308002352714539,
0.11251910030841827,
-0.30413010716438293,
-0.5233253240585327,
-0.1694260537624359,
0.017710894346237183,
0.5882231593132019,
-0.18522848188877106,
-0.5265429019927979,
-0.8957482576370239,
-0.020703095942735672,
0.5580087304115295,
-0.2728612720966339,
-0.03627101331949234,
-0.10631275922060013,
-0.4946618676185608,
0.2397204488515854,
0.11935458332300186,
-1.2628493309020996,
-0.39489996433258057,
0.5082405209541321,
-0.16491758823394775,
0.505612850189209,
-0.8316447734832764,
-0.43265819549560547,
0.10792052000761032,
-0.12259580194950104,
0.13722126185894012,
-0.1811268925666809,
0.04535703361034393,
-0.14354538917541504,
0.06917650252580643,
-0.047368474304676056,
0.3840046226978302,
0.04682963714003563,
0.68418288230896,
0.03331777825951576,
-0.6251275539398193,
0.17626559734344482,
1.0362685918807983,
-0.07727968692779541,
0.3460458517074585,
-0.24249617755413055,
-0.04653552174568176,
-0.12759718298912048,
-0.3902249336242676,
0.025563471019268036,
-0.010713250376284122,
0.3802865147590637,
-0.2621580958366394,
0.14022967219352722,
0.276877224445343,
-0.7873231768608093,
0.21625855565071106,
0.7294957637786865,
-0.3534429669380188,
-0.10111299157142639,
0.06654071807861328,
-0.04834764823317528,
0.34932181239128113,
-0.12019945681095123,
0.00541106890887022,
0.05290062353014946,
0.21444983780384064,
0.20162418484687805,
-0.0943407267332077,
-0.09371381998062134,
0.05979027599096298,
-0.09005077183246613,
-0.15319636464118958,
-0.6061094999313354,
0.2791893780231476,
0.16182532906532288,
0.00039950868813320994,
0.21269097924232483,
0.12850987911224365,
0.7069771885871887,
0.7363304495811462,
-0.34873682260513306,
0.1690812110900879,
-0.690711259841919,
-0.4401693344116211,
0.2447451949119568,
0.33897650241851807,
-0.8062942028045654,
0.10826508700847626,
0.6490367650985718,
0.20290011167526245,
0.22383809089660645,
0.04607892781496048,
0.07108776271343231,
-0.7187294363975525,
-0.019624898210167885,
0.4878150224685669,
0.48779961466789246,
0.13633044064044952,
-0.08244705200195312,
0.72162926197052,
0.20932842791080475,
-0.17819026112556458,
0.6115922927856445,
0.19497016072273254,
0.3482157289981842,
0.19128009676933289,
0.07976635545492172,
-0.26228219270706177,
0.11164303123950958,
0.2395617812871933,
0.6085395812988281,
-0.16208912432193756,
-0.24703127145767212,
0.1212456002831459,
0.3945620357990265,
0.3045521378517151,
-0.051840055733919144,
-0.1722218543291092,
-0.22186243534088135,
-0.13265910744667053,
0.1610499918460846,
-0.4408244490623474,
0.03222893923521042,
-0.7976052165031433,
-0.16475237905979156,
0.3833640217781067,
-0.20065240561962128,
-0.09927021712064743,
-1.0803229808807373,
0.09720949083566666,
0.07089871168136597,
-0.5394320487976074,
-0.041043080389499664,
-0.3191561698913574,
-0.11214501410722733,
-0.19836610555648804,
-0.6647210121154785,
0.7138402462005615,
-0.00867290236055851,
-0.8439116477966309,
0.5909422039985657,
0.7491427659988403,
0.2959842383861542,
0.07220715284347534,
-0.18488803505897522,
0.43254923820495605,
-0.26023897528648376,
-0.11325065046548843,
-0.5409700870513916,
0.3379311263561249,
-0.5415157079696655,
0.5724267959594727,
-0.29520127177238464,
0.05277347192168236,
-0.08996421843767166,
0.14803338050842285,
0.21487867832183838,
-0.6484031677246094,
-0.36518165469169617,
-0.217384472489357,
0.20476889610290527,
-0.3151959478855133,
-0.6928478479385376,
0.18806642293930054,
0.39646366238594055,
0.23381268978118896,
0.39891794323921204,
0.4659615755081177,
-0.1815003752708435,
0.42758363485336304,
-0.1924060583114624,
-0.42829638719558716,
-0.6444450616836548,
-0.8274533748626709,
-0.4340599477291107,
-0.09552047401666641,
0.8285741209983826,
0.5840375423431396,
0.15394467115402222,
-0.2601781487464905,
-0.14540432393550873,
-0.0630488246679306,
0.627426266670227,
0.021539855748414993,
-0.35834887623786926,
-0.4659760892391205,
-0.6601780652999878,
-0.35657358169555664,
-0.09396854043006897,
0.5500321984291077,
0.5211042165756226,
0.2595605254173279,
0.08823166787624359,
-0.36402857303619385,
0.3359259068965912,
-0.7783197164535522,
0.1817646026611328,
-0.7163183689117432,
0.440155565738678,
-0.3872726261615753
] |
232141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Isbin | Sharon Isbin | Sharon Isbin is a multiple Grammy Award winning American classical guitarist and the founding director of the guitar department at the Juilliard School.
Personal life and education
Sharon Isbin was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the daughter of Katherine Isbin and Herbert S. Isbin, a nuclear scientist and professor at the University of Minnesota and author of Introductory Nuclear Reactor Theory (1963). She began her guitar studies at age nine with Aldo Minella in Varese, Italy, where her father had been hired as a consultant. She later studied with Jeffrey Van, Sophocles Papas, Andrés Segovia, Oscar Ghiglia, Alirio Díaz, and for ten years with the noted keyboard artist and Bach scholar Rosalyn Tureck. Isbin collaborated with Tureck in preparing and recording landmark first performance editions of the Bach lute suites for guitar.
She began practicing Transcendental Meditation at age 17. She received a B.A. cum laude from Yale University and a Master of Music from the Yale School of Music.
In 1995 Isbin came out as a lesbian in a profile by Out magazine. She wanted to come out a year earlier but her manager told her not to, only changing their mind after k.d. lang and Melissa Etheridge found success as out musicians the following year.
Music career
Performing and recording
Isbin has appeared as soloist with over 200 orchestras, and has commissioned more concertos than any other guitarist—including works by John Corigliano, Tan Dun, Aaron Jay Kernis, Joseph Schwantner, Lukas Foss, Chris Brubeck, and Christopher Rouse.
In 2015, she performed with Josh Groban on the Billy Joel: Gershwin Prize concert broadcast nationally on PBS, and in February 2015 she was featured on the Tavis Smiley PBS television series.
Isbin gave the world premiere of Blossom Suite, composed by and performed with rock guitarist Steve Vai during a week of concerts she performed at the Theatre du Chatelet in Paris in 2005. Her earliest crossover collaborations began with Brazilian guitarist Laurindo Almeida and jazz guitarist Larry Coryell with whom she recorded and performed for five years. In 2014, she performed a 20-city Guitar Passions tour with jazz musicians Stanley Jordan and Romero Lubambo.
Other composers who have written for her include Joan Tower, David Diamond, Ned Rorem, Howard Shore, John Duarte, Leo Brouwer, Bruce MacCombie, and Richard Danielpour who was commissioned to write a song cycle for her and mezzo-soprano Isabel Leonard by New York's Carnegie Hall for their 125th anniversary and by Chicago's Harris Theater. She has premiered over 80 works by world-renowned composers, and directs guitar departments she created at the Aspen Music Festival and The Juilliard School.
Isbin's catalogue of over 35 recordings has sold nearly a million copies and ranges from baroque, Spanish/Latin and 20th century to crossover and jazz fusion. Her most recent releases are AFFINITY: World Premiere Recordings, and STRINGS FOR PEACE: Premieres for Guitar & Sarod with Amjad Ali Khan, both named Best of 2020. Her Souvenirs of Spain & Italy (Cedille) with the Pacifica Quartet, debuted at no. 2 on Billboard charts and at no. 1 on Amazon, and her Alma Espanola (Bridge) with mezzo-soprano Isabel Leonard was honored by a 2018 GRAMMY Award for Producer of the Year, Classical. The acclaimed one-hour documentary Sharon Isbin: Troubadour, winner of the 2015 ASCAP Television Broadcast Award, has been seen by millions on over 200 PBS stations in the U.S. and abroad, can be streamed and downloaded on Amazon, and is available on DVD and Blu-ray by Video Artists International. In October 2014, Warner Classics released a 5-CD box set of her most popular albums on the label, titled Sharon Isbin: 5 Classic Albums. Her 2011 release Sharon Isbin & Friends: Guitar Passions (Sony) became a no. 1 bestseller on Amazon.com, and includes guests Steve Vai, Stanley Jordan, Nancy Wilson, Steve Morse, Romero Lubambo, Rosa Passos, Thiago de Mello, and Paul Winter.
Awards and honors
Boston magazine called Isbin "the pre-eminent guitarist of our time". She is the winner of Guitar Player magazine's Best Classical Guitarist award, First Prize winner of the Toronto Guitar '75 competition, a winner of the Madrid Queen Sofia, the first guitarist to win the Munich ARD International Competition, the winner of Concert Artists Guild 2013 Virtuoso Award, Germany's Echo Klassik Award, and Musical America’s 2020 Instrumentalist of the Year, becoming the first guitarist in their 59 award year history to receive the award.
She won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist for her CD Journey to the New World (Sony), which includes guests Joan Baez and Mark O'Connor, and she was the only classical artist to perform at the Grammys that year. Ranked as a no. 1 bestselling classical CD on Amazon.com and iTunes, it spent 63 consecutive weeks on the top of the Billboard charts.
She won a Grammy in 2001 for Dreams of a World: Folk-Inspired Music for Guitar (Warner Classics) for "Best Instrumental Soloist", becoming the first classical guitarist to win a Grammy in 28 years.
Her world premiere recording of concertos written for her by Christopher Rouse and Tan Dun won another Grammy in 2002, and she won Germany's prestigious Echo Klassik Award for "Best Concert Recording".
She received a 2005 Latin Grammy nomination for "Best Classical Album" and a 2006 GLAAD Media Award nomination for "Outstanding Music Artist" for her disc with the New York Philharmonic of Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez and concertos by Mexican composer Manuel Ponce and Brazilian Heitor Villa-Lobos. This is the Philharmonic's first-ever recording with guitar, and follows their Avery Fisher Hall performances in June 2004 with Sharon Isbin as their first guitar soloist in 26 years.
Her Journey to the Amazon with Brazilian percussionist Thiago de Mello and saxophonist Paul Winter, received a 1999 Grammy nomination for "Best Classical Crossover Album."
Her CD of Aaron Jay Kernis' Double Concerto with violinist Cho-Liang Lin and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra received a 2000 Grammy nomination.
On September 11, 2002, Isbin's performance for the memorial tribute at Ground Zero was televised live throughout the world. Isbin features on the soundtrack of Martin Scorsese's The Departed, which won four Academy Awards in 2007, including Best Picture, and on the Grammy nominated score soundtrack CD composed by Howard Shore.
In November 2009, she performed a concert at the White House by invitation of President Obama and the First Lady.
A one-hour documentary on her titled Sharon Isbin: Troubadour, produced by Susan Dangel and presented by American Public Television, has been broadcast on over 200 public television stations throughout the United States since November 2014, and is the winner of the 2015 ASCAP Television Broadcast Award.
Teaching and other work
In 1989, she created the Master of Music degree, Graduate Diploma and Artist Diploma for classical guitar at The Juilliard School, making history by becoming their first guitar faculty and the founding director of the guitar department; she added the Bachelor of Music degree and Undergraduate Diploma to the program in 2007, and the Doctor of Musical Arts in 2018.
Isbin is the author of the Classical Guitar Answer Book, and is director of the Guitar Department at the Aspen Music Festival.
On November 5, 2015, the David Lynch Foundation organised a benefit concert at New York City's Carnegie Hall named "Change Begins Within", to promote transcendental meditation for stress control. Sharon Isbin participated alongside the likes of Katy Perry, Sting, Jerry Seinfeld, Angelique Kidjo and Jim James.
Awards
Grammy
1999: Grammy nomination for Best Classical Crossover Album, Journey to the Amazon
2000: Grammy nomination, Kernis: Double Concerto for Violin and Guitar with Cho-Liang Lin and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
2001: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist, Dreams of a World
2002: Grammy Award for Rouse: Concert de Gaudi
2005: Latin Grammy nomination for Best Classical Album, Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Villa-Lobos: Concerto for guitar; Ponce: Concierto del sur with the New York Philharmonic
2010: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist, Journey to the New World
Other awards
Toronto Guitar competition, first prize, 1975
Winner Munich ARD International Music Competition, 1976
Madrid Queen Sofia International Competition, 1979
Echo Klassik Award, Winner Best Concert Recording, 2002
Concert Artists Guild Virtuoso Award, 2013
ASCAP Television Broadcast Award, 2015
Little Orchestra Society's Artistic Excellence Award, 2019
Musical America 2020 Instrumentalist of the Year Award
Best Classical Guitarist, Guitar Player magazine
Discography
References
External links
Official Website
1956 births
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American women guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American classical guitarists
Articles containing video clips
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Classical musicians from Minnesota
Educators from Minnesota
American women educators
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from Minnesota
Juilliard School faculty
LGBT classical musicians
LGBT musicians from the United States
LGBT people from Minnesota
Living people
Musicians from Minneapolis
Women classical guitarists
Women music educators
Cedille Records artists | [
-0.5036952495574951,
0.8150356411933899,
-0.581247866153717,
-0.5261499285697937,
0.11165597289800644,
0.7236141562461853,
-0.23214365541934967,
0.15244409441947937,
-0.08056794852018356,
-0.16832506656646729,
-0.1668286770582199,
-0.05040377750992775,
0.6355052590370178,
0.5498160719871521,
-0.4260590374469757,
0.22702564299106598,
0.342227041721344,
-0.052887726575136185,
-0.5574997067451477,
-0.3728407323360443,
0.15305662155151367,
-0.40548935532569885,
0.3898579478263855,
0.6855499148368835,
-0.48435214161872864,
0.07248742133378983,
-0.32971492409706116,
0.04910854995250702,
0.46442025899887085,
0.18583260476589203,
0.029165692627429962,
0.4583437144756317,
0.5740341544151306,
-0.9746689200401306,
0.11093821376562119,
0.33444225788116455,
0.37459686398506165,
0.26069509983062744,
0.32378751039505005,
-0.0017194245010614395,
0.06946893781423569,
-0.07233661413192749,
0.7364176511764526,
0.2754797339439392,
0.2707034647464752,
-0.43475985527038574,
-2.113903760910034,
0.3072465658187866,
-0.538616955280304,
-0.6320781111717224,
-0.14824283123016357,
0.019519101828336716,
1.079093337059021,
-0.11570406705141068,
0.026231687515974045,
-0.08128819614648819,
-0.7726656794548035,
-0.09566164016723633,
0.5367293953895569,
0.03556933254003525,
0.3126724362373352,
0.5540650486946106,
0.010547940619289875,
-0.6619783043861389,
0.1563919186592102,
0.11980574578046799,
0.01482183113694191,
0.5465895533561707,
0.11262277513742447,
-0.5343490242958069,
-0.0030929904896765947,
0.20472772419452667,
0.36438241600990295,
-0.27774640917778015,
-0.36551472544670105,
0.005070079583674669,
0.7124198079109192,
-0.0013128704158589244,
0.21392297744750977,
0.16862934827804565,
-0.0657837763428688,
0.14640729129314423,
1.0865436792373657,
-0.09441660344600677,
0.45546433329582214,
-0.06857733428478241,
-0.6406808495521545,
0.467144638299942,
-0.33765357732772827,
-0.015213814564049244,
-0.6919007897377014,
-0.8600388169288635,
0.7013331055641174,
0.9306172728538513,
0.17647415399551392,
-0.0821523442864418,
0.44620147347450256,
0.0108651677146554,
0.18014906346797943,
0.024170013144612312,
0.07169513404369354,
0.018033644184470177,
0.024734176695346832,
-0.09049779921770096,
-0.16521593928337097,
0.22890479862689972,
-0.254639208316803,
-0.19546765089035034,
-0.3012731373310089,
-0.45461606979370117,
-0.6139125823974609,
-0.3134865164756775,
-0.4075499475002289,
-0.18379172682762146,
0.2437708079814911,
0.669302761554718,
-0.09380795806646347,
-0.44496726989746094,
-0.5279040932655334,
0.09087172150611877,
0.6815063953399658,
0.8033221960067749,
-0.4007643461227417,
0.34450313448905945,
-0.38963013887405396,
0.05075199156999588,
0.20407696068286896,
0.917689859867096,
-0.3433701694011688,
-0.1550469994544983,
0.18016375601291656,
0.48203474283218384,
0.35652169585227966,
0.03805072605609894,
0.34004855155944824,
-0.3544881343841553,
0.5513848662376404,
-0.3063841760158539,
-0.5095245242118835,
0.5128629207611084,
-0.9462136030197144,
-0.15623433887958527,
-1.1711313724517822,
-0.6557260751724243,
0.7805904746055603,
-0.08341871201992035,
-0.2893396019935608,
0.15181303024291992,
0.004722771234810352,
-0.18976637721061707,
0.5451450943946838,
-0.04586422070860863,
-0.2334263026714325,
-0.056237198412418365,
-0.38553348183631897,
0.3683757185935974,
0.2858738601207733,
0.2229001820087433,
0.6788749694824219,
-0.03452298045158386,
0.1694491058588028,
-0.23792129755020142,
0.08704444020986557,
0.14052551984786987,
-0.012866384349763393,
0.11100675165653229,
0.2894991636276245,
0.14435240626335144,
-0.5695032477378845,
0.19182300567626953,
-0.38052237033843994,
0.29902970790863037,
0.2055453658103943,
-0.9022797346115112,
-0.12153056263923645,
0.17938417196273804,
0.055305179208517075,
0.24176080524921417,
-0.08019642531871796,
-0.5335204601287842,
-0.5187280178070068,
-0.15879420936107635,
-0.08550233393907547,
-0.3121355473995209,
0.5288039445877075,
-0.35805001854896545,
-0.07867860049009323,
0.41196179389953613,
0.6494148373603821,
0.16477666795253754,
-0.5836812257766724,
0.06721226125955582,
0.13246361911296844,
0.484164297580719,
0.7775395512580872,
0.4478500187397003,
-0.815083920955658,
0.7393864393234253,
0.5478062033653259,
0.6944954991340637,
-0.10949281603097916,
-0.18856941163539886,
-0.46629640460014343,
-0.18560835719108582,
-0.0204180795699358,
1.027193546295166,
0.5214643478393555,
-0.5297821164131165,
0.548750638961792,
0.12549927830696106,
0.4689030647277832,
-0.6019442081451416,
0.2539747953414917,
0.48857247829437256,
-0.41151660680770874,
-0.29408058524131775,
-0.35815468430519104,
-0.1494797021150589,
0.14780445396900177,
-0.34442073106765747,
0.6123279929161072,
0.026435531675815582,
0.11831376701593399,
-0.279811292886734,
-0.6522255539894104,
0.6528163552284241,
-0.4528096318244934,
0.2773771584033966,
-0.08883259445428848,
0.47804245352745056,
0.11357856541872025,
-0.014776582829654217,
-0.10876302421092987,
-0.40693265199661255,
-0.009883351624011993,
-0.01797894947230816,
-0.333055317401886,
-0.45007264614105225,
0.9948116540908813,
-0.4724230468273163,
0.3135848641395569,
0.757476270198822,
-0.7659645676612854,
0.02506282739341259,
-0.259524941444397,
0.02044020965695381,
-0.2622441351413727,
0.02484639175236225,
0.14033159613609314,
0.5666196942329407,
0.20544162392616272,
0.41131964325904846,
-0.0718313604593277,
0.05274564400315285,
-0.4518311023712158,
0.29458701610565186,
0.005454689729958773,
0.11610137671232224,
0.7677467465400696,
-0.18921148777008057,
0.6607332825660706,
-0.20043648779392242,
0.5440633296966553,
-0.3710406422615051,
-0.3558667302131653,
-0.6053600907325745,
0.13823342323303223,
-0.4747120141983032,
0.548480212688446,
-0.28504666686058044,
0.1093171164393425,
-0.339528352022171,
-0.020024579018354416,
0.17444148659706116,
-0.2704424560070038,
0.37521639466285706,
-0.3920385539531708,
0.14070835709571838,
-0.8160635828971863,
-0.7901949882507324,
0.8850477337837219,
0.8046164512634277,
-0.346270889043808,
-0.4294806122779846,
-1.0166302919387817,
0.5954155921936035,
-0.15912702679634094,
-0.16554950177669525,
0.10649865120649338,
-0.5845901370048523,
-0.008063656277954578,
0.4824189245700836,
0.19095571339130402,
0.4386424720287323,
0.2152094542980194,
0.9693042635917664,
0.026279693469405174,
-0.3092010021209717,
-0.2616087794303894,
0.2643042504787445,
-0.37192583084106445,
0.17198239266872406,
-0.26420554518699646,
0.21581460535526276,
-0.0822877585887909,
-0.01027828548103571,
-0.5181857347488403,
-0.10511957854032516,
-5.22085428237915,
-0.20313335955142975,
-0.4429108500480652,
-0.3532463312149048,
0.20119784772396088,
-0.12164942920207977,
0.694932758808136,
-0.8909904360771179,
0.18131501972675323,
-0.044237688183784485,
-0.3522414267063141,
0.19455955922603607,
-0.6056589484214783,
0.6608962416648865,
0.42841190099716187,
0.5693259239196777,
0.5311756134033203,
-0.8533026576042175,
0.15081886947155,
0.5064120888710022,
0.22121940553188324,
-0.36977121233940125,
-0.5633276700973511,
0.18826301395893097,
0.2210574746131897,
0.2657375633716583,
-0.5588260293006897,
0.3277612030506134,
-1.0446703433990479,
-0.1426776647567749,
0.2677208483219147,
-0.676770806312561,
-0.5979902148246765,
-0.22315627336502075,
-0.037742942571640015,
0.23803652822971344,
0.594493567943573,
-0.09208972752094269,
0.7710962295532227,
-0.17186188697814941,
-0.36964890360832214,
0.025309795513749123,
0.0953209176659584,
0.018202224746346474,
0.19018694758415222,
0.25718045234680176,
-0.5606894493103027,
-0.1587965190410614,
-0.46915245056152344,
0.7980412840843201,
0.3169454038143158,
-0.5104220509529114,
0.9790005087852478,
0.0780678391456604,
-0.1723601520061493,
-0.15011176466941833,
0.36498454213142395,
-0.2010510265827179,
0.1917882114648819,
0.08010989427566528,
0.41808074712753296,
-0.784017026424408,
0.061261896044015884,
-0.4422774016857147,
-0.07175195217132568,
-0.4977341592311859,
-0.2639588713645935,
0.24453099071979523,
-0.10228223353624344,
0.5890160202980042,
0.46921125054359436,
0.25110501050949097,
-0.26054349541664124,
-1.047903060913086,
0.11356425285339355,
-0.7431410551071167,
-0.09100394695997238,
0.4394731819629669,
-0.3543482720851898,
0.25461167097091675,
0.19498276710510254,
-0.6179867386817932,
-0.4282084107398987,
0.7765917181968689,
0.3030206859111786,
0.043255675584077835,
-0.15612025558948517,
0.4244774281978607,
-0.025892755016684532,
-0.38845765590667725,
-0.2414655238389969,
0.1492246389389038,
0.06372344493865967,
0.5116040706634521,
-0.30623653531074524,
0.3681984543800354,
0.047497984021902084,
0.6149764060974121,
0.47230663895606995,
-0.028997749090194702,
0.13212978839874268,
-1.211324691772461,
-0.09805119037628174,
-0.4051204025745392,
0.1787804663181305,
-0.06152000650763512,
-0.07795601338148117,
-0.18000870943069458,
0.709955096244812,
-0.10504033416509628,
-0.3976445198059082,
0.10368765145540237,
-0.41495296359062195,
-0.47361835837364197,
0.7769533395767212,
-0.345091313123703,
-0.21052047610282898,
0.6357323527336121,
0.08347465842962265,
0.40256696939468384,
0.18511706590652466,
-0.2929774820804596,
0.39506515860557556,
0.1691264659166336,
0.24444743990898132,
-0.20544637739658356,
-0.03908739984035492,
0.10494143515825272,
-0.8064538836479187,
0.5416289567947388,
-0.15661649405956268,
0.13726182281970978,
-0.39028772711753845,
0.3568967282772064,
0.2978953421115875,
0.37481701374053955,
-0.669948399066925,
-0.23099520802497864,
-0.16252249479293823,
0.26855915784835815,
0.05539672449231148,
0.05534330755472183,
-0.4950084686279297,
-0.07881149649620056,
0.4710812568664551,
1.1206589937210083,
-0.1348249763250351,
-0.2967625558376312,
-0.9880459308624268,
0.43321919441223145,
0.530345618724823,
-0.5863791108131409,
0.06053563952445984,
-0.38944748044013977,
0.08910943567752838,
0.5073835849761963,
-0.2666883170604706,
-0.0009969081729650497,
-0.07900175452232361,
0.19916857779026031,
0.020391445606946945,
-0.08754700422286987,
-1.2578086853027344,
-0.2265910506248474,
0.27931156754493713,
0.10496632009744644,
-0.30860278010368347,
-0.7307875752449036,
-0.5265272259712219,
0.3777174651622772,
0.18208682537078857,
-0.7531517148017883,
-0.003972521051764488,
-0.4483620524406433,
0.6662158966064453,
-0.289571613073349,
0.2510123550891876,
-0.5860357284545898,
0.10018525272607803,
-0.3165968954563141,
0.0881960541009903,
-0.39264190196990967,
-0.3847203850746155,
0.4120040535926819,
0.22693808376789093,
0.010010115802288055,
-0.8212432265281677,
-0.30371952056884766,
-0.5398117303848267,
0.28496643900871277,
-0.05044509470462799,
-0.37939170002937317,
-0.10511358082294464,
0.5555244088172913,
-0.6497883200645447,
-0.33043941855430603,
0.29965940117836,
-0.20062334835529327,
-0.7067737579345703,
-0.8473021388053894,
0.3786947727203369,
0.39085298776626587,
-0.8082402944564819,
0.8612622618675232,
0.4056493043899536,
-1.039663314819336,
-0.09675440192222595,
0.25739067792892456,
-0.793591320514679,
0.5055320262908936,
0.07383162528276443,
-0.3980264365673065,
0.7246389389038086,
-0.1414467841386795,
-0.5449220538139343,
0.0243474543094635,
0.26769933104515076,
-0.6053693294525146,
-0.1646536886692047,
0.4964791238307953,
-0.6181095242500305,
-0.3804941475391388,
0.008287130855023861,
-0.1449134796857834,
-0.862599790096283,
0.2239042967557907,
-0.08990636467933655,
-0.5886066555976868,
0.5715361833572388,
-0.7067673802375793,
-0.30796611309051514,
-0.4404701888561249,
0.10959425568580627,
-0.17088459432125092,
-0.6732555627822876,
0.3448922336101532,
-0.6992989778518677,
0.24516911804676056,
-0.1619431972503662,
0.3566054403781891,
0.3354954719543457,
-0.05356486141681671,
-0.11118020117282867,
-0.5848910212516785,
-0.510753333568573,
0.15701937675476074,
0.4595717191696167,
-0.33895716071128845,
-0.18178339302539825,
0.3027433753013611,
0.6069865226745605,
-0.8590537309646606,
-0.3886583745479584,
-0.8483266234397888,
0.9805304408073425,
-0.1903180629014969,
0.16011975705623627,
-0.7798857092857361,
-0.2335130274295807,
-0.06319556385278702,
-0.03423277661204338,
-0.5067451596260071,
-0.5518690943717957,
0.21515153348445892,
-0.43615666031837463,
-0.07604808360338211,
0.05462327599525452,
-0.44360679388046265,
0.244921013712883,
-0.08909100294113159,
-0.2907233238220215,
-0.2359917014837265,
0.32181912660598755,
0.6850290298461914,
-0.07364118099212646,
0.32501327991485596,
0.08250104635953903,
-0.1595233827829361,
-0.1592540591955185,
0.004301244858652353,
0.3648723363876343,
0.24129202961921692,
-0.09979487955570221,
-0.30730900168418884,
0.6471432447433472,
-0.004485130775719881,
-0.37802159786224365,
-0.3033892512321472,
-0.33796700835227966,
0.1899905949831009,
-0.7959373593330383,
0.01397465169429779,
-0.11678450554609299,
0.23838526010513306,
0.4692148268222809,
0.6709171533584595,
0.22628144919872284,
0.0006965660722926259,
0.23920702934265137,
-0.3989054560661316,
-0.5247870683670044,
0.9691575169563293,
0.32101452350616455,
0.5152191519737244,
-0.0455254465341568,
0.22229114174842834,
0.10250778496265411,
-0.28614985942840576,
0.3689088523387909,
0.28916987776756287,
0.028220323845744133,
0.10584032535552979,
0.05875326693058014,
0.5860229730606079,
-0.07396737486124039,
0.31244102120399475,
0.8273215889930725,
-0.08828004449605942,
0.5365997552871704,
0.21537204086780548,
-0.1943625956773758,
-0.5413205623626709,
1.0522358417510986,
0.4366285502910614,
0.003588639199733734,
0.44313856959342957,
0.34809449315071106,
-0.45127594470977783,
-0.03692499175667763,
-0.022802013903856277,
0.3862822353839874,
0.20281191170215607,
-0.4814731776714325,
0.3930888772010803,
0.17943821847438812,
-0.208295077085495,
0.009507635608315468,
-0.4786260426044464,
-0.1939060389995575,
0.19404229521751404,
0.10723107308149338,
1.1301270723342896,
0.19998019933700562,
0.16520485281944275,
0.09324087202548981,
0.2934703528881073,
0.08891762793064117,
0.5638248324394226,
-0.13457292318344116,
-0.6371629238128662,
0.06502608954906464,
0.1731812059879303,
0.17918910086154938,
-1.1232484579086304,
0.5391354560852051,
-0.20291095972061157,
0.6671217083930969,
-0.5112839341163635,
0.20831884443759918,
0.01821206510066986,
-0.3268919885158539,
-0.603630006313324,
1.3920087814331055,
-0.29255035519599915,
-0.16166462004184723,
-0.3227328956127167,
-0.12782078981399536,
-0.9547662734985352,
-0.24376586079597473,
0.21734948456287384,
0.04188178479671478,
0.24136880040168762,
-0.4924769997596741,
0.5423919558525085,
0.6221185326576233,
0.5876446962356567,
-0.2285192310810089,
0.1769983470439911,
0.378434956073761,
0.9092994928359985,
-0.1081639975309372,
-0.27383193373680115,
-0.5409722924232483,
0.09341857582330704,
0.43173280358314514,
-0.2787793278694153,
0.11644081026315689,
0.3034942150115967,
-0.10933294892311096,
0.003961755428463221,
0.6434115767478943,
-0.3720005750656128,
0.08874549716711044,
0.3404715061187744,
-0.23289445042610168,
-0.28343042731285095,
-0.39110076427459717,
0.33664652705192566,
0.11813343316316605,
0.3088405430316925,
-0.19006960093975067,
0.2317977249622345,
0.6038395166397095,
-0.051594801247119904,
-0.5081173777580261,
0.2513452470302582,
-0.5684530138969421,
0.22512544691562653,
-0.33554890751838684,
0.4824335277080536,
0.3177897334098816,
0.2816498875617981,
-0.2491183876991272,
0.48113951086997986,
0.028018873184919357,
0.7702998518943787,
0.990775465965271,
0.041148070245981216,
-0.19105304777622223,
-0.2937989830970764,
-0.20065557956695557,
0.05857155844569206,
0.38877785205841064,
0.7741004824638367,
-0.34573522210121155,
0.04578340798616409,
-0.3293900787830353,
-0.14709897339344025,
-0.2897700369358063,
0.2611868381500244,
-0.014210212044417858,
0.4513140022754669,
-0.37365925312042236,
0.14174634218215942,
0.31104588508605957,
-0.3797265887260437,
0.34087368845939636,
0.5902297496795654,
0.9138720035552979,
-0.836928129196167,
-0.012920329347252846,
-0.17865636944770813,
-0.7577301263809204,
0.12384073436260223,
-1.5362075567245483,
0.618496835231781,
-0.38415753841400146,
-0.7468469142913818,
0.1266634613275528,
0.5185639262199402,
-0.3433581292629242,
-1.2529622316360474,
0.29524296522140503,
-0.5022851228713989,
-0.47573474049568176,
-0.1519928127527237,
0.187391996383667,
-0.2596534192562103,
0.23458167910575867,
-0.3071117401123047
] |
232142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Stipe | Michael Stipe | John Michael Stipe (born January 4, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter and artist, best known as the lead singer and lyricist of alternative rock band R.E.M. He is known for his vocal quality, poetic lyrics and unique stage presence.
Possessing a distinctive voice, Stipe has been noted for the "mumbling" style of his early career. Since the mid-1980s, Stipe has sung in "wailing, keening, arching vocal figures" that R.E.M. biographer David Buckley compared to Celtic folk artists and Muslim muezzin. He was in charge of R.E.M.'s visual aspect, often selecting album artwork and directing many of the band's music videos. Outside the music industry, he owns and runs two film production studios, C-00 and Single Cell Pictures.
As a member of R.E.M., Stipe was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007. As a singer-songwriter, Stipe influenced a wide range of artists, including Kurt Cobain of Nirvana and Thom Yorke of Radiohead. Bono of U2 described his voice as "extraordinary", and Yorke told The Guardian that Stipe is his favorite lyricist, saying "I loved the way he would take an emotion and then take a step back from it and in doing so make it so much more powerful."
Early life and education
John Michael Stipe was born on January 4, 1960, in Decatur, Georgia, to Marianne and John Stipe. He was a military brat; his father was a serviceman in the United States Army whose career resulted in frequent relocations for his family. His younger sister, Lynda Stipe, was born in 1962 and became the vocalist of her own band, Hetch Hetchy. Stipe and his family moved to various locales during his childhood, including West Germany, Texas, Illinois, and Alabama. In 1978, he graduated from high school in Collinsville, Illinois. His senior photo is pictured in the album art work of Eponymous. Stipe also worked at the local Waffle House. He was raised in and came from "a place of faith," as previous generations of his family were Methodist ministers.
Career
R.E.M.
While attending the University of Georgia in Athens, Stipe frequented the Wuxtry record shop, where he met store clerk Peter Buck in 1980. "He was a striking-looking guy and he also bought weird records, which not everyone in the store did," Buck recalled. The two became friends; they eventually decided to form a band and started writing music together, although at the time Stipe was also in a local group named Gangster. Buck and Stipe were soon joined by Bill Berry and Mike Mills, and named themselves R.E.M., a name Stipe selected at random from a dictionary. Stipe was the youngest member of the band.
All four members of R.E.M. dropped out of school in 1980 to focus on the new band. Stipe was the last to do so. The band issued its debut single, "Radio Free Europe," on Hib-Tone; it was a college radio success. The band signed to I.R.S. Records for the release of the Chronic Town EP one year later. In 1983, R.E.M. released its debut album, Murmur, which was acclaimed by critics. Stipe's vocals and lyrics received particular attention from listeners. Murmur went on to win the Rolling Stone Critics Poll Album of the Year over Michael Jackson's Thriller. Their second album, Reckoning, followed in 1984.
In 1985, R.E.M. traveled to England to record their third album, Fables of the Reconstruction, a difficult process that brought the band to the verge of a break up. After the album was released, relationships in the band remained tense. Gaining weight and acting eccentrically (such as by shaving his hair into a monk's tonsure), Stipe later said of the period, "I was well on my way to losing my mind." They toured in Canada and throughout Europe that year; Stipe had bleached his hair blond during this time.
Projects
In September 1983, a few months after the release of R.E.M.'s debut album, Stipe participated in a low-budget, forty-five-minute Super-8 film called Just Like a Movie, shot in Athens by New York Rocker magazine photographer Laura Levine, who was a friend of the band. Those with acting roles in the film included Levine, Stipe, his sister Lynda, Matthew Sweet (who formed a short-lived duo, Community Trolls, with Michael Stipe), and R.E.M.'s Bill Berry. The film remains unreleased.
In the period 1990-1992 Stipe was involved with the band Chickasaw Mudd Puppies. He co-produced and featured on their two albums: White Dirt (1990) and 8 Track Stomp (1991).
Stipe had planned a collaboration with friend Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, in 1994, partly in an attempt to lure Cobain away from his home and his drug addiction. However, they did not manage to compose or record anything before Cobain's death. Stipe was chosen as the godfather of Cobain and Courtney Love's daughter, Frances Bean Cobain. R.E.M. recorded the song "Let Me In" from the 1994 album Monster in tribute to Cobain.
Stipe was once very close to fellow alternative rock singer Natalie Merchant and has recorded a few songs with her, including one titled "Photograph," which appeared on a pro-choice benefit album titled Born to Choose, and they appeared live with Peter Gabriel singing Gabriel's single "Red Rain" at the 1996 VH1 Honors and a few other times.
Stipe and Tori Amos became friends in the mid-1990s and recorded a duet in 1994 called "It Might Hurt a Bit" for the Don Juan DeMarco motion picture soundtrack. Both Stipe and Amos decided not to release it.
In 1998, Stipe published a collection called Two Times Intro: On the Road with Patti Smith. In 2006, Stipe released an EP that comprised six different cover versions of Joseph Arthur's "In The Sun" for the Hurricane Katrina disaster relief fund. One version, recorded in a collaboration with Coldplay's Chris Martin, reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart. Also in 2006, Stipe appeared on the song "Broken Promise" on the Placebo release Meds. Continuing his non-R.E.M. work in 2006, Stipe sang the song "L'Hôtel" on the tribute album to Serge Gainsbourg titled Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited and appeared on the song "Dancing on the Lip of a Volcano" on the New York Dolls album One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This. He recorded a song with Miguel Bose on the album Papito, "Lo que ves es lo que hay."
Stipe collaborated with Lacoste in 2008 to release his own "holiday collector edition" brand of polo shirt. The design depicts a concert audience from the view of the performer on stage. He appeared with Chris Martin of Coldplay live at Madison Square Garden and online to perform "Losing My Religion" in the 12-12-12 concert raising money for relief from Hurricane Sandy. A new recording from Stipe and featuring Courtney Love was revealed in 2013. The song, "Rio Grande," is taken from Johnny Depp's pirate-themed album, Son of Rogue's Gallery. Stipe also created the soundtrack for The Cold Lands (2013), a film by Stipe's friend director Tom Gilroy.
Stipe inducted the American grunge band Nirvana into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 10, 2014. He debuted his first solo composition at Moogfest in 2017. Later that year, he performed with Fischerspooner on the new song "Have Fun Tonight" from their 2018 album, Sir. Stipe released the solo song "Future, If Future" on March 24, 2018, followed by “Your Capricious Soul” on October 5, 2019. "Drive to the Ocean" was released for his 60th birthday on January 4, 2020.
Photography has long been a passion for Stipe and he has been carrying a camera with him since his teenage years when he photographed shows featuring Ramones, The Runaways and Queen. In 2018, Stipe released a book of his photography entitled Volume 1, which featured 35 photographs of such celebrities as River Phoenix and Kurt Cobain. A second volume with Douglas Coupland, Our Interference Times: A Visual Record, was released in 2019.
In 2019, Stipe collaborated with Aaron Dessner and Justin Vernon's band Big Red Machine on the single "No Time For Love Like Now." The song was finished and released in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Film and television work
In early 1987, Stipe and Jim McKay co-founded C-00 Films, a mixed-media company that was "designed to channel its founder's creative talents towards the creation and promotion of alternative film works." Stipe and his producing partner, Sandy Stern, have served as executive producers on films including Being John Malkovich, Velvet Goldmine and Man on the Moon. He was also credited as a producer of the 2004 film Saved!
In 1998, he worked on Single Cell Pictures, a film production company that released several arthouse / indie movies.
Stipe has made a number of acting appearances on film and on television. Stipe appeared in an episode of The Adventures of Pete & Pete as an ice cream man named Captain Scrummy.
Stipe has appeared as himself with R.E.M. on Sesame Street, playing a reworked version of "Shiny Happy People" called "Furry Happy Monsters," and appeared in an episode of The Simpsons titled "Homer the Moe," in which R.E.M. was tricked into playing a show in Homer Simpson's garage. He also appeared as a guest on the Cartoon Network talk show spoof Space Ghost Coast to Coast in the episode "Hungry." Stipe made several short appearances on The Colbert Report.
Stipe voiced Schnitzel the Reindeer in the 1999 movie Olive, the Other Reindeer and appeared in the 1996 film Color of a Brisk and Leaping Day.
Political activism
In March 2018, Stipe joined the "March for Our Lives" rallies to advocate gun control after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. He also released a teaser of his new song in the rally. Stipe is vegetarian and owned a vegetarian restaurant, The Grit, in Athens.
In a 2021 interview for Jacobin, Stipe described himself as a democratic socialist, and said that he was a member of the Democratic Party so he could vote in Democratic primaries. He endorsed Bernie Sanders' 2016 and 2020 presidential campaigns.
Personal life
In 1983, Stipe met fellow musician Natalie Merchant of the band 10,000 Maniacs; the two started a friendship, and eventually had a romantic relationship for a period of time.
With the success of the albums Out of Time (1991) and Automatic for the People (1992), R.E.M. became mainstream music stars. Around 1992, rumors that Stipe had contracted HIV began to circulate. He responded with the following:
In 1994, with questions remaining, Stipe described himself as "an equal opportunity lech," and said he did not define himself as gay, straight or bisexual, but that he was attracted to, and had relationships with, both men and women. In 1995, he appeared on the cover of Out magazine. Stipe described himself as a "queer artist" in Time in 2001 and revealed that he had been in a relationship with "an amazing man" for three years at that point. Stipe reiterated this in a 2004 interview with Butt magazine. When asked if he ever declares himself as gay, Stipe stated, "I don't. I think there's a line drawn between gay and queer, and for me, queer describes something that's more inclusive of the grey areas."
In 1999, author Douglas A. Martin published a novel, Outline of My Lover, in which the narrator has a six-year romantic relationship with the unnamed lead singer of a successful Athens, Georgia-based, rock band; the book was widely speculated, and later confirmed by its author, to have been a roman à clef based on a real relationship between Martin and Stipe. The two had previously collaborated on two books, both in 1998: The Haiku Year (for which the two had both contributed haiku) and Martin's book of poetry Servicing the Salamander (for which Stipe took the cover photograph).
Stipe lives with his long-term partner, the photographer Thomas Dozol, in New York and Berlin.
Musical style
Stipe possesses a baritone vocal range. His role in the songwriting process for R.E.M. was to write lyrics and devise melodies. While each member was given an equal vote in the songwriting process, Peter Buck has conceded that Stipe, as the band's lyricist, could rarely be persuaded to follow an idea he did not favor. Stipe sings in "wailing, keening, arching vocal figures" that R.E.M. biographer David Buckley compared to Celtic folk artists and Muslim muezzin. Stipe often harmonizes with Mills in songs; in the chorus for "Stand", Mills and Stipe alternate singing lyrics, creating a dialogue. Early articles about the band focused on Stipe's singing style (described as "mumbling" by The Washington Post), which often rendered his lyrics indecipherable. Stipe commented in 1984, "It's just the way I sing. If I tried to control it, it would be pretty false."
"That voice. It's an extraordinary voice," said U2's lead singer, Bono, in 2003. "I often tell him I think he's a crooner, and he doesn't like that very much. But it is sort of one part some sort of Bing Crosby '50s laid-back crooner, and one part Dolly Parton", he added, laughing.
Stipe insisted that many of his early lyrics were "nonsense," saying in a 1994 online chat, "You all know there aren't words, per se, to a lot of the early stuff. I can't even remember them." In truth, many early R.E.M. songs had definite lyrics that Stipe wrote with care. Stipe explained in 1984 that when he started writing lyrics they were like "simple pictures," but after a year he grew tired of the approach and "started experimenting with lyrics that didn't make exact linear sense, and it's just gone from there." In the mid-1980s, as Stipe's pronunciation while singing became clearer, the band decided that its lyrics should convey ideas on a more literal level. Mills explained, "After you've made three records and you've written several songs and they've gotten better and better lyrically the next step would be to have somebody question you and say, are you saying anything? And Michael had the confidence at that point to say yes...." After what Stipe has referred to as "The Dark Ages of American Politics" [The Reagan/Bush Years], R.E.M. incorporated more politically oriented concerns into his lyrics on Document and Green. "Our political activism and the content of the songs was just a reaction to where we were, and what we were surrounded by, which was just abject horror," Stipe said later. "In 1987 and '88 there was nothing to do but be active." While Stipe continued to write songs with political subject matter like "Ignoreland" and "Final Straw," later albums have focused on other topics. Automatic for the People dealt with "mortality and dying. Pretty turgid stuff," according to Stipe; Monster, meanwhile, critiqued love and mass culture, and Reveal dipped into mysticism.
Discography
Solo releases
"In the Sun" (with Chris Martin) (2006)
"Rio Grande" (with Courtney Love) on Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013)
"Your Capricious Soul" (2019)
"Drive to the Ocean" (2020)
"No Time For Love Like Now" (with Big Red Machine) (2020)
"Sunday Morning" on I'll Be Your Mirror: A Tribute to The Velvet Underground & Nico (2021)
Guest appearances
With The Golden Palominos: "Boy (Go)", "Omaha" and "Clustering Train" on Visions of Excess (1985); "Alive and Living Now" on Drunk with Passion (1991)
With Our Favorite Band: "Dreamin' Of Eternity" Saturday Nights ... Sunday Mornings (1987)
With 10,000 Maniacs: "A Campfire Song" on In My Tribe (1987); "To Sir, with Love" and "Candy Everybody Wants" on Few & Far Between EP (1993)
With the Indigo Girls: "Kid Fears" on Indigo Girls (1988); "I'll Give You My Skin" on Rarities (2005)
With Natalie Merchant and Mark Bingham and The Roches: "Opening Melody – Little April Shower" on Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films
With Syd Straw: "Future 40's" on Surprise (1989)
With The Blue Aeroplanes: "What It Is" on Swagger (1990)
With Robyn Hitchcock: "She Doesn't Exist" on Perspex Island, and "Dark Green Energy", 'B'-side to "Ultra Unbelievable Love" (1991)
With Billy Bragg: "You Woke Up My Neighbourhood" on Don't Try This at Home (1991)
With KRS-One: "Civilization Vs. Technology" on the H.E.A.L. compilation Civilization Vs. Technology (1991)
With Neneh Cherry: "Trout" on Homebrew (1992)
With Kristin Hersh: "Your Ghost" on Hips and Makers (1994)
"My Gang" on Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness (1997)
With Vic Chesnutt: "Injured Bird" on The End of Violence (1997)
With Patti Smith: "Last Call" on Peace and Noise (1997); "Glitter in Their Eyes" on Gung-Ho (2000)
With Rain Phoenix: "Happiness" on the soundtrack for the film Happiness (1998)
With Grant Lee Buffalo: "Everybody Needs a Little Sanctuary" on Jubilee (1998)
With Spacehog: "Almond Kisses" on The Chinese Album (1999)
With Utah Saints: "Sun", "Punk Club", "Rhinoceros" and "Wiggedy Wack" on Two (2000)
With Community Trolls: "Tainted Obligation" (1983) on To Understand: The Early Recordings of Matthew Sweet (2002)
With Artists Against AIDS Worldwide: "What's Going On" (2001)
With Faultline: "Greenfields" on Your Love Means Everything (2002)
With 1 Giant Leap: "The Way You Dream" on 1 Giant Leap (2002); I Have Seen Trouble on What About Me? (2009)
With Stéphane Pompougnac: "Clumsy" on Living on the Edge (2003)
"L'Hôtel" (Serge Gainsbourg cover) on Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited (2006)
With The New York Dolls: "Dancing on the Lip of a Volcano" on One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This (2006)
With Placebo: "Broken Promise" on Meds (2006)
With Miguel Bosé: "Lo que hay es lo que ves" on Papito (2007)
With Maria Taylor: "Cartoons And Forever Plans" on LadyLuck (2009)
"Souris nocturne" on Souris Calle (2018)
With Rain Phoenix: "Time Is the Killer" on Time Gone (2019)
Production
In addition to co-producing most of R.E.M.'s output, Stipe has also produced the following:
Hugo Largo: "Drum" (1988), "Opal/Warner Brothers" (1988)
Chickasaw Mudd Puppies: White Dirt (1990) and 8 Track Stomp (1991) - co-produced with Willie Dixon and John Keane.
With Vic Chesnutt: "Little" (1990), "West of Rome" (1992)
With Magnapop: Magnapop (1992)
With Fischerspooner: Sir (2018)
Books
Michael Stipe: Volume 1. Damiani, 2018. . Contains 35 photographs.
Our Interference Times: A Visual Record. With Douglas Coupland. Damiani, 2019. .
Michael Stipe: Michael Stipe. Damiani, 2021. .
References
General references
Platt, John (editor). The R.E.M. Companion: Two Decades of Commentary. Schirmer, 1998.
Buckley, David. R.E.M.: Fiction: An Alternative Biography. Virgin, 2002.
Jovanovic, Rob. Michael Stipe: The Biography. Portrait, 2006.
External links
Tumblr blog
Allmusic Profile
1960 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Alternative rock singers
American alternative rock musicians
American folk rock musicians
American anti-war activists
American film producers
American male singer-songwriters
American male television actors
American music video directors
Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American restaurateurs
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American male voice actors
Artists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Grammy Award winners
LGBT artists from the United States
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
LGBT singers from the United States
Male feminists
Feminist musicians
Musicians from Athens, Georgia
People from Decatur, Georgia
R.E.M. members
The Golden Palominos members
University of Georgia people
Queer men
Queer musicians
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
English-language haiku poets
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
New York (state) Democrats | [
0.10141180455684662,
0.5647956132888794,
-0.22544577717781067,
-0.3891771733760834,
0.16129735112190247,
0.7959132790565491,
0.05682601034641266,
-0.14713861048221588,
-0.16613899171352386,
0.23410078883171082,
-0.5622410774230957,
0.44817036390304565,
-0.08272122591733932,
0.2985835671424866,
-0.18455536663532257,
0.5854948163032532,
-0.42287614941596985,
0.09663017094135284,
0.106606625020504,
-0.4073342978954315,
-0.23942367732524872,
0.5337175130844116,
-0.28395217657089233,
-0.05708487704396248,
0.2556314170360565,
0.9811816215515137,
-0.3497736155986786,
-0.8231211304664612,
-0.2547569274902344,
-0.16427648067474365,
0.6357385516166687,
0.23375122249126434,
0.22409164905548096,
-0.3737448751926422,
0.11347570270299911,
0.10743451863527298,
-0.20735618472099304,
-0.2380034476518631,
0.047301746904850006,
0.033622417598962784,
0.23198959231376648,
-0.13435374200344086,
0.3173237442970276,
-0.027690915390849113,
-0.28722083568573,
-0.0776473879814148,
-1.3758658170700073,
0.4858778417110443,
-0.7410702705383301,
-0.5392107367515564,
-0.2099793702363968,
0.40049484372138977,
0.13055706024169922,
0.1265714466571808,
-0.34577080607414246,
-0.20135635137557983,
0.0007193165947683156,
-0.2379266768693924,
-0.17228950560092926,
-0.5295066237449646,
-0.1015118733048439,
-0.4837462306022644,
0.1415584832429886,
-0.23620501160621643,
0.4320237338542938,
0.09244757145643234,
0.2746577858924866,
0.533627986907959,
-0.6107903122901917,
-0.416957288980484,
0.15947824716567993,
-0.2751682698726654,
-0.07725591212511063,
-0.5483205914497375,
0.5498140454292297,
-0.07395287603139877,
0.37172412872314453,
0.005258689168840647,
-0.07415611296892166,
0.4862136244773865,
0.5333351492881775,
0.2724296748638153,
0.6511152982711792,
0.7799506783485413,
-0.31637540459632874,
-0.30357038974761963,
-0.23844772577285767,
0.6429222822189331,
-0.8568496704101562,
0.13521099090576172,
-0.6346544027328491,
-0.8002973198890686,
0.23926354944705963,
-0.10242694616317749,
0.27644070982933044,
-0.6420953273773193,
-0.054279129952192307,
0.7917846441268921,
-0.03895537555217743,
-0.38570481538772583,
-0.35533756017684937,
-0.0768587738275528,
-0.04517092928290367,
-0.606433093547821,
-0.667214572429657,
0.5779054164886475,
0.38837164640426636,
-0.35727736353874207,
-0.4531816840171814,
0.3115796446800232,
-0.07867317646741867,
0.6119848489761353,
-0.6079549789428711,
0.3196394145488739,
0.0980580523610115,
0.44788557291030884,
-0.29365453124046326,
-0.8609189391136169,
-0.8328839540481567,
-0.12174753844738007,
0.06143954023718834,
0.24162240326404572,
-0.09102162718772888,
0.4705578088760376,
-0.3995106816291809,
0.10305491089820862,
0.5251307487487793,
0.2268025130033493,
-0.698284387588501,
0.03213554620742798,
0.5162156820297241,
0.9526838064193726,
0.0404985249042511,
-0.0947767123579979,
-0.7744342088699341,
-0.10549715161323547,
0.24446824193000793,
-0.16864609718322754,
0.23761139810085297,
0.17494112253189087,
-0.149212047457695,
-0.14288751780986786,
-0.8093594908714294,
-0.41152486205101013,
0.3176709711551666,
-0.15940189361572266,
-0.019852394238114357,
0.04763340950012207,
-0.20359106361865997,
-0.4124148488044739,
0.3615184426307678,
0.4709106385707855,
-0.4236396849155426,
-0.43497446179389954,
0.007921135984361172,
0.22775514423847198,
0.29461851716041565,
0.10529439151287079,
0.0331326462328434,
-0.1791391670703888,
0.22625663876533508,
0.432771772146225,
-0.2557625472545624,
0.5295923352241516,
0.22416843473911285,
-0.029418429359793663,
0.00536424620077014,
-0.24544653296470642,
0.19010253250598907,
-0.502691388130188,
-0.357852041721344,
-0.2453266829252243,
0.05535346642136574,
0.03976009041070938,
-0.2891571521759033,
0.25615572929382324,
1.3473268747329712,
0.15361061692237854,
0.6059509515762329,
0.08345159143209457,
-0.14897160232067108,
0.052377428859472275,
-0.1530129462480545,
-0.06827834993600845,
-0.2678145170211792,
-0.26008081436157227,
0.45129743218421936,
-0.045946232974529266,
1.1324635744094849,
-0.1140826866030693,
-1.0453623533248901,
-0.8470779657363892,
-0.12887482345104218,
-0.016723226755857468,
0.9960429668426514,
-0.09708168357610703,
-0.9297792315483093,
0.2650279700756073,
0.27033287286758423,
0.8869600892066956,
-0.5813604593276978,
-0.31450846791267395,
0.4852789044380188,
-0.603855550289154,
-0.11001124233007431,
0.22100326418876648,
0.7048779726028442,
-0.3159896731376648,
0.0921158641576767,
0.21434977650642395,
0.05847723037004471,
0.07551327347755432,
0.24795708060264587,
0.09822692722082138,
-0.21026292443275452,
-0.28771641850471497,
-0.02036675252020359,
-0.23233498632907867,
0.2286393642425537,
0.09632442891597748,
1.0542962551116943,
0.15183834731578827,
0.11596135050058365,
0.516197144985199,
-0.09173699468374252,
1.2488985061645508,
-0.3594362437725067,
-0.47951585054397583,
0.18773382902145386,
-0.2613527476787567,
-0.013264073990285397,
0.3758898973464966,
-0.23916175961494446,
-0.01129811629652977,
-0.38607385754585266,
0.40773940086364746,
0.4492068886756897,
-0.3192405104637146,
-0.22179077565670013,
-0.4668601155281067,
0.39503014087677,
0.4308260977268219,
-0.4187508225440979,
-0.007028988096863031,
0.20486830174922943,
-0.051007967442274094,
0.08641285449266434,
-0.10334517061710358,
-0.7485007643699646,
0.7616239190101624,
-0.7167361378669739,
0.2920196056365967,
0.40483707189559937,
0.49641165137290955,
0.4505908191204071,
0.19479776918888092,
0.3279637098312378,
0.21927575767040253,
0.3358994424343109,
0.3379267156124115,
-0.4303683936595917,
-0.594927966594696,
0.43999215960502625,
0.3401060402393341,
-0.47227343916893005,
-0.16915424168109894,
-0.03172688186168671,
0.19078978896141052,
1.294639229774475,
0.6060835123062134,
-0.4737086296081543,
-0.1279064118862152,
-0.025643128901720047,
0.5542972087860107,
-0.08207867294549942,
-0.2603534162044525,
-0.1131892055273056,
0.2305150032043457,
-0.23714342713356018,
-1.0309423208236694,
0.7637274265289307,
0.1103944480419159,
-0.16944226622581482,
-0.6669628620147705,
-0.028284750878810883,
0.17680920660495758,
0.3782075047492981,
-0.2231031358242035,
-0.4302229583263397,
0.2254299372434616,
-0.7653650641441345,
0.719934344291687,
-0.43660542368888855,
-0.20130808651447296,
-0.030906252562999725,
0.7119688987731934,
0.27475908398628235,
-0.45120397210121155,
-0.33386391401290894,
0.05255422741174698,
-0.3024512827396393,
-0.3564504384994507,
0.13251259922981262,
0.48077210783958435,
1.1009353399276733,
0.208589106798172,
0.13002914190292358,
-0.19703669846057892,
-5.528772354125977,
0.4363681972026825,
0.06568118184804916,
-0.06894651800394058,
0.27850109338760376,
-0.08988022804260254,
0.5629745721817017,
-0.599668562412262,
0.28872108459472656,
-0.7645857930183411,
-0.6113668084144592,
0.3365103304386139,
-0.3292512893676758,
0.6862858533859253,
0.5623654723167419,
-0.03887074068188667,
0.6338086724281311,
-0.11047320067882538,
0.2245776355266571,
0.7614513039588928,
-0.17159581184387207,
-0.19125548005104065,
-0.02849101833999157,
0.15803568065166473,
0.18770726025104523,
0.8208688497543335,
-0.692199170589447,
0.5618221759796143,
-0.0970059335231781,
-0.13201838731765747,
0.25239115953445435,
0.17262038588523865,
-0.15189187228679657,
-0.4770407974720001,
0.02676108106970787,
-0.3483216166496277,
0.5731812715530396,
-0.5321714878082275,
0.7622079849243164,
-0.21366171538829803,
0.4532874822616577,
-0.08859414607286453,
0.03380925580859184,
-0.6295969486236572,
0.014985520392656326,
0.03244252875447273,
-0.6309463381767273,
-0.4536198079586029,
-0.3161275386810303,
1.1849634647369385,
0.15218205749988556,
-0.31512922048568726,
0.049766089767217636,
0.3228515386581421,
0.9639577865600586,
-0.24081042408943176,
-0.1894393265247345,
0.3008832037448883,
-0.3470049798488617,
0.5180467367172241,
0.8974168300628662,
0.003700288711115718,
-0.523776650428772,
-0.6250166296958923,
-0.09717540442943573,
-0.3092583119869232,
-0.20859535038471222,
-0.17792628705501556,
-0.2883489429950714,
-0.3927033245563507,
-0.10553574562072754,
0.14467130601406097,
-0.31892120838165283,
-1.3622163534164429,
-0.23389418423175812,
-0.5740513205528259,
-0.5243731141090393,
0.19355784356594086,
-0.4354363679885864,
-0.036989983171224594,
-0.1844203621149063,
0.016076775267720222,
-0.4169030487537384,
0.23188753426074982,
-0.5709866285324097,
0.26948946714401245,
-0.3141982853412628,
0.22934553027153015,
-0.5865886807441711,
0.19294515252113342,
0.16453827917575836,
-0.29372477531433105,
0.18219603598117828,
0.08011896908283234,
0.015577700920403004,
-0.3995439112186432,
0.6325564384460449,
0.7492370009422302,
0.8366551399230957,
0.2833981215953827,
0.2596893012523651,
0.17270518839359283,
0.5573927760124207,
-0.5515720844268799,
0.21150556206703186,
-0.20868578553199768,
0.2925812005996704,
-0.544634997844696,
0.815220832824707,
0.07346378266811371,
0.30149203538894653,
0.22561898827552795,
-0.38366779685020447,
-0.5647661089897156,
0.29929015040397644,
-0.03883364051580429,
0.15486855804920197,
-0.2307307869195938,
-0.02265721559524536,
0.16572749614715576,
0.25943702459335327,
-0.11291439086198807,
-0.1305338442325592,
-0.3416069447994232,
-0.5444895625114441,
0.25365254282951355,
0.015527852810919285,
-0.4637814164161682,
-0.015258071012794971,
0.4066641926765442,
0.17338697612285614,
0.13324464857578278,
0.36486831307411194,
0.023259161040186882,
0.6277226805686951,
-0.20858877897262573,
-0.17565281689167023,
-0.5024175047874451,
-0.17228318750858307,
0.09519363939762115,
-0.06437494605779648,
-0.1716804951429367,
0.05951739475131035,
0.5322790145874023,
0.06243531405925751,
-0.0026815636083483696,
-0.3525669574737549,
-0.10235247761011124,
0.34571370482444763,
0.0018093772232532501,
0.3619951009750366,
0.017777951434254646,
0.4383392632007599,
-0.5568915009498596,
0.3338238298892975,
0.16771163046360016,
-0.45241039991378784,
-0.5960277318954468,
-0.16280300915241241,
-0.359616756439209,
0.6413170695304871,
-0.36838242411613464,
-1.128798007965088,
-0.2965060770511627,
0.15866290032863617,
-0.3446035087108612,
-0.002135804621502757,
-0.2547041177749634,
-0.33792150020599365,
-0.23250865936279297,
0.037071481347084045,
-0.7299653887748718,
0.05344872549176216,
-0.29460620880126953,
-0.3169610798358917,
0.037461914122104645,
-0.34219294786453247,
-0.31192174553871155,
0.13082976639270782,
-0.1697596311569214,
-0.047218672931194305,
0.00960599072277546,
-0.18776096403598785,
-0.14415082335472107,
-0.14544571936130524,
-0.6793707609176636,
-0.6843332648277283,
-0.4119100570678711,
-0.15609700977802277,
0.10328380763530731,
-1.074066162109375,
-0.31728395819664,
0.265880286693573,
0.5977579355239868,
0.12215432524681091,
-0.9344692826271057,
-0.24664512276649475,
0.26544618606567383,
-0.04272833094000816,
-0.37827321887016296,
0.15743815898895264,
-0.012249168939888477,
-0.020536009222269058,
0.11684101819992065,
0.31878766417503357,
-0.5273019671440125,
-0.06589721888303757,
0.5968949794769287,
0.01292969100177288,
0.8696662187576294,
-0.5073931813240051,
-0.13197623193264008,
-0.10406078398227692,
0.35348787903785706,
0.12641175091266632,
0.3259914219379425,
0.23633639514446259,
-0.21852336823940277,
-0.42583370208740234,
-0.18714021146297455,
-0.05943910777568817,
0.13955320417881012,
-0.3734752833843231,
0.2993066608905792,
-0.11467764526605606,
0.24281440675258636,
-0.11999449133872986,
-0.5164172649383545,
0.18712960183620453,
-0.3158324956893921,
-0.3613870441913605,
-0.19909551739692688,
0.694827139377594,
0.43919846415519714,
-0.40328580141067505,
0.3962908685207367,
0.0691174641251564,
1.0294817686080933,
0.5264295339584351,
0.10354343801736832,
0.14162252843379974,
0.8160337209701538,
-0.47715339064598083,
0.12048932909965515,
0.6400768756866455,
0.8261566162109375,
0.5201766490936279,
-0.0656556636095047,
-0.6753637790679932,
0.12220236659049988,
0.17740291357040405,
0.23752810060977936,
-0.3278491497039795,
0.29472577571868896,
0.5603365898132324,
-0.3786579370498657,
-0.9380788207054138,
-0.5554761290550232,
-0.1273171603679657,
-0.024625377729535103,
0.07757241278886795,
-0.16148661077022552,
0.11121129989624023,
-0.00915372185409069,
0.16391898691654205,
0.004652556963264942,
-0.1593094915151596,
-0.12486651539802551,
-0.49577248096466064,
-0.3631783425807953,
-0.016725821420550346,
0.15916354954242706,
-0.19777840375900269,
0.4317033886909485,
-0.4890003204345703,
0.5182433724403381,
0.010509787127375603,
-0.27857327461242676,
-0.23332083225250244,
0.05544612929224968,
-0.886029839515686,
0.26692038774490356,
-0.12203417718410492,
-0.6137447357177734,
-0.23758052289485931,
-0.4324069321155548,
0.05846889689564705,
0.14875222742557526,
0.2901814877986908,
-0.3349865674972534,
-0.4622274339199066,
0.010675463825464249,
-0.42299962043762207,
0.18005776405334473,
-0.19508738815784454,
0.08961056172847748,
-0.44753319025039673,
0.4956687390804291,
-0.6600679755210876,
-0.2005806267261505,
-0.08287053555250168,
-0.2702926695346832,
0.7328939437866211,
-0.43649157881736755,
0.032968081533908844,
-0.07213159650564194,
-0.20169343054294586,
-0.05392079055309296,
0.5883015990257263,
0.15707045793533325,
0.48773646354675293,
0.16304688155651093,
0.2547706663608551,
0.23092932999134064,
-0.9651505947113037,
0.3797128200531006,
0.8103354573249817,
-0.6227642893791199,
0.6256102919578552,
0.1427856832742691,
-0.2309778928756714,
-0.6669000387191772,
0.9358597993850708,
-0.1986580640077591,
0.6467559337615967,
0.3946731388568878,
-0.5037486553192139,
0.2020283192396164,
-0.014930738136172295,
0.2764703333377838,
0.3941916525363922,
-0.30890217423439026,
-0.04023613780736923,
0.3081773817539215,
0.27924078702926636,
-0.5427156090736389,
0.132486492395401,
-0.2590610682964325,
-0.06932919472455978,
-0.0033419711980968714,
0.13882799446582794,
0.26651883125305176,
-0.10780809074640274,
-0.0016593275358900428,
0.02149849757552147,
0.012096403166651726,
0.6089177131652832,
0.32250872254371643,
-0.5463517904281616,
0.007019078359007835,
-0.07718101888895035,
0.4250495433807373,
-0.1858118772506714,
0.1602342277765274,
0.5468039512634277,
-0.5513825416564941,
0.4736284017562866,
0.0068335081450641155,
-0.5569615364074707,
-0.18574127554893494,
0.012135847471654415,
-0.39180365204811096,
0.747117280960083,
0.10022084414958954,
-0.46501266956329346,
-0.0013436449225991964,
0.13473297655582428,
-0.9679560661315918,
-0.013587702997028828,
0.10579992085695267,
-0.018371954560279846,
0.22490143775939941,
-0.30507856607437134,
0.6933586001396179,
-0.045055389404296875,
-0.09975671768188477,
0.6687363386154175,
0.09960746765136719,
-0.2064417004585266,
-0.03495432808995247,
-1.0283883810043335,
-0.20275305211544037,
0.359732985496521,
-0.2738805413246155,
-0.04309996962547302,
-0.15889015793800354,
0.03437415137887001,
-0.24784396588802338,
0.02642831951379776,
0.005642584525048733,
0.5237356424331665,
-0.394907146692276,
-0.280293345451355,
0.30360451340675354,
-0.3142247200012207,
0.22249680757522583,
0.03625106066465378,
1.0166579484939575,
0.4512164890766144,
0.9620530605316162,
-0.37425321340560913,
0.6175906658172607,
-0.018246568739414215,
0.12044370174407959,
-0.5695580840110779,
0.06048523262143135,
-0.30322372913360596,
-0.5220009088516235,
-0.23824924230575562,
0.4516203701496124,
0.184311643242836,
-0.16425108909606934,
-0.022316504269838333,
0.2528153657913208,
-0.35595187544822693,
0.11983267962932587,
0.6572990417480469,
0.19917316734790802,
0.4839697480201721,
0.35209816694259644,
0.184416726231575,
0.9509577751159668,
-0.03688250854611397,
0.07145963609218597,
-0.15606220066547394,
0.2958984375,
-0.49894243478775024,
0.132315531373024,
-0.6065956950187683,
0.10409223288297653,
-0.042277976870536804,
-0.4542909860610962,
-0.6019077897071838,
0.4363832175731659,
-0.019225239753723145,
-1.4500243663787842,
0.5454907417297363,
0.11598680913448334,
0.27947384119033813,
-0.8220405578613281,
0.3398318290710449,
-0.16215723752975464,
-0.452455073595047,
0.07800326496362686,
-0.428492933511734,
-0.01962837018072605,
-0.23516207933425903,
0.0054285828955471516,
-0.09236842393875122,
0.6921061873435974,
-0.16650600731372833,
-0.21544641256332397,
0.4934821128845215,
-0.10296068340539932,
-0.1424076110124588,
0.048832330852746964,
0.4873931407928467,
0.3727981746196747,
0.33764275908470154,
-0.28723976016044617
] |
232146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios%20Gounaris | Dimitrios Gounaris | Dimitrios Gounaris (; 5 January 1867 – 28 November 1922 (15 November Old Style) was the Prime Minister of Greece from 25 February to 10 August 1915 and 26 March 1921 to 3 May 1922. Leader of the People's Party, he was the main right-wing opponent of his contemporary Eleftherios Venizelos.
Early life
He studied law at Athens University and continued his studies in Germany, France and England, before returning to his native Patras. He was elected deputy for Achaea in 1902 and distinguished himself as an orator and a member of the so-called "Japanese Group" that opposed the Georgios Theotokis government in 1906–1908. Gounaris himself, however, joined the government in 1908 as Finance Minister, hoping to implement a reformist program, thereby causing the dissolution of the group, although he was soon forced to resign. Despite his progressive views (he was an admirer of the Bismarckian German social laws), his conservative political thinking turned him into a leading opponent of Eleftherios Venizelos.
First premiership
He was appointed Prime Minister after Venizelos' first resignation in 1915 by King Constantine I. For his anti-Venizelist, pro-neutrality role he was exiled with other prominent anti-Venizelists to Corsica in 1917 after Venizelos' return to power in Athens. He managed to escape to Sardinia, Italy in 1918, but was able to return to Greece only in 1920, as to partake in the crucial November elections as the de facto leader of the "United Opposition", amidst the ongoing 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War.
Second premiership and the war against Turkey
After Venizelos' defeat, he controlled most deputies in the parliament, and was the main driving force of the following royalist governments, but himself only assumed the office of Prime Minister in March 1921. Despite his pre-electoral promises over a withdrawal from Asia Minor, unable to find a way for an 'honourable' extrication, he continued the war against Turkey. Although he was willing to compromise with the Turks, as he showed in the London talks in early 1921, in order to step up pressure on the Kemalist Turks, he agreed to the launch of the Greek offensive of March 1921. The Greek Army was not prepared, and the attack was repulsed in the Second Battle of İnönü, resulting in the first Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War. After the successful Greek advance towards Eskişehir and Afyon in July, he urged the continuation of the advance towards Ankara, which was however stopped in the Battle of Sakarya. After the Greeks retreated to form a new front, he appealed to the Allies, and especially Great Britain, for assistance and mediation.
Although he threatened the British with unilateral withdrawal, his government maintained the Greek Army's positions, not being able to shoulder the political cost of abandoning Asia Minor and the many Greeks living there to Turkish reprisals. The deepening political crisis caused the fall of Gounaris' government in May 1922, after marginally surviving a vote of confidence, but the predominance of his followers in the National Assembly meant that he only exchanged the post of Prime Minister with that of Justice Minister in the government of Petros Protopapadakis.
Death and legacy
After the disaster of August 1922 and the rout of the Greeks by Mustafa Kemal's forces, the remnants of the Greek Army revolted in September, and the government was deposed. The predominantly Venizelist rebels, under the leadership of Colonel Nikolaos Plastiras, formed a military tribunal to try those that were considered as responsible for the catastrophe. The so-called "Trial of the Six", convened in November 1922, found the defendants, Gounaris among them, guilty of treason. He was executed along with the others at Goudi on the same day of the verdict, on November 28. Although Gounaris undoubtedly bears a measure of responsibility for the military and diplomatic actions that led to the Greek defeat in 1922, his trial and execution are widely perceived to be more an act of scapegoating in order to vent the anger of the people, as well as being mostly motivated by the hatred of the Venizelist faction towards him.
Gounaris was the uncle of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos.
See also
History of Modern Greece
References
1866 births
1922 deaths
20th-century prime ministers of Greece
MPs of Patras
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek lawyers
People's Party (Greece) politicians
Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece
Greek exiles
Prime Ministers of Greece
Greek monarchists
Conservatism in Greece
Greek people of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
People executed for treason against Greece
Executed prime ministers
Finance ministers of Greece
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
Justice ministers of Greece | [
0.03371058776974678,
0.2059992104768753,
-0.5957781672477722,
0.5423709154129028,
-0.3044383227825165,
0.6196233034133911,
0.2952592074871063,
-0.18802019953727722,
-0.4341883063316345,
-0.24216939508914948,
-0.19236281514167786,
0.3597414195537567,
-0.7633278965950012,
0.4743572771549225,
-0.41648414731025696,
-0.0608038567006588,
-0.17826154828071594,
0.402897447347641,
-0.556876540184021,
-0.364327996969223,
-0.03536970913410187,
0.7535198926925659,
0.16549143195152283,
-0.06541180610656738,
-0.7127053737640381,
-0.003475483041256666,
0.2770267724990845,
0.19028082489967346,
-0.16140837967395782,
-0.07391463965177536,
0.2729586660861969,
0.7278759479522705,
-0.30778467655181885,
-0.07536912709474564,
-0.46835964918136597,
0.004275738261640072,
0.7160227298736572,
-0.13630743324756622,
0.1482025682926178,
0.047028798609972,
-0.11816253513097763,
0.4854523837566376,
0.18524067103862762,
0.008449241518974304,
-0.2241927683353424,
-0.7078758478164673,
-0.9030867218971252,
0.47240668535232544,
-0.257494181394577,
-0.5076795816421509,
-0.5454190969467163,
-0.06777720153331757,
0.4023166596889496,
-0.0023888139985501766,
-0.3508271872997284,
0.06561814248561859,
-1.1490881443023682,
-0.08000656217336655,
-0.5526149272918701,
-0.3018556535243988,
0.18676389753818512,
-0.041361209005117416,
0.058705348521471024,
-0.17150695621967316,
0.8942781090736389,
0.015815986320376396,
0.3725135624408722,
0.6642706990242004,
0.1468505710363388,
-0.07945069670677185,
-0.2650271952152252,
0.6726030111312866,
0.07059852033853531,
0.06519127637147903,
0.566797137260437,
-0.17884893715381622,
-0.21906551718711853,
0.09470216929912567,
0.6528599858283997,
0.3435136377811432,
-0.012996084056794643,
-0.2097110152244568,
0.4014252722263336,
0.33747199177742004,
-0.8788801431655884,
-0.209435373544693,
0.12597700953483582,
0.860525906085968,
-0.13143032789230347,
0.5491076111793518,
-0.03972772881388664,
-0.6283274292945862,
1.1387012004852295,
-0.7471581101417542,
-0.8990708589553833,
0.24464520812034607,
-0.29286983609199524,
0.43023478984832764,
-0.517214834690094,
-0.27337029576301575,
0.12126724421977997,
0.40755605697631836,
-0.2967996597290039,
-0.44813260436058044,
-0.48434510827064514,
0.3912992477416992,
-0.55193030834198,
0.289749413728714,
-0.48454704880714417,
0.10430663824081421,
-0.5875335931777954,
0.2700565457344055,
-0.44409269094467163,
0.09495360404253006,
-0.5216849446296692,
-0.12967534363269806,
-0.08211452513933182,
-0.6767445802688599,
-0.391407310962677,
-0.36861303448677063,
-0.42157626152038574,
0.5122392773628235,
-0.23596885800361633,
0.00510503351688385,
0.019194070249795914,
-0.048274096101522446,
0.03368156775832176,
-0.2907719016075134,
0.09189126640558243,
0.11936091631650925,
0.9721477627754211,
0.9206423759460449,
-0.5154388546943665,
-0.09758858382701874,
-0.14178721606731415,
-0.3950859010219574,
0.47499144077301025,
-0.04369708523154259,
0.1459413319826126,
0.5693805813789368,
-0.03466891124844551,
0.30640271306037903,
-0.14238546788692474,
0.5850616693496704,
0.004481744486838579,
0.10907578468322754,
0.17770929634571075,
0.041830312460660934,
-0.32610583305358887,
-0.1922759860754013,
-0.010464761406183243,
-0.07445080578327179,
0.09262433648109436,
-0.15182965993881226,
-0.4214354157447815,
0.09706593304872513,
0.33139416575431824,
-0.2044025957584381,
0.06562479585409164,
0.09763789921998978,
0.7667778730392456,
-0.0037678945809602737,
0.15161719918251038,
-0.13641950488090515,
0.32059603929519653,
-0.15315814316272736,
-0.12417711317539215,
0.3490173816680908,
0.08661650866270065,
-0.4367430806159973,
-0.4976598024368286,
-0.043513741344213486,
-0.03749872371554375,
-0.1812378466129303,
-0.20077097415924072,
0.6462937593460083,
0.177256241440773,
0.1992763876914978,
0.15377895534038544,
-0.6726025342941284,
-0.5779523253440857,
-0.7969025373458862,
-0.10322793573141098,
0.13183338940143585,
0.7549318075180054,
0.4092687666416168,
0.703378438949585,
-0.23802724480628967,
0.97700434923172,
-1.0253477096557617,
-0.41319525241851807,
-0.7863872051239014,
0.5183619260787964,
-0.5148163437843323,
1.0715020895004272,
-0.005724577233195305,
-0.39503511786460876,
0.5449822545051575,
0.35013365745544434,
0.9137281775474548,
-0.3411668539047241,
-0.3971911370754242,
-0.18083161115646362,
-0.004004097543656826,
0.5700483918190002,
0.827911376953125,
0.12022474408149719,
-0.10576460510492325,
0.06497032195329666,
0.6810106039047241,
0.26105499267578125,
-0.4314619302749634,
0.16991008818149567,
-0.2017086148262024,
-0.1823580116033554,
-0.5601739287376404,
-0.42585471272468567,
0.6340603828430176,
-0.1489182710647583,
0.37686699628829956,
0.5639693737030029,
-0.17789368331432343,
-0.3161426782608032,
0.5065973401069641,
-0.11947779357433319,
0.26505669951438904,
0.09987914562225342,
-0.4467717111110687,
-0.531402051448822,
-0.11641303449869156,
-0.3458814024925232,
-0.12418033182621002,
0.10724516957998276,
-0.7223888039588928,
0.30959704518318176,
0.3195578455924988,
-0.3208082616329193,
-0.6096623539924622,
0.17763973772525787,
-0.6942558288574219,
0.4443143308162689,
0.5344371795654297,
0.25137394666671753,
0.4104752540588379,
-0.08543571829795837,
0.9651129245758057,
-0.7495825290679932,
-0.10989906638860703,
-0.6517148613929749,
-0.10797424614429474,
-0.31351786851882935,
-0.13467250764369965,
0.23859639465808868,
-0.005786992143839598,
0.2189914435148239,
-0.7399140000343323,
0.20515893399715424,
-0.5369158387184143,
-0.15696653723716736,
0.12369439005851746,
0.6220067143440247,
-0.0003405280876904726,
0.07960592955350876,
0.7092373967170715,
0.41857829689979553,
0.06244559586048126,
-0.11832641810178757,
-0.4177735149860382,
-0.308493047952652,
-0.0658891424536705,
0.6102615594863892,
-0.40745809674263,
-0.25155210494995117,
0.3086284101009369,
0.654857337474823,
-0.2260124832391739,
-0.6805105209350586,
0.3989517092704773,
-0.42785727977752686,
-0.612004280090332,
0.7883296012878418,
1.0240983963012695,
-0.6112625002861023,
0.18469099700450897,
-0.7573972940444946,
0.13028496503829956,
-0.06336690485477448,
-0.29428377747535706,
0.4407200813293457,
-0.021722132340073586,
-0.07755730301141739,
-0.1270047277212143,
-0.16909833252429962,
-0.5131440162658691,
-0.3977935314178467,
0.2778972089290619,
-0.7964946627616882,
-0.4314783811569214,
0.5489531755447388,
0.2100355178117752,
-0.36167097091674805,
-0.3810408413410187,
-0.16493234038352966,
0.14464138448238373,
0.7367956638336182,
-0.40207263827323914,
-0.0001420090557076037,
0.34300199151039124,
-5.386811256408691,
0.22334915399551392,
0.05578502640128136,
-0.014538074843585491,
0.31575095653533936,
0.18476015329360962,
0.08955901116132736,
-0.33716338872909546,
0.3983307182788849,
-0.5563884377479553,
0.2117074728012085,
0.041264936327934265,
0.2114131599664688,
0.8601058721542358,
0.8177617788314819,
0.53464275598526,
0.6977024674415588,
0.1673482209444046,
-0.05044820159673691,
0.4035554826259613,
0.2753370404243469,
-0.10334409773349762,
-0.09445381909608841,
0.22268232703208923,
0.5884103775024414,
0.13512350618839264,
0.16882511973381042,
0.35802775621414185,
-0.8654280304908752,
-0.44890692830085754,
-0.165800541639328,
-0.5535904765129089,
0.45030590891838074,
-0.027153685688972473,
0.1461893916130066,
-0.7862125039100647,
0.283891886472702,
0.5401029586791992,
-0.4305458962917328,
-0.43671879172325134,
-0.2599758803844452,
-0.08556342124938965,
-0.3728502690792084,
-0.27103346586227417,
0.05296197533607483,
-0.1381453573703766,
-0.05509030818939209,
0.20995977520942688,
-0.6900128126144409,
0.39176538586616516,
0.2020333707332611,
0.33222928643226624,
-0.03780129551887512,
-0.1946026086807251,
-0.11647946387529373,
0.7890481948852539,
0.01725873164832592,
0.1169731616973877,
-0.7041630744934082,
0.7876477241516113,
0.953486979007721,
0.08912523835897446,
0.33072414994239807,
-0.13984112441539764,
0.15825462341308594,
-0.47491738200187683,
-0.25796374678611755,
0.020120764151215553,
-0.1914227455854416,
0.21165737509727478,
-0.4092780351638794,
0.5230323672294617,
0.1132054552435875,
-0.7230979800224304,
0.5045512914657593,
-0.3474084734916687,
-0.30371490120887756,
0.17425449192523956,
-0.35481229424476624,
0.2839134931564331,
-0.3477906584739685,
-0.7049519419670105,
-0.4305656850337982,
0.8158285021781921,
0.35888728499412537,
0.06000102683901787,
-0.03202742710709572,
0.19329552352428436,
-0.1552714854478836,
0.11946237832307816,
0.5395929217338562,
-1.3492579460144043,
0.1076505035161972,
0.38705936074256897,
-0.0951620489358902,
0.27763620018959045,
-0.4896673858165741,
0.48710334300994873,
0.854318380355835,
-0.029928993433713913,
-0.42381688952445984,
0.326251745223999,
0.3956817090511322,
-0.27626633644104004,
0.6783119440078735,
-0.35610440373420715,
-0.21455609798431396,
-0.26561594009399414,
0.15070846676826477,
0.18383067846298218,
0.211619570851326,
0.22050397098064423,
-0.9644441604614258,
-0.584912121295929,
0.04558364674448967,
-0.6132579445838928,
0.524194061756134,
0.29559165239334106,
0.5615953207015991,
0.10562002658843994,
-0.5954092144966125,
-0.032059673219919205,
0.0029462415259331465,
0.23695509135723114,
-0.5951923727989197,
0.0006733938935212791,
-0.004157043062150478,
-0.37816569209098816,
0.20433004200458527,
0.020423302426934242,
0.22639276087284088,
0.5387625694274902,
0.21885716915130615,
-0.026124339550733566,
0.45216503739356995,
-0.5964692831039429,
-0.38723278045654297,
-0.170443594455719,
-0.20152081549167633,
-0.24480575323104858,
-0.6201919317245483,
-0.4089568853378296,
-0.08482199162244797,
0.2952442467212677,
0.056647881865501404,
0.08801556378602982,
-0.12039452791213989,
0.05796514451503754,
-0.43805962800979614,
0.4914981424808502,
0.23063114285469055,
-0.06640159338712692,
0.5307035446166992,
-0.1330365389585495,
-0.012339028529822826,
0.08956189453601837,
-0.09906919300556183,
0.0902886763215065,
-0.6036416292190552,
0.24973256886005402,
-0.2508479058742523,
-0.8966144919395447,
-1.357217788696289,
-0.5097953081130981,
0.5644769668579102,
0.48206406831741333,
-0.6680772304534912,
-0.2642472982406616,
-0.30677059292793274,
0.975623369216919,
0.09851881116628647,
-0.6141563057899475,
-0.6315742135047913,
-0.2509400546550751,
-0.07343529164791107,
-0.5259426832199097,
0.013074900023639202,
0.4780297875404358,
-0.41752704977989197,
-0.2678490877151489,
-0.16492097079753876,
0.2815951704978943,
-0.18953904509544373,
-0.27049344778060913,
0.408926784992218,
0.176679328083992,
-0.8410924673080444,
-0.45932018756866455,
0.14022299647331238,
-0.5170984864234924,
0.009586169384419918,
-0.07160025835037231,
-0.21483257412910461,
0.09313741326332092,
-0.06987366080284119,
-0.5647383332252502,
-0.0781388133764267,
0.4571077227592468,
-0.03334381431341171,
-0.4670904874801636,
-0.04897207021713257,
0.3940727412700653,
0.21371068060398102,
-0.5795327425003052,
-0.01098382193595171,
-0.4615902900695801,
0.700796365737915,
0.24060003459453583,
0.40178292989730835,
0.6816443204879761,
-0.6478614211082458,
-0.9180178046226501,
-0.18235653638839722,
0.4934471547603607,
-0.5548208951950073,
0.25213107466697693,
0.4415675699710846,
-0.5172719359397888,
-0.3901955187320709,
-0.9300338625907898,
-0.33823105692863464,
-0.01957526244223118,
-0.4105716049671173,
-0.2270343005657196,
0.07343544065952301,
-0.40701761841773987,
0.4377368092536926,
0.018297135829925537,
0.2868143320083618,
0.015796544030308723,
-0.04288121312856674,
0.18904733657836914,
0.007350571919232607,
0.03944222256541252,
-0.4538353979587555,
-0.23277559876441956,
0.7516651153564453,
0.10462499409914017,
-0.2298896759748459,
-0.033808425068855286,
0.29378214478492737,
0.9936373233795166,
0.2567126452922821,
-0.046122629195451736,
0.15845586359500885,
0.3426493704319,
0.23033085465431213,
0.09086748957633972,
0.16707530617713928,
0.10496421903371811,
0.13264651596546173,
0.647071897983551,
-0.8602098226547241,
-0.6304030418395996,
0.4471687972545624,
-0.28149786591529846,
0.25798431038856506,
0.5841836333274841,
0.4326796233654022,
0.6202817559242249,
-0.29530107975006104,
0.5754666328430176,
0.1222057119011879,
0.2888464033603668,
0.5951930284500122,
0.36931395530700684,
0.42466214299201965,
-0.5533641576766968,
0.1321612149477005,
-0.5456380248069763,
-0.33903104066848755,
-0.9856861233711243,
-0.6068412065505981,
-0.17440971732139587,
-0.5327341556549072,
-0.08383361250162125,
0.20429793000221252,
-0.17040835320949554,
0.34350815415382385,
-0.13435305655002594,
-0.779226541519165,
-0.31115010380744934,
-0.17877420783042908,
-0.12997271120548248,
-0.2443307787179947,
-1.1537315845489502,
-0.344224750995636,
0.3621370494365692,
-0.2646157443523407,
-0.14061789214611053,
-0.20830513536930084,
-0.1880924105644226,
-0.01794089935719967,
0.19963569939136505,
-0.3756730556488037,
0.49604010581970215,
-0.5683658123016357,
0.9258883595466614,
0.01172851026058197,
-0.1069435179233551,
-0.35589808225631714,
0.3827701807022095,
0.31706419587135315,
0.3854311406612396,
0.0156159158796072,
0.4368976950645447,
0.11072761565446854,
-0.5453259348869324,
-0.26332950592041016,
0.29045170545578003,
0.7068291902542114,
0.06525781750679016,
0.6170998215675354,
0.19830070436000824,
-1.0268930196762085,
-0.40818023681640625,
0.8140472769737244,
-0.16904856264591217,
-0.7120786309242249,
0.40383052825927734,
-0.09532245248556137,
0.2017541080713272,
-0.04834488779306412,
-0.503857433795929,
-0.05873259902000427,
0.44703251123428345,
0.19567257165908813,
0.6665982007980347,
0.04965406656265259,
-0.0773574486374855,
0.32982462644577026,
0.2875590920448303,
-0.9305225014686584,
0.5351513028144836,
-0.3322741687297821,
-0.34061679244041443,
0.3295770585536957,
-0.4480479061603546,
0.6324361562728882,
0.36437326669692993,
0.46157634258270264,
0.5282412767410278,
-0.370048850774765,
0.09294449537992477,
0.4916768968105316,
0.5376560688018799,
-0.33360350131988525,
0.3949967324733734,
-0.019315358251333237,
0.11562409996986389,
0.6390164494514465,
0.34953489899635315,
0.10442283749580383,
-1.1141971349716187,
-0.3623153269290924,
-0.06859278678894043,
0.16218823194503784,
0.11853770166635513,
-0.1268012374639511,
0.24424031376838684,
0.41323432326316833,
-0.5915281772613525,
0.8142960071563721,
-0.2429487407207489,
0.2131480723619461,
0.07168381661176682,
0.5441054701805115,
-0.2497410923242569,
0.22683441638946533,
-0.1356564611196518,
0.2068801075220108,
-0.3833174407482147,
-0.6281376481056213,
-0.3895713686943054,
-0.2984731197357178,
-0.22096624970436096,
0.6908919215202332,
0.16480937600135803,
-0.20989656448364258,
-0.0911894142627716,
-0.27687743306159973,
0.4711237847805023,
-0.28856727480888367,
-0.8519250750541687,
-0.4346463680267334,
0.6476537585258484,
0.4764484465122223,
-0.2002078741788864,
0.19312790036201477,
-0.30396583676338196,
0.1797485202550888,
-0.5199611186981201,
-0.4057999551296234,
0.4169396162033081,
-0.12307913601398468,
-0.1701766401529312,
-0.30665066838264465,
0.6110907196998596,
0.5174850225448608,
0.09137234836816788,
0.03317480534315109,
0.1016019806265831,
0.16481159627437592,
-0.013567271642386913,
0.4443374574184418,
0.02866261824965477,
-0.1498469114303589,
-0.11631794273853302,
-0.627295196056366,
0.16488569974899292,
-0.5371845960617065,
0.5870445966720581,
-0.0650046244263649,
0.67226642370224,
-0.3655596375465393,
0.6186557412147522,
0.703071117401123,
-0.31130391359329224,
0.1544557362794876,
-0.15249474346637726,
0.16812065243721008,
-0.03168997913599014,
0.19337132573127747,
0.1027313768863678,
-0.08416129648685455,
0.030961070209741592,
0.13959047198295593,
0.31762945652008057,
-0.12592566013336182,
0.2425972819328308,
-0.8149232268333435,
0.394133985042572,
0.18780775368213654,
-0.6717932820320129,
-0.4434719681739807,
0.21704183518886566,
0.3225376605987549,
0.21464067697525024,
0.25400641560554504,
-0.4305954575538635,
0.01721460185945034,
0.17298315465450287,
0.9216203689575195,
0.4096863865852356,
0.6910337209701538,
0.1122966781258583,
-1.1377030611038208,
0.08362559974193573,
-0.3735910952091217,
-0.325704962015152,
0.6279568672180176,
-0.4438502788543701,
0.6794769167900085,
-0.35839542746543884,
0.9337111115455627,
-0.7141807675361633,
0.18348334729671478,
-0.6028655767440796,
0.5062515735626221,
0.1605815887451172
] |
232152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia | Zulia | Zulia State (, ; Wayuu: Mma’ipakat Suuria) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Maracaibo. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of 3,704,404, the largest population among Venezuela's states. It is also one of the few states (if not the only one) in Venezuela in which voseo (the use of vos as a second person singular pronoun) is widespread. The state is coterminous with the eponymous region of Zulia.
Zulia State is in northwestern Venezuela, bordering Lake Maracaibo, the largest body of water of its kind in Latin America. Its basin covers one of the largest oil and gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere.
Zulia is economically important to the country for its oil and mineral exploitation, but it is also one of the major agricultural areas of Venezuela, highlighting the region's contribution in areas such as livestock, bananas, fruits, meat, and milk.
Toponymy
There are several competing theories about the origin of the state's name. One is that Guaimaral, son of the cacique Mara, was on pilgrimage in the Pamplona region, where he fell in love with the beautiful Zulia, but she was killed in a battle against the conquerors. Gaimaral sadly returned to his father's domains, naming rivers, towns and regions for his lost love there is little historical proof, but that is the most popular theory.
Alternatively, it had been said that the state was named after the Zulia River, known in Colombia as Batatas, which leads into the Catatumbo River. Another story says that both names, river and state, came from the princess Zulia, daughter of a famous cacique Cinera. He was an important leader of a tribal federation located in what is now Colombia's Norte de Santander Department, and the princess Zulia was well known for her physical and moral qualities, formidable temper, and bravery.
History
Spanish Colonization
The area that is now Zulia was first seen by Europeans in 1499 during an expedition commanded by Alonso de Ojeda. Transferred by the Crown of Spain to German Businessmen (to the banking company of the Welsers of Augsburg), in 1527, the Governorship and lands of the Province of Venezuela, was its factor and governor of: the Province Ambrosio Dalfinger, the first conqueror of those regions.
His expedition from Coro to Maracaibo around 1528 and 1529 and the one he carried out at the end of 1529 along the eastern shore of the lake up to the mouth of the Motatán river, were the first occasions, after the discovery, in which they made contact
the Europeans with the Indians living in Lake Maracaibo. These risky enterprises, for which a great deal of value and energy was required, were interesting subjects that inspired the chronicler Juan de Castellanos much of his poetic work concluded by the year
of 1590 under the title of "Elegies of Illustrious Men of the Indies.
During the Spanish colonial period, its lands were part of the Venezuela Province until 1676, when its lands were added to the Province of Mérida del Espiritu Santo de la Grita, becoming the province Espiritu Santo de Maracaibo, or Maracaibo Province.
The territory that covers the State of Zulia was erected in the Province of Maracaibo in the year of 1678 and was added, along with Mérida, to the Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada. It is entity was governed by the President of the Court, whose official seat was the city of Santa Fé de Bogotá and its jurisdiction extended, in a capricious and extravagant way, to the Provinces of Guayana, Cumaná, Maracaibo and the Islands of Margarita and Trinidad The difficulties that to its good administration offered this curious conglomerate, forced
the Court of Madrid to modify the primitive division and by Royal Decree of September 8, 1777, the Provinces of Maracaibo, Cumaná, Guayana and the Islands of Margarita and Trinidad were incorporated into the General Captaincy of Caracas.
By Royal Decree of February 15, 1785, the city of Barinas and its dependencies, which corresponded to Maracaibo, were segregated to form a separate province, and instead the city of Trujillo was incorporated, which was part of the province of Caracas. In 1789, the province covered the territory of the current Venezuelan states of Zulia, Apure, Barinas, Táchira, Mérida and Trujillo. In 1810, Mérida and Trujillo were separated as new provinces. At the beginning of the 19th century, the province of Maracaibo had, besides the capital of its name, the cities of Mérida, Trujillo, San Cristobal, El Rosario de Perijá and San Bartolomé de Sinamaica, with their respective dependencies; but once the independence of Mérida, was segregated with the character of a province, while Maracaibo continued under the Spanish regime until January 18, 1821, on which date it joined the Great Colombia, proclaiming its independence from the Government of Madrid.
Republican period
Zulia Province declared independence from Spain on January 28, 1821. During the Gran Colombia period in 1824, it received the name of "Zulia Department", honoring the Zulia River. The Constituent Congress of 1824 divided the territory of Colombia into four departments, one of which was Zulia, composed of the provinces of Coro, Mérida and Maracaibo; but when the Great Colombia was dissolved in 1830, Maracaibo was left with the character of Province composed of its own territory and that of Trujillo. One year later the Trujillo Section was erected in Province, separating definitively from Maracaibo. With the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, it was named Maracaibo Province and was one of the 11 provinces of Venezuela. In 1835 the territory of the Province of Maracaibo was divided into the five Cantons: Maracaibo, Perijá, Zulia, Gibraltar and Altagracia. By Decree of April 9, 1850 were added. the territory of the Province of Trujillo the parishes of La Ceiba and La Ceibita, belonging to Maracaibo, so that that Andean Province had an exit to the Lake.
Venezuela's federal constitution, April 22, 1864, changed the denomination of "province" to "state", creating the State of Maracaibo on the same territory as the province. At the end of the same year, the state's legislation determined to change the name to the Sovereign State of Zulia, but that lasted only a few months. In 1874, its name again became Zulia State. Federal government orders in 1881 created the combined Falcón Zulia state. Its autonomous state status continued until April 1, 1890, when congress legislated the separation of the Falcon-Zulia State. It suffered further territorial changes towards the end of the 19th century, until the current delimitation in 1899 was finally drawn. Since that time the name has remained Estado Zulia.
Geography
The state of Zulia is a compendium of diverse geographical areas. Plains, mountains, a large lake to which about 135 rivers flow that contribute water and sediment, an infinite number of lagoons, swamps and marshes that are in the lower parts. There are very arid zones with others of great humidity, very populated zones in small spaces and other extensive semi-populated areas. Very rich areas and others of great poverty.
The Lake Maracaibo Basin covers the large to the north and west, from the Guajira Peninsula to the Perijá Mountains. Venezuela's Andean states of Táchira, Mérida and Trujillo border Zulia State at the southern end of Lake Maracaibo.
The name Venezuela comes from the lake. When Spanish conquistadors sailed into the area, they found the indigenous peoples living in communities of huts supported by stilts along the shores of the lake. They were reminded of Venice and named the place "Little Venice" or Venezuela. The lake has a number of islands, some of which are populated.
Near the mouth of the Catatumbo River, where it empties into Lake Maracaibo, is the famous Catatumbo lightning (Relámpago del Catatumbo) which is represented on the state's flag and coat of arms by lightning bolts.
Due to its geographical location, Zulia has geostrategic and geopolitical advantages combined in the diversity of resources given by the nature of its geography, geology and hydrography, drawing in its territory a heterogeneous mosaic of potentialities for the economic, social and cultural development, manifested in the practice of agriculture, livestock, forestry, mining, fishing and tourism, with areas under special administration. These elements make Zulia a federal entity capable of contributing within the economic activities, a complex industrial marked by its uniqueness, reinforced by the routes and means of lake-marine communications that facilitate the entry and exit of products and goods to the international market. Consequently, it is a nodal center of development in the western geography of Venezuela that manages and concentrates its internal flows and placed at any point of the planet by its expeditious air, land, sea and lake routes.
The state of Zulia, from the geomorphological point of view, can be defined as a depression that presents in its center a great mass of water constituted by the Maracaibo lake system, combining the heights that surround it and the flat lands that serve as coastal support. The geomorphological evolution of the state of Zulia is related to the processes generated by the collision between the South American and Pacific tectonic plates, in their interaction with the Caribbean plate. Throughout its geological history, the Andes and Perijá became positive zones; however, an orogenic pulsation in the Upper Eocene and another one during the Miocene-Pliocene defined the current form of these mountainous systems, conditioning the depression of the Maracaibo and its surrounding plains.
These orogenic processes made the Perijá mountain range suffer a less intense uplift than the Andes and, therefore, its structural pattern and relief are more moderate. Likewise, the Ziruma mountain range develops towards the southeast, considered as a pre-mountain range system of relatively lower altitudes, where only tertiary rocks emerge.
.
According to the most recent classification, the state of Zulia presents three basic physical-natural units: the natural region of the Perijá mountain range; the natural region of the Corian sierras and the natural region formed by the depression of the Maracaibo lake and the coastal plains of the gulf of Venezuela.
The Perijá mountain range
The natural region Cordillera de Perijá or western Andean mountain range is located in the west of Zulia state. This unit occupies an area of 4,170.55 km2, which represents 12.92% of the state. Part of the most western sectors of the Machiques de Perijá, Rosario de Perijá, Jesús Enrique Lossada, Mara and Guajira municipalities are located in this natural region.
The Perijá mountain range can be considered a horst tectonic that starts in the valley of the Intermedio river, lengthening and narrowing in a south–north direction ending in the Oca mountains, from which the lowlands of the Guajira isthmus follow.
The Perijá mountain range comprises five large landscape units:
Sierra de Motilones, Sierra de Perijá, Sierra de Valledupar, Montes de Oca and the foothills of mountains and valleys.
Valleys
Between the Perijá mountain range and the Maracaibo lake there is a wide plain, very flat, which due to its topographic differences, drainage, edaphic and vegetal formations can be differentiated in two areas: a northwest area of less flat topography, with presence of hills in some sectors, scarce hydrographic network, sandy soils and low in organic matter.
Between the southern area of the Palmar River and the northern area of the Catatumbo River, the lands are very flat and low, particularly those closest to Lake Maracaibo are flooded during rainy periods or when there is an overflow of rivers, giving rise to alluvial sandy-clay soils.
The Maracaibo Lake Depression
This natural region includes the 21 municipalities that make up the state of Zulia and occupies an area of 24,377.81 km2, representing 75.51% of the state. In the center of the depression is the engraved tectonic pit occupied by the water masses of the Maracaibo Lake system, "where more than 10,000 m3 of sediments have been accumulated, whose ages are from the Cretaceous (Mesozoic) to the Recent (Cenozoic).
These deposits of both marine and terrestrial origin contain an important accumulation of hydrocarbons that make it one of the richest oil basins in South America
.
The tectonic fossa is a product of the orogenesis directly related to the uplifts of the Perijá and Andean mountain ranges that occurred during the Tertiary period (late Eocene and Oligo-Miocene), and the Falcón mountain ranges (Oligo-Miocene). This pit occupies about 12,870 km2 of surface.
Alluvial plains
This type of landscape is formed by the deposition of sediments from the rivers of the western and eastern margins of the state of Zulia, specifically in the lower courses of the rivers Limón, Guasare, Cachirí and Socuy (municipalities Mara and Jesús Enrique Lossada); the rivers Palmar, San Juan and Apón (municipalities Rosario de Perijá, Machiques de Perijá and La Cañada de Urdaneta); in the western alluvial plains, while in the eastern alluvial plains (municipalities of Miranda, Cabimas, Santa Rita and Lagunillas) they are the result of the deposition of sediments from the rivers Araure, Mene, Ulé, Tamare, Pueblo Viejo, Machango and Misoa. This landscape corresponds to flat lands, of recent origin and scarce height, which varies between 50 and 100 meters above sea level.
Swamps of the south of the lake of Maracaibo
The swampy landscape of Zulia State corresponds to the southern lands of Lake Maracaibo. They occupy an area of 1,766.53 km2, which represents 5% of the state. In this plain, the Santa Ana River system converges, formed on its left bank by the Lora and Aricuaisá Rivers, and by the Tucuco and Río Negro Rivers, in their lower course, forming highly floodable lands, generating river arms, lagoons, lakes, among which the protected area known as Ciénagas de Juan Manuel National Park stands out.
To the southeast of the Santa Ana, towards the southern area of the lake, the Catatumbo river system, to which the Socuavó, Tarra and Zulia rivers drain, also provides significant volumes of water and sediments to the marshes.
Towards the southeast of the lake, in the sector located between the Pocó and Escalante rivers, there is close contact with the northwestern Andean slope, and there is a reduced relief of excrement cones, terraces and torrential lava flows that sometimes manifest themselves in low, rounded hills
Climate
In the northern sector a semi-arid climate prevails, with an irregular pluviometric regime. The annual medial precipitation registered in Maracaibo city is between , with a median temperature of . The precipitation rates increase in the western and eastern regions of Lake Maracaibo, forming a wet tropical savanna climate, with annual average temperatures from 27 °C to 28 °C, and rainfall exceeding registered in Mene Grande. In the southern lake region, increased rainfall conforms to a tropical rain forest climate with an annual average precipitation of 2,556 mm, and surpassing 3,500 mm per year in the heights of Serrania de Perija.
The geographical location and the diversity of natural landscapes present in the state of Zulia, in addition to the presence of Lake Maracaibo, define the great variety of climates present in the state. According to Koeppen's classification, there are desert climates (Bwhi), semi-dry tropical climates (Bshi), tropical savannah and sub-humid trophy forests (Awi), tropical rainy trophy forests and savannah (Aw "i), tropical rainy monsoon (Ami), tropical rainy jungle (Afi), very humid tropical temperate (Cfi), tropical humid temperate (Cwi) and undefined mountain climates.
Lake Maracaibo and its basin are factors that complement each other to produce high rainfall. However, for the specific case of the northern part of the state, the wind added to the flat relief causes dry climates, with values that vary between 200 mm and 600 mm of average annual precipitation, and a higher average annual evaporation than the precipitation, such as that which occurs in Maracaibo for the period 1993-2003 of 2,339 mm.
The distribution of precipitation in the state of Zulia is influenced by latitude, which generates an increase from north to south in the average annual precipitation of the Maracaibo (488 mm), Cabimas (528.9 mm) and Santa Barbara (1,366.5 mm) stations. This behavior is explained by the descending latitudinal order, at except for the El Tucuco station (2,032.9 mm), whose behavior is due to the altitudinal factor (205 meters above sea level), where the orography favors high rainfall.
Hydrography
The geomorphological conformation of the state of Zulia is a semicircular depression. It defines a hydrographic pattern that can be catalogued by its shape as a radial drainage, that is, that the waters coming from the water dividers are directed towards a
common outlet, Lake Maracaibo, which defines this characteristic pattern.
The Zulia hydrographic network is made up of numerous river basins and sub-basins that cover the states of Zulia, Lara, Táchira, Mérida, Trujillo and part of the Republic of Colombia, the latter drained by the Catatumbo River and its tributaries. All of them flow into the area comprised by the lake itself, the Maracaibo Strait and the El Tablazo Bay. Some sources indicate that the Maracaibo system is made up of four distinct but closely related bodies of water:
the Gulf of Venezuela, El Tablazo Bay, the Maracaibo Strait and Lake Maracaibo. Although the estuarine portion is mainly constituted by the strait and El Tablazo, it is not possible to understand the estuarine biota without taking into account the other adjacent water bodies.
The Gulf of Venezuela participates in the oceanic components, hence the importance of considering the depth, movement and chemical composition of its water body. Such physical-chemical characteristics determine the capacity to absorb and dilute the contaminating elements that may be present in this water body.
The Gulf of Venezuela, with a total surface of 17,840 km2, without including the bay of El Tablazo, is located to the north of the outer portion of the marabinal depression. Its shape is approximately rectangular, with the major axis in the northeast–southwest direction.
The outer limit of the gulf with the waters of the Caribbean Sea, on the north side, is given by a line between Punta Espada and Punta Macolla. The distance between both points is 111.12 km.
The gulf of Venezuela is a body of water that presents the following movements: of sea, of tides, marine currents and investments of water mass, which provides a high capacity to oxygenate itself and to dilute the pollutants and sediments. Scarce fluvial currents flow into this gulf, due to the arid conditions that characterize the continental territory that borders it. The most important hydrological contributions are not located in the sector of the marabine coast, but come from the mountainous system of the state of Falcon.
In the Maracaibo Lake basin, 21 major sub-basins have been identified, some of which go beyond the political-territorial limits of the State of Zulia. The most important basin is that of the Catatumbo River, with a surface of 25,708.36 km2 and represents more than a quarter (32.60%) of the total area of Maracaibo Lake Basin.
Soils
The soils of Zulia State, framed within the depression of Lake Maracaibo, are the result of the interaction of factors such as relief, climate, material
origin, vegetation and soil formation processes.
The edaphic diversity of the state of Zulia corresponds to the physiographic and climatic characteristics of the entity, hence to differentiate the types of existing soils the sectorization of the state is used, even though spatially they do not always maintain continuity, but similarity in the existing types of soil
Vegetation
The state of Zulia, due to its great territorial extension and the great variability of type of landscapes, climate and soil, allows the existence of a great diversity of landscapes plants which, according to Huber's classification, can be grouped into tree, shrub and herbaceous formations. Tree formations include coastal mangroves, dry to semi-deciduous lowland forests, lowland evergreen forests, and mountain forests.
It is estimated that the total area of mangroves in Zulia State occupies an area of 116.3 km2 (44.9 mi2), located in the Cocinetas, Peonias, Sinamaica and Los Olivitos lagoons, and the mouth of the Limon River. For the coastal wetlands in the entire system of Maracaibo is estimated an area of 5,683 km2 (2,194 mi2), highlighting in the south of the lake the swamps of Juan Manuel de Aguas Claras and Aguas Negras
.
The mangrove vegetation is rather dense. It comprises a set of predominant species, among which are: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black and pink mangrove (Avicennia germinans), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) and the buttonwood mangrove (Conocarpus erectus).
The category of dry semi-deciduous lowland forest occupies the largest area in the state, 18,872.7 km2 (7,286.8 mi2). These plant formations are located above the western coast, in the municipalities Paez, Mara, Maracaibo, Jesus Enrique Lossada, San Francisco, La Cañada de Urdaneta, Rosario de Perijá, Machiques de Perijá, part of Catatumbo and Jesus Maria Semprum.
On the eastern coast they are distributed in the municipalities of Miranda, Santa Rita, Cabimas, Simón Bolívar, Lagunillas and part of the municipality of Valmore Rodriguez. In the municipality of Paez, these plant formations develop in dry climates with an annual average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F), average annual rainfall of 125 mm to 250 mm (5 inches to 10 inches) and in Aridisols and Entisols soils. The vegetation varies in size, density and species from the coastal area to the foothills of the Oca mountains.
Fauna
The fauna is distributed according to the terrestrial or aquatic habitat of fresh and marine water, lentic and lotic waters, and also ecotone fauna.
The dry sub-region includes the municipalities of Paez, Mara, Maracaibo, Miranda, Jesus Enrique Lossada, Cabimas, La Cañada de Urdaneta and Lagunillas. This sub-region is home to vulnerable animal communities, considered to be taxa that face a high risk of extinction in the medium term. Among the different species of mammals, the palm tree bear (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), which lives especially in the northeast of the Lake Maracaibo basin, is threatened by poaching and is often rolled up on the tracks.
The cunaguaro (Leopardus pardalis), often in thorny forests, thickets and even in mangrove forests, this species - a house today - is threatened by distraction hunting; it is also destroying its habitat even though it is a species under an indefinite ban. There are others mammals in this sub-region that are at lower risk than those mentioned above, such as the endemic subspecies brownish-grey matacan deer (Mazama gouazoubira), which is distributed in arid areas and is persecuted as a source of subsistence food for its meat, which is considered to be of high quality.
The red deer (Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis), subspecies that has contracted by almost 50% in the arid zones of Zulia and in the basin of the Maracaibo lake due to the indiscriminate hunting to which it has been object, given the inexistence of a specific law to protect it. The yellow bat of the deserts (Rhogeessa minutilla) is distributed in the arid and semi-arid zones of the northeast and northwest of the state of Zulia. The decrease in vegetation as a result of livestock activity has generated a destruction of their habitat.
Among the bird species, the little cardinal (Carduelis cucullata) is considered the most threatened not only in Zulia, but in the whole country. The cause of this situation is related to its capture and trade: the beauty of its plumage has been used as an ornament for hats. In less risk (prone to the effects of the activities human) stand out: the flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), distributed in the swamp of
Los Olivitos, Miranda municipality, and in the Gran Eneal lagoon, Paez municipality. Although this species cannot be classified as particularly threatened, the loss of its habitats, feeding and nesting areas, together with the lack of adequate management of its shelters, has led to important studies and pro-conservation campaigns, in order to protect and ensure its integrity.
Among the reptiles, the following stand out: the coastal caiman (Crocodylus acutus), whose distribution is severely reduced at present, is located mainly in the Pueblo Viejo dam, municipality of Lagunillas. It is an endangered species, threatened mainly by the commercialization of its skin. In lesser risk is a species of turtle, Morroccoy sabanero (Geochelone carbonaria), which is distributed in dry forest areas, and is illegally extracted. Two species of indigenous reptiles are named after Zulia: a turtle (Mesoclemmys zuliae) and a lizard (Maracaiba zuliae).
In the humid and sub-humid Zulian sub-region, which includes the municipalities located to the southeast, south and southwest of Lake Maracaibo, live communities of animals that are largely the same as those living in the dry region, especially the birds. At As for mammals, there are new species, such as the spider monkey, also known as the marimonda (Ateles belzebuth hybridus), a species that lives in the humid forests of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (includes the forests of the Perijá mountain range)
In the Perijá sub-region (mountainous area), the ecosystem is made up of a great diversity of animal communities: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Representatives of some species of mammals in this subregion are: the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), which is in a category of threat (critical danger) due to the pressure exerted by the hunt, which has caused the decrease of the populations of these animals, in spite of being distributed in areas protected by the Venezuelan laws
Municipalities and municipal seats
The state of Zulia occupies an area of 63,100 km2, which represents a 5.50% of the national total. This area is distributed among continental, insular, lacustrine and maritime spaces. The continental space is distributed in 21 municipalities (municipios), being those of greater territorial extension with respect to the state: Machiques de Perijá (18.90%), Jesus Maria Semprum (11.95%), Catatumbo (10.40%), Rosario de Perijá (7.79%) and Colón (6.71%), which occupy more than 50% of the total state area.
Economy
The region has great economic resources among which are the livestock, oil, mining, agricultural and cheese production. Its economy basically depends on oil and natural gas. Oil activity has been carried out intensively since 1912, both on the mainland and in Lake Maracaibo, generating an income that exceeds the regional domain, since it is the main support of the national economy. It covers a great part of the national production of oil and hydrocarbons. Additionally, the coal mines of El Guasare are the most important in the country.
The high potential of the soils in the south of Lake Maracaibo, allow a significant agricultural and livestock development. It is the first producer of various agricultural and livestock items: oil palm, grapes, milk, cheese, cattle, sheep and poultry; the second in eggs and the third in cambur, bananas and goats. Also cultivated: sugar cane, coconut, yucca, cotton, beans, melon and sorghum. Forest production is also significant.
The maritime resources make it the second largest supplier of fish in the country. In the lake it is fished: bass, horse mackerel, mackerel, blue crab, small mouth, morning and sea bass, and in the Gulf of Venezuela: dogfish, horse mackerel, grouper and snapper. The shrimp was abundant in times before the 70's, when the saturation of fishing boats began, leading to its decrease.
Population
It is characterized by a great ethnic multiplicity. The migratory contribution of almost the whole country and neighboring countries has allowed an enormous cultural richness, in addition to the presence of the indigenous communities that give Zulia a unique characteristic to its population.
Race and ethnicity
The demonym for the people of the Zulia region is Zulians.
According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:
Sports
The state is home to the Gaiteros del Zulia, 4-time Champion of the Liga Profesional de Baloncesto, Venezuela's top professional basketball league. The team plays its home games at the Gimnasio Pedro Elías Belisario Aponte in Maracaibo. In baseball the state has the Aguilas del Zulia team which is affiliated to the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League and is based in the Luis Aparicio El Grande Stadium in Maracaibo. Since 2011 they have been holding exhibition games at the Victor Davalillo Stadium in Cabimas.
Among the football teams we find Zulia Fútbol Club that plays in the José Encarnación Romero Stadium (First Division of Venezuela), Deportivo JBL del Zulia (Second Division of Venezuela), Titanes Fútbol Club (Second Division of Venezuela) and Zulia Fútbol Club "B" (Third Division of Venezuela).
Transportation
Roads and highways
The State of Zulia has one of the best road networks in the country, as befits the fact that the west of the country is located in this state.
The main roads are:
The C1, (Highway 1): which starts from the Distributor Las Delicias in the state capital to the western head of the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge.
The Trunk 6, which connects the entire state from Castilletes to the limits of the state of Táchira, passing through Maracaibo and connecting all the western part of the state.
Trunk 17, (Lara-Zulia Highway): which starts from the eastern head of the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge that allows communication with the state of Lara and the center-west of Venezuela.
Trunk 3, (Falcon-Zulia): connects Zulia with the state of Falcon and the central states of Venezuela.
Trunk 1, (Pan-American Highway): Integrates the south of the state of Zulia with Mérida and Trujillo.
Trunk 3, (Intercommunal): that intertwines all the communities located in the Eastern Coast of the Lake of Maracaibo.
Air transportation
The main airport is La Chinita International, located in the municipality of San Francisco within the great conurbation that constitutes Gran Maracaibo, this stands out as the third most important airport in the country, with boardings of more than one and a half million passengers and allows connections with the main cities of the country such as Caracas, Valencia, Barquisimeto, Maturín, Ciudad Guayana and San Cristóbal, as well as the main tourist destinations in Venezuela such as Porlamar, Mérida and Puerto La Cruz, also have international departures to the Caribbean, North, Central and South America.
Besides the mentioned airport, the state has other air terminals located in 2 political-administrative regions such as Costa Oriental del Lago where the Oro Negro Airport is located in the city of Cabimas and in the South Zone of the Lake where the Miguel Urdaneta Fernández Airport is located in the city of Santa Bárbara del Zulia.
Subway
The Maracaibo Metro is a mass transportation system that integrates surface, air and subway modes that was inaugurated pre-operatively and free of charge to the public on November 25, 2006, while it began commercial operations three years later, on Tuesday, June 9, 2009. It is currently in the process of expansion.
Aquatic transportation
Zulia has one of the most important ports in Venezuela, Maracaibo. Historically, the western port has been one of the most important since the colonial era, due to its location and natural characteristics. The state has 83 ports of dockage emphasizing the oil terminal of La Salina and the petrochemical terminal of El Tablazo.
Media
The most important newspapers produced in the region are La Verdad and Panorama, both based in Maracaibo and the latter being one of the three main newspapers of national circulation. El Regional del Zulia based in Ciudad Ojeda is also among the most read in the state.
Zulia state also has three local open signal television stations such as NCTV (Niños Cantores Televisión, Channel 11 VHF), Televiza (Channel 7 VHF), Telecolor (Channel 41 UHF), Global TV (Channel 65 UHF) and Catatumbo Televisión (Channel 31 UHF), and cable stations such as ATEL (Americana de Televisión, as a national broadcast), and Coquivacoa Televisión, all based in Maracaibo.
On the Eastern Coast of the Lake there are Zuliana de Televisión (Channels 28 and 30 UHF), and cable channels such as TV COL (Televisora de la Costa Oriental del Lago) and Ciudad TV. In the western zone of the Perijá region are Ganadera 88.1, Sierra 99.1, Momentos 107.3, Selecta 102.7 www.selectafm.com, Oye 90.9, Fe y Alegría 105.5, Rosario 95.5, Multivision (Cable Operator) and Imagen TV (Cable Channel)
Culture
Religion
The majority of the population of Zulia state is Christian which is a legacy of centuries of Spanish colonization. The largest church is the Catholic one, being the devotion to the Virgin Mary in her advocation of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquira an important annual event that is part of the Zulian culture. The state constitution guarantees freedom of worship and there are several Protestant and other religious groups.
Languages
The vast majority of the population has Spanish as its mother tongue (specifically Marabinese Spanish), which spread throughout the region during the centuries of Spanish colonization. However, there are still linguistic remnants of the Native American communities. With approximately 119,000 native speakers, Wayuu is the most widely spoken indigenous language in Venezuela. Although it is found throughout Zulia, it is mainly spoken in the northern zone, known as La Guajira.
Other indigenous languages of Zulia are Yukpa (endangered, 7500 speakers), Bari (endangered, 8000 speakers) and Japreria (critically endangered, 95 speakers).
It is the only state in Venezuela where there is widespread use of voseo. Both the Spanish language and the indigenous languages have official status in the state. Spanish is the common language used in public administration, education, business and the media.
Regional symbols
The state of Zulia has symbols that identify it politically, historically and culturally with the Nation and the other Federal Entities. Being the Hymn of Zulia State, elected by the then Legislative Assembly in 1909, the Coat of Arms of Zulia State from 1917, the Flag of Zulia State that dates from 1991 by Executive Decree of the State. They are legally established as such in the State Constitution.
Natural symbols
The state of Zulia has resources from nature that identify its beauty. These are: The Coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is the tree that represents the beauty and richness of the Zulian flora, the Cayenne or Chinese Rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and the brown pelican of the Caribbean (Pelecanus occidentalis)
Government and politics
State Constitution
Since the creation of the Sovereign State of Zulia on February 17, 1864, with the approval of the first State Constitution, it regulates the structure and function of the government of Zulia. Like all Venezuelan State Constitutions, it is subject to national judicial review. Any of the provisions of the Constitution may be annulled if they conflict with national law and the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The Constitution of the State of Zulia was promulgated on August 13, 2003, and partially amended in 2011, currently in force, thus repealing the Constitution of 1989, its partial amendment of 1993 and 2001.
Executive Power
The Executive Power is represented by the Governor of Zulia State. The Governor is elected by means of direct and secret universal suffrage of all Venezuelan citizens residing in the territory of Zulia State and registered in the Electoral Roll of the State's circumscription. To occupy the position of Governor, it is necessary to be a Venezuelan citizen by birth and without any other nationality in full enjoyment of civil rights and older, to reside in the Federal Entity at least four years before the election according to Article 69 of the State Constitution, to be older than 25 years, not to be a minister of religious worship or to occupy positions in the national, state or municipal administration, and in case of being an official, to be separated from the position. The term of office of the state governor is four years. A governor may be re-elected an undetermined number of times.
In addition, according to the State Constitution, the Governor is accompanied in his governmental action by a Council of Secretaries starting with the General Secretariat of Government, the Secretariat of Education, the Secretariat of Infrastructure; the Secretariat of Administration, the Secretariat of Defense and Citizen Security, the Secretariat of Culture, the Secretariat of Promotion of Higher Education, the Secretariat of Health and the Secretariat of Environment, Lands and Territorial Ordering among others.
Legislative Power
The regional Parliament is represented by the Legislative Council of Zulia State, a unicameral body. It has the power to discuss and sanction the State Constitution, the laws of state competence, to reform the existing ones or to repeal those considered obsolete, in addition to approving the regional budget and supervising the action of the government. The Zulian Legislative Council is made up of 15 members called "Legislators". In the last election the State was formed by 11 electoral districts. The voters of each circumscription choose the number of legislators according to the number of population living in the Municipalities according to the official census of the INE. The mandate of the legislators is for four year renewable periods, being elected by the people in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the Republic.
Security
Security and public order in the State is in charge of the Regional Police of the State of Zulia, officially known as the Corps of Police of the State of Zulia, which depends on the State Government. At the local level, most municipalities have their own police forces as a result of decentralization and based on the provisions of Article 164 of the Constitution of Venezuela of 1999 and Article 25 of the Constitution of the State of Zulia of 2003.
Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.
References
States of Venezuela
States and territories established in 1864
1864 establishments in Venezuela | [
0.038855232298374176,
-0.38974204659461975,
0.5679402351379395,
0.4604663848876953,
-0.026938870549201965,
-0.06294000893831253,
0.01785876415669918,
0.4586852490901947,
-0.5372785329818726,
-0.4048684537410736,
0.4888591170310974,
0.2082327902317047,
0.19108480215072632,
0.43706104159355164,
-0.1787281334400177,
0.9491177201271057,
0.3388362526893616,
0.7944602370262146,
0.06340867280960083,
-0.550859272480011,
-0.8657615184783936,
0.02360772155225277,
0.24956069886684418,
0.03363827243447304,
-0.11922059208154678,
-0.14207211136817932,
0.29567286372184753,
0.19131553173065186,
0.13869251310825348,
0.1114640012383461,
-0.15275172889232635,
0.4254738390445709,
-0.22469156980514526,
0.36460232734680176,
0.3031688332557678,
0.18331675231456757,
0.024773551151156425,
-0.8226677775382996,
-0.020474789664149284,
-0.4621536433696747,
-0.25317198038101196,
-0.28035444021224976,
0.5611616373062134,
0.1690075844526291,
0.010920215398073196,
-0.7070696353912354,
-0.5061507225036621,
0.5569342970848083,
-0.09635010361671448,
0.32836663722991943,
-1.147438645362854,
0.8937183618545532,
-0.16847474873065948,
0.07903578132390976,
-0.06668888032436371,
0.010473293252289295,
-0.736939013004303,
-0.3396433889865875,
-0.10806898772716522,
-0.031859226524829865,
0.3710348904132843,
0.5153895020484924,
0.0247335247695446,
-0.04032019525766373,
0.1014745756983757,
-0.016712743788957596,
0.21414287388324738,
0.3622913658618927,
0.11636541038751602,
-0.5775607824325562,
-0.4839460849761963,
0.05177122354507446,
-0.28392595052719116,
-0.8508695363998413,
-0.4875063896179199,
-0.03960806876420975,
-0.1949876993894577,
0.15312394499778748,
0.456532746553421,
0.5750676393508911,
-0.2419617772102356,
-0.011123115196824074,
0.48860055208206177,
-0.380865216255188,
0.49899885058403015,
0.23139113187789917,
-0.1785629391670227,
0.028270388022065163,
-0.18002289533615112,
0.776229739189148,
-0.014965745620429516,
0.07467720657587051,
0.7819637656211853,
-0.04407307133078575,
-0.13481192290782928,
-0.5634979009628296,
0.6346175670623779,
-0.1825004667043686,
-0.27396953105926514,
0.0981302484869957,
-0.18338166177272797,
0.4656192362308502,
0.2907554805278778,
0.09115847200155258,
-0.22675740718841553,
-0.038242582231760025,
-0.652890145778656,
-0.03308333456516266,
-0.6673709154129028,
0.2014005333185196,
0.024245593696832657,
0.12617698311805725,
0.19357991218566895,
0.275805801153183,
0.15421903133392334,
-0.3108878433704376,
0.44994255900382996,
-0.07406587153673172,
0.06916571408510208,
-0.38791730999946594,
0.3807715177536011,
0.1623983085155487,
0.10254412889480591,
-0.6153085231781006,
0.3353131115436554,
0.07270584255456924,
0.744439959526062,
-0.24617427587509155,
-0.5060268640518188,
-0.050058748573064804,
0.42336511611938477,
0.43052539229393005,
0.0125119024887681,
0.2750413417816162,
0.34404245018959045,
-0.3705267608165741,
-0.22933050990104675,
0.3070894479751587,
0.9038671255111694,
-0.41501766443252563,
-0.32251518964767456,
0.11048850417137146,
-0.9588571786880493,
-0.08572474867105484,
0.2176416963338852,
-0.40942686796188354,
0.006486278958618641,
-0.6076564192771912,
-0.7501352429389954,
-0.3740277886390686,
-0.05550379306077957,
0.3747657835483551,
0.21849273145198822,
0.5005833506584167,
-0.901714026927948,
-0.5553401112556458,
0.4789179861545563,
-0.8106881976127625,
1.2801427841186523,
0.318172425031662,
-0.10933737456798553,
-0.11207911372184753,
0.7065351009368896,
-0.4231174886226654,
-0.18727675080299377,
-0.027142055332660675,
0.1473277062177658,
1.0294908285140991,
0.3051891028881073,
0.028957586735486984,
-0.3498149514198303,
0.271431028842926,
0.2559078335762024,
-0.9493296146392822,
-0.3497675061225891,
-0.2294880747795105,
-0.026911383494734764,
0.1552676111459732,
0.07752390205860138,
-0.17118509113788605,
-0.7876027822494507,
0.40881627798080444,
-0.34118473529815674,
0.4519576132297516,
-0.6110385060310364,
0.09628558903932571,
0.4454822242259979,
0.7334616780281067,
0.07440301775932312,
-0.3080986440181732,
0.14497992396354675,
-0.1912321150302887,
0.13208439946174622,
0.2729741632938385,
0.35565099120140076,
0.14475934207439423,
-0.31935596466064453,
0.857113778591156,
-0.1077551320195198,
0.27193525433540344,
-0.6896030306816101,
0.26673248410224915,
0.674220621585846,
0.1803388148546219,
-0.11473378539085388,
-0.22766774892807007,
0.2686931788921356,
0.35678011178970337,
-0.2373165488243103,
0.7068812251091003,
-0.5036219358444214,
-0.46894344687461853,
0.22308123111724854,
0.06311371177434921,
0.006071095354855061,
-0.4859307110309601,
-0.16323702037334442,
-0.15136688947677612,
0.0025444321800023317,
0.19417227804660797,
0.43411266803741455,
-0.1670391857624054,
-0.7317806482315063,
0.37942737340927124,
0.34079471230506897,
0.514194905757904,
0.21594835817813873,
0.1921989917755127,
0.538608193397522,
-0.2819208800792694,
-0.4012588560581207,
-0.3901654779911041,
0.498737096786499,
-0.4584012031555176,
0.043047983199357986,
0.20869046449661255,
-0.11739198118448257,
-0.33467912673950195,
0.2251860499382019,
-0.45499345660209656,
-0.02900271862745285,
0.021794462576508522,
-0.045499805361032486,
0.2911144196987152,
0.41686564683914185,
0.32295355200767517,
-0.4041369557380676,
-0.1627216637134552,
-0.7073869109153748,
0.39462554454803467,
-0.38222676515579224,
0.1826210767030716,
-0.20428787171840668,
0.0152147077023983,
0.45321395993232727,
-0.37394019961357117,
0.25379037857055664,
-0.1926743984222412,
0.4287359118461609,
0.06110074743628502,
-0.38903290033340454,
0.6184813976287842,
-0.1210685521364212,
0.49733370542526245,
-0.22569212317466736,
-0.1816015988588333,
0.10420288890600204,
-0.7269319295883179,
-0.18551009893417358,
-0.06920135766267776,
0.21771009266376495,
-0.2784046530723572,
0.22022487223148346,
-0.02610749751329422,
-0.03386558219790459,
-0.08567309379577637,
-0.09850239753723145,
-0.041612107306718826,
-0.8685764670372009,
-0.0543813593685627,
0.10135377198457718,
0.36158880591392517,
0.06580010056495667,
-0.9710112810134888,
-0.8160545825958252,
0.008610431104898453,
0.5074312686920166,
-0.5563852787017822,
-0.2749827802181244,
0.2951291799545288,
-0.191512793302536,
0.1575646996498108,
0.14250224828720093,
0.29221540689468384,
-0.8470004796981812,
-0.12748980522155762,
0.31512993574142456,
0.48295140266418457,
0.5863489508628845,
-0.997317910194397,
-0.9213221669197083,
0.062147513031959534,
-0.16992336511611938,
-0.49228763580322266,
0.5308259725570679,
-0.4189165234565735,
-0.41540056467056274,
0.1261918693780899,
-5.520200252532959,
-0.1358911097049713,
-0.4442678391933441,
-0.036638688296079636,
0.403372198343277,
-0.34153756499290466,
-0.07031204551458359,
-0.1118302121758461,
0.003389662830159068,
-0.45183441042900085,
0.46454834938049316,
0.28475865721702576,
-0.09627333283424377,
0.7334516644477844,
0.0925079956650734,
0.48794418573379517,
0.31616532802581787,
0.2527206838130951,
0.20286063849925995,
0.16160264611244202,
-0.8796802759170532,
0.2919236421585083,
0.25653284788131714,
0.5264397263526917,
0.5292344689369202,
0.08072882890701294,
-0.07999953627586365,
-1.3330552577972412,
-0.5726740956306458,
-0.3555532991886139,
-0.6721800565719604,
0.4453127384185791,
-0.23523463308811188,
0.6700559258460999,
0.2387780249118805,
0.43164271116256714,
0.18435624241828918,
-0.21018625795841217,
-0.21182881295681,
-0.6941618919372559,
-0.10728051513433456,
0.8220961689949036,
-0.2990643084049225,
0.001994643360376358,
-0.044074274599552155,
-0.12502793967723846,
-0.4452076852321625,
-0.21973371505737305,
-0.17960025370121002,
0.3331320881843567,
0.12050044536590576,
-0.5400523543357849,
-0.0570019967854023,
-0.2094445526599884,
0.18207144737243652,
-0.11971384286880493,
0.6818593144416809,
0.14266687631607056,
-0.8445366621017456,
0.7573707699775696,
0.6767556667327881,
-0.03985355421900749,
-0.44725480675697327,
-0.8418323397636414,
-0.5220021605491638,
0.25836020708084106,
0.05215443670749664,
-0.06360436975955963,
1.120692253112793,
-0.009901924058794975,
-0.3640906512737274,
-0.4293721914291382,
-0.45167574286460876,
-0.6250632405281067,
0.024748563766479492,
-0.3339585065841675,
-0.9114851355552673,
-0.0952216386795044,
-0.3921603858470917,
0.34296223521232605,
-0.22093820571899414,
0.38090378046035767,
0.11780878901481628,
0.03138282895088196,
-0.4412497282028198,
-0.4977683126926422,
0.5250293612480164,
0.44309085607528687,
0.07651369273662567,
0.09038511663675308,
-0.009623676538467407,
-0.2584375739097595,
0.7829358577728271,
-0.07565447688102722,
-0.501335859298706,
0.36359313130378723,
-0.3142564296722412,
0.18856117129325867,
0.09612490236759186,
-0.6198015213012695,
0.97869873046875,
-0.053846459835767746,
-0.12105277925729752,
-0.06175380200147629,
0.0432320274412632,
0.5925626158714294,
0.40210798382759094,
0.39123252034187317,
0.4191135764122009,
-0.16900236904621124,
-0.1732845902442932,
0.023430828005075455,
-0.24845348298549652,
-0.19762316346168518,
0.547863781452179,
-0.6803228855133057,
-0.4668424129486084,
0.43430569767951965,
-0.027692830190062523,
0.28305327892303467,
0.47159644961357117,
0.05768704414367676,
-0.2655639052391052,
0.08294939994812012,
-0.11911173909902573,
0.32651209831237793,
-0.05623839423060417,
0.7254791259765625,
0.053575288504362106,
0.3397338092327118,
0.7846198678016663,
-0.6609904766082764,
0.8476356267929077,
-0.2082689106464386,
0.6485983729362488,
0.26265040040016174,
0.20849381387233734,
-0.9384421110153198,
0.07314939796924591,
-0.7094446420669556,
0.12390405684709549,
0.02834075689315796,
0.23545514047145844,
0.6790044903755188,
0.7816164493560791,
-0.5435482859611511,
-0.36150625348091125,
-0.4404142200946808,
-1.154278039932251,
0.27988752722740173,
0.40165790915489197,
-0.4032003581523895,
-0.23669853806495667,
-0.08215558528900146,
-0.1571340560913086,
-0.34842902421951294,
0.3872811496257782,
-0.6785898804664612,
0.6146847605705261,
-0.14011996984481812,
-0.018184905871748924,
-0.6212561726570129,
-0.7074052691459656,
0.5223864316940308,
0.5573121905326843,
-0.0678621381521225,
-1.213817834854126,
0.012305383570492268,
0.3230277895927429,
0.660146176815033,
0.5155547261238098,
-0.09365465492010117,
-0.34089645743370056,
-0.37308061122894287,
0.47630560398101807,
-0.30525973439216614,
0.02749583125114441,
1.009661078453064,
-0.19351546466350555,
0.3108060657978058,
0.029563475400209427,
-0.31413209438323975,
-0.3045370876789093,
-0.22335584461688995,
-0.24636806547641754,
-0.3525550961494446,
-0.20862087607383728,
0.045045800507068634,
0.2762739062309265,
0.3323918879032135,
0.26285520195961,
0.48166924715042114,
-0.07014542818069458,
0.30762502551078796,
-0.44224798679351807,
-0.5733801126480103,
0.08205410838127136,
0.03216652199625969,
0.10949908941984177,
-0.09146787971258163,
0.11781425774097443,
0.11929842084646225,
-0.7484650611877441,
0.35488319396972656,
0.08600209653377533,
0.05036754533648491,
0.2854580879211426,
0.3500780165195465,
-0.39468756318092346,
0.15947771072387695,
-0.39791056513786316,
-0.3765169084072113,
-0.22573189437389374,
0.5529432892799377,
0.15502455830574036,
-0.06067096069455147,
0.30235713720321655,
-0.9258840084075928,
-0.3767313063144684,
-0.18949590623378754,
-0.172664076089859,
-0.08425620943307877,
0.42127302289009094,
-0.10416719317436218,
-0.3932146728038788,
0.36093810200691223,
0.08225870877504349,
-0.9863302707672119,
0.35772597789764404,
-0.12169761955738068,
0.29950299859046936,
-0.13867339491844177,
0.23312795162200928,
-0.2564084827899933,
-0.6704239249229431,
-0.38356953859329224,
0.0741635411977768,
0.18726429343223572,
0.29452091455459595,
0.15629787743091583,
0.09760484099388123,
0.8124684691429138,
-0.19592684507369995,
-0.5243199467658997,
-0.4753261208534241,
-0.05959372967481613,
0.14684100449085236,
-0.11406338959932327,
-0.5599466562271118,
0.3730334937572479,
0.08142663538455963,
-0.5379002690315247,
-0.3591992259025574,
0.1607016772031784,
0.5504528880119324,
0.17311426997184753,
-0.204307422041893,
0.39080360531806946,
0.1676749289035797,
-0.13589432835578918,
0.029405254870653152,
-0.55562824010849,
-0.09052856266498566,
-0.08650770038366318,
-0.0648588165640831,
-0.5247658491134644,
0.07046225666999817,
-0.05437843129038811,
0.32868608832359314,
-0.1603909581899643,
0.1335647851228714,
0.42063620686531067,
0.13119421899318695,
-0.4098854064941406,
-0.16370511054992676,
0.19484815001487732,
-0.15075112879276276,
0.12288450449705124,
-0.026006996631622314,
0.2570626437664032,
-0.7161528468132019,
0.04114240035414696,
-0.6198227405548096,
-0.02003549411892891,
0.03510521724820137,
-0.2423667460680008,
-0.8386779427528381,
0.11208037286996841,
-0.4365057349205017,
-0.003306354396045208,
0.3051137924194336,
-0.25121989846229553,
0.14724092185497284,
0.00242682546377182,
-0.2894318401813507,
-0.006553149316459894,
0.11381412297487259,
0.4150751829147339,
0.1251417100429535,
0.42171168327331543,
-0.4802902936935425,
0.92764812707901,
0.28632205724716187,
0.13323453068733215,
0.061122599989175797,
-0.6137681603431702,
-0.24068985879421234,
-0.33604589104652405,
-0.1982399970293045,
-0.16879814863204956,
0.0642666295170784,
0.11606848239898682,
0.6254112720489502,
0.5756354331970215,
-0.46504488587379456,
0.4086332321166992,
0.832955539226532,
0.11445125937461853,
0.18318010866641998,
0.9028075337409973,
0.423812597990036,
-0.18153417110443115,
0.03803388774394989,
0.4733627140522003,
0.3790439963340759,
0.593191385269165,
-0.055994633585214615,
-0.04513779655098915,
0.8802670836448669,
0.018760647624731064,
0.5020972490310669,
-0.20000077784061432,
-0.3973866105079651,
0.4777674674987793,
-0.4298752546310425,
-0.36214226484298706,
0.28861793875694275,
-0.4415874779224396,
-0.9985373616218567,
0.3528897762298584,
0.9927249550819397,
0.6046547293663025,
-0.13781166076660156,
0.2276977151632309,
0.24447958171367645,
0.009589267894625664,
0.5419957637786865,
0.3779294192790985,
0.12717273831367493,
-0.9765764474868774,
0.7490779161453247,
0.3051970601081848,
0.392816960811615,
0.250580757856369,
-0.233646959066391,
0.2646447420120239,
0.4941524267196655,
-0.19181357324123383,
-0.7940468192100525,
0.0721936747431755,
-0.13177642226219177,
-0.2352396696805954,
0.18954430520534515,
0.16885660588741302,
-0.47027745842933655,
-0.5530292391777039,
-0.09006442129611969,
-0.02231515198945999,
-0.5129171013832092,
-0.14964212477207184,
0.07388266175985336,
0.15734530985355377,
-0.03703678771853447,
0.38240256905555725,
0.08044549822807312,
0.26429644227027893,
-0.15639105439186096,
0.6036372184753418,
-0.3436525762081146,
0.7159936428070068,
-0.14786118268966675,
-0.18244141340255737,
-0.013140600174665451,
-0.43501943349838257,
-0.3072913587093353,
-0.1333485245704651,
0.17694181203842163,
-0.4172385632991791,
0.05395396798849106,
0.25199276208877563,
-0.33755257725715637,
-0.3109709620475769,
-0.14484061300754547,
0.31894874572753906,
-0.054157983511686325,
-0.21480494737625122,
-0.48424187302589417,
0.9029979109764099,
0.7036921977996826,
-0.16809271275997162,
0.46676376461982727,
0.2612697184085846,
0.040215857326984406,
0.09897038340568542,
-0.4659624397754669,
-0.15766748785972595,
-0.04609042778611183,
0.5172789692878723,
-1.0880335569381714,
0.3415991961956024,
0.030789613723754883,
0.05233382806181908,
-0.18955515325069427,
0.6742886900901794,
-0.19485005736351013,
0.7801941633224487,
0.9475624561309814,
-0.21083684265613556,
0.08940429985523224,
-0.24654844403266907,
0.04536854848265648,
-0.3620694875717163,
-0.23233650624752045,
0.7671491503715515,
0.49201101064682007,
-0.26092666387557983,
0.011411833576858044,
0.1021554172039032,
-1.538481593132019,
0.18004675209522247,
-0.17701372504234314,
-0.266791969537735,
-0.5155502557754517,
0.3872906267642975,
-0.8234220743179321,
-0.07551366090774536,
0.11628687381744385,
0.6651514172554016,
0.5034324526786804,
-0.5210211277008057,
-0.2006896287202835,
0.056758638471364975,
0.43412360548973083,
-0.46824416518211365,
0.2100531905889511,
-0.6815846562385559,
-0.6154310703277588,
-0.25426918268203735,
-0.6493543386459351,
0.3477097451686859,
0.22996260225772858,
-0.14705994725227356,
0.2047368884086609,
-0.2514176070690155,
-0.0691518783569336,
-0.10812452435493469,
0.3507218658924103,
-0.5181914567947388,
0.47438275814056396,
0.13511335849761963
] |
232166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20value | Atomic value | An atomic value may refer to:
Atomic number, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
A piece of data in a database table that cannot be broken down any further (see first normal form) | [
0.2078980952501297,
0.2732253968715668,
-0.3247864842414856,
0.3385861814022064,
0.08157285302877426,
-0.2075972706079483,
-0.1584489941596985,
-0.08634892106056213,
-0.017189180478453636,
-0.10284104943275452,
-0.11603913456201553,
-0.06470697373151779,
-0.28232142329216003,
0.7183847427368164,
0.12169813364744186,
-0.06462419778108597,
0.42883941531181335,
0.4817717969417572,
-0.3214500844478607,
0.08633312582969666,
-0.23947332799434662,
0.2918041944503784,
0.04226471856236458,
-0.7302541732788086,
0.4151259660720825,
-0.04538234695792198,
-0.1214001476764679,
-0.49018165469169617,
-0.019175399094820023,
0.05874338746070862,
-0.49408549070358276,
0.1621706634759903,
-0.13434156775474548,
0.18029563128948212,
-0.059504881501197815,
0.2106478065252304,
-0.0761123076081276,
0.1517098993062973,
0.31606748700141907,
-0.7636407017707825,
-0.07273457944393158,
-0.45671093463897705,
0.4563865661621094,
0.28086674213409424,
-1.107476830482483,
-0.5552094578742981,
-1.4174795150756836,
0.04657253623008728,
-0.5018492341041565,
0.1649908423423767,
-0.08921972662210464,
0.19557331502437592,
0.11531611531972885,
0.294192373752594,
-0.348986953496933,
0.10426948964595795,
-0.5058704018592834,
-0.2927006483078003,
0.4615868330001831,
-0.41365954279899597,
0.6594063639640808,
-0.31726303696632385,
0.038689859211444855,
0.22072990238666534,
0.708303689956665,
0.09129598736763,
0.16963519155979156,
-0.1231960654258728,
-0.7778241634368896,
0.016110388562083244,
-0.2521718144416809,
-0.3251369595527649,
-0.5904408097267151,
-0.2746235430240631,
-0.2372797727584839,
0.10285843908786774,
0.022414397448301315,
0.21177347004413605,
-0.5062263011932373,
0.29277297854423523,
-0.5929245948791504,
0.4460873007774353,
0.3086586594581604,
-0.3439989387989044,
0.18670503795146942,
-0.3546130955219269,
-0.8724157214164734,
0.2823198437690735,
-0.6211245059967041,
0.5997521281242371,
0.4195823669433594,
0.24880307912826538,
-0.024533793330192566,
0.2233203649520874,
-0.016241267323493958,
0.21894776821136475,
0.16332131624221802,
-0.6190414428710938,
0.25850415229797363,
0.5115259885787964,
0.029264118522405624,
-0.33604931831359863,
0.3635580837726593,
-0.4644705057144165,
-0.4421684741973877,
-0.5281850099563599,
-0.401191383600235,
-0.41585245728492737,
0.45288386940956116,
0.06057257577776909,
-0.5813236236572266,
0.35221898555755615,
0.04905996099114418,
0.1301998347043991,
-0.4828667640686035,
-0.23564667999744415,
-0.2284385859966278,
-0.282083123922348,
-0.03589504212141037,
0.01236903015524149,
-0.15131650865077972,
1.1243449449539185,
0.35296180844306946,
-0.32706308364868164,
0.4912263751029968,
0.4809930920600891,
0.5143960118293762,
0.6705633997917175,
-0.3806380033493042,
-0.007365686818957329,
-0.1190100833773613,
0.765745997428894,
0.6647146940231323,
-0.227742001414299,
-0.5091577172279358,
-0.3484935462474823,
-0.17948316037654877,
-0.035745952278375626,
0.09237463027238846,
-0.007218264043331146,
-0.35151249170303345,
-0.7023021578788757,
-0.05381820350885391,
0.08669282495975494,
0.5278096199035645,
-0.48073428869247437,
-0.21612007915973663,
-0.1848345249891281,
0.18242673575878143,
0.29428038001060486,
0.18474777042865753,
0.25221869349479675,
-0.36377090215682983,
-0.0362737737596035,
-0.5123617649078369,
-0.13949763774871826,
0.0154649643227458,
0.25035560131073,
-0.2867524325847626,
0.5691255331039429,
0.22401966154575348,
-0.19257678091526031,
-0.24818158149719238,
-0.473187118768692,
0.09360648691654205,
-0.5356050133705139,
0.6013333797454834,
0.5071245431900024,
-0.1672126054763794,
-0.18371179699897766,
0.16502675414085388,
-0.5275052785873413,
0.14111465215682983,
0.23550516366958618,
-0.6604206562042236,
-0.1504862755537033,
0.2227090299129486,
-0.33942365646362305,
0.7615424394607544,
-0.13911309838294983,
-0.5888522267341614,
0.1535743623971939,
-0.10103714466094971,
0.053571008145809174,
0.10614162683486938,
-0.16745756566524506,
0.14054150879383087,
0.11149635910987854,
-0.24726900458335876,
0.10977844148874283,
-0.18417291343212128,
-0.05777126923203468,
-0.20610705018043518,
-1.0601004362106323,
1.2144869565963745,
-0.08414120227098465,
-0.2853507697582245,
0.6331703066825867,
-0.4841766953468323,
0.012861275114119053,
-0.22678987681865692,
0.3530788719654083,
0.5080623030662537,
-0.21910175681114197,
0.07467731088399887,
0.31241244077682495,
0.7172019481658936,
0.2253561168909073,
-0.36276593804359436,
0.4126069247722626,
0.2554822266101837,
-0.12020760774612427,
0.4108847677707672,
-0.3509078323841095,
0.4109512269496918,
-0.08406001329421997,
-0.7303061485290527,
0.45238929986953735,
-0.12340215593576431,
0.3232426047325134,
0.987058699131012,
-0.3972366750240326,
-0.027825510129332542,
-0.017427494749426842,
-0.17858920991420746,
0.6079778075218201,
0.4763145446777344,
0.20027826726436615,
0.8524318337440491,
-0.6310478448867798,
0.6050206422805786,
-0.7476285696029663,
0.5742228627204895,
0.3886057734489441,
-0.24749085307121277,
-0.02937338314950466,
0.0035940809175372124,
0.26394423842430115,
0.3523373603820801,
-0.2636414170265198,
-0.2955889403820038,
0.4509955942630768,
-0.5069591999053955,
0.1933133602142334,
0.1847839057445526,
0.04038634151220322,
-0.01334464456886053,
-0.6268321871757507,
-0.3512926697731018,
0.11274045705795288,
-0.08760934323072433,
0.2916913330554962,
0.40161609649658203,
-0.5188044905662537,
0.01942659541964531,
-0.275182843208313,
0.29080691933631897,
0.21495342254638672,
0.3859274983406067,
0.43700292706489563,
-0.5097156763076782,
-0.2682575285434723,
0.23828142881393433,
-0.35257697105407715,
-0.6594676375389099,
-0.22389648854732513,
-0.2751181125640869,
-0.4943132698535919,
0.5977950096130371,
0.7474463582038879,
-0.042878005653619766,
0.06462658196687698,
-0.3328405022621155,
0.0804712176322937,
-0.5584180951118469,
-0.7337080836296082,
0.06606096774339676,
0.18985792994499207,
-0.6053035259246826,
-0.20692306756973267,
-0.08598940074443817,
0.3768548369407654,
0.06984999775886536,
-0.7904710173606873,
0.5312454700469971,
-0.4827284812927246,
-0.16045092046260834,
-0.08037484437227249,
0.30581530928611755,
-0.7841371893882751,
-0.6800174117088318,
-0.1340319961309433,
-0.002814322244375944,
-0.19352400302886963,
0.7523607611656189,
0.21103540062904358,
0.42963624000549316,
0.30151379108428955,
-0.13533274829387665,
-0.23928995430469513,
-0.6033533215522766,
0.0905546322464943,
-0.7091337442398071,
0.09566472470760345,
0.09505630284547806,
0.03574269637465477,
0.07966175675392151,
0.7983909845352173,
-5.684197425842285,
0.4659521281719208,
-0.4002297818660736,
0.1533927470445633,
0.14882653951644897,
0.06471498310565948,
0.5140140652656555,
0.17434395849704742,
-0.19336162507534027,
0.04165174439549446,
-0.3940197229385376,
-0.22612392902374268,
0.14057989418506622,
0.8287604451179504,
0.6350942254066467,
-0.4137456715106964,
0.7333444356918335,
0.04319774731993675,
0.23287735879421234,
0.6635984778404236,
0.23460902273654938,
0.17669585347175598,
0.2882382571697235,
0.5633338689804077,
-0.2111966609954834,
0.26696547865867615,
0.006977320648729801,
-0.07397692650556564,
-0.3372768461704254,
-0.31966835260391235,
-0.3536328077316284,
-0.33015507459640503,
-0.1707247644662857,
-1.2576905488967896,
0.09238845109939575,
0.39980435371398926,
0.12289847433567047,
-0.027151618152856827,
0.19007930159568787,
-0.3065084218978882,
-0.03401266783475876,
0.6828421354293823,
0.1616358458995819,
-0.21636994183063507,
0.38195928931236267,
0.173283651471138,
-0.3512408435344696,
0.3367082476615906,
-0.5180383324623108,
0.2677746117115021,
-0.7711533904075623,
0.1703321933746338,
0.5846962332725525,
-0.9570928812026978,
-0.26075515151023865,
-0.40297064185142517,
0.24856160581111908,
0.12869049608707428,
-0.315280944108963,
-0.5189167857170105,
0.3307591676712036,
-0.4255989193916321,
0.27553558349609375,
-0.29367801547050476,
-0.6008419990539551,
-0.03225696459412575,
-0.60782790184021,
-0.12624673545360565,
0.7942825555801392,
0.3434681296348572,
-0.5833187103271484,
-0.29091623425483704,
0.15431544184684753,
-0.4501464068889618,
-0.18779876828193665,
0.22444598376750946,
-0.028249865397810936,
0.14498020708560944,
-0.17645184695720673,
0.6452357769012451,
-0.6193445920944214,
0.04792303591966629,
-0.33005502820014954,
0.4182131588459015,
0.5102638006210327,
-0.1475188136100769,
-0.5498294234275818,
0.007504869718104601,
-0.11498382687568665,
-0.24889712035655975,
0.6761688590049744,
-0.14278174936771393,
0.48034021258354187,
0.17788980901241302,
0.2958506643772125,
-0.05585107579827309,
0.4856453537940979,
-0.008502890355885029,
0.2718277871608734,
-0.006643500179052353,
0.5469769239425659,
0.07906888425350189,
0.3932301998138428,
-0.6180092692375183,
-0.31536445021629333,
-0.12554135918617249,
-0.7982988953590393,
0.5882108807563782,
0.29385310411453247,
-0.20255964994430542,
-0.6054794788360596,
0.45886120200157166,
-0.2046397179365158,
-0.2591937780380249,
0.2246602475643158,
0.05856125056743622,
-0.399201363325119,
0.640887439250946,
0.1026536300778389,
0.2423793375492096,
-0.2667858898639679,
0.05856186896562576,
-0.47917550802230835,
-0.3587527573108673,
-0.64028400182724,
-0.4428347945213318,
-0.17982599139213562,
0.15954507887363434,
-0.07807983458042145,
-0.4655224084854126,
0.49330422282218933,
0.7040393352508545,
-0.07427845895290375,
0.6031422019004822,
0.40582728385925293,
-0.2540731728076935,
0.08234908431768417,
0.35055944323539734,
-0.2731586992740631,
-0.8331247568130493,
1.040851354598999,
-0.24901185929775238,
0.11744096875190735,
-0.019485149532556534,
0.3659614026546478,
0.3965184688568115,
0.042184893041849136,
-0.17617517709732056,
-0.18253092467784882,
0.18639735877513885,
0.01715216413140297,
-0.18000175058841705,
0.4959701895713806,
-0.12666496634483337,
-0.24318183958530426,
0.08108871430158615,
0.05684126541018486,
-0.1351979821920395,
-0.016483446583151817,
-0.11534366011619568,
-0.14576971530914307,
0.02871757559478283,
-0.5826215744018555,
-0.42162469029426575,
0.2923283874988556,
0.0775558352470398,
-0.6491811275482178,
0.7256544828414917,
0.41650092601776123,
0.9906758666038513,
-0.11693048477172852,
0.1711897999048233,
-0.18172138929367065,
-0.4074217677116394,
-0.057769306004047394,
0.444322794675827,
0.6843593716621399,
0.2528628706932068,
0.18838372826576233,
-0.17534330487251282,
0.48573750257492065,
-0.5800457000732422,
-0.3569174110889435,
0.7226055264472961,
0.9314568042755127,
0.00996537134051323,
0.10194864124059677,
0.557303786277771,
-0.31274259090423584,
-0.8009916543960571,
0.3334394693374634,
-0.44397035241127014,
0.3914805054664612,
-0.01922507770359516,
0.24541813135147095,
-0.3439350128173828,
0.02110806293785572,
0.6887165904045105,
-0.2763541638851166,
-0.4919174611568451,
0.5142640471458435,
0.189927875995636,
-0.7032204270362854,
0.12344574928283691,
0.31995436549186707,
-0.5260123610496521,
-0.27101144194602966,
0.24149306118488312,
-0.043297477066516876,
0.24094480276107788,
-0.7016273140907288,
-0.7006449103355408,
-0.22111991047859192,
-0.37912625074386597,
0.27630090713500977,
0.1738407015800476,
0.5260878801345825,
-0.24632272124290466,
0.29745030403137207,
-0.7307180166244507,
0.32982006669044495,
0.5106067657470703,
0.17079930007457733,
-0.26188451051712036,
0.2637970745563507,
-0.4354625344276428,
0.752316415309906,
0.26807019114494324,
0.18063218891620636,
-0.08972325921058655,
0.0027881674468517303,
-0.35513824224472046,
-0.09558063000440598,
-0.45439785718917847,
-0.08522390574216843,
-0.7479255795478821,
0.018628647550940514,
0.07807505130767822,
-0.3578229546546936,
0.013944527134299278,
-0.14979073405265808,
0.44088104367256165,
0.2949904501438141,
-0.2652559280395508,
-0.08037998527288437,
-0.08908139914274216,
0.6101576089859009,
-0.5143507719039917,
-0.42415887117385864,
-0.20134451985359192,
0.013583130203187466,
-0.31048810482025146,
-0.8691474199295044,
-0.4710089862346649,
1.0730088949203491,
0.5044389367103577,
0.07460419088602066,
-0.7311145067214966,
-0.061523109674453735,
0.358364075422287,
-0.02670382708311081,
-0.7502081990242004,
-0.3536701202392578,
0.2398410439491272,
0.5093568563461304,
0.32535016536712646,
-0.43396177887916565,
0.0999322459101677,
0.8291556239128113,
-0.8360047936439514,
0.4419150650501251,
-0.07451328635215759,
0.3910551965236664,
0.5851259231567383,
0.42322057485580444,
0.011366608552634716,
-0.1397268921136856,
-0.23936335742473602,
-0.3309037685394287,
-0.34583553671836853,
-0.11934727430343628,
-0.0011419134680181742,
0.8703094720840454,
-0.003193207085132599,
0.47957512736320496,
-0.3575620651245117,
0.17643310129642487,
-0.07281292974948883,
-0.18627673387527466,
0.35162001848220825,
-0.7916628122329712,
0.03604734316468239,
-0.043036285787820816,
-0.07331729680299759,
-0.4708399176597595,
0.10431899130344391,
0.08133918792009354,
0.2551017701625824,
-0.020915767177939415,
-0.054072532802820206,
-0.49068284034729004,
0.5047369599342346,
0.21185067296028137,
-0.6864371299743652,
0.5417083501815796,
0.012355263344943523,
0.13019435107707977,
-0.0833168551325798,
-0.16902774572372437,
0.10606809705495834,
0.2655598521232605,
0.2001274973154068,
0.1972789615392685,
-0.057019978761672974,
-0.3634159564971924,
-0.5368348956108093,
0.7375063896179199,
-0.39395207166671753,
0.40754446387290955,
-0.0828469842672348,
0.19234420359134674,
0.02257656306028366,
0.5867424607276917,
-0.2472260594367981,
-0.6688904762268066,
0.3503428101539612,
0.2775753140449524,
-0.52781742811203,
-0.3970903754234314,
-0.10552698373794556,
1.195257306098938,
0.2998104691505432,
-0.5262448787689209,
-0.06893733888864517,
-0.926227867603302,
-0.3906002640724182,
-0.1066337302327156,
-0.1876557618379593,
-0.5491265654563904,
0.6695595979690552,
0.3095519542694092,
1.1566358804702759,
-0.44939833879470825,
0.11740667372941971,
-0.07084722071886063,
0.38925784826278687,
-0.0902397483587265,
0.1781701296567917,
0.16432003676891327,
0.13669991493225098,
0.39401793479919434,
0.1724480837583542,
-0.1532910019159317,
-0.4687823951244354,
-0.1260901689529419,
-0.1436229944229126,
0.5071611404418945,
-0.3582422435283661,
0.27353158593177795,
-0.056827228516340256,
-0.15393157303333282,
1.0188419818878174,
0.19909362494945526,
0.08373823761940002,
0.19334065914154053,
-0.04666775465011597,
0.2611098885536194,
-0.4533882439136505,
0.23691359162330627,
-0.34134232997894287,
0.0006647013942711055,
0.20342697203159332,
-0.38812023401260376,
-0.02250281535089016,
-0.1077871099114418,
-0.21282437443733215,
0.27606070041656494,
0.5382553339004517,
-0.5965160727500916,
-0.19373303651809692,
0.5545282363891602,
-0.1744782030582428,
-0.6150200963020325,
-0.581921398639679,
0.20485304296016693,
0.2148340344429016,
0.2765890061855316,
0.23695577681064606,
-0.3701401352882385,
0.43693557381629944,
0.7637324929237366,
-0.36024269461631775,
0.15913183987140656,
-0.43331190943717957,
-0.07947620004415512,
0.19896985590457916,
-0.30108100175857544,
0.9953529238700867,
0.6092371940612793,
-0.19122414290905,
-0.2594905197620392,
-0.17418237030506134,
0.07086600363254547,
0.6087473630905151,
-0.8912671208381653,
0.7271937727928162,
-0.30111387372016907,
0.11160456389188766,
-0.9540934562683105,
0.5397880673408508,
0.8804770708084106,
-0.4446656405925751,
0.11669545620679855,
0.36880359053611755,
-0.306948721408844,
0.12168660759925842,
0.24424436688423157,
-0.20618879795074463,
0.06219523400068283,
0.20117013156414032,
-0.19465212523937225,
0.04977593570947647,
0.37481752038002014,
0.6220935583114624,
-0.6692789196968079,
-0.3152587115764618,
0.47288188338279724,
-0.09719468653202057,
-0.3051240146160126,
-0.48139262199401855,
-0.16764025390148163,
0.4583873152732849,
-0.014559258706867695,
0.32867568731307983,
-0.7268178462982178,
-0.020591778680682182,
0.29090389609336853,
-0.23437894880771637,
0.1638980358839035,
-0.30823227763175964,
-0.6405423879623413,
0.4896192252635956,
-0.1246677041053772,
0.1161508709192276,
-0.24976825714111328,
0.5000442862510681,
-0.2264823168516159,
-0.8046374320983887,
-0.40898653864860535,
0.4175211787223816,
-0.023137329146265984,
0.04091906547546387,
0.042526282370090485,
0.050378069281578064,
-0.3997088372707367,
0.1025775894522667,
0.2893214821815491,
-0.42241159081459045,
0.2061685025691986,
0.7035374641418457
] |
232167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer%20choice | Consumer choice | The theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves. It analyzes how consumers maximize the desirability of their consumption as measured by their preferences subject to limitations on their expenditures, by maximizing utility subject to a consumer budget constraint.
Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different economic agents are involved. In the first case consumption is by the primary individual, individual tastes or preferences determine the amount of pleasure people derive from the goods and services they consume.; in the second case, a producer might make something that he would not consume himself. Therefore, different motivations and abilities are involved. The models that make up consumer theory are used to represent prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the hypothesis of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer.
The law of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises, even when the consumer is monetarily compensated for the effect of the higher price; this is called the substitution effect. As the price of a good rises, consumers will substitute away from that good, choosing more of other alternatives. If no compensation for the price rise occurs, as is usual, then the decline in overall purchasing power due to the price rise leads, for most goods, to a further decline in the quantity demanded; this is called the income effect. As the wealth of the individual rises, demand for most products increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all possible prices.
In addition, people's judgments and decisions are often influenced by systemic biases or heuristics and are strongly dependent on the context in which the decisions are made, small or even unexpected changes in the decision-making environment can greatly affect their decisions.
The basic problem of consumer theory takes the following inputs:
The consumption set C – the set of all bundles that the consumer could conceivably consume.
A preference relation over the bundles of C. This preference relation can be described as an ordinal utility function, describing the utility that the consumer derives from each bundle.
A price system, which is a function assigning a price to each bundle.
An initial endowment, which is a bundle from C that the consumer initially holds. The consumer can sell all or some of his initial bundle in the given prices, and can buy another bundle in the given prices. He has to decide which bundle to buy, under the given prices and budget, in order to maximize his utility.
Example: homogeneous divisible goods
Consider an economy with two types of homogeneous divisible goods, traditionally called X and Y.
The consumption set is , i.e. the set of all pairs where and . Each bundle contains a non-negative quantity of good X and a non-negative quantity of good Y.
A typical preference relation in this universe can be represented by a set of indifference curves. Each curve represents a set of bundles that give the consumer the same utility. A typical utility function is the Cobb–Douglas function: , whose indifference curves look like in the figure below.
A typical price system assigns a price to each type of good, such that the cost of bundle is .
A typical initial endowment is just a fixed income, which along with the prices implies a budget constraint. The consumer can choose any point on or below the budget constraint line In the diagram. This line is downward sloped and linear since it represents the boundary of the inequality . In other words, the amount spent on both goods together is less than or equal to the income of the consumer.
The consumer will choose the indifference curve with the highest utility that is attainable within his budget constraint. Every point on indifference curve is outside his budget constraint so the best that he can do is the single point on where the latter is tangent to his budget constraint. He will purchase of good X and of good Y.
Indifference curve analysis begins with the utility function. The utility function is treated as an index of utility. All that is necessary is that the utility index change as more preferred bundles are consumed.
On a plane with two kinds of commodities that meet the different needs of consumers, a curve composed of a series of points that consumers feel indifference becomes an indifference curve. The tangent point between the indifference curve and the budget line is the point at which consumer satisfaction is maximized.
Indifference curves are typically numbered with the number increasing as more preferred bundles are consumed. The numbers have no cardinal significance; for example, if three indifference curves are labeled 1, 4, and 16 respectively that means nothing more than the bundles "on" indifference curve 4 are more preferred than the bundles "on" indifference curve 1.
Income effect and price effect deal with how the change in price of a commodity changes the consumption of the good. The theory of consumer choice examines the trade-offs and decisions people make in their role as consumers as prices and their income changes.
As shown in the diagram I1, I2, I3 are three indifference curves. The product combinations represented by all points on I1 have the same utility to consumers. Similarly, the product combinations on I2 and I1 have the same utility to consumers. However, the utility of the product combination on the I3 curve > the utility of the product combination on the I2 curve > the utility of the product combination on the I1 curve.
Characteristics of the indifference curve in consumer choice
Indifference curves usually have a negative slope, do not intersect, and are convex towards the origin (as shown in the figure above). The indifference curve has a negative slope because if the goods in one basket X and Y contain more high quality goods x, and the goods in the other basket must contain less high quality goods y in order for both baskets to give the same satisfaction and to be on the same difference curve. For example, since shopping basket X2 on the indifference curve I2 in the figure contains more good quality goods x than X1, shopping basket X2 must contain less good quality goods Y for the consumer to be on the indifference curve I2.
A positive slope curve would show that a basket with more of two goods gives the consumer the same utility or satisfaction as a basket with two goods (and no other goods). Since we're dealing with goods and not bad goods, this curve can't be an indifference curve.
Example: land
As a second example, consider an economy that consists of a large land-estate L.
The consumption set is , i.e. the set of all subsets of L (all land parcels).
A typical preference relation in this universe can be represented by a utility function which assigns, to each land parcel, its total "fertility" (the total amount of grain that can be grown in that land).
A typical price system assigns a price to each land parcel, based on its area.
A typical initial endowment is either a fixed income, or an initial parcel which the consumer can sell and buy another parcel.
Sunk Cost Effect
Unreasonable behavior in which people recover from expenses that have already been incurred. An example of this is a consumer who has already purchased their ticket for a concert and may travel through a storm to be able to attend the concert in order to not waste their ticket.
Another example is different payment schedules for gym members may result in different levels of potential sunk costs and affect the frequency of gym visits by consumers. That is to say, the payment schedule with other less frequent (e.g., quarterly, semi-annual or annual payment schedule), compared to a month pay the fee to the gym in a larger, these factors to reduce the cost and reduce the psychological sunk costs, more vivid sunk costs significantly increased people's gym visits. Losses loom larger than gains.
Role of Time Constraint Effect
Aside from the microeconomic theories of utility maximisation and budget constraints, there are other elements that affect the nature of consumer choice in a real-life situation. A study was conducted to measure the computational processes of subjects when faced with a decision to choose a product from a bundle of slightly differentiated products, whilst faced with a time constraint. The study was conducted through an experiment in which participants were in a supermarket-like environment and were asked to pick a snack food item from a screenshot out of a set of either 4, 9 or 16 similar items.
This decision was to be completed within a 3 second time window. Both choices and reaction times of participants were recorded, but the actual search process was recorded using eye-tracking. The study then compares three different computational process models to find the one that best explains the decision process of the consumer.
The goal of the study is to understand the computational process used by the average consumer to make these quick and seemingly meaningless purchase decisions. All three models are slight variations of widely known search models in economics. The first model represents the “optimal” model, in which there are zero search costs. I.e., the consumer looks for the maximum number of items within the time frame and picks the “best-seen” item. “Best-seen” meaning the item in which the consumer spends the most time viewing. The second process is the “satisficing” model, wherein the consumer searches until they have found an objectively satisficing item, or they run out of time. The third and final search model is a hybrid of the optimal and satisficing models, in which they search for a random amount of time and pick the “best-seen” item. That amount of time is contingent on the value of the encountered items.
The results show that consumers are typically good at optimizing items that they have seen within the search process, i.e., they can easily make a choice from the “seen-set” of items. The results also show that consumers mostly use the hybrid model as a computational process for consumer choice. The data is most qualitatively consistent with the hybrid model rather than the optimal or satisficing models.
The conclusion to be drawn from this study is that time pressure and graphic design of consumer goods all play an important role in understanding the computational behavioural processes of consumer choice.
Effect of a price change
The indifference curves and budget constraint can be used to predict the effect of changes to the budget constraint. The graph below shows the effect of a price increase for good Y. If the price of Y increases, the budget constraint will pivot from to . Notice that because the price of X does not change, the consumer can still buy the same amount of X if he or she chooses to buy only good X. On the other hand, if the consumer chooses to buy only good Y, he or she will be able to buy less of good Y because its price has increased.
To maximize the utility with the reduced budget constraint, , the consumer will re-allocate consumption to reach the highest available indifference curve which is tangent to. As shown on the diagram below, that curve is I1, and therefore the amount of good Y bought will shift from Y2 to Y1, and the amount of good X bought to shift from X2 to X1. The opposite effect will occur if the price of Y decreases causing the shift from to , and I2 to I3.
If these curves are plotted for many different prices of good Y, a demand curve for good Y can be constructed. The diagram below shows the demand curve for good Y as its price varies. Alternatively, if the price for good Y is fixed and the price for good X is varied, a demand curve for good X can be constructed.
Income effect
Another important item that can change is the money income of the consumer. The income effect is the phenomenon observed through changes in purchasing power. It reveals the change in quantity demanded brought by a change in real income.
Graphically, as long as the prices remain constant, changing income will create a parallel shift of the budget constraint. Increasing the income will shift the budget constraint right since more of both can be bought, and decreasing income will shift it left.
Depending on the indifference curves, as income increases, the amount purchased of a good can either increase, decrease or stay the same. In the diagram below, good Y is a normal good since the amount purchased increased as the budget constraint shifted from BC1 to the higher income BC2. Good X is an inferior good since the amount bought decreased as the income increases.
is the change in the demand for good 1 when we change income from to , holding the price of good 1 fixed at :
Price effect as sum of substitution and income effects
Every price change can be decomposed into an income effect and a substitution effect; the price effect is the sum of substitution and income effects.
The substitution effect is the change in demands resulting from a price change that alters the slope of the budget constraint but leaves the consumer on the same indifference curve. In other words, it illustrates the consumer's new consumption basket after the price change while being compensated as to allow the consumer to be as happy as he or she was previously. By this effect, the consumer is posited to substitute toward the good that becomes comparatively less expensive. In the illustration below this corresponds to an imaginary budget constraint denoted SC being tangent to the indifference curve I1. Then the income effect from the rise in purchasing power from a price fall reinforces the substitution effect. If the good is an inferior good, then the income effect will offset in some degree the substitution effect. If the income effect for an inferior good is sufficiently strong, the consumer will buy less of the good when it becomes less expensive, a Giffen good (commonly believed to be a rarity).
The substitution effect, , is the change in the amount demanded for when the price of good falls from to (represented by the budget constraint shifting from to and thus increasing purchasing power) and, at the same time, the money income falls from to to keep the consumer at the same level of utility on :
The substitution effect increases the amount demanded of good from to in the diagram. In the example shown, the income effect of the fall in partly offsets the substitution effect as the amount demanded of in the absence of an offsetting income change ends up at thus the income effect from the rise in purchasing power due to the price drop is that the quantity demanded of goes from to . The total effect of the price drop on quantity demanded is the sum of the substitution effect and the income effect.
Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements
Perfect Substitutes
A perfect substitute is a good or service which can be used in exactly the same way as the good or service it replaces. Products which are perfect substitutes for one another will exhibit straight lines on the indifference curve. This demonstrates that the relative utility of one good is equivalent to the relative utility of the other, regardless of their quantity. An example of perfect substitutes could be Coca Cola compared to Pepsi Max. A consumer who considers these products as perfect substitutes will be indifferent to spending all of their budget on strictly one or the other.
Perfect Complements
A perfect complement is a good or service whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. The relationship between both goods x and y are naturally dependent on each other along with the concept of consumption being dependent upon other consumption. Products that are perfect complements will be demonstrated graphically on an indifference curve with two lines at perfect right angles to one another. This demonstrates that the demand and consumption of one good is inherently tied to the other. i.e. when the consumption of one good increases, as does the consumption of the complementary good. An example of complementary goods are school kid's tuition fees and their school uniforms. When the consumer spends money on their child's tuition fees they are more than likely to complement the purchase with the school uniform.
Utility
A utility is a set of numerical values that reflect the relative rankings of various bundles of goods.
Utility function - the relationship between utility values and every possible bundle of goods: U(Z, B),
U=√BZ
Caution: Utility ≠ Happiness
Marginal Utility: the extra utility that a consumer gets from consuming the last unit of a good. The slope of the utility function as we hold the quantity of the other good constant.
Marginal utility function of good Z is:
MUz=△U/△Z
Assumptions
The behavioral assumption of the consumer theory proposed herein is that all consumers seek to maximize utility. In the mainstream economics tradition, this activity of maximizing utility has been deemed as the "rational" behavior of decision makers. More specifically, in the eyes of economists, all consumers seek to maximize a utility function subject to a budgetary constraint. In other words, economists assume that consumers will always choose the "best" bundle of goods they can afford. Consumer theory is therefore based on generating refutable hypotheses about the nature of consumer demand from this behavioral postulate.
In order to reason from the central postulate towards a useful model of consumer choice, it is necessary to make additional assumptions about the certain preferences that consumers employ when selecting their preferred "bundle" of goods. These are relatively strict, allowing for the model to generate more useful hypotheses with regard to consumer behavior than weaker assumptions, which would allow any empirical data to be explained in terms of stupidity, ignorance, or some other factor, and hence would not be able to generate any predictions about future demand at all. For the most part, however, they represent statements which would only be contradicted if a consumer was acting in (what was widely regarded as) a strange manner. In this vein, the modern form of consumer choice theory assumes:
Consumer choice theory is based on the assumption that the consumer fully understands his or her own preferences, allowing for a simple but accurate comparison between any two bundles of good presented. That is to say, it is assumed that if a consumer is presented with two consumption bundles A and B each containing different combinations of n goods, the consumer can unambiguously decide if (s)he prefers A to B, B to A, or is indifferent to both. The few scenarios where it is possible to imagine that decision-making would be very difficult are thus placed "outside the domain of economic analysis". However, discoveries in behavioral economics has found that actual decision making is affected by various factors, such as whether choices are presented together or separately through the distinction bias.
Preferences are complete
Completeness - when a consumer is faced with a choice between any two goods A and B, they must rank them so that only one of the followings is true: the consumer prefers the good A to good B, the consumer prefers good B to good A, or the consumer is indifferent between the goods.
Either A ≥ B or B ≥ A (or both) for all (A,B).
Preferences are reflexive
Means that if A and B are in all respect identical the consumer will consider A to be at least as good as (i.e. weakly preferred to) B. Alternatively, the axiom can be modified to read that the consumer is indifferent with regard to A and B.
Preference are transitive
If A is preferred to B and B is preferred to C then A must be preferred to C.
This also means that if the consumer is indifferent between A and B and is indifferent between B and C she will be indifferent between A and C.
This is the consistency assumption. This assumption eliminates the possibility of intersecting indifference curves.
If A ≥ B and B ≥ C, then A ≥ B(for all A, B, C).
Preferences exhibit non-satiation
More Is Better - all else being the same, more of a commodity is better than less of it (non-satiation). This is the "more is always better" assumption; that in general if a consumer is offered two almost identical bundles A and B, but where B includes more of one particular good, the consumer will choose B.
In other words, this theory assumes that a consumer will never be completely satisfied, as they will always be happier consuming a little bit more.
Among other things this assumption precludes circular indifference curves. Non-satiation in this sense is not a necessary but a convenient assumption. It avoids unnecessary complications in the mathematical models.
Indifference curves exhibit diminishing marginal rates of substitution
This assumption assures that indifference curves are smooth and convex to the origin.
This assumption is implicit in the last assumption.
This assumption also set the stage for using techniques of constrained optimization. Because the shape of the curve assures that the first derivative is negative and the second is positive.
The MRS tells how much y a person is willing to sacrifice to get one more unit of x.
This assumption incorporates the theory of diminishing marginal utility. This theory of diminishing marginal utility states that the added satisfaction experienced by a consumer from having one additional unit of a good or service will diminish. In other words, the marginal utility of each additional unit will decline. An example of this can be illustrated by a consumer who orders several coffees throughout the course of a day. The marginal utility experienced by the first beverage will be greater than the second. The marginal utility experienced by the second beverage will be greater than the third, and so on.
Goods are available in all quantities
It is assumed that a consumer may choose to purchase any quantity of a good (s)he desires, for example, 2.6 eggs and 4.23 loaves of bread. Whilst this makes the model less precise, it is generally acknowledged to provide a useful simplification to the calculations involved in consumer choice theory, especially since consumer demand is often examined over a considerable period of time. The more spending rounds are offered, the better approximation the continuous, differentiable function is for its discrete counterpart. (Whilst the purchase of 2.6 eggs sounds impossible, an average consumption of 2.6 eggs per day over a month does not.)
Note the assumptions do not guarantee that the demand curve will be negatively sloped. A positively sloped curve is not inconsistent with the assumptions.
Use value
In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold.
Labor-leisure tradeoff
One can also use consumer theory to analyze a consumer's choice between leisure and labor. Leisure is considered one good (often put on the horizontal axis) and consumption is considered the other good. Since a consumer has a finite amount of time, he must make a choice between leisure (which earns no income for consumption) and labor (which does earn income for consumption).
The previous model of consumer choice theory is applicable with only slight modifications. First, the total amount of time that an individual has to allocate is known as his "time endowment", and is often denoted as T. The amount an individual allocates to labor (denoted L) and leisure (ℓ) is constrained by T such that
A person's consumption is the amount of labor they choose multiplied by the amount they are paid per hour of labor (their wage, often denoted w). Thus, the amount that a person consumes is:
When a consumer chooses no leisure then and .
From this labor-leisure tradeoff model, the substitution effect and income effect from various changes caused by welfare benefits, labor taxation, or tax credits can be analyzed.
See also
Convex preferences
Consumer sovereignty
Consumerism
Important publications in consumer theory
Indifference curves
Microeconomics
Opportunity cost
Producer theory – the dual of consumer theory
Supply and demand
Utility maximization problem
References
Salvatore. (2008). CHAPTER 3 Consumer Preferences and Choice. pp.62-63.
External links
Family economics
Utilitarianism | [
0.13845475018024445,
0.0502638965845108,
-0.1650438904762268,
0.2920716106891632,
0.11960779130458832,
0.721692681312561,
-0.4361332952976227,
0.29744836688041687,
-0.13316020369529724,
-1.004721760749817,
-0.13972589373588562,
0.9613214731216431,
-0.32954269647598267,
0.23644068837165833,
-0.2602279484272003,
0.3667908012866974,
0.15929727256298065,
0.5291013717651367,
-0.08074118942022324,
-0.3224569857120514,
-0.2981080710887909,
0.2751721441745758,
0.1974196881055832,
0.02202596142888069,
0.3601680099964142,
-0.24467261135578156,
0.3948047459125519,
-0.28986990451812744,
0.26643332839012146,
0.2672230005264282,
-0.024054618552327156,
0.8985022306442261,
-0.31689363718032837,
0.24819444119930267,
-0.16306647658348083,
-0.5487461686134338,
-0.2164033204317093,
-0.4697730243206024,
-0.3501177728176117,
0.11252748966217041,
-0.20204344391822815,
0.01973334327340126,
0.3865792751312256,
0.5501117706298828,
-0.11963456124067307,
-0.06915745139122009,
-1.847066044807434,
-0.21108506619930267,
-0.18568815290927887,
-0.27063125371932983,
-0.1555842161178589,
0.27037689089775085,
0.12931106984615326,
0.847245991230011,
-0.15917319059371948,
0.5800904631614685,
0.01978825218975544,
0.06118980050086975,
0.04824395477771759,
-0.4138526916503906,
0.22265057265758514,
0.3823540210723877,
0.26216399669647217,
0.27959519624710083,
0.08173702657222748,
-0.15650111436843872,
0.08387413620948792,
0.13469889760017395,
-0.3913157284259796,
-0.42108187079429626,
-0.9319760799407959,
-0.7506527900695801,
0.1505429595708847,
0.3277870714664459,
-0.9871808290481567,
0.33462291955947876,
0.051702842116355896,
0.347164124250412,
-0.292338103055954,
-0.35002607107162476,
-0.3461827337741852,
0.6119301915168762,
0.2515051066875458,
-0.007343991659581661,
0.31878963112831116,
0.015069309622049332,
0.17847511172294617,
0.5585446357727051,
-0.11982786655426025,
0.9024760723114014,
0.1294892132282257,
-0.5052705407142639,
0.7635918259620667,
-0.2650400698184967,
0.10836803913116455,
-0.1772231161594391,
0.465381920337677,
-0.07200822979211807,
-0.02829425036907196,
0.5027101635932922,
-0.2857223451137543,
-0.04830247908830643,
0.2061202973127365,
0.05926153436303139,
-0.1068129763007164,
-0.4716908633708954,
0.08239681273698807,
-0.9241418838500977,
0.06480380892753601,
0.0831446573138237,
-0.5522816777229309,
0.38733556866645813,
-0.2685893476009369,
0.28084665536880493,
-0.5019327402114868,
0.2797093093395233,
-0.13513271510601044,
0.21865127980709076,
-0.5751672387123108,
0.11096986383199692,
0.6336889266967773,
0.1957966834306717,
-0.06063433736562729,
-0.1859235316514969,
0.11798370629549026,
0.0384853258728981,
0.4676101803779602,
0.3229515254497528,
-0.3519878387451172,
-0.31244489550590515,
0.564294159412384,
0.3511214554309845,
-0.44964897632598877,
0.06737560033798218,
-0.4093981683254242,
-0.17022617161273956,
0.32359951734542847,
-0.06175800785422325,
0.3065004348754883,
-0.192544624209404,
-0.5203412771224976,
-0.6708317399024963,
-0.20839348435401917,
-0.28465935587882996,
0.6799829602241516,
-0.010687078349292278,
0.12477386742830276,
-0.3225768804550171,
-0.240889772772789,
-0.48661309480667114,
0.14396566152572632,
0.12618811428546906,
-0.043979521840810776,
0.11363149434328079,
-0.06564094871282578,
0.1283370852470398,
0.12052653729915619,
-0.222100168466568,
-0.049259137362241745,
0.6117503046989441,
-0.04930878430604935,
-0.09955347329378128,
-0.18299511075019836,
-0.5792295336723328,
-0.26647451519966125,
-0.4317445158958435,
0.36150923371315,
0.7849759459495544,
0.13529902696609497,
0.04949607700109482,
-0.21235941350460052,
0.3603258728981018,
0.21696530282497406,
-0.3856154978275299,
0.33335328102111816,
0.06516049802303314,
-0.04718746244907379,
0.3652847111225128,
0.8884477615356445,
0.31589773297309875,
-0.5044691562652588,
-0.033529892563819885,
0.06225920841097832,
-0.4851232171058655,
0.23401959240436554,
-0.5757743716239929,
0.5361689329147339,
-0.10152927041053772,
0.06072983890771866,
-0.10783092677593231,
-0.36892086267471313,
-0.17214150726795197,
0.01988600380718708,
-0.7872094511985779,
0.8946252465248108,
0.019394468516111374,
-0.4298965036869049,
0.6125286221504211,
0.20242905616760254,
-0.37952446937561035,
-0.26643961668014526,
-0.664264976978302,
0.15570607781410217,
-0.43787914514541626,
-0.5552205443382263,
0.3303634226322174,
0.2802453339099884,
-0.17732012271881104,
-0.1877242475748062,
0.3478657007217407,
-0.0027359668165445328,
0.3631187975406647,
0.20569539070129395,
-0.5658307671546936,
0.27972233295440674,
0.07574485242366791,
-0.21546953916549683,
0.9901701807975769,
-0.029720352962613106,
-0.11345324665307999,
0.6325492262840271,
-0.08761932700872421,
0.23880067467689514,
0.4181514084339142,
-0.25907614827156067,
0.36247387528419495,
0.8697494864463806,
0.21921071410179138,
0.5080560445785522,
-0.125051811337471,
0.03837186470627785,
0.0832941085100174,
0.5151476263999939,
-0.21530725061893463,
-0.3760485053062439,
0.3394715487957001,
-0.2597924470901489,
-0.22526654601097107,
-0.5125729441642761,
-0.12847986817359924,
0.1584385186433792,
0.193766251206398,
-0.5744307041168213,
0.10075992345809937,
-0.09506455063819885,
-0.13931147754192352,
-0.7106768488883972,
0.7003093361854553,
-0.5074234008789062,
0.07082764804363251,
-0.2728789448738098,
0.6460976600646973,
0.6843076348304749,
-0.08349508047103882,
-0.33229535818099976,
-0.25242406129837036,
-0.15624003112316132,
0.33171674609184265,
0.6277139186859131,
-0.12657703459262848,
0.31563037633895874,
0.2974238991737366,
-0.03893996775150299,
0.0014062265399843454,
-0.02135845087468624,
-0.5048758387565613,
-0.8972804546356201,
-0.011702127754688263,
-0.39041322469711304,
0.8666505217552185,
0.8143315315246582,
-0.4468512237071991,
-0.35148024559020996,
-0.007931475527584553,
0.21015094220638275,
-0.7334010004997253,
0.4612499177455902,
0.44093942642211914,
-0.4912034869194031,
-0.25057151913642883,
0.0361507274210453,
0.16498658061027527,
0.7385765314102173,
-0.4971463978290558,
-0.30877044796943665,
-0.21705248951911926,
-0.004373327363282442,
-0.3553943932056427,
0.02208959497511387,
-0.1375284045934677,
-0.34262803196907043,
0.553462028503418,
-0.22694028913974762,
-0.3489329218864441,
0.45659369230270386,
0.4709615409374237,
-0.42169302701950073,
0.5032953023910522,
0.21739917993545532,
-0.3614303171634674,
0.19775959849357605,
0.013391287997364998,
0.17664754390716553,
-0.05243024230003357,
0.32946908473968506,
-0.3096453845500946,
0.22862516343593597,
0.34832683205604553,
-5.823282241821289,
-0.7985641956329346,
0.3639070391654968,
-0.14218458533287048,
-0.04308996722102165,
0.08399251848459244,
1.0460561513900757,
-0.48802465200424194,
0.14690445363521576,
0.3450518548488617,
-0.3360355794429779,
-0.10888701677322388,
-0.34740209579467773,
0.8094438314437866,
0.35810142755508423,
0.4181952178478241,
0.6843852400779724,
-0.0006059982115402818,
0.17700813710689545,
0.48389410972595215,
-0.04153082147240639,
-0.24214935302734375,
-0.6146863102912903,
0.527057945728302,
-0.38142597675323486,
-0.08214937150478363,
-0.33643418550491333,
-0.2602812349796295,
-0.19849437475204468,
-0.06897056847810745,
-0.25363782048225403,
-0.5637038946151733,
-0.15765732526779175,
-0.25300925970077515,
0.793092668056488,
-0.10791170597076416,
0.15943041443824768,
0.3498513102531433,
0.15846623480319977,
-0.12546077370643616,
-0.05641210824251175,
0.7234275341033936,
0.0576515756547451,
0.19841910898685455,
0.26624321937561035,
0.3847808539867401,
-0.31652116775512695,
-0.1442696452140808,
-0.6346620917320251,
0.20730997622013092,
0.1104697585105896,
0.18939165771007538,
0.781363308429718,
-0.23864486813545227,
0.5929010510444641,
0.23530526459217072,
0.4701707065105438,
-0.09095822274684906,
0.06206857040524483,
0.288672536611557,
0.24593102931976318,
-0.44858288764953613,
0.19043025374412537,
-0.14267969131469727,
-0.6609916090965271,
0.048594340682029724,
-0.7095833420753479,
-0.5590153932571411,
0.3072032630443573,
0.43797022104263306,
-0.35651761293411255,
-0.09226566553115845,
0.344900518655777,
-0.7235313057899475,
0.20828771591186523,
-0.4787035286426544,
0.07399644702672958,
0.15237480401992798,
0.500595211982727,
0.10183925926685333,
-0.026059411466121674,
-0.413846880197525,
-0.16504691541194916,
-0.08388615399599075,
-0.25395506620407104,
-0.1830759048461914,
-0.0021531274542212486,
0.3710521161556244,
-0.593829870223999,
-0.147635817527771,
-0.22574007511138916,
0.08723849803209305,
0.02947894111275673,
0.19283930957317352,
0.4333076477050781,
0.2567596733570099,
0.3361486494541168,
0.05277664586901665,
0.05385018512606621,
-0.26750072836875916,
0.281427800655365,
-0.4663766622543335,
-0.6350045800209045,
-0.3116498291492462,
-0.34458523988723755,
0.5054249167442322,
-0.1804293394088745,
0.08883076906204224,
0.7896602749824524,
-0.3990306556224823,
-0.03358028829097748,
0.4396946430206299,
-0.7054805755615234,
-0.41509366035461426,
-0.06760828197002411,
0.2017238885164261,
-0.9209586381912231,
0.3929399251937866,
0.5090250968933105,
0.2556239366531372,
0.4198288917541504,
-0.19642645120620728,
-0.8453860282897949,
-0.4456787705421448,
-0.3043580949306488,
-0.3750213384628296,
0.1783846914768219,
-0.1847049742937088,
-0.5090852379798889,
0.15122143924236298,
0.5878100395202637,
0.20223836600780487,
-0.3796778917312622,
-0.2756234109401703,
0.1250067502260208,
0.11189735680818558,
0.5321550369262695,
0.6480660438537598,
-0.15974751114845276,
-0.292029470205307,
0.09090045839548111,
-0.0437677726149559,
0.585567831993103,
-0.4620474576950073,
0.26456165313720703,
0.14901423454284668,
-0.4227902293205261,
-0.24882127344608307,
-0.22931140661239624,
-0.050910867750644684,
-0.4171525537967682,
-0.3429955542087555,
-0.02595439739525318,
0.12474524229764938,
0.2841150164604187,
-0.48176875710487366,
0.22324727475643158,
-0.16640140116214752,
-0.03158728405833244,
-0.7364129424095154,
0.05016089230775833,
-0.6719567179679871,
-1.3052831888198853,
-0.06677529960870743,
0.08690966665744781,
0.4178173243999481,
-0.8333679437637329,
-0.28533703088760376,
0.47985777258872986,
0.7648447155952454,
0.2338787168264389,
-0.3986664414405823,
-0.1916433870792389,
-0.3209174871444702,
0.03645049035549164,
-0.44646647572517395,
0.5920619964599609,
-0.06617634743452072,
-0.4832879304885864,
-0.41403433680534363,
-0.030765673145651817,
0.15067248046398163,
-0.42780181765556335,
-0.3086387515068054,
-0.17654435336589813,
-0.315059095621109,
0.20059408247470856,
1.0323024988174438,
-0.5174728035926819,
-0.21516594290733337,
0.07005449384450912,
0.41852104663848877,
0.5577645897865295,
-0.2323661595582962,
-0.13156254589557648,
-0.04643883928656578,
-0.12394069880247116,
-0.02685866504907608,
-0.34016770124435425,
-0.3964621424674988,
0.08371615409851074,
0.21985258162021637,
-0.8216446042060852,
0.059589579701423645,
0.282822847366333,
-0.022636597976088524,
-0.22508499026298523,
0.23816201090812683,
-0.37380000948905945,
0.46911272406578064,
-1.1417717933654785,
-0.4301775097846985,
-0.5762513875961304,
0.05497909337282181,
-0.14622187614440918,
-0.050306934863328934,
-0.14608395099639893,
-0.44227269291877747,
-0.1408338099718094,
0.2322937548160553,
0.494498610496521,
-0.32790884375572205,
-0.6626401543617249,
-0.0436202771961689,
-0.00824931263923645,
0.054279875010252,
0.44744908809661865,
-0.4483703076839447,
0.36594557762145996,
0.013743000105023384,
-0.5005043745040894,
-0.501072108745575,
0.11787127703428268,
0.31094154715538025,
-0.38719525933265686,
-0.3574344217777252,
-0.37995240092277527,
0.5167505145072937,
-0.2983069121837616,
-0.2974735498428345,
-0.3546454608440399,
0.7213423252105713,
-0.1347045749425888,
-0.42232999205589294,
0.3893616497516632,
0.5923077464103699,
0.5318712592124939,
-0.33870729804039,
-0.3145821690559387,
0.09289803355932236,
-0.13257519900798798,
-0.552924394607544,
-0.4067566394805908,
0.22311562299728394,
0.4452822208404541,
-0.2536025941371918,
-0.28541994094848633,
-0.341694176197052,
0.04783671721816063,
0.4610152840614319,
-0.026217790320515633,
-0.306008517742157,
-0.25745487213134766,
-0.2013406604528427,
0.81047523021698,
0.12937213480472565,
0.03446359559893608,
-0.016144288703799248,
-0.09897076338529587,
-0.19367754459381104,
0.9164895415306091,
0.0819462239742279,
0.02738986723124981,
0.7262313365936279,
0.9309008121490479,
-0.28009647130966187,
-0.3723873794078827,
-0.15909844636917114,
-0.0917096734046936,
-0.2702356278896332,
-0.11992407590150833,
-0.44287845492362976,
0.0613928958773613,
-0.6113677620887756,
0.5127322673797607,
-0.4952312111854553,
0.1718989759683609,
-0.2847767770290375,
-0.4940234422683716,
-0.12473400682210922,
-0.4544500708580017,
-0.1907983273267746,
-0.020729288458824158,
0.132156103849411,
-0.2648828327655792,
0.07635021209716797,
0.21146981418132782,
-0.14635664224624634,
-0.12382476031780243,
-0.08512505888938904,
-0.1446746587753296,
0.33082902431488037,
0.13057218492031097,
0.22141844034194946,
0.605256199836731,
0.15873116254806519,
-0.2668604552745819,
-0.4874504506587982,
-0.3600427508354187,
-0.10426244884729385,
0.1804383546113968,
-0.03075278364121914,
0.22007019817829132,
0.13793852925300598,
-0.6597037315368652,
0.2748681604862213,
0.5070126056671143,
-0.5308551788330078,
0.7551323175430298,
0.6642231345176697,
0.006203399505466223,
0.047578368335962296,
0.487820029258728,
-0.185674786567688,
0.06098297983407974,
0.33806487917900085,
-0.11820907890796661,
0.3554213047027588,
0.39101988077163696,
-0.029007114470005035,
0.6526179909706116,
0.5716580152511597,
-0.12018992006778717,
0.6541697382926941,
-0.12930552661418915,
-0.12771865725517273,
-0.13483820855617523,
-0.9719818830490112,
-0.12870833277702332,
0.5881473422050476,
1.0786397457122803,
-0.17103686928749084,
0.2824245095252991,
0.33423399925231934,
-0.27441665530204773,
0.22786979377269745,
0.31752169132232666,
0.03386392444372177,
-0.46428921818733215,
0.5847029685974121,
0.06881758570671082,
-0.5199658870697021,
0.21912841498851776,
0.10397220402956009,
-0.09046915918588638,
-0.23711474239826202,
0.669912576675415,
-0.00785219855606556,
-0.27939504384994507,
-0.2272815704345703,
0.17112568020820618,
0.7032129764556885,
-0.13789315521717072,
-0.4714256823062897,
0.5273592472076416,
0.0449412502348423,
-0.07828602194786072,
-0.33684781193733215,
0.1472635418176651,
0.5208253860473633,
0.20802856981754303,
0.48479562997817993,
0.1351330727338791,
0.34939223527908325,
0.3830726444721222,
0.24854183197021484,
-0.029819101095199585,
0.5703309774398804,
-0.25304484367370605,
0.28116458654403687,
0.29430118203163147,
0.0704890564084053,
-0.06360159069299698,
-0.06217135488986969,
-0.18397897481918335,
0.004640498664230108,
-0.6153156757354736,
0.15014119446277618,
0.041682980954647064,
-0.31911808252334595,
0.01885080523788929,
-0.2298125922679901,
0.037784554064273834,
0.17508743703365326,
-0.38908815383911133,
0.24038586020469666,
0.062138013541698456,
0.5730801224708557,
0.3437631130218506,
-0.038455426692962646,
-0.15353751182556152,
0.034792810678482056,
-0.6118320822715759,
0.2392742931842804,
-0.24147479236125946,
0.15843990445137024,
-0.5516153573989868,
0.1579219400882721,
-0.44512084126472473,
0.25766420364379883,
0.704968273639679,
-0.4401547908782959,
-0.238646000623703,
0.15504196286201477,
-0.07357171177864075,
0.333059698343277,
1.0257782936096191,
-0.12754854559898376,
0.15394935011863708,
-0.4252232313156128,
0.0386100597679615,
-0.21173304319381714,
0.022788031026721,
0.34804296493530273,
-0.12145945429801941,
0.14968366920948029,
0.18610046803951263,
0.08628877997398376,
-0.38171324133872986,
0.3657415211200714,
-0.678601861000061,
-0.045419830828905106,
-0.4812413454055786,
0.7555153369903564,
0.10535874962806702,
0.3271423578262329,
0.21439163386821747,
0.28048837184906006,
0.5232610106468201,
-0.4875953197479248,
-0.1324607878923416,
-0.4558611810207367,
0.16534219682216644,
0.17872633039951324,
-1.408930778503418,
0.219492107629776,
0.39008620381355286,
-0.22994554042816162,
-0.01586240343749523,
0.49649181962013245,
0.148243710398674,
-0.549017071723938,
-0.2120254933834076,
0.05252544954419136,
-0.6853643655776978,
0.12403526902198792,
0.4035837650299072,
-0.4817880094051361,
-0.1715543121099472,
0.4501310884952545
] |
232169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoplifting | Shoplifting | Shoplifting is the theft of goods from an open retail establishment, typically by concealing a store item on one's person, in pockets, under clothes, or in a bag, and leaving the store without paying. With clothing, shoplifters may put on items from the store and leave the store wearing the clothes. The terms "shoplifting" and "shoplifter" are not usually defined in law. The crime of shoplifting generally falls under the legal classification of larceny. Shoplifting is distinct from burglary (theft by breaking into a closed store), robbery (stealing by threatening or engaging in violent behavior), or armed robbery (stealing by using a weapon). In the retail industry, the word "shrinkage" (or "shrink") can be used to refer to merchandise lost by shoplifting, but the word also includes loss by other means, such as waste, uninsured damage to products, and theft by store employees.
Shoplifters range from amateurs acting on impulse, to career criminals who habitually engage in shoplifting as a form of income. Career criminals may use several individuals to shoplift, with some participants distracting store employees while another participant steals items. Amateurs typically steal products for personal use, while career criminals generally steal items to resell them in the underground economy. Other forms of shoplifting include swapping price labels of different items, return fraud, or eating a grocery store's food without paying for it. Commonly shoplifted items are those with a high price in proportion to their size, such as disposable razor blades, vitamins, alcoholic beverages, and cigarettes.
Stores use a number of strategies to reduce shoplifting, including storing small, expensive items in locked glass cases; chaining or otherwise attaching items to shelves or clothes racks (particularly expensive items); attaching magnetic or radio sensors or dyepacks to items; installing curved mirrors mounted above shelves or video cameras and video monitors, hiring plainclothes "store detectives" and security guards, and banning the bringing in of backpacks or other bags. Some stores have security guards at the exit, who search backpacks and bags and check receipts. Stores also combat shoplifting by training employees how to detect potential shoplifters.
The first documented shoplifting started to take place in 16th century London. By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity. In the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act. Researchers divide shoplifters into two categories: "boosters" (professionals who resell what they steal), and "snitches" (amateurs who steal for their personal use).
Definition
Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from an establishment in which they are displayed for sale, without paying for them. Shoplifting usually involves concealing items on the person or an accomplice, and leaving the store without paying. However, shoplifting can also include price switching (swapping the price labels of different goods), refund fraud, and "grazing" (eating or sampling a store's goods while in the store). Price switching is now an almost extinct form of shoplifting for two reasons. First, the labels will split apart upon attempted removal, and second, virtually all retail cashiers now scan items at the register, rather than relying on price stickers. Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, stating that about 0.6% of all inventory disappears to shoplifters.
Generally, criminal theft involves taking possession of property illegally. In self-service shops, customers are allowed by the property owner to take physical possession of the property by holding or moving it. This leaves areas of ambiguity that could criminalize some people for simple mistakes, such as accidental putting of a small item in a pocket or forgetting to pay. For this reason penalties for shoplifting are often lower than those for general theft. Few jurisdictions have specific shoplifting legislation with which to differentiate it from other forms of theft, so reduced penalties are usually at a judge's discretion. Most retailers are aware of the serious consequences of making a false arrest, and will only attempt to apprehend a person if their guilt is beyond a reasonable doubt. Depending on local laws, arrests made by anyone other than law enforcement officers may also be illegal.
Types of individuals
Amateurs
Some shoplifters are amateurs who do not steal regularly from stores and who do not use shoplifting as a form of income (e.g., by reselling stolen goods). Researchers call these amateurs "snitches", as they are stealing items for their personal use. In several countries, criminal flash mobs, primarily made up of teenagers and young adults, enter stores with the intention of stealing merchandise while accomplices distract staff.
Career criminals
However, there are people and groups who make their living from shoplifting and other crimes. They tend to be more skilled career criminals who use more sophisticated shoplifting tactics. Researchers call professional thieves "boosters", as they tend to resell what they steal on the black market.
Legal definitions
Shoplifting is considered a form of theft and is subject to prosecution. In the United Kingdom, theft is defined as "dishonestly appropriate[ing] property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and "thief" and "steal" shall be construed accordingly." It is one of the most common crimes. Shoplifting peaks between 3:00 and 4:00 p.m., and is lowest from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. In the United States, shoplifting increases during the Christmas season, and arrest rates increase during spring break. Rutgers University criminologist Ronald V. Clarke says shoplifters steal "hot products" that are "CRAVED", an acronym he created that stands for "concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable".
Common items
The most commonly shoplifted item used to be cigarettes, until stores started keeping them behind the cash register. Commonly shoplifted items are usually small and easy to hide, such as groceries, especially steak and instant coffee, razor blades and cartridges, small technology items such as MP3 players, smartphones, USB flash drives, earphones, CDs and DVDs, gift cards, cosmetics, jewelry, multivitamins, pregnancy tests, electric toothbrushes, and clothing.
In the United States, frequently shoplifted books include ones by authors Charles Bukowski, Jim Thompson, Philip K. Dick, Martin Amis, Paul Auster, Georges Bataille, William S. Burroughs, Hunter S. Thompson, Italo Calvino, Don DeLillo, Raymond Chandler, Michel Foucault, Dashiell Hammett, Jack Kerouac and other Beat Generation writers, Jeanette Winterson, Chuck Palahniuk, Haruki Murakami, Jeffrey Eugenides, and Mark Z. Danielewski. (See Book store shoplifting.)
Economist perspectives
Economists say shoplifting is common because it is a relatively unskilled crime with low entry barriers that can be fitted into a normal lifestyle. People of every nation, race, ethnicity, gender, and social class shoplift. Originally, analysis of data about apprehended shoplifters and interviews with store detectives suggested that females were almost twice as likely as males to shoplift. However, since 1980, the data suggest that males are equally or more likely to shoplift than females. The average shoplifter first did it at the age of ten: shoplifting tends to peak in adolescence then steadily declines thereafter. People of all races shoplift equally, and poor people shoplift only slightly more than rich people. Men tend to shoplift using bags, and women using strollers. When caught, a shoplifter has on average $200 worth of unpaid merchandise.
Methods
Concealing
Shoplifters may conceal items in their pockets, under their clothes, in bags, or in a personal item they are carrying (for example, a box) or pushing (for example, a stroller) or, if at a shopping center/mall, a bag from another store in that center. The use of backpacks and other bags to shoplift has led some stores to not allow people with backpacks in the store, often by asking the person to leave their backpack at a store counter. With clothes, shoplifters may put on the store clothing underneath their own clothes and leave the store.
Walkout/pushout
Some shoppers fill a shopping cart with unconcealed merchandise, and walk out of the store without paying. Security workers call that method "walkout" or "pushout". With clothing, some shoplifters may simply put on a coat or jacket from the store and walk out wearing the item. This tactic is used because busy employees may simply not notice a person pushing a cart out without paying or walking out wearing a store-owned coat. Some "pushout" shoplifters purposefully exit quickly to avoid detection, as this gives employees less time to react.
Many stores instruct employees other than those directly involved in theft prevention or security to confront someone only verbally to avoid any possibility of being held liable for injury or unwarranted detention. While that may allow stolen goods to not be recovered, the loss of revenue may be judged to be acceptable in light of the cost of a potential lawsuit or an employee being injured by a fleeing shoplifter.
History
Shoplifting, originally called "lifting", is as old as shopping. The first documented shoplifting started to take place in 16th-century London, and was carried out by groups of men called lifters. In 1591, playwright Robert Greene published a pamphlet titled The Second Part of Cony Catching, in which he described how three men could conspire to shoplift clothes and fabric from London merchants. When it was first documented, shoplifting was characterized as an underworld practice: shoplifters were also con artists, pickpockets, pimps, or prostitutes.
In the late 17th century, London shopkeepers began to display goods in ways designed to attract shoppers, such as in window displays and glass cases. This made the goods more accessible for shoppers to handle and examine, which historians say led to an acceleration of shoplifting.
The word shoplift (then, shop-lift) first appeared at the end of the 17th century in books like The Ladies Dictionary, which, as well as describing shoplifting, provided tips on losing weight and styling hair. Female shoplifters of this period were also called "Amazons" or "roaring girl". Notorious female shoplifters in London included Mary Frith, the pickpocket and fence also known as Moll Cutpurse, pickpocket Moll King, Sarah McCabe whose shoplifting career spanned twenty years, and Maria Carlston (also known as Mary Blacke), whose life was documented by diarist Samuel Pepys, who was eventually executed for theft, and who for years shoplifted clothing and household linens in London with one or more female accomplices.
In 1699, the English Parliament passed The Shoplifting Act, part of the Bloody Code that punished petty crimes with death. People convicted of shoplifting items worth more than five shillings would be hanged in London's Tyburn Tree (known as the "Tyburn jig") with crowds of thousands watching, or would be transported to the North American colonies or to Botany Bay in Australia. Some merchants found The Shoplifting Act overly severe, jurors often deliberately under-valued the cost of items stolen so convicted shoplifters would escape death, and reformist lawyers advocated for the Act's repeal, but The Shoplifting Act was supported by powerful people such as Lord Ellenborough, who characterized penal transportation as "a summer airing to a milder climate" and the archbishop of Canterbury, who believed that strong punishment was necessary to prevent a dramatic increase in crime. As England began to embrace Enlightenment ideas about crime and punishment in the 18th century, opposition to the Bloody Code began to grow. The last English execution for shoplifting was carried out in 1822, and in 1832 the House of Lords reclassified shoplifting as a non-capital crime.
By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity, and doctors began to redefine some shoplifting as what Swiss doctor André Matthey had then newly christened "klopemania" (kleptomania), from the Greek words "kleptein" (stealing) and "mania" (insanity). Kleptomania was primarily attributed to wealthy and middle-class women, and in 1896 was criticized by anarchist Emma Goldman as a way for the rich to excuse their own class from punishment, while continuing to punish the poor for the same acts.
In the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act. In his 1970 book Do It: Scenarios of the Revolution, American activist Jerry Rubin wrote "All money represents theft...shoplifting gets you high. Don't buy. Steal," and in The Anarchist Cookbook, published in 1971, American author William Powell offered tips for how to shoplift. In his 1971 book Steal This Book, American activist Abbie Hoffman offered tips on how to shoplift and argued that shoplifting is anti-corporate. In her book The Steal: A Cultural History of Shoplifting, social historian Rachel Shteir described how shoplifting from companies you dislike is considered by some activist groups, such as some freegans, decentralized anarchist collective CrimethInc, the Spanish anarchist collective Yomango and the Canadian magazine Adbusters, to be a morally defensible act of corporate sabotage.
Motivations
Researchers divide shoplifters into two categories: "boosters", professionals who resell what they steal, and "snitches", amateurs who steal items for their personal use. Motivations for shoplifting are controversial among researchers, although they generally agree that shoplifters are driven by either economic or psychosocial motives. Psychosocial motivations may include peer pressure, a desire for thrill or excitement, impulse, stealing because judgment is clouded by intoxication, or doing so because of a compulsion. Depression is the psychiatric disorder most commonly associated with shoplifting. Shoplifting is also associated with family or marital stress, social isolation, having had a difficult childhood, alcoholism or drug use, low self-esteem, and eating disorders, with bulimic shoplifters frequently stealing food. Some researchers have theorized that shoplifting is an unconscious attempt to make up for a past loss.
Researchers have found that the decision to shoplift is associated with pro-shoplifting attitudes, social factors, opportunities for shoplifting and the perception that the shoplifter is unlikely to be caught. Researchers say that shoplifters justify their shoplifting through a variety of personal narratives, such as believing they are making up for having been victimized, that they are unfairly being denied things they deserve, or that the retailers they steal from are untrustworthy or immoral. Sociologists call these narratives neutralizations, meaning mechanisms people use to silence values within themselves that would otherwise prevent them from carrying out a particular act.
A 1984 program in West Texas designed to reduce recidivism (repeat offenses) among convicted adult shoplifters identified eight common beliefs of shoplifters:
If I am careful and smart, I will not get caught.
Even if I do get caught, I will not be turned in and prosecuted.
Even if I am prosecuted, the punishment will not be severe.
The merchants deserve what they get.
Everybody, at some time or another, has shoplifted; therefore it’s OK for me to do.
Shoplifting is not a major crime.
I must have the item I want to shoplift or if I want it, I should have it.
It is okay to shoplift because the merchants expect it.
Developmental psychologists believe that children under the age of nine shoplift to test boundaries, and that tweens and teenagers shoplift mainly for excitement or the thrill, are "acting out" (or depressed), or are being pressured by their peers.
Differences by geography
Researches say that around the world, in countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Japan, and India, people tend to shoplift the same types of items, and frequently even the same brands.
But there are also differences in shoplifting among different countries that reflect those countries' general consumption habits and preferences. In Milan, saffron, an expensive component of risotto alla Milanese, is frequently shoplifted, and throughout Italy, parmigiano reggiano is often stolen from supermarkets. In Spain, jamón ibérico is a frequent target. In France, the anise-flavoured liqueur ricard is frequently stolen, and in Japan, experts believe that manga comics, electronic games and whisky are most frequently stolen. Bookstores and magazine sellers in Japan have also complained about what they call "digital shoplifting", which refers to the photographing of material in-store for later reading. Packaged cheese has been the most frequently shoplifted item in Norway, with thieves selling it afterwards to pizza parlours and fast food restaurants.
Economic impact and response from shops
According to a report from Tyco Retail Solutions, the global retail industry lost an estimated $34 billion in sales in 2017 to shoplifting, which is approximately 2 percent of total revenue. Shoplifting is the largest single reason for loss of merchandise.
Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, stating that about 0.6% of all inventory disappears to shoplifters. According to the 2012 National Retail Security Survey, shoplifting costs American retailers approximately $14B annually. In 2001, it was claimed that shoplifting cost US retailers $25 million a day. Observers believe that industry shoplifting numbers are over half employee theft or fraud and the rest by patrons. Of course, if apprehended during the shoplifting the merchandise is generally recovered by the retailers and there is often no loss to the store owner when the merchandise is surrendered to the store by the suspects. In addition, in many states retailers have the right to recover civil damages to cover the cost of providing security.
According to a December 23, 2008, article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dimperio's Market, the only full-service grocery store in the Hazelwood neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, closed because of shoplifters. Walgreens reported that it closed 10 stores in the San Francisco area between 2019 and 2020, primarily due to a surge in theft.
Consequences
Shoplifting is considered a form of theft and is subject to prosecution. Retailers may also ban from their premises individuals who have shoplifted from stores.
United States
In most cases in the United States, store employees and managers have certain powers of arrest. Store officials may detain for investigation (for a reasonable length of time), the person who they have probable cause to believe is attempting to take or has unlawfully taken merchandise (see shopkeeper's privilege). Store employees may also have citizen's arrest powers, but absent a statute granting broader authority a citizen's arrest power is normally available only for felony offenses, while shoplifting is usually a misdemeanor offense.
In the United States, store employees who detain suspects outside of and inside the store premises are generally granted limited powers of arrest by state law, and have the power to initiate criminal arrests or civil sanctions, or both, depending upon the policy of the retailer and the state statutes governing civil demands and civil recovery for shoplifting as reconciled with the criminal laws of the jurisdiction.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, an offence involving shoplifting may be charged under Section 1 of the Theft Act 1986; alternatively, if the goods stolen are worth less than £200, a person may be charged under Section 176 of the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act. Upon conviction, the maximum penalty is a fine or up to six months in prison if the goods stolen are worth less than £200; if they are worth more than £200, the maximum penalty is seven years in prison.
Middle East
In the Islamic legal system called Sharia, "hudud" (meaning limits or restrictions) calls for "Sariqa" (theft) to be punished by amputation of the thief's hand. This punishment is categorized as "hadd", meaning a punishment that restrains or prevents further crime. Sariqa is interpreted differently in different countries and by different scholars, and some say it does not include shoplifting. But, in Saudi Arabia shoplifters' hands may be amputated.
Prevention
Shoplifting may be prevented and detected. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring is an important anti-shoplifting technology. Electronic article surveillance (EAS) is another method of inventory protection. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an anti-employee-theft and anti-shoplifting technology used in retailers such as Walmart, which already heavily use RFID technology for inventory purposes. Loss prevention personnel can consist of both uniformed officers and plain-clothed store detectives. Large department stores will use both and smaller stores will use one or the other depending on their shrink strategy. Store detectives will patrol the store acting as if they are real shoppers. Physical measures include implementing a one-way entry and exit system, protected with devices such as "shark teeth" gates to ensure trolleys can only pass through one way.
The presence of uniformed officers acts as a deterrent to shoplifting activity and they are mostly used by high-end retail establishments. Shoppers in some stores are asked when leaving the premises to have their purchases checked against the receipt. Some expensive merchandise will be in a locked case requiring an employee to get items at a customer's request. The customer is required to purchase the merchandise immediately, or it is left at the checkout area for the customer to purchase when finishing shopping. Many stores also lock CDs, DVDs, and video games in locking cases, which can only be opened by the checkout operator once the item has gone through the checkout. Some stores will use dummy cases, also known as "dead boxes", in which the box or case on the shelf is entirely empty and the customer will not be given the item they have paid for until the transaction has been completed, usually by other store staff.
Security guards are generally given the following criteria that must be met before apprehending a shoplifting suspect:
You must see the shoplifter approach the merchandise; select the merchandise; and conceal, convert or carry away the merchandise.
You must maintain continuous observation of the shoplifter.
You must observe the shoplifter leave the store and fail to pay for the merchandise.
You must apprehend the shoplifter outside the store.
Many stores will put up signs warning about the consequences of shoplifting or signs warning about the use of surveillance cameras in the store. That is intended to deter people from trying to shoplift.
Closed-circuit television
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring is an important anti-shoplifting technology. Retailers focusing on loss prevention often devote most of their resources to this technology. Using CCTVs to apprehend shoplifters in the act requires full-time human monitoring of the cameras.
Sophisticated CCTV systems discriminate the scenes to detect and segregate suspicious behaviour from numerous screens and to enable automatic alerting. However, the attentiveness of the surveillance personnel may be threatened by false reliance on automatics.
CCTV is more effective if used in conjunction with electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems. The EAS system will warn of a potential shoplifter and the video may provide evidence for prosecution if the shoplifter is allowed to pass checkout points or leave store premises with unbought merchandise.
Many stores will use public-view monitors in the store to show people there that they are being recorded. That is intended as a deterrent to shoplifting. Some stores use inexpensive dummy cameras. Even though these fake cameras cannot record images, their presence may deter shoplifting.
Electronic article surveillance
Electronic article surveillance (EAS) are magnetic or radio-frequency tags that sound an alarm if a shoplifter leaves a store with store items that have not been paid for. EAS methods are second only to CCTV in popularity amongst retailers looking for inventory protection. EAS refers to the electronic security tags that are attached to merchandise and cause an alarm to sound on exiting the store. Some stores also have detection systems at the entrance to the bathrooms that sound an alarm if someone tries to take unpaid merchandise with them into the bathroom. Regularly, even when an alarm does sound, a shoplifter walks out casually and is not confronted if no guards are present because of the high number of false alarms, especially in malls, due to "tag pollution" whereby non-deactivated tags from other stores set off the alarm. This can be overcome with newer systems and a properly trained staff. Some new systems either do not alarm from "tag pollution" or they produce a specific alarm when a customer enters the store with a non-deactivated tag so that store personnel can remove or deactivate it so it does not produce a false alarm when exiting the store. However, spider wrap may be used instead of tags.
Some tags are stuck onto merchandise with glue (rather than being superimposed on) the shoplifter can easily scrape off the tag in their pocket. Pedestal EAS covers, which are made of durable vinyl, offer cost-effective means of adding a marketing tool at every entrance to a store; they are also custom-manufactured to fit any pedestal and can be printed to highlight specific brands or seasonal promotions. They do not interfere with the performance of the EAS systems and are easily cleaned or changed. Some shoplifters may employ jammer devices to prevent EAS tags from triggering, or magnets to remove the tags. Stores may employ technology to detect jammers and magnets.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an anti-employee-theft and anti-shoplifting technology used in retailers such as Walmart, which already heavily use RFID technology for inventory purposes. If a product with an active RFID tag passes the exit scanners at a Walmart outlet, not only does it set off an alarm, but it also tells security personnel exactly what product to look for in the shopper's cart.
Add-on metal detector systems will be used in some stores with electronic article surveillance which sense metallic surfaces. They are used to deter the use of booster bags which are used to shield EAS tags.
Staff roles
Store detectives can patrol the store wearing plainclothes and act as if they are real shoppers. They may browse, examine, carry, or even try on merchandise, while looking for signs of shoplifting and looking for possible shoplifters. Many large retail companies use that technique. Store detectives will watch a shoplifting suspect conceal an item, then stop them after they have exited the store. Those types of personnel must follow a strict set of rules because of very high liability risks. Many large retail or grocery stores have a store detective to watch for shoplifters. Most of those stores use secret verbal codes over the PA system to alert management, other loss prevention personal, and associates that there is a shoplifter. Store detectives must follow a suspect around the store by foot or by watching video monitors and observe every move the person makes so that they do not face a lawsuit for apprehending or arresting the wrong person.
The presence of uniformed security guards acts as a deterrent to shoplifting activity. Guards are mostly used by high-end retail establishments such as jewellery stores and camera and electronics stores, but are also used by other retailers. Floor attendants greet customers, follow them as they walk about the store, and offer help with shopping. Shoplifters are not comfortable with this attention and may go somewhere else where they can steal unnoticed. In a 2008 global study conducted by NRMA, it found shoplifters are 68 percent less likely to commit the offense if they are greeted immediately as they walk into the retail store.
Some stores have an employee work at the fitting rooms. The employee will count how many clothes a person brings into the fitting rooms and ensure that they come out with the same number of clothes. This is to prevent people from using the fitting rooms to shoplift.
Exit inspections
Shoppers in some stores are asked when leaving the premises to have their purchases checked against the receipt. Costco and Best Buy are companies that employ this tactic. However, that is voluntary, as the store cannot legally detain the shopper unless they have probable cause to suspect the shopper of shoplifting.
In the United States, shoppers are under no actual obligation to accede to such a search unless the employee has reasonable grounds to suspect shoplifting and arrests the customer or takes or looks at the receipt from the customer without violating any laws or if the customer has signed a membership agreement which stipulates that customers will subject themselves to inspections before taking the purchased merchandise from the store. In the cases of Sam's Club and Costco, the contracts merely say that it is their policy to check receipts at the exit or that they "reserve the right." That wording does not specify the results of non-compliance by the customer, and since they did not have a right to re-check receipts in the first place, it may not be legally binding at all. The purchaser who holds the receipt owns the merchandise. Employees who harass, assault, touch, or detain customers or take their purchased merchandise may be committing torts or crimes against the customers.
Bottom-of-basket mirrors are commonly used in grocery stores where the checkout lanes are close together and the cashier might be unable to see the entire basket to ensure payment of all items.
Display cases
Some expensive merchandise will be in a locked case requiring an employee to get items at a customer's request. The customer is either required to purchase the merchandise immediately or it is left at the checkout register (under the supervision of a cashier) for the customer to purchase when finished shopping. This prevents the customer from having a chance to conceal the item. Another way of locking merchandise, especially popular in liquor stores, is to place it in a secure, store-administered hard-plastic cap on a regular bottle top. Once purchased the clerk will remove the cap with a store key. It is not otherwise easily removable. Many stores also lock CDs, DVDs, and video games in locking cases, which can only be opened by the checkout operator once the item has gone through the checkout. Many stores have certain items on locking pegs which are secure hooks to where the item cannot be removed from the hook.
Some stores will use dummy cases, also known as "dead boxes", where the box or case on the shelf is entirely empty and the customer will not be given the item they have paid for until the transaction has been completed, usually by other store staff. Some stores have been known to take this idea further by filling the dummy cases or boxes with a weight, similar to the weight of the actual item by using a weight made to fit inside the box. This causes the shoplifter to think that the box is full, trying to steal it and ending up with nothing. This was especially popular in movie rental stores such as Blockbuster Video.
Retail bag check exit policy
A retail bag check exit policy is a form policy or management procedure or set of standard guidelines or rules for customers/consumer set in place by a store owner or manager or owner of the store. In some retail stores such as JB Hi-Fi, customers are randomly asked, instructed, or requested or subject to present their personal bags for inspection by a staff or security guard or loss prevention associate when leaving the store on condition of entry.
Additionally, some stores such as JB Hi-Fi, BestBuy and Costco add a measure and process of conducting receipt inspection to make sure the customer is purchasing the correct item. There is another theft scheme, in which people can conceal items and then only pay for one item. Normally this is either done by customers or employees. Loss prevention/security guards would normally only ask for a bag check. The purpose is to reduce and decrease retail theft and shoplifting.
Notable cases
In 1897, accused murderer Lizzie Borden again received media attention when she was accused of shoplifting.
In 1937, French writer and political activist Jean Genet was arrested in Paris for shoplifting a dozen handkerchiefs from the department store Samaritaine. Genet frequently stole from shops throughout his life, including alcohol, bolts of linen, books and suits.
In 1966, Hedy Lamarr was arrested for shoplifting in Los Angeles. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded "no contest" to avoid a court appearance, and in return for a promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year, the charges were once again dropped.
In 1980, Lady Isobel Barnett, British radio and television personality, was found guilty of shoplifting and committed suicide four days later.
In 2001, actress Winona Ryder was arrested for shoplifting at Saks Fifth Avenue department store in Beverly Hills, California. Ryder was eventually convicted of misdemeanor theft and vandalism and became eligible for expungement of the conviction after finishing probation in 2005. Ryder was originally convicted by a jury of felony larceny/vandalism and was sentenced in a nationally televised California Superior Court proceeding in December 2002.
In August 2010, former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's daughter Caroline Giuliani was arrested for stealing five beauty items worth about $100 from a Sephora store in Manhattan. She was later offered a dismissal in return for a day of community service and six months without a further offense.
In 2012, British chef and TV presenter Antony Worrall Thompson was arrested for shoplifting "...three onions and two pots of...coleslaw from a branch of Tesco" and "...received a caution" from authorities.
See also
Book store shoplifting
Civil recovery
Dine and dash
Evasion, an autobiography detailing one man's shoplifting and dumpster diving-supported travels
Exit control lock
Fence (criminal)
Kleptomania
Larceny
Library theft
Loss prevention
Organized retail crime
Package pilferage
Receipt of stolen property
Retail loss prevention
Sweethearting
Yomango
References
Further reading
Books
Cupchik, Will (2013)
Articles
Yomango "Shoplifting as Social Commentary" by Robert Andrews
Theft
Crimes
Property crimes
Retailing-related crime
Organized crime activity | [
0.47852659225463867,
0.20809578895568848,
-0.5161057114601135,
-0.06801313906908035,
0.02271213009953499,
0.23462164402008057,
0.5480436086654663,
0.823340117931366,
-0.5924452543258667,
0.16561894118785858,
-0.5215377807617188,
0.6688305139541626,
-0.5129286646842957,
0.2707187533378601,
-0.6271623373031616,
0.36783087253570557,
0.19970470666885376,
0.6593623161315918,
-0.10858789831399918,
0.11560457199811935,
-0.3673228323459625,
-0.3431400656700134,
0.3759681284427643,
-0.17648530006408691,
0.4424584209918976,
0.015565919689834118,
-0.04515691101551056,
0.18609696626663208,
-0.9578505158424377,
-0.10694222152233124,
0.46075084805488586,
0.6831009984016418,
0.9809771776199341,
-0.1229635626077652,
0.02158316597342491,
0.16301821172237396,
-0.14307792484760284,
-0.576221764087677,
-0.2700479030609131,
-0.5045586228370667,
0.11766365170478821,
0.41708141565322876,
-0.383001446723938,
0.42011865973472595,
0.15775053203105927,
-0.24680955708026886,
-1.2905449867248535,
0.2325441986322403,
-0.713535726070404,
0.07087667286396027,
-0.36819538474082947,
0.4471830427646637,
0.19750875234603882,
0.19240960478782654,
0.4366307556629181,
0.6624895930290222,
-1.3390910625457764,
-0.2819284498691559,
0.26037243008613586,
-0.6093434691429138,
0.5492734313011169,
-0.2774766981601715,
0.2884449064731598,
-0.2058875411748886,
0.13482123613357544,
-0.08045376092195511,
-0.06057959049940109,
1.062978982925415,
-0.2039305716753006,
-0.9104523062705994,
-0.02159939333796501,
-0.3788764476776123,
-0.24555209279060364,
-0.20821264386177063,
-0.37925976514816284,
0.09799253195524216,
0.38079676032066345,
-0.27188539505004883,
-0.6936789155006409,
-0.18866978585720062,
-0.17113344371318817,
0.41228318214416504,
0.007780287880450487,
-0.005371815524995327,
0.4638058543205261,
-0.29053932428359985,
-0.8434985876083374,
0.7400344610214233,
0.3178934156894684,
0.6996846199035645,
0.42200809717178345,
0.5345255732536316,
0.4031263291835785,
0.08013106882572174,
-0.09055816382169724,
0.13174554705619812,
0.1171305701136589,
-0.13184130191802979,
0.30535605549812317,
0.40512722730636597,
0.36992886662483215,
-0.03086564689874649,
0.6845592856407166,
0.41522669792175293,
0.6974208354949951,
0.5896876454353333,
0.4075823128223419,
-0.27855563163757324,
0.5155079960823059,
-0.793251633644104,
-0.057828716933727264,
0.1898963302373886,
-0.7146454453468323,
0.11700963228940964,
-0.4001571834087372,
0.01308619324117899,
0.7009047269821167,
-0.03939789533615112,
-0.6755233407020569,
-0.7408937215805054,
0.08344314247369766,
-0.07950353622436523,
-0.1940706968307495,
0.05646861717104912,
-0.1608179360628128,
0.11769744008779526,
0.18246811628341675,
1.0781924724578857,
-0.37525519728660583,
0.009754473343491554,
0.3894038498401642,
0.5996091961860657,
-0.1383495181798935,
-0.32318010926246643,
-0.16727538406848907,
-0.16696111857891083,
0.3758184015750885,
0.35162797570228577,
0.6032670736312866,
0.07141871005296707,
-0.6037799715995789,
-0.27282246947288513,
-0.5355697274208069,
0.08036001771688461,
-0.09590508788824081,
-0.6778003573417664,
0.36036553978919983,
0.11041739583015442,
-0.2589365839958191,
0.20859754085540771,
0.1364612728357315,
-0.3579322099685669,
-0.2427566647529602,
-0.1545199751853943,
-0.18987464904785156,
-0.2750185430049896,
0.25577276945114136,
-0.35679155588150024,
-0.2020665407180786,
-0.11374954879283905,
0.10671217739582062,
0.20386648178100586,
-0.7125754952430725,
-0.017623979598283768,
-0.4172283113002777,
-0.10600587725639343,
-0.4277637004852295,
0.5880811810493469,
0.3101723790168762,
0.028973756358027458,
-0.30956119298934937,
0.571246325969696,
0.21633507311344147,
-0.2910865247249603,
-0.025058530271053314,
0.5827544331550598,
0.07685426622629166,
0.13865524530410767,
0.5875464081764221,
0.704066276550293,
-0.748451828956604,
0.5910052061080933,
0.35779207944869995,
-0.10339038074016571,
-0.12329316139221191,
0.1587125062942505,
0.14079222083091736,
0.08476881682872772,
-0.8126733899116516,
-0.4513316750526428,
-0.4327996075153351,
0.0005665246862918139,
-0.10999923944473267,
-0.566592276096344,
0.8687776327133179,
0.07692500203847885,
-0.4789597690105438,
0.38021230697631836,
-0.11702816933393478,
0.07854321599006653,
-0.17043329775333405,
0.2968156337738037,
0.13314449787139893,
-0.33803591132164,
-1.4742614030838013,
0.5184794664382935,
0.2902478575706482,
0.2708115875720978,
0.11363866180181503,
0.49499502778053284,
0.49653008580207825,
-0.5767843127250671,
0.34624189138412476,
-0.3361418843269348,
0.1689348667860031,
0.7699099779129028,
-0.6387560367584229,
0.5036740303039551,
0.2598266899585724,
-0.692284882068634,
0.027171391993761063,
-0.2741492688655853,
-0.21440812945365906,
0.28373977541923523,
-0.018773365765810013,
1.019683837890625,
-0.21391616761684418,
0.22610992193222046,
0.714112401008606,
-1.2358981370925903,
0.6244617700576782,
0.39667370915412903,
0.264983206987381,
-0.6552149057388306,
-0.7264364957809448,
0.3784847855567932,
0.24976736307144165,
0.07108218222856522,
-0.11819828301668167,
-0.24240067601203918,
-0.07603243738412857,
-0.046434734016656876,
-0.27176156640052795,
0.4324279725551605,
0.25998833775520325,
-0.22261597216129303,
-0.3706207573413849,
0.46215125918388367,
-0.3104868233203888,
-0.03993379324674606,
0.3449622094631195,
0.37782013416290283,
0.34905126690864563,
-0.5763397812843323,
0.541898787021637,
-0.4942970871925354,
-0.06631237268447876,
-0.17904502153396606,
0.7622241377830505,
0.06784720718860626,
-0.06262281537055969,
0.20665575563907623,
-0.21274732053279877,
0.436097651720047,
-0.5719979405403137,
-0.5271329283714294,
-0.5277770161628723,
0.5318952798843384,
-0.15818358957767487,
-0.12699350714683533,
0.7370913028717041,
0.12658508121967316,
-0.45303723216056824,
0.09318600594997406,
0.21973037719726562,
-0.45407864451408386,
0.18620112538337708,
0.5129992365837097,
-0.29404598474502563,
-0.4494253396987915,
-0.26362302899360657,
0.18835198879241943,
0.32205629348754883,
-0.7613828778266907,
0.1133892759680748,
-0.6091684103012085,
0.0754970833659172,
-0.11962857097387314,
-0.11637276411056519,
-0.14674481749534607,
-0.4461781978607178,
0.5476669669151306,
0.0591639019548893,
0.5550133585929871,
0.03465899080038071,
0.12579642236232758,
-0.356595516204834,
0.9912814497947693,
0.41064223647117615,
-0.6612891554832458,
-0.02454051375389099,
0.23476022481918335,
-0.8738040328025818,
0.08213137090206146,
-0.39157363772392273,
-0.593585729598999,
-0.1635829210281372,
-0.7107424139976501,
-5.495349407196045,
0.5992069840431213,
-0.5474629402160645,
-0.07321160286664963,
-0.4521004557609558,
0.33741074800491333,
0.7538048028945923,
-0.31089523434638977,
-0.2792724668979645,
0.22113315761089325,
-0.317399799823761,
-0.19414812326431274,
0.28102216124534607,
-0.3133460283279419,
0.25396329164505005,
0.36279237270355225,
0.21160732209682465,
-0.26784637570381165,
-0.10379669815301895,
0.35886648297309875,
-0.1601354032754898,
-0.039056938141584396,
-0.19147172570228577,
0.6076278686523438,
0.15909039974212646,
0.19880279898643494,
0.12685008347034454,
-0.09858004003763199,
-0.1546323597431183,
0.47914108633995056,
0.17296208441257477,
-0.07859555631875992,
0.004527874756604433,
-0.19298292696475983,
-0.1374574601650238,
0.1192694827914238,
0.5621271133422852,
-0.33122366666793823,
-0.6418307423591614,
-0.4592572748661041,
-0.29052889347076416,
0.4427942931652069,
0.2777477502822876,
0.14991171658039093,
1.2051267623901367,
-0.06026080995798111,
0.1251426637172699,
-1.2843488454818726,
-0.7036588191986084,
0.3565105199813843,
0.23386727273464203,
-0.6778575778007507,
0.16010738909244537,
-0.15256164968013763,
0.17455461621284485,
-0.29867246747016907,
0.2626841366291046,
-0.21544207632541656,
0.00881324801594019,
0.18449358642101288,
0.12326212227344513,
-0.2916645407676697,
0.028763720765709877,
-0.18976175785064697,
-0.19274862110614777,
0.08964841812849045,
-0.39013513922691345,
-1.016100525856018,
0.8399360775947571,
0.08354558050632477,
-0.5053271055221558,
0.5358616709709167,
0.03311854600906372,
-0.7057555913925171,
-0.0566774383187294,
-0.08740758895874023,
-0.2176782637834549,
0.3811907172203064,
0.39390429854393005,
0.0558474026620388,
-0.2752101421356201,
-0.15880291163921356,
0.09295472502708435,
-0.015386972576379776,
0.23742879927158356,
-0.9622654318809509,
-0.14961835741996765,
0.29149454832077026,
-0.2909812331199646,
-0.04406556114554405,
0.7926609516143799,
0.30699795484542847,
-0.05039532110095024,
0.1061955988407135,
0.12410186976194382,
0.7292066216468811,
0.35897743701934814,
-0.06433530896902084,
0.14028659462928772,
-0.18722030520439148,
0.5042160153388977,
-0.372350811958313,
0.2071521133184433,
-0.5834124684333801,
-0.0046559888869524,
-0.06538075953722,
-0.10104479640722275,
0.25364118814468384,
0.5106265544891357,
-0.2278548926115036,
0.5108476281166077,
-0.2033451348543167,
-0.6077812314033508,
-0.21267111599445343,
0.14614202082157135,
-0.08453045040369034,
0.16419756412506104,
0.39373359084129333,
0.7763346433639526,
-0.32709914445877075,
0.2689744234085083,
0.14403273165225983,
-0.5365309119224548,
0.1809704601764679,
-0.1721503734588623,
-0.8780584931373596,
0.1956590861082077,
0.08188164234161377,
0.19137316942214966,
0.11272990703582764,
0.31799423694610596,
0.19398722052574158,
0.1562594771385193,
-0.20256407558918,
0.2778276205062866,
-0.08500901609659195,
0.0328427255153656,
-0.5719791054725647,
-0.3290434181690216,
-0.40556320548057556,
0.4248511791229248,
-0.9129267334938049,
-0.19604834914207458,
0.4270348846912384,
0.2362557202577591,
0.1200980693101883,
-0.28245460987091064,
0.05765848979353905,
0.2675234079360962,
0.2464878261089325,
-0.5124813318252563,
-0.39338797330856323,
0.12593966722488403,
-0.03180355578660965,
0.5296006202697754,
0.14653286337852478,
0.06754574924707413,
-0.04587332904338837,
-0.3814498782157898,
-0.36145222187042236,
0.5190383195877075,
-0.08156374841928482,
-1.0430418252944946,
0.020842114463448524,
-0.5125845074653625,
-0.27882468700408936,
-0.6759064793586731,
-0.4341571033000946,
0.10211064666509628,
1.0529334545135498,
-0.423322468996048,
-0.8536849617958069,
-0.386761337518692,
-0.23125708103179932,
0.6068724393844604,
-0.1668035238981247,
-0.01628275215625763,
0.11292846500873566,
-0.09359685331583023,
-0.36543071269989014,
0.18472319841384888,
-0.13093644380569458,
-0.2985646724700928,
0.71944659948349,
0.8615906238555908,
-0.3880615830421448,
-0.0297930296510458,
0.2979794144630432,
-0.363597571849823,
-0.24933253228664398,
-0.04974807798862457,
0.0967814102768898,
0.2741411626338959,
0.45651453733444214,
0.06811032444238663,
-0.6804742813110352,
-0.7079422473907471,
0.48221978545188904,
-0.3622688353061676,
0.25278663635253906,
0.31035715341567993,
0.5894916653633118,
-0.18544428050518036,
-0.13714998960494995,
0.06317345052957535,
0.029882149770855904,
0.5081807374954224,
-0.10561277717351913,
-0.7134210467338562,
0.5003598928451538,
-0.6309164762496948,
0.4682264029979706,
-0.5496267080307007,
0.9595178961753845,
-0.51850426197052,
-0.22320449352264404,
0.007466865237802267,
-0.22078174352645874,
-0.1827043890953064,
-0.3490349054336548,
0.3897799849510193,
0.2285662442445755,
-0.618706226348877,
0.15757139027118683,
-0.33946874737739563,
0.7370734214782715,
0.2448367327451706,
-0.6846363544464111,
0.5931581258773804,
-0.15043674409389496,
-0.5270061492919922,
-0.3838651180267334,
0.18280425667762756,
-0.06933368742465973,
-0.021435579285025597,
0.4607070982456207,
0.5367118716239929,
0.1704780012369156,
0.18797801434993744,
0.07526085525751114,
-0.07471868395805359,
0.5537622570991516,
0.12706807255744934,
-0.44184818863868713,
-0.22576795518398285,
0.36245831847190857,
0.2778807282447815,
-0.29004064202308655,
-0.5526177883148193,
0.018463296815752983,
-0.18008582293987274,
0.2776149809360504,
-0.027484362944960594,
-0.05271527171134949,
-0.11914511770009995,
-0.5749159455299377,
-0.3032096028327942,
-0.3061622381210327,
0.4539041817188263,
0.30342286825180054,
0.3915378451347351,
-0.15889690816402435,
-0.07659069448709488,
0.16832689940929413,
0.7146176695823669,
-0.18039371073246002,
-0.4599354863166809,
0.20833264291286469,
0.08117969334125519,
-0.49247366189956665,
-0.07801956683397293,
-0.07472580671310425,
0.723967969417572,
0.5832557082176208,
0.287837415933609,
0.13014715909957886,
-0.20272858440876007,
-1.101826786994934,
-0.8211064338684082,
0.23617810010910034,
-0.07037634402513504,
-0.5871750712394714,
0.1364728957414627,
-0.5475583672523499,
0.40690717101097107,
-0.1333310306072235,
0.2020539492368698,
0.06296892464160919,
-0.6897515654563904,
-0.40004703402519226,
-0.46513310074806213,
0.335853636264801,
0.5557221174240112,
0.4345531463623047,
0.09217524528503418,
0.6757913827896118,
0.2522609829902649,
0.1489853709936142,
-0.2825041711330414,
-0.027908042073249817,
-0.48244014382362366,
-0.1076827347278595,
-0.2966707646846771,
-1.2964164018630981,
1.0323628187179565,
-0.10330771654844284,
-0.1821965128183365,
-0.5322207808494568,
0.40687888860702515,
-0.33670690655708313,
-0.33791330456733704,
-0.30261752009391785,
-0.08896349370479584,
0.18377767503261566,
-0.4616270959377289,
-0.29883885383605957,
0.508963942527771,
-0.6072532534599304,
-0.027958152815699577,
0.2964755594730377,
0.12103651463985443,
-0.20697081089019775,
0.6009079813957214,
0.2578410506248474,
0.10538217425346375,
0.10013993829488754,
-0.038872525095939636,
0.02952597476541996,
0.573021650314331,
-0.05330795794725418,
0.47578904032707214,
0.07611692696809769,
-0.028867622837424278,
0.46387284994125366,
0.1647273600101471,
-0.2979094386100769,
0.13799400627613068,
-0.9137664437294006,
-0.5997693538665771,
0.7752803564071655,
0.46982917189598083,
0.13522930443286896,
0.36143791675567627,
0.4360797107219696,
-0.5380122065544128,
0.6626234650611877,
0.6844979524612427,
-0.008065998554229736,
-0.07249999046325684,
0.16357895731925964,
0.4618014097213745,
-0.09230995178222656,
0.042211275547742844,
-0.3219413161277771,
0.21143895387649536,
-0.41930529475212097,
0.12641996145248413,
-0.05245962738990784,
-0.9297938942909241,
-0.43177852034568787,
0.5220639109611511,
0.5037923455238342,
0.3967863917350769,
0.04561743512749672,
0.38606852293014526,
-0.17760415375232697,
0.019420836120843887,
-0.1661151498556137,
-0.3239377737045288,
0.5654899477958679,
0.207535982131958,
0.2996675968170166,
-0.5026811957359314,
0.5255586504936218,
0.5883188843727112,
0.09694525599479675,
0.22311939299106598,
0.661427915096283,
0.22964651882648468,
-0.2867366373538971,
-0.321027934551239,
0.06091781705617905,
-0.41381675004959106,
-0.5545824766159058,
0.22736859321594238,
0.022962704300880432,
-0.24722586572170258,
0.34416264295578003,
-0.13333995640277863,
-0.36154884099960327,
-0.12842006981372833,
-0.08173585683107376,
0.0798417255282402,
0.20429162681102753,
0.17172430455684662,
-0.27368423342704773,
-0.1816316694021225,
0.9431962370872498,
0.06017208844423294,
-0.39692947268486023,
-0.12261665612459183,
0.024251628667116165,
-0.030131151899695396,
0.07488618791103363,
-1.195473074913025,
0.49485448002815247,
-0.39105698466300964,
-0.2633334696292877,
-0.6417511105537415,
0.7737365365028381,
0.24559086561203003,
-0.22445718944072723,
-0.053717173635959625,
-0.3867722749710083,
-0.020944351330399513,
-0.029426392167806625,
0.6474264860153198,
-0.46183496713638306,
-0.2716597616672516,
-0.5550310015678406,
0.41096293926239014,
-0.3603121340274811,
0.6204939484596252,
0.6987438797950745,
-0.44302451610565186,
-0.454071044921875,
0.17821992933750153,
-0.1549985259771347,
-0.18745024502277374,
0.34638649225234985,
-0.27200931310653687,
0.22054363787174225,
-0.4852798581123352,
0.4614429175853729,
0.47267696261405945,
-0.2831723690032959,
0.5511795878410339,
-0.06437310576438904,
0.38203758001327515,
-0.03526707738637924,
0.8225229978561401,
-0.5959832072257996,
-0.017756609246134758,
-0.43667489290237427,
-0.43931737542152405,
0.07065309584140778,
0.04741193726658821,
0.4533570408821106,
-0.43475496768951416,
0.553372859954834,
-0.06123990938067436,
-0.7894774675369263,
-0.0012524131452664733,
0.6698326468467712,
-0.5097627639770508,
0.19242246448993683,
0.0846405103802681,
-0.04309013485908508,
-0.7711287140846252,
-0.35232698917388916
] |
232171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmonsaspis | Emmonsaspis | Emmonsaspis is a fossil that was found in the Cambrian-age Parker Slate of Vermont in the late 19th century.
Description
Emmonsaspis is described as a tadpole or worm-like animal. No trace of a spinal cord is present.
There are two species: Emmonaspis worthanella and Emmonaspis cambriensis (Walcott(?) 1886(?) 1911(?)).
E. cambrensis has been described as a graptolite, a chordate, an arthropod and as a frond-like organism.
Affinities
It was interpreted by paleontologist C. D. Walcott in 1911 as a polychaete worm. Although some paleontologists regard it as an early chordate allied with Pikaia et al., Conway Morris suggested in 1993 that it might be a Cambrian descendant of the Vendian form Pteridinium, and a frondose morphology is the current vogue.
Notes
Enigmatic prehistoric animal genera
Cambrian animals of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1886 | [
-0.36031267046928406,
0.5557094216346741,
-0.7812362313270569,
0.06367255002260208,
0.25735369324684143,
0.5632547736167908,
0.865568220615387,
0.4175824820995331,
-0.2794838845729828,
-0.09096965938806534,
0.32078859210014343,
0.36375370621681213,
-0.3999479413032532,
0.33813923597335815,
-0.3397381603717804,
-0.33855682611465454,
0.033977072685956955,
0.6464399695396423,
0.47659680247306824,
-0.348305344581604,
0.22802750766277313,
-0.32775840163230896,
0.6866907477378845,
-0.5951895713806152,
-0.06347177922725677,
0.028926271945238113,
-0.049329813569784164,
-0.3873012065887451,
0.5772590041160583,
0.31347212195396423,
-0.38629889488220215,
0.5504598021507263,
0.15912915766239166,
-0.6696032285690308,
0.13299137353897095,
0.33010250329971313,
-0.17006324231624603,
0.0887855514883995,
-0.05865113437175751,
-0.5925987958908081,
0.46498551964759827,
0.2733612060546875,
0.11365000903606415,
0.05951376631855965,
-0.3769396245479584,
0.2376684844493866,
-1.6547921895980835,
0.22788874804973602,
-1.1558138132095337,
-0.19583971798419952,
-0.2657018303871155,
0.19835029542446136,
-0.22848519682884216,
0.7587498426437378,
-0.008501132018864155,
0.40751099586486816,
-1.2244977951049805,
-0.07073315978050232,
0.6632341742515564,
0.781227707862854,
-0.054038044065237045,
-0.44096115231513977,
-0.7113862633705139,
0.04771769419312477,
-0.3723753094673157,
0.9262305498123169,
0.12676209211349487,
0.5318028926849365,
-0.21563981473445892,
0.23073631525039673,
-0.005592627916485071,
-0.2442716658115387,
0.27804696559906006,
0.5710054636001587,
-0.11548486351966858,
0.29995298385620117,
-0.14764456450939178,
0.27046674489974976,
0.8120715022087097,
0.030904091894626617,
0.1670856773853302,
0.8322378993034363,
1.122259497642517,
-0.02093723975121975,
0.008525241166353226,
0.09191276133060455,
-0.6101030707359314,
0.5620453357696533,
-0.14105024933815002,
0.6125336289405823,
-0.609402060508728,
-0.24380189180374146,
0.20932893455028534,
1.04630446434021,
-0.22154688835144043,
-0.5867832899093628,
-0.25976458191871643,
0.02599325217306614,
0.44398266077041626,
0.30211323499679565,
0.029096001759171486,
0.26125025749206543,
0.19632112979888916,
0.030393317341804504,
0.002155510475859046,
0.3471710979938507,
-0.3593581020832062,
-0.2626635730266571,
-0.09976774454116821,
-0.25011324882507324,
-0.28715959191322327,
0.43153849244117737,
-0.1477014571428299,
0.008147252723574638,
0.030069025233387947,
0.982566773891449,
0.5091412663459778,
-0.708595871925354,
0.16366970539093018,
-0.6282261610031128,
0.49068859219551086,
0.8242547512054443,
-0.17226450145244598,
-0.2657735049724579,
-0.14728780090808868,
0.46488088369369507,
0.36252516508102417,
0.47293373942375183,
0.00350851914845407,
0.6086993217468262,
-0.19959820806980133,
1.0076255798339844,
0.4391343295574188,
-0.07845884561538696,
0.08875667303800583,
-0.48493656516075134,
0.3343304991722107,
0.03135418891906738,
0.3537023663520813,
1.3749768733978271,
-0.11461178958415985,
-0.19982556998729706,
-0.5947409868240356,
-0.4685034453868866,
0.37448540329933167,
-0.1960625797510147,
0.3277209997177124,
0.12485726922750473,
-0.18564660847187042,
0.28904470801353455,
0.21879899501800537,
-0.7622429728507996,
0.30395010113716125,
0.7281846404075623,
0.005372782703489065,
0.23935391008853912,
0.26923495531082153,
0.3291177451610565,
0.4289761483669281,
-0.026832465082406998,
-0.28238701820373535,
0.09766846150159836,
-0.27644670009613037,
0.3596220016479492,
-0.08514230698347092,
0.2306237369775772,
0.3595603406429291,
-0.25372883677482605,
-0.14545346796512604,
0.5697975158691406,
-0.6675793528556824,
0.25851011276245117,
0.26299306750297546,
0.30620020627975464,
0.4511774480342865,
-0.44668594002723694,
0.6435206532478333,
0.46047142148017883,
0.5265774130821228,
-0.46646010875701904,
-0.5465908646583557,
0.11332003772258759,
0.3850289583206177,
-0.09509483724832535,
-0.13681483268737793,
0.5056260824203491,
0.7891231179237366,
0.1440642923116684,
-0.3446386754512787,
-0.6023313999176025,
-0.6475185751914978,
-0.23960348963737488,
0.3490423262119293,
-0.46943458914756775,
1.5239372253417969,
0.4697467088699341,
-0.7205138206481934,
0.4479965269565582,
0.05849601328372955,
0.8050392270088196,
-0.11363501101732254,
-0.3543389141559601,
0.308864027261734,
-0.32778501510620117,
-0.6675102114677429,
0.18889865279197693,
0.12892185151576996,
-0.15018540620803833,
0.8819740414619446,
0.1387975811958313,
0.5981688499450684,
-0.5580309629440308,
0.03312036022543907,
0.3996138572692871,
-0.26440954208374023,
-0.4195021688938141,
-0.2860204577445984,
0.32413122057914734,
0.0031892000697553158,
-0.6691272854804993,
0.2958180010318756,
-0.0553508885204792,
0.22384612262248993,
0.039105188101530075,
-0.3803756535053253,
0.29047879576683044,
0.38474464416503906,
-0.19763387739658356,
0.23001010715961456,
-0.8454148173332214,
-0.09772591292858124,
-0.023645849898457527,
0.38673117756843567,
-0.9602617025375366,
0.3724151849746704,
-0.25945425033569336,
0.16727203130722046,
-0.9335154294967651,
0.387838214635849,
-0.486463725566864,
-0.004000450484454632,
0.1416134089231491,
-0.754051148891449,
0.5646584630012512,
0.33875226974487305,
-0.2155282348394394,
0.5372344255447388,
0.34052571654319763,
-0.6903694868087769,
0.030902188271284103,
-0.024657703936100006,
0.9030787944793701,
0.07445210218429565,
-0.36064866185188293,
-0.1136941984295845,
0.051702745258808136,
-0.08554240316152573,
0.0868595615029335,
-0.15208597481250763,
-0.04318888112902641,
-0.599332869052887,
0.4805852472782135,
-0.2251918464899063,
0.45556408166885376,
-0.10165751725435257,
-0.749691903591156,
-0.1976504772901535,
-0.35067111253738403,
0.5123239159584045,
-0.1415216624736786,
0.879939615726471,
-0.2672990560531616,
-0.5772038698196411,
0.6084643602371216,
0.15514716506004333,
0.2633562684059143,
-0.565388023853302,
0.045883987098932266,
-0.7536345720291138,
-0.3716394603252411,
-0.16339822113513947,
1.9682259559631348,
-0.26478177309036255,
0.23012188076972961,
-0.37162646651268005,
-0.24654529988765717,
0.5050419569015503,
-0.33842942118644714,
-0.02101612649857998,
-0.6496731638908386,
0.28779733180999756,
-0.48913949728012085,
-0.43272969126701355,
0.143625408411026,
-0.6185436844825745,
0.7466857433319092,
-0.08955846726894379,
0.30125880241394043,
-0.12809234857559204,
0.27625712752342224,
-0.381229966878891,
0.015831466764211655,
-0.5751938223838806,
0.252208411693573,
0.44547346234321594,
0.03654935956001282,
-0.18955744802951813,
0.019224144518375397,
-5.302374839782715,
0.6060914397239685,
-0.02037942223250866,
-0.7031596302986145,
0.46782222390174866,
0.6323280930519104,
0.03841746598482132,
-0.12611956894397736,
-0.41073477268218994,
0.28204357624053955,
0.3554456830024719,
0.08655989170074463,
0.013439814560115337,
0.5952743291854858,
0.30326810479164124,
0.10386902093887329,
0.29059600830078125,
-0.7011168599128723,
-0.32556548714637756,
-0.1735820323228836,
-0.13788774609565735,
-0.22141937911510468,
0.434084951877594,
0.4873458743095398,
-0.1755639910697937,
-0.2097739428281784,
0.29352325201034546,
-0.2795946002006531,
0.0062792981043457985,
-0.40637096762657166,
-0.019996635615825653,
-0.3988091051578522,
0.10539458692073822,
-0.3179285228252411,
-0.52848219871521,
-0.012935761362314224,
0.7237401008605957,
-0.0012495748233050108,
0.13127924501895905,
-0.4399220049381256,
-0.3657192289829254,
-0.3476638197898865,
-0.3732855021953583,
0.1426209956407547,
0.614553689956665,
0.20817074179649353,
-0.3259918689727783,
-0.22975146770477295,
-0.009012562222778797,
0.46040984988212585,
0.03332614526152611,
-0.3364366590976715,
0.5827711820602417,
0.6733691692352295,
0.3947584331035614,
0.06544449925422668,
0.667307436466217,
-0.012731336988508701,
-0.49347326159477234,
0.3816354274749756,
0.28181979060173035,
-0.4383545219898224,
-0.3253876864910126,
-0.5644623637199402,
0.279143363237381,
-0.5369014739990234,
-0.37599071860313416,
0.2905815541744232,
0.5201589465141296,
-0.035179704427719116,
-0.038851313292980194,
0.4361538887023926,
-0.5101166367530823,
-1.39407217502594,
0.2716979384422302,
-0.0996236801147461,
0.06669516116380692,
-0.22347167134284973,
-0.31727173924446106,
0.37673524022102356,
0.14166414737701416,
-0.16268788278102875,
0.4092731773853302,
0.24581991136074066,
0.4798387885093689,
0.31745660305023193,
-0.39839181303977966,
0.3460296094417572,
-0.4842752516269684,
-0.18795832991600037,
0.3740151524543762,
0.021360011771321297,
-0.22898957133293152,
0.5046870708465576,
0.23981110751628876,
0.709051787853241,
0.5661982297897339,
0.39588409662246704,
0.5136182904243469,
-0.184099018573761,
0.3593384921550751,
-0.14788125455379486,
0.11874543130397797,
-0.3166743814945221,
-0.3501686453819275,
-0.9916994571685791,
-0.4713418185710907,
-0.16445085406303406,
0.1162700206041336,
-0.5025049448013306,
-0.13894325494766235,
-0.390204519033432,
-0.45352211594581604,
-0.055337823927402496,
-0.1622040569782257,
-0.30834734439849854,
0.22904512286186218,
0.2149031013250351,
0.7876827120780945,
-0.3124067485332489,
-0.003438905579969287,
0.39313173294067383,
-0.04241302236914635,
-0.4212142825126648,
-0.7938262224197388,
-0.6783003807067871,
0.11372730135917664,
0.29260146617889404,
-1.3013386726379395,
-0.043998539447784424,
-0.23262307047843933,
-0.6549035310745239,
-0.23427952826023102,
0.18174295127391815,
-0.3422223627567291,
-0.12932784855365753,
-0.5081673860549927,
-0.027108605951070786,
-0.11254724860191345,
0.2044956088066101,
-0.21804529428482056,
-0.4198909103870392,
-0.2300935536623001,
0.3370231091976166,
0.5651522874832153,
0.3401148021221161,
0.49260225892066956,
-0.09174476563930511,
-1.3141037225723267,
0.6651484370231628,
-0.028544409200549126,
-0.21090199053287506,
-0.21211978793144226,
-0.45234376192092896,
0.38756367564201355,
0.5107347369194031,
0.1198502704501152,
-0.11838831007480621,
-0.15964505076408386,
-0.31638047099113464,
-0.40653717517852783,
0.017453733831644058,
-0.4683666527271271,
0.14649762213230133,
0.17581552267074585,
0.264346718788147,
-0.4061332941055298,
-0.7178851962089539,
-0.46180447936058044,
0.3052586317062378,
0.049369510263204575,
0.0912545919418335,
-0.09009147435426712,
-0.011952148750424385,
0.6344645023345947,
0.17754177749156952,
-0.21402719616889954,
0.24788635969161987,
0.08572477847337723,
-0.5178350210189819,
-0.01649376191198826,
-0.09437819570302963,
0.179621621966362,
-0.5620827078819275,
0.4371802508831024,
-0.36487340927124023,
-0.3938678801059723,
-0.4816897213459015,
-0.5406643152236938,
-0.48911595344543457,
0.16979318857192993,
0.0939653217792511,
0.21630065143108368,
0.5185294151306152,
-0.3204670250415802,
-0.2851850986480713,
0.17809201776981354,
0.606559157371521,
0.0026333299465477467,
-1.1321436166763306,
0.1700112521648407,
0.17098794877529144,
-0.09271649271249771,
0.3025254011154175,
0.2731384336948395,
-1.341993808746338,
-0.08550664782524109,
0.24526211619377136,
-0.4460287094116211,
0.46897006034851074,
0.21890787780284882,
-0.30446380376815796,
-0.028658511117100716,
0.4400985836982727,
0.012291262857615948,
0.28263694047927856,
0.7756720185279846,
0.36433684825897217,
-0.443428099155426,
-0.41684800386428833,
-0.40701156854629517,
-0.10760106146335602,
-0.09996126592159271,
-0.6428698301315308,
-0.6407528519630432,
0.17184637486934662,
0.7433304786682129,
0.362035870552063,
1.079946517944336,
-0.629172682762146,
-0.364722341299057,
0.12142864614725113,
0.02889534831047058,
-0.06097332388162613,
0.40301865339279175,
-0.11040844023227692,
0.30395984649658203,
0.24596165120601654,
0.20809204876422882,
0.16444654762744904,
0.26733890175819397,
0.5319012999534607,
0.6947695016860962,
0.43519434332847595,
-0.48108577728271484,
0.056295882910490036,
-0.21058577299118042,
-0.19106103479862213,
-0.6906234622001648,
0.17369061708450317,
0.6357725858688354,
-0.23205646872520447,
-0.4682135283946991,
-0.042025674134492874,
1.428373098373413,
-0.5815050005912781,
0.10490375012159348,
0.12079707533121109,
-0.05243918299674988,
-0.23627182841300964,
-0.24048566818237305,
-0.0949305072426796,
-0.35577163100242615,
0.320193886756897,
0.14562739431858063,
-0.322350412607193,
-0.36185815930366516,
0.043673932552337646,
0.8186209797859192,
-0.9441925883293152,
0.022027621045708656,
-0.40209659934043884,
-0.4946637451648712,
-0.12713301181793213,
-0.23932312428951263,
0.25318360328674316,
0.023771246895194054,
-1.1599534749984741,
0.20909012854099274,
0.05549539998173714,
-1.0345094203948975,
0.19488681852817535,
-0.1424545794725418,
0.036266569048166275,
-0.12404799461364746,
-0.6213750243186951,
0.033337317407131195,
-0.9426411390304565,
-0.24408504366874695,
-0.27012237906455994,
-0.4239884912967682,
0.10413020849227905,
-0.15365660190582275,
-0.5347167253494263,
-0.12435928732156754,
0.2996194362640381,
-0.4577478766441345,
0.46421268582344055,
-0.5297491550445557,
0.20731906592845917,
-0.9196122884750366,
0.43264061212539673,
0.10159964114427567,
-0.46082717180252075,
-0.5522010922431946,
0.10574031621217728,
-0.3837343752384186,
-0.04424646869301796,
-0.3069698214530945,
-0.046822965145111084,
-0.06902517378330231,
0.10870480537414551,
0.07579430937767029,
0.4734158217906952,
-0.352267324924469,
0.018158821389079094,
0.34917932748794556,
-0.9900075793266296,
0.21710556745529175,
0.5765978097915649,
0.20118848979473114,
-0.05051615834236145,
0.19246810674667358,
0.12335973232984543,
-0.3325131833553314,
0.4946766197681427,
-0.49778422713279724,
0.49025487899780273,
-0.22626893222332,
0.44365277886390686,
0.35138511657714844,
-0.38121557235717773,
-0.6106597185134888,
0.4107215404510498,
0.09175574034452438,
-0.42696020007133484,
-0.668391227722168,
-0.48868104815483093,
-0.22008176147937775,
1.2044943571090698,
0.2521025836467743,
1.1180956363677979,
0.3520519733428955,
-0.08627583831548691,
-0.295025110244751,
0.11782354861497879,
0.053273756057024,
-0.1120789498090744,
0.21380732953548431,
-0.32105201482772827,
0.24402064085006714,
-0.16607551276683807,
0.29762881994247437,
-0.47573915123939514,
0.4215993881225586,
-0.5213677883148193,
-0.4746147394180298,
-0.2832162082195282,
-0.6462792754173279,
0.12961935997009277,
-0.6888356804847717,
-0.07354966551065445,
0.44329535961151123,
-0.01447055209428072,
-0.7214676737785339,
-0.13558362424373627,
-0.4884176254272461,
0.5044496059417725,
-0.39450567960739136,
0.03376459702849388,
0.26474228501319885,
-0.0357246957719326,
0.19458149373531342,
0.20572848618030548,
-0.2666030526161194,
0.46535491943359375,
0.12245897948741913,
0.05467264726758003,
0.061227597296237946,
-0.2257625162601471,
-0.46261605620384216,
0.18818192183971405,
-0.29750168323516846,
-0.3437648117542267,
0.7276979684829712,
0.14156073331832886,
0.5136375427246094,
0.8119257688522339,
-0.21354445815086365,
-0.44903212785720825,
0.08858190476894379,
-0.2709546685218811,
0.0035613628569990396,
0.5903732776641846,
-0.24797043204307556,
0.09994597733020782,
0.12471862882375717,
0.6633396744728088,
-0.09251610934734344,
0.08233587443828583,
0.48168325424194336,
0.12423364818096161,
-0.15787802636623383,
0.05986352264881134,
-0.288252055644989,
0.7827043533325195,
-0.26797550916671753,
0.2160869687795639,
-0.8030606508255005,
0.06886150687932968,
-0.03617362305521965,
0.6861276626586914,
-0.08565639704465866,
0.10831666737794876,
0.016685545444488525,
-0.7124377489089966,
0.4965566396713257,
-0.13531611859798431,
-0.5346288084983826,
-0.06523393839597702,
0.06600657850503922,
-0.20131930708885193,
-0.17874440550804138,
0.7917242646217346,
-0.23365594446659088,
-0.3132348656654358,
0.2328110635280609,
-0.7106763124465942,
-0.3033892810344696,
0.06762118637561798,
0.34032925963401794,
-0.3292098045349121,
-0.24595943093299866,
0.2188664674758911,
-0.24582313001155853,
-0.3242374360561371,
-0.053106874227523804,
0.7030152678489685,
0.4078048765659332,
-0.16449189186096191,
0.18443675339221954,
-0.0901968777179718,
0.3039068281650543,
0.21382489800453186,
-0.2592564821243286,
0.41895920038223267,
-0.11685912311077118,
-1.1737821102142334,
-0.24823738634586334,
0.4332992732524872,
-0.08969061821699142,
-0.6436165571212769,
-0.09453194588422775,
0.011366546154022217,
-0.03805858641862869,
-0.17375552654266357,
0.16718289256095886,
-0.4769063889980316,
0.07333790510892868,
0.005977423395961523
] |
232172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauberk | Hauberk | A hauberk or byrnie is a shirt of mail. The term is usually used to describe a shirt reaching at least to mid-thigh and including sleeves. Haubergeon ("little hauberk") generally refers to the quilted undergarment used with a hauberk, but the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
History
The short-hemmed, short-sleeved hauberk may have originated from the medieval Islamic world, although its European form is a descendant of the Carolingian byrnie. The word hauberk is derived from the Old Frankish word halsberg (c. 1300), which originally described a small piece of mail that protects ("bergen", literally "to give protection, to save, to rescue") the throat and the neck (the "Hals").
The Bayeux Tapestry illustrates Norman soldiers wearing a knee-length version of the hauberk, with three-quarter length sleeves and a split from hem to crotch. Such armor was quite expensive—both in materials (iron wire) and time/skill required to manufacture it—so common foot soldiers rarely were so equipped. By the mid-12th century, hauberks had expanded to include longer sleeves and more protection for the legs.
The hauberk stored in the Prague Cathedral, dating from the 12th century, is one of the earliest surviving examples from Central Europe and was supposedly owned by Saint Wenceslaus. In Europe, use of mail hauberks continued up through the 14th century, when plate armor began to supplant it. Some knights continued to wear chain hauberks, however, underneath plate armor. In parts of Central Asia, it continued to be used longer.
In the Hebrew Bible the shiryon, translated "habergeon" or a "coat of mail," is mentioned as part of the armor of Nehemiah's workers (Nehemiah 4:16), and one of the pieces of armor supplied by King Uzziah to his soldiers. (2 Chronicles 26:14)
Goliath was also armed with a "coat of mail", weighing five thousand shekels (55 kg), as he confronted David (1 Samuel 17:5).
Construction
A Hauberk was typically constructed from interlocking loops of metal to form a mail shirt. The sleeves sometimes only went to the elbow, but often were full arm length, with some covering the hands with a supple glove leather face on the palm of the hand, or even full mail gloves. It was usually thigh or knee length, with a split in the front and back to the groin so the wearer could ride a horse. It sometimes incorporated a hood, or coif. Per historian Kelly DeVries "the hauberk was probably worn over, but not attached to, a heavy, quilted undergarment, the haubergeon."
While lighter than plate armor, a hauberk could be quite heavy. The author of the Gesta Guillemi of William of Poitiers praises William the Conqueror's strength by mentioning that "he carried on his own shoulders both his own hauberk and that of one of his own followers, William fitz Osbern, renowned for his bodily strength and courage, whom he had relieved of this iron burden."
Gallery
See also
Mail (armour)
Mail and plate armour
Mail Coif
References
External links
The Arador Armour Library
Celtic warfare
Medieval armour
Body armor
de:Kettenhemd | [
0.12732146680355072,
0.054344430565834045,
-0.27308952808380127,
-0.25111591815948486,
-0.07880733907222748,
0.07209740579128265,
0.6210016012191772,
-0.06839583814144135,
-0.15888848900794983,
-0.5634583234786987,
-0.9857594966888428,
-0.028195541352033615,
-0.4702095687389374,
-0.09091377258300781,
-0.488388329744339,
0.5395572781562805,
0.33170968294143677,
0.6855146884918213,
0.1210518330335617,
-0.8849195837974548,
-0.22030484676361084,
-0.28259724378585815,
-0.24527399241924286,
-0.004545195493847132,
1.1463984251022339,
-0.34918123483657837,
0.15770398080348969,
-0.2423458844423294,
0.2405419498682022,
0.08415041118860245,
0.06094054877758026,
0.3133528530597687,
0.769026517868042,
-0.4114130139350891,
0.377172589302063,
-0.44682615995407104,
0.4771806597709656,
-0.4373239576816559,
-0.06592340767383575,
-0.5145140290260315,
-0.08794345706701279,
-0.3418775796890259,
0.5843209624290466,
0.32525426149368286,
-0.5972298383712769,
-0.5400823950767517,
-1.2506412267684937,
0.44355273246765137,
-0.7211415767669678,
0.3235200047492981,
-0.3698277473449707,
0.0439503975212574,
0.4310164451599121,
0.5597020983695984,
-0.011216942220926285,
0.7649620771408081,
-0.37135040760040283,
0.046551864594221115,
0.1347655951976776,
-1.0917080640792847,
0.41726505756378174,
-0.2736537456512451,
0.5414055585861206,
0.16743232309818268,
0.2629477381706238,
0.2122279554605484,
-0.4688785672187805,
0.6357149481773376,
-0.15118123590946198,
-0.026710443198680878,
-0.20556648075580597,
-0.20612189173698425,
-0.03604229912161827,
-0.09231306612491608,
-0.12734612822532654,
0.026220005005598068,
-0.12239465117454529,
0.04693873971700668,
-0.1042686179280281,
-0.09742091596126556,
-0.30803990364074707,
0.5946528911590576,
0.008139951154589653,
0.4721084237098694,
0.7094663977622986,
0.5088634490966797,
-1.0716060400009155,
0.3922188878059387,
0.2715023458003998,
0.4031798839569092,
0.4608069062232971,
0.20003986358642578,
0.4471520483493805,
0.2186562567949295,
-0.280648797750473,
-0.2786445617675781,
-0.07648931443691254,
-0.22796063125133514,
0.2571445405483246,
-0.3451248109340668,
0.23227261006832123,
-0.2780790328979492,
1.0787584781646729,
-0.5403541326522827,
-0.19911186397075653,
-0.09245079010725021,
0.1415829062461853,
-0.09243891388177872,
0.3642045557498932,
-0.6856554746627808,
0.03876062482595444,
-0.31924760341644287,
-0.14252585172653198,
0.028019286692142487,
0.2206941545009613,
0.9010090231895447,
0.00889537576586008,
-0.1853964626789093,
-0.4718114137649536,
-0.08165276795625687,
-0.0855826810002327,
0.8256834149360657,
0.41117149591445923,
-0.12895943224430084,
-0.1641818732023239,
-0.5029114484786987,
0.3843177855014801,
0.9350817203521729,
-0.4745398759841919,
-0.0037285429425537586,
0.25866326689720154,
0.8117035031318665,
-0.18056203424930573,
0.477024644613266,
-0.7218038439750671,
0.5420570373535156,
0.464256227016449,
0.7356300950050354,
0.6152008771896362,
0.7718910574913025,
-1.0396082401275635,
0.282438725233078,
-0.4349074363708496,
-0.5297825932502747,
-0.009136077016592026,
-0.17504191398620605,
0.024814952164888382,
-0.7031513452529907,
-0.21276764571666718,
-0.23170241713523865,
-0.17065875232219696,
-0.11049231141805649,
0.46154022216796875,
0.6617476344108582,
-0.4003835618495941,
-0.04942046478390694,
0.30161723494529724,
-0.34951597452163696,
0.24119316041469574,
-0.4476641118526459,
-0.06266376376152039,
0.19387052953243256,
-0.2573094964027405,
0.47347214818000793,
0.39626580476760864,
0.07695455849170685,
-0.041785936802625656,
0.5529877543449402,
-0.2867859899997711,
0.04733501374721527,
0.30463075637817383,
0.04660630598664284,
0.7490789890289307,
-0.013337687589228153,
-0.14502963423728943,
0.7838940024375916,
0.5316764712333679,
-0.05182752013206482,
0.6868616342544556,
-0.3136969208717346,
-0.4496890902519226,
0.43114522099494934,
0.9936634302139282,
-0.4532548189163208,
0.535803496837616,
0.401304692029953,
-0.2989940345287323,
-0.18577417731285095,
-0.1520099937915802,
-0.24815566837787628,
-0.6924218535423279,
-0.7052820324897766,
0.2196272611618042,
-0.23190894722938538,
0.6710839867591858,
-0.4056824743747711,
-0.14300855994224548,
0.5588794350624084,
-0.1389921009540558,
0.21058428287506104,
0.2045549899339676,
0.36847954988479614,
0.39802286028862,
-0.4218330979347229,
-0.15306943655014038,
0.985580563545227,
0.17452353239059448,
0.49736925959587097,
-0.08510126918554306,
-0.48520973324775696,
0.708988606929779,
-0.37821435928344727,
0.7159422039985657,
0.20504944026470184,
0.048464760184288025,
0.16865475475788116,
0.4000687599182129,
0.2465759515762329,
0.22173339128494263,
-0.347533255815506,
0.6905816197395325,
-0.006718525663018227,
-0.6978893876075745,
0.31891894340515137,
0.5010073781013489,
0.6020839810371399,
0.06781284511089325,
0.31605294346809387,
-0.2028311789035797,
-0.4969492554664612,
-0.2696364223957062,
-0.28905874490737915,
-0.13245145976543427,
0.18842291831970215,
-0.8093776702880859,
-0.33077993988990784,
0.11724847555160522,
-0.4601899981498718,
0.15434560179710388,
-0.27482128143310547,
0.3539254367351532,
0.020357895642518997,
-0.14489208161830902,
-0.11420693248510361,
0.5111606121063232,
-0.09086152911186218,
0.16076906025409698,
0.8970770835876465,
0.6249171495437622,
-0.517941951751709,
0.5706900954246521,
0.24464158713817596,
0.3523465096950531,
-0.18921096622943878,
0.2787015438079834,
-0.5622852444648743,
0.47718438506126404,
0.5214347839355469,
0.03067002445459366,
0.43995290994644165,
-0.1744784265756607,
0.41313236951828003,
0.1666126698255539,
0.3286293148994446,
-0.04646279662847519,
0.05998704209923744,
-0.30248478055000305,
-0.2042572796344757,
0.4944879114627838,
-0.05170997604727745,
0.24131613969802856,
0.0729251354932785,
-0.9573585391044617,
-0.5310616493225098,
-0.036530543118715286,
-0.5173749327659607,
0.9939687252044678,
-0.27844345569610596,
-0.5733979940414429,
0.015585321933031082,
0.17831780016422272,
0.740837812423706,
0.42781296372413635,
-0.5785672664642334,
0.23609481751918793,
-0.3335173428058624,
0.5477231740951538,
0.3287908136844635,
0.4004771411418915,
0.22665873169898987,
0.02316385693848133,
0.4167175590991974,
0.42283591628074646,
0.25606879591941833,
0.11683566868305206,
0.45861026644706726,
-0.10124461352825165,
0.14725172519683838,
0.044807069003582,
-0.04797866940498352,
0.03604814037680626,
-0.2841889262199402,
0.10685567557811737,
-0.06294728070497513,
0.5354592800140381,
-0.25630420446395874,
-0.4640502631664276,
-0.38666364550590515,
-5.542538642883301,
0.39477095007896423,
-0.11496066302061081,
-0.5102245211601257,
0.062421754002571106,
0.48879292607307434,
0.20117777585983276,
-0.4127475619316101,
0.10716983675956726,
-0.3868461549282074,
-0.15230350196361542,
-0.21415957808494568,
0.1186336874961853,
-0.027211371809244156,
0.05823329836130142,
0.07683362811803818,
-0.11889475584030151,
0.02498001605272293,
0.42900019884109497,
-0.5864503383636475,
-0.2753881514072418,
0.43658873438835144,
0.21640430390834808,
-0.06202147528529167,
-0.22758923470973969,
-0.049307554960250854,
-0.009240089915692806,
-0.2859266996383667,
-0.1304134577512741,
-0.2654328942298889,
0.41238415241241455,
0.17944398522377014,
0.520880401134491,
-0.19361485540866852,
-0.18195508420467377,
-0.6165009140968323,
0.446004718542099,
0.2747945785522461,
0.4240899980068207,
-0.025731485337018967,
0.028941232711076736,
0.7443795800209045,
0.28591808676719666,
0.034082960337400436,
0.4399535655975342,
-0.19582390785217285,
-0.14890484511852264,
-1.0562138557434082,
-0.040376368910074234,
0.33659836649894714,
-0.20478680729866028,
0.2704814076423645,
0.14169158041477203,
-0.5558179616928101,
0.10177209228277206,
0.05403490364551544,
0.07360085844993591,
0.1054653599858284,
-0.175797238945961,
-0.28532591462135315,
0.011396775022149086,
-0.3429841101169586,
0.1355765163898468,
-0.33312976360321045,
-0.004100443795323372,
-0.5407325029373169,
-0.34463152289390564,
0.0645638257265091,
0.417205274105072,
0.09962386637926102,
-0.2941513955593109,
0.04560486972332001,
0.682457685470581,
-0.9650400280952454,
0.16292354464530945,
-0.8816273808479309,
-0.08087491989135742,
0.07028559595346451,
0.4615795910358429,
-0.5612001419067383,
-0.07185841351747513,
-0.43784573674201965,
-0.4441494345664978,
-0.24806924164295197,
0.2061007022857666,
-0.781693160533905,
-0.3876313269138336,
0.03471749275922775,
0.15327145159244537,
0.12924693524837494,
1.0577445030212402,
0.22144217789173126,
0.03706131502985954,
0.26411890983581543,
0.10538960993289948,
0.5775660276412964,
-0.11057649552822113,
-0.2913391590118408,
0.4767548739910126,
0.0038704879116266966,
0.1537497639656067,
-0.2859632968902588,
-0.08367177844047546,
-0.6137641668319702,
-0.08498860895633698,
0.0764898732304573,
-0.5956020355224609,
0.30072176456451416,
1.0247458219528198,
0.30385860800743103,
0.11122174561023712,
-0.5811396837234497,
-0.23638857901096344,
-0.6460291147232056,
-0.195757195353508,
-0.01487812027335167,
-0.38132908940315247,
-0.0630565732717514,
0.19620375335216522,
-0.051829397678375244,
0.8919261693954468,
-0.12557384371757507,
-0.46997153759002686,
-0.5999110341072083,
-0.0031723708380013704,
0.2677861452102661,
-0.08214063197374344,
-0.8778004050254822,
0.22773891687393188,
-0.17469587922096252,
0.5060617327690125,
-0.6789562702178955,
-0.008933747187256813,
-0.1313634216785431,
0.11021171510219574,
-0.12316476553678513,
-0.14002342522144318,
-0.41828837990760803,
-0.4199187159538269,
-0.598110020160675,
0.11501827836036682,
-0.8984885811805725,
-0.1344694346189499,
0.22190210223197937,
0.669406533241272,
0.4850847125053406,
-0.5565569400787354,
-0.014668065123260021,
-0.43462419509887695,
0.8147702217102051,
-0.7233231067657471,
-0.3614966571331024,
0.00599416671320796,
-0.8493759036064148,
-0.09301881492137909,
0.05777294188737869,
0.24333694577217102,
0.6044459939002991,
-0.4026349186897278,
-0.4975315034389496,
-0.033997245132923126,
0.34256574511528015,
-1.1029328107833862,
0.3101268708705902,
-0.6336652636528015,
-0.2837998569011688,
-0.22004848718643188,
-0.6707256436347961,
-0.824743926525116,
0.44838568568229675,
-0.2655923366546631,
-0.08120609819889069,
-0.4545699954032898,
0.023237859830260277,
0.43654370307922363,
0.3121895492076874,
0.04463773965835571,
0.535127580165863,
0.2496882528066635,
-0.051080744713544846,
-0.06261730194091797,
-0.016828548163175583,
-0.08753397315740585,
0.49197128415107727,
0.4674227237701416,
-0.3477528393268585,
-0.05386357754468918,
0.23497779667377472,
-0.6481243968009949,
0.30455151200294495,
0.19534224271774292,
0.07348345965147018,
-0.0013853857526555657,
0.24939586222171783,
-0.6025480628013611,
-0.14136360585689545,
-0.40717238187789917,
0.16686895489692688,
0.005582945886999369,
-0.24931465089321136,
0.015617791563272476,
0.22933049499988556,
-0.9568813443183899,
-0.09319119900465012,
-0.23604145646095276,
-0.506578803062439,
0.03247939422726631,
-0.565570592880249,
-0.1714215725660324,
0.32402586936950684,
-0.24781790375709534,
-0.7504372596740723,
0.6148604154586792,
0.5799477100372314,
-0.6645147800445557,
0.0465073361992836,
-0.4305221438407898,
-0.235211580991745,
-0.12580165266990662,
-0.6704273223876953,
-0.41805529594421387,
-0.24666839838027954,
-0.3739292323589325,
0.3568737804889679,
-0.3110836148262024,
-0.014238870702683926,
0.3064289093017578,
-0.7673872709274292,
0.886178731918335,
-0.7834164500236511,
0.14446240663528442,
-0.4023053050041199,
-0.0019118218915537,
-0.03404565155506134,
0.4131050705909729,
-0.37731245160102844,
-0.18592031300067902,
-0.11956042051315308,
0.6159753799438477,
0.7100327610969543,
0.8415303826332092,
1.3139170408248901,
0.19500593841075897,
-0.40815573930740356,
-0.7356152534484863,
0.47549617290496826,
-0.0025895058643072844,
-0.7269677519798279,
-0.19680136442184448,
0.4562359154224396,
0.5674183368682861,
-0.08033911883831024,
-0.13755552470684052,
0.06546372920274734,
0.1846841424703598,
0.36880701780319214,
0.05752241238951683,
0.5845728516578674,
0.10109831392765045,
0.49969711899757385,
-0.18530698120594025,
0.5410358309745789,
0.16388852894306183,
0.03653251752257347,
-0.16109687089920044,
-0.4634708762168884,
-0.6447743773460388,
0.07777738571166992,
-0.0996590182185173,
-0.13056285679340363,
-0.3464365005493164,
-0.08868931233882904,
0.35643407702445984,
-0.21945689618587494,
0.3449215888977051,
0.30191943049430847,
0.17395876348018646,
-0.7182202339172363,
0.33576247096061707,
0.42331892251968384,
-0.19769293069839478,
-0.44298624992370605,
0.18536493182182312,
-0.2796134650707245,
0.10743433237075806,
-0.5750376582145691,
0.6881654858589172,
0.18932422995567322,
-0.38758888840675354,
-0.40717625617980957,
-0.40179574489593506,
-0.253589004278183,
-0.24166598916053772,
0.7630733847618103,
0.04818807169795036,
0.24728326499462128,
0.03620140999555588,
0.04491275176405907,
-0.21569377183914185,
0.5388412475585938,
-0.8977850675582886,
-0.19639427959918976,
0.20705033838748932,
-0.39060908555984497,
0.37856554985046387,
0.28298866748809814,
-0.08510585129261017,
-0.9678898453712463,
-0.24497655034065247,
-0.2839109003543854,
0.40092357993125916,
0.005199677776545286,
0.015271302312612534,
0.43243446946144104,
-0.02616497501730919,
-0.11553061008453369,
-0.011596575379371643,
-0.34806737303733826,
0.09235145896673203,
0.5094766616821289,
0.3794911801815033,
-0.3478153645992279,
0.030825968831777573,
0.37007734179496765,
-0.17750413715839386,
0.5090798139572144,
0.08909393101930618,
-0.2455444633960724,
0.14849579334259033,
0.09442523121833801,
0.43279993534088135,
0.44963064789772034,
-0.0636921375989914,
0.17678804695606232,
-0.2898922562599182,
-0.03819388896226883,
0.19754192233085632,
-0.4893653988838196,
-0.25054606795310974,
1.0526503324508667,
0.21029017865657806,
0.33844348788261414,
-0.005806668661534786,
-0.09951263666152954,
-0.009632409550249577,
0.05810438469052315,
-0.0041955094784498215,
-0.25316768884658813,
0.364471435546875,
-0.3467840552330017,
0.38973796367645264,
0.18318238854408264,
0.4891418516635895,
-0.190290167927742,
0.33040764927864075,
-0.49535971879959106,
0.287212610244751,
0.01427136268466711,
-0.35984060168266296,
-0.4939960837364197,
0.2921180725097656,
0.02524249441921711,
0.034451067447662354,
-0.009289788082242012,
0.11695345491170883,
-0.17036984860897064,
-0.2603616416454315,
-0.6108622550964355,
-0.47979632019996643,
0.07636169344186783,
-0.04731694236397743,
0.24494458734989166,
0.16785627603530884,
-0.15466155111789703,
-0.3375551402568817,
0.17499896883964539,
-0.039675720036029816,
0.5338943004608154,
0.14744654297828674,
0.2240578979253769,
-0.12982147932052612,
-0.3402542471885681,
-0.13034704327583313,
-0.3283439874649048,
-0.2315680831670761,
-0.5035210251808167,
-0.4667470455169678,
-0.18507705628871918,
-0.466063529253006,
-0.29464972019195557,
-0.00632517971098423,
-0.2701985836029053,
-0.18925398588180542,
-0.07982183992862701,
-0.0688556432723999,
-0.16494102776050568,
0.46219220757484436,
1.2957491874694824,
0.37135958671569824,
0.1704888641834259,
-0.37200745940208435,
0.03275939077138901,
-0.6908649206161499,
-0.1591598391532898,
-0.4289112687110901,
-0.08535325527191162,
0.585951030254364,
0.4457889497280121,
-0.1582566201686859,
0.10423979163169861,
0.15042337775230408,
-0.34218016266822815,
0.016472021117806435,
0.5507758855819702,
0.19759950041770935,
-0.145830899477005,
0.1284937858581543,
-0.5901709198951721,
0.13088764250278473,
-0.09615404903888702,
0.6272101998329163,
0.2828545570373535,
0.24393481016159058,
-0.22273048758506775,
-0.25203937292099,
0.013771053403615952,
0.3308561444282532,
0.3236852288246155,
-0.6792905330657959,
0.7780339121818542,
-0.3938298225402832,
-0.1602662205696106,
-1.0215586423873901,
0.1382613331079483,
0.04746747761964798,
0.488467276096344,
0.29318365454673767,
-0.2746839225292206,
0.2480263113975525,
-0.22908487915992737,
0.8978796601295471,
-0.44024398922920227,
0.168797105550766,
0.069285549223423,
-1.9372478723526,
0.24381287395954132,
0.07851576060056686,
0.1643514335155487,
-0.3914314806461334,
0.08347231149673462,
-0.2233605980873108,
-0.7276669144630432,
0.9412681460380554,
-0.23121576011180878,
0.2622894048690796,
-0.00021269285934977233,
-0.1373743861913681,
-0.3357379734516144,
-0.3028472363948822,
-0.06875809282064438
] |
232174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZ | MZ | MZ may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
MZ, a French rap band formed by members of Les Sages Poètes de la Rue
MZ (formerly Machine Zone), developer of Game of War: Fire Age and other mobile video games
Marvel Zombies, a Marvel Comics limited series published in 2005–2006
Mirmo Zibang!, an anime television series
Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper
Mz, Short for Muzi slang word for buddy, pal, mate.
Places
Mozambique (ISO 3166-1 country code MZ)
.mz, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Mozambique
Mizoram, a state in northeast India (ISO 3166-2 code IN-MZ)
Technology
Cameras and optics
MZ, a series of single-lens reflex cameras by Pentax
Mach–Zehnder interferometer, an optical device for using light to determine phase shift variations
Computing
MZ executable, a file type in Microsoft MS-DOS
Mark Zbikowski, a former Microsoft programmer whose initials mark the first two bytes of all executable files in DOS and Windows (16- and 32-bit versions)
Mausezahn, a fast network traffic generator
Sharp MZ series, a line of personal computers by Sharp
Transportation
Merpati Nusantara Airlines, an Indonesia-based airline (IATA code MZ)
MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk GmbH, a German motorcycle manufacturer
DSB Class MZ, a series of diesel-electric locomotives built 1967–1978 for Danish railway company Danske Statsbaner (DSB)
Makedonski Železnici, the government-owned railway company of Macedonia
Other uses
Mishtara Zva'it, the Military Police Corps of Israel
Mixe–Zoque languages
See also
Ms., a default form of address for women regardless of their marital status | [
0.26515379548072815,
0.07372719794511795,
-0.0782664343714714,
0.03212358430027962,
-0.12323340773582458,
0.27118515968322754,
0.24265797436237335,
0.48686933517456055,
-0.28800421953201294,
-0.24217155575752258,
-1.0138278007507324,
0.4136304259300232,
-0.16650018095970154,
0.11573392152786255,
0.07695246487855911,
0.07458405196666718,
0.07983169704675674,
0.4106687605381012,
-0.7220402359962463,
-0.10323647409677505,
-0.16791069507598877,
0.03777241334319115,
0.8023388385772705,
-0.3338100016117096,
-0.2257665991783142,
0.0304693765938282,
0.38489997386932373,
0.312103807926178,
0.04697035998106003,
0.3843398988246918,
0.3764825463294983,
0.2601354718208313,
0.11388324201107025,
-0.2822551131248474,
-0.39151209592819214,
-0.09019427746534348,
-0.5212882161140442,
0.515783429145813,
0.3324771821498871,
-0.702706515789032,
0.5391222238540649,
-0.06257914751768112,
0.10065267980098724,
-0.08294002711772919,
-0.09872458130121231,
-0.7107203602790833,
-2.072293996810913,
0.18256279826164246,
-0.7143048048019409,
0.08059752732515335,
0.4250745475292206,
0.8329920768737793,
0.09059074521064758,
0.0423118993639946,
-0.17147013545036316,
0.5911327600479126,
-0.3801993429660797,
-0.5533092021942139,
0.36067405343055725,
-0.16575956344604492,
0.35819071531295776,
-0.29618319869041443,
-0.064608633518219,
0.30113449692726135,
-0.36552348732948303,
0.2223508358001709,
0.27156969904899597,
0.14710207283496857,
-0.2353123128414154,
-0.4018540680408478,
-0.022497987374663353,
-0.25387540459632874,
0.3608418405056,
-0.5677217841148376,
-0.10493513941764832,
-0.03340147063136101,
0.05449247360229492,
0.2265530377626419,
0.1237994059920311,
0.33443087339401245,
-0.42702576518058777,
0.4854680299758911,
1.0247193574905396,
0.2884009778499603,
-0.17853614687919617,
0.027745462954044342,
-0.2336985021829605,
0.02058393880724907,
-0.2795521914958954,
0.7389795184135437,
-0.03302313759922981,
-0.5389068722724915,
0.84517502784729,
-0.024704033508896828,
0.24702978134155273,
-0.07859177142381668,
-0.08650714159011841,
0.28227370977401733,
0.21043576300144196,
0.4467795491218567,
0.029773924499750137,
0.28022903203964233,
-0.3907266855239868,
-0.18835246562957764,
-0.5546844005584717,
0.020695211365818977,
0.03884316235780716,
-0.6347019672393799,
0.016787607222795486,
0.1664072573184967,
-0.22891589999198914,
-0.07680235803127289,
0.11527308821678162,
0.3404981791973114,
0.2620173692703247,
-0.26523900032043457,
-0.3138565719127655,
-0.41714128851890564,
-0.2870856523513794,
0.568097710609436,
-0.08725298196077347,
0.13243280351161957,
0.056711580604314804,
0.3444168269634247,
0.40630555152893066,
0.2734284996986389,
0.45935356616973877,
-0.056582000106573105,
-0.17833590507507324,
0.2877737879753113,
0.32729673385620117,
0.695809543132782,
0.23216518759727478,
-0.12292468547821045,
0.011264309287071228,
-0.2151225060224533,
0.46689659357070923,
-0.2627694308757782,
-0.27264073491096497,
0.08357252180576324,
-0.5522410273551941,
-0.1953233927488327,
-0.7391986846923828,
-0.036751557141542435,
0.08897083252668381,
-0.35749006271362305,
-0.1158611923456192,
-0.3647911548614502,
-0.3377900719642639,
-0.42576706409454346,
-0.1731117218732834,
-0.4810869097709656,
-0.47765448689460754,
-0.0801868811249733,
0.15677736699581146,
0.2949698567390442,
-0.08072284609079361,
-0.15504197776317596,
0.17255693674087524,
0.18568219244480133,
-0.1791590005159378,
0.6655897498130798,
-0.6079590916633606,
-0.10420064628124237,
-0.2959514558315277,
-0.24028798937797546,
-0.08847655355930328,
0.2468308061361313,
-0.20791414380073547,
-0.2116670161485672,
0.06712964922189713,
0.07223904877901077,
0.06133200600743294,
0.1406804919242859,
0.04337333142757416,
0.6109143495559692,
1.090841293334961,
0.4634767472743988,
0.49444034695625305,
0.25720784068107605,
-0.5363972783088684,
0.21200302243232727,
-0.15267978608608246,
0.28397369384765625,
0.4250490069389343,
-0.4244970381259918,
0.37819021940231323,
-0.30631616711616516,
-0.08744856715202332,
-0.054657936096191406,
-0.8197676539421082,
-0.24217432737350464,
0.4006306231021881,
-0.2891072630882263,
1.1960639953613281,
0.2297879159450531,
-0.38199228048324585,
1.1347558498382568,
-0.12788237631320953,
0.38662105798721313,
0.07304812222719193,
-0.08615252375602722,
0.5503002405166626,
-0.1608630120754242,
-0.6287725567817688,
0.06124404817819595,
0.3135548532009125,
-0.13301995396614075,
-0.4513644874095917,
0.04464169591665268,
0.26301470398902893,
-0.4735995829105377,
0.305941641330719,
-0.498660683631897,
0.3101266622543335,
0.1149558275938034,
-0.6136077046394348,
-0.045693833380937576,
-0.5099143981933594,
-0.2428562045097351,
0.8193045258522034,
-0.8575637936592102,
-0.15484878420829773,
-0.13172176480293274,
-0.2294718474149704,
0.7195042371749878,
0.09009652584791183,
0.13085919618606567,
0.5695521831512451,
-0.7682878375053406,
-0.20049868524074554,
0.2440461367368698,
0.09816664457321167,
-0.15528079867362976,
-0.04272103309631348,
0.3058224320411682,
0.5613900423049927,
-0.13074985146522522,
0.00346737215295434,
-0.11367706209421158,
0.03516087681055069,
0.48764750361442566,
0.08119145780801773,
-0.09004826098680496,
0.12030192464590073,
-0.1394820213317871,
-0.3963841199874878,
-0.23192158341407776,
-0.6697266697883606,
0.3437274694442749,
0.16673606634140015,
0.3900810778141022,
0.09404667466878891,
0.4400782287120819,
-0.10295625776052475,
-0.21105659008026123,
0.24331405758857727,
-0.03558288514614105,
0.08294092863798141,
-0.10996989160776138,
-0.20592956244945526,
-0.37623509764671326,
0.12643566727638245,
0.12575535476207733,
-0.0993855893611908,
-0.37328362464904785,
-0.21260513365268707,
-0.35191479325294495,
0.10213828086853027,
0.3074834942817688,
0.09511663019657135,
0.37886327505111694,
-0.08610472083091736,
0.08894103765487671,
-0.14120203256607056,
-0.39709171652793884,
0.3515687882900238,
0.10330071300268173,
0.16578376293182373,
-0.8531073927879333,
-0.32484757900238037,
0.5760493278503418,
0.5661346912384033,
-0.36182767152786255,
0.06161127984523773,
-0.11561749130487442,
0.0017258692532777786,
-0.017678841948509216,
-0.2901041805744171,
-0.04243873804807663,
-0.2265044003725052,
0.15691697597503662,
-0.31440216302871704,
-0.18030475080013275,
0.3291524052619934,
0.36819013953208923,
-0.005073287058621645,
0.2119336724281311,
-0.21807409822940826,
-0.009679670445621014,
-0.12176785618066788,
0.5756585001945496,
-0.20741884410381317,
0.112347312271595,
0.6926479935646057,
-0.6525629162788391,
-0.3092474043369293,
0.10166504979133606,
-6.107584476470947,
0.026148853823542595,
-0.31563690304756165,
-0.032217979431152344,
-0.2600788176059723,
-0.04537331312894821,
0.48132726550102234,
-0.28651943802833557,
-0.20003776252269745,
-0.6913454532623291,
-0.4302823543548584,
0.1313832402229309,
0.10529015958309174,
-0.013121360912919044,
-0.030073091387748718,
-0.03159242123365402,
-0.1286076158285141,
0.47145703434944153,
-0.2279898077249527,
-0.21353600919246674,
0.20152482390403748,
0.016100097447633743,
-0.0014362211804836988,
0.3671174645423889,
0.1993369311094284,
0.48529693484306335,
-0.06715840846300125,
0.03411833941936493,
-0.152178555727005,
0.02997061051428318,
-0.18921151757240295,
-0.01959657110273838,
-0.44540923833847046,
-0.08596299588680267,
0.32764339447021484,
-0.20597533881664276,
0.6006148457527161,
-0.12713834643363953,
0.6509689688682556,
0.2319393754005432,
0.17128758132457733,
1.01372230052948,
-0.04027120769023895,
-0.82133948802948,
0.15048857033252716,
0.08045896887779236,
-0.44860556721687317,
-0.019942861050367355,
-0.4830367863178253,
0.33112040162086487,
0.14628668129444122,
-1.000699758529663,
-0.05819219350814819,
0.5723282694816589,
0.3861722946166992,
-0.3066044747829437,
-0.04326507821679115,
0.2463977187871933,
0.026700438931584358,
-0.031158095225691795,
0.13679659366607666,
-0.28333574533462524,
0.00681438809260726,
-0.9608039855957031,
-0.3677482306957245,
-0.3364238739013672,
-0.5745058655738831,
0.08537889271974564,
0.47053617238998413,
0.34657222032546997,
0.1230153739452362,
-0.3481416404247284,
0.011311122216284275,
-0.677209734916687,
-0.29800307750701904,
0.25661274790763855,
-0.48198655247688293,
0.130232036113739,
-0.28488898277282715,
0.6288784742355347,
-0.1811595857143402,
-0.3942364752292633,
-0.2426656186580658,
-0.5708178877830505,
-0.31341442465782166,
-1.0896027088165283,
0.03014484792947769,
0.16262571513652802,
-0.39076942205429077,
-0.09163802862167358,
0.1453130692243576,
-0.466388463973999,
0.30585017800331116,
0.4001225233078003,
0.68206787109375,
-0.07292774319648743,
0.1622437685728073,
-0.030965697020292282,
0.004207474645227194,
-0.07887837290763855,
0.3512057662010193,
-0.6789785623550415,
0.3440825641155243,
-0.3675883710384369,
0.29862895607948303,
0.189064159989357,
-0.08975031226873398,
-0.20386084914207458,
0.8467121124267578,
-0.10310205817222595,
-0.45229026675224304,
-0.4749046862125397,
-0.7340821623802185,
-0.14410676062107086,
0.4516785144805908,
-0.47733402252197266,
-0.3220687508583069,
0.0955105796456337,
0.14627419412136078,
0.5315144658088684,
-0.2055562138557434,
0.5492324233055115,
-0.008950277231633663,
-0.4387871026992798,
-0.095516137778759,
0.0976940467953682,
-0.12036719173192978,
0.1665465384721756,
0.7950014472007751,
-0.2142188549041748,
0.12586820125579834,
0.05750320851802826,
0.19902430474758148,
0.040018677711486816,
0.47502627968788147,
-0.10534462332725525,
-0.4610944092273712,
-0.2969776690006256,
-0.40665262937545776,
-0.49796414375305176,
0.5971449017524719,
-0.1379847377538681,
0.2128482460975647,
0.2136509120464325,
0.621434211730957,
0.36676326394081116,
0.0538579560816288,
-0.27074939012527466,
-0.05583401024341583,
0.3711073100566864,
-0.25301989912986755,
-0.4298437237739563,
0.5807777047157288,
-0.02956559509038925,
-0.14218708872795105,
-0.03199058026075363,
-0.21122781932353973,
0.14085154235363007,
-0.01870075799524784,
-0.4357964098453522,
0.40837469696998596,
-0.555018424987793,
-0.7829118967056274,
0.428164005279541,
0.3018467426300049,
0.3029610812664032,
0.0032258599530905485,
-0.37190812826156616,
0.08920225501060486,
0.3572770357131958,
0.25718823075294495,
0.19662877917289734,
-0.3766164481639862,
-0.042468734085559845,
-0.3858252167701721,
-0.02327059768140316,
0.25397932529449463,
-0.42264798283576965,
0.428973913192749,
0.2864409387111664,
-0.20773868262767792,
-0.07497993856668472,
0.27596515417099,
0.26738470792770386,
0.24912555515766144,
-0.2809847891330719,
0.34346804022789,
0.26402902603149414,
-0.49536246061325073,
0.11295498162508011,
0.4192519187927246,
0.2137942612171173,
0.33612343668937683,
0.03836233913898468,
-0.2519737780094147,
-0.20094607770442963,
-0.16566221415996552,
0.5200866460800171,
-0.13004633784294128,
-0.1346570998430252,
0.4551553726196289,
0.1946292370557785,
-0.4852208197116852,
-0.07108893990516663,
0.6285483837127686,
-0.4599824845790863,
0.27212387323379517,
-0.3659331202507019,
-0.07357359677553177,
-0.523472011089325,
-0.5913147330284119,
-0.2478262335062027,
-0.08868066966533661,
0.44208666682243347,
-0.28043776750564575,
-0.4562155604362488,
0.2401018589735031,
0.12678739428520203,
-0.4539560377597809,
-0.33289262652397156,
0.060912374407052994,
-0.3427193760871887,
-0.7337009906768799,
0.09453200548887253,
-0.2639683783054352,
0.2885769009590149,
0.4512161910533905,
-0.6863624453544617,
-0.04689166694879532,
-0.19691342115402222,
0.04853588715195656,
0.03849949687719345,
0.30564752221107483,
0.03884536027908325,
-0.10626639425754547,
0.1909678727388382,
0.14498236775398254,
0.046029627323150635,
0.12809236347675323,
-0.12861000001430511,
0.32366126775741577,
0.10331851989030838,
-0.07458122074604034,
-0.09188581258058548,
0.06008494272828102,
0.5542028546333313,
0.1155170127749443,
0.0041426667012274265,
-0.657254159450531,
0.2606283128261566,
-0.0570824034512043,
-0.37557360529899597,
-0.42042461037635803,
-0.0852137878537178,
1.0741678476333618,
-0.2734834551811218,
-0.29656580090522766,
-0.13508497178554535,
-0.2170683741569519,
0.12272599339485168,
-0.16152526438236237,
0.15317803621292114,
-0.5889730453491211,
0.1473865509033203,
0.15032553672790527,
0.4813525080680847,
-0.12640362977981567,
-0.19709140062332153,
-0.11026637256145477,
0.051924947649240494,
-0.08746880292892456,
-0.07162738591432571,
0.28955814242362976,
0.9585632681846619,
-0.0312909334897995,
0.07819590717554092,
-0.2800079882144928,
-0.42815494537353516,
-0.3206493854522705,
0.060214076191186905,
-0.17364658415317535,
0.12529011070728302,
-0.3646712303161621,
-0.08872028440237045,
0.6012030243873596,
-0.5408036708831787,
0.6273913979530334,
0.19223839044570923,
0.005871423054486513,
-0.05043046176433563,
-0.23770083487033844,
0.40994325280189514,
0.12620870769023895,
0.4473503530025482,
-0.1823512315750122,
-0.30295300483703613,
-0.019769737496972084,
-0.5435726046562195,
0.22024206817150116,
0.14611400663852692,
-0.3289085030555725,
0.1787566989660263,
0.28652799129486084,
-0.2795090675354004,
0.6278043985366821,
0.153232142329216,
-0.4641745388507843,
0.11543740332126617,
-0.019146857783198357,
-0.13520482182502747,
0.06334909051656723,
-0.3468249440193176,
0.08828037232160568,
0.16829323768615723,
-0.36006489396095276,
0.02999853901565075,
0.18808135390281677,
-0.5767344832420349,
0.31610429286956787,
-0.09893450886011124,
0.8369068503379822,
0.4763781726360321,
0.67551589012146,
0.26462775468826294,
-0.057773664593696594,
0.3046858310699463,
-0.0991540476679802,
-0.4082447588443756,
0.5517896413803101,
0.203633651137352,
0.7115476727485657,
-0.12098343670368195,
-0.3786381483078003,
0.3833054006099701,
-0.08160645514726639,
-0.7891420125961304,
-0.0279708094894886,
0.009651691652834415,
-0.23876981437206268,
0.7039821743965149,
0.44119492173194885,
0.13273386657238007,
-0.6039642691612244,
0.3425454795360565,
0.09527482092380524,
-0.1857156753540039,
0.1646026223897934,
-0.034683167934417725,
0.24770888686180115,
-0.1641589105129242,
0.16608192026615143,
0.12643767893314362,
-0.2519485354423523,
0.10913224518299103,
0.2756567597389221,
-0.3823276162147522,
0.04492732509970665,
0.032079827040433884,
-0.2966856360435486,
-0.09348093718290329,
0.16415652632713318,
0.20451036095619202,
0.5276899933815002,
-0.26276659965515137,
0.28358572721481323,
0.4342823922634125,
-0.3807790279388428,
-0.25790688395500183,
0.3605775237083435,
-0.33418193459510803,
0.19031304121017456,
0.31965121626853943,
-0.09795749187469482,
0.11874182522296906,
-0.28482675552368164,
0.12381549179553986,
0.7776640057563782,
0.48017236590385437,
-0.21866247057914734,
0.3859124183654785,
0.11223534494638443,
0.27198413014411926,
0.1820358783006668,
-0.08876017481088638,
1.092208981513977,
0.05117254704236984,
0.19828099012374878,
0.22877205908298492,
-0.10929074883460999,
-0.17893292009830475,
0.1407201588153839,
-0.7481083273887634,
-0.19825781881809235,
-0.1921137124300003,
0.20164744555950165,
-0.06799135357141495,
-0.42578715085983276,
0.8482776880264282,
0.08048257231712341,
0.3009811341762543,
0.15107011795043945,
-0.3310762643814087,
-0.12443464994430542,
0.17058071494102478,
-0.8921120166778564,
0.07171228528022766,
-0.6570342183113098,
-0.28159183263778687,
-0.7885184288024902,
0.49190688133239746,
0.8793469071388245,
0.1721828132867813,
0.005541221704334021,
0.5294809937477112,
-0.07296924293041229,
0.030589645728468895,
0.4618369936943054,
-0.3393037021160126,
0.018848875537514687,
-0.5467391610145569,
0.4282401502132416,
-0.19968092441558838,
0.37647774815559387,
0.42937901616096497,
-0.14237111806869507,
-0.3585834801197052,
0.4985732138156891,
-0.2939273715019226,
-0.33008208870887756,
0.22297978401184082,
-0.21300312876701355,
0.21893873810768127,
0.09903711080551147,
0.4822905957698822,
-0.5500541925430298,
-0.08594948798418045,
0.5282196998596191,
0.09262949228286743,
-0.3255709409713745,
-0.4505537450313568,
-0.041851066052913666,
-0.5305671095848083,
-0.3709021806716919,
-0.27995485067367554,
-0.4276387393474579,
0.12932462990283966,
0.00899079442024231,
-0.019503572955727577,
-0.5919327735900879,
-0.20623785257339478,
0.07652764022350311,
-0.11366409808397293,
0.12392967939376831,
-0.23797424137592316,
0.6534982323646545,
0.24450165033340454,
-0.19037611782550812,
-0.2719511389732361,
0.22177976369857788,
-0.23334021866321564
] |
232175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Europa%20League | UEFA Europa League | The UEFA Europa League (abbreviated as UEL), formerly the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organised since 1971 by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for eligible European football clubs. It is the second-tier competition of European club football, ranking below the UEFA Champions League and above the UEFA Europa Conference League. The UEFA Cup was the third-tier competition from 1971 to 1999 before the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was discontinued. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions.
Introduced in 1971 as the UEFA Cup, it replaced the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was merged with the UEFA Cup and discontinued as a separate competition. From the 2004–05 season a group stage was added before the knockout phase. The competition has been known as the Europa League since the 2009–10 season, following a change in format. The 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and a change in qualifying criteria. The winner of the UEFA Europa League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and, since the 2014–15 season, qualifies for the following season's UEFA Champions League, entering at the group stage.
Spanish clubs have the highest number of victories (thirteen wins), followed by England and Italy (nine wins each). The title has been won by 29 clubs, thirteen of which have won it more than once. The most successful club in the competition is Sevilla, with six titles. Villarreal are the reigning champions, having beaten Manchester United 11–10 on penalties in the 2021 final.
History
The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. The competition grew from 11 teams during the first edition (1955–58) to 64 teams by the last edition which was played in 1970–71, being abolished and replaced by the UEFA Cup, a new seasonal confederation competition which have a different regulation, format and disciplinary committee.
The UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, ended with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers against Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The competition gained since then a bigger prestige and interest between the mass media than the Fairs Cup. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool, in 1973, who defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final. Gladbach would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Feyenoord won the cup in 1974 after defeating Tottenham Hotspur 4–2 on aggregate (2–2 in London, 2–0 in Rotterdam). Liverpool won the competition for the second time in 1976 after defeating Club Brugge in the final.
During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg (1982 and 1987) and Real Madrid (1985 and 1986) won the competition twice each, with Anderlecht reaching two consecutive finals, winning in 1983 and losing to Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. The year 1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs' domination, when Diego Maradona's Napoli defeated VfB Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two all-Italian finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a third time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. The year 1995 saw a third all-Italian final, with Parma proving their consistency, after two consecutive Cup Winners' Cup finals. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996. Internazionale reached the final the following two years, losing in 1997 to Schalke 04 on penalties, and winning yet another all-Italian final in 1998, taking home the cup for the third time in only eight years. Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian-domination era. By chance, it was the last UEFA Cup/Europa League final appearance for any Italian club until Internazionale reached the 2020 final.
The era of the 2000s began with victory for Galatasaray, the first Turkish team to win the trophy. Liverpool won the competition for the third time in 2001. In 2002, Feyenoord became winners for the second time in club history by defeating Borussia Dortmund 3–2 in the final played in their own stadium, De Kuip in Rotterdam. Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments, with the latter victory against fellow Portuguese side Braga. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, and then Sevilla succeeded on two consecutive occasions in 2006 and 2007, the latter in a final against fellow Spaniards Espanyol. Either side of Sevilla's success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009, the first Ukrainian side to do so. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final between them and Athletic Bilbao. In 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year. In 2014, Sevilla won their third cup in eight years after defeating Benfica on penalties. Just one year later, in 2015, Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/Europa League and, in an unprecedented feat, they defended their title a third year in a row beating Liverpool in the 2016 final, making them the most successful team in the history of the competition with five titles. They added a further sixth victory in 2020, after defeating Inter Milan.The 2019 all London final between Chelsea and Arsenal was the first Uefa Cup/Europa League final between two teams from the same city.
Since the 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. At the same time, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA's third-tier competition, was discontinued and merged into the new Europa League.
Trophy
The UEFA Cup, also known as the Coupe UEFA, is the trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Europa League. Before the 2009–10 season, both the competition and the trophy were known as the 'UEFA Cup'.
Before the competition was renamed the UEFA Europa League in the 2009–10 season, the UEFA regulations stated that a club could keep the original trophy for a year before returning it to UEFA. After its return, the club could keep a four-fifths scale replica of the original trophy. Upon their third consecutive win or fifth win overall, a club could retain the trophy permanently. However, under the new regulations, the trophy remains in UEFA's keeping at all times. A full-size replica trophy is awarded to each winner of the competition. Furthermore, a club that wins three consecutive times or five times overall will receive a multiple-winner badge. As of 2016–17, only Sevilla has earned the honour to wear the multiple-winner badge, having achieved both prerequired feats in 2016.
The trophy was designed and crafted by Bertoni for the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. It weighs and is silver on a yellow marble plinth.
Anthem
A musical theme for the competition, the Anthem, is played before every Europa League game at a stadium hosting such an event and also before every television broadcast of a Europa League game as a musical element of the competition's opening sequence.
The competition's first anthem was composed by Yohann Zveig and recorded by the Paris Opera in early 2009. The theme for the re-branded UEFA Cup competition was first officially unveiled at the Grimaldi Forum on 28 August 2009 before the 2009–10 season group stage draw. A new anthem was composed by Michael Kadelbach and recorded in Berlin and was launched as part of the competition's rebranding at the start of the 2015–16 season.
A new anthem created by MassiveMusic was composed for the start of the 2018–19 season.
Format
Qualification
Qualification for the competition is based on UEFA coefficients, with better entrance rounds being offered to the more successful nations. In practice, each association has a standard number of three berths, except:
Nations ranked 52 and 53 (Andorra and San Marino in the 2013–14 season), which have two berths
The nation ranked 54 (Gibraltar in the 2014–15 season) which has one berth.
Liechtenstein, which qualifies only the Cup winners
Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. Before its discontinuation in 2020–21, France offered a place to the winners of the Coupe de la Ligue.
A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.
The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.
More recently, clubs that are knocked out of the qualifying round and the group stage of the Champions League can also join the UEFA Europa League, at different stages (see below). Formerly, the reigning champions qualified to defend their title, but since 2015 they qualify for the Champions League. From 1995 to 2015, three leagues gained one extra place via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.
Background
UEFA coefficients were introduced in 1980 and, until 1999, they gave a greater number of berths in UEFA Cup to the more successful nations. Three nations had four places, five nations had three places, thirteen nations had two places, and eleven nations only one place. Since 1999, a similar system has been used for the UEFA Champions League. Before 1980, the entrance criteria of the last Fairs Cup was used.
Historical formats
The competition was traditionally a pure knockout tournament. All ties were two-legged, including the final. Starting with the 1997–98 season, the final became a one-off match, but all other ties remained two-legged.
Before the 2004–05 season, the tournament consisted of one qualifying round, followed by a series of knockout rounds. The sixteen non-qualifiers from the final qualifying round of the Champions League entered at the first round proper; later in the tournament, the survivors were joined by third-place finishers from the (first) group phase of the Champions League.
From the 2004–05 season, the competition started with two knockout qualifying rounds held in July and August. Participants from associations ranked 18 and lower entered the first qualifying round with those from associations ranked 9–18 joining them in the second qualifying round. In addition, three places in the first qualifying round were reserved for the UEFA Fair Play ranking winners (until 2015–16), and eleven places in the second qualifying round for the UEFA Intertoto Cup winners.
Winners of the qualifying rounds then joined teams from the associations ranked 1–13 in the first round proper. In addition, non-qualifiers in the third qualifying round of the Champions League also joined the competition at this point along with the current title-holders (unless they had qualified for the Champions League via their national league), for a total of 80 teams in the first round.
After the first knockout round, the 40 survivors entered a group phase, with the clubs being drawn into eight groups of five each. Unlike the Champions League group phase, the UEFA Cup group phase was played in a single round-robin format, with each club playing two home and two away games. The top three teams in each of the eight groups qualified for the main knockout round along with the eight third-placed teams in the Champions League group phase. From then on a series of two-legged knockout ties were played before a single-legged final, traditionally held on a Wednesday in May, exactly one week before the Champions League final.
Current format
In the 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League to raise its profile. Eight more teams qualified for the group stage, which consisted of 12 groups with four teams each (in a double round-robin); the top two teams in each group advanced. The competition was then similar to the previous format, with four rounds of two-legged knockout rounds and a one-off final held at a neutral ground which met UEFA's Category Four stadium criteria. The final was played in May, on the Wednesday ten days before the Champions League final.
Qualification changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since the 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification; all other nations sent a cup winner and two other teams, except for Andorra and San Marino (who sent a cup winner and a runner-up) and Liechtenstein (who sent only a cup winner). Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the 24 May 2013 UEFA Congress in London, their cup winner also qualified for the Europa League. Although the other teams will be the next-highest-ranked clubs in each domestic league (after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League), France and England will continue to use one spot for their league-cup winners. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants in the Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. The higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs generally begin the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (until the 2014–15 season) and the highest-ranked teams (usually the cup winner or the best Europa League-qualified team) from the top (six from 2012 to 2015, 12 since the 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round.
Except for the teams mentioned, all teams eliminated in the Champions League preliminary round, qualifying rounds and play-off round are transferred to the Europa League. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advance to the knockout round with eight third-place teams from the Champions League group stage.
The distribution was changed in 2014 to broaden the competition's appeal, giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth; more teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners had already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place in the league is vacated and goes to the best-ranked teams not qualified for European competition; the cup runner-up is no longer qualified through the cup berth. These rules became effective for the 2015–16 season.
Distribution (from 2015–16 to 2017–18)
The access list above is provisional, as changes will need to be made in the following cases:
If the Champions League title holders or the Europa League title holders have qualified for the Europa League through domestic performance, their berth in the Europa League is vacated (not replaced by another team from the same association), and cup winners of the highest-ranked associations are moved to a later round accordingly.
In some cases where changes to the access list of the Champions League are made, the number of losers of the Champions League third qualifying round which are transferred to the Europa League is increased or decreased from the default number of 15, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League will also need to be made.
Because a maximum of five teams from one association can enter the UEFA Champions League, if both the Champions League title holders and the Europa League title holders are from the same top three ranked association and finish outside the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of their association will be moved to the Europa League and enter the group stage, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League may also need to be made.
Distribution (from 2018–19 to 2020–21)
Beginning with the 2018–19 tournament, all domestic champions eliminated in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League will transfer to the Europa League, rather than just teams that are eliminated in the third-qualifying and play-off rounds. Europa League qualifying will also provide a separate champions route for these teams, allowing more opportunities for domestic league champions to compete against each other.
Distribution (from 2021–22 to 2023–24)
The announcement of the UEFA Europa Conference League, a tertiary competition which would serve to split off the lower-ranked teams in the Europa League to give them a greater chance to compete, included a document from UEFA listing their intentions for qualification to the Europa League from 2021 onwards. With a majority of the former entrants into the Europa League now participating solely in the UECL, the Europa League itself would have a greatly reduced format which will focus primarily around its group stage. There would also be an additional knockout round before the knockout phase proper, allowing for third-placed teams in the Champions League group stage to fall into the Europa League while still keeping the knockout stage itself at only 16 teams total.
Prize money
Similar to the UEFA Champions League, the prize money received by the clubs is divided into fixed payments based on participation and results, and variable amounts that depend of the value of their TV market.
For the 2021–22 season, group stage participation in the Europa League awarded a base fee of €3,630,000. A victory in the group pays €630,000 and a draw €210,000. Also, each group winner earns €1,100,000 and each runner-up €550,000. Reaching the knock-out stage triggers additional bonuses: €500,000 for the round of 32, €1,200,000 for the round of 16, €1,800,000 for the quarter-finals and €2,800,000 for the semi-finals. The losing finalists receive €4,600,000 and the champions receive €8,600,000.
Qualified to group stage: €3,630,000
Match won in group stage: €630,000
Match drawn in group stage: €210,000
1st in group stage: €1,100,000
2nd in group stage: €550,000
Knockout round play-offs: €500,000
Round of 16: €1,200,000
Quarter-final: €1,800,000
Semi-final: €2,800,000
Runner-up: €4,600,000
Champion: €8,600,000
Sponsorship
The UEFA Europa League is sponsored by seven multinational corporations, which share the same partners with the UEFA Europa Conference League.
The tournament's main sponsors for the 2021–24 cycle are:
Heineken N.V.
Heineken – Heineken 0.0
Just Eat Takeaway
10bis (Israel only)
Bistro (Slovakia only)
Just Eat (Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom only)
Lieferando (Germany and Austria only)
Pyszne (Poland only)
Takeaway (Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxembourg, Portugal and Romania only)
Thuisbezorgd (Netherlands only)
Hankook Tire
Laufenn
Engelbert Strauss
Enterprise Rent-A-Car
Swissquote
Bwin
Entain Foundation
Socios.com
Molten is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball. Since the inception of Europa League brand, the tournament has used its own hoardings (in that year it debuted in the round of 32) like UEFA Champions League. LED hoardings made their debut in the 2012–13 final and would appear in 2015–16 season from the round of 16; in the same season, from the group stage, teams are not allowed to show their sponsors. It would appear in the 2018–19 season for selected matches in the group stages and the round of 32.
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Europa League. However, only two sponsorships are permitted per jersey (plus that of the manufacturer), at the chest and the left sleeve. Exceptions are made for non-profit organisations, which can feature on the front of the shirt, incorporated with the main sponsor, or on the back, either below the squad number or between the player name and the collar.
Records and statistics
The UEFA Cup finals were played over two legs until 1997. The first final was played on 3 May 1972 in Wolverhampton and 17 May 1972 in London. The first leg between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur was won 2–1 by the away side. The second leg finished as a 1–1 draw, meaning that Tottenham Hotspur became the first UEFA Cup winners.
The one-match finals in pre-selected venues were introduced in 1998. A venue must meet or exceed UEFA Category three standards to host UEFA Cup finals. On two occasions, the final was played at a finalist's home ground: Feyenoord defeated Borussia Dortmund at De Kuip, Rotterdam, in 2002, and Sporting CP lost to CSKA Moscow at their own Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, in 2005.
The winner of the last UEFA Cup final (before the competition being rebranded as the UEFA Europa League) was Shakhtar Donetsk on 20 May 2009. The Ukrainian team beat Werder Bremen of Germany 2–1 at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul.
The first-ever winner of the rebranded Europa League was Atlético Madrid, beating Premier League side Fulham 2–1 after extra time.
Performances by club
Performances by nation
Notes
A Includes West Germany clubs, no East Germany clubs appeared in a final.
B Yugoslavia final appearance was by club from SR Serbia.
Awards
Starting from the 2016–17 edition of the competition, UEFA introduced the UEFA Europa League Player of the Season award.
The jury is composed of the coaches of the clubs which participate in the group stage of the competition, together with 55 journalists selected by the European Sports Media (ESM) group, one from each UEFA member association.
Winners
See also
List of association football competitions
Notes
References
External links
UEFA website (archive)
UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League – History
Europa League
Recurring sporting events established in 1971
1971 establishments in Europe
2
Multi-national professional sports leagues | [
-0.11389189958572388,
-0.7151113152503967,
0.6216650605201721,
-0.3298863172531128,
0.15076395869255066,
-0.26031017303466797,
-0.14062301814556122,
0.23026348650455475,
-0.14121587574481964,
0.057895030826330185,
-0.21339793503284454,
0.5531057119369507,
-0.6172106266021729,
0.06820371747016907,
0.41215142607688904,
0.044261109083890915,
0.4638500213623047,
0.38662591576576233,
-0.24684876203536987,
-0.5819678902626038,
-0.035924263298511505,
0.5273376107215881,
0.7149708271026611,
-0.28379330039024353,
0.2335747331380844,
-0.5233808755874634,
0.1937187910079956,
0.11520833522081375,
0.14875945448875427,
0.18765440583229065,
0.059457968920469284,
-0.2870955765247345,
-0.47373470664024353,
-0.2886750102043152,
0.06793475151062012,
-0.09653615206480026,
0.20846162736415863,
-0.29231634736061096,
-0.07006105780601501,
-0.8401920199394226,
0.27906107902526855,
-0.36582228541374207,
0.11061855405569077,
0.5731229782104492,
0.042044881731271744,
0.12467999011278152,
-1.1878172159194946,
0.10903608053922653,
-0.5143923759460449,
0.02515416033565998,
-0.3008045554161072,
-0.08145073801279068,
-0.3546163737773895,
0.4392302334308624,
0.40086206793785095,
0.2957351803779602,
-0.4516044855117798,
-0.47079184651374817,
-0.4971298575401306,
-0.29221031069755554,
0.5647156834602356,
0.6849226951599121,
0.19135534763336182,
0.13712456822395325,
0.1867261826992035,
-0.3820052444934845,
0.032644253224134445,
0.17113696038722992,
-0.5486806631088257,
-0.9116703867912292,
-0.04937136173248291,
-0.33114540576934814,
-0.4614293575286865,
-0.04083333909511566,
0.2952905595302582,
-0.22560523450374603,
0.3987354040145874,
0.5296515226364136,
0.0828051045536995,
-0.09947222471237183,
0.31646034121513367,
0.07074262946844101,
1.0037648677825928,
0.6270920634269714,
0.22370749711990356,
0.3210582435131073,
-0.21973927319049835,
-0.42274463176727295,
0.05437423288822174,
0.3842867910861969,
0.3708077073097229,
-0.6454439759254456,
0.5483988523483276,
-0.23797358572483063,
0.3532797396183014,
-0.1411142796278,
-0.18682894110679626,
0.025960590690374374,
0.11215852200984955,
-0.4086824953556061,
0.0011219237931072712,
-0.12348636239767075,
-0.6864482760429382,
-0.7422358989715576,
-0.6137169599533081,
-0.19612975418567657,
-0.42979034781455994,
-0.6202847361564636,
0.2249259352684021,
-0.1148795634508133,
-0.6791622042655945,
0.09671755135059357,
0.573643147945404,
0.013962266966700554,
0.09057794511318207,
0.038375578820705414,
0.014563671313226223,
0.05311787873506546,
-0.5097740888595581,
0.25130683183670044,
-0.110793337225914,
0.1507956087589264,
0.20892813801765442,
-0.04607237130403519,
-0.1346290111541748,
0.004512679763138294,
0.9496660232543945,
0.8050746917724609,
-1.0521185398101807,
-0.506727933883667,
0.10944350063800812,
0.8033409714698792,
-0.3529595136642456,
0.45713964104652405,
-0.2934967875480652,
-0.05734264478087425,
0.18416111171245575,
-0.40619561076164246,
0.6463601589202881,
0.28418365120887756,
-0.7879188656806946,
-0.027460746467113495,
-0.2632637619972229,
-0.3203057050704956,
0.007874288596212864,
-0.25824207067489624,
0.11641130596399307,
-0.228892520070076,
0.08479221910238266,
-0.06846918910741806,
0.4332842230796814,
-0.19548971951007843,
0.07114288210868835,
0.07356603443622589,
-0.4430718421936035,
0.14528225362300873,
0.8945058584213257,
-0.5481181740760803,
-0.19106093049049377,
0.02591676637530327,
0.06770265847444534,
-0.8141075968742371,
-0.11057472974061966,
0.35944825410842896,
0.31573188304901123,
-0.06468416750431061,
0.2783963680267334,
0.34760311245918274,
0.04822942242026329,
0.3012565076351166,
0.2895769774913788,
-0.09825330972671509,
0.5624232888221741,
-0.05822478234767914,
-0.14600086212158203,
0.011996670626103878,
0.584279477596283,
0.4736585319042206,
0.4255518615245819,
-0.11220310628414154,
-0.7287981510162354,
-0.041546497493982315,
0.37907496094703674,
0.3251320719718933,
0.5752895474433899,
-0.48000845313072205,
0.3671136498451233,
0.22070260345935822,
-0.46938949823379517,
0.1432592123746872,
0.2736022174358368,
-0.2528303265571594,
-0.26141563057899475,
-0.29454442858695984,
0.9252843260765076,
-0.5898605585098267,
-0.09123023599386215,
0.26325738430023193,
-0.2839442789554596,
0.3933071196079254,
0.24078312516212463,
-0.037484098225831985,
1.132861852645874,
-0.09542752057313919,
-0.19359229505062103,
0.1272602677345276,
-0.10387358069419861,
0.12918409705162048,
-0.289262056350708,
0.6155752539634705,
0.3804377317428589,
-0.11041893810033798,
0.02479476109147072,
0.36807096004486084,
0.2418193817138672,
-0.41294658184051514,
-0.30117496848106384,
1.0136005878448486,
0.2172863781452179,
0.15124815702438354,
0.6623285412788391,
0.151091530919075,
0.031418997794389725,
0.4169970452785492,
-0.003547851461917162,
0.15935930609703064,
-0.6340245604515076,
0.2677365839481354,
0.44272178411483765,
-0.6288663744926453,
0.16353926062583923,
-0.3038023114204407,
0.1751057207584381,
-0.18782146275043488,
-0.2648448944091797,
-0.455853670835495,
-0.3297436237335205,
-0.25933122634887695,
-0.28336477279663086,
-0.10432509332895279,
0.5136316418647766,
0.5558560490608215,
-0.49918022751808167,
0.4138978123664856,
-0.17939040064811707,
0.008672037161886692,
0.17325466871261597,
0.6405307054519653,
-0.2011481523513794,
-0.14700265228748322,
0.009115415625274181,
-0.533453643321991,
-0.6029736995697021,
-0.2634281516075134,
0.04018773138523102,
0.010215263813734055,
0.3941181004047394,
0.4853173792362213,
0.551106870174408,
0.244268000125885,
-0.00048365103430114686,
-0.21106737852096558,
0.036864347755908966,
0.25315794348716736,
0.185526505112648,
-0.5941451191902161,
-0.8396451473236084,
-0.6660138964653015,
-0.02910800278186798,
0.17110437154769897,
0.5674799680709839,
0.5741802453994751,
-0.583806574344635,
0.5211499333381653,
-1.1761583089828491,
0.22302396595478058,
-0.17303943634033203,
0.3736274540424347,
-0.5880423188209534,
-0.7377239465713501,
-0.11806432157754898,
-0.14941833913326263,
0.5018505454063416,
-0.3848315179347992,
-0.0022788674104958773,
0.0919627919793129,
-0.20384468138217926,
-0.5091732144355774,
0.6183884143829346,
-0.35349786281585693,
0.04966319352388382,
0.5431143045425415,
0.038233883678913116,
-0.269521564245224,
-0.03358028829097748,
-0.14980866014957428,
-0.36278942227363586,
0.7346493005752563,
0.25719884037971497,
0.03678182512521744,
-0.22076568007469177,
-0.37652450799942017,
-0.27156689763069153,
-0.6442188620567322,
0.7700998783111572,
-0.33589258790016174,
-0.3669964671134949,
-0.00525416387245059,
-5.7103471755981445,
0.34795117378234863,
-0.09674641489982605,
0.6096575856208801,
0.1367434412240982,
-0.2022879719734192,
0.2900974154472351,
-0.20131956040859222,
-0.1354488879442215,
0.14984244108200073,
-0.5164229869842529,
0.09234646707773209,
-0.18359827995300293,
0.36403921246528625,
-0.08064910024404526,
0.4494560956954956,
0.10332700610160828,
0.21379436552524567,
-0.05726908892393112,
0.12832626700401306,
0.173197403550148,
-0.4194309413433075,
0.02879142202436924,
0.7600786685943604,
0.15714730322360992,
0.6686234474182129,
-0.22050419449806213,
-0.190043106675148,
-0.26448196172714233,
-0.2344616800546646,
0.25545403361320496,
0.002450508764013648,
0.1255706399679184,
-0.16278396546840668,
0.08535198867321014,
0.04990554228425026,
1.0764520168304443,
0.14090712368488312,
-0.06640097498893738,
-0.8094261288642883,
0.18974748253822327,
0.8772920966148376,
-0.08492928743362427,
0.2732509672641754,
0.39480137825012207,
-0.6020995378494263,
0.10637536644935608,
-0.04041887819766998,
-0.3499218821525574,
0.8783024549484253,
0.0885077640414238,
0.09189864248037338,
0.37750568985939026,
-0.17795053124427795,
0.18237397074699402,
0.26366904377937317,
-0.33348360657691956,
-0.36773860454559326,
0.5824247002601624,
0.3358500897884369,
-0.11989213526248932,
-0.19443851709365845,
0.31268271803855896,
-0.713659405708313,
-0.5003998279571533,
-0.23185789585113525,
-0.4376060664653778,
0.33415794372558594,
0.3596174716949463,
0.32736000418663025,
0.12021487206220627,
0.02767684869468212,
0.12389647215604782,
-0.6776496171951294,
-0.07836757600307465,
-0.1590898036956787,
0.5596914291381836,
-0.231120303273201,
0.19856123626232147,
0.1856338083744049,
-0.10460195690393448,
0.10009180009365082,
-0.5931046605110168,
0.36565205454826355,
-0.10735861212015152,
-0.18691904842853546,
0.407838374376297,
0.46385452151298523,
-0.24727678298950195,
-0.3168235719203949,
0.29328808188438416,
-0.733608067035675,
-0.11727449297904968,
0.7596046328544617,
-0.10691077262163162,
0.3390747308731079,
-0.41569089889526367,
0.3796173334121704,
0.38542497158050537,
0.12580206990242004,
0.27127793431282043,
-0.053003400564193726,
-0.21916013956069946,
-0.36899304389953613,
-0.03974048048257828,
0.08608021587133408,
-0.38321876525878906,
0.4980187714099884,
0.5613053441047668,
-0.10634408891201019,
0.12980899214744568,
-0.16986079514026642,
-0.42682135105133057,
-0.23685042560100555,
-0.38799458742141724,
0.024007447063922882,
-0.42198243737220764,
0.4261832535266876,
0.3601900637149811,
-0.11086783558130264,
-0.3068820834159851,
0.2479347288608551,
-0.2696959972381592,
-0.4857834279537201,
0.24602173268795013,
0.4030098021030426,
-0.13005214929580688,
-0.2803741693496704,
-0.2663002908229828,
-0.13991349935531616,
0.04307502135634422,
0.011203894391655922,
0.1527211219072342,
-0.19647999107837677,
0.6602583527565002,
0.06809770315885544,
-0.47683462500572205,
-0.15961134433746338,
0.04003273695707321,
-0.25467827916145325,
-0.21577861905097961,
-0.3150511682033539,
0.5931360721588135,
-0.2951059639453888,
0.01819349266588688,
-0.18170669674873352,
-0.10249193012714386,
-0.05941793695092201,
-0.5132637619972229,
0.7487707734107971,
0.4099743962287903,
-0.17340654134750366,
0.48610538244247437,
-0.6077907681465149,
0.012871055863797665,
0.08229432255029678,
0.11906218528747559,
0.20416231453418732,
0.10750550776720047,
-1.2225021123886108,
0.16219736635684967,
-0.5242384672164917,
-0.7866060137748718,
0.2690959870815277,
0.4766399562358856,
-0.05598396435379982,
0.088874951004982,
-0.6220438480377197,
-0.616129994392395,
0.23509284853935242,
-0.33310800790786743,
-0.4588150978088379,
-0.25937193632125854,
-0.5081354975700378,
-0.5083582401275635,
-0.6147421002388,
-0.501614511013031,
-0.254680871963501,
-0.48937904834747314,
-0.6714929342269897,
0.06617865711450577,
0.057708386331796646,
-0.4541683793067932,
0.0688834935426712,
0.576026439666748,
-0.21956011652946472,
0.030131306499242783,
0.25905755162239075,
0.20510976016521454,
0.054141297936439514,
0.2751620411872864,
0.9523966908454895,
0.40428292751312256,
-0.15928174555301666,
-0.5009449124336243,
-0.7617151737213135,
-0.4454612135887146,
0.9907078146934509,
-0.35132619738578796,
-0.3906477689743042,
0.2300625741481781,
-0.22543567419052124,
0.2911806106567383,
-0.22693178057670593,
-0.19086745381355286,
0.130048006772995,
-0.0242898128926754,
-0.2966281473636627,
-0.04237916320562363,
0.11325477808713913,
-0.22745388746261597,
-0.6912388801574707,
-0.1619580239057541,
0.24063286185264587,
-0.6959719657897949,
0.05869917571544647,
0.12967105209827423,
-0.17995795607566833,
-0.5141308307647705,
-0.12390092015266418,
0.26034626364707947,
-0.08454172313213348,
-0.7441071271896362,
-0.2458581030368805,
-0.31398245692253113,
-0.1291477531194687,
0.5140510201454163,
-0.4683357775211334,
0.03837559372186661,
-0.08461154252290726,
0.020488755777478218,
-0.268484890460968,
0.007275794632732868,
-0.07656185328960419,
0.6817150115966797,
-0.013618983328342438,
-0.07990521192550659,
-0.023446442559361458,
-0.4097244441509247,
0.5423556566238403,
-0.009956683963537216,
0.26784244179725647,
0.1830858737230301,
-0.7931468486785889,
-0.19275729358196259,
0.6611277461051941,
0.21689113974571228,
-0.4605913758277893,
-0.3885047137737274,
-0.19559885561466217,
0.5897994637489319,
0.7040325403213501,
-0.31577712297439575,
0.34568631649017334,
0.5439834594726562,
-0.18297156691551208,
0.18482734262943268,
0.21497519314289093,
-0.03517061471939087,
0.5044442415237427,
0.20217858254909515,
-0.3214559853076935,
-0.6616935729980469,
0.5867235064506531,
0.6686004400253296,
0.3265061378479004,
-0.5375340580940247,
0.0577787384390831,
-0.29364117980003357,
0.22603002190589905,
-0.38140130043029785,
0.0029083278495818377,
0.7767340540885925,
0.252981573343277,
0.05640923231840134,
0.22567138075828552,
0.12067519873380661,
-0.7644394636154175,
0.24149751663208008,
0.4407029151916504,
-0.7539880871772766,
-0.18293119966983795,
-0.08243072032928467,
-0.283000111579895,
-0.2531929612159729,
-0.7789033651351929,
-0.5079658627510071,
0.38776907324790955,
-0.42529186606407166,
-0.3002287447452545,
0.22896859049797058,
-0.18143290281295776,
-0.8997446894645691,
0.4950418174266815,
0.09689390659332275,
0.26552143692970276,
0.15336371958255768,
0.09029217809438705,
0.2290545254945755,
-0.1567947119474411,
-0.9587047696113586,
0.48169225454330444,
0.4438071846961975,
0.044467244297266006,
0.2235555201768875,
0.24599261581897736,
0.1753932386636734,
-0.110926054418087,
0.14711368083953857,
0.045407213270664215,
0.3968617618083954,
-0.15817305445671082,
-0.04351130872964859,
0.7292245626449585,
-0.5196036696434021,
0.5933079719543457,
-0.0053313421085476875,
-0.3833306133747101,
0.08204390853643417,
0.5342761278152466,
0.3513798713684082,
0.2815670371055603,
0.20885220170021057,
0.25819429755210876,
-0.04283009096980095,
0.3392072319984436,
0.19746017456054688,
-0.06881989538669586,
0.39028024673461914,
-0.09516125917434692,
0.8315529227256775,
-0.021826747804880142,
-0.14269718527793884,
1.1413601636886597,
-0.19908395409584045,
-0.5380355715751648,
-0.1668996810913086,
-1.053391933441162,
-0.09258342534303665,
0.2830885350704193,
0.7507594227790833,
0.47443923354148865,
-0.736110270023346,
-0.22291992604732513,
0.15666818618774414,
-0.005204226355999708,
-0.25553184747695923,
0.03365645930171013,
0.1906924843788147,
0.437466025352478,
0.4542275667190552,
-0.31137320399284363,
-0.053566090762615204,
-0.14880084991455078,
-0.059201501309871674,
-0.23102512955665588,
0.7402246594429016,
-0.21784333884716034,
-0.2208862602710724,
-0.1932045966386795,
0.5659753084182739,
0.5664852857589722,
0.6526525020599365,
-0.4236132502555847,
-0.16650332510471344,
0.2887730002403259,
-0.19877611100673676,
-0.11577767878770828,
0.06384628266096115,
0.2384401261806488,
0.7047009468078613,
0.5099967122077942,
-0.255054771900177,
-0.5454701781272888,
-0.12592054903507233,
0.11400318890810013,
0.3522326350212097,
0.20207956433296204,
0.01471303217113018,
0.10512485355138779,
-0.519299328327179,
-0.4039856791496277,
-0.13160212337970734,
-0.7085658311843872,
-0.9062554836273193,
-0.636258602142334,
-0.1334964781999588,
0.1505267173051834,
-0.20506247878074646,
-0.16266147792339325,
-0.49260756373405457,
-0.196841299533844,
-0.1825055181980133,
-0.11285441368818283,
0.3346259593963623,
-1.1598554849624634,
0.5064600110054016,
0.6605316996574402,
0.35071682929992676,
0.443085253238678,
0.23924319446086884,
-0.39344748854637146,
0.29553765058517456,
-0.3047236502170563,
0.27577781677246094,
0.5407894849777222,
-0.44276443123817444,
0.1720612794160843,
-0.04349290207028389,
0.09836284071207047,
1.1159842014312744,
-0.36285802721977234,
0.4323868155479431,
0.9628759026527405,
-0.00996702816337347,
0.11145425587892532,
0.735314667224884,
-0.06842311471700668,
0.08829055726528168,
-0.2808089256286621,
0.17784355580806732,
0.12839217483997345,
0.07848009467124939,
0.4900000989437103,
-0.32873162627220154,
0.11359347403049469,
0.556032657623291,
0.19867290556430817,
-0.8233691453933716,
0.8699853420257568,
-0.2826469838619232,
-0.5224124789237976,
-0.5695424675941467,
-0.06985542923212051,
-0.7817621231079102,
0.13356521725654602,
0.15276385843753815,
-0.3330945670604706,
0.23012396693229675,
-0.3217131495475769,
-0.1771516650915146,
-0.01130834873765707,
0.5720038414001465,
0.2165561467409134,
-0.130519300699234,
-0.16900405287742615,
0.0874057337641716,
0.009039177559316158,
-0.7748299241065979,
0.23284676671028137,
0.5724064111709595,
-0.5856925845146179,
0.655539333820343,
0.12432777881622314,
-0.19421181082725525,
0.2969391942024231,
-0.11200813949108124,
-0.9473528265953064,
-0.17940808832645416,
0.45437851548194885
] |
232176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn | Popcorn | Popcorn (also called popped corn, popcorns or pop-corn) is a variety of corn kernel which expands and puffs up when heated; the same names are also used to refer to the foodstuff produced by the expansion.
A popcorn kernel's strong hull contains the seed's hard, starchy shell endosperm with 14–20% moisture, which turns to steam as the kernel is heated. Pressure from the steam continues to build until the hull ruptures, allowing the kernel to forcefully expand, to 20 to 50 times its original volume, and then cool.
Some strains of corn (taxonomized as Zea mays) are cultivated specifically as popping corns. The Zea mays variety everta, a special kind of flint corn, is the most common of these.
Popcorn is one of six major types of corn, which includes dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, flour corn, and sweet corn.
History
Corn was domesticated about 10,000 years ago in what is now Mexico. Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years. Fossil evidence from Peru suggests that corn was popped as early as 4700 BC.
Through the 19th century, popping of the kernels was achieved by hand on stove tops. Kernels were sold on the East Coast of the United States under names such as Pearls or Nonpareil. The term popped corn first appeared in John Russell Bartlett's 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms. Popcorn is an ingredient in Cracker Jack and, in the early years of the product, it was popped by hand.
Popcorn's accessibility increased rapidly in the 1890s with Charles Cretors' invention of the popcorn maker. Cretors, a Chicago candy store owner, had created a number of steam-powered machines for roasting nuts and applied the technology to the corn kernels.
By the turn of the century, Cretors had created and deployed street carts equipped with steam-powered popcorn makers.During the Great Depression, popcorn was fairly inexpensive at 5–10 cents a bag and became popular. Thus, while other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers, including the Redenbacher family, namesake of the famous popcorn brand. During World War II, sugar rations diminished candy production, and Americans compensated by eating three times as much popcorn as they had before. The snack was popular at theaters, much to the initial displeasure of many of the theater owners, who thought it distracted from the films. Their minds eventually changed, however, and in 1938 a Midwestern theater owner named Glen W. Dickinson Sr. installed popcorn machines in the lobbies of his Dickinson theaters. Popcorn was making more profit than theater tickets, and at the suggestion of his production consultant, R. Ray Aden, Dickinson purchased popcorn farms and was able to keep ticket prices down. The venture was a financial success, and the trend to serve popcorn soon spread.
In 1970, Orville Redenbacher's namesake brand of popcorn was launched. In 1981, General Mills received the first patent for a microwave popcorn bag; popcorn consumption saw a sharp increase, by tens of thousands of pounds, in the years following.
At least six localities (all in the Midwestern United States) claim to be the "Popcorn Capital of the World;": Ridgway, Illinois; Valparaiso, Indiana; Van Buren, Indiana; Schaller, Iowa; Marion, Ohio; and North Loup, Nebraska. According to the USDA, corn used for popcorn production is specifically planted for this purpose; most is grown in Nebraska and Indiana, with increasing area in Texas. As the result of an elementary school project, popcorn became the official state snack food of Illinois.
Popping mechanism
Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil. Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard type.
As the oil and water within the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel into pressurized steam. Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable. The internal pressure of the entrapped steam continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of approximately and a temperature of . The hull thereupon ruptures rapidly and explodes, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam. As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff. Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield. Though the kernels of some other types will pop, the cultivated strain for popcorn is Zea mays everta, which is a special kind of flint corn.
Cooking methods
Popcorn can be cooked with butter or oil. Although small quantities can be popped in a stove-top kettle or pot in a home kitchen, commercial sale of freshly popped popcorn employs specially designed popcorn machines, which were invented in Chicago, Illinois, by Charles Cretors in 1885. Cretors successfully introduced his invention at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. At this same world's fair, F. W. Rueckheim introduced a molasses-flavored "Candied Popcorn", the first caramel corn; his brother, Louis Ruekheim, slightly altered the recipe and introduced it as Cracker Jack popcorn in 1896.
Cretors's invention introduced the first patented steam-driven popcorn machine that popped corn in oil. Previously, vendors popped corn by holding a wire basket over an open flame. At best, the result was a hot, dry, unevenly cooked snack. Cretors's machine popped corn in a mixture of one-third clarified butter, two-thirds lard, and salt. This mixture can withstand the temperature needed to pop corn and it produces little smoke. A fire under a boiler created steam that drove a small engine; that engine drove the gears, shaft, and agitator that stirred the corn and powered a small automated clown puppet-like figure, "the Toasty Roasty Man", an attention-getting amusement intended to attract business. A wire connected to the top of the cooking pan allowed the operator to disengage the drive mechanism, lift the cover, and dump popped corn into the storage bin beneath. Exhaust from the steam engine was piped to a hollow pan below the corn storage bin and kept freshly popped corn uniformly warm. Excess steam was also used to operate a small, shrill whistle to attract attention.
A different method of popcorn-making involves the "popcorn hammer", a large cast-iron canister that is sealed with a heavy lid and slowly turned over a fire in rotisserie fashion.
Expansion and yield
Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated. If heated too quickly, the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize, leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers. Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels: the tip of the kernel, where it attached to the cob, is not entirely moisture-proof, and when heated slowly, the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop.
Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn: what percentage of the kernels will pop, and how much each popped kernel expands. Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor. For the consumer, larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality. For the grower, distributor and vendor, expansion is closely correlated with profit: vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume. For these reasons, higher-expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight.
Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well; its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn. Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored. For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most. This differs by variety and conditions, but is generally in the range of 14–15% moisture by weight. If the kernels are over-dried, the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop will decline. Old popcorn tends to dry out, lowering the yield.
When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain. Known in the popcorn industry as "old maids", these kernels fail to pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion. Re-hydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels.
Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels, the color of the kernels, or the shape of the popped corn. While the kernels may come in a variety of colors, the popped corn is always off-yellow or white as it is only the hull (or pericarp) that is colored. "Rice" type popcorn have a long kernel pointed at both ends; "pearl" type kernels are rounded at the top. Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types. Historically, pearl popcorn were usually yellow and rice popcorn usually white. Today both shapes are available in both colors, as well as others including black, red, mauve, purple, and variegated. Mauve and purple popcorn usually have smaller and nutty kernels. Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow.
Terminology
In the popcorn industry, a popped kernel of corn is known as a "flake". Two shapes of flakes are commercially important. "Butterfly" (or "snowflake") flakes are irregular in shape and have a number of protruding "wings". "Mushroom" flakes are largely ball-shaped, with few wings. Butterfly flakes are regarded as having better mouthfeel, with greater tenderness and less noticeable hulls. Mushroom flakes are less fragile than butterfly flakes and are therefore often used for packaged popcorn or confectionery, such as caramel corn. The kernels from a single cob of popcorn may form both butterfly and mushroom flakes; hybrids that produce 100% butterfly flakes or 100% mushroom flakes exist, the latter developed only as recently as 1998. Growing conditions and popping environment can also affect the butterfly-to-mushroom ratio.
When referring to multiple pieces of popcorn collectively, it is acceptable to use the term "popcorn". When referring to a singular piece of popcorn, the accepted term is "kernel".
Consumption
Popcorn is a popular snack food at sporting events and in movie theaters, where it has been served since the 1930s. Cinemas have come under fire due to their high markup on popcorn; Stuart Hanson, a film historian at De Montfort University in Leicester, once said, "One of the great jokes in the industry is that popcorn is second only to cocaine or heroin in terms of profit."
Traditions differ as to whether popcorn is consumed as a hearty snack food with salt (predominating in the United States) or as a sweet snack food with caramelized sugar (predominating in Germany).
Popcorn smell has an unusually attractive quality for human beings. This is largely because it contains high levels of the chemicals 6-acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, very powerful aroma compounds that are also used by food and other industries either to make products that smell like popcorn, bread, or other foods containing the compound in nature, or for other purposes.
Popcorn as a breakfast cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s and generally consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener.
Popcorn balls (popped kernels stuck together with a sugary "glue") were hugely popular around the turn of the 20th century, but their popularity has since waned. Popcorn balls are still served in some places as a traditional Halloween treat. Cracker Jack is a popular, commercially produced candy that consists of peanuts mixed in with caramel-covered popcorn. Kettle corn is a variation of normal popcorn, cooked with white sugar and salt, traditionally in a large copper kettle. Once reserved for specialty shops and county fairs, kettle corn has recently become popular, especially in the microwave popcorn market. The popcorn maker is a relatively new home appliance, and its popularity is increasing because it offers the opportunity to add flavors of the consumer's own choice and to choose healthy-eating popcorn styles.
Popped sorghum is popular as a snack in India. The popped sorghum is similar to popcorn, but the puffs are smaller. Recipes for popping sorghum by microwave, in a pot, etc, are readily available online.
Nutritional value
Air-popped popcorn (no salt or other additives) is 4% water, 78% carbohydrates (including 15% dietary fiber), 12% protein, and 4% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, popcorn provides 382 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of riboflavin (25% DV) and several dietary minerals, particularly manganese, phosphorus, and zinc (36-45% DV). B vitamins and other minerals are in appreciable amounts (table).
Saturated fat
Movie theaters commonly use coconut oil to pop the corn, and then top it with butter or margarine, potentially providing the saturated fat equivalent of "more fat than a breakfast of bacon and eggs, a Big Mac and fries, and a steak dinner combined".
Phytochemicals
Sorghum grains can be popped to form popcorn. All sorghums contain phenolic acids, and most contain flavonoids. Sorghum grains are one of the highest food sources of the flavonoid, proanthocyanidin.
Health risks
Popcorn is included on the list of foods that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends not serving to children under four, because of the risk of choking.
Microwaveable popcorn represents a special case, since it is designed to be cooked along with its various flavoring agents. One of these formerly common artificial-butter flavorants, diacetyl, has been implicated in causing respiratory illnesses in microwave popcorn factory workers, also known as "popcorn lung". Major manufacturers in the United States have stopped using this chemical, including Orville Redenbacher's, Act II, Pop Secret and Jolly Time.
Other uses
Popcorn, threaded onto a string, is used as a wall or Christmas tree decoration in some parts of North America, as well as on the Balkan peninsula.
Some shipping companies have experimented with using popcorn as a biodegradable replacement for expanded polystyrene packing material. However, popcorn has numerous undesirable properties as a packing material, including attractiveness to pests, flammability, and a higher cost and greater density than expanded polystyrene. A more processed form of expanded corn foam has been developed to overcome some of these limitations, forming starch-based foam peanuts.
See also
Butter salt
List of dried foods
List of maize dishes
List of popcorn brands
Popcorn maker
Popcorn seasoning
Puffed grain
Wyandot Popcorn Museum
References
Further reading
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Maize products
Crops originating from the Americas
Native American cuisine
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Snack foods
Dried foods
Symbols of Illinois | [
0.2669341266155243,
0.18473999202251434,
0.0712910071015358,
0.4668131470680237,
-0.13872753083705902,
-0.010109311901032925,
-0.3353007435798645,
0.5642643570899963,
-0.03397776931524277,
-0.4576294422149658,
-0.39466190338134766,
0.057686638087034225,
0.27255889773368835,
0.6992954015731812,
-0.3049701452255249,
0.13285508751869202,
0.43217554688453674,
0.24757464230060577,
-0.23446597158908844,
0.18523666262626648,
-0.15713432431221008,
-0.4765675961971283,
0.27855420112609863,
-0.005419034045189619,
-0.04822550341486931,
-0.32724928855895996,
0.10561953485012054,
0.005312295164912939,
0.5049692392349243,
-0.12568774819374084,
-0.5808812975883484,
0.2865230143070221,
0.5867103338241577,
-0.27893826365470886,
0.1632506400346756,
0.041603829711675644,
0.10828067362308502,
0.10856371372938156,
0.018353743478655815,
-0.5664114952087402,
-0.19867698848247528,
0.0713202953338623,
0.6751251220703125,
-0.3767639994621277,
0.19797009229660034,
-0.7711248397827148,
-1.4575215578079224,
0.3957495391368866,
-0.673082709312439,
0.3318825364112854,
-0.27242565155029297,
-0.07750184834003448,
-0.004466738551855087,
-0.0726340189576149,
0.3524763584136963,
0.5755519270896912,
-0.5605366230010986,
0.30982500314712524,
0.5375811457633972,
-0.0068452064879238605,
-0.2594947814941406,
-0.15054960548877716,
0.021065907552838326,
-0.19898027181625366,
-0.031251441687345505,
0.08592913299798965,
-0.38354891538619995,
-0.09327005594968796,
0.0018914163811132312,
-0.6557070016860962,
-0.16739943623542786,
-1.1229091882705688,
-0.07403969019651413,
-0.07715167105197906,
0.611988365650177,
-0.3123391270637512,
-0.20457620918750763,
-0.009470159187912941,
0.20418743789196014,
0.2360103279352188,
-0.7056404948234558,
0.15022651851177216,
0.1166159063577652,
0.3666016161441803,
0.29441049695014954,
0.1800340861082077,
-0.27404069900512695,
0.7246177792549133,
-0.5182968378067017,
0.3298463523387909,
-0.37913984060287476,
0.26415103673934937,
0.8323010206222534,
0.382149875164032,
-0.33879554271698,
-0.6786858439445496,
0.521708607673645,
-0.12754569947719574,
0.4481411874294281,
0.2241162806749344,
-0.34967339038848877,
0.219867542386055,
0.7584145069122314,
0.09014724940061569,
-0.42010682821273804,
-0.1891913115978241,
-0.3775016665458679,
-0.37027454376220703,
-0.015008111484348774,
0.18575380742549896,
-0.09337124973535538,
0.07644665241241455,
0.12604323029518127,
0.6072064638137817,
-0.3475340008735657,
-0.060408953577280045,
0.04686151072382927,
-0.15541960299015045,
-0.3252054750919342,
-0.24096377193927765,
-0.22471106052398682,
0.5733892321586609,
0.3960669934749603,
-0.18091750144958496,
-0.18217511475086212,
0.009346884675323963,
0.10150540620088577,
0.6174999475479126,
-0.4401145279407501,
0.3278547525405884,
0.37394919991493225,
0.43098634481430054,
0.027497610077261925,
-0.39660340547561646,
-0.17711582779884338,
-0.11909390240907669,
0.15973235666751862,
-0.38383081555366516,
0.4390031099319458,
0.01331998873502016,
-0.5849955677986145,
-0.4411045014858246,
-0.29481685161590576,
0.056351326406002045,
-0.37483876943588257,
-0.5417903661727905,
-0.3744117319583893,
0.025737017393112183,
-0.49392616748809814,
-0.07411175966262817,
0.3521025776863098,
0.34165018796920776,
-0.07904240489006042,
0.17052294313907623,
-0.3227173984050751,
0.08007356524467468,
0.3029451370239258,
-0.2812001407146454,
-0.010022926144301891,
0.28483346104621887,
-0.03540981188416481,
-0.08352958410978317,
-0.15997420251369476,
-0.8183740377426147,
-0.3563182055950165,
-0.1397467404603958,
0.4584766626358032,
0.5052340030670166,
-0.2731436789035797,
0.6299373507499695,
0.049007099121809006,
0.4391370415687561,
0.035248853266239166,
0.11839781701564789,
0.11302299052476883,
-0.31029459834098816,
0.7946866154670715,
0.13353851437568665,
0.47157636284828186,
0.399757444858551,
-0.41844430565834045,
0.20447617769241333,
0.31872639060020447,
0.3859994113445282,
-0.3404216766357422,
-0.2061038464307785,
-0.09945067763328552,
-0.441792756319046,
0.3296560049057007,
-0.5218650698661804,
-0.3813219368457794,
-0.4370769262313843,
-0.17418909072875977,
-0.47681185603141785,
0.8052193522453308,
0.08192353695631027,
-0.06168309971690178,
0.4233904778957367,
0.21847794950008392,
-0.41523465514183044,
0.22445929050445557,
0.4869628846645355,
0.1011672094464302,
-0.2879522144794464,
-0.9469152092933655,
0.1298387348651886,
0.30123192071914673,
0.30852431058883667,
0.3168036937713623,
-0.1988821178674698,
0.2933599352836609,
-0.15856075286865234,
0.4248538911342621,
-0.5807139873504639,
0.09416079521179199,
0.11952130496501923,
-0.40839073061943054,
0.5850893259048462,
0.3558209240436554,
-0.4000232219696045,
0.5796298384666443,
-0.09615738689899445,
-0.40597593784332275,
-0.009374690242111683,
0.3347586691379547,
0.7340376377105713,
0.7693707942962646,
0.0912432074546814,
0.2797357141971588,
-0.22013121843338013,
0.3555431663990021,
-0.4274844527244568,
0.2551794648170471,
-0.33318737149238586,
-0.14081771671772003,
0.26825767755508423,
0.4931260645389557,
-0.02680601179599762,
0.45753467082977295,
-0.661788821220398,
0.01636120118200779,
0.11517724394798279,
0.05411384999752045,
-0.686791718006134,
0.20670802891254425,
-0.04765745624899864,
-0.29646429419517517,
-0.2134738564491272,
-0.2542482018470764,
-0.3307754695415497,
0.23676429688930511,
0.42738834023475647,
0.26391252875328064,
-0.05339574068784714,
0.053271837532520294,
-0.004743372555822134,
-0.4697425067424774,
0.12011931091547012,
0.4076511263847351,
0.43969443440437317,
0.014818888157606125,
-0.4301620125770569,
0.25115591287612915,
-0.3790259063243866,
-0.23496291041374207,
-0.3193771541118622,
-0.5070453882217407,
0.06440594047307968,
-0.38329842686653137,
0.46060124039649963,
0.23202019929885864,
0.42944082617759705,
-0.3835204243659973,
-0.24997447431087494,
-0.34890973567962646,
-1.0012785196304321,
0.31817924976348877,
0.17841823399066925,
-0.5270550847053528,
-0.577231764793396,
-0.033490464091300964,
0.2801259160041809,
0.23333381116390228,
-0.036202915012836456,
-0.47714754939079285,
-0.3531278967857361,
0.056752048432826996,
-0.5091850161552429,
-0.3185082972049713,
-0.34946027398109436,
-0.3421380817890167,
0.608121395111084,
-0.020107517018914223,
0.004599523730576038,
0.4250059127807617,
0.33533158898353577,
-0.03209664672613144,
0.0009061016608029604,
0.1740400344133377,
-0.785416841506958,
-0.18993449211120605,
-0.12848177552223206,
-0.3037678897380829,
-0.22097787261009216,
-0.4176348149776459,
0.29951462149620056,
-0.12211503088474274,
-0.2897476851940155,
-5.898128986358643,
0.26086199283599854,
-0.4358792304992676,
-0.16267108917236328,
0.06600899249315262,
0.08105569332838058,
0.1482682228088379,
-0.3092499375343323,
-0.1394300013780594,
0.26259633898735046,
0.07984715700149536,
0.31670263409614563,
-0.17292942106723785,
0.2287919521331787,
0.5005924701690674,
-0.041267700493335724,
0.2140117734670639,
-0.32984137535095215,
0.06030932441353798,
-0.09755832701921463,
0.2636483311653137,
-0.019125770777463913,
0.15105068683624268,
1.3584034442901611,
-0.18261125683784485,
-0.29912611842155457,
0.3073539435863495,
0.01103982049971819,
-0.3790059983730316,
0.44102826714515686,
-0.28852540254592896,
-0.5623001456260681,
-0.011480873450636864,
0.1861230880022049,
0.0347738079726696,
0.3798294961452484,
-0.004878256935626268,
-0.19084574282169342,
0.15205852687358856,
0.16741010546684265,
0.31456226110458374,
0.6808299422264099,
-0.17717918753623962,
-0.6432788372039795,
0.293861985206604,
-0.4825427234172821,
-0.23409360647201538,
-0.006314991042017937,
-0.7686783671379089,
0.418314665555954,
0.5790698528289795,
0.1258084774017334,
0.018719788640737534,
-0.0747048631310463,
-0.030437743291258812,
0.5780383348464966,
0.7062076926231384,
0.15982957184314728,
-0.4816698729991913,
-0.6198717951774597,
-0.19946686923503876,
-0.18306264281272888,
-0.15656398236751556,
0.5050039887428284,
-0.28236693143844604,
-0.17821566760540009,
-0.7139905691146851,
0.14023377001285553,
0.6469919681549072,
0.2128649652004242,
-0.4864289462566376,
-0.4311436116695404,
0.43839600682258606,
-0.6972306966781616,
0.24867743253707886,
-0.4237901270389557,
-0.37993818521499634,
-0.25050562620162964,
-0.2829020023345947,
0.7694063186645508,
-0.09066176414489746,
-0.04531892389059067,
0.13313235342502594,
-0.034640830010175705,
0.33256280422210693,
-0.1992991417646408,
-0.26781854033470154,
-0.2646419405937195,
0.3217349946498871,
0.04065273702144623,
0.7233507633209229,
-0.5872765779495239,
-0.08413366228342056,
-0.4503231346607208,
0.6151626110076904,
0.5145626664161682,
-0.012926164083182812,
0.5624897480010986,
0.15410058200359344,
-0.04163215309381485,
0.07946979999542236,
-0.2384500354528427,
-0.04749289155006409,
-0.501930296421051,
0.522466242313385,
0.27052050828933716,
-0.2743610441684723,
0.09932810068130493,
0.7944509983062744,
-0.3488236367702484,
0.16301652789115906,
0.409549742937088,
-0.41827428340911865,
-0.5785824060440063,
0.21172063052654266,
-0.18232174217700958,
-0.0327947698533535,
0.522750973701477,
0.11602582037448883,
0.16223172843456268,
-0.001687450334429741,
-0.16123786568641663,
-0.6120064854621887,
-0.328278124332428,
0.06612398475408554,
-0.3650481402873993,
0.30579277873039246,
0.2989051043987274,
0.5826902985572815,
-0.055326759815216064,
0.17526069283485413,
-0.03979359567165375,
0.30721768736839294,
0.10311561822891235,
-0.1399463266134262,
0.09578046202659607,
-0.1101672500371933,
-0.13052579760551453,
-0.8803058862686157,
-0.6852023005485535,
0.13450197875499725,
-0.05125324800610542,
0.37421607971191406,
-0.16584043204784393,
0.7557604312896729,
0.4038430452346802,
-0.4695149064064026,
-0.16192695498466492,
-0.36954572796821594,
0.18061481416225433,
0.3244064450263977,
0.755004346370697,
0.006478413939476013,
0.1982378214597702,
-0.6018226742744446,
0.4286634922027588,
0.5721324682235718,
0.44414299726486206,
0.21782664954662323,
-0.33614829182624817,
0.3302519619464874,
-0.18051347136497498,
-1.3669706583023071,
-0.0798451229929924,
-0.184935063123703,
0.08928708732128143,
-0.40535086393356323,
0.09776826947927475,
0.04756138101220131,
0.3097156286239624,
0.023190340027213097,
-0.25160691142082214,
-0.53481125831604,
0.30346009135246277,
0.4023043215274811,
0.3202672004699707,
0.2791670262813568,
-0.2707371711730957,
-0.005211294628679752,
-0.2431139051914215,
-0.4276028573513031,
-1.0270411968231201,
-0.22296765446662903,
-0.11809075623750687,
-0.03118160553276539,
-0.36607328057289124,
-0.24218621850013733,
0.04442695155739784,
-0.41387271881103516,
-0.19689726829528809,
0.15255454182624817,
-0.17235741019248962,
0.48221513628959656,
0.002772345207631588,
0.11275596916675568,
-0.19531571865081787,
-0.3593360185623169,
0.37871241569519043,
-0.11226195096969604,
-0.7104780673980713,
-0.05114953592419624,
-0.1846156120300293,
-1.2428399324417114,
0.2323693186044693,
0.4999556243419647,
-0.2344813048839569,
0.3068303167819977,
-0.12866641581058502,
0.47667160630226135,
0.1396997720003128,
-0.31226876378059387,
-0.5270034074783325,
0.03823443129658699,
0.5688638687133789,
0.2999064326286316,
0.4497571587562561,
0.02125367522239685,
-0.03795888274908066,
0.4949451982975006,
-0.4613608121871948,
0.1316474974155426,
-0.32206597924232483,
-0.40836265683174133,
-0.08896973729133606,
-0.6369947195053101,
0.19720357656478882,
0.3508656620979309,
-0.9409102201461792,
-0.13785576820373535,
-0.2186916470527649,
0.45606905221939087,
-0.5616177320480347,
-0.0368085540831089,
0.620614767074585,
-0.09993056952953339,
0.28774845600128174,
-0.6734426617622375,
0.21979540586471558,
0.10706467181444168,
0.08775322139263153,
0.5422917008399963,
0.5077473521232605,
0.035052958875894547,
0.6043020486831665,
-0.6541004180908203,
0.37151750922203064,
0.24768280982971191,
-0.6022710800170898,
-0.6391443014144897,
0.49208271503448486,
0.2574493885040283,
-0.4359584450721741,
-0.4404498040676117,
-0.2279624193906784,
0.4930144250392914,
-0.4274132549762726,
-0.1661549210548401,
0.337736576795578,
0.11602538079023361,
0.5058921575546265,
-0.29538723826408386,
-0.2604818046092987,
-0.20892569422721863,
0.29196488857269287,
0.21103177964687347,
-0.07523621618747711,
-0.06345254182815552,
-0.030449043959379196,
-0.3833100199699402,
-0.2899588346481323,
0.5038439035415649,
0.5569528937339783,
0.24341705441474915,
0.25563234090805054,
0.5150264501571655,
0.5417417287826538,
-0.479489803314209,
-0.5738756656646729,
-0.5710119605064392,
0.2980708181858063,
-0.21945828199386597,
-0.6041944622993469,
0.04105862230062485,
-0.27915188670158386,
0.17112354934215546,
-0.27342933416366577,
0.05247486010193825,
0.0031955360900610685,
-0.17108894884586334,
0.03439978510141373,
-0.5102046132087708,
0.5172629356384277,
0.019430337473750114,
-0.3230960965156555,
0.03014974109828472,
-0.19519548118114471,
0.6913744807243347,
0.5003835558891296,
-0.25496038794517517,
-0.16932463645935059,
-0.4525303542613983,
0.617094874382019,
0.2299293428659439,
-0.9167399406433105,
0.5330743193626404,
0.009668223559856415,
-0.40675944089889526,
-0.06473954021930695,
-0.44901227951049805,
-0.13970308005809784,
0.3315681219100952,
-0.007268113549798727,
0.05842063948512077,
0.16575457155704498,
0.3296802043914795,
0.30243951082229614,
0.3219781219959259,
-0.16166949272155762,
-0.1059776172041893,
0.42069894075393677,
0.5749617218971252,
0.11419392377138138,
0.18033842742443085,
-0.6908459663391113,
-0.6102485656738281,
0.023838143795728683,
0.12096619606018066,
-0.2715173363685608,
0.12725231051445007,
0.06208552420139313,
0.715271532535553,
-0.1677478402853012,
-0.07305443286895752,
0.39365217089653015,
0.14454446732997894,
-0.45867589116096497,
-0.17247559130191803,
-0.2979506254196167,
-0.6885899901390076,
0.6335592269897461,
0.46813690662384033,
0.4943680465221405,
0.23579181730747223,
0.24406442046165466,
0.2442309856414795,
0.0672641471028328,
-0.1251092255115509,
0.45913633704185486,
-0.05508394539356232,
0.01600111462175846,
-0.3070218861103058,
-0.3507736921310425,
0.3697102665901184,
-0.496227502822876,
0.42715534567832947,
-0.7764840126037598,
0.4395334720611572,
-0.4648413062095642,
0.0005052259657531977,
0.20381036400794983,
-0.17910805344581604,
0.3487595021724701,
0.2413889467716217,
-0.02025476098060608,
0.701636552810669,
0.16772295534610748,
-0.18978242576122284,
-0.5225915312767029,
-0.14289546012878418,
0.08866354823112488,
-0.009468910284340382,
-0.07118090242147446,
-0.06947413086891174,
0.5920884609222412,
0.0341130830347538,
0.2042749524116516,
-0.10699060559272766,
0.4050261378288269,
0.12110043317079544,
0.4713857173919678,
-0.0490298829972744,
-0.6385867595672607,
-0.2715161144733429,
0.19778262078762054,
0.18109002709388733,
0.48598718643188477,
0.40189141035079956,
0.3174172341823578,
-0.48851296305656433,
-0.36706340312957764,
-0.20575028657913208,
-0.39150264859199524,
0.23389291763305664,
-0.19882455468177795,
0.22140078246593475,
0.1763809323310852,
-0.5066415667533875,
0.48789384961128235,
0.18894456326961517,
0.39609336853027344,
0.0678258165717125,
-0.024303702637553215,
0.25606295466423035,
0.24805912375450134,
-0.5145992040634155,
0.0920240506529808,
-0.012426765635609627,
0.16929161548614502,
-1.2498518228530884,
1.027488112449646,
0.791626513004303,
-0.1274501383304596,
-0.027350174263119698,
-0.6382543444633484,
-0.30294156074523926,
-0.05116580054163933,
0.38765108585357666,
-0.4667508900165558,
0.7138159275054932,
-0.9401002526283264,
0.2475944310426712,
-0.8334943652153015,
0.4016833007335663,
0.0569387823343277,
0.5953525900840759,
0.06092873588204384,
0.6728533506393433,
0.3071973919868469,
-0.20770424604415894,
0.21903593838214874,
-0.4384124279022217,
0.6202281713485718,
-0.05325038731098175,
0.6302708983421326,
-0.5110594034194946,
-0.18639953434467316,
0.2731955945491791,
0.8781792521476746,
-0.19590513408184052,
-0.402911901473999,
0.4659472107887268,
-0.22990283370018005,
-0.6523195505142212,
-0.28912025690078735,
0.151772603392601,
0.31845822930336,
0.35990047454833984,
-0.013639803044497967,
-0.6013631224632263,
0.48828011751174927,
-0.1844560205936432,
-0.8583770394325256,
0.39358147978782654,
0.1691979020833969,
0.3994569778442383,
0.24298590421676636,
-0.1870608925819397,
0.12270904332399368,
-0.09185975044965744,
0.057169876992702484
] |
232177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Road | Marylebone Road | Marylebone Road ( ) is an important thoroughfare in central London, within the City of Westminster. It runs east–west from the Euston Road at Regent's Park to the A40 Westway at Paddington. The road which runs in 3 lanes in both directions, is part of the London Inner Ring Road and as such forms part of the boundary of the zone within which the London congestion charge applies.
As part of the Ring Road and a feeder route to the A40 (and hence the M40 motorway) (to the west) and the A5 and M1 motorway (to the north) much of the traffic leaving central London for the Midlands and the North of England travels on this road. It is frequently heavily congested.
History
The road was effectively London's first bypass. Construction of the New Road, as it was called, began in 1756 along the northern edge of the built-up area. In 1857, the road's name was changed from New Road, with sections, west to east, renamed Marylebone Road, Euston Road and Pentonville Road.
The name Marylebone originates from a church, called "St Mary Le Bon", that was built on the bank of a small stream or "bourne" called the tybourne, in an area named after the stream Tyburn. The church and the surrounding area later became known as St Mary at the bourne, which over time became shortened to its present form Marylebone. The current St Marylebone Parish Church is on the south of Marylebone Road, opposite the Royal Academy of Music and at the top of Marylebone High Street.
The crossroads of Marylebone Road and Baker Street was historically known as Marylebone Circus, which is still its unofficial name.
Tourism
One of London's principal tourist attractions lies on Marylebone Road - Madame Tussauds. It is also the location of the Royal Academy of Music and the former "Great Central Hotel", now renamed The Landmark London.
Transport
Mainline stations
Marylebone
Paddington
Tube stations
Edgware Road (Bakerloo Line)
Edgware Road (Circle, District and Hammersmith & City Lines)
Marylebone
Paddington
Baker Street
Regent's Park
Great Portland Street
Buses
Bus routes 18, 27, 30, 74, 205 and 453 serve all or part of the road.
References
Streets in the City of Westminster
1756 establishments in England
Marylebone | [
0.38012680411338806,
-0.311610609292984,
0.4576354920864105,
-0.701562225818634,
-0.02733842469751835,
0.14997021853923798,
0.3179238736629486,
0.030137384310364723,
0.038184281438589096,
-0.4496745467185974,
-0.4110894799232483,
-0.4100833833217621,
0.16646704077720642,
0.17299938201904297,
0.10194255411624908,
0.21322642266750336,
-0.0405643954873085,
0.2205836921930313,
0.5139318704605103,
-0.22040404379367828,
0.17692872881889343,
0.09007526934146881,
0.040317874401807785,
0.12914031744003296,
0.293083131313324,
-0.3009696304798126,
-0.057338763028383255,
-0.06609441339969635,
-0.6831523180007935,
-0.4694709777832031,
0.5786420702934265,
-0.10236192494630814,
0.24659036099910736,
-0.4721914827823639,
0.6698352694511414,
-0.6429634094238281,
0.5192105770111084,
-0.6461147665977478,
-0.3661087155342102,
-0.5350697636604309,
-0.18737812340259552,
-0.01935790292918682,
0.19523242115974426,
-0.0623924620449543,
0.02709055505692959,
-0.6363044381141663,
-0.7503830790519714,
0.27983391284942627,
-0.8983054757118225,
0.06405064463615417,
-0.32224324345588684,
0.6207719445228577,
0.23699362576007843,
0.3647933006286621,
0.642316460609436,
0.34882694482803345,
-0.773034930229187,
-0.07966519892215729,
0.6892590522766113,
0.006284605246037245,
0.6639809012413025,
0.22032062709331512,
0.06011569872498512,
0.7572153210639954,
0.2634492516517639,
0.13532251119613647,
0.47259801626205444,
0.11719800531864166,
-0.5929909944534302,
-0.3825434744358063,
0.10783267021179199,
-0.4904251992702484,
0.3605862855911255,
0.37554967403411865,
-1.2116957902908325,
-0.37090885639190674,
-0.11123034358024597,
0.32831859588623047,
-0.14823195338249207,
-0.20474447309970856,
0.47953367233276367,
0.07461380958557129,
0.4520551562309265,
0.5633264183998108,
0.47104814648628235,
0.3006801903247833,
-0.5488228797912598,
-0.19859415292739868,
-0.5190887451171875,
0.6617063283920288,
-0.4391213655471802,
0.5187283754348755,
0.04589230567216873,
0.009402595460414886,
-0.2330533117055893,
-0.4486994743347168,
0.1734689325094223,
0.0006249626749195158,
0.18555331230163574,
0.005977890454232693,
-0.4490152597427368,
0.08915582299232483,
0.2966724932193756,
-0.420125275850296,
0.016534650698304176,
0.12683886289596558,
-0.2594788670539856,
-0.28447744250297546,
0.48572245240211487,
-0.09928720444440842,
-0.3897742033004761,
-0.28957122564315796,
-0.48414143919944763,
0.11654645204544067,
-0.07725739479064941,
0.3229188919067383,
0.40138378739356995,
-0.2264447957277298,
-0.21151337027549744,
-0.021883226931095123,
-0.22256872057914734,
0.11810429394245148,
0.01026085950434208,
0.20819304883480072,
-0.1612648367881775,
-0.30857059359550476,
0.24774183332920074,
0.2948349416255951,
-0.3197590112686157,
0.16651718318462372,
0.29603517055511475,
1.087499976158142,
-0.4758213758468628,
-0.37196972966194153,
-0.06963508576154709,
-0.47934600710868835,
-0.1370040774345398,
0.3397334814071655,
0.5809370875358582,
0.2704339027404785,
-0.31692251563072205,
-0.26257410645484924,
0.1267213225364685,
-0.10645665973424911,
0.3000001311302185,
0.22126391530036926,
-0.08949562907218933,
-1.0335556268692017,
-0.25539690256118774,
-0.6166129112243652,
0.17052079737186432,
0.7653087377548218,
-0.43025192618370056,
-0.7011134028434753,
0.17387445271015167,
0.34351620078086853,
1.031204342842102,
0.545531153678894,
-0.3465738296508789,
0.28707361221313477,
-0.08190369606018066,
0.3670805096626282,
0.7881507873535156,
-0.3049381673336029,
-0.21414373815059662,
0.32525014877319336,
0.3404848873615265,
0.024103637784719467,
0.4300268888473511,
-0.04076172783970833,
-0.6953859329223633,
-0.32630565762519836,
0.7808171510696411,
-0.6885359287261963,
0.25562259554862976,
-0.06148798018693924,
0.6210070848464966,
-0.006897753570228815,
0.6326470971107483,
-0.42386651039123535,
-0.2664561867713928,
0.8564136028289795,
-0.4041515290737152,
0.3700755834579468,
0.6817455887794495,
0.021582314744591713,
-0.12659206986427307,
0.44183099269866943,
-0.6361398696899414,
0.017272543162107468,
0.09074536710977554,
-0.1209367960691452,
-0.17315644025802612,
-0.543779730796814,
0.36602237820625305,
0.25445568561553955,
-0.2518361508846283,
0.8981149196624756,
-0.19422368705272675,
0.9790947437286377,
-0.25606516003608704,
-0.097154401242733,
0.42118287086486816,
-0.308344304561615,
-0.4768037796020508,
0.242783784866333,
0.49097302556037903,
-0.35687506198883057,
0.2879727780818939,
0.0941174328327179,
0.660155177116394,
-0.5898158550262451,
-0.19011907279491425,
-0.33834323287010193,
0.5758459568023682,
-0.1782430112361908,
0.2012690156698227,
-0.012029118835926056,
-0.16506125032901764,
-0.7012603282928467,
1.0254896879196167,
-0.09985607117414474,
0.5406732559204102,
0.8614202737808228,
-0.8114253282546997,
0.2638571560382843,
-0.039702158421278,
1.164035439491272,
0.0751473605632782,
-0.638403594493866,
-0.005369120743125677,
-0.0208286102861166,
-0.1741454303264618,
-0.19165337085723877,
-0.694105327129364,
-0.5733401775360107,
0.1517827957868576,
-0.5539845824241638,
0.6521816253662109,
-0.3675161302089691,
0.20194537937641144,
0.10336041450500488,
0.032977283000946045,
0.5362375974655151,
0.007775811944156885,
-0.28331300616264343,
0.2850637137889862,
0.3694930374622345,
-0.3180854916572571,
0.16491000354290009,
-0.06924671679735184,
0.2957269251346588,
0.003494744189083576,
0.5571351051330566,
0.3873090147972107,
-0.07142098993062973,
0.009557693265378475,
-0.0013438812457025051,
0.31672489643096924,
0.6638453006744385,
-0.27351492643356323,
0.28725677728652954,
0.21855135262012482,
0.1724555492401123,
-0.17943483591079712,
0.4030713737010956,
-0.4344790577888489,
-0.7434341907501221,
0.796177864074707,
0.33549195528030396,
-0.013685236684978008,
-0.18728242814540863,
-0.6392870545387268,
-0.1878730058670044,
0.10076973587274551,
0.05028767138719559,
0.5158364176750183,
0.4822743535041809,
0.089654840528965,
0.10385577380657196,
0.14369069039821625,
0.4812776744365692,
0.0932486280798912,
-0.24924898147583008,
-0.3870909810066223,
-0.34401068091392517,
0.27182847261428833,
-0.023772358894348145,
-0.025424089282751083,
0.3585278391838074,
-0.4649618864059448,
0.38365787267684937,
-0.2765957713127136,
0.4291754364967346,
-0.08311852067708969,
-0.05636198818683624,
-0.1383824646472931,
-0.38793471455574036,
0.38565877079963684,
-0.593067467212677,
-0.22932256758213043,
0.7684686779975891,
0.03827008605003357,
-0.050312288105487823,
0.31334996223449707,
-0.847071647644043,
-0.6897489428520203,
-0.1704455316066742,
-5.500572681427002,
0.786590039730072,
-0.36416295170783997,
0.13490834832191467,
0.4939953684806824,
0.11326855421066284,
0.5187089443206787,
-0.6104658842086792,
-0.25860291719436646,
-0.8084161281585693,
-0.23079814016819,
-0.07480636239051819,
-0.016410991549491882,
-0.0803999975323677,
0.38774845004081726,
0.3989337980747223,
-0.0029318092856556177,
-0.43184328079223633,
0.36122700572013855,
-0.03720448911190033,
0.17523334920406342,
-0.18101337552070618,
0.07450691610574722,
-0.03171229362487793,
0.01924726366996765,
0.13704068958759308,
-0.3297922909259796,
-0.2282463014125824,
-0.7439745664596558,
-0.1352863758802414,
0.6349945664405823,
0.2990383803844452,
0.01956968940794468,
-0.4634647071361542,
0.23415310680866241,
0.017105240374803543,
-0.07662339508533478,
-0.23645134270191193,
0.4348685145378113,
-0.2889711260795593,
0.2678844630718231,
0.5048632025718689,
0.3512960374355316,
-0.3738073408603668,
0.06650382280349731,
0.29969358444213867,
-0.4529767334461212,
0.06506163626909256,
-0.05506325885653496,
0.38464629650115967,
0.1806619018316269,
1.0520808696746826,
0.4806774854660034,
0.0022483349312096834,
-0.4697824716567993,
-0.118792824447155,
0.21546854078769684,
-0.5413395166397095,
-0.23350989818572998,
-0.059568244963884354,
0.6561892628669739,
-0.4305703938007355,
-0.020065218210220337,
-0.05780050903558731,
0.11698424816131592,
-0.5328677296638489,
-0.4484108090400696,
-0.4531686007976532,
0.35526230931282043,
0.6180340647697449,
-0.4260473847389221,
-0.2893676459789276,
0.108800008893013,
-0.9336150288581848,
0.1568642258644104,
-0.5421814322471619,
-0.20681644976139069,
0.09924210608005524,
0.7390598654747009,
-0.6258531212806702,
0.18381166458129883,
-0.5450411438941956,
-0.5987746119499207,
0.0768379271030426,
-0.263164222240448,
-0.9923586249351501,
-0.14988748729228973,
-0.017968513071537018,
-0.3876984119415283,
-0.7921698093414307,
-0.21027424931526184,
-0.7731879949569702,
-0.0994761511683464,
-0.24475395679473877,
-0.25022032856941223,
-0.20337560772895813,
-0.3065085709095001,
0.5962530374526978,
0.2778635621070862,
-0.35084545612335205,
0.5977615714073181,
-0.2807154059410095,
-0.06689143180847168,
-0.2831679880619049,
-0.010581095702946186,
-0.699971079826355,
-0.42433419823646545,
0.03426610678434372,
0.2591222822666168,
-0.3825417459011078,
-0.39692091941833496,
-0.6746856570243835,
-0.725756824016571,
-1.0691251754760742,
0.2269916832447052,
-0.49100592732429504,
-0.17048567533493042,
0.1865137219429016,
0.4910505414009094,
0.09174119681119919,
0.10144775360822678,
0.6030575037002563,
-0.18939943611621857,
0.3837412893772125,
-0.15023618936538696,
1.0786933898925781,
0.13498666882514954,
0.3080872893333435,
-0.03315495699644089,
-0.4011908769607544,
0.0868978351354599,
-0.1979142129421234,
-0.4320227801799774,
-0.4878731071949005,
-0.6004036068916321,
-0.019683821126818657,
-0.22596506774425507,
0.3346877694129944,
-0.03351540118455887,
0.5553418397903442,
0.3889239728450775,
0.1705380231142044,
0.23251710832118988,
0.787434995174408,
0.5223574042320251,
0.5060112476348877,
-0.2688736319541931,
-0.13077294826507568,
-1.1412484645843506,
0.07336114346981049,
-0.12342803180217743,
-0.36716777086257935,
-0.39130765199661255,
0.1636514961719513,
0.13969390094280243,
-0.5118253231048584,
-0.22808869183063507,
0.535912811756134,
-0.328450083732605,
-0.19860893487930298,
-0.29042840003967285,
-0.008581109344959259,
-0.7545093297958374,
0.12518218159675598,
-0.056495584547519684,
-0.12066203355789185,
-0.23978401720523834,
-0.2635778486728668,
0.04229129105806351,
0.4468434154987335,
0.008004939183592796,
-0.33173325657844543,
-0.018998604267835617,
-0.23435525596141815,
-0.0674717053771019,
0.9250684380531311,
-0.49295324087142944,
0.340899795293808,
0.17159859836101532,
-0.10485641658306122,
0.006094078067690134,
-0.187013179063797,
0.30679088830947876,
0.7143453359603882,
0.7953487038612366,
-0.9646408557891846,
-0.38599759340286255,
0.09620238095521927,
0.30537548661231995,
-0.3773399293422699,
0.5678859949111938,
-0.06406166404485703,
-0.0756923258304596,
-0.16786618530750275,
-0.2919600009918213,
-0.6423415541648865,
0.04541070759296417,
0.6693834662437439,
-0.6969863772392273,
-0.1699816733598709,
-0.1189163401722908,
0.41688618063926697,
-0.5139058828353882,
0.42482471466064453,
0.40212464332580566,
-0.3608856499195099,
0.21711432933807373,
0.17104682326316833,
-0.14491237699985504,
0.5049467086791992,
0.06178645044565201,
-1.0938838720321655,
0.600435733795166,
0.27421775460243225,
-0.7798850536346436,
0.13021646440029144,
-0.1925777792930603,
-0.3440767526626587,
-0.39152082800865173,
-0.10453800857067108,
-0.07638071477413177,
-0.23976607620716095,
-0.18614421784877777,
0.01791652850806713,
-0.61626797914505,
0.6359546780586243,
-0.06822381168603897,
-1.4072571992874146,
0.7626131772994995,
-0.2975517511367798,
-0.49085378646850586,
-0.4626753628253937,
0.8158755898475647,
0.296985924243927,
0.13275325298309326,
-0.43244221806526184,
-0.4914921224117279,
-0.41349735856056213,
0.32463881373405457,
0.8846879005432129,
0.43541014194488525,
0.4461599290370941,
-0.4426114857196808,
-0.5253122448921204,
0.2987235486507416,
1.2190752029418945,
0.41224220395088196,
-0.04550386965274811,
-0.6664145588874817,
-0.2381446361541748,
0.3280017375946045,
-0.03611474111676216,
0.19510695338249207,
-0.2565165162086487,
0.6277801990509033,
-0.06705917418003082,
0.17107312381267548,
0.10769273340702057,
-0.009543811902403831,
0.062139954417943954,
0.4218656122684479,
-0.4282151758670807,
-0.06483886390924454,
0.3784809708595276,
0.3216845989227295,
-0.4226846992969513,
0.11042985320091248,
-0.13597805798053741,
0.09661712497472763,
-0.17187723517417908,
0.08005043119192123,
-0.6951099634170532,
0.43416357040405273,
0.35668501257896423,
0.2295154333114624,
-0.19841882586479187,
-0.18454675376415253,
-0.5187375545501709,
0.44176679849624634,
-0.5102100372314453,
-0.32872840762138367,
-0.3435804843902588,
0.06292031705379486,
-0.5118061900138855,
0.08056477457284927,
-0.03996406868100166,
0.0973057970404625,
0.006071482785046101,
-0.14712335169315338,
-0.0003042793250642717,
-0.558397114276886,
-0.4267956614494324,
-0.17667119204998016,
0.44242337346076965,
-0.5621156692504883,
0.6651269197463989,
-0.012493384070694447,
0.5713146328926086,
-0.25991693139076233,
-0.2991954982280731,
-0.5133413672447205,
0.7467209696769714,
0.03813968226313591,
-0.43189185857772827,
-0.18850333988666534,
0.31596824526786804,
0.37132737040519714,
-0.36546868085861206,
0.7151573300361633,
0.09118282794952393,
0.5071987509727478,
0.06334464997053146,
0.6978420615196228,
1.048354148864746,
0.03382229804992676,
0.21583464741706848,
0.28324416279792786,
-0.2950626313686371,
-0.059698596596717834,
0.6607657074928284,
-0.1443384736776352,
0.6335277557373047,
0.6959795951843262,
0.3612653613090515,
-0.5271661281585693,
0.4101415276527405,
-0.3409600853919983,
-0.5554535388946533,
-0.41024133563041687,
0.5478164553642273,
0.4512869119644165,
-0.19398823380470276,
-1.1084065437316895,
0.48921453952789307,
0.04933175444602966,
-0.7660310864448547,
-0.000574365840293467,
-0.2571505606174469,
0.1486434042453766,
-0.020667780190706253,
0.6103651523590088,
-0.3687737286090851,
-0.5874982476234436,
0.550409734249115,
0.2855033278465271,
-0.21147842705249786,
0.44345545768737793,
-0.05605993792414665,
-0.07378014177083969,
0.01025076862424612,
0.1742091178894043,
0.3693842887878418,
0.17135114967823029,
0.04377012327313423,
0.80523282289505,
-0.2579500079154968,
-0.2694089412689209,
0.19232261180877686,
0.1172795221209526,
-0.658962607383728,
-0.020096125081181526,
0.2996133267879486,
0.14841701090335846,
-0.5373926758766174,
-0.6204776763916016,
-0.0497392974793911,
0.2008674442768097,
-0.28806811571121216,
0.05476862192153931,
0.1091068759560585,
-0.21891328692436218,
0.36943626403808594,
-0.10155391693115234,
-0.5694758296012878,
0.01165372971445322,
0.14368335902690887,
-0.1269848644733429,
0.5054287910461426,
0.22424711287021637,
-0.2974957823753357,
0.21186082065105438,
0.26150062680244446,
-0.177328422665596,
-0.5780308842658997,
-0.167563334107399,
-0.22883768379688263,
-0.2841034531593323,
-0.50727778673172,
-1.5155147314071655,
-0.8920791149139404,
-0.08604007959365845,
-0.21168659627437592,
-0.032316386699676514,
-0.2655428349971771,
-0.755832314491272,
-0.3090841770172119,
-0.07435902953147888,
0.8268442153930664,
0.36989349126815796,
0.05587928369641304,
0.6279159784317017,
0.7719430923461914,
-0.33752167224884033,
0.17308643460273743,
-0.42698022723197937,
0.9957579374313354,
-0.5184010863304138,
-0.3537110388278961,
-0.35275572538375854,
0.8137843012809753,
0.08949515968561172,
-0.19536685943603516,
0.010422198101878166,
-0.16811120510101318,
-0.3200782835483551,
0.8604049682617188,
0.11631457507610321,
-0.33021029829978943,
0.2711024880409241,
-0.09474871307611465,
0.07753628492355347,
0.42609739303588867,
0.015223970636725426,
0.02840591035783291,
0.09411724656820297,
-0.5314704775810242,
0.4392361640930176,
0.3829087018966675,
0.32429882884025574,
0.23410876095294952,
0.15123829245567322,
-0.04425813630223274,
-0.8115812540054321,
0.060254957526922226,
-0.16022907197475433,
-0.05349630489945412,
0.6633304357528687,
1.0213536024093628,
0.22472228109836578,
0.2694214880466461,
0.06836960464715958,
0.028218358755111694,
0.5242892503738403,
0.06324200332164764,
-0.6579341888427734,
-0.471169114112854,
-0.11198101192712784,
-0.12329801917076111,
-0.9475427865982056,
0.636077344417572,
0.663131833076477,
0.0672234371304512,
0.5032418370246887,
-0.032584428787231445,
0.7507856488227844,
-0.20201969146728516,
0.27540481090545654,
-0.2271585911512375,
-0.10830209404230118,
0.5003548264503479
] |
232179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Boleyn%2C%20Viscountess%20Rochford | Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford | Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford (née Jane Parker; c. 1505 – 13 February 1542), was an English noblewoman. Her husband, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, was the brother of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. Jane had been a member of the household of Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon. It is possible that she played a role in the verdicts against, and subsequent executions of, her husband and Anne Boleyn. She was later a lady-in-waiting to Henry's third and fourth wives, and then to his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, with whom she was executed.
Early life
Born Jane Parker, she was the daughter of Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley, and Alice St. John, great-granddaughter of Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso. Through Margaret, Jane was a distant relative of King Henry VIII — specifically his half-second-cousin-once-removed; this, in turn, made her a third cousin of all of the King's children, including her niece-by-marriage, Elizabeth I. She was born in Norfolk around the year 1505; her family were wealthy, well-connected, politically active and respected members of the English upper class. Her father was an intellectual, with a great interest in culture and education. She was sent to Court in her early teens, certainly before her fifteenth birthday, where she joined the household of King Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She is recorded as having accompanied the royal party on the state visit to France in 1520, "The Field of the Cloth of Gold".
Although it has long been supposed that nothing is recorded of Jane's appearance (and there is no surviving portrait that can be identified as her), her biographer Julia Fox, in Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford, suggests that there is a very remote chance that a Holbein painting represents a likeness of Jane (pp. 317–319). She was probably considered attractive in her day, given that she was chosen to appear as one of the lead actresses/dancers in the prestigious "Château Vert" masquerade at Court in 1522. The seven performers were selected from the ladies of court in large part for their attractiveness. Two of the other performers included Jane's future sisters-in-law, Anne and Mary Boleyn.
Marriage
In late 1524 or early 1525, she was married to George Boleyn (later Viscount Rochford), brother of Anne Boleyn, who later became the second queen of Henry VIII. At this stage, however, Anne was not completely attached to the King, although she was already one of the leaders of fashionable society.
As a wedding present, King Henry gave Jane and George a mansion, Grimston Manor in Norfolk. Since she gained the courtesy title of Viscountess Rochford by marriage in 1529, she was usually known at Court (and by subsequent historians) as "Lady Rochford". As the Boleyn family's wealth and influence increased, the couple were given the Palace of Beaulieu in Essex as their chief residence, which George and Jane decorated with a lavish chapel, a tennis court, a bathroom with hot-and-cold running water, imported carpets, mahogany furniture and their own large collection of silverware. Their marital bed was draped in cloth of gold with a white satin canopy, linen quilts and a yellow counterpane. Beaulieu had initially belonged to the Boleyns as one of their country retreats before they sold it to the King, who spent over £17,000 lavishly refurbishing and expanding it. In the early 1530s, it became the main residence of his eldest daughter, Mary, but when she was disgraced and banished to Hatfield House, George Boleyn was given the palace to live in, although the deeds were never formally signed over.
The marriage of Jane and George made her sister-in-law to the Queen Consort as well as aunt to the Princess Elizabeth, future Elizabeth I.
Traditionally, George and Jane's marriage has been portrayed as an unhappy one. One modern historian has suggested that George was homosexual. British historian Alison Weir concludes that the marriage was unhappy, principally because of George, although she concludes that the exact nature of his sexuality is difficult to ascertain: "[A] talented young man ... he was very good-looking and very promiscuous. In fact, according to George Cavendish, he lived in 'bestial' fashion, forcing widows, deflowering virgins ... [and] it has been suggested he indulged in homosexual activity too, but there is no evidence for this, although he may well have committed buggery with female partners." Julia Fox, Jane's most recent biographer, disagrees with both arguments, concluding that the exact nature of the marriage is unclear but suggesting that it was by no means unhappy.
The exact nature of her relationship with her royal sister-in-law is not clear either, and there is no evidence as to what she thought of her other sister-in-law, Mary Boleyn, who had been at court with Jane since they were both teenagers. It is generally assumed that Jane was not overly fond of Anne, allegedly because of Jane's jealousy of her. Regardless, Jane plotted with Anne to banish one of the King's young unnamed mistresses from court in 1534. When the King discovered her involvement, Lady Rochford was herself exiled for a few months.
Role in husband's execution
After 11 years of marriage, George Boleyn was arrested in May 1536 and imprisoned in the Tower of London, accused of having had sexual intercourse with his sister, the Queen. Elizabeth Somerset, Countess of Worcester, is said by contemporaries to have provided the evidence against the Queen and her brother. There was no truth in these rumours, according to the vast majority of contemporary witnesses, but they provided the legal pretext that the Boleyns' enemies needed to bring about the execution of Lord Rochford. Jane was mentioned only once during the trials, when George Boleyn was asked if the Queen had relayed information about Henry's sexual troubles to her.
The first mention of any tensions between Jane and her husband came long after their deaths, when George Wyatt called her "wicked wife, accuser of her own husband, even to the seeking of his own blood," in his biography of Queen Anne, but this view would have been informed by the disastrous Catherine Howard episode, when both she and the queen were executed for treason, and Wyatt's own attempts to exonerate the late Queen. Subsequent generations of historians also believed that Jane's testimony against her husband and sister-in-law in 1536 was motivated by spite rather than any actual belief in their guilt, hence her generally unfavourable historical reputation. A century later, an historian asserted that Jane had testified against them because of her "inveterate hatred" of Queen Anne, which sprang from jealousy at Anne's superior social skills and George's preference for his sister's company to that of his wife. This assertion is not consistent with the records of the period; not only is there no mention of any serious rift between the couple (and the few mentions of their marriage imply at least a tolerable relationship), but by the death of Jane Seymour, Jane had already rebuilt her reputation at court and been one of the Queen's chief mourners (she would go to serve two more of Henry's queens). Georgian and Victorian histories pointed to Jane's execution in 1542 to suggest that moral justice had triumphed because "the infamous Lady Rochford ... justly deserved her fate for the concern which she had in bringing Anne Boleyn, as well as her own husband, to the block". This view of Jane as accuser, despite lacking historicity, gained traction after her death, and was popularized by subsequent historians.
This negative view of Jane was rejected nearly 500 years later by her biographer, Julia Fox, who believes that Jane actually enjoyed a warm and supportive relationship with Queen Anne and that terror of the palace coup against the Boleyns in 1536 provoked Jane's testimony, which in any case was twisted by the family's enemies. In her 2007 book, Fox writes:
Widowhood
George Boleyn was beheaded on Tower Hill on 17 May 1536 before a large crowd. His final speech was chiefly concerned with promoting his new-found Protestant faith. Four other men, one of them a commoner, were executed alongside him, also accused of having been Anne's lovers. Only the commoner, Mark Smeaton, a musician, had confessed, and it was reported that he had been savagely tortured into doing so. (Members of the aristocracy and gentry could not legally be tortured.) Anne was executed two days later, beheaded by a French swordsman, within the walls of the Tower of London. Anne's poise and courage at the scaffold were much commented upon, and public opinion in the weeks and months after often "made of Anne a persecuted heroine, bright with promise and goodness as a young woman, beautiful and elegant." It is not known whether Jane witnessed the execution of either her husband or her sister-in-law, but the posthumous sympathy Anne aroused in many meant that many of those linked to her fall were cast in the roles of villains. According to Julia Fox, this mindset explains how Jane's actions were construed as being those of a cruel and jealous intriguer.
The immediate aftermath of the fall of the Boleyns was hard for her, both socially and financially. The lands which the Boleyns had built up during Anne Boleyn's reign and over the previous four generations, including the titles Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, were to pass through the male line only, and thus were lost to the family with George's death. Jane continued to use the courtesy title of Viscountess Rochford but without a son she could not benefit from what remained of the Boleyn family fortune. (Modern rumours that George Boleyn, Dean of Lichfield, a colourful character, was the child of Jane and George are now thought to be false.)
Later political intrigues
After her husband's execution, Lady Rochford was absent from court for several months. She spent this time securing her financial position by negotiations with her father-in-law, Sir Thomas Boleyn, but mainly with Thomas Cromwell, the king's chief minister. The Boleyns eventually allocated her the sizable annual pension of £100, precisely what they had given their eldest daughter Mary, when she had been widowed eight years earlier. It was much less than her previous income as sister-in-law to the queen-consort, but it was enough to keep her as a noblewoman, which was essential for her return to Court, something Jane worked doggedly for in 1536 and 1537. It is unknown when she returned to court, but she was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Jane Seymour, so she probably returned within a year of her husband's death. (Jane Seymour died soon after childbirth, within eighteen months of becoming Henry's wife.) As a viscountess, she was allowed to bring a number of her own servants with her, lodge in the palace, and be addressed as "Lady Rochford". Fine meals were provided for her every day from the budget of the queen's household.
Following Jane Seymour's death, the King subsequently married Anne of Cleves, a German princess recommended by Cromwell. However, Henry soon wanted to be rid of Anne, and sought an annulment. In July 1540, Lady Rochford testified that the Queen had confided in her that the marriage had never been consummated. This allowed the king to annul the marriage and marry his teenaged mistress, Catherine Howard.
Lady Rochford kept her post as lady-in-waiting to the new Queen Catherine. Queen Catherine's past indiscretions were uncovered in the autumn, and her private life was investigated.
The Queen was first detained in her apartments and then placed under house arrest at Syon Abbey, a disused convent. Her confidantes and favourites were questioned and their rooms searched. Lady Rochford was herself detained for questioning, implicated in arranging meetings between the Queen and Thomas Culpeper.
Downfall and execution
During her imprisonment in the Tower, Lady Rochford was interrogated for many months but was not tortured. However, she seems to have suffered a full nervous breakdown and by the beginning of 1542 was pronounced insane. Her "fits of frenzy" meant that legally she could not stand trial for her role in facilitating the queen's adultery, but since he was determined to have her punished, the King implemented a law which allowed the execution of the insane for high treason. Jane was thus condemned to death by an Act of Attainder, and the execution date was set for 13 February 1542, the same day as Catherine Howard.
The Queen died first, apparently in a weak physical state, although she was not hysterical. Jane was then escorted from her lodgings to the scaffold where she spoke before kneeling on the just-used scaffold. Despite her nervous collapse over the previous five months, she was calm and dignified and both women won mild posthumous approval for their behaviour. One eyewitness, a merchant named Ottwell Johnson, wrote that their 'souls [must] be with God, for they made the most godly and Christian end.' The French ambassador Marillac merely stated that Jane gave a 'long discourse'; Johnson says that she apologised for her 'many sins', but neither man's account supports the later legend that she spoke at length about her late husband or sister-in-law. According to Alison Weir, Catherine Howard was not much more than 20 at the time of her death and Boleyn was about 36.
She was beheaded with a single blow of the axe and was buried in the Tower of London alongside Catherine Howard, close to the bodies of Anne Boleyn and George Boleyn.
In fiction and media
Lady Rochford has appeared in numerous novels, especially those on Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. As noted earlier, Vengeance Is Mine by Brandy Purdy is written from Lady Rochford's viewpoint. She also features in Robin Maxwell's The Secret Diary of Anne Boleyn, Suzannah Dunn's The Queen of Subtleties and briefly in Margaret George's The Autobiography of Henry VIII. Jane's character is also mentioned in Wendy J. Dunn's Dear Heart, How Like You This? which is based on the life of the poet Thomas Wyatt. Rochford is a minor character in Sovereign, the third instalment of C. J. Sansom's Shardlake series of murder mystery novels, set in 16th century England. A larger role is given to Lady Rochford in Jean Plaidy's novel The Rose Without a Thorn. Jane Rochford also appears in the Thomas Cromwell trilogy by Hilary Mantel.
Jane appears in the historical novel The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory, which tells the story of her other sister-in-law, Mary Boleyn. One of its sequels is The Boleyn Inheritance, which casts Lady Rochford as one of its lead characters and its central villain. It details the final three years of her life and her involvement with Anne of Cleves and Catherine Howard. The Raven's Widow by Adrienne Dillard, takes a much different tack than previous portrayals. Lady Rochford is liberated from the entrenched version of villainess and shown as a beloved wife and close friend to the Boleyns. Her later role in the relationship between Catherine Howard and Thomas Culpeper coming about because of the trauma of her husband's death and the knowledge that disobedience comes at a price.
In some modern novels, Jane's vicious resentment of Anne leads to her psychological disintegration - she is portrayed as being mentally deranged and obsessively jealous in Vengeance is Mine and almost sociopathically amoral in The Boleyn Inheritance.
In both, she is also presented as sexually voyeuristic and given to petty spying.
In the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII starring Keith Michell as Henry, Sheila Burrell portrayed Lady Rochford in several segments throughout the programme, primarily in the segments concerning Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. In the 2003 British 2-part television drama Henry VIII, Lady Rochford was played by Kelly Hunter. She appeared opposite Helena Bonham Carter as Anne Boleyn, Ray Winstone as Henry VIII and Emily Blunt as Catherine Howard. In the film adaptation of Philippa Gregory's novel The Other Boleyn Girl, Jane Boleyn (played by Juno Temple) was a minor character. In both these representations, Jane was shown as being a political tool in the hands of her husband's uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, although the presentation of her in The Other Boleyn Girl was more sympathetic.
Jane is also represented on seasons two to four of the Showtime series The Tudors, by Joanne King opposite Padraic Delaney as her husband George. In this version, their marriage is miserable, with both pressured into it by their parents and Jane finding it increasingly humiliating to put up with her husband's love affair with Mark Smeaton. They are shown frequently arguing and there is one incident of marital rape, which has no factual basis. However, Jane is not shown as hating Anne and so her betrayal of the Boleyns is motivated by her hatred of George. She befriends Jane Seymour when she is queen and is made her lady-in-waiting and remains a close friend until Queen Jane's death. She remains chief lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves and Catherine Howard. She eventually enters into a sexual relationship with Thomas Culpeper (a detail invented for the series). She is responsible for instigating the affair between Culpeper and Catherine, motivated both by a desire to keep Culpeper (who has a pathological obsession with the young queen) and out of a hatred for Catherine, whom she sees as grossly inferior to Jane Seymour and even Anne of Cleves.
In Wolf Hall, a TV mini-series adaptation of the historical novel by Hilary Mantel, she was played by Jessica Raine.
Notes
References
Rochford
Executed people from Norfolk
Executions at the Tower of London
Prisoners in the Tower of London
1500s births
1542 deaths
Executed English women
Ladies of the Privy Chamber
16th-century English women
16th-century English nobility
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
Jane
Jane
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
People executed under Henry VIII
Daughters of barons
Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula
Household of Jane Seymour
Household of Anne of Cleves
Household of Catherine Howard | [
-0.6435096859931946,
0.32732757925987244,
-0.3457966446876526,
-0.332396537065506,
-0.715217649936676,
0.8139908313751221,
0.8756871223449707,
0.15735101699829102,
-1.0338895320892334,
0.2100469022989273,
-0.2096758782863617,
-0.23346899449825287,
-0.21377375721931458,
0.4298291504383087,
0.024701252579689026,
0.020402023568749428,
0.09972302615642548,
0.4882274270057678,
0.1779639571905136,
-1.0130137205123901,
0.21379411220550537,
-0.043012943118810654,
-0.14410893619060516,
0.07150603830814362,
-0.12776435911655426,
0.07497385144233704,
0.023228291422128677,
0.09604045003652573,
0.3638378083705902,
-0.21194113790988922,
0.23008182644844055,
0.9083373546600342,
0.20266574621200562,
-0.3801550567150116,
-0.13066674768924713,
-0.10264673829078674,
0.6252154111862183,
-0.26012200117111206,
-0.08901047706604004,
-0.2673720419406891,
0.15163196623325348,
0.5397666096687317,
0.5233364701271057,
0.08303181082010269,
-0.19191022217273712,
-0.5892326831817627,
-1.9298487901687622,
-0.349764883518219,
-0.10751929134130478,
-0.3114646077156067,
0.624965250492096,
0.13458770513534546,
1.1792460680007935,
0.4762189984321594,
0.25103652477264404,
0.5057340860366821,
-1.040669560432434,
0.19502082467079163,
0.98375004529953,
0.42924606800079346,
0.5358033776283264,
-0.18190409243106842,
0.45320579409599304,
0.3001288175582886,
-0.2112811952829361,
0.5544235706329346,
-0.1784752458333969,
0.4538763165473938,
-0.450334757566452,
0.3664852976799011,
-0.296062171459198,
-0.3925749659538269,
0.8788643479347229,
0.121250219643116,
-0.31347283720970154,
0.04928572103381157,
0.044633522629737854,
-0.32136061787605286,
0.6831899285316467,
-0.08515195548534393,
0.35649943351745605,
0.2209034562110901,
0.40224042534828186,
-0.11255273222923279,
0.23576176166534424,
0.6764830350875854,
-0.28325438499450684,
-0.08700777590274811,
-0.2976812422275543,
0.5804147720336914,
-0.8739927411079407,
0.5713485479354858,
-0.10483166575431824,
0.4602040648460388,
-0.42793890833854675,
0.23652374744415283,
0.2819978594779968,
-0.40864983201026917,
-0.06806854903697968,
0.17935362458229065,
-0.09118323028087616,
0.3864901661872864,
0.3714638352394104,
0.00985806155949831,
-1.1095988750457764,
0.1768646091222763,
-0.5991083979606628,
-0.5319064259529114,
-0.11043611913919449,
-0.9994701743125916,
-0.22191017866134644,
0.30088260769844055,
-0.6007571220397949,
-0.3711933195590973,
-0.5123648643493652,
0.1363753378391266,
0.42729660868644714,
-0.13531091809272766,
-0.31870219111442566,
0.08006086945533752,
0.35774409770965576,
0.29606983065605164,
-0.34457138180732727,
-0.38226571679115295,
-0.5442155003547668,
0.3584144413471222,
0.5416649580001831,
-0.28141212463378906,
0.601580023765564,
0.8157790899276733,
-0.14385123550891876,
1.5846948623657227,
-0.5513352155685425,
-0.3019808232784271,
0.177031472325325,
-0.6329481601715088,
0.4703265130519867,
0.634556233882904,
0.40100181102752686,
0.2844546139240265,
-1.2345647811889648,
-0.26695477962493896,
-2.0820775032043457,
0.3812272548675537,
0.7327485680580139,
0.3705662190914154,
-0.491347074508667,
0.3396313190460205,
-0.15042859315872192,
0.6558749675750732,
-0.30288970470428467,
-0.15328681468963623,
0.1569654494524002,
-0.215724378824234,
-0.5073238015174866,
0.2519019842147827,
0.3124847412109375,
-0.11938618868589401,
0.4785296320915222,
0.4218217134475708,
-0.29808133840560913,
0.057471148669719696,
0.2454289346933365,
-0.024680376052856445,
-0.082125224173069,
0.33158034086227417,
0.5053560733795166,
0.17180640995502472,
-0.42578190565109253,
0.3810496926307678,
-0.7668580412864685,
-0.003519604681059718,
-0.11383622884750366,
-0.4754227101802826,
-0.2768438756465912,
0.7576459646224976,
0.5429750680923462,
0.35279473662376404,
-0.05135118588805199,
-0.5263063311576843,
-0.6031183004379272,
0.17989222705364227,
0.18377788364887238,
-0.015288555063307285,
0.289273738861084,
0.48461928963661194,
0.2584938704967499,
-0.40804412961006165,
-0.21794036030769348,
0.39613258838653564,
-0.19489583373069763,
-0.07415416836738586,
0.29139241576194763,
0.09893423318862915,
0.8119300603866577,
0.07462169229984283,
0.0010761554585769773,
0.1809033453464508,
0.36616265773773193,
0.7688866257667542,
-0.1573271006345749,
-0.03254491463303566,
0.16649529337882996,
-0.009203960187733173,
-0.09437786042690277,
1.8146092891693115,
0.20213854312896729,
0.2545912265777588,
0.5838180780410767,
1.2665579319000244,
0.22595593333244324,
-0.2674885094165802,
0.1649819016456604,
0.3505678176879883,
-0.3915480375289917,
-0.38724377751350403,
0.1350007802248001,
0.008251771330833435,
0.12566445767879486,
-0.838063657283783,
-0.15638382732868195,
0.24654346704483032,
-0.3387187421321869,
0.6528809666633606,
-0.31621164083480835,
0.670593798160553,
-0.32484403252601624,
0.291697233915329,
-0.5678257942199707,
-0.8628333210945129,
0.77889084815979,
0.36413177847862244,
0.05836135149002075,
-0.4440562427043915,
-0.030122557654976845,
-0.07224243134260178,
-0.3871508240699768,
-0.011744372546672821,
0.19617073237895966,
0.11490832269191742,
-0.026027625426650047,
0.685832679271698,
-0.2301892340183258,
0.5085980892181396,
-1.014417052268982,
0.7945168614387512,
0.15028317272663116,
-0.12124759703874588,
0.036887552589178085,
-0.6130499839782715,
1.27065908908844,
0.17222486436367035,
0.3566959500312805,
0.017861200496554375,
-0.176767498254776,
-0.22753174602985382,
-0.025459250435233116,
0.5717309713363647,
0.12767837941646576,
0.6410523653030396,
-0.27667489647865295,
0.23466546833515167,
0.34848329424858093,
0.40694156289100647,
0.16458852589130402,
-0.4458330273628235,
0.4004319906234741,
-0.7717522382736206,
0.2865699529647827,
-0.023385757580399513,
0.4073551595211029,
-0.5408892035484314,
-0.345371812582016,
-2.197676420211792,
0.4264230728149414,
0.5675381422042847,
-0.28522881865501404,
0.7702925205230713,
-1.1649901866912842,
-0.2224597930908203,
0.001650576596148312,
0.6732473969459534,
-0.7101847529411316,
0.25472405552864075,
-0.16199499368667603,
0.278850793838501,
0.679351270198822,
-0.09019213169813156,
0.09390601515769958,
-0.17754855751991272,
-0.09576722234487534,
0.037342529743909836,
-0.21377380192279816,
0.0025812131352722645,
0.13818813860416412,
0.6536911129951477,
-0.5822181105613708,
0.2003495842218399,
-0.5145332217216492,
-0.09602274745702744,
-0.2612582743167877,
0.38363611698150635,
-0.36965346336364746,
0.4263668954372406,
0.17358045279979706,
0.015623707324266434,
-0.11491003632545471,
0.42160820960998535,
-4.020005226135254,
0.241489440202713,
-0.25887590646743774,
-0.27185338735580444,
0.045756131410598755,
-0.40293043851852417,
0.6784230470657349,
-0.5011131167411804,
-0.28121116757392883,
0.36810481548309326,
0.9211471080780029,
-0.03527479246258736,
-0.5597299933433533,
0.5267855525016785,
0.8217378258705139,
0.435038298368454,
0.7599538564682007,
-0.6353467106819153,
0.69808429479599,
0.4076709747314453,
-0.3949761390686035,
0.1401384323835373,
0.1343829184770584,
-0.15945248305797577,
0.6586850881576538,
-0.020313037559390068,
0.4881940484046936,
-0.6325119733810425,
-1.118966817855835,
-0.3568435311317444,
-0.06528168171644211,
0.4162757396697998,
0.31382736563682556,
-0.31947916746139526,
-0.7093360424041748,
0.026073498651385307,
0.09548196196556091,
0.39129823446273804,
0.47203606367111206,
-0.4039939045906067,
-0.2868947386741638,
0.5644717812538147,
-0.5013534426689148,
0.85292649269104,
0.24335847795009613,
-0.30920130014419556,
-1.1684041023254395,
0.27577319741249084,
0.550730288028717,
0.6276336908340454,
-0.4180007576942444,
-0.037188850343227386,
1.1844149827957153,
0.5048465132713318,
-0.21427547931671143,
-0.28131479024887085,
0.19629500806331635,
-0.4936120808124542,
-0.6505635976791382,
-0.0945311114192009,
0.7970927357673645,
-0.8630291819572449,
0.3376431465148926,
0.0793689414858818,
0.3896369934082031,
-0.7702288627624512,
0.3411614000797272,
0.005721046589314938,
0.13197819888591766,
0.20845676958560944,
0.4063216745853424,
0.17232860624790192,
0.21163302659988403,
-0.961871862411499,
-0.006655490025877953,
-0.2504233717918396,
-0.24236588180065155,
0.39209112524986267,
0.5284360647201538,
0.19958685338497162,
0.15673254430294037,
-0.26252537965774536,
-0.4880863130092621,
1.08455228805542,
0.4187714755535126,
-0.7718743085861206,
-0.4266462028026581,
-0.023626454174518585,
-0.9885665774345398,
-0.02240884117782116,
-0.25783684849739075,
-0.24714295566082,
-0.030928608030080795,
1.0453941822052002,
-0.1524157077074051,
-0.23878882825374603,
0.69917231798172,
-0.47845378518104553,
0.1112653836607933,
-0.2621990740299225,
-0.7417644262313843,
-0.8210486769676208,
-0.39248067140579224,
-0.24531544744968414,
-0.266885906457901,
-0.26652130484580994,
-0.3465539813041687,
0.2873823642730713,
-0.22100865840911865,
-0.2561344802379608,
0.30898377299308777,
-0.2254015952348709,
0.4002728760242462,
-0.39868882298469543,
0.5096327066421509,
-0.34669122099876404,
-0.5204212665557861,
0.48255452513694763,
0.6598716974258423,
0.1758406013250351,
-0.36617112159729004,
0.4656926989555359,
-0.3084878623485565,
0.2733542323112488,
-0.40199941396713257,
0.4001320004463196,
0.573102593421936,
-0.6013778448104858,
-1.0246212482452393,
-0.23412391543388367,
-0.4120343029499054,
0.01170436292886734,
-0.6081776022911072,
-0.4201905131340027,
0.11655978113412857,
-0.4753134548664093,
-0.6542743444442749,
0.02390388771891594,
0.4833087921142578,
-0.7481920719146729,
0.1791318953037262,
-0.277283638715744,
-0.54244065284729,
0.5210422873497009,
0.22813667356967926,
0.8043871521949768,
0.9174365401268005,
-0.20553694665431976,
-0.2231019288301468,
0.4702148735523224,
-0.5197821259498596,
-0.855211079120636,
0.29200223088264465,
-0.4546797573566437,
-0.7243698239326477,
-0.5229740738868713,
-0.07882896810770035,
0.1414242535829544,
-0.5107929110527039,
-0.11339353024959564,
-0.507538914680481,
0.3224111497402191,
-0.6719920039176941,
-0.20052190124988556,
0.6031177043914795,
-0.8216910362243652,
0.18970072269439697,
-0.31431955099105835,
-1.4162133932113647,
0.46377798914909363,
-0.3637032210826874,
-0.32063400745391846,
0.061894576996564865,
-0.16817732155323029,
0.5523079037666321,
-0.019090157002210617,
0.18381083011627197,
0.1828572154045105,
0.3651008605957031,
-0.02576669678092003,
-0.2866576611995697,
-0.2706138789653778,
-0.20020011067390442,
0.5285434126853943,
0.44833874702453613,
0.03964311257004738,
-0.6134165525436401,
-0.0484858937561512,
-0.0866280049085617,
-0.15947479009628296,
-0.07197191566228867,
-0.10755738615989685,
0.6692031621932983,
0.16266119480133057,
-0.7416114211082458,
-0.07549168169498444,
0.22970552742481232,
0.338834285736084,
0.17700554430484772,
-0.5855227708816528,
-0.2504376173019409,
0.715267539024353,
-0.16578923165798187,
0.2824932038784027,
0.7297948002815247,
-0.8739230632781982,
0.04614443704485893,
-0.087183877825737,
-0.6631287932395935,
0.7500236630439758,
0.06739697605371475,
-0.7735706567764282,
0.550093412399292,
0.5910056233406067,
-0.28266701102256775,
-0.2356802076101303,
0.38597431778907776,
0.3193914294242859,
0.07339555770158768,
-0.27390623092651367,
-0.09919986873865128,
-0.6518598794937134,
-0.3347080945968628,
-0.662733256816864,
-0.5435529351234436,
1.0983099937438965,
0.1599753051996231,
-0.7714062929153442,
1.0520820617675781,
-0.22472402453422546,
-0.9380085468292236,
0.539206326007843,
0.12707795202732086,
0.08950100094079971,
-0.35194918513298035,
0.026685409247875214,
0.27334243059158325,
-0.029667044058442116,
-0.151222363114357,
0.6218116283416748,
1.1971698999404907,
0.8505291938781738,
0.22629651427268982,
-0.4299629032611847,
-0.38043883442878723,
0.6089327335357666,
-0.6025307774543762,
-0.4253789484500885,
-0.04430410638451576,
0.355042427778244,
-0.26820361614227295,
-0.22631847858428955,
-0.8957286477088928,
-0.4435114860534668,
0.5021424889564514,
-0.14599889516830444,
0.0715358555316925,
0.26611095666885376,
-0.0005252747214399278,
0.2951987385749817,
-0.14559125900268555,
0.6368402242660522,
-0.024509025737643242,
0.657774806022644,
0.29420241713523865,
0.8530675768852234,
0.10667545348405838,
0.02586442418396473,
0.36287447810173035,
-0.0859861820936203,
-0.4394461214542389,
-0.41849514842033386,
-0.851847767829895,
-0.18376563489437103,
-0.1898554265499115,
0.12415507435798645,
0.5116817355155945,
-0.6361755132675171,
0.3516435921192169,
-0.3664853274822235,
0.7078498601913452,
0.1797228306531906,
0.6116419434547424,
-0.5492941737174988,
0.16837143898010254,
-0.447666198015213,
-0.46941569447517395,
-0.3639056980609894,
-0.33971232175827026,
0.24070709943771362,
-0.21687740087509155,
-0.7050085663795471,
0.22836235165596008,
0.17914451658725739,
0.23716096580028534,
0.4661157727241516,
-0.9532440304756165,
-0.704540491104126,
-0.3421899378299713,
0.020801199600100517,
-1.0782074928283691,
0.8267796039581299,
0.5228745937347412,
0.007242521736770868,
0.7073259353637695,
0.1767081320285797,
0.10854838043451309,
-0.6273139119148254,
-0.06009143590927124,
0.1587805151939392,
-0.006443793419748545,
-0.21680663526058197,
-0.0327240414917469,
0.28218013048171997,
-0.3974320590496063,
-0.42576131224632263,
0.30761614441871643,
-0.7969462275505066,
-0.3716740608215332,
0.08696886897087097,
-0.12587516009807587,
-0.5465063452720642,
0.5427467823028564,
0.1663091778755188,
0.128736212849617,
0.703391432762146,
-0.1699022501707077,
-0.4229813516139984,
-0.11472460627555847,
-0.15636932849884033,
0.2717519998550415,
-0.33940473198890686,
-0.8651435375213623,
0.8983765840530396,
-0.7617470026016235,
-0.021936703473329544,
-0.06878378987312317,
-0.7617025375366211,
0.3175171911716461,
0.1869329810142517,
0.1950061023235321,
1.1199262142181396,
-0.48770198225975037,
-0.4387429356575012,
-0.7016928791999817,
0.5014616847038269,
-0.517855167388916,
0.9282368421554565,
0.3500562608242035,
-0.4904565215110779,
0.5320264101028442,
0.44061970710754395,
0.30825483798980713,
-0.49620306491851807,
0.04813897982239723,
0.8030045032501221,
0.8907536268234253,
-0.3160843551158905,
-0.6053186058998108,
-1.7349481582641602,
-0.46729281544685364,
-0.5874863266944885,
0.33689796924591064,
0.11835927516222,
0.2554575800895691,
-0.39115065336227417,
0.22961805760860443,
0.19780036807060242,
0.2494891881942749,
0.09417694807052612,
0.5859341025352478,
-0.0977490097284317,
0.3777996897697449,
-0.39735865592956543,
0.24337056279182434,
0.35719990730285645,
0.2101714164018631,
-0.5212529897689819,
0.4553490877151489,
-0.5600928664207458,
-0.041420478373765945,
-0.24999107420444489,
-0.05501694977283478,
-0.7651862502098083,
0.25919532775878906,
-0.29908719658851624,
-0.30262839794158936,
0.4497365653514862,
-0.014924570918083191,
-0.4169621765613556,
0.6428338289260864,
-0.571142852306366,
-0.21105128526687622,
-0.19890975952148438,
-1.1093642711639404,
0.346295565366745,
-0.20612359046936035,
0.8147719502449036,
0.21532860398292542,
-0.48466211557388306,
-0.2486904114484787,
1.2037445306777954,
-0.1554170697927475,
0.25257277488708496,
-0.3595798909664154,
0.7640155553817749,
-0.26107463240623474,
0.4594630002975464,
-1.1328370571136475,
-0.047973375767469406,
-0.7083898186683655,
-0.2620342969894409,
-0.1729387789964676,
0.5631229877471924,
0.15691448748111725,
0.15861664712429047,
0.17562401294708252,
-0.006926678586751223,
-0.5246728658676147,
0.2807910144329071,
0.4692615568637848,
0.12424100935459137,
0.13125628232955933,
-0.3117881715297699,
-0.1811596155166626,
-0.5885445475578308,
0.01048255991190672,
-0.36297908425331116,
-0.08135330677032471,
0.012440132908523083,
0.17656604945659637,
0.7188234925270081,
0.22127801179885864,
-0.43791112303733826,
-0.34247705340385437,
0.5507358908653259,
0.539616584777832,
0.7513101100921631,
0.3046715259552002,
0.21085721254348755,
-0.28263217210769653,
-0.32448849081993103,
0.6667277216911316,
0.4458945691585541,
-3.7775485515594482,
-0.537739098072052,
-0.5519101023674011,
-0.7568162083625793,
0.3568754494190216,
0.2785572111606598,
0.38066941499710083,
0.1386166214942932,
-0.11447452008724213,
-0.696479856967926,
0.2548121511936188,
-0.41233959794044495,
-0.10759174823760986,
-0.7534525394439697,
0.5307652950286865,
0.2902861535549164
] |
232180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict | Convict | A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". Convicts are often also known as "prisoners" or "inmates" or by the slang term "con", while a common label for former convicts, especially those recently released from prison, is "ex-con" ("ex-convict"). Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as "convicts".
The label of "ex-convict" usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma or reduced opportunities for employment. The federal government of Australia, for instance, will not, in general, employ an ex-convict, while some state and territory governments may limit the time for or before which a former convict may be employed.
Historical usage
The particular use of the term "convict" in the English-speaking world was to describe the huge numbers of criminals, both male and female, who clogged British gaols in the 18th and early 19th century. Their crimes would today be regarded as petty misdemeanors (stealing small items or food), or are no longer in the criminal code (such as being in unresolved debt). Most of the punishments at this time were severe, with the death penalty (hanging) applied for fairly minor crimes. However, this ultimate sentence was often commuted to a lesser one, commonly for transportation (for 7 or 14 years, or for life) to the colonies. Thus, in the British context, the term "convict" has come to refer in particular to those criminals transported overseas.
Initially many British convicts were sent to the American colonies, such as the Maryland, Virginia, and the Georgia, as cheap labour. The transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom began around 1615 and became increasingly common in the following years. Initially most people were transported to North America or the West Indies, but from 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to what had become the United States.
The British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, in January 1788. From the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on public works, but a significant number were "assigned" to private individuals as domestic servants, rural workers, etc. Transportation was progressively abolished from 1853, eventually ceasing altogether in 1868.
In Australia, convicts have come to be key figures of cultural mythology and historiography. Many became prominent businesspeople and respected citizens, and some prominent families in present-day Australian society can trace their origins to convict ancestors who rose above their humble origins. However, during the transportation era and for many years after, previous convicts and their descendants tended to hide their former criminal background, sometimes resulting in distorted or completely missing family history. Extensive and comprehensive records kept on every individual are now able to fill in the gaps; and, in fact, many family historians can find out more about their convict ancestors than they can about those who arrived in Australia as free settlers.
British convicts were also sent to Canada, West Africa, and India. France also sent convicts to New Caledonia and to Devil's Island in French Guiana.
See also
Convicted felon
Convict lease
Convict assignment
Convicts in Australia
Older prisoners
Penal transportation
Notes
External links
Convict life - State Library of NSW
Convict Transportation Registers database
Criminals by status
Prisoners and detainees
Forced migration
fr:Prisonnier | [
-0.037871140986680984,
0.13905584812164307,
-0.5344399213790894,
0.2181808203458786,
0.15325960516929626,
0.04460809752345085,
0.661631166934967,
0.08778970688581467,
-0.6773568987846375,
-0.18625092506408691,
-0.5785341262817383,
0.2627694308757782,
-0.1995438188314438,
-0.07723722606897354,
-0.25188589096069336,
0.3979471027851105,
0.2615645229816437,
0.08013323694467545,
-0.05051403120160103,
-0.47849738597869873,
0.059146225452423096,
0.35611391067504883,
-0.10546465218067169,
-0.4930029809474945,
0.7120295166969299,
-0.24957574903964996,
-0.20154525339603424,
0.020434124395251274,
-0.3013574182987213,
-0.11195968091487885,
-0.31693512201309204,
0.06898419559001923,
-0.11427421867847443,
0.16536706686019897,
0.08353152871131897,
0.14146654307842255,
-0.06919830292463303,
-0.15329459309577942,
-0.2084430605173111,
-0.7542212009429932,
0.3753734529018402,
-0.1758539080619812,
-0.3428794741630554,
0.07129239290952682,
-0.7452150583267212,
-0.19470436871051788,
-1.15571928024292,
0.05632563307881355,
0.010966205969452858,
-0.012278426438570023,
-0.10226992517709732,
0.314273476600647,
-0.5273169875144958,
0.36163249611854553,
0.10707097500562668,
-0.08125975728034973,
-0.6356686949729919,
-0.19798314571380615,
0.13857311010360718,
-0.2555123567581177,
0.41097450256347656,
-0.017080562189221382,
0.013632508926093578,
0.13599979877471924,
0.4647909700870514,
0.10036778450012207,
0.386629194021225,
0.1652117371559143,
-0.1845489889383316,
-0.6931484341621399,
-0.08805809170007706,
-0.44987839460372925,
0.1602150797843933,
0.3052402138710022,
-0.2836799919605255,
-0.40033024549484253,
0.051866140216588974,
-0.27273285388946533,
-0.1936255842447281,
0.01687926985323429,
-0.4247437119483948,
0.9476711750030518,
0.32169947028160095,
0.067449189722538,
0.1944073885679245,
-0.29497867822647095,
-0.6384835243225098,
0.30494728684425354,
-0.446990966796875,
0.5395048260688782,
0.537802517414093,
0.7939945459365845,
0.3913172483444214,
0.15239271521568298,
0.11561160534620285,
0.4763553738594055,
0.23582206666469574,
0.19743919372558594,
0.2644640803337097,
0.10335205495357513,
0.19222496449947357,
-0.8493456840515137,
0.5884381532669067,
-0.3754276931285858,
0.26677119731903076,
-0.1055091992020607,
0.1254468560218811,
-0.11363697797060013,
0.26104503870010376,
-0.10537900030612946,
0.03674507886171341,
0.2561466097831726,
-0.33223968744277954,
0.6517070531845093,
-0.7141631245613098,
-0.08396302163600922,
0.13741810619831085,
-0.205297589302063,
-0.15936459600925446,
-0.14872965216636658,
0.04958188161253929,
-0.3798542022705078,
0.01890428550541401,
0.03594782203435898,
0.2284224033355713,
-0.3882620930671692,
0.28008249402046204,
0.8504675030708313,
-0.4975959062576294,
-0.09562122076749802,
-0.0171127300709486,
0.5339997410774231,
-0.16309231519699097,
0.43286335468292236,
-0.06021789461374283,
0.3306410014629364,
-0.0070550935342907906,
-0.2856607735157013,
0.20712773501873016,
-0.030156871303915977,
-0.9805916547775269,
-0.30265963077545166,
-0.27534231543540955,
0.008814839646220207,
0.17968857288360596,
-0.49197307229042053,
0.23774811625480652,
-0.0479336716234684,
-0.16842980682849884,
0.03459075465798378,
-0.2539210021495819,
0.20763838291168213,
-0.23319701850414276,
-0.07208064198493958,
-0.15453238785266876,
0.014412005431950092,
0.806284487247467,
-0.1423812210559845,
-0.4625972807407379,
0.27838778495788574,
-0.25324389338493347,
0.19101764261722565,
-0.21992944180965424,
-0.3508972227573395,
0.03567136824131012,
-0.18246962130069733,
-0.2651804983615875,
-0.011408442631363869,
-0.026669133454561234,
0.15401172637939453,
-0.34925004839897156,
0.31780004501342773,
0.29286471009254456,
0.06309836357831955,
-0.4943259358406067,
0.1177450641989708,
0.09002617746591568,
-0.08704430609941483,
0.5327441096305847,
-0.17263419926166534,
-0.2187070995569229,
0.37312623858451843,
0.3150671720504761,
0.14629587531089783,
0.05179597809910774,
-0.42569077014923096,
0.497748464345932,
0.06040731072425842,
0.2786809206008911,
-0.10643494129180908,
-0.1711377650499344,
0.2627457082271576,
-0.22511403262615204,
-0.7477595210075378,
0.8507040739059448,
-0.23938076198101044,
-0.24535375833511353,
0.6483086943626404,
0.016694944351911545,
0.4957963228225708,
0.017246775329113007,
0.2857358157634735,
0.7085108160972595,
-0.6259129643440247,
-0.9004498720169067,
0.8978757262229919,
0.8246971964836121,
0.30479416251182556,
-0.161751851439476,
0.2610895037651062,
0.1763077974319458,
0.1606733798980713,
0.4145863354206085,
-0.4637008309364319,
0.24459919333457947,
0.6244601011276245,
-0.3483891785144806,
0.10369862616062164,
0.16643504798412323,
-0.6178193092346191,
0.6390777826309204,
-0.1643861085176468,
0.26342758536338806,
0.3442458510398865,
-0.6788005232810974,
0.7012237310409546,
-0.23956386744976044,
0.2529565393924713,
0.24761353433132172,
-0.7801967859268188,
0.25018301606178284,
0.0464792475104332,
0.22973008453845978,
0.031085729598999023,
-0.6715016961097717,
0.4289993941783905,
0.01683807000517845,
-0.093220554292202,
0.14794358611106873,
0.17742344737052917,
0.12345120310783386,
0.12350131571292877,
0.13036228716373444,
0.03525020554661751,
-0.04389629513025284,
0.21143612265586853,
0.012906117364764214,
0.07248030602931976,
-0.4403890073299408,
0.13663463294506073,
0.4779885411262512,
-0.2888528108596802,
0.006126208696514368,
-0.05844704806804657,
0.05257619917392731,
-0.44268089532852173,
-0.7201576828956604,
-0.11558280885219574,
-0.15112537145614624,
-0.2945540249347687,
-0.3343217074871063,
-0.18636099994182587,
0.08785546571016312,
-0.5090706944465637,
-0.5016539096832275,
0.30210644006729126,
-0.1746380627155304,
-0.02207009866833687,
0.18648302555084229,
1.1573727130889893,
0.4217948317527771,
0.35376110672950745,
-0.4034673273563385,
-0.07264503091573715,
-0.20595408976078033,
-0.20175927877426147,
0.6903919577598572,
0.07463821023702621,
-0.05770442262291908,
-0.4500826597213745,
-0.4390905499458313,
-0.4703350365161896,
0.19915466010570526,
-0.3683988153934479,
0.40208229422569275,
-0.3863465487957001,
-0.11596748232841492,
0.18997599184513092,
-0.3670535683631897,
0.16902534663677216,
-0.4962870180606842,
0.16891130805015564,
0.013127390295267105,
-0.05841942876577377,
1.0605393648147583,
0.17921927571296692,
0.04411787539720535,
0.4021463990211487,
0.2708021402359009,
-0.1077883392572403,
-0.11831174045801163,
-0.2714124619960785,
-0.17209790647029877,
-0.35547271370887756,
0.4112931489944458,
-0.007644220720976591,
0.0506073534488678,
0.05748039484024048,
-6.110935688018799,
-0.06726743280887604,
-0.35214290022850037,
-0.4816109538078308,
0.12162158638238907,
0.29954877495765686,
0.807624340057373,
0.0006552786217071116,
-0.37223395705223083,
0.15021872520446777,
-0.14767131209373474,
0.2520170509815216,
0.55581134557724,
0.1669980138540268,
0.6185351610183716,
-0.360289067029953,
0.06878979504108429,
-0.1188274547457695,
-0.6006364226341248,
0.24869965016841888,
-0.023239681497216225,
0.08787990361452103,
0.062422193586826324,
0.05614560842514038,
-0.22673098742961884,
-0.10036593675613403,
-0.03764130547642708,
0.33875828981399536,
0.07097012549638748,
-0.19777297973632812,
-0.0186966210603714,
0.12696963548660278,
-0.0358981192111969,
-0.6263817548751831,
-0.11940702050924301,
0.21662424504756927,
0.5191324949264526,
0.2512807250022888,
-0.47963833808898926,
-0.03730557858943939,
-0.5165985226631165,
-0.3523263931274414,
0.19305254518985748,
-0.24148759245872498,
0.20966596901416779,
0.008299008011817932,
-0.1387614905834198,
-0.1615319699048996,
-0.2981521487236023,
0.36166539788246155,
-0.2989559471607208,
0.6075385808944702,
0.23455800116062164,
0.22182653844356537,
-0.009534838609397411,
0.01801186427474022,
-0.22712098062038422,
0.023494549095630646,
-0.715153694152832,
-0.15436479449272156,
0.13310351967811584,
-0.7559753060340881,
0.19189465045928955,
-0.18196041882038116,
-0.12584644556045532,
-0.2975457012653351,
-0.5800004601478577,
-0.3489408493041992,
0.9197746515274048,
0.42214712500572205,
-0.42609724402427673,
0.40561094880104065,
0.5481744408607483,
-0.8744418621063232,
-0.06811436265707016,
-0.2637949287891388,
-0.3284741938114166,
0.1475057154893875,
-0.14743377268314362,
-0.009585862047970295,
-0.24513816833496094,
0.08498286455869675,
-0.11981853097677231,
-0.07326734811067581,
0.038682613521814346,
-0.247096449136734,
-0.15848912298679352,
0.3601263463497162,
-0.03554167598485947,
-0.23587962985038757,
0.7989262938499451,
-0.14924392104148865,
0.03928641974925995,
0.07108890265226364,
-0.28984513878822327,
0.23164387047290802,
0.3406815826892853,
-0.5705960988998413,
0.37749987840652466,
-0.2729899287223816,
0.28160861134529114,
-0.5222744941711426,
0.11335951089859009,
-0.46684712171554565,
-0.2623746693134308,
-0.3315237760543823,
-0.4548746943473816,
0.6655945181846619,
0.677655816078186,
0.3156389594078064,
0.20551232993602753,
-0.07005871087312698,
-0.22443251311779022,
-0.04924929514527321,
0.21271678805351257,
0.11629622429609299,
-0.603486180305481,
0.4371396601200104,
0.34333324432373047,
0.13608591258525848,
0.13262751698493958,
0.02332395315170288,
-0.07162456214427948,
-0.26149460673332214,
-0.8112108111381531,
-0.2151796519756317,
0.2105351686477661,
-0.009227145463228226,
0.22769999504089355,
-0.05953450873494148,
-0.03336034342646599,
0.8451229333877563,
-0.040826089680194855,
-0.2221534103155136,
-0.02160678803920746,
-0.16716496646404266,
0.11162108927965164,
0.2591390907764435,
0.04235197603702545,
-0.6999013423919678,
0.4647783935070038,
-0.671546995639801,
0.11731583625078201,
-0.3538634777069092,
0.577285647392273,
-0.15078791975975037,
-0.2425287365913391,
0.2465686798095703,
-0.1135927364230156,
0.3711872398853302,
-0.29617762565612793,
-0.21209785342216492,
0.3672218322753906,
-0.5073115229606628,
-0.09022928774356842,
-0.30544543266296387,
-0.21324753761291504,
-0.10341417789459229,
0.14610160887241364,
-0.4971153438091278,
0.01858086884021759,
-0.1148376613855362,
-0.6850229501724243,
-0.5430129170417786,
0.3267941474914551,
-0.0766085684299469,
-0.654094398021698,
0.2707401514053345,
0.08419637382030487,
0.8193203210830688,
-0.44128403067588806,
-0.5472570061683655,
-0.08483383059501648,
-0.2876840829849243,
0.3126049339771271,
-0.04606838524341583,
0.25735941529273987,
0.17373332381248474,
-0.11990968883037567,
0.32804104685783386,
0.33047834038734436,
-0.20633280277252197,
-0.20556148886680603,
0.32632845640182495,
0.12942111492156982,
0.007039530202746391,
0.1975237876176834,
0.05612872540950775,
-0.07795046269893646,
-0.7769427299499512,
-0.1290331929922104,
-0.36762499809265137,
0.39083394408226013,
-0.004554595332592726,
0.168314591050148,
-0.30368828773498535,
-0.32226085662841797,
0.255995512008667,
0.1385762095451355,
-0.38307926058769226,
0.2354339361190796,
0.1461254209280014,
-0.25943878293037415,
-0.1734813004732132,
0.32472753524780273,
-0.4365311563014984,
-0.21544316411018372,
-0.1872960776090622,
-0.047674741595983505,
0.39091166853904724,
-0.5562427043914795,
-0.37659457325935364,
-0.06917129456996918,
0.699805498123169,
0.04042141139507294,
-0.3189237713813782,
0.41172900795936584,
-0.35600873827934265,
-0.42438769340515137,
-0.45881086587905884,
0.4022769629955292,
-0.1782439798116684,
-0.3008938133716583,
0.2338753342628479,
-0.0984756350517273,
0.4485137462615967,
0.2380787432193756,
-0.37646976113319397,
0.6942774653434753,
0.36994466185569763,
-0.19257396459579468,
0.048540666699409485,
0.048427894711494446,
-0.1375054568052292,
-0.3762611448764801,
-0.6428515911102295,
0.16826395690441132,
-0.200271874666214,
-0.2549889087677002,
-0.05417294800281525,
0.3617037832736969,
1.0661050081253052,
0.23090380430221558,
-0.3579820990562439,
0.24772833287715912,
0.3331732451915741,
0.2651832401752472,
-0.43606922030448914,
-0.28662288188934326,
0.7120507955551147,
0.04201548546552658,
0.033249177038669586,
-0.289089560508728,
-0.25909483432769775,
0.29197958111763,
0.14475959539413452,
-0.1927819401025772,
-0.11182721704244614,
0.5035491585731506,
0.5042750835418701,
0.29460710287094116,
-0.333770215511322,
-0.16004826128482819,
-0.4917052090167999,
0.5846739411354065,
-0.5471624135971069,
0.013837506994605064,
0.4304535984992981,
0.5529253482818604,
-0.31779366731643677,
-0.1134842038154602,
-0.07274387776851654,
0.38644975423812866,
0.9677022099494934,
0.7336148023605347,
0.16519281268119812,
-0.17303496599197388,
-0.11954440921545029,
-0.2905349135398865,
-0.12263811379671097,
-0.39338746666908264,
-0.02546587958931923,
-0.06618114560842514,
-0.44148343801498413,
0.30731627345085144,
-0.5259471535682678,
0.9518601894378662,
0.1342003494501114,
-0.8772823214530945,
-0.5024747252464294,
-0.28646430373191833,
-0.1465141624212265,
-0.06484714150428772,
0.49321624636650085,
-0.20967020094394684,
0.2454041838645935,
-0.19253048300743103,
0.35251426696777344,
0.5403766632080078,
0.23401588201522827,
-0.7229856252670288,
0.6394523978233337,
-0.16501156985759735,
-1.4380519390106201,
0.13153471052646637,
0.004755125846713781,
0.1516997367143631,
-0.20726944506168365,
0.21950161457061768,
-0.0021977215074002743,
0.07692688703536987,
0.1784687042236328,
0.48079460859298706,
0.02170597016811371,
-0.2967502176761627,
-0.5943727493286133,
0.35483798384666443,
-0.5924875736236572,
-0.17353495955467224,
0.2754685878753662,
0.566875159740448,
-0.16699929535388947,
0.39961230754852295,
-0.0917792022228241,
0.10838301479816437,
0.482389360666275,
-0.18908634781837463,
-0.18803811073303223,
0.1856134682893753,
0.1566363275051117,
1.089048981666565,
0.16095222532749176,
-0.012334863655269146,
0.11030104011297226,
-0.36378976702690125,
-0.3819839358329773,
0.29456827044487,
-0.023854395374655724,
-0.22173453867435455,
0.8319584727287292,
0.7163267731666565,
0.2177157998085022,
-0.16009066998958588,
0.24181292951107025,
-0.4320600628852844,
0.48685604333877563,
0.09507673233747482,
0.3658253848552704,
-0.15385250747203827,
0.44379356503486633,
0.7209843993186951,
-0.15219815075397491,
0.37213605642318726,
0.18296784162521362,
0.30315208435058594,
-0.12973913550376892,
0.19229356944561005,
-0.12148064374923706,
-0.8170045614242554,
-0.48938119411468506,
-0.015666622668504715,
0.12479957193136215,
0.4051480293273926,
0.12559965252876282,
0.28223544359207153,
-0.3096862733364105,
0.30901920795440674,
-0.06695584952831268,
-0.4510999321937561,
-0.3161650002002716,
0.16338181495666504,
0.06247786432504654,
-0.31696996092796326,
0.4161263406276703,
0.25838491320610046,
-0.1000572070479393,
0.243073508143425,
0.2682691216468811,
-0.21516554057598114,
-0.36133527755737305,
0.13198192417621613,
-0.003158831736072898,
-0.46188247203826904,
-0.7355939745903015,
-0.08870644122362137,
-0.25282198190689087,
0.10395798087120056,
0.26132744550704956,
-0.04429155960679054,
-0.1389484405517578,
0.31780895590782166,
-0.12586131691932678,
0.21490076184272766,
0.1245928704738617,
-0.19989068806171417,
0.1627151519060135,
0.21804150938987732,
0.9978329539299011,
0.09442304819822311,
-0.22496110200881958,
0.005715223960578442,
0.2933046519756317,
-0.2815837860107422,
-0.3512241244316101,
-0.4001336991786957,
0.08336331695318222,
-0.08155926316976547,
0.029456086456775665,
-0.4195409417152405,
0.5710043907165527,
0.8444607257843018,
-0.663665235042572,
0.017063096165657043,
0.36054763197898865,
0.4780629873275757,
0.6557630896568298,
0.2609264552593231,
-0.32203125953674316,
0.36460185050964355,
-0.20554079115390778,
0.36708277463912964,
0.06020272895693779,
0.12492519617080688,
0.3746113181114197,
-0.3148285448551178,
-0.2752968668937683,
0.015703115612268448,
-0.10127083957195282,
-0.12440004199743271,
0.08438890427350998,
-0.3831876814365387,
0.3618355393409729,
-0.5749130249023438,
0.4378073811531067,
0.17327146232128143,
-0.32692334055900574,
0.4374445080757141,
-0.2246331125497818,
-0.42435216903686523,
-0.3300456702709198,
-0.21094125509262085,
-0.19567549228668213,
-0.04069475829601288,
-0.21642446517944336,
-0.2990075647830963,
0.22268323600292206,
-0.3158586919307709,
-0.09210576117038727,
-0.47677692770957947,
0.041049014776945114,
-0.015323471277952194,
-0.2700452506542206,
0.5267059803009033,
0.05970859155058861,
0.07399159669876099,
0.22302938997745514,
0.2853168249130249,
-0.16909338533878326,
-0.5105746984481812,
0.2864881753921509
] |
232182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow | Dhow | Dhow (; ) is the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with settee or sometimes lateen sails, used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region. Typically sporting long thin hulls, dhows are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, such as fruit, fresh water, or other heavy merchandise, along the coasts of Eastern Arabia, East Africa, Yemen and coastal South Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh). Larger dhows have crews of approximately thirty, smaller ones typically around twelve.
History
The exact origins of the dhow are lost to history. Some claim that the sambuk, a type of dhow, may be derived from the Portuguese caravel.
The dhow was the ship of trade used by the Swahili. It was a dhow that transported a giraffe to Chinese Emperor Yong Le's court, in 1414. Another source suggests the ship that carried the giraffe to China was part of a large Chinese fleet led by Zheng He.
Ships that are similar to the dhow are mentioned or described in the 1001 Nights including various ports where they harboured. The dhow is also associated with the pearl trade.
The Yemeni Hadhrami people, as well as Omanis, for centuries came to Beypore, in Kerala, India for their dhows. This was because of the good timber in the Kerala forests, the availability of good coir rope, and the skilled shipwrights. In former times, the sheathing planks of a dhow's hull were held together by coconut rope. Beypore dhows are known as 'Uru' in Malayalam, the local language of Kerala. Settlers from Yemen, known as 'Baramis', or 'Daramis' which could be derived from the word 'Hardamis' are still active in making urus in Kerala.
Dhows were extensively used for the Indian Ocean slave trade, which the Royal Navy attempted to suppress. In his 1873 book, Captain G. L. Sulivan described "four different kinds of coasting dhows, as shown in the engravings, viz. the Bateele, the Badane, Bugala or genuine Dhow, and the Matapa boat".
Since the 20th century
In the 1920s, British writers identified Al Hudaydah as the centre for dhow building. Those built in Al Hudaydah were smaller in size, and used for travel along the coasts. They were constructed of acacia found in Yemen. They are distinguishable for their smaller triangular sails on movable bases to harvest the irregular winds of the Red Sea.
Captain Alan Villiers (1903–1982) documented the days of sailing trade in the Indian Ocean by sailing on dhows between 1938 and 1939 taking numerous photographs and publishing books on the subject of dhow navigation.
Even to the present day, dhows make commercial journeys between the Persian Gulf and East Africa using sails as their only means of propulsion. Their cargo is mostly dates and fish to East Africa and mangrove timber to the lands in the Persian Gulf. They often sail south with the monsoon in winter or early spring, and back again to Arabia in late spring or early summer.
Navigation
For celestial navigation, dhow sailors have traditionally used the kamal, an observation device that determines latitude by finding the angle of the Pole Star above the horizon.
Types
Baghlah () – from the Arabic language word for "mule". A heavy ship, the traditional deep-sea dhow.
Baqarah or () – from the Arabic word for "cow". Old type of small dhow similar to the Battil.
Barijah – small dhow.
Battil () – featured long stems topped by large, club-shaped stem heads.
Badan – a smaller vessel requiring a shallow draft.
Boum () or dhangi – a large-sized dhow with a stern that is tapering in shape and a more symmetrical overall structure. The Arab boum has a very high prow, which is trimmed in the Indian version.
Ghanjah () or kotiya – a large vessel, similar to the Baghlah, with a curved stem and a sloping, ornately carved transom.
Jahazi or (). A fishing or trading dhow with a broad hull similar to the , common in Lamu Island and the coast of Oman. It is also used in Bahrain for the pearl industry. The word comes from jahāz (), a Persian word for "ship".
Jaliboot or jelbut (). A small to medium-sized dhow. It is the modern version of the shu'ai with a shorter prow stem piece. Most are fitted with engines.
Pattamar, a type of Indian dhow.
Sambuk or sambuq () – the largest type of dhow seen in the Persian Gulf today. It has a characteristic keel design, with a sharp curve right below the top of the prow. It has been one of the most successful dhows in history. The word is cognate with the Greek sambúkē, ultimately from Middle Persian .
Shu'ai (). Medium-sized dhow. Formerly the most common dhow in the Persian Gulf used for fishing as well as for coastal trade.
Zaruq – small dhow, slightly larger than a barijah
Dhoni – Maldivian traditional multi-purpose sail vessel.
The term "dhow" is sometimes also applied to certain smaller lateen-sail rigged boats traditionally used in the Red Sea, the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf area, as well as in the Indian Ocean from Madagascar to the Bay of Bengal. These include the feluccas used in Egypt, Sudan and Iraq, and the dhoni used in the Maldives, as well as the , and . All these vessels have common elements with the dhow. On the Swahili Coast, in countries such as Kenya, the Swahili word used for dhow is "jahazi".
Gallery
See also
Felucca
Fusta
Kattumaram
Uru (boat)
Xebec
References
Bibliography
.
Further reading
.
Clifford W. Hawkins, The dhow: an illustrated history of the dhow and its world.
Anthony Jack, Arab dhows.
.
.
.
Henri Perrier, Djibouti's dhows.
A.H.J. Prins, Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum & Comp., 1965.
A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Two Variants in Maritime Enterprise. Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.II (1965–1966): pp. 1–18.
A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Notes on the Classification of Mid-Eastern Sea-Craft. Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.VI (1972–1974): pp. 157–1166.
A.H.J. Prins. A Handbook of Sewn Boats. Maritime Monographs and Reports No.59. Greenwich, London:: National Maritime Museum, 1986.
Tessa Rihards, Dhow building : survival of an ancient craft.
External links
. Stadium based on the design of the Dhow.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Arabic words and phrases
Sailing rigs and rigging
Traditional boats
Tall ships | [
0.23488478362560272,
0.058938510715961456,
-0.4052571654319763,
-0.3336503505706787,
-0.21681606769561768,
0.3278454840183258,
0.04671068117022514,
-0.2704715132713318,
-0.6537686586380005,
-0.0407601036131382,
-0.5380078554153442,
0.30176323652267456,
-0.2055608183145523,
0.6500885486602783,
-0.09534455835819244,
0.29606154561042786,
0.7319380044937134,
0.3303898572921753,
-0.29760506749153137,
-0.1893267184495926,
-0.5773353576660156,
-0.5163812637329102,
-0.1623784750699997,
-0.11271664500236511,
0.7274346947669983,
-0.4703579843044281,
0.44890180230140686,
0.2531733512878418,
-0.18081694841384888,
-0.04281867295503616,
0.5436314344406128,
0.5389458537101746,
-0.09536377340555191,
0.16637684404850006,
0.12653973698616028,
-0.3415796458721161,
-0.3372320234775543,
-0.4321371912956238,
-0.6605443358421326,
-0.800326406955719,
-0.40524396300315857,
-0.33536645770072937,
0.7700250148773193,
0.5788670778274536,
-0.4476196765899658,
-0.2354011833667755,
-0.6450070738792419,
0.3864302635192871,
-0.7035515308380127,
0.4563692808151245,
-0.5905759930610657,
0.16818150877952576,
0.12633217871189117,
0.09256765246391296,
0.5212910175323486,
0.4555107057094574,
-0.3856674134731293,
0.6432040333747864,
-0.025637706741690636,
-1.0218242406845093,
1.2286970615386963,
0.05311127379536629,
0.27259916067123413,
0.30294373631477356,
0.36141082644462585,
0.05306437611579895,
-0.04056503623723984,
0.13513757288455963,
-0.265752911567688,
0.40350645780563354,
-0.06417710334062576,
0.04935474693775177,
-0.4452022314071655,
0.10158848762512207,
-0.5593342781066895,
-0.1282643973827362,
-0.08477092534303665,
-0.5344434976577759,
0.3491879403591156,
-0.08669234067201614,
0.0436137355864048,
0.09178457409143448,
0.39673277735710144,
0.13132637739181519,
0.1490807682275772,
0.21127168834209442,
-0.21868111193180084,
0.03554467111825943,
-0.3407245874404907,
0.42568984627723694,
0.011537772603332996,
0.2381897270679474,
0.3660944402217865,
0.6776935458183289,
-0.527998685836792,
0.17319804430007935,
-0.08653764426708221,
0.09428588300943375,
0.3814449608325958,
-0.029287809506058693,
-0.2095775306224823,
0.02522817812860012,
0.43962985277175903,
0.20373806357383728,
-0.3726443648338318,
0.10959626734256744,
0.016818420961499214,
0.041706640273332596,
-0.40984904766082764,
0.2861844301223755,
-0.10344984382390976,
0.4274679720401764,
0.5289321541786194,
0.07720557600259781,
-0.13231462240219116,
0.07573013007640839,
0.07356185466051102,
0.3789728879928589,
-0.5639296770095825,
-0.3751940429210663,
-0.02002222277224064,
0.38956475257873535,
0.14052440226078033,
0.02647157944738865,
0.09968497604131699,
0.07497844099998474,
0.34445834159851074,
0.6216893792152405,
-0.8663370013237,
-0.20758990943431854,
0.6383614540100098,
0.19782692193984985,
-0.40354883670806885,
0.15267035365104675,
-0.7742053866386414,
0.09226858615875244,
0.26343387365341187,
0.18979701399803162,
1.23314368724823,
0.26878881454467773,
-1.3383702039718628,
-0.14952780306339264,
-0.600343644618988,
0.11040546745061874,
-0.376907080411911,
-0.022530389949679375,
0.26228687167167664,
-0.307467520236969,
-0.2158479392528534,
-0.1798839271068573,
-0.4790409207344055,
0.39970552921295166,
-0.1971670240163803,
-0.3177373707294464,
-0.4369083046913147,
0.017033113166689873,
-0.38690412044525146,
-0.116367869079113,
0.21863903105258942,
-0.23432430624961853,
-0.12367498874664307,
0.06266368925571442,
0.16038718819618225,
0.2706749439239502,
0.1201709732413292,
-0.16554194688796997,
0.18542926013469696,
0.46794068813323975,
-0.1958613246679306,
-0.10035717487335205,
-0.06042765825986862,
-0.05187232047319412,
0.40575751662254333,
0.04948361590504646,
-0.5461018085479736,
0.045137371867895126,
0.28229671716690063,
-0.32991093397140503,
0.21281807124614716,
0.20153671503067017,
-0.8057783842086792,
0.39613524079322815,
0.5833318829536438,
-0.3444529175758362,
0.20497912168502808,
-0.037233009934425354,
0.04664081707596779,
-0.015751957893371582,
0.3420795500278473,
-0.3821054995059967,
-0.21873238682746887,
-0.3573658764362335,
-0.06523102521896362,
-0.11222866177558899,
0.7569794654846191,
-0.036033254116773605,
-0.5394986271858215,
1.129679560661316,
-0.09692966192960739,
0.12146611511707306,
0.3970103859901428,
0.3124399483203888,
0.39479202032089233,
-0.43613943457603455,
-0.7795510292053223,
0.15894050896167755,
-0.17245817184448242,
0.7544951438903809,
0.2588518261909485,
-0.16384682059288025,
-0.01590772345662117,
-0.7010543942451477,
0.19422611594200134,
-0.1973421275615692,
0.15457741916179657,
-0.22818982601165771,
-0.04756923019886017,
0.172077938914299,
0.1395191103219986,
-0.2528296709060669,
0.9289962649345398,
-0.07806088775396347,
-0.7786024212837219,
0.31519246101379395,
0.32555916905403137,
0.5171812176704407,
-0.1718539297580719,
-0.432999849319458,
0.436328649520874,
0.004583339672535658,
-0.17115360498428345,
0.11539866775274277,
-0.047974348068237305,
-0.0789697915315628,
-0.5225862264633179,
0.03370854631066322,
0.24423134326934814,
0.19659249484539032,
0.40517693758010864,
-0.07139909267425537,
0.5567094683647156,
-0.11425971239805222,
-0.5284292101860046,
0.13192781805992126,
0.7299074530601501,
-0.18424393236637115,
0.22415503859519958,
-0.10756049305200577,
0.16644498705863953,
-0.2227267622947693,
0.7793421149253845,
0.38654398918151855,
0.8010080456733704,
-0.5438277125358582,
0.2950321435928345,
-0.4214405417442322,
-0.14661087095737457,
0.05635323375463486,
0.450541615486145,
-0.0005864515551365912,
-0.22339576482772827,
0.7092306613922119,
-0.12095696479082108,
-0.16766931116580963,
0.24309785664081573,
-0.7482442259788513,
0.18107934296131134,
-0.28381866216659546,
0.716151773929596,
0.3295690715312958,
0.25630027055740356,
-0.027672311291098595,
-0.11427000164985657,
-0.265513151884079,
-0.36967557668685913,
-0.7836282849311829,
0.8188930153846741,
-0.675678014755249,
-0.24432100355625153,
-0.3007084131240845,
0.4411233365535736,
0.12480290234088898,
0.4127480983734131,
-0.7626664042472839,
0.2034495323896408,
-0.2723563015460968,
-0.27321329712867737,
-0.4151883125305176,
0.16791975498199463,
-0.049531884491443634,
-0.04397892579436302,
-0.05751958116889,
0.15942518413066864,
0.31769901514053345,
-0.22582034766674042,
0.08709564059972763,
-0.28473222255706787,
0.30991828441619873,
-0.16849476099014282,
-0.4215121865272522,
-0.29046913981437683,
0.5157405734062195,
-0.4021689295768738,
0.37047818303108215,
-0.07082394510507584,
0.2395717352628708,
-0.336895227432251,
0.17735177278518677,
-5.842254161834717,
-0.08178917318582535,
-0.14511141180992126,
-0.3430348336696625,
-0.11606093496084213,
0.24260178208351135,
0.19602268934249878,
0.21803274750709534,
0.5791906118392944,
-0.1688639223575592,
-0.19343046844005585,
0.023512698709964752,
-0.22390368580818176,
-0.12223818153142929,
0.514434814453125,
0.5397789478302002,
0.08259813487529755,
0.028894955292344093,
-0.026262391358613968,
-0.07234274595975876,
-0.01689792238175869,
0.36508673429489136,
-0.40327703952789307,
0.35519328713417053,
-0.49031752347946167,
-0.3148476481437683,
-0.39314004778862,
-0.5279437899589539,
-1.1562681198120117,
-0.346621572971344,
-0.5214036703109741,
-0.3855926990509033,
-0.060941003262996674,
-0.03773383051156998,
0.30793336033821106,
-0.2472963035106659,
0.5069875717163086,
-0.013983013108372688,
0.09228995442390442,
-0.5937367081642151,
-0.4644359052181244,
-0.2547503709793091,
-0.1924627125263214,
-0.06703656911849976,
0.45965656638145447,
-0.19831940531730652,
-0.14548546075820923,
-0.0025478254538029432,
-0.1886247843503952,
0.8705964684486389,
-0.4402029514312744,
0.014789105392992496,
0.17567043006420135,
-0.34418731927871704,
-0.0260482020676136,
-0.24155883491039276,
-0.05716724693775177,
0.09270306676626205,
0.10368554294109344,
-0.06014706939458847,
0.3874760568141937,
0.03919772431254387,
0.060311831533908844,
-0.447020947933197,
0.1844174563884735,
0.1186831071972847,
-0.2496715635061264,
-0.5432522296905518,
0.5425864458084106,
0.3017312288284302,
-0.4171740710735321,
0.23028334975242615,
0.2435319870710373,
-0.7431159615516663,
0.5628565549850464,
-0.7289324402809143,
0.33170509338378906,
-0.037631433457136154,
0.16388756036758423,
-0.20104365050792694,
0.0701955184340477,
-0.6820263862609863,
0.047907162457704544,
-0.2686034142971039,
-0.13748687505722046,
-1.2071404457092285,
-0.5354165434837341,
-0.17538635432720184,
0.16204187273979187,
0.23055040836334229,
1.6554973125457764,
-0.07106541097164154,
0.2533012628555298,
0.6990746855735779,
0.6088010668754578,
0.7758232951164246,
-0.3902130424976349,
-0.18839415907859802,
1.2131266593933105,
-0.5775807499885559,
0.24335938692092896,
0.12960904836654663,
0.06027105450630188,
0.31841084361076355,
0.15053093433380127,
-0.051483120769262314,
-0.31296470761299133,
0.34800317883491516,
1.3280105590820312,
-0.21442383527755737,
0.6580689549446106,
0.2255791872739792,
-0.15162572264671326,
-0.034357137978076935,
0.4589099586009979,
0.25847718119621277,
-0.17426155507564545,
0.7906240224838257,
0.13350169360637665,
0.06861293315887451,
0.48981407284736633,
-0.017367225140333176,
-0.19057036936283112,
-0.17001914978027344,
0.40567871928215027,
-0.11885372549295425,
0.48508021235466003,
0.1513689160346985,
-0.2878555953502655,
-0.1671111136674881,
0.5353032350540161,
-0.39084142446517944,
0.28541964292526245,
-0.181067556142807,
-0.3126998841762543,
-0.30162274837493896,
-0.5262044668197632,
-0.44565287232398987,
-0.16017058491706848,
-0.01837683469057083,
-0.40027502179145813,
-0.23625120520591736,
-0.05314609408378601,
0.303902268409729,
0.6359527111053467,
0.5545220971107483,
-0.40957775712013245,
0.1759820133447647,
0.025027161464095116,
0.5445913672447205,
-0.34227797389030457,
-0.15137377381324768,
0.20996667444705963,
-0.34982460737228394,
-0.9024234414100647,
-0.1826140433549881,
0.7398778200149536,
0.43549856543540955,
-0.5459854006767273,
-0.35778751969337463,
0.05967747047543526,
-0.058522600680589676,
-0.9319024085998535,
-0.21721473336219788,
-0.4949533939361572,
0.49732446670532227,
-0.42102566361427307,
0.23401008546352386,
0.2411026954650879,
0.054272670298814774,
0.1593467742204666,
-0.5286454558372498,
-0.78163081407547,
-0.10757417231798172,
0.7353116273880005,
0.22034995257854462,
-0.25126969814300537,
0.6512462496757507,
-0.15631867945194244,
-0.23219943046569824,
-0.3843359351158142,
0.1799369603395462,
-0.39285314083099365,
0.3718194365501404,
0.42395728826522827,
-0.04862719029188156,
-0.19241322576999664,
-0.3606588542461395,
-0.38448214530944824,
0.7560800909996033,
0.4100123941898346,
0.3303679823875427,
0.2121325582265854,
0.5696896314620972,
-0.2943401336669922,
-0.053406015038490295,
0.11664918810129166,
0.7796621322631836,
0.20292377471923828,
-0.024224093183875084,
-0.0594506561756134,
0.23239633440971375,
-0.5147419571876526,
0.13027045130729675,
-0.4010736048221588,
-0.6437249779701233,
0.679641604423523,
-0.11305061727762222,
-0.10706902295351028,
0.10486658662557602,
-0.38203394412994385,
-0.428385466337204,
0.23248712718486786,
0.7601255774497986,
-0.25202518701553345,
-0.008598599582910538,
-0.26073405146598816,
-0.44159144163131714,
0.19536511600017548,
-0.49631252884864807,
0.21854397654533386,
-0.22270236909389496,
0.16598033905029297,
-0.05297616869211197,
-0.5421997308731079,
0.31885090470314026,
-0.01864018663764,
0.06804006546735764,
-0.08610967546701431,
-0.25442031025886536,
0.20237839221954346,
0.20136912167072296,
-0.6623046398162842,
0.2656118869781494,
0.01151665672659874,
-0.21976913511753082,
0.03557934612035751,
-0.3637803792953491,
0.3061213195323944,
0.4198712408542633,
0.6676175594329834,
0.6674137711524963,
0.08235321938991547,
-0.703000545501709,
0.035789601504802704,
0.20848636329174042,
-0.41739848256111145,
-0.463186651468277,
-0.4802623689174652,
0.050162576138973236,
0.45161694288253784,
-0.05949287861585617,
-0.43403854966163635,
-0.12778714299201965,
0.4940284788608551,
-0.2470785528421402,
0.33434972167015076,
0.00010206730075879022,
0.08158085495233536,
0.2698589265346527,
0.10732719302177429,
0.06764919310808182,
-0.33961221575737,
0.06442376226186752,
0.02356671914458275,
-0.27403584122657776,
-1.1735655069351196,
-0.3460763394832611,
0.25999122858047485,
-0.2768689692020416,
0.07145503908395767,
-0.2546902894973755,
0.5476203560829163,
0.3887336552143097,
0.7290375828742981,
0.495145320892334,
-0.058858443051576614,
0.010664794594049454,
0.5069072842597961,
0.25571566820144653,
-0.6710997223854065,
-0.1661461442708969,
0.15988029539585114,
0.02186206914484501,
-0.024948725476861,
-0.11550787091255188,
0.19899533689022064,
-0.28567829728126526,
0.1390051692724228,
-0.4146057665348053,
0.27169618010520935,
0.12289892137050629,
0.0680978000164032,
0.8273240327835083,
-0.4006717801094055,
0.12065092474222183,
0.7965586185455322,
0.6130666732788086,
-0.01208002120256424,
0.3332273066043854,
-0.5252588987350464,
-0.0330379456281662,
-0.2846544086933136,
-0.12118743360042572,
0.39253342151641846,
-0.3183414041996002,
0.38134482502937317,
-0.013153614476323128,
-0.017469344660639763,
0.009104308672249317,
0.17710384726524353,
-0.0390644446015358,
-0.09869970381259918,
0.3439701199531555,
-0.24207687377929688,
-0.12017738074064255,
0.3775177597999573,
-0.04540586844086647,
0.986293375492096,
0.33115410804748535,
0.3456931710243225,
-0.3550322353839874,
-0.19830040633678436,
-0.04495992511510849,
-0.24855266511440277,
0.32260364294052124,
-0.41499319672584534,
-0.46211376786231995,
0.2623412609100342,
0.5202527642250061,
0.1407870054244995,
-0.21479009091854095,
-0.42039763927459717,
-0.225272074341774,
0.00019277873798273504,
-0.159458726644516,
0.08216249197721481,
-0.036970630288124084,
-0.3624645173549652,
0.5709356665611267,
0.9330676198005676,
-0.10359075665473938,
0.17964351177215576,
-0.12285713106393814,
0.10547620058059692,
0.46814876794815063,
-0.3717941343784332,
0.16672371327877045,
0.014293148182332516,
-0.06984750926494598,
0.21522846817970276,
0.076224684715271,
0.7273804545402527,
-0.49288031458854675,
0.3460438549518585,
-0.018440792337059975,
0.3478449583053589,
-0.04005961865186691,
0.13254603743553162,
0.32799243927001953,
-0.02851186878979206,
0.12950274348258972,
-0.24821938574314117,
0.12842081487178802,
-0.3023446202278137,
0.032212577760219574,
0.19505533576011658,
-0.5386095643043518,
-0.3309056758880615,
-0.16845515370368958,
0.4488205015659332,
0.1465662568807602,
-0.7085810899734497,
0.6553249955177307,
-0.03265891224145889,
0.41257724165916443,
-0.13123878836631775,
0.2733561098575592,
0.25383445620536804,
-0.1443377584218979,
-0.43580421805381775,
-0.46024495363235474,
0.20413583517074585,
-0.36100879311561584,
-0.2228957563638687,
-0.35467228293418884,
-0.6028953194618225,
-0.032776400446891785,
-0.7557286024093628,
0.6925244927406311,
-0.24241822957992554,
-0.07801799476146698,
-0.400185763835907,
0.036158666014671326,
-0.3061163127422333,
-0.10157883912324905,
-0.03299479931592941,
0.7058016061782837,
-0.4709239602088928,
-0.28600603342056274,
-0.31137412786483765,
0.7409655451774597,
0.10438753664493561,
-0.10193587094545364,
-0.32707738876342773,
-0.2481534630060196,
-0.14875060319900513,
-0.1790839433670044,
-0.1589270681142807,
0.38258323073387146,
0.1891288161277771,
-0.2738078534603119,
-0.01642695814371109,
0.25484174489974976,
-0.15066014230251312,
0.3370114266872406,
0.5726418495178223,
-0.4834010899066925,
0.15751305222511292,
-0.39177119731903076,
-0.29068276286125183,
-0.12822844088077545,
-0.7748556733131409,
0.05258941650390625,
-0.29862895607948303,
-0.1165476143360138,
0.05333580821752548,
0.34509459137916565,
-1.0108221769332886,
0.5438526272773743,
-0.3740116059780121,
0.03873889893293381,
-1.2923128604888916,
0.21258744597434998,
-0.31488263607025146,
-0.2121540904045105,
0.0701533704996109,
0.24007552862167358,
0.6643646359443665,
-0.05717013031244278,
0.4399559199810028,
-0.3314043879508972,
0.14375951886177063,
-0.39639291167259216,
-0.33902740478515625,
-0.15970952808856964,
-0.09721070528030396,
0.250282883644104,
-0.27511027455329895,
0.45961102843284607,
0.44701147079467773,
-0.520162045955658,
-0.1317814588546753,
-0.23711532354354858,
-0.23868709802627563,
-0.0759468823671341,
0.09844821691513062,
-0.668515145778656,
0.12909258902072906,
-0.5095546245574951
] |
232183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conques | Conques | Conques (; Languedocien: Concas) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in Southern France, in the Occitanie region. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Conques-en-Rouergue.
Geography
The village is located at the confluence of the rivers Dourdou de Conques and Ouche. It is built on a hillside and has classic narrow medieval streets. As a result, large vehicles such as buses cannot enter the historic town centre but must park outside. Consequently, most day visitors enter on foot. The town was largely passed by in the nineteenth century, and was saved from oblivion by the efforts of a small number of dedicated people. As a result, the historic core of the town has very little construction dating from between 1800 and 1950, leaving the medieval structures remarkably intact. The roads have been paved, and modern-day utility lines are buried. It is one of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (most beautiful villages of France).
The town is situated in a valley. Its name originates , which is derived .
Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy
The Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in Conques was a popular stop for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago on their way to Santiago de Compostela in what is now Spain. The main draw for medieval pilgrims at Conques were the remains of Saint Faith ("Sainte-Foy"), a martyred young woman from the fourth century.
The original monastery building at Conques was an eighth-century oratory built by monks fleeing the Saracens in Spain. The original chapel was destroyed in the eleventh century in order to facilitate the creation of a much larger church as the arrival of the relics of Sainte-Foy caused the pilgrimage route to shift from Agen to Conques. The second phase of construction, which was completed by the end of the eleventh-century, included the building of the five radiating chapels, the ambulatory with a lower roof, the choir without the gallery and the nave without the galleries. The third phase of construction, which was completed early in the twelfth-century, was inspired by the churches of Toulouse and Santiago Compostela. Like most pilgrimage churches Conques is a basilica plan that has been modified into a cruciform plan. Galleries were added over the aisle and the roof was raised over the transept and choir to allow people to circulate at the gallery level. The western aisle was also added to allow for increased pilgrim traffic. The exterior length of the church is 59 meters. The interior length is 56 meters. the width of each transept is 4 meters. The height of the crossing tower is 26.40 meters tall.
The Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1998, as part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France. Its Romanesque architecture, albeit somewhat updated in places, is displayed in periodic self-guided tour opportunities, especially of the upper level, some of which occur at night with live music and appropriately-adjusted light levels.
Population
Media
American author Hannah Green wrote a non-fiction work about Conques and the church entitled Little Saint, based on her visit to the town in 1975.
The massive movie set of the fictional provincial town of Villeneuve in Beauty and the Beast was inspired by the town of Conques.
Gallery
See also
Communes of the Aveyron department
References
External links
Official Conques web site from the Tourist Office; all the essential and accurate information to visit and to know about Conques
Former communes of Aveyron
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016 | [
-0.5881583094596863,
-0.21651265025138855,
-0.3017345070838928,
0.25366732478141785,
0.3959214687347412,
1.1494859457015991,
-0.40550655126571655,
1.0325969457626343,
-0.13333678245544434,
-1.1148715019226074,
0.09261803328990936,
0.6072433590888977,
-0.02178298309445381,
0.14101092517375946,
-1.0178850889205933,
0.39313235878944397,
0.5870113372802734,
-0.0453421026468277,
0.7390421032905579,
-1.4004507064819336,
-0.1951989084482193,
-0.37851011753082275,
-0.42816704511642456,
0.22097674012184143,
-0.27002406120300293,
0.17968139052391052,
-0.6019582748413086,
0.43212592601776123,
0.5456095933914185,
0.15524280071258545,
0.33261752128601074,
1.032633900642395,
0.0012210758868604898,
-0.5075754523277283,
-1.0419727563858032,
0.3847438395023346,
0.018380654975771904,
-0.1702006757259369,
0.5551679134368896,
-0.4367074966430664,
0.10377052426338196,
0.052381325513124466,
-0.04682733863592148,
-0.03875557333230972,
-0.2077280879020691,
0.24581602215766907,
-1.005365252494812,
0.299375057220459,
-0.68988037109375,
0.4440525770187378,
-0.4323178827762604,
0.11504995077848434,
0.4637641906738281,
-0.39791685342788696,
0.016313886269927025,
0.47960466146469116,
-0.6905237436294556,
0.24727171659469604,
0.6348609924316406,
-0.4597322344779968,
-0.28984108567237854,
0.48871931433677673,
0.11032668501138687,
-0.0022695339284837246,
-0.37357375025749207,
-0.4123889207839966,
0.0304797925055027,
0.058798424899578094,
0.20359326899051666,
-0.4252612292766571,
0.08783432841300964,
0.7167105674743652,
0.2283789962530136,
-0.3138761818408966,
-0.1950882226228714,
0.12775743007659912,
-0.6606113910675049,
-0.048767395317554474,
0.1697356104850769,
0.39090216159820557,
0.27638813853263855,
-0.7082880139350891,
0.22698093950748444,
-0.6654543876647949,
0.22080856561660767,
0.07175451517105103,
-0.2879237234592438,
0.22120684385299683,
-1.1441144943237305,
0.44656774401664734,
-0.9729346036911011,
-0.24515660107135773,
-0.6244767904281616,
-0.6473714113235474,
-0.19572913646697998,
0.18288961052894592,
-0.04070067033171654,
-0.3600742518901825,
0.3242085874080658,
0.5391832590103149,
-0.41078364849090576,
-0.4102509915828705,
0.028165360912680626,
-0.41947436332702637,
-0.21559801697731018,
-0.19903957843780518,
-0.7839546203613281,
-0.6585289835929871,
-0.19722282886505127,
0.1243680939078331,
-1.0490628480911255,
0.7379942536354065,
0.4476490318775177,
0.21100474894046783,
0.10190364718437195,
0.13652190566062927,
-0.006359431892633438,
0.12791283428668976,
-0.4175091087818146,
-0.2962218225002289,
-0.06777232140302658,
0.6364261507987976,
-0.002341014565899968,
0.2426857054233551,
0.2386125922203064,
0.1310303807258606,
0.39873185753822327,
0.46298542618751526,
-0.6009510159492493,
-0.1623353362083435,
0.38447412848472595,
0.6032759547233582,
-0.6934090852737427,
0.45633062720298767,
0.06441885977983475,
-0.21645487844944,
-0.4146585166454315,
0.095111183822155,
0.5390111804008484,
0.7900096774101257,
-0.6662072539329529,
0.3449733257293701,
0.28533968329429626,
0.2723998427391052,
-0.2264833152294159,
0.4613964557647705,
0.17945457994937897,
-0.44338399171829224,
-0.09256112575531006,
-0.15996956825256348,
-0.08584422618150711,
-0.16832619905471802,
0.5494245886802673,
0.607361912727356,
-0.5830652713775635,
0.7382378578186035,
-0.19671544432640076,
0.3846992254257202,
-0.3618231415748596,
0.12167737632989883,
0.4454991817474365,
-0.2441742718219757,
0.020463531836867332,
-0.31983399391174316,
0.9079781770706177,
-0.18692547082901,
-0.45537835359573364,
0.00857487227767706,
-0.09864533692598343,
0.4420713484287262,
-0.45146921277046204,
0.3431210517883301,
0.7954886555671692,
-0.45933640003204346,
-0.22262658178806305,
0.21365876495838165,
0.24628278613090515,
0.5292646884918213,
0.36624905467033386,
-0.012366890907287598,
-0.6930741667747498,
0.6504451036453247,
0.08866295963525772,
-0.2979426681995392,
0.3044005036354065,
0.8169444799423218,
0.13933786749839783,
-0.5608254671096802,
0.38058945536613464,
0.42620038986206055,
-0.5273277163505554,
0.017686856910586357,
-0.06400972604751587,
-0.6631774306297302,
0.7049612402915955,
0.2803206443786621,
-0.056202635169029236,
0.6975848078727722,
-0.261870414018631,
0.074510358273983,
-0.5011221766471863,
-0.029774775728583336,
1.13847815990448,
0.24934521317481995,
0.5068827867507935,
0.26307395100593567,
0.16608092188835144,
-0.3608224391937256,
0.36561816930770874,
0.6165440678596497,
-0.15788088738918304,
-0.05240973085165024,
0.07826949656009674,
0.9717301726341248,
0.021952515468001366,
-0.4694483280181885,
-0.8701900839805603,
0.376874178647995,
-0.3520301282405853,
-0.2048494964838028,
0.018006673082709312,
-0.3432868421077728,
0.19683708250522614,
0.5385851263999939,
0.03171229735016823,
1.2498406171798706,
0.4048207104206085,
0.11394371837377548,
0.07910437136888504,
-0.46512001752853394,
-0.4057454764842987,
0.6018278002738953,
0.6410022974014282,
-0.6266047954559326,
0.4093104898929596,
0.11733957380056381,
0.57150799036026,
-0.5668234825134277,
0.0009616645984351635,
-0.5264201760292053,
0.11821816861629486,
0.05361441522836685,
-0.10979507863521576,
0.4052157998085022,
0.49553483724594116,
0.7647864818572998,
-0.31663379073143005,
0.6707345843315125,
0.28849202394485474,
-0.964859664440155,
-0.4556182622909546,
0.8266317248344421,
0.4188510775566101,
0.24436728656291962,
0.0720907673239708,
-0.2643708288669586,
0.38028281927108765,
0.1253492683172226,
-0.17649875581264496,
0.4679257869720459,
-0.6679088473320007,
0.10451345145702362,
-0.137437641620636,
0.5369918942451477,
0.05490945279598236,
-0.5973666310310364,
0.307258665561676,
0.047843605279922485,
0.6706002354621887,
-0.2723483145236969,
-0.30888545513153076,
0.026935506612062454,
-0.5545226335525513,
0.06311094760894775,
-0.4449840188026428,
-0.3256990313529968,
-0.9048858284950256,
-0.37949657440185547,
-0.23042306303977966,
-0.20240221917629242,
-0.19626206159591675,
0.7106724977493286,
-0.27743616700172424,
0.019730020314455032,
0.2940802574157715,
-0.28574126958847046,
0.06833457946777344,
-0.8634967803955078,
0.13683870434761047,
-0.8121078610420227,
0.12118037045001984,
0.07584929466247559,
-0.5727047920227051,
0.754374623298645,
-0.19766877591609955,
-0.4958462119102478,
-0.44280707836151123,
0.23966294527053833,
0.24007809162139893,
-0.323148638010025,
-0.3894226849079132,
0.09666071087121964,
0.5283042192459106,
0.14455543458461761,
-0.09225660562515259,
-0.23558947443962097,
0.783364474773407,
0.11547859758138657,
-5.065817356109619,
0.20571771264076233,
0.6043526530265808,
0.0028933666180819273,
0.002781202085316181,
-0.2908042371273041,
0.2042848914861679,
-0.3296826481819153,
-0.5256426930427551,
0.3301566541194916,
-0.493993878364563,
-0.30165615677833557,
-0.1928505301475525,
0.517268717288971,
0.7317551970481873,
0.43687281012535095,
-0.21453194320201874,
-0.21403954923152924,
0.026355819776654243,
0.3565933406352997,
-0.2273527979850769,
0.25577056407928467,
0.28531864285469055,
0.09197870641946793,
-0.24921144545078278,
0.06674707680940628,
-0.2927737832069397,
-0.41339176893234253,
-1.1534743309020996,
-0.09545357525348663,
-0.1021195724606514,
0.4615136384963989,
0.2599179446697235,
0.7791334986686707,
-0.544728696346283,
0.2043754905462265,
0.24945393204689026,
-0.4582570195198059,
0.17841409146785736,
-0.4432607889175415,
0.10652825236320496,
0.5312584042549133,
-0.024748828262090683,
-0.02804037742316723,
0.03787798807024956,
-0.33867254853248596,
-0.029104389250278473,
-0.253014475107193,
0.18752653896808624,
1.095733880996704,
0.14861983060836792,
-0.7945770025253296,
0.7215578556060791,
-0.2889688313007355,
0.4054609537124634,
-0.5934550762176514,
0.09453895688056946,
-0.09309330582618713,
-0.36542725563049316,
1.2604645490646362,
0.24485589563846588,
-0.6206518411636353,
-0.6516854166984558,
-0.8436052799224854,
0.5382408499717712,
-0.7852447032928467,
-0.10035950690507889,
0.43174177408218384,
0.6986244916915894,
0.2867051959037781,
0.25909337401390076,
0.49082931876182556,
-0.3228934407234192,
-0.8460754752159119,
-0.2566485106945038,
-0.5295377373695374,
-0.3431447446346283,
0.1569114625453949,
-0.22868409752845764,
0.4179970324039459,
0.27370011806488037,
-0.35585471987724304,
-0.1849532574415207,
0.11032301932573318,
0.14954397082328796,
-0.10641982406377792,
0.2538268268108368,
0.40168118476867676,
-0.014919713139533997,
-0.7640470862388611,
1.0403413772583008,
-0.2721189558506012,
0.7434974908828735,
-0.27753332257270813,
-0.25388360023498535,
0.7030970454216003,
0.30195188522338867,
0.17454735934734344,
-0.4031926691532135,
-0.13663437962532043,
-0.42033907771110535,
-0.232245534658432,
0.6585688591003418,
-0.2081218808889389,
-0.9379708766937256,
-0.659081757068634,
0.10687072575092316,
0.4466506838798523,
0.7123706340789795,
0.6301735639572144,
0.711028516292572,
0.2551678717136383,
-0.6772074699401855,
-0.6061369180679321,
0.3210586607456207,
-0.01877361536026001,
0.1524498164653778,
-0.007967262528836727,
-0.16996441781520844,
-0.13900484144687653,
0.6895056366920471,
0.8761500716209412,
-0.034779198467731476,
-0.06591451913118362,
-0.1670742779970169,
-0.6329470872879028,
-0.01143335085362196,
0.13004712760448456,
0.2752378284931183,
0.43815767765045166,
-0.3817360997200012,
0.16518428921699524,
-0.37274453043937683,
0.3169373571872711,
0.6465113759040833,
-0.02586444467306137,
-0.2349257618188858,
-0.4041213095188141,
-0.33576980233192444,
0.3086997866630554,
1.249166488647461,
-0.2788701355457306,
-0.488153874874115,
-0.3225057125091553,
-0.14774543046951294,
0.014132183976471424,
0.1152108833193779,
-0.1538872867822647,
-0.136398583650589,
0.7990565299987793,
-0.2517963945865631,
-0.05256328359246254,
0.1419096738100052,
-0.2615828216075897,
-0.4383569359779358,
0.09244103729724884,
0.21685834228992462,
0.45810022950172424,
-0.006943411659449339,
-0.08745288848876953,
-0.43480971455574036,
-0.234018012881279,
-0.8206804990768433,
0.24512439966201782,
0.6910214424133301,
-0.30026760697364807,
-0.6715666055679321,
-0.8276577591896057,
-0.7888101935386658,
0.5202797651290894,
0.48731645941734314,
-0.1594828963279724,
-0.23679393529891968,
-0.29426008462905884,
0.038027144968509674,
-0.5732032656669617,
0.5513362884521484,
-0.0015627385582774878,
0.19417332112789154,
0.2478513866662979,
-0.10271701216697693,
0.07703795284032822,
-0.019206706434488297,
-0.41229361295700073,
1.1473190784454346,
-0.8481122851371765,
-0.7561897039413452,
0.3541717827320099,
-0.111521877348423,
-0.27692458033561707,
0.6338663697242737,
-0.4558888077735901,
-0.38651299476623535,
0.6132737398147583,
-0.17595182359218597,
-0.2705708146095276,
-0.2359561324119568,
-0.35680967569351196,
-0.06263526529073715,
-0.28111234307289124,
-0.21163959801197052,
0.06281620264053345,
-0.49921804666519165,
0.53326815366745,
0.08152943849563599,
-0.5176853537559509,
0.49592188000679016,
-0.35265710949897766,
-0.802520751953125,
0.1020515039563179,
-0.3810521066188812,
-0.8970801830291748,
0.16758964955806732,
0.27440208196640015,
-0.23992502689361572,
0.16267019510269165,
-0.21938538551330566,
0.2601240575313568,
-0.8104390501976013,
-0.09906860440969467,
-0.0912526398897171,
-0.7430946230888367,
-0.4886341989040375,
0.2376437932252884,
-0.7857185006141663,
-0.06881998479366302,
0.02515242248773575,
0.364795058965683,
1.1031668186187744,
0.10914986580610275,
0.12411520630121231,
0.42786917090415955,
0.44094741344451904,
-0.09033764153718948,
0.6485653519630432,
-0.14066526293754578,
0.13008147478103638,
0.13252125680446625,
0.36158454418182373,
-0.2243523746728897,
0.3667040169239044,
0.5907735824584961,
0.38623031973838806,
-0.08945243805646896,
-0.0022740003187209368,
0.4759719967842102,
0.3931136727333069,
-0.17506694793701172,
0.10451354831457138,
0.20433348417282104,
0.0817849338054657,
0.0752309039235115,
-1.023345947265625,
-0.033803630620241165,
0.645506739616394,
0.44892245531082153,
-0.028475020080804825,
0.2049950361251831,
0.009091567248106003,
0.6236509084701538,
-0.23147626221179962,
-0.3864612877368927,
-0.3624516725540161,
0.01845507323741913,
-0.09502919018268585,
-0.09281042963266373,
0.061626236885786057,
-0.028319332748651505,
0.16280506551265717,
-0.5509366989135742,
-0.09784893691539764,
-0.15845899283885956,
-0.018519969657063484,
0.861581563949585,
0.07207783311605453,
-0.2216673493385315,
0.1290094554424286,
-0.6179174780845642,
0.4595116674900055,
-0.3593991994857788,
-0.6768627166748047,
0.4521709978580475,
0.21780595183372498,
0.9480351805686951,
-0.11609935760498047,
-0.191719189286232,
-0.6412668228149414,
0.568364143371582,
-0.45614486932754517,
0.22619634866714478,
-0.6217084527015686,
-0.18497872352600098,
0.01390120293945074,
-0.01284713763743639,
0.43503087759017944,
-0.1683862805366516,
-0.33727341890335083,
0.3960959315299988,
0.442405104637146,
0.2878808081150055,
-0.9851183295249939,
0.3636226952075958,
0.5359709858894348,
-0.4609387516975403,
0.6577281355857849,
1.0635946989059448,
-0.3570327162742615,
-0.37930959463119507,
0.07998835295438766,
0.7636229395866394,
-0.02597552351653576,
-0.5409060120582581,
-0.17286428809165955,
0.21768753230571747,
0.012226873077452183,
0.5462563037872314,
0.06947110593318939,
-1.1898689270019531,
-0.5294228792190552,
-0.16706426441669464,
0.4841190278530121,
0.08595514297485352,
0.15859347581863403,
0.32205575704574585,
0.7100162506103516,
0.9429991245269775,
-0.3531273901462555,
-0.6574341058731079,
-0.1671426147222519,
0.5707255005836487,
0.046807028353214264,
0.24701327085494995,
-0.7414271831512451,
-0.32970482110977173,
-0.441697895526886,
-0.3590937852859497,
-0.38836923241615295,
0.12060654163360596,
1.1208350658416748,
-0.06767221540212631,
-0.31359684467315674,
0.705315113067627,
-0.5656048655509949,
0.00006870806828374043,
-0.4389912188053131,
0.3687658905982971,
0.2101709246635437,
-0.130811408162117,
0.7098423838615417,
-0.4004860818386078,
0.4077485501766205,
-0.22823835909366608,
-0.1416851282119751,
-0.34070926904678345,
-0.4222247898578644,
0.29399001598358154,
-0.04821246117353439,
-0.3338333070278168,
-0.513907790184021,
0.5085911750793457,
0.5050114393234253,
-0.4096940755844116,
0.5926946997642517,
-0.19620829820632935,
-0.5593048930168152,
-0.2526986300945282,
0.3199169933795929,
0.5168772339820862,
-0.8181525468826294,
0.004947777837514877,
-0.7114625573158264,
0.19421586394309998,
-0.21002809703350067,
-0.026227157562971115,
0.13021625578403473,
-0.2746211588382721,
-0.19505314528942108,
1.0872572660446167,
0.059235963970422745,
0.2536907196044922,
-0.38568800687789917,
-0.7283313274383545,
-0.6912228465080261,
0.12097828835248947,
0.38695666193962097,
-0.21134577691555023,
0.09059443324804306,
0.12622250616550446,
-0.3981560170650482,
-0.10154694318771362,
-0.3283960223197937,
-1.2710825204849243,
-0.7563215494155884,
-0.49297183752059937,
-0.28722497820854187,
0.09978926926851273,
0.3720664978027344,
0.9513937830924988,
0.46027544140815735,
-0.39125415682792664,
0.13459959626197815,
-0.31146857142448425,
-0.4451453983783722,
-0.08770371973514557,
0.8642398715019226,
0.026186589151620865,
-0.6868482828140259,
0.23615716397762299,
-0.18443049490451813,
0.7609949707984924,
0.6629505753517151,
0.33195802569389343,
-0.22342589497566223,
0.9960654377937317,
-0.4497956931591034,
-0.47110697627067566,
0.38996151089668274,
0.6146349310874939,
0.04946690425276756,
-0.13760745525360107,
-0.16211901605129242,
-0.11357606202363968,
0.457565039396286,
0.5006818175315857,
0.491462379693985,
-0.6243763566017151,
0.07382048666477203,
-0.05714749917387962,
0.3417414724826813,
0.3889177143573761,
0.05544983595609665,
0.1973542869091034,
-0.4486127495765686,
0.300368070602417,
-0.6664279699325562,
-0.2337530106306076,
0.26863688230514526,
-0.11678092926740646,
-0.2301604449748993,
0.18989567458629608,
-0.09168684482574463,
0.17713284492492676,
0.4441729784011841,
-0.37395739555358887,
0.0623396635055542,
-0.12404071539640427,
-0.16774439811706543,
-0.32651886343955994,
-0.5851861834526062,
-0.5128331184387207,
-0.3224536180496216,
-0.21721220016479492,
0.41657406091690063,
-0.7169577479362488,
-0.37481582164764404,
-0.46729013323783875,
-0.08582578599452972,
-0.6946613192558289,
-0.04273157939314842,
-0.017146486788988113
] |
232185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Tomasi%20di%20Lampedusa | Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa | Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (; December 23, 1896 – July 23, 1957) was an Italian writer and the last Prince of Lampedusa. He is most famous for his only novel, Il Gattopardo (first published posthumously in 1958), which is set in his native Sicily during the Risorgimento. A taciturn and solitary man, he spent a great deal of his time reading and meditating, and used to say of himself, "I was a boy who liked solitude, who preferred the company of things to that of people."
Biography
Tomasi was born in Palermo to Giulio Maria Tomasi, Prince of Lampedusa, Duke of Palma di Montechiaro, Baron of Torretta, and Grandee of Spain (1868–1934), and Beatrice Mastrogiovanni Tasca Filangieri di Cutò (1870–1946). He became an only child after the death (from diphtheria) in 1897 of his sister Stefania. He was very close to his mother, a strong personality who influenced him a great deal, especially because his father was rather cold and detached. As a child, he studied in their grand house in Palermo with a tutor (including the subjects of literature and English), with his mother (who taught him French), and with a grandmother who read him the novels of Emilio Salgari. In the little theater of the house in Santa Margherita di Belice, where he spent long vacations, he first saw a performance of Hamlet, performed by a company of travelling players. His cousin was Fulco di Verdura.
Beginning in 1911, he attended the liceo classico in Rome and later in Palermo. He moved definitively to Rome in 1915 and enrolled in the faculty of jurisprudence. However, that year he was drafted into the army, fought in the lost battle of Caporetto, and was taken prisoner by the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was held in a POW camp in Hungary, but succeeded in escaping and returning to Italy. After being mustered out of the army as a lieutenant, he returned to Sicily, alternately resting there and travelling with his mother, and continuing his studies of foreign literature. It was during this time that he first drafted in his mind the ideas for his future novel The Leopard. Originally his plan was to have the entire novel occur over the course of one day, similar to the famous modernist novel by James Joyce, Ulysses.
In 1932 in Riga he married the daughter of Alice Barbi, Alexandra von Wolff-Stomersee (1894–1982), nicknamed "Licy", a Baltic German noblewoman and a student of psychoanalysis. The marriage ceremony was celebrated in the Orthodox Annunciation of Our Most Holy Lady Church in Riga. They first lived with Tomasi's mother in Palermo, but the incompatibility between the two women soon drove Licy back to Riga.
In 1934 Tomasi di Lampedusa's father died, and he inherited his princely title. He was briefly called back to arms in 1940, but, as owner of a hereditary agricultural estate, was soon sent back home to take care of its affairs. He and his mother ultimately took refuge in Capo d'Orlando, where he was reunited with Licy. They survived the war, but their palace in Palermo did not.
After his mother died in 1946, Tomasi returned to live with his wife in Palermo. In 1953 he began to spend time with a group of young intellectuals, one of whom was Gioacchino Lanza Tomasi, a cousin, with whom he developed such a close relationship that, the following year, he legally adopted him.
Tomasi di Lampedusa was often the guest of his cousin, the poet Lucio Piccolo, with whom he travelled in 1954 to San Pellegrino Terme to attend a literary awards ceremony, where he met, among others, Eugenio Montale and Maria Bellonci. It is said that it was upon returning from this trip that he commenced writing Il Gattopardo (The Leopard), which was finished in 1956. During his life, the novel was rejected by the two publishers to whom Tomasi submitted it.
In 1957 Tomasi di Lampedusa was diagnosed with lung cancer; he died on July 23 in Rome. Following a requiem in the Basilica del Sacro Cuore di Gesù in Rome, he was buried three days later in the Capuchin cemetery of Palermo. His novel was published the year after his death. had sent it to the writer Giorgio Bassani, who brought it to the attention of the Feltrinelli publishing house. Il Gattopardo was quickly recognized as a great work of Italian literature. In 1959 Tomasi di Lampedusa was posthumously awarded the prestigious Strega Prize for the novel.
Works
Il Gattopardo follows the family of its title character, Sicilian nobleman Don Fabrizio Corbera, Prince of Salina, through the events of the Risorgimento. Perhaps the most memorable line in the book is spoken by Don Fabrizio's nephew, Tancredi, urging unsuccessfully that Don Fabrizio abandon his allegiance to the disintegrating Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and ally himself with Giuseppe Garibaldi and the House of Savoy: "Unless we ourselves take a hand now, they'll foist a republic on us. If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change."
The title is rendered in English as The Leopard, but the Italian word gattopardo refers to the American ocelot or to the African serval. Il gattopardo may be a reference to a wildcat that was hunted to extinction in Italy in the mid-19th century – just as Don Fabrizio was dryly contemplating the indolence and decline of the Sicilian aristocracy.
In 1963 Il Gattopardo was made into a film, directed by Luchino Visconti and starring Burt Lancaster, Alain Delon, and Claudia Cardinale; it won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Tomasi also wrote some lesser-known works: I racconti (Stories, first published 1961), including the novella The Professor and the Siren, Le lezioni su Stendhal (Lessons on Stendhal, privately published in 1959, published in book form in 1977), and Invito alle lettere francesi del Cinquecento (Introduction to sixteenth-century French literature, first published 1970). In 2010, a collection of his letters were published in English as Letters from London and Europe. His perceptive commentaries on English and other foreign literatures make up a greater part of his works by volume than does his fiction.
Legacy
The main-belt asteroid 14846 Lampedusa is named after him.
On the occasion of the 14th edition of the Rome Film Festival, the docufilm Die Geburt des Leoparden, directed by Luigi Falorni, was screened. A journey to discover the life of the last Prince of Lampedusa told by the voices and testimonies of loved ones.
In 2019 Canadian novelist Steven Price published a novelized biography of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa entitled Lampedusa.
References
Further reading
Margareta Dumitrescu, Sulla parte VI del Gattopardo. La fortuna di Lampedusa in Romania, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 2001.
Gilmour, David (2007) The Last Leopard. A life of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. Eland Publishing Ltd. .
Gefen, Gérard (2001) Sicily, Land of the Leopard Princes. Tauris Parke.
Giuseppe Leone, "Il Gattopardo orgoglio di un'isola, pregiudizio di una cultura – Il romanzo di Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa fra caso letterario e revisionismo storico", Il punto stampa, Lecco, January 1997.
"Changing things so everything stays the same", The Economist, October 22, 1998.
Biography of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896–1957) on RAI International online
"The Role of Leadership in the Novel The Leopard" (1958, Lampedusa)(After clicking on link, scroll down page)
External links
1896 births
1957 deaths
Italian historical novelists
Italian military personnel of World War I
Dukes of Italy
Grandees of Spain
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian male short story writers
Nobility from Palermo
Sicilian princes
Writers from Palermo
Strega Prize winners
Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age
20th-century Italian novelists
Italian male novelists
20th-century Italian short story writers
20th-century Italian male writers | [
-0.43244004249572754,
0.19532345235347748,
0.4100552797317505,
0.1626158505678177,
-0.1840047389268875,
0.19960446655750275,
0.6060106754302979,
0.16163158416748047,
-0.3888341784477234,
-0.12975922226905823,
-0.8181762099266052,
0.2157895416021347,
-0.41004878282546997,
0.5604918003082275,
0.2865524888038635,
-0.14630316197872162,
0.39554348587989807,
0.2648516893386841,
-0.5219235420227051,
-0.6111811399459839,
0.2143825888633728,
0.5723636150360107,
0.15599355101585388,
0.4293918013572693,
-0.14334946870803833,
-0.06633444130420685,
0.3611656427383423,
0.12016201764345169,
0.5735376477241516,
0.15917392075061798,
0.5561748743057251,
0.21159660816192627,
-0.0620594322681427,
-0.25786882638931274,
-0.4584850072860718,
0.21510888636112213,
-0.05545877292752266,
-0.17873306572437286,
-0.2173040360212326,
0.3516499400138855,
-0.2163313627243042,
0.35528263449668884,
-0.05878788232803345,
-0.40444859862327576,
0.07025198638439178,
-0.48563212156295776,
-1.366994023323059,
-0.02984626777470112,
-0.18547742068767548,
-0.3482566177845001,
-0.11382375657558441,
0.035740237683057785,
0.674474835395813,
0.7174896001815796,
-0.17526741325855255,
0.32081106305122375,
-1.1457706689834595,
0.14101473987102509,
0.2040402740240097,
-0.022381234914064407,
0.12666381895542145,
0.12524355947971344,
0.28233641386032104,
-0.09410656243562698,
0.2935142517089844,
-0.18595975637435913,
0.131477490067482,
0.29716774821281433,
0.07226502895355225,
0.007118885405361652,
-0.24346445500850677,
0.44427332282066345,
0.504153847694397,
-0.2118709534406662,
0.24137243628501892,
-0.3209976255893707,
0.22960369288921356,
0.3146572709083557,
0.14857178926467896,
-0.26163676381111145,
-0.3593164086341858,
-0.006906290538609028,
1.206709623336792,
0.20739109814167023,
0.41306400299072266,
-0.015081732533872128,
-0.23304490745067596,
0.237373486161232,
-0.6113147139549255,
0.25271499156951904,
-0.29115137457847595,
-0.5826787948608398,
0.5486248135566711,
-0.27892428636550903,
0.006714972201734781,
0.35481274127960205,
-0.37134143710136414,
0.45084044337272644,
-0.8267642855644226,
0.07265768200159073,
0.04163230210542679,
0.8296195268630981,
0.1282750517129898,
-0.22681459784507751,
-0.5668396353721619,
-0.05177175998687744,
-0.2397461086511612,
0.0054377843625843525,
-0.09330524504184723,
0.3764689862728119,
-0.6116131544113159,
-0.4689893126487732,
-0.22410689294338226,
0.06671097874641418,
-0.2201429307460785,
0.30493199825286865,
0.1506384164094925,
0.08548618853092194,
-0.5106683373451233,
0.2686766982078552,
0.46056580543518066,
0.18500007688999176,
-0.031055759638547897,
-0.24710102379322052,
-0.13240407407283783,
-0.21365699172019958,
0.42049339413642883,
-0.009105383418500423,
-0.24893008172512054,
0.5665060877799988,
0.6599149703979492,
0.9014776349067688,
-0.8590089082717896,
-0.20642225444316864,
0.10923473536968231,
-0.04937591776251793,
0.2551538944244385,
0.43965616822242737,
0.2455601841211319,
0.18376967310905457,
-0.4299325942993164,
0.2227451503276825,
-0.6502751708030701,
0.1639712005853653,
-0.0743684247136116,
0.017583774402737617,
0.04282645508646965,
0.12802857160568237,
0.14882656931877136,
-0.3940698504447937,
-0.3595013916492462,
-0.6580753326416016,
-0.047485195100307465,
-0.6811432242393494,
-0.4511989951133728,
0.4226398169994354,
0.23143549263477325,
0.3854553699493408,
0.1284649670124054,
0.25147444009780884,
0.35033679008483887,
-0.20886224508285522,
0.024043479934334755,
0.24489352107048035,
-0.16775119304656982,
-0.1507030576467514,
0.31948408484458923,
0.17670416831970215,
-0.3112734258174896,
-0.07255792617797852,
-0.28186577558517456,
0.2280847579240799,
-0.09648993611335754,
-0.6113260388374329,
-0.2562148869037628,
0.8147053122520447,
0.800225555896759,
0.2279289960861206,
-0.14533847570419312,
-0.6541709303855896,
-0.6759251952171326,
-0.1319567859172821,
-0.3624432682991028,
0.10485600680112839,
0.5241406559944153,
0.0794200524687767,
0.8350062370300293,
-0.11028452217578888,
0.683711051940918,
-0.9009914398193359,
-0.1320410668849945,
-0.5867751240730286,
0.49984505772590637,
-0.633159875869751,
1.2254458665847778,
0.26452305912971497,
-0.3406541645526886,
0.20418652892112732,
0.14168310165405273,
1.1196669340133667,
0.13892674446105957,
-0.44897112250328064,
0.08957496285438538,
0.1830194890499115,
0.33363333344459534,
0.4727276563644409,
-0.28406962752342224,
0.06435993313789368,
0.5444051623344421,
0.6064203381538391,
0.5353488922119141,
-0.9815138578414917,
0.05013873428106308,
0.00979993399232626,
-0.43394649028778076,
-0.5218881368637085,
-0.49711135029792786,
0.12117095291614532,
0.31055623292922974,
-0.6520861983299255,
0.23174382746219635,
-0.06553493440151215,
-0.30642813444137573,
1.047459363937378,
-0.23019947111606598,
1.2580796480178833,
-0.20095008611679077,
-0.23400217294692993,
0.24830883741378784,
-0.5070870518684387,
-0.42552435398101807,
0.0994890108704567,
-0.04706647992134094,
-0.13716572523117065,
0.24368168413639069,
0.0326349176466465,
-0.30324557423591614,
-0.3051522374153137,
-0.08584973216056824,
-0.2725445032119751,
0.738585352897644,
-0.03376069664955139,
-0.3098888099193573,
0.10858123004436493,
0.4479619264602661,
0.7691289186477661,
-0.25395259261131287,
0.3561649024486542,
-0.2990681231021881,
-0.1134285032749176,
0.27301135659217834,
0.43530842661857605,
-0.09279858320951462,
0.06686370074748993,
0.050202108919620514,
-0.6360118389129639,
-0.016414334997534752,
0.34011873602867126,
0.10223656892776489,
-0.049651823937892914,
0.4910221993923187,
0.1709463745355606,
0.48486587405204773,
0.30764392018318176,
0.031133517622947693,
0.19127152860164642,
0.05226926878094673,
-0.3582488000392914,
-0.029672691598534584,
-0.18272511661052704,
0.10627381503582001,
-0.42511069774627686,
-0.09938488155603409,
0.5074178576469421,
0.20253616571426392,
-0.23462526500225067,
-0.3602867126464844,
-0.01712971366941929,
-0.3426172435283661,
-0.8698208332061768,
0.4164792597293854,
0.3501017391681671,
-0.5263510346412659,
0.4349159896373749,
-0.9113072156906128,
0.13265123963356018,
0.1827731728553772,
-0.1605258584022522,
0.014642493799328804,
0.11731185019016266,
-0.16558629274368286,
0.13493424654006958,
-0.33932730555534363,
-0.07919104397296906,
-0.6440640687942505,
0.5774700045585632,
-0.7665373086929321,
-0.5929467678070068,
0.10367897897958755,
-0.21172703802585602,
-0.9464613199234009,
0.16701260209083557,
-0.35812273621559143,
0.43537649512290955,
0.5584540963172913,
0.1431884616613388,
-0.33157411217689514,
0.4069083034992218,
-5.493494987487793,
0.3602451980113983,
-0.36032694578170776,
0.012834632769227028,
0.00758338812738657,
0.18509359657764435,
0.40391936898231506,
-0.1862969845533371,
0.2745627164840698,
0.15187017619609833,
0.5267703533172607,
-0.08601289987564087,
0.027680829167366028,
1.0587925910949707,
0.8760850429534912,
0.30575624108314514,
0.3456209599971771,
-0.7069648504257202,
0.3331567645072937,
0.0715695470571518,
0.1357993483543396,
0.17796096205711365,
0.1552131026983261,
0.3653852343559265,
0.4924800395965576,
0.6109714508056641,
-0.312160462141037,
-0.07946521043777466,
-1.420436978340149,
-0.2629745304584503,
-0.1684710532426834,
-0.25571000576019287,
-0.18212361633777618,
0.3442056179046631,
0.12154049426317215,
-0.22321301698684692,
0.7970040440559387,
0.4189099371433258,
-0.36815518140792847,
0.2149231731891632,
0.1599622517824173,
0.1779279261827469,
-0.5557078719139099,
0.45065030455589294,
-0.08534751087427139,
-0.0033441856503486633,
-1.1674493551254272,
0.41836875677108765,
-0.12639065086841583,
0.676682710647583,
-0.22867406904697418,
-0.33117610216140747,
-0.11882777512073517,
0.1605229377746582,
0.31378886103630066,
0.4302195608615875,
0.35502222180366516,
-0.036475107073783875,
-0.48424261808395386,
0.5128212571144104,
0.06659723073244095,
-0.10525697469711304,
0.1636488288640976,
-0.2882668077945709,
0.01590636931359768,
0.2428227812051773,
-0.3761811852455139,
-0.07958811521530151,
0.04744940996170044,
0.15213195979595184,
-0.25801530480384827,
0.5843507051467896,
-0.2010149359703064,
-1.28583824634552,
-0.24551880359649658,
-0.15901941061019897,
-0.5525026321411133,
-0.05215127021074295,
-0.12976586818695068,
-0.08841864764690399,
0.0993380919098854,
-0.19114907085895538,
0.08702363818883896,
0.46647515892982483,
0.34217414259910583,
0.07977459579706192,
-0.11233510076999664,
0.09203289449214935,
0.015330066904425621,
-0.1192096620798111,
0.18611359596252441,
-0.5990574955940247,
-0.34539273381233215,
0.49222874641418457,
-0.37081101536750793,
0.45245036482810974,
-0.6038057208061218,
0.3816606402397156,
0.3279077112674713,
-0.09626767039299011,
-0.47145384550094604,
-0.43240663409233093,
0.39768606424331665,
0.2711203098297119,
-0.043830860406160355,
0.09950757026672363,
-0.6298593878746033,
0.032265469431877136,
0.5783676505088806,
-0.10362014919519424,
-0.17592082917690277,
0.34264057874679565,
-0.15602850914001465,
-0.7689397931098938,
0.3242127597332001,
-1.1442763805389404,
0.14108304679393768,
0.8986918926239014,
0.33931630849838257,
-0.10553710907697678,
-0.1170937642455101,
-0.3157289922237396,
0.3697075843811035,
-0.40002283453941345,
-0.6096198558807373,
0.04970543831586838,
-0.34160739183425903,
-0.035979513078927994,
-0.015334789641201496,
-0.313986212015152,
-0.32870227098464966,
-0.015926895663142204,
0.24105927348136902,
0.46089449524879456,
0.09835370630025864,
-1.0199350118637085,
-0.8447828888893127,
-0.629021406173706,
0.24380800127983093,
0.22654345631599426,
-0.11833097785711288,
-0.17293670773506165,
-0.598681628704071,
0.24346719682216644,
0.3462505042552948,
-0.30884310603141785,
0.09753414243459702,
-0.030394352972507477,
-0.6233068704605103,
0.6425458788871765,
0.11887934803962708,
-0.040413063019514084,
0.5808625221252441,
-0.2817421853542328,
-0.9172089695930481,
0.07828128337860107,
-0.22539393603801727,
0.8799084424972534,
-0.08462199568748474,
-0.18903742730617523,
-0.08678708970546722,
-0.09739189594984055,
-1.4061429500579834,
0.20058713853359222,
0.45591533184051514,
-0.10154764354228973,
-0.5663585662841797,
-0.40781283378601074,
-0.04309224709868431,
0.7694408893585205,
0.37728336453437805,
-0.6740670204162598,
-0.5346850156784058,
0.012183994986116886,
0.13781502842903137,
-0.608081042766571,
-0.22610461711883545,
0.4254811704158783,
-0.16904833912849426,
-0.058022744953632355,
0.16584151983261108,
-0.13283446431159973,
-0.6543399691581726,
-0.058535825461149216,
0.22286003828048706,
0.3479689955711365,
0.270227313041687,
-0.7376294732093811,
-0.2677568793296814,
-0.15498025715351105,
-0.0047141932882368565,
0.1090012788772583,
0.0347861610352993,
-0.04711508750915527,
-0.7295998334884644,
-0.5415619611740112,
0.11234486848115921,
0.16035892069339752,
0.0507938489317894,
-0.40846920013427734,
0.1747424155473709,
0.2868981659412384,
-0.2829955518245697,
-0.2532290518283844,
-0.05875251069664955,
-1.1750432252883911,
0.3107629418373108,
0.21732617914676666,
-0.09099846333265305,
0.9833168387413025,
-0.4858846366405487,
-0.9466128945350647,
0.33968159556388855,
1.1199095249176025,
-0.08649565279483795,
0.007714047562330961,
0.14124557375907898,
-0.47172367572784424,
-0.5877134203910828,
-0.9043887257575989,
-0.6443236470222473,
-0.36248162388801575,
-0.48272278904914856,
-0.07822731882333755,
-0.2979032099246979,
0.12460252642631531,
0.7219337224960327,
-0.015719395130872726,
0.5698197484016418,
-0.40777552127838135,
-0.1933399885892868,
0.3157351315021515,
-0.2941267788410187,
0.1798795610666275,
-0.29719075560569763,
0.024279074743390083,
0.5395949482917786,
-0.1602652668952942,
-0.0064168754033744335,
0.5779759287834167,
0.8408337831497192,
0.6563479900360107,
0.3400435149669647,
-0.5308828949928284,
0.47774606943130493,
0.39954322576522827,
0.3263321816921234,
-0.4371136724948883,
-0.0035804309882223606,
0.3673284947872162,
0.25542715191841125,
-0.03351479768753052,
-0.7752460241317749,
-0.47478774189949036,
1.05098295211792,
-0.7919289469718933,
0.10933006554841995,
0.5242233872413635,
0.2169608771800995,
0.17293664813041687,
-0.3695497512817383,
0.3675839900970459,
0.5979676246643066,
0.07662513852119446,
0.3372226655483246,
0.25920072197914124,
0.14268237352371216,
0.06803035736083984,
0.2667011022567749,
-0.2876846492290497,
-0.035483695566654205,
-0.48698773980140686,
-0.23889996111392975,
0.12196999043226242,
-0.44297704100608826,
0.23737046122550964,
0.2002192884683609,
-0.49994441866874695,
0.631418764591217,
-0.22224125266075134,
-1.2446261644363403,
0.024486694484949112,
-0.16987209022045135,
-0.333313524723053,
-0.3389872908592224,
-0.8416775465011597,
-0.34024614095687866,
0.3597811758518219,
-0.2728975713253021,
0.6409712433815002,
-0.5976150035858154,
-0.2123226672410965,
0.05046125873923302,
0.5243765115737915,
0.02531348541378975,
-0.17490309476852417,
-0.8536229133605957,
0.4172717332839966,
-0.20585674047470093,
-0.0314723365008831,
-0.17447061836719513,
0.5238776206970215,
0.6596759557723999,
-0.1294606775045395,
0.3985007703304291,
0.3996945023536682,
-0.19262564182281494,
-0.5378184914588928,
-0.19400878250598907,
-0.507946252822876,
0.20795398950576782,
0.10818502306938171,
-0.002982405014336109,
0.10104843229055405,
-0.6294853091239929,
0.11684756726026535,
0.3952596187591553,
-0.0006415441166609526,
-0.4232054650783539,
-0.16943973302841187,
0.643264889717102,
0.4009469449520111,
0.3942580223083496,
-0.4010287821292877,
-0.13143908977508545,
0.7379735708236694,
-0.013254822231829166,
0.16071078181266785,
0.4897654056549072,
0.29075607657432556,
-0.014999126084148884,
-0.1227705255150795,
-0.8124890923500061,
0.6463519334793091,
0.052773699164390564,
-0.4896813631057739,
0.27391237020492554,
-0.8241177201271057,
0.101481132209301,
-0.04397672042250633,
0.6638327836990356,
0.6536217927932739,
-0.5458929538726807,
0.007295283488929272,
0.26086801290512085,
-0.03261570259928703,
-0.43002623319625854,
0.07242464274168015,
0.2986493706703186,
-0.30254581570625305,
0.49496012926101685,
0.6312825679779053,
0.555383026599884,
-0.5590671300888062,
0.2127423882484436,
0.671310305595398,
0.3820100724697113,
0.17767539620399475,
-0.3220694065093994,
0.129163920879364,
-0.2538534998893738,
-0.4914000630378723,
0.542125403881073,
0.1785644143819809,
0.37436455488204956,
0.1182265654206276,
-0.06394970417022705,
0.08442049473524094,
0.14542679488658905,
-0.08700615912675858,
0.7191378474235535,
-0.2028462141752243,
-0.1405436098575592,
0.42767390608787537,
0.3700096011161804,
0.7518676519393921,
0.9294901490211487,
0.22512398660182953,
0.3593389689922333,
-0.31584635376930237,
-0.5928757786750793,
0.20947253704071045,
0.20047859847545624,
0.05910628288984299,
0.12279436737298965,
0.058360710740089417,
0.340326189994812,
-0.3005240559577942,
0.25128281116485596,
-0.44319024682044983,
-0.40996330976486206,
-0.4915890693664551,
-0.21770448982715607,
-0.21706214547157288,
-0.5426976084709167,
0.1874423772096634,
-0.38007935881614685,
0.6372254490852356,
0.055593207478523254,
-0.4668213725090027,
0.35723358392715454,
-0.030706578865647316,
-0.028726084157824516,
-0.20456720888614655,
-0.4124002158641815,
0.15447674691677094,
0.20683835446834564,
-0.4149921238422394,
-0.9858680367469788,
-0.02841470204293728,
-0.329728364944458,
0.24902500212192535,
-0.08232349902391434,
0.2903711497783661,
-0.4594775140285492,
-0.08444005995988846,
0.5005105137825012,
-0.39205724000930786,
-0.3149644434452057,
-0.23620928823947906,
-0.07557719200849533,
-0.49061504006385803,
-0.08214441686868668,
-0.28524428606033325,
-0.08791342377662659,
0.25192323327064514,
0.6912835836410522,
0.2099057137966156,
-0.5759463310241699,
0.30531713366508484,
-0.2538910508155823,
0.32826146483421326,
-0.005412031430751085,
-0.1622902750968933,
-0.1796170026063919,
-0.03858242928981781,
0.2013019174337387,
0.2807675898075104,
0.37776145339012146,
-0.9155601859092712,
0.22770501673221588,
0.02785884216427803,
0.4236408770084381,
0.15782199800014496,
0.17040352523326874,
-0.30914872884750366,
-0.6862348318099976,
-0.571539044380188,
0.33792975544929504,
0.1840859353542328,
-0.042709652334451675,
-0.0676649808883667,
0.4239838719367981,
-0.7411562204360962,
0.3633732795715332,
0.13486145436763763,
0.01931004226207733,
-0.5837523341178894,
0.20203512907028198,
0.12371888756752014
] |
232186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M40%20motorway | M40 motorway | The M40 motorway links London, Oxford and Birmingham in England, a distance of approximately .
The motorway is dual three lanes except for junction 1A to junction 3 (which is dual four lanes) a short section in-between the exit and entry slip-roads at junction 4 (which is two lanes in both directions) and also between the slip-roads at junction 9 (in the southbound direction only).
An Active Traffic Management system operates on the short section northbound from junction 16 (A3400) to the M42.
History
London to Great Milton
The motorway between London and Oxford was constructed in stages between 1967 and 1974. The first section opened in June 1967, from Handy Cross roundabout, High Wycombe to Stokenchurch (junctions 4–5). In 1969, extending in a southerly direction to Holtspur, Beaconsfield, a temporary junction 2 was opened,. The section bypassing Beaconsfield was built in 1971 and the section past Gerrards Cross to junction 1 was completed in 1973. In 1974, the motorway between junctions 5 to 8 was completed to Great Milton.
Between junctions 3 and 4, the beginnings of slip roads were built on both carriageways for a service area at Abbey Barns between Beaconsfield and High Wycombe. Beaconsfield services off junction 2 opened in 2009.
Great Milton to Birmingham
Late in the 1960s, not long after the first stretch opened, the Ministry of Transport announced the possibility of building a motorway to link London with Birmingham as an alternative to the M1-M6 routeas well as improving road links to the South Coast ports for The Midlands but it was not until 1983 that the decision to extend the M40 from Oxford to the south of Birmingham was made.
The preferred route was altered to avoid Otmoor after a vigorous road protest, which included selling over 3,000 small squares of a field to people all over the world. The field had been renamed 'Alice's field' as a reference to Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll who lived in the area at the time he wrote the book.
Construction began at Warwick in October 1987, with work on the section around Banbury starting in February 1988, and finally, the section north of Oxford in July 1989. The section between the M42 and Warwick opened in December 1989, and the remainder in January 1991.
At the time of being fully opened, the original M40 had been widened, creating a dual three-lane motorway from start to finish.
Further developments
The M40 had been expected to be the last major motorway to be built in Britain, but in 1986 the Conservative government announced a major new road-building scheme, Roads for Prosperity, much of which was cancelled in 1996 after major road protests.
Beginning in 1997, the motorway was widened to dual-four-lane between J1A and J3 (High Wycombe East) under a Private Finance Initiative. It was completed by a Carillion-John Laing joint venture in October 1998 – the original plan included widening between J3 and J4. Oxford services and Warwick Services opened in 1998.
Work to separate local and long-distance traffic at J4 was completed in 2007, including a new dedicated left-turn slip lane between the A404 Marlow Bypass and the Oxford-bound M40; additional lanes on the slip roads entering the roundabout; an additional lane between the A404 Marlow Hill and the London-bound M40; and a five-lane cross-link between the M40 and the A404(S).
In 2009 the Highways Agency extended the Active Traffic Management (ATM) system onto the northbound carriageway from J16 to the junction with the M42. Beaconsfield services opened in 2009, near the site of the service station proposed at Abbey Barns almost 40 years earlier.
In August 2010 work started on J9, upgrading the southbound exit slip road to three lanes, and similar widening on the connecting A34 and A41 junctions between Oxford and Bicester. This was the first part of the work at this busy junction since it was built 20 years earlier. If the necessary funding becomes available, a second phase of improvement will be carried out, upgrading the northbound entrance and the A41 southbound entrance.
Junctions
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. Where a junction spans several hundred metres, both start and end locations are given.
An Active Traffic Management system operates on the short section northbound from junction 16 (A3400) to the M42.
Detailed routing
Junction 1 of the M40 is at the Denham Roundabout near Uxbridge just east of the M25. The motorway is carried over the top of the roundabout, which interchanges with the A40, the A412, the A4020 and links to the A413 off the A40 westbound.
The motorway carries on for another before it reaches J1a, the free-flow interchange with the M25 London Orbital. It is a partially unrolled cloverleaf, with the smoothest turns from the London-bound M40 (from Oxfordshire, Warwickshire and the wider West Midlands) to the anti-clockwise M25 (London Heathrow, Gatwick, The Channel Ports) and vice versa, since this is the largest exchange of traffic between the two motorways. The M40 passes over the interchange, with the M25 on the bottom. The clockwise M25 enters the junction with four lanes with a lane drop to accommodate traffic heading for the M40 westbound, leaving the junction with three lanes. The anti-clockwise M25 enters the junction with three lanes and gains a lane from the London-bound M40 to accommodate the extra traffic.
The London-bound M40 enters with four lanes, with a lane drop for the M25 exit, leaves with three lanes, and the westbound M40 enters with lanes and gains a lane from the anti-clockwise M25.
After J1a the motorway is four lanes, and carries on for until it reaches J2 for the A355 to Slough and the A40 to Beaconsfield and Gerrards Cross. J2 is the standard roundabout interchange over the M40. Beaconsfield services are located at this junction.
J3 is further on, and serves the A40 for High Wycombe East and Loudwater. This is a restricted junction; the only flows are from the westbound M40 to the A40 and from the A40 to the London-bound M40. The westbound carriageway loses a lane, remaining three lanes for the rest of the route, and the London-bound carriageway gains a lane. The motorway then immediately crosses the valley on a large ramp-like bridge.
J4 is the interchange with the A404, for High Wycombe, Marlow, Maidenhead, Reading, Windsor and the M4. The motorway through the junction was not widened from the original two lanes when the rest of the motorway from J8 to London was, and so both carriageways experience a temporary lane drop. The junction used to be a straightforward roundabout interchange with exits for the M40 (west and east), High Wycombe (A404), the A4010, two local roads and the A404 dual carriageway to the south. During 2007, work was completed which included extra stacking space on the sliproads from the M40, provision for traffic from the A404 northbound to join the M40 westbound slip road without joining the roundabout and provision for the London-bound M40 to skip the section of the roundabout which serves the A4010, High Wycombe, and the A404 north.
J5 is for the A40 and Stokenchurch, a basic diamond interchange and the fourth junction of the M40 with the A40. Within a mile there is a large road cutting known as the Stokenchurch Gap or The Canyon where the motorway enters Oxfordshire and meets J6 with the B4009 for Lewknor, Watlington, and Chinnor. This junction is a variant on the diamond interchange, with the slip roads from the M40 having sharp bends.
Just over after junction 6 the motorway passes to within of St Giles Church, Tetsworth and farther on meets the first of three junctions in close succession. Junction 7 is a restricted junction with the A329 serving Thame and the A40. Access is limited allowing exit for only northbound traffic and entry only for southbound traffic. The exiting slip road on the southbound M40 at J7 is for "Works Traffic Only" to a depot. A slip road allows traffic from the A329 to join the M40 north but is closed to motorway traffic by a gate, so traffic must continue for to junction 8.
At junction 8, a spur off the M40, with two-lane carriageways, leaves the mainline of the motorway as far as a trumpet junction for Wheatley and the A418, then continuing as the A40 towards Oxford. The spur can be accessed via the M40 northbound or by leaving the M40 at Junction 8a southbound and crossing the M40 via the A418, and traffic heading towards the M40 can only join the southbound carriageway. Traffic going in the other direction has to use the trumpet junction, and follow the A418 past Oxford services. The M40 heads north from junction 8A. This was the temporary end of the M40 before the northern section was open. Visible either side of the junction are the embankments and remains of the overbridge which carried the Wycombe railway line.
The motorway continues for t0 junction 9 for the A34 (E05) and the A41. The A34 dual carriageway serves Oxford and is a trunk route for Newbury, Winchester and Southampton (via the M3) as well as the rest of the South Coast — for this the reason it is part of the unsigned European route E05. The A41 dual carriageway serves Bicester and Aylesbury, and both roads meet the motorway at Wendelbury roundabout junction. This junction design is very inefficient and cannot cope with a very large volume of traffic using the junction. To try to alleviate this problem, there is a temporary lane drop for the London-bound carriageway. The largest exchange of traffic is between the A34 and the M40 north, and traffic on those roads backs up and causes congestion on both roads (going north and south), as well as on the interchange itself. North of the junction, the existing A34 becomes the A3400. This means the A34 is now technically in two halves (it regains status farther up the road at J16, although signs on the motorway do not mention this). Instead, the first signs for the A34 from a motorway are on the M42 at J4, as with the A41. The road also becomes part of the E05 north of J9.
The M40 follows a course of almost due north for before reaching Junction 10, for the Cherwell Valley services, the A43 and the village of Ardley. The A43 terminates at J10, although originally it carried on to Kidlington, the southern part of the old route now used by the re-routed A34. (The original A43 towards Oxford is now the B430.) The A43 serves Brackley, Silverstone and its racing circuit, home to the British Grand Prix. Farther on, the A43 leads to Northampton and the M1. Junction 10 was originally a dumbbell junction. The capacity of both the junction and the single carriageway A43 proved too small when the road was used as a freight thoroughfare from the congested M1 to the M40 to London, and the A34 at J9 to the south coast — in fact the stretch between these junctions is the busiest on the motorway in both directions. When the A43 (between the M1 and M40) was upgraded to dual carriageway, the junction was redesigned and rebuilt by the Highways Agency to cope with the extra traffic. A third roundabout was added to the junction, to the north, with the slips for the southbound M40 and the A43, with the slip roads for the northbound M40 remodelled as well, and the roundabout in the middle now serving the services.
The slip road for the London-bound carriageway which used to be accessed from the roundabout is now reached only via the services. The design and execution of the revised design of new junction is greatly derided, mostly because of the three roundabouts giving no priority to the main flow of traffic, (A43-M40 London), and the slip roads off and onto the motorway (except the one accessed via the services) have sharp turns and adverse cambers, which results lorries frequently tipping over and spilling their loads especially on the roundabout at the end of the northern carriageway. The junction fails to perform its function as an effective traffic junction. As well, the slip roads onto the motorway give little manoeuvring space as both join the motorway under (the same) bridge built for the old junction.
The motorway then follows a winding route north for until Junction 11, the A422 and A361, serving Banbury. The motorway does not follow the straight route to the east of Middleton Cheney, meeting with the A422, as it had once been planned, due to a major landowner refusing his land to be cut in two. If built as planned, J11 would be east of Middleton Cheney, meeting with the A422, and probably would have fuelled major growth in the village as well as Banbury, the primary destination of the junction. As it is, the junction was built west along the A422, with the motorway skirting Banbury. The junction itself is a regular roundabout interchange, and has the single carriageway A361 from Daventry the dual-carriageway A422 from Brackley and the A43 from the west, and the dual-carriageway A422 (A361) toward Banbury feeding to/from it.
Another north-west along the motorway is Junction 12, serving Gaydon and the Heritage Motor Centre via the B4451. The junction is a box-standard diamond interchange. Farther along the motorway is Warwick Services, the last on the motorway, before it reaches the restricted access Junction 13. This serves Leamington Spa and Warwick via the A452, and Gaydon via the B4100. The junction is incomplete as a half-diamond interchange, with access only from the northbound carriageway and access to the southbound M40.
The junction is completed farther on at Junction 14, another restricted access junction, with access to the A452 from the southbound M40, and the access on to the motorway is in a northbound direction. The slip roads join at a roundabout and carry on as the single carriageway A452 to meet with the A452 to Leamington Spa, A425 to Warwick, and the A452 to J13. A few hundred yards further up is junction 15, known as Longbridge island. This is a large, regular roundabout interchange, and is always busy during peak times due to the various destinations it serves, including The Cotswolds, Stratford-upon-Avon, Coventry, and Warwick. Farther north, Henley-in-Arden (J16) is again 'incomplete' to discourage local traffic.
The motorway joins the M42 in both directions, with northbound traffic taking the left lane to exit eastbound, eventually forming the outer lanes of the M42 via a tight-bending two lane connecting road, and the right lanes being taken eastbound. Similarly, southbound, eastbound traffic from the M42 splits off from the outer two lanes, whereas westbound traffic of the M42 has a single lane, widening to a two lane slip road, which merges with the middle lane and forms the outer lane of the southbound M40.
Services
The motorway has four service areas:
Beaconsfield services (off J2), operated by Extra MSA accessible from the A355
Oxford services (off J8A), operated by Welcome Break, accessible from J8 and the A418
Cherwell Valley services (off J10, A43), operated by Moto. The first service station, opened in 1994 on the site of temporary toilet areas created when the motorway was constructed.
Warwick services (between J12 and J13), operated by Welcome Break, consisting of two sites mirroring each other without a connection.
Incidents and accidents
Twelve school children and a teacher died when their minibus crashed into a parked motorway maintenance vehicle just after midnight on 18 November 1993. The inquest recorded a verdict of accidental death for all of the victims but noted that none of the children were wearing seatbelts and that the side-facing bench seating was dangerous. Seatbelts were subsequently made compulsory equipment on all coaches and minibuses, more than 20 years after they had been compulsory on cars. It has been compulsory for passengers to wear seatbelts on coaches and minibuses since 2006.
In 2002 more than 100 vehicles were involved in a pile-up near High Wycombe that resulted in two deaths.
On Friday 2 August 2002 four people were killed between J11 and J12, about 3 miles south of Warwick services, when a northbound lorry crossed the central reservation and into oncoming southbound traffic. The resulting fire caused the Southbound carriage to be closed for several hours and required resurfacing. The fatalities were named as Catriona Marvell, 31, from Brookside, Telford, Shropshire; Peter Thorpe, 41, from Wellington, Shropshire; Brian Sewell, 44, from West Bromwich, West Midlands, and David Hericourt, 44, from Hanwell, London. The inquest was adjourned to a later date.
Jimmy Davis, a 21-year-old Watford footballer on loan from Manchester United, died on the M40 in Oxfordshire in the early hours of 9 August 2003 after his BMW collided with a lorry. He was over the drink-drive limit and had been driving at up to .
A motor cycle rider was shot dead between J13 and J12 on 12 August 2007. The victim was a member of the Hells Angels on his way home from the Bulldog Bash. In October 2008, a man pleaded guilty to murder ahead of the trial of six other men on charges of murder and firearms offences.
On 18 July 2012, a driver in her seventies died in a vehicle fire. She had broken down in the middle lane and a car collided with the back of her vehicle.
See also
List of motorways in the United Kingdom
M40 corridor
History of Banbury, Oxfordshire
References
External links
The Motorway Archive
Stokenchurch to Waterstock
In Buckinghamshire
Waterstock to Umberslade
CBRD Motorway Database – M40
Pathetic Motorways – A40(M) High Wycombe bypass
Motorway Services Online – service stations on the M40.
Seven Natural Wonders of the South
Motorways in England
Transport in Buckinghamshire
Roads in Oxfordshire
Roads in Warwickshire | [
-0.03577067703008652,
-0.06246815249323845,
-0.04261080175638199,
-0.739967405796051,
0.3577393591403961,
1.0198429822921753,
0.5708675384521484,
0.44773924350738525,
-0.44133469462394714,
-0.7387320399284363,
-0.628812313079834,
0.2347647249698639,
-0.26983872056007385,
0.0577227883040905,
0.772880494594574,
0.5089194774627686,
0.20205891132354736,
0.07999624311923981,
0.48225024342536926,
-0.3788001239299774,
0.389193058013916,
0.29274189472198486,
0.7571374177932739,
0.3121515214443207,
0.44451281428337097,
-0.5068504810333252,
0.33248499035835266,
0.11206766217947006,
-0.04392220079898834,
-0.36411404609680176,
0.41045013070106506,
0.47608423233032227,
0.589367687702179,
-0.4419339895248413,
0.7294367551803589,
-0.3025975227355957,
0.28708159923553467,
-0.39787596464157104,
0.14363789558410645,
0.060176171362400055,
0.09247421473264694,
0.2539657652378082,
-0.41809341311454773,
0.2530558407306671,
0.15808947384357452,
-0.14478649199008942,
-1.528831124305725,
-0.08347246050834656,
-0.06540612131357193,
-0.24995779991149902,
-0.19825094938278198,
1.329582929611206,
0.277567058801651,
0.3483223021030426,
0.5563002824783325,
0.7254666090011597,
-0.5333063006401062,
-0.6062227487564087,
0.8706210851669312,
0.22611483931541443,
0.41700848937034607,
0.23458455502986908,
-0.7415425181388855,
0.7618356347084045,
-0.48248979449272156,
-0.1863507181406021,
0.7522257566452026,
0.8457452654838562,
-0.6681674718856812,
-0.40938839316368103,
-0.36025580763816833,
-0.513213038444519,
0.2621234953403473,
-0.14635112881660461,
-0.9996882677078247,
-0.6370369791984558,
0.425578236579895,
-0.27369552850723267,
0.06572389602661133,
-0.407358318567276,
0.4618367552757263,
0.43495887517929077,
0.7092615365982056,
0.17597174644470215,
0.6214197874069214,
0.130252867937088,
-0.6386167407035828,
-0.2741732895374298,
-0.3796776235103607,
0.8465603590011597,
-0.3446796238422394,
0.2661375403404236,
-0.0732516199350357,
0.5075953602790833,
0.29890212416648865,
-0.439075767993927,
-0.08647739142179489,
0.12982341647148132,
0.43448734283447266,
0.5473279356956482,
0.5141136646270752,
0.020632844418287277,
0.3048758804798126,
-0.36621829867362976,
-0.4766871929168701,
-0.26534008979797363,
-0.4115792512893677,
-0.8028877973556519,
0.30440953373908997,
0.12356769293546677,
-0.9747697114944458,
-0.06924767047166824,
-0.676037073135376,
-0.4538852870464325,
0.23426006734371185,
-0.18854176998138428,
0.05594797059893608,
-0.12419958412647247,
-0.5663129091262817,
-0.20617057383060455,
-0.18754839897155762,
0.2183762937784195,
-0.02605930157005787,
0.6048732399940491,
0.05748223885893822,
-0.2103063464164734,
0.2024926245212555,
-0.10626810789108276,
-0.35800790786743164,
-0.16247247159481049,
0.7597554326057434,
0.7357314229011536,
-0.10764618217945099,
-0.21162845194339752,
-0.22244998812675476,
-0.11627638339996338,
0.05884227901697159,
0.5913834571838379,
0.3123467266559601,
0.1836206316947937,
-0.5698598027229309,
-0.03396918624639511,
-0.08464037626981735,
0.02147725410759449,
0.44900447130203247,
0.3249816596508026,
-0.1822241246700287,
-0.13176608085632324,
-0.03971508517861366,
-0.30678266286849976,
0.5691696405410767,
-0.20011495053768158,
-0.964946985244751,
-0.9602228999137878,
-0.020832296460866928,
0.869383692741394,
0.33198732137680054,
0.033103760331869125,
-0.35436731576919556,
0.2519586384296417,
0.34248608350753784,
0.01624687761068344,
-0.12605734169483185,
-0.03601754456758499,
-0.9421077370643616,
0.3723466694355011,
0.793397843837738,
-0.9311805963516235,
0.39885351061820984,
0.4088691174983978,
-0.11934641748666763,
-0.352508008480072,
1.1639057397842407,
-1.0253175497055054,
-0.022044915705919266,
-0.5669553279876709,
1.3684067726135254,
0.2912472188472748,
0.4224367141723633,
-0.01164171937853098,
-0.568868100643158,
0.23683835566043854,
0.24165178835391998,
0.06526753306388855,
0.3537103533744812,
-0.4691312909126282,
0.6138861775398254,
-0.007629792671650648,
-0.7955320477485657,
0.09773745387792587,
-0.12948887050151825,
-0.31333062052726746,
0.19394099712371826,
-0.7604209184646606,
0.8056904077529907,
-0.12331268191337585,
-0.2586449384689331,
0.6338176131248474,
-0.37525931000709534,
0.8536742329597473,
0.24522782862186432,
-0.46709659695625305,
0.861971914768219,
-0.20937716960906982,
-0.822620153427124,
0.0027218973264098167,
0.23003439605236053,
-0.8513331413269043,
-0.12082120031118393,
0.4982891380786896,
0.5571061968803406,
-0.35897523164749146,
-0.17284923791885376,
-0.6977782249450684,
0.5236541628837585,
-0.09004990011453629,
0.46525850892066956,
-0.3479222357273102,
-0.8193902969360352,
-0.20663733780384064,
0.9878756403923035,
-0.0011295954464003444,
-0.16014088690280914,
0.4664929509162903,
-0.5049151182174683,
0.7286903858184814,
-0.19363278150558472,
0.7363266348838806,
0.2246130108833313,
-0.5899690985679626,
-0.297431617975235,
-0.10161636024713516,
-0.5274209380149841,
-0.06282145529985428,
0.0878746435046196,
-0.6568297743797302,
0.04390069097280502,
-0.23049256205558777,
0.12077085673809052,
-0.33155250549316406,
0.2530948519706726,
0.04854212701320648,
-0.9258681535720825,
-0.039966974407434464,
-0.0843065157532692,
-0.20975026488304138,
0.12491387128829956,
0.03014770895242691,
-0.07672526687383652,
-0.0211069043725729,
0.06547429412603378,
-0.2639922499656677,
0.4895462691783905,
0.28503891825675964,
0.3414805829524994,
-0.23922018706798553,
0.12291911989450455,
0.2533298134803772,
0.5002293586730957,
0.1682155281305313,
-0.5201240181922913,
-0.6843791604042053,
0.27306321263313293,
0.23627837002277374,
-0.15136218070983887,
0.05878717452287674,
-0.23351162672042847,
-0.8792513012886047,
0.35647234320640564,
-0.19266588985919952,
-0.2869577705860138,
0.06499423831701279,
-0.08379314094781876,
0.3036286532878876,
0.024639859795570374,
0.372649222612381,
0.45114895701408386,
0.6229978799819946,
-0.3482290804386139,
-0.01692635379731655,
0.5206908583641052,
0.38948455452919006,
-0.12878075242042542,
-0.7421194314956665,
0.08520151674747467,
-0.08825678378343582,
-0.1348154991865158,
0.04088588431477547,
-0.24799346923828125,
0.05100202187895775,
-0.4779101610183716,
-0.11956033855676651,
-0.7180069088935852,
-0.04816387966275215,
0.42926204204559326,
0.11446898430585861,
-0.49501949548721313,
0.13029950857162476,
0.2924532890319824,
-0.3439292907714844,
0.6105680465698242,
0.9933814406394958,
-0.005493088159710169,
0.035203732550144196,
0.43274059891700745,
-0.19251978397369385,
-0.37384122610092163,
-0.06601791083812714,
-4.884328365325928,
1.3123542070388794,
-0.6062515377998352,
0.4528995156288147,
0.2832523584365845,
-0.05264625325798988,
-0.07463237643241882,
-0.3989116847515106,
0.15507398545742035,
-1.3260607719421387,
-0.19768698513507843,
-0.6775380969047546,
-0.6796149611473083,
0.13585087656974792,
-0.5613099932670593,
0.23507970571517944,
0.15003985166549683,
-0.37963834404945374,
0.9715540409088135,
0.553159773349762,
0.6076145768165588,
-0.7649357914924622,
-0.5073931813240051,
-0.3747602701187134,
0.13765734434127808,
-0.169511616230011,
-0.7591778635978699,
0.11650604754686356,
-0.5919031500816345,
0.19630442559719086,
0.21160149574279785,
-0.4113059341907501,
-0.06142623350024223,
-0.36539751291275024,
-0.0565217062830925,
0.21094560623168945,
0.11610960960388184,
-0.025337815284729004,
0.5107331275939941,
-0.5200248956680298,
-0.2717336118221283,
0.5249998569488525,
0.31878605484962463,
-0.32854756712913513,
0.39666759967803955,
-0.09278310835361481,
0.010561691597104073,
-0.22078680992126465,
0.5203239321708679,
0.4135532081127167,
-0.08655911684036255,
0.7773723006248474,
0.36403393745422363,
0.16570459306240082,
0.10017582029104233,
-0.745066225528717,
-0.4595717489719391,
-0.1736556589603424,
0.6552133560180664,
-0.03364987671375275,
-0.021140336990356445,
-0.32079216837882996,
-0.2270563244819641,
-0.41856417059898376,
0.03155893832445145,
-0.6738500595092773,
-0.7132028341293335,
-0.032333631068468094,
0.607316792011261,
0.410918653011322,
-0.48841792345046997,
0.007347585633397102,
-0.1431090235710144,
-0.4564979374408722,
-0.05700930207967758,
-0.2628430128097534,
-0.5492711067199707,
0.28515851497650146,
-0.04339960217475891,
-0.10843943059444427,
-0.2363543063402176,
-0.3051663935184479,
-0.8458154201507568,
-0.12187071144580841,
0.10096734017133713,
-0.8107364773750305,
-0.4296700954437256,
0.274592787027359,
-0.25422602891921997,
-0.22865526378154755,
-0.34371545910835266,
-0.9962469339370728,
0.002920463914051652,
0.24906525015830994,
0.5065948963165283,
-0.5014709234237671,
-0.20506347715854645,
0.8863229155540466,
0.41890203952789307,
-0.3162629306316376,
-0.17052043974399567,
-0.8307573795318604,
-0.25218671560287476,
-0.21137018501758575,
-0.4028988182544708,
-0.14356964826583862,
-0.03041697107255459,
0.3052479922771454,
0.5971713066101074,
-0.0849904790520668,
-0.5014184713363647,
-0.7830737829208374,
-0.7690483927726746,
-0.48681551218032837,
-0.030053624883294106,
-0.6849128603935242,
-0.41271862387657166,
0.3710474669933319,
0.7012977600097656,
0.00671010185033083,
-0.25551140308380127,
1.083390712738037,
-0.20490212738513947,
0.06355585157871246,
0.21736881136894226,
0.40846481919288635,
-0.11682692915201187,
0.17238394916057587,
0.05519126355648041,
-0.3822390139102936,
-0.020706426352262497,
0.13309869170188904,
-0.35749951004981995,
0.05091879144310951,
-0.2894807457923889,
-0.7572594285011292,
-0.20677997171878815,
0.5456958413124084,
-0.31968745589256287,
0.09145674854516983,
0.35968858003616333,
-0.06693286448717117,
0.17829853296279907,
-0.32026734948158264,
0.45130667090415955,
0.7492868900299072,
-0.27381274104118347,
-0.19868208467960358,
-0.7038241028785706,
-0.03097732551395893,
-0.46929216384887695,
-0.3294459581375122,
-0.3230990767478943,
-0.15815435349941254,
0.29629331827163696,
-0.06392528861761093,
-0.46640998125076294,
0.2654815912246704,
-0.31760385632514954,
-0.36286208033561707,
0.9034532308578491,
-0.04262290522456169,
-0.44797080755233765,
0.34949901700019836,
0.360829621553421,
0.70479416847229,
0.43019425868988037,
-1.1126652956008911,
0.2675095796585083,
1.189426064491272,
0.3313387632369995,
-0.30003687739372253,
-0.4941391348838806,
-0.4717659652233124,
0.18087981641292572,
0.4295126795768738,
-0.3889896273612976,
0.17472289502620697,
0.21511021256446838,
-0.10703277587890625,
-0.14348368346691132,
-0.7072054743766785,
0.006297171115875244,
0.7531982660293579,
0.30642369389533997,
-0.563905656337738,
-0.17168354988098145,
0.10352207720279694,
0.182072252035141,
-1.2038846015930176,
0.48598161339759827,
-0.1646071821451187,
-0.23617210984230042,
0.16949568688869476,
-0.2783006429672241,
-0.7746397256851196,
-0.16350317001342773,
0.3922733962535858,
-0.6714529395103455,
-0.2740761935710907,
-0.07967480272054672,
0.6903379559516907,
-0.6248865723609924,
0.891179084777832,
0.5882638096809387,
-0.36087411642074585,
-0.05253271013498306,
-0.14210374653339386,
-0.2964065372943878,
0.6833931803703308,
-0.33862221240997314,
-0.9130064845085144,
0.4383479058742523,
0.8806813955307007,
-0.9197461009025574,
0.25823578238487244,
-0.14102934300899506,
0.191920667886734,
-0.2831156849861145,
-0.5162586569786072,
-0.7658946514129639,
-0.43352216482162476,
-0.5416324138641357,
-0.14515310525894165,
-0.6725772023200989,
1.0817265510559082,
-0.029635200276970863,
-0.7407277226448059,
0.6836534738540649,
-0.7064699530601501,
-0.3484049141407013,
-0.15783262252807617,
0.4425714612007141,
0.8599523901939392,
0.3072056472301483,
0.11725129932165146,
-0.3829355537891388,
-0.3313777446746826,
0.056650228798389435,
0.41318368911743164,
0.2974430322647095,
0.5766395330429077,
-0.35885089635849,
-0.39834076166152954,
0.15773595869541168,
0.9572417140007019,
0.5584258437156677,
-0.10239330679178238,
-0.1847148984670639,
-0.06843706220388412,
-0.09211760759353638,
-0.07909281551837921,
-0.3475286364555359,
-0.22035880386829376,
1.1331597566604614,
-0.6909748911857605,
-0.2417830377817154,
-0.6178694367408752,
-0.3025994598865509,
0.14263984560966492,
0.593391478061676,
-0.5073617696762085,
-0.09336352348327637,
0.4857887625694275,
1.210999846458435,
-0.27574536204338074,
0.0030112036038190126,
0.20474399626255035,
0.14146184921264648,
-0.3837532103061676,
0.11303775757551193,
0.033373333513736725,
-0.1376127004623413,
0.6139653921127319,
0.37897223234176636,
-0.11011774837970734,
0.37762129306793213,
-0.8292266130447388,
0.4324881136417389,
-0.3097090721130371,
-0.008474564179778099,
0.08411572873592377,
0.2694428861141205,
-0.527381181716919,
0.527720034122467,
0.01817428320646286,
0.35006535053253174,
0.06051302328705788,
-0.32061871886253357,
-0.23705559968948364,
0.014129298739135265,
-0.18490415811538696,
-0.6226253509521484,
0.370922714471817,
-0.2379656285047531,
0.6892700791358948,
-0.08615947514772415,
0.43698519468307495,
0.445193350315094,
-0.08383152633905411,
-0.9008263945579529,
1.1066310405731201,
-0.3139820694923401,
-0.4061933755874634,
-0.14935673773288727,
0.44925475120544434,
0.42719173431396484,
0.0567343644797802,
0.9144830107688904,
-0.24750377237796783,
0.4389497935771942,
-0.20203183591365814,
0.6361323595046997,
1.249088168144226,
-0.18971610069274902,
0.48722773790359497,
-0.27740922570228577,
-0.6854510307312012,
-0.3534981906414032,
0.4388033449649811,
0.08367800712585449,
0.5567631721496582,
0.3751318156719208,
0.050480861216783524,
-0.40525588393211365,
0.9152968525886536,
-0.20795361697673798,
-0.6853495240211487,
-0.030188003554940224,
1.06065034866333,
-0.005509387236088514,
-0.6577336192131042,
-0.5579505562782288,
0.7367616295814514,
-0.02790280058979988,
-0.9437471032142639,
-0.3245283365249634,
-0.5990540385246277,
0.4190264344215393,
0.37159866094589233,
0.2188413143157959,
0.27129390835762024,
-0.5791981816291809,
0.37770432233810425,
-0.02366374246776104,
0.09826269745826721,
0.24269969761371613,
-0.23932160437107086,
0.3616963326931,
0.06324607878923416,
0.6318157315254211,
0.3200902044773102,
0.20249418914318085,
0.6033176779747009,
0.34654587507247925,
-0.08189717680215836,
0.132046177983284,
0.2614445686340332,
-0.5898672342300415,
0.07199148833751678,
0.8317955136299133,
0.8053013682365417,
0.523485004901886,
-0.4781549274921417,
-0.3614121973514557,
-0.06177053228020668,
-0.1552669107913971,
-0.24705488979816437,
-0.04669863358139992,
0.10474789887666702,
0.2472442388534546,
0.6704618334770203,
-0.5512198805809021,
-0.5265647768974304,
0.15578751266002655,
0.6300201416015625,
-0.7927181720733643,
-0.09646818041801453,
-0.1874467134475708,
-0.062060143798589706,
0.0036549551878124475,
0.1408519297838211,
0.01640380546450615,
-0.4008193910121918,
-0.38023000955581665,
-0.031871091574430466,
0.0059904661029577255,
-0.17859746515750885,
-0.843758225440979,
-0.192909374833107,
-0.4760531187057495,
-0.2697269022464752,
-0.4896049201488495,
-0.41366046667099,
-0.7403761148452759,
-0.489633172750473,
-0.058050647377967834,
1.2360666990280151,
-0.008433601818978786,
0.8002826571464539,
0.6445044279098511,
-0.04535812884569168,
-0.4556009769439697,
0.4376278519630432,
-0.36592161655426025,
0.5519036650657654,
-0.26549434661865234,
-0.4865952134132385,
-0.36190927028656006,
0.6271907091140747,
0.956611692905426,
-0.24304044246673584,
-0.2820778787136078,
0.3856228291988373,
0.07415953278541565,
1.1248245239257812,
0.2846561074256897,
-0.29265716671943665,
0.47345662117004395,
-0.24183988571166992,
0.6554247140884399,
0.3268733024597168,
-0.34196650981903076,
0.4020543098449707,
-0.20160852372646332,
-0.44420042634010315,
1.1820907592773438,
0.21267403662204742,
0.2594166100025177,
0.5214964151382446,
-0.16165943443775177,
0.22388410568237305,
-0.8128224611282349,
-0.15610049664974213,
-0.7129763960838318,
-0.06880612671375275,
1.1720092296600342,
0.4581564962863922,
-0.25982630252838135,
0.6070331335067749,
-0.2070341259241104,
-0.4919271469116211,
0.2801734507083893,
0.17714115977287292,
-0.29170361161231995,
-1.3905205726623535,
-0.18343225121498108,
-0.6464612483978271,
-0.5191061496734619,
0.5802313089370728,
0.43778812885284424,
0.08319571614265442,
0.1674499809741974,
-0.19026681780815125,
0.33804261684417725,
-0.16312631964683533,
0.35900142788887024,
-0.7028388381004333,
0.1602083444595337,
-0.5332934260368347
] |
232190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto | Naruto | Naruto (Japanese: ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village. The story is told in two parts – the first set in Naruto's pre-teen years, and the second in his teens. The series is based on two one-shot manga by Kishimoto: Karakuri (1995), which earned Kishimoto an honorable mention in Shueisha's monthly Hop Step Award the following year, and Naruto (1997).
Naruto was serialized in Shueisha's magazine, Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1999 to 2014, and released in tankōbon (book) form in 72 volumes. The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Pierrot and Aniplex, which broadcast 220 episodes in Japan from 2002 to 2007; the English dub of the series aired on Cartoon Network and YTV from 2005 to 2009. Naruto: Shippuden, a sequel to the original series, premiered in Japan in 2007, and ended in 2017, after 500 episodes. The English dub was broadcast on Disney XD from 2009 to 2011, airing the first 98 episodes, and then switched over to Adult Swim's Toonami programming block in January 2014, starting over from the first episode. The English dub is still airing weekly on Adult Swim to this day. Viz Media began streaming the anime series on their streaming service Neon Alley in December 2012 on 99 episodes, and ended on March 2016, after 338 episodes. Besides the anime series, Pierrot has developed eleven movies and twelve original video animations (OVAs). Other Naruto-related merchandise includes light novels, video games, and trading cards developed by several companies.</onlyinclude>
Viz Media licensed the manga and anime for North American production and serialized Naruto in their digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine. The anime series began airing in the United States and Canada in 2005, and in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The films and most OVAs from the series were also released by Viz, with the first film premiering in movie theaters. The story of Naruto continues with Naruto's son, Boruto Uzumaki, in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations: Boruto wishes to create his own ninja way instead of following his father's.
Naruto is the fourth best-selling manga series in history having million copies in circulation worldwide in 47 countries and regions, with 153 million copies in Japan alone and remaining 97 million copies elsewhere. It has become one of Viz Media's best-selling manga series; their English translations of the volumes have appeared on USA Today and The New York Times bestseller list several times, and the seventh volume won a Quill Award in 2006. Reviewers praised the manga's character development, strong storylines, and well-executed fight scenes, though some felt the fight scenes slowed the story down. Critics noted that the manga, which has a coming-of-age theme, makes use of cultural references from Japanese mythology and Confucianism.
Plot
Part I
A powerful fox known as the Nine-Tails attacks Konoha, the hidden leaf village in the Land of Fire, one of the Five Great Shinobi Countries in the Ninja World. In response, the leader of Konoha and the Fourth Hokage, Minato Namikaze seals the fox inside the body of his newborn son, Naruto Uzumaki, making Naruto a host of the beast; this costs Naruto's father his life, and the Third Hokage returns from retirement to become the leader of Konoha again. Naruto is often scorned by Konoha's villagers for being the host of the Nine-Tails. Due to a decree by the Third Hokage forbidding any mention of these events, Naruto learns nothing about the Nine-Tails until 12 years later, when Mizuki, a renegade ninja, reveals the truth to Naruto. Naruto then defeats Mizuki in combat, earning the respect of his teacher, Iruka Umino.
Shortly afterward, Naruto becomes a ninja and joins with Sasuke Uchiha, against whom he often competes, and Sakura Haruno, on whom he has a crush, to form Team 7, under an experienced sensei, the elite ninja Kakashi Hatake. Like all the ninja teams from every village, Team 7 completes missions requested by the villagers, ranging from doing chores and being bodyguards to performing assassinations.
After several missions, including a major one in the Land of Waves, Kakashi allows Team 7 to take a ninja exam, enabling them to advance to a higher rank and take on more difficult missions, known as Chunin Exams. During the exams, Orochimaru, a wanted criminal, invades Konoha and kills the Third Hokage for revenge. Jiraiya, one of the three legendary ninjas, declines the title of Fifth Hokage and searches with Naruto for Tsunade whom he chooses to become Fifth Hokage instead.
During the search, it is revealed that Orochimaru wishes to train Sasuke because of his powerful genetic heritage, the Sharingan. After Sasuke attempts and fails to kill his older brother Itachi, who had showed up in Konoha to kidnap Naruto, he joins Orochimaru, hoping to gain from him the strength needed to kill Itachi. The story takes a turn when Sasuke leaves the village: Tsunade sends a group of ninja, including Naruto, to retrieve Sasuke, but Naruto is unable to persuade or force him to come back. Naruto and Sakura do not give up on Sasuke; Naruto leaves Konoha to receive training from Jiraiya to prepare himself for the next time he encounters Sasuke, while Sakura becomes Tsunade's apprentice.
Part II
Two and a half years later, Naruto returns from his training with Jiraiya. The Akatsuki starts kidnapping the hosts of the powerful Tailed Beasts. Team 7 and other Leaf ninja fight against them and search for their teammate Sasuke. The Akatsuki succeeds in capturing and extracting seven of the Tailed Beasts, killing all the hosts except Gaara, who is now the Kazekage. Meanwhile, Sasuke betrays Orochimaru and faces Itachi to take revenge. After Itachi dies in battle, Sasuke learns from the Akatsuki founder Tobi that Itachi had been ordered by Konoha's superiors to destroy his clan to prevent a coup; he accepted, on the condition that Sasuke would be spared. Devastated by this revelation, Sasuke joins the Akatsuki to destroy Konoha in revenge. As Konoha ninjas defeat several Akatsuki members, the Akatsuki figurehead leader, Nagato, kills Jiraiya and devastates Konoha, but Naruto defeats and redeems him, earning the village's respect and admiration.
With Nagato's death, Tobi, disguised as Madara Uchiha (one of Konoha's founding fathers), announces that he wants to capture all nine Tailed Beasts to cast an illusion powerful enough to control all humanity and achieve world peace. The leaders of the five ninja villages refuse to help him and instead join forces to confront his faction and allies. That decision results in a Fourth Shinobi World War between the combined armies of the Five Great Countries (known as the Allied Shinobi Forces) and Akatsuki's forces of zombie-like ninjas. The Five Kage try to keep Naruto, unaware of the war, in a secret island turtle near Kumogakure (Hidden Cloud Village), but Naruto finds out and escapes from the island with Killer Bee, the host of the Eight-Tails. At that time, Naruto—along with the help of Killer Bee—gains control of his Tailed Beast and the two of them head for the battlefield.
During the conflict, it is revealed that Tobi is Obito Uchiha and not Madara as he claimed. Obito is a former teammate of Kakashi's who was thought to be dead. The real Madara saved Obito's life, and they have since collaborated. As Sasuke learns the history of Konoha, including the circumstances that led to his clan's downfall, he decides to protect the village and rejoins Naruto and Sakura to thwart Madara and Obito's plans. However, Madara's body ends up possessed by Kaguya Otsutsuki, an ancient princess who intends to subdue all humanity. A reformed Obito sacrifices himself to help Team 7 stop her. Once Kaguya is sealed, Madara dies as well. Sasuke takes advantage of the situation and takes control of all the Tailed Beasts, as he reveals his goal of ending the current village system. Naruto confronts Sasuke to dissuade him from his plan, and after they almost kill each other in a final battle, Sasuke admits defeat and reforms. After the war, Kakashi becomes the Sixth Hokage and pardons Sasuke for his crimes. Years later, Kakashi steps down while Naruto marries Hinata Hyuga and becomes the Seventh Hokage, raising the next generation.
Production
Development
In 1995, Shueisha released Karakuri, a one-shot manga by Masashi Kishimoto that earned an honorable mention in the Hop Step Award in 1996. Kishimoto was unsatisfied with his subsequent drafts for a follow up, and decided to work on another project. The new project was originally going to feature Naruto as a chef, but this version never made it to print. Kishimoto originally wanted to make Naruto a child who could transform into a fox, so he created a one-shot of Naruto for the summer 1997 issue of Akamaru Jump based on the idea. Despite the positive feedback it received in a readers' poll, Kishimoto was unhappy with the art and the story, so he rewrote it as a story about ninjas.
The first eight chapters of Naruto were planned before it appeared in Weekly Shōnen Jump, and these chapters originally devoted many panels of intricate art to illustrating the Konoha village. By the time Naruto debuted, the background art was sparse, instead emphasizing the characters. Though Kishimoto had concerns that chakra (the energy source used by the ninjas in Naruto) made the series too Japanese, he still believed it is an enjoyable read. Kishimoto is a fan of Godzilla, and the tailed beasts mythology was introduced because Kishimoto wanted an excuse to draw monsters. He has said that the central theme in Part I of Naruto is how people accept each other, citing Naruto's development across the series as an example.
For Part II of the manga, Kishimoto tried to keep the panel layouts and the plot easy for the reader to follow, and avoid "overdo[ing] the typical manga-style". He considers that his drawing style has changed from "the classic manga look to something a bit more realistic." Because of wishing to end the arc involving Sasuke Uchiha's search for his brother, Itachi, in a single volume, Kishimoto decided that volume 43 should include more chapters than regular volumes. As a result, Kishimoto apologized to readers for this since volume 43 was more expensive than regular volumes.
Characters
When he created Naruto, Kishimoto looked to other shōnen manga as influences for his work and tried to make his characters unique, while basing the story on Japanese culture. The separation of the characters into different teams was intended to give each group a particular flavor. Kishimoto wanted each member to have a high level of aptitude in one skill and be talentless in another. He found it difficult to write about romance, but emphasized it more in Part II of the manga, beginning with volume 28. He introduced villains into the story to have them act as a counterpoint to his characters' moral values and clearly illustrate their differences. As a result of how the younger characters were significantly weaker than the villains, Kishimoto made the ellipsis in order to have them age and become stronger during this time.
Setting
Kishimoto made use of the Chinese zodiac tradition, which had a long-standing presence in Japan; the zodiac hand signs originate from this. When Kishimoto was creating the primary setting of the Naruto manga, he concentrated initially on the designs for the village of Konoha. The idea of the setting came to him "pretty spontaneously without much thought", but admits that the scenery became based on his home in the Japanese prefecture of Okayama. Since the storyline does not specify when it is set, he was able to include modern elements in the series such as convenience stores. He considered including automobiles, planes and simple computers, but excluded projectile weapons and vehicles from the plot.
Conclusion
When serialization began, Kishimoto decided the ending would feature a fight between two characters: Naruto and Sasuke. However, the writer felt the two were not equals as the former was not a victim of war like the latter whose family was killed to stop a possible civil war. Nagato's arc paved the way for the ending of Naruto to occur. Nagato stood out as a villain due to suffering war and killing Naruto's mentor Jiraiya. Understanding the fears of war, Naruto's characterization was made more complex for him to experience the Fourth Great Shinobi War. These events end with Naruto forgiving Sasuke as he had forgiven Nagato in the final battle.
Kishimoto chose Hinata Hyuga as Naruto's romantic partner from the early stages of the manga, since Hinata had always respected and admired Naruto even before the series' beginning, and Kishimoto felt this meant the two of them could build a relationship. When Hinata first appeared, Kishimoto thought of expanding romantic plotlines. but decided to leave Naruto's maturation through romance as an idea for the film 2014 The Last: Naruto the Movie where he worked alongside screenwriter Maruo Kyozuka, a writer more skilled at the theme of romance. Similarly, the title character's relationship with his first son, Boruto, was explored furthermore in the 2015 film Boruto: Naruto the Movie to end Naruto's growth as the character had become an adult, but it was briefly shown in the manga's finale.
Media
Manga
Naruto was published in Shueisha's magazine, Weekly Shōnen Jump from September 21, 1999 to November 10, 2014. The manga was also published in tankōbon (book) form in Japan and other countries, releasing 72 volumes—27 for Part I, and the rest for Part II. The first 238 chapters are Part I and constitute the first section of the Naruto storyline. Chapters 239 to 244 include a gaiden (side-story) focusing on Kakashi Hatake's background. The remaining chapters (245 to 700) belong to Part II, which continues the story after a -year gap in the internal timeline. The first tankōbon was released on March 3, 2000. Shueisha have also released several ani-manga tankōbon, each based on one of the Naruto movies, and has released the series in Japanese for cell-phone download on their website Shueisha Manga Capsule. A miniseries titled , centered on the main characters' children, began serialization in the Japanese and English editions of Weekly Shōnen Jump on April 27, 2015, and ended after ten chapters on July 6, 2015.
Naruto was scanlated (translated by fans) and available online before a licensed version was released in North America; the rights were acquired by Viz Media, who began serializing Naruto in their anthology comic magazine Shonen Jump, starting with the January 2003 issue. The schedule was accelerated at the end of 2007 to catch up with the Japanese version, and again in early 2009, with 11 volumes (from 34 to 44) appearing in three months, after which it returned to a quarterly schedule. All 27 volumes of Part I were released in a boxed set on November 13, 2007. On May 3, 2011, Viz started selling the manga in an omnibus format with each book containing three volumes.
The franchise has been licensed in 90 countries, and the manga serialized in 35 countries. Madman Entertainment began publishing Naruto volumes in Australia and New Zealand in March 2008 after reaching a distribution deal with Viz Media. Carlsen Comics has licensed the series, through its regional divisions, and released the series in German and Danish. The series is also licensed for regional language releases in French and Dutch by Kana, in Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica, in Russian by Comix-ART, in Finnish by Sangatsu Manga, in Swedish by Bonnier Carlsen, and Italian by Panini Comics.
Spin-offs
A spin-off comedy manga by Kenji Taira, titled , focuses on the character Rock Lee, a character who aspires to be strong as a ninja but has no magical jutsu abilities. It ran in Shueisha's Saikyō Jump magazine from December 3, 2010, to July 4, 2014, and was made into an anime series, produced by Studio Pierrot, and premiering on TV Tokyo on April 3, 2012. Crunchyroll simulcasted the series' premiere on their website and streamed the following episodes. Taira also wrote , which released on October 3, 2014, which runs in the same magazine and features Sasuke.
A monthly sequel series titled Boruto: Naruto Next Generations began in the Japanese and English editions of Weekly Shōnen Jump in early 2016, illustrated by Mikio Ikemoto and written by Ukyō Kodachi, with supervision by Kishimoto. Ikemoto was Kishimoto's chief assistant during the run of the original Naruto series, and Kodachi was his writing partner for the Boruto: Naruto the Movie film screenplay. The monthly series was preceded by a one-shot written and illustrated by Kishimoto. The staff from Shueisha asked Kishimoto if he would write a sequel to Naruto. However, Kishimoto refused the offer and offered his former assistant Mikio Ikemoto and writer Ukyō Kodachi write Boruto: Naruto Next Generations as the sequel to Naruto.
Anime
Part I
The Naruto anime, directed by Hayato Date and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo, premiered in Japan on October 3, 2002, and concluded on February 8, 2007 after 220 episodes on TV Tokyo. The first 135 episodes were adapted from Part I of the manga; the remaining 85 episodes are original and use plot elements that are not in the manga. Tetsuya Nishio was the character designer for Naruto when the manga was adapted into an anime series; Kishimoto had requested that Nishio be given this role. Beginning on April 29, 2009, the original Naruto anime began a rerun on Wednesdays and Thursdays (until the fourth week of September 2009 when it changed to only Wednesdays). It was remastered in HD, with new 2D and 3D effects, under the name . Episodes from the series have been released on both VHS and DVD, and collected as boxed sets.
Viz licensed the anime series for broadcast and distribution in the Region 1 market. The English dub of the anime began airing on September 10, 2005 and concluded on January 31, 2009, with 209 episodes aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami in the United States. The episodes were also broadcast on YTV's Bionix (Canada), Jetix (United Kingdom) and SABC 2's (South Africa) programming blocks, and were released on DVD on March 28, 2006. On August 25, 2017, Starz announced that they would be offering episodes of the series for their Video on Demand service starting September 1, 2017. The first 26 volumes contain four episodes; later DVD volumes have five episodes. Uncut editions were released in DVD box sets, each containing 12–15 episodes, with some variation based on story arcs. In the American broadcast, references to alcohol, Japanese culture, sexual innuendo, and the appearance of blood and death were sometimes edited but remained in the DVD editions. One of the censored scenes was the accidental kiss between Naruto and Sasuke, fitting in the long trend of removing content that alludes to homosexual relationships. Other networks cut more material, for example Jetix censored scenes with blood, strong language, and smoking. The series was also licensed to Hulu, Joost, and Crunchyroll, which aired the episodes online with the original Japanese audio tracks and English subtitles. On June 1, 2017, it was announced that an HD remaster version of the original Naruto television anime series would debut on Japanese TV on June 24, starting with the show's first episode.
Part II
, developed by Studio Pierrot and directed by Hayato Date, is the sequel to the original Naruto anime; it corresponds to Part II of the manga. It debuted on Japanese TV on February 15, 2007, on TV Tokyo, and concluded on March 23, 2017. On January 8, 2009, TV Tokyo began broadcasting new episodes via internet streaming to monthly subscribers. Each streamed episode was available online within an hour of its Japanese release and includes English subtitles.
Viz began streaming English subtitled episodes on January 2, 2009, on its series' website, including episodes that had already been released as well as new episodes from Japan. In the United States, the English dub of Naruto: Shippuden premiered weekly on Disney XD from October 28, 2009, up until episode 98 on November 5, 2011. Episodes 99 through 338 premiered uncut on the anime web channel Neon Alley until its shutdown on May 4, 2016. The anime started airing from the beginning on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on January 5, 2014, where it continues to air on a weekly basis.
The series was released on Region 2 DVD in Japan with four or five episodes per disk; there are four series of DVD releases divided by story arc. There was a special feature included with the seventh Naruto: Shippuden compilation DVD called Hurricane! "Konoha Academy" Chronicles. was released on December 16, 2009; featuring episodes 119–120, the story revolves around Kakashi Hatake's childhood.
The first North American DVD of the series was released on September 29, 2009. Only the first 53 episodes were made available in this format before it ended with the 12th volume on August 10, 2010. Subsequent episodes were released as part of DVD boxed sets, beginning with the first season on January 26, 2010. In the United Kingdom, the series was licensed by Manga Entertainment who released the first DVD collection on June 14, 2010.
Films
The series was adapted into eleven theatrical films and twelve original video animations (OVAs). The first three films correspond to the first anime series, and the remaining eight correspond to the second series. In July 2015, Lionsgate announced they were developing a live-action Naruto film with Avi Arad through his production company Arad Productions. Michael Gracey will be directing, Jonathan Levine will be writing and Ari Arad, Brady Fujikawa, and James Myers will produce the film. On December 17, 2016, Kishimoto announced that he has been asked to help develop the movie.
Novels
Twenty-six Naruto light novels, the first nine written by Masatoshi Kusakabe, have been published in Japan. Of these, the first two have been released in English in North America. The first adapted novel, Naruto: Innocent Heart, Demonic Blood (2002), retells a Team 7 mission in which they encounter the assassins Zabuza and Haku; the second, Naruto: Mission: Protect the Waterfall Village! (2003) was based on the second OVA of the anime. Viz has also published 16 chapter books written by Tracey West with illustrations from the manga. Unlike the series, these books were aimed at children ages seven to ten.
Thirteen original novels have appeared in Japan; eleven of these are part of a series, and the other two are independent novels unconnected to the series. The first independent novel, titled Naruto: Tales of a Gutsy Ninja (2009), is presented as an in-universe novel written by Naruto's master Jiraiya. It follows the adventures of a fictional shinobi named Naruto Musasabi, who served as Naruto's namesake. The other independent novel, Naruto Jinraiden: The Day the Wolf Howled (2012), is set shortly after Sasuke's fight with Itachi.
Itachi Shinden, which consists of two novels, and Sasuke Shinden, a single novel, both appeared in 2015, and both were adapted into anime arcs in Naruto: Shippuden in 2016, titled Naruto Shippūden: Itachi Shinden-hen: Hikari to Yami and Book of Sunrise respectively. Hiden is a series of six light novels published in 2015 that explores the stories of various characters after the ending of the manga.
Music
Toshio Masuda composed and arranged the Naruto soundtracks. Naruto Original Soundtrack was released on April 3, 2003, and contains 22 tracks used during the first season of the anime. This was followed by Naruto Original Soundtrack II, released on March 18, 2004, which includes 19 tracks. The third, Naruto Original Soundtrack III, was released on April 27, 2005, with 23 tracks. Two soundtracks containing all the opening and ending themes of the series, titled Naruto: Best Hit Collection and Naruto: Best Hit Collection II were released on November 17, 2004, and August 2, 2006. Eight tracks from the series were selected and released on a CD called Naruto in Rock -The Very Best Hit Collection Instrumental Version- released on December 19, 2007. Soundtracks for the three movies based on the first anime series were available for sale near their release dates. On October 12, 2011, a CD collecting the themes from Naruto Shōnen Hen was released. Various CD series were released with voice actors performing original episodes.
The soundtracks of Naruto: Shippuden were produced by Yasuharu Takanashi; they were titled Naruto Shippūden Original Soundtrack I, II, and III, and were released in 2007, 2009, and 2016. Naruto All Stars, released in 2008, consists of 10 original Naruto songs remixed and sung by characters from the series. Ten themes from the two anime series were collected in the DVD box Naruto Super Hits 2006–2008, which appeared in 2008. Soundtracks from the Shippuden films have also been released, with the first one available in 2007. A final one composed of the series is set to be released in late 2017 with Aniplex having started a survey of all Naruto and Naruto Shippuden themes to be included in the CD.
Merchandise
Video games
Naruto video games have been released on various consoles by Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft. The majority of them are fighting games in which the player directly controls one of the characters from Naruto. The player pits their character against another character controlled by the game's AI or by another player; the objective is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks as well as special techniques unique to each character derived from techniques they use in the Naruto anime or manga. The first Naruto video game was Naruto: Konoha Ninpōchō, which was released in Japan on March 27, 2003, for the WonderSwan Color. Most Naruto video games have been released only in Japan. The first games released outside of Japan were the Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen series and the Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu series, released in North America under the titles of Naruto: Clash of Ninja and Naruto: Ninja Council. In March 2021, Namco Bandai announced that Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm series has sold units worldwide.
Art and guidebooks
Three official artbooks based on the Naruto series have been released. The first two, titled Art Collection: Uzumaki, and Illustration Collection: Naruto, were released in Japan in 2004 and 2009, with North American editions following in 2007 and 2010 respectively. The third artbook Illustration Collection: Naruto Uzumaki, was published in 2015 in Japan and later the same year in North America; it contains artwork originally on Shonen Jump comic covers. It has no text except a brief commentary by Kishimoto about his favorite artworks. An interactive coloring book called Paint Jump: Art of Naruto was released in 2008. An unreleased artbook titled Naruto Exhibition Official Guest Book by Masashi Kishimoto was given to those who attended the Naruto art exhibition at the Mori Art Museum on April 25, 2015.
Four guidebooks titled First Official Data Book through Fourth Official Data Book have been released; the first two cover Part I of the manga, and were released in 2002 and 2005; the third and fourth volumes appeared in 2008 and 2014. These books contain character profiles, Jutsu guides, and drafts by Kishimoto. For the anime, a series of guidebooks called Naruto Anime Profiles was released. These books contain information about the production of the anime episodes and explanations of the characters' designs. A manga fan book titled Secret: Writings from the Warriors Official Fanbook appeared in 2002, and another fan book was released to commemorate the series' 10th anniversary, including illustrations of Naruto Uzumaki by other manga artists, a novel, Kishimoto's one-shot titled Karakuri, and an interview between Kishimoto and Yoshihiro Togashi.
Collectible card game
Produced by Bandai, the Naruto Collectible Card Game was released in Japan in 2003, and in North America in 2006. The game is played between two players using a customized deck of fifty cards from the set, and a game mat. To win, a player must either earn ten "battle rewards" through their actions in the game or cause the other player to exhaust their deck. The cards were released in named sets called "series", in the form of four 50-card pre-constructed box sets. Each set includes a starter deck, the game mat, a turn-counter, and one stainless steel "Ninja Blade Coin". Extra cards are available in 10-card booster packs, and deck sets. Four box sets sold in retailers are available for each series. Cards for each set are available in collectible tins, containing several booster packs and exclusive promotional cards in a metal box. By October 2006, seventeen series had been released in Japan with 417 unique cards. As of August 2008, ten of these series had been released in North America.
Commercial performance
The manga has million copies in circulation worldwide, making it the fourth best-selling manga series in history. More than half of the total circulation were in Japan, with the remaining circulation from 46 countries and regions. It has become one of North American publisher Viz Media's best-selling manga series; their translation of the series appeared on USA Today and The New York Times bestseller lists several times, and volume seven of the manga won the Quill Award for graphic novel in 2006. It was included in the fiction section of Teacher Librarian's recommended list for 2008, and School Library Journal described it as an essential manga for school libraries. Volume 28 of the manga reached 17th place in the USA Today Booklist in its first week of release in March 2008, only two places short of the record for a manga, held by Fruits Basket. The volume had one of the biggest debut weeks of any manga in years, becoming the top-selling manga volume of 2008 and the second best-selling book in North America. In 2010, Viz, the publisher, commented on the loyalty of readers, who reliably continued to buy the manga as the volume count went over 40.
In April 2007, volume 14 earned Viz the Manga Trade Paperback of the Year Gem Award from Diamond Comic Distributors. The manga was nominated for Favorite Manga Series in Nickelodeon Magazines 2009 Comics Awards. In February 2015, Asahi Shimbun announced that Naruto was one of nine nominees for the nineteenth annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize, and the following month Kishimoto was the winner of Rookie of the Year for the series in the Japanese government's Agency for Cultural Affairs 2014 Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology Fine Arts Recommendation Awards. Responding to Naruto success, Kishimoto said in Naruto Collector Winter 2007/2008 that he was "very glad that the American audience has accepted and understood ninja. It shows that the American audience has good taste [...] because it means they can accept something previously unfamiliar to them."
Naruto Shippuden has been ranked several times as one of the most watched series in Japan. The first DVD compilation released by Viz received a nomination from the American Anime Awards for best package design. In 2011, Naruto helped Viz Media generate in annual licensed merchandise sales. , Viz Media has sold more than Naruto anime home video units, while Naruto is also a top digital streaming performer on Hulu. It was also the top-earning anime franchise for TV Tokyo in 2019 due to strong overseas sales.
Reception
Manga
Several reviewers commented on the balance between fight scenes and plot development; A. E. Sparrow of IGN and Casey Brienza of Anime News Network (ANN) felt that the result was a strong storyline, but Carl Kimlinger, also writing for ANN, suggested that there were too many fights, which slowed down the plot. Kimlinger liked the character designs, and approved of the fight scenes themselves which also drew positive comments from Rik Spanjers, who felt that the excitement of the scenes depends on Kishimoto's skill in depicting action. Javier Lugo, writing for Manga Life, agreed, describing the artwork as "dramatic, exciting, and just right for the story he's telling".
The anime and manga magazine Neo described Naruto's character as "irksome", but considered that the series' "almost sickening addictiveness" was due to the quality of the characterization, and in Briana Lawrence's opinion the growth of the characters gave Part II an adult feel. In a review of volume 28 Brienza also praised Part II's storyline and characterization, though she commented that not every volume reached a high level of quality.
The fights across the Part II received praise, most notably Naruto's and Sasuke's, resulting in major changes into their character arcs. Meanwhile, the final battle between these two fighters in the finale earned major praise for the choreography and art provided as well as how in depth the two's personalities were shown in the aftermath. Some writers criticized Kaguya being the least entertaining villain, making the showdown between Naruto and Sasuke more appealing as a result. The finale earned nearly perfect scores from both ANN and Comic Book Bin, with the latter acclaiming the popularity of the title character.
Gō Itō, a professor in the manga department of Tokyo Polytechnic University, compared the series' development to the manga of Dragon Ball, saying that both manga present good illustrations of three-dimensional body movements that capture the characters' martial arts very well. Gō felt readers could empathize with the characters in Naruto via their inner monologue during battles.
The series also influenced the movie Scott Pilgrim vs. The World with director Edgar Wright saying he was inspired by how whenever there is a "killer move" in the manga, there is an impact in the background following any technique's usage. When the manga ended, multiple authors from the magazine expressed congratulations to Kishimoto's work. The fight scenes in general earned acclaim for how well written they are, something game developer CyberConnect2 took into account when developing the Naruto games.
On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, Naruto ranked #7.
Anime
The Naruto anime was listed as the 38th best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series. In September 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi broadcast a popularity poll based on a nationwide survey in which Naruto placed 17th. Mike Hale of The New York Times described the series as much better than American animation aimed at children, but the animation received some criticism from both the T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews critics: Christina Carpenter felt Kishimoto's artistic style translated poorly into animation, and Derrick Tucker was also negative, though he felt that at their best, the depictions "[left] little to be desired". As with the manga, some reviewers, such as Theron Martin of ANN, along with Tucker, felt there were too many fight scenes, though Justin Rich argued that the fight scenes were the most important and enjoyable element of the show. Carpenter also commented positively on the characters, though she felt that most were fairly stereotypical. Hiroshi Matsuyama further reflected the anime's 133rd episode to be one of his favorites not only for the action sequences between Naruto and Sasuke but also the emotional value displayed.
Naruto: Shippuden was well-reviewed by Activeanime's David C. Jones who commented that the animation had improved. ANN noted that the series has a more serious tone and a better balance between comedy and drama than the first anime series; with more interesting digressions from the main plot. Although the pacing for the first episodes was criticised as slow, the delivery and development of the interactions between the characters received positive comments. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Charles Solomon ranked Shippuden the third best anime on his "Top 10". In 2011, readers of Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition voted Naruto as the 29th-top video game character of all time.
In 2020, Naruto was the third most watched show in the United States.
Themes
Amy Plumb argues that Kishimoto's use of references to Japanese mythology in Naruto is intended to add further layers to the story. Kishimoto expects his readers to decode the references, which allows him to avoid direct explanations. One example is Itachi, who has three ninja techniques named after Shinto deities: Tsukiyomi, Amaterasu, and Susano-o. Plumb also cites Sasuke's clan's heraldic symbol, a fan known as an uchiwa. These fans are used in Japanese myths to exorcise evil, by blowing it away; Sasuke discovers late in the series that he has the ability to "blow away" the influence of the Nine-Tailed Fox on Naruto. Foxes (kitsune tsuki) are tricksters in Japanese mythology, and in some stories, they take over human bodies; Plumb comments on the obvious similarities to the Nine-Tail sealed in Naruto, and the pranks Naruto plays.
Christopher A. Born notes that the Naruto storyline contains traditional Confucian values, and suggests that students who analyse manga such as Naruto and Bleach will learn more about Confucianism than they would from studying its abstract ideas. Norman Melchor Robles Jr. evaluated the portrayal of both positive and negative ideas in Naruto by counting words in the script which were associated with either violence or positive values; he found that a small majority of tagged words were violent, but commented that the portrayal of violence seemed organized to show how positive strategies on the part of the protagonists could overcome the violence. Sheuo Hui Gan considers the series to have a set of "traditional ethical values". She also compares the treatment of alienation in Naruto, which Naruto overcomes by joining his society, to the portrayal of alienation in Akira and Neon Genesis Evangelion, where the main characters remain alienated.
Naruto has been described by several critics as a coming-of-age story. Psychologist Lawrence C. Rubin suggests that the storylines would appeal to readers of any age who have lost loved ones, or are having difficulty finding friends, or who are in other situations shown in the series. In Yukari Fujimoto's view, as the characters mature, they show respect to the adults who have raised and taught them, making it a conservative storyline in comparison to other manga of the same time period such as One Piece and Air Gear. Rik Spanjers sees the difference between Sasuke (a loner) and Naruto (an optimist) as tragic, arguing that the contrast between the two protagonists' approach to the world is fundamental to the plot: "Naruto's strength grows as he gains more loved ones to protect, while Sasuke remains alone and is increasingly absorbed by his quest for revenge". Omote Tomoyuki points out that there are many comic moments in the story despite the difficulties Naruto finds himself in, but the comic elements diminish dramatically over time as Naruto grows into a teenager, particularly once Part II begins. Shōnen Jump began to carry comedies such as Gintama and Reborn! from 2003 onwards, and in Tomoyuki's view this is part of the reason for the change in emphasis: Naruto "was not supposed to provide laughter anymore".
Fujimoto argues that the story has overly traditional gender roles, noting "[...] its representations suggest that men are men and women are women and that they differ naturally regarding aptitude and vocation". For example, the girls initially outperform the boys in the Ninja Academy, but "once the boys get serious, the girls cannot keep pace". Fujimoto points out that this does not upset Sakura, who is now surpassed by Naruto. Character development based on female roles, when it does occur, again uses stereotypical roles: Tsunade, for example, a middle-aged woman with large breasts, is a clear mother figure, and when she teaches Sakura to be a medical ninja, which requires special skills possessed only by women, the story reinforces the idea that women only belong on the battlefield as healers. Tsunade herself, who is a figure of authority in Naruto, is portrayed as ridiculous in a way that men in the same position are not. Fujimoto suggests this presentation of women may explain why the female characters are often the most disliked characters among readers of the manga.
Naruto run
The Naruto run, or ninja run, is a running style based on the way the characters run leaning forward with their arms outstretched behind their backs. It became popular in 2017, in which many students and groups worldwide have had events to run like Naruto characters, especially on anniversaries of the series. On June 27, 2019, Matty Roberts posted a satirical event called "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" on Facebook where he wrote "We will all meet up at the Area 51 Alien Center tourist attraction and coordinate our entry. If we naruto run, we can move faster than their bullets. Let's see them, aliens." This quickly became an Internet meme, resulting in nationwide alerts and warnings issued by Nevada law enforcement and the U.S. Air Force.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official Madman Entertainment Naruto website
Official Adult Swim Naruto: Shippūden website
Official Studio Pierrot Naruto website
Official TV Tokyo Naruto website
Official TV Tokyo Naruto: Shippūden website
1999 manga
2002 anime television series debuts
2003 anime OVAs
2004 anime OVAs
2005 anime OVAs
2007 anime television series debuts
2009 anime OVAs
2014 comics endings
Adventure anime and manga
Anime series based on manga
Aniplex
Bandai brands
Comedy anime and manga
Coming-of-age anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Fiction about shapeshifting
Japanese mythology in anime and manga
Japanese novels
Madman Entertainment anime
Madman Entertainment manga
Manga adapted into films
Martial arts anime and manga
Martial arts television series
Mattel
Mythopoeia
Ninja in anime and manga
Pierrot (company)
Shueisha manga
Shōnen manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Television censorship in the United States
Toonami
Viz Media anime
Viz Media manga
Viz Media novels | [
-0.44810500741004944,
-0.5410728454589844,
-0.33340033888816833,
0.1520066261291504,
-0.8116861581802368,
0.17192968726158142,
0.42703354358673096,
-0.045189663767814636,
-0.3271753191947937,
-0.18226268887519836,
0.014031987637281418,
-0.187688946723938,
-0.6398956775665283,
0.016202755272388458,
0.023112738505005836,
-0.39813143014907837,
-0.18490825593471527,
0.576184093952179,
-0.5320172905921936,
-0.775723934173584,
-0.3912651538848877,
0.06899987161159515,
0.572449803352356,
-0.6124276518821716,
0.3375251591205597,
-0.26255732774734497,
0.2203957587480545,
0.7212304472923279,
0.1488000601530075,
0.14734984934329987,
0.3195997178554535,
0.4904891550540924,
0.538174569606781,
-0.055264897644519806,
-0.014778782613575459,
-0.6193303465843201,
-0.5322855710983276,
0.11706427484750748,
0.33379530906677246,
-0.303926020860672,
0.17142480611801147,
0.09257163852453232,
-0.40507256984710693,
0.1865672767162323,
0.4778673052787781,
-0.7594980001449585,
-0.8611661791801453,
0.5377264022827148,
-0.7505507469177246,
-0.30431875586509705,
-0.3183154761791229,
0.7842621207237244,
0.1822025179862976,
0.5034223794937134,
-0.5860865712165833,
1.3102816343307495,
-0.4024149179458618,
-0.0533267967402935,
-0.217225581407547,
-0.6607690453529358,
0.3786584734916687,
0.01160496473312378,
0.4834350049495697,
0.5238978862762451,
-0.07806266844272614,
0.3782348334789276,
0.23759081959724426,
0.760230302810669,
0.21595625579357147,
-0.34662118554115295,
0.3343449831008911,
-0.08482065796852112,
0.2611653208732605,
0.14781294763088226,
0.049490783363580704,
-0.951155424118042,
-0.06373122334480286,
0.19596153497695923,
-0.30194681882858276,
0.4941345155239105,
-0.1640356183052063,
0.47960278391838074,
0.1363002061843872,
0.24662357568740845,
0.38793134689331055,
-0.14037907123565674,
-0.26805952191352844,
0.004421763122081757,
-0.5308609008789062,
0.5008759498596191,
-0.3344096541404724,
0.1357763707637787,
0.15019303560256958,
-0.20631487667560577,
0.22373177111148834,
-0.4076487123966217,
-0.39921924471855164,
0.12986986339092255,
0.22910958528518677,
0.0676347091794014,
-0.1759101152420044,
-0.3872601389884949,
0.2603570520877838,
0.06593675911426544,
-0.5602604746818542,
-0.38546815514564514,
0.053716015070676804,
-0.41352924704551697,
0.5655409097671509,
0.09867333620786667,
-0.4097841680049896,
-0.026663077995181084,
-0.30833378434181213,
-0.018483445048332214,
-0.13489866256713867,
0.5787513852119446,
0.10276775807142258,
-0.8145124912261963,
-0.5834727883338928,
-0.06911527365446091,
-0.5600958466529846,
0.29381510615348816,
0.5632850527763367,
0.44365057349205017,
0.1584022343158722,
0.17723847925662994,
0.3024652302265167,
-0.23865364491939545,
-0.39345884323120117,
0.028545647859573364,
0.7503001689910889,
1.09807550907135,
-0.31766244769096375,
-0.09650173038244247,
-0.09348513185977936,
-0.23128299415111542,
-0.24338093400001526,
0.6961466670036316,
0.003900932613760233,
-0.23378950357437134,
-1.096164345741272,
0.09312709420919418,
-0.8081650733947754,
-0.27779439091682434,
0.13562211394309998,
-0.1460798978805542,
-0.29874366521835327,
-0.4777976870536804,
-0.28176552057266235,
-0.5633575916290283,
-0.0036624353379011154,
0.32839062809944153,
-0.064781554043293,
0.29600727558135986,
0.3064149022102356,
-0.08957938104867935,
0.8631547689437866,
0.24162110686302185,
-0.23513555526733398,
-0.19911408424377441,
-0.1496741622686386,
-0.2926909625530243,
-0.5850420594215393,
0.16471339762210846,
-0.867267370223999,
-0.2001296728849411,
0.5113692283630371,
0.4137769937515259,
0.3765324056148529,
-0.20361153781414032,
-0.34240782260894775,
-0.44357427954673767,
0.6162402033805847,
-0.2522599399089813,
0.7229449152946472,
0.3513123691082001,
0.6194973587989807,
0.20191356539726257,
0.24740582704544067,
0.028764620423316956,
-0.37716659903526306,
0.20401307940483093,
0.20183025300502777,
-0.2187698632478714,
0.14352765679359436,
-0.011255161836743355,
0.4487552344799042,
0.37868618965148926,
-0.33033397793769836,
0.5298884510993958,
-0.8448322415351868,
0.03726062923669815,
0.09721449762582779,
-0.22640520334243774,
1.174750804901123,
0.91252601146698,
-0.6201421022415161,
0.6173683404922485,
0.23709236085414886,
0.1866564303636551,
-0.19174286723136902,
0.4722970128059387,
0.45349428057670593,
0.09353698790073395,
-0.7626469731330872,
0.18621358275413513,
-0.17280817031860352,
0.4361037313938141,
-0.2789643108844757,
0.24512846767902374,
-0.18563835322856903,
-0.22729332745075226,
-0.1795966774225235,
-0.8022017478942871,
-0.08403602987527847,
-0.06210215762257576,
-0.7008640170097351,
0.2960035800933838,
0.29996880888938904,
-0.5434057712554932,
0.4109751582145691,
-0.036751341074705124,
-0.41221389174461365,
0.07058805972337723,
-0.5672280788421631,
0.8440400958061218,
0.045556481927633286,
0.17708705365657806,
0.36757054924964905,
-0.6666059494018555,
0.5344351530075073,
0.2583111822605133,
0.19543574750423431,
-0.16774189472198486,
-0.6829115748405457,
0.20874319970607758,
0.5928751826286316,
-0.33610764145851135,
0.24011340737342834,
-0.5374459028244019,
0.2052566558122635,
0.8096451759338379,
-0.16075466573238373,
0.3008009195327759,
0.4127670228481293,
-0.29816684126853943,
-0.41132327914237976,
0.1368553340435028,
-0.34654077887535095,
0.23740820586681366,
-0.09975852817296982,
0.6810930371284485,
0.06270263344049454,
-0.3039754033088684,
0.2829159200191498,
0.3154834508895874,
0.07100946456193924,
0.033592589199543,
0.1946333944797516,
0.261613667011261,
-0.40571489930152893,
-0.1884642243385315,
-0.21197226643562317,
-0.17080068588256836,
-0.28921476006507874,
-0.6288820505142212,
-0.06248907744884491,
-0.6974390745162964,
0.4741537868976593,
0.2523120641708374,
0.11628564447164536,
-0.027053894475102425,
-0.8295203447341919,
-0.025012975558638573,
0.13084372878074646,
-0.44778192043304443,
0.7021023035049438,
0.5574254393577576,
-0.46794936060905457,
-0.47941309213638306,
-0.48993682861328125,
0.7649734020233154,
0.08032844960689545,
-0.9526471495628357,
0.19207867980003357,
-0.43876683712005615,
-0.018277199938893318,
-0.3671413064002991,
-0.382181853055954,
0.170721635222435,
-0.04707356169819832,
0.24407106637954712,
-0.5713739395141602,
0.05275578796863556,
-0.19537319242954254,
0.38698887825012207,
0.05634502321481705,
0.2210838496685028,
0.30160894989967346,
-0.16322821378707886,
0.045238036662340164,
-0.41183915734291077,
-0.09275522083044052,
0.03040684014558792,
0.45146113634109497,
-0.01801198534667492,
0.0027079617138952017,
0.27488934993743896,
-5.606881618499756,
-0.13715873658657074,
-0.44457077980041504,
0.47179853916168213,
0.10500793904066086,
0.36552727222442627,
0.3976936340332031,
0.07188230007886887,
0.26377689838409424,
-0.7565917372703552,
-0.13771454989910126,
0.3160717487335205,
0.5368934869766235,
0.22526751458644867,
-0.6250755786895752,
0.09293831884860992,
0.49174511432647705,
0.13119350373744965,
-0.12904074788093567,
-0.13161005079746246,
-0.07449311017990112,
-0.2403179109096527,
-0.23281818628311157,
0.23185892403125763,
0.4586406648159027,
0.7948217988014221,
-0.7830786108970642,
0.3119804859161377,
-0.3915916383266449,
0.5639521479606628,
-0.2619646489620209,
-0.7020112872123718,
-0.4277222156524658,
-0.4855405390262604,
-0.6858958601951599,
-0.92566978931427,
1.0811870098114014,
-0.092131108045578,
0.1708879917860031,
0.6323035955429077,
-0.22565846145153046,
-0.034117747098207474,
-0.43329355120658875,
-0.4036305844783783,
1.1301207542419434,
-0.10779562592506409,
-0.3037501275539398,
-0.4371226727962494,
0.061941854655742645,
0.6421533226966858,
0.6409984230995178,
0.3228854238986969,
0.5967676639556885,
0.0485881008207798,
0.5194942355155945,
-0.2594359815120697,
-0.2916073799133301,
-0.24708783626556396,
0.005581022705882788,
-0.184801384806633,
0.2424239218235016,
-0.29476073384284973,
-0.17543712258338928,
-0.03060462325811386,
0.14140042662620544,
-0.04829327389597893,
0.3217352330684662,
-0.3788330852985382,
0.14011207222938538,
0.04245830699801445,
-0.817756712436676,
0.9022201299667358,
0.021342039108276367,
-0.7327893376350403,
-0.021484144032001495,
0.08230948448181152,
-0.09662104398012161,
0.35903194546699524,
-0.46442854404449463,
-0.08627026528120041,
-0.6090257167816162,
-0.8741676211357117,
-0.7713701725006104,
0.13083748519420624,
-0.1444580852985382,
-0.45719602704048157,
0.17593389749526978,
-0.08640329539775848,
-0.4812438488006592,
0.4985390901565552,
0.43833887577056885,
-0.11207479238510132,
0.8333873748779297,
0.16622596979141235,
0.4534260928630829,
0.6041169762611389,
-0.03678208962082863,
0.34560519456863403,
0.13414691388607025,
-0.47224971652030945,
0.35104143619537354,
-0.5977582931518555,
0.22614359855651855,
0.006428901106119156,
-0.2585442066192627,
-0.385534405708313,
0.6849825382232666,
0.29262304306030273,
0.42367756366729736,
0.17725181579589844,
-0.23813742399215698,
-0.3872673511505127,
-0.3681613504886627,
0.5018563866615295,
0.7517632842063904,
0.13301005959510803,
-0.245595782995224,
0.21062561869621277,
0.4844515025615692,
0.8055517673492432,
-0.22564473748207092,
0.6899850368499756,
-0.9130240082740784,
-0.6432725191116333,
0.07892955094575882,
0.1334339827299118,
-0.22945961356163025,
0.16157960891723633,
1.0643408298492432,
-0.03769204020500183,
-0.10465697944164276,
0.31032848358154297,
-0.062402766197919846,
-0.2572580873966217,
0.057933323085308075,
-0.6689801812171936,
-0.5188546776771545,
-0.4654722511768341,
-0.374979704618454,
-0.3276783525943756,
0.059263356029987335,
-0.048672471195459366,
-0.3026985824108124,
0.21484512090682983,
-0.013227193616330624,
0.16237035393714905,
-0.4145519435405731,
-0.2695179879665375,
-0.15596912801265717,
0.38527634739875793,
0.04017951712012291,
-0.828215479850769,
0.33289197087287903,
-0.6028757691383362,
-0.28811779618263245,
-0.005084262229502201,
0.03886153921484947,
0.3288061320781708,
-0.05205858498811722,
0.37098175287246704,
0.3521225154399872,
-0.7556232213973999,
-1.0730626583099365,
-0.14024750888347626,
-0.24875062704086304,
-0.0014398701023310423,
0.04154389724135399,
-1.1278223991394043,
-0.4475822150707245,
-0.013001633808016777,
-0.01699690893292427,
-0.10289360582828522,
-0.13076867163181305,
0.009671900421380997,
0.2877405881881714,
0.314675509929657,
-0.1611081063747406,
-0.0388759970664978,
0.058380719274282455,
0.7335996627807617,
-0.017345117405056953,
0.2678620517253876,
0.06438183784484863,
0.529885470867157,
-0.09765373170375824,
-0.4637415409088135,
0.22353725135326385,
0.43707898259162903,
-0.40643778443336487,
0.23773479461669922,
-0.09485792368650436,
0.5948556065559387,
0.3159039318561554,
-0.13557951152324677,
-0.6320844292640686,
-0.4770960807800293,
0.0259252842515707,
1.0166981220245361,
-0.030730901286005974,
-0.30677667260169983,
0.026027804240584373,
0.6368778347969055,
-0.3097009062767029,
0.3419228494167328,
0.11876411736011505,
-0.43856319785118103,
-0.33267197012901306,
-0.3076724410057068,
0.4042242169380188,
-0.4398987889289856,
-0.49015021324157715,
-0.2946968674659729,
0.0750986710190773,
0.09961368143558502,
0.06431721150875092,
0.21441371738910675,
0.152837872505188,
-0.32166945934295654,
-0.14786916971206665,
-0.45486119389533997,
-0.35399940609931946,
0.07746182382106781,
-0.9987736344337463,
-0.5465978980064392,
-0.2727886736392975,
0.7381909489631653,
0.7506617903709412,
-0.8748289942741394,
-0.6653599739074707,
-0.11082474887371063,
-0.0062598781660199165,
-0.3096799850463867,
0.100897416472435,
0.23724116384983063,
-0.332701712846756,
-0.04989608749747276,
0.11433528363704681,
-0.3465770184993744,
0.6665940880775452,
-0.015264925546944141,
0.3105304539203644,
0.4155045449733734,
0.05864278972148895,
-0.09135974198579788,
0.4847434163093567,
0.7587467432022095,
0.44308072328567505,
-0.4775563180446625,
-0.1641739308834076,
0.4462297856807709,
0.06969746202230453,
-0.27924686670303345,
-0.6430864930152893,
-0.1577157974243164,
1.0308574438095093,
-0.35739514231681824,
-0.2868143916130066,
0.2859783470630646,
-0.25861656665802,
-0.317857950925827,
-0.1327909678220749,
0.8799113631248474,
-0.6757909059524536,
-0.04665493965148926,
-0.26513436436653137,
0.2012014240026474,
-0.6934020519256592,
-0.1809135526418686,
0.08659317344427109,
-0.7129073143005371,
-0.1139901727437973,
-0.10492612421512604,
-0.06045053154230118,
0.7135953307151794,
0.1600484400987625,
0.39863792061805725,
-0.16489431262016296,
-0.045567259192466736,
-0.22120752930641174,
-0.10332180559635162,
-0.565113365650177,
0.21781259775161743,
-0.5958156585693359,
-0.16718533635139465,
0.12494737654924393,
-0.2450322061777115,
0.5598499774932861,
0.5645076036453247,
0.27224546670913696,
0.14825619757175446,
-0.6743863224983215,
-0.09239234030246735,
-0.1730077862739563,
-0.0038111242465674877,
0.2525988519191742,
-0.0031775846146047115,
0.17153756320476532,
-0.12205646932125092,
-0.5016580820083618,
-0.04807301610708237,
-0.4933810532093048,
-0.03839027136564255,
0.5520190596580505,
-0.43308204412460327,
0.3833877444267273,
0.06255973130464554,
0.18625850975513458,
0.13056330382823944,
0.0006346250884234905,
0.6480913758277893,
0.39652347564697266,
-0.5656200051307678,
-0.15453015267848969,
0.9752160906791687,
-0.32499435544013977,
0.27714478969573975,
0.2201339155435562,
-0.45916661620140076,
-0.27175799012184143,
-0.22143550217151642,
0.6048154830932617,
0.39154842495918274,
0.1291196346282959,
-0.28339827060699463,
-0.15990591049194336,
-0.12225852161645889,
-0.322895884513855,
-0.2206517606973648,
-0.03412170335650444,
0.7931746244430542,
0.9122475385665894,
-0.5685247778892517,
-0.5545825362205505,
0.05981992557644844,
0.1722908467054367,
-0.08511263877153397,
0.6123231649398804,
0.23558203876018524,
0.31627169251441956,
0.3240218460559845,
0.3534855842590332,
-0.41835904121398926,
-0.7860831618309021,
0.13517031073570251,
-0.0888984277844429,
-0.1845434308052063,
0.42008548974990845,
-0.39080438017845154,
0.08920714259147644,
0.4198338985443115,
0.5383263826370239,
0.553072988986969,
0.11255283653736115,
-0.22575511038303375,
0.5914090871810913,
-0.4208640158176422,
0.22611086070537567,
-0.37259387969970703,
0.045934248715639114,
-0.3225202262401581,
-0.011185611598193645,
0.32096564769744873,
0.31037598848342896,
0.031128516420722008,
0.046485934406518936,
0.4832702577114105,
-0.0533597357571125,
-0.28211352229118347,
-0.30455926060676575,
0.33919188380241394,
-0.5909374952316284,
0.07100602984428406,
-0.06078638881444931,
0.5597586035728455,
-0.056309785693883896,
0.4905792474746704,
0.05715281143784523,
0.4787258207798004,
0.27663516998291016,
0.16803763806819916,
-0.5435091257095337,
0.09567105770111084,
-0.15821127593517303,
-0.1803213208913803,
0.5906371474266052,
0.25237688422203064,
0.044827595353126526,
0.2481035441160202,
-0.2593226432800293,
-0.42164304852485657,
-0.05814160779118538,
-0.3451760709285736,
-0.6253718137741089,
1.0422695875167847,
-0.20232343673706055,
-0.2052467167377472,
-0.3996448516845703,
1.0473626852035522,
0.1753326654434204,
0.2951835095882416,
0.22531700134277344,
-0.11990473419427872,
0.13185860216617584,
0.44524168968200684,
-0.5368367433547974,
-0.04271293431520462,
-0.42436009645462036,
0.11774555593729019,
-0.7055568695068359,
-0.03683885186910629,
0.3215272128582001,
0.5865126848220825,
-0.17769116163253784,
0.12028432637453079,
-0.019878314808011055,
-0.36092427372932434,
0.41230112314224243,
-0.8245438933372498,
0.180552676320076,
-0.1520344316959381,
-0.07394099980592728,
0.14561110734939575,
0.20176397264003754,
0.8099479079246521,
-0.6372991800308228,
-0.5006158351898193,
-0.04204199090600014,
-0.2576785981655121,
-0.23247428238391876,
0.32707613706588745,
-0.02515382133424282,
0.02211654931306839,
-0.756395161151886,
0.2861707806587219,
0.0769660621881485,
0.04759427532553673,
0.6524351239204407,
0.55289226770401,
0.40205109119415283,
0.03183307498693466,
0.612168550491333,
0.00006283133552642539,
-0.17701171338558197,
0.25274407863616943,
-0.9202767610549927,
0.3466636836528778,
0.22824627161026,
0.6394885182380676,
0.0004952907329425216,
-0.0028999927453696728,
0.3924972712993622,
-0.2061750888824463,
0.5611402988433838,
-0.2972089350223541,
0.047705717384815216,
0.09066805988550186,
0.1717187613248825,
0.04255463927984238,
0.45316988229751587,
-0.12951356172561646
] |
232191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20object-oriented%20programming%20articles | Index of object-oriented programming articles | This is a list of terms found in object-oriented programming. Some are related to object-oriented programming and some are not.
A
Abstract class
Accessibility
Abstract method
Abstraction (computer science)
Access control
Access modifiers
Accessor method
Adapter pattern
Aspect-oriented
B
Bridge pattern
Builder pattern
Base class
C
Cast
Chain-of-responsibility pattern
Class
Class hierarchy
Class method
Class object
Class variable
Cohesion
Collection class
Composition
Constructor
Container (abstract data type)
Contravariance
Copy constructor
Coupling
Covariance
D
Data-driven design
Data hiding
Default constructor
Deep copy
Delegation
Dependency injection
Destructor
Dispatch table
Dynamic binding, also called Late binding
Dynamic dispatch
Dynamically typed language
E
Early binding
Eigenclass
Encapsulation (computer programming)
European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
Exception handling
Extension
F
Facade - pattern
Factory method pattern
Factory object
Factory pattern
Field
Finalizer
First-class function
Fragile base class
Function composition
G
Generic programming
God object
H
Heap-based memory allocation
Helper class
Hybrid language
I
Immutable object (also called immutable value)
Information hiding
Inheritance
Initialize
Inline function
Inner class
Instance (computer science)
Instance method
Instance variable (also called data member)
Interaction diagram
Interface
Inversion of control (IoC)
Iterator
L
Late binding
Liskov substitution principle
M
Member accessibility
Members, any contents of a class: Attributes, Methods, and Inner classes
Message passing
Metaclass
Metaprogramming
Method (computer programming)
Mixin
Mock object
Model–view–controller (MVC)
Modular programming
Multiple dispatch
Multiple inheritance
Multitier architecture
Mutable variable
Mutator method
N
Name mangling
Namespace
Native method
Nested class
O
Object (computer science)
Object type
OOPSLA – annual conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications
Open/closed principle
Orthogonality
Overload
P
Package
Parametric overloading
Parameterized classes
Parnas's principles
Partial class
Patterns
Policy-based design
Polymorphic
Primitive data type
, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming
Programming paradigm
, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming
Protocol
Prototype pattern
Prototype-based programming
, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming
Pure polymorphism
Pure virtual function (also called pure virtual method)
R
Rapid application development (sometimes Rapid prototyping)
Recursion
Refinement
Reflection
Responsibility-driven design
Reverse polymorphism
Run-time type information
S
Scope
Shallow copy, as opposed to deep copy
Single responsibility principle
Singleton pattern
Singly rooted hierarchy
Slicing
Specification class, a class implementing abstract class
Stack-based memory allocation
Static method
Statically typed language, as opposed to Dynamically typed language
Strongly-typed programming language
Subclass (also called child class or derived class)
Subclass coupling
SOLID
Substitutability, principle of
Subtype
Superclass (also called parent class or base class)
T
Tiers
Template method pattern
Test-driven development
Trait
Type
Type conversion (also called typecasting)
V
Virtual class
Virtual function (also called virtual method)
Virtual function pointer (also called virtual method pointer)
Virtual inheritance (Object Oriented Programming)
Virtual method table (also called vtable, virtual function table or virtual method table)
Viscosity (programming)
Void type
W
Weak reference
Y
Yo-yo problem
List
Object-oriented programming terms | [
-0.0974201112985611,
0.5689617991447449,
-0.18015150725841522,
0.15304288268089294,
-0.6124339699745178,
-0.3108566105365753,
0.07616482675075531,
0.2984408438205719,
-0.5066980719566345,
-0.0879579484462738,
-0.2799434959888458,
0.5060567855834961,
-0.2041185051202774,
0.09380608052015305,
-0.024654164910316467,
0.3318554759025574,
-0.20887240767478943,
0.4368407726287842,
-0.30137428641319275,
-0.5710107088088989,
0.13435213267803192,
0.11687912791967392,
0.1836688071489334,
-0.7371315956115723,
0.268207311630249,
0.042610615491867065,
0.23002490401268005,
0.06908871233463287,
-0.9318197965621948,
-0.26388072967529297,
-0.21001824736595154,
0.5328609347343445,
0.34525519609451294,
0.1800994724035263,
-0.1818019449710846,
-0.1989174485206604,
0.0258969534188509,
0.07996459305286407,
0.4313318431377411,
-0.60074782371521,
0.27268531918525696,
-0.13257527351379395,
0.06944228708744049,
0.652967631816864,
0.022890914231538773,
-0.13924595713615417,
-2.0181617736816406,
0.06898411363363266,
-0.7837952971458435,
0.39421147108078003,
-0.30554085969924927,
0.45373985171318054,
0.644292950630188,
0.14090736210346222,
-0.00907117873430252,
0.8546838760375977,
-0.1798628270626068,
-0.15153232216835022,
-0.12386175245046616,
0.2044515162706375,
0.5419578552246094,
0.10273710638284683,
0.1405661702156067,
0.23048248887062073,
0.4302710294723511,
0.7874987125396729,
-0.5043016076087952,
0.18937984108924866,
-0.7425739765167236,
-0.43736809492111206,
0.25556787848472595,
-0.6574830412864685,
0.019952887669205666,
0.36606815457344055,
-0.16838547587394714,
-0.027196509763598442,
0.16776849329471588,
-0.13062772154808044,
-0.029079876840114594,
-0.48193588852882385,
-0.42326420545578003,
0.750552773475647,
0.6610046625137329,
-0.2499154508113861,
0.5341331362724304,
0.2501487731933594,
-0.25165411829948425,
0.42123448848724365,
-0.2665145695209503,
0.395109623670578,
0.4131719172000885,
-0.16827960312366486,
0.31156522035598755,
0.49288123846054077,
0.6421715617179871,
-0.02118469588458538,
0.2949100732803345,
0.1879286915063858,
-0.06487876921892166,
0.5627056956291199,
0.2670309841632843,
0.3984600603580475,
-0.20084987580776215,
-0.02228262834250927,
-1.1587519645690918,
0.11828253418207169,
-0.2761124074459076,
-0.47013312578201294,
0.3469623625278473,
-0.4525606334209442,
-0.695489227771759,
0.6206942796707153,
-0.12049791216850281,
-0.2822617292404175,
-0.3087291121482849,
0.6490936875343323,
0.2576002776622772,
0.0032725040800869465,
-0.26050272583961487,
0.4465991258621216,
0.1812228411436081,
0.6140966415405273,
0.3125546872615814,
-0.2096358984708786,
-0.3122892379760742,
0.7680538892745972,
0.5252284407615662,
0.7098484039306641,
0.2649478614330292,
0.16163374483585358,
0.06614251434803009,
0.9004204273223877,
-0.19105936586856842,
-0.1689903438091278,
-0.13230901956558228,
-0.4540770649909973,
0.41486597061157227,
-0.14697174727916718,
-0.15980742871761322,
0.33525916934013367,
-0.7190966010093689,
-0.7058936953544617,
-1.2525355815887451,
-0.8041410446166992,
-0.10159791260957718,
-0.7739714980125427,
-0.25129246711730957,
-0.31323790550231934,
-0.26079919934272766,
0.2932531535625458,
0.26282745599746704,
-0.05882363021373749,
-0.5146862268447876,
0.07084604352712631,
0.0937713012099266,
0.6775994896888733,
0.6827895045280457,
-0.37470871210098267,
0.24929828941822052,
-0.04647587612271309,
0.18853700160980225,
0.1489761918783188,
-0.833081066608429,
-0.2815901041030884,
-0.12119186669588089,
-0.25029388070106506,
0.07869993150234222,
0.2762551009654999,
0.5234231352806091,
0.18945202231407166,
-0.5273189544677734,
0.08535252511501312,
0.16960710287094116,
0.022407198324799538,
0.18533159792423248,
0.15618160367012024,
0.9159151911735535,
0.13165856897830963,
0.5905491709709167,
0.11660949885845184,
-0.7753615975379944,
-0.3541208803653717,
-0.05371885001659393,
-0.13309170305728912,
0.5097882151603699,
0.16733181476593018,
0.41804271936416626,
-0.04343193396925926,
0.31647154688835144,
-0.04599783942103386,
-0.32304441928863525,
-0.5584440231323242,
0.1432611048221588,
-0.6789318323135376,
1.2766504287719727,
-0.21376964449882507,
-0.41263851523399353,
0.6751426458358765,
-0.23675872385501862,
0.08073379844427109,
-0.1621626317501068,
0.15865042805671692,
0.1265917718410492,
0.3076847493648529,
-0.4382467567920685,
0.47612008452415466,
-0.24536772072315216,
0.18849018216133118,
-0.6195651888847351,
0.5255755186080933,
0.4460132122039795,
-0.07166064530611038,
0.0028663640841841698,
-0.6005330681800842,
0.04442943260073662,
0.10733655840158463,
-0.29561135172843933,
0.8468511700630188,
-0.2225821614265442,
-0.0640580877661705,
1.1451321840286255,
-0.06268445402383804,
-0.027108704671263695,
0.5430475473403931,
-0.7787625789642334,
-0.042296431958675385,
0.3125859797000885,
0.4081747829914093,
0.7750495076179504,
-0.8897691369056702,
0.6635051369667053,
0.2524549961090088,
0.66570645570755,
-0.4446045756340027,
-0.45862817764282227,
0.16752946376800537,
0.02301415055990219,
0.3327902555465698,
0.18413060903549194,
0.01945231854915619,
0.24007076025009155,
0.4142524003982544,
-0.42866986989974976,
0.42397165298461914,
0.08097650855779648,
-0.5602502226829529,
-0.3937729299068451,
0.11651631444692612,
-0.45869481563568115,
0.028535829856991768,
0.8614037036895752,
0.15286748111248016,
0.12626153230667114,
-0.6710023880004883,
-0.40411221981048584,
0.09177315980195999,
-0.6740798950195312,
-0.40942898392677307,
0.022676177322864532,
0.8966566324234009,
-0.17945140600204468,
-0.17456811666488647,
-0.05212093144655228,
0.09185507893562317,
0.023426823318004608,
0.007947375066578388,
0.08228413760662079,
-0.761084794998169,
0.16148321330547333,
0.6713029146194458,
-0.6310434341430664,
0.41219568252563477,
-0.3358895778656006,
-0.8567234873771667,
0.15297305583953857,
-0.5562468767166138,
0.08828070759773254,
0.16357453167438507,
-0.8882358074188232,
-0.28731122612953186,
-0.6255027055740356,
0.43718409538269043,
0.583316445350647,
-0.3325706124305725,
-0.618134081363678,
-0.20548558235168457,
0.2540748417377472,
-0.1971135437488556,
-0.13735485076904297,
-0.14151602983474731,
-0.5689213871955872,
-0.02365046739578247,
-0.4183482527732849,
0.2292749434709549,
0.5110975503921509,
0.42399415373802185,
0.010973774828016758,
0.38418611884117126,
-0.11749128997325897,
-0.37316280603408813,
-0.19952893257141113,
0.2804451584815979,
-0.272721529006958,
-0.160465270280838,
0.22227632999420166,
-0.08785384893417358,
-0.44067656993865967,
0.25922971963882446,
-5.435631275177002,
-0.1438177227973938,
-0.45080286264419556,
-0.32999640703201294,
-0.14255639910697937,
0.6998241543769836,
0.5442923307418823,
-0.3045125901699066,
-0.14386853575706482,
-0.04980790615081787,
-0.24099187552928925,
0.09277889877557755,
0.16761514544487,
0.8994605541229248,
0.18174967169761658,
0.43970781564712524,
0.7116638422012329,
0.09039317816495895,
-0.030843108892440796,
-0.03376338630914688,
0.43691286444664,
0.15554793179035187,
-0.21179994940757751,
0.3635142147541046,
0.4112303555011749,
0.4255298674106598,
-0.6825231313705444,
0.23573625087738037,
0.1445472687482834,
0.00018510824884288013,
0.12970370054244995,
0.11575476080179214,
-0.38773274421691895,
-0.4971908628940582,
-0.22141553461551666,
0.1476413607597351,
0.5591810345649719,
0.38289791345596313,
0.28238388895988464,
-0.48489078879356384,
0.03767435625195503,
0.700692355632782,
0.07097676396369934,
-0.12830878794193268,
0.4900919497013092,
-0.5170719027519226,
-0.44523313641548157,
-0.2956371307373047,
0.008504858240485191,
0.43496283888816833,
-0.849441409111023,
-0.23030605912208557,
0.8659270405769348,
0.7607439756393433,
-0.24891631305217743,
-0.8511978983879089,
0.3792458176612854,
-0.02817203477025032,
-0.2986019551753998,
0.08418406546115875,
0.39834508299827576,
-0.39189621806144714,
0.5182406902313232,
-0.9382871985435486,
-0.7811105251312256,
-0.08265486359596252,
-0.6102031469345093,
-0.4147905707359314,
0.09137318283319473,
-0.15943467617034912,
-0.548008382320404,
0.7364609837532043,
-0.19685137271881104,
-0.713586688041687,
0.6485180854797363,
-0.13696444034576416,
0.03156226873397827,
0.2755846083164215,
0.06707588583230972,
-0.03883630782365799,
-0.37348681688308716,
-0.050212811678647995,
-0.7845571637153625,
0.30186548829078674,
-0.4277881681919098,
-0.8049697875976562,
-0.07020752131938934,
-0.46772000193595886,
-0.7474222779273987,
-0.36398035287857056,
0.741703450679779,
-0.3750112056732178,
0.35710224509239197,
0.4644148349761963,
0.3962816894054413,
0.3338574171066284,
1.1345561742782593,
-0.029006730765104294,
0.8534561991691589,
-0.3332526683807373,
0.5004639625549316,
-0.19245418906211853,
0.15047632157802582,
-0.9899154305458069,
-0.2604365050792694,
-0.11196711659431458,
-0.43092072010040283,
0.20323863625526428,
0.9335601329803467,
-0.7366679906845093,
-0.2680409550666809,
0.001695565995760262,
-0.7582424879074097,
-0.277538001537323,
-0.01608356460928917,
0.3019002079963684,
-0.4734303951263428,
0.3651978373527527,
-0.024916283786296844,
-0.009063100442290306,
-0.39085254073143005,
-0.07217539846897125,
-0.32438474893569946,
0.3051595389842987,
0.27516400814056396,
-0.3455742299556732,
0.2584743797779083,
0.160264790058136,
-0.0007639681571163237,
-0.032079584896564484,
0.08011578023433685,
0.5833815932273865,
-0.11685836315155029,
-0.3355576992034912,
0.1475321650505066,
-0.7378986477851868,
0.10305283218622208,
0.3168470561504364,
0.0140004837885499,
-0.8268775939941406,
0.4972580671310425,
-0.06173987686634064,
-0.14952364563941956,
0.13878770172595978,
0.29045045375823975,
0.49983328580856323,
0.12396294623613358,
0.10844670981168747,
-0.05252077803015709,
0.6047569513320923,
-0.29556581377983093,
-0.5343158841133118,
0.13383425772190094,
-0.06306400895118713,
-0.14255188405513763,
0.20716996490955353,
0.33088749647140503,
0.7350868582725525,
-0.5666539669036865,
-0.7134044766426086,
0.10879456251859665,
-0.20299948751926422,
-0.9453685879707336,
-0.027238478884100914,
0.34961768984794617,
-0.2268216758966446,
-0.6430976986885071,
0.11717255413532257,
-0.44314688444137573,
0.7001301050186157,
0.15957938134670258,
0.3074769675731659,
-0.36682674288749695,
-0.046713173389434814,
0.24961328506469727,
-0.2745356857776642,
0.17070971429347992,
0.32471737265586853,
0.2830407917499542,
-0.09340645372867584,
0.609687328338623,
-0.45423731207847595,
0.19201672077178955,
0.8077899217605591,
0.3274286687374115,
-0.25849422812461853,
-0.09902571886777878,
0.3808693289756775,
-0.07587067037820816,
0.10723282396793365,
0.06682739406824112,
-0.04214828461408615,
0.6577800512313843,
-0.5534746646881104,
-0.6357542872428894,
-0.8266664147377014,
0.21006810665130615,
0.4351252019405365,
-0.4028138518333435,
-0.9140418767929077,
0.5619282126426697,
0.6503369212150574,
-0.4037414789199829,
0.4025413691997528,
-0.10228367894887924,
-0.5623180270195007,
0.2716721296310425,
-0.4458743929862976,
-0.4651261270046234,
0.2331172376871109,
-0.28063496947288513,
-0.14373959600925446,
-0.09992701560258865,
-0.12486772984266281,
-0.36961445212364197,
-0.05896817520260811,
0.2815626561641693,
0.2999642789363861,
-0.5679960250854492,
0.09553977847099304,
0.0265282541513443,
0.19698254764080048,
-0.4720055162906647,
0.19361402094364166,
-0.38087332248687744,
0.05314691737294197,
0.6243675947189331,
-0.3252736032009125,
0.4891817569732666,
-0.1426197588443756,
0.3973776698112488,
0.08049808442592621,
0.31761640310287476,
-0.0770186185836792,
-0.08824095129966736,
-0.49722567200660706,
-0.2749335467815399,
0.46109455823898315,
0.279901385307312,
-0.28380900621414185,
0.09569743275642395,
0.023411940783262253,
-0.11536099016666412,
-0.4277960956096649,
0.17049036920070648,
-0.07198438048362732,
0.2513132393360138,
-0.6744939684867859,
-0.9358639717102051,
-0.04726458713412285,
0.448172003030777,
-0.33002567291259766,
-0.4051552712917328,
-0.7684973478317261,
0.9268908500671387,
-0.07887530326843262,
-0.5955386757850647,
-0.017437253147363663,
0.13846933841705322,
0.4474876821041107,
0.08825025707483292,
0.09389837086200714,
-0.4581820070743561,
0.6748599410057068,
0.34946969151496887,
0.2052472084760666,
-0.2132250964641571,
-0.2638021409511566,
0.3644801676273346,
-0.23490534722805023,
-0.030740953981876373,
0.08373075723648071,
0.16416548192501068,
1.0119258165359497,
0.4993555247783661,
-0.14876233041286469,
-0.38076165318489075,
-0.6951629519462585,
-0.10337628424167633,
0.037729907780885696,
-0.41002988815307617,
-0.23973296582698822,
0.5421262979507446,
-0.25829797983169556,
0.5790541768074036,
-0.6504342555999756,
-0.08880119770765305,
0.45818662643432617,
-0.22514598071575165,
-0.3741181790828705,
-0.39703741669654846,
0.4222404658794403,
-0.3104900121688843,
0.30582094192504883,
-0.34975123405456543,
0.3372865617275238,
0.3329066038131714,
-0.15220405161380768,
-0.1879073679447174,
-0.1527518481016159,
-0.5282575488090515,
0.685549795627594,
0.6893703937530518,
-0.7896599769592285,
0.6103480458259583,
0.007016270887106657,
0.15454736351966858,
-0.055499959737062454,
-0.12947997450828552,
0.38227665424346924,
0.12027540057897568,
0.2887602746486664,
0.04537500441074371,
0.7675653696060181,
-0.27935174107551575,
-0.08817150443792343,
-0.14652156829833984,
-0.7550806403160095,
0.7346121072769165,
-0.2257782518863678,
-0.05386684089899063,
0.031063470989465714,
0.5182201862335205,
0.40675148367881775,
-0.8039625287055969,
0.38288021087646484,
-0.23940937221050262,
-0.08144103735685349,
0.5560410022735596,
-0.05377041548490524,
0.5690910220146179,
0.5187259316444397,
-0.43830645084381104,
0.04343187063932419,
-0.436200350522995,
-0.5260883569717407,
-0.05659300833940506,
-0.19842393696308136,
-0.45749813318252563,
0.552228569984436,
0.295593798160553,
0.46653804183006287,
0.008240032009780407,
-0.34977957606315613,
-0.22234535217285156,
0.40525582432746887,
-0.13371355831623077,
0.04013490676879883,
-0.01135589275509119,
-0.08116891980171204,
0.02086147852241993,
0.27489715814590454,
0.1886499673128128,
-0.19046616554260254,
-0.0036926588509231806,
-0.0903029665350914,
0.3800729811191559,
-0.09958145022392273,
0.12051330506801605,
-0.6764357686042786,
-0.01975483074784279,
0.5639623999595642,
-0.238683819770813,
0.06383971124887466,
0.16894391179084778,
0.6166011691093445,
0.31978484988212585,
-0.21175535023212433,
0.45034390687942505,
0.1288720667362213,
0.022699380293488503,
0.2445504069328308,
0.027725910767912865,
0.18410326540470123,
-0.29286321997642517,
-0.17794223129749298,
0.6383606195449829,
0.41659465432167053,
0.03821239247918129,
-0.1154043897986412,
-0.22323457896709442,
0.4395069479942322,
-0.53672856092453,
-0.4242285490036011,
0.31970393657684326,
-0.09356566518545151,
-0.012567756697535515,
0.3283475637435913,
0.02381644770503044,
-0.5916876196861267,
-0.04733935743570328,
-0.5085511207580566,
-0.16608642041683197,
0.08005928248167038,
-0.5970168113708496,
0.36404311656951904,
-0.849139928817749,
1.2281122207641602,
0.18061313033103943,
-0.18301498889923096,
-0.8686769008636475,
0.006464685779064894,
0.3497786819934845,
0.29897427558898926,
-0.7264097929000854,
-0.11862362176179886,
-0.3614320456981659,
-0.20774929225444794,
-0.3959825336933136,
0.5644655823707581,
0.34507256746292114,
0.48571670055389404,
-0.06602685153484344,
0.3560269773006439,
0.16405698657035828,
0.23008522391319275,
0.21345433592796326,
-0.7160046696662903,
-0.11082684248685837,
0.33509066700935364,
-0.08621782809495926,
-0.3520174026489258,
0.44856446981430054,
0.1562356948852539,
-0.25165078043937683,
-0.15025237202644348,
-0.21577617526054382,
0.3979651629924774,
0.14575029909610748,
0.03803914040327072,
-0.1756916642189026,
-0.4187232553958893,
-0.31460461020469666,
0.5955355167388916,
-0.1637561321258545,
0.14736759662628174,
0.46803128719329834,
0.3932904601097107,
1.0757182836532593,
-0.44897496700286865,
-0.6378595232963562,
-0.07550527155399323,
0.08334383368492126,
0.15627746284008026,
-2.1721863746643066,
0.5885249376296997,
-0.14588463306427002,
-0.3517010509967804,
-0.3123031556606293,
0.30175259709358215,
-0.060605160892009735,
-0.15266484022140503,
-0.17559754848480225,
-0.3015033006668091,
0.15874266624450684,
0.12788590788841248,
0.2487974762916565,
-0.781782865524292,
0.19332385063171387,
0.3302749991416931
] |
232200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall%20Chevette | Vauxhall Chevette | The Vauxhall Chevette is a subcompact car that was manufactured by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1975 to 1984. It was Vauxhall's version of the "T-Car" small-car family from Vauxhall's parent General Motors (GM), and based primarily on the Opel Kadett C. The family also included the Isuzu Gemini in Japan, the Holden Gemini in Australia, the Chevrolet Chevette in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina, and in the U.S. and Canada it was also rebadged as the Pontiac Acadian/Pontiac T1000.
Development
The Chevette, as its name implies, was intended to be a small (baby) Chevrolet. At the same time as the Chevette project was being considered in America, Vauxhall Motors publicised a new design project, provisionally referred to as the Baby R, but this was not used. Instead, a common design was chosen for all markets based upon an existing vehicle, the Opel Kadett. The car was first launched in Brazil in 1973 as a slightly restyled Kadett with a hatchback added to the model range. This hatchback was launched in the U.S. and Britain in 1975 with restyled front ends. Initial production was at Vauxhall's Luton, Bedfordshire, factory, then Chevette assembly was moved to the Ellesmere Port plant in Cheshire to allow production of the larger Cavalier and Carlton models to be moved to Luton from Opel plants in Belgium and Germany.
The UK version of the vehicle was intended to fit into the Vauxhall range below the Viva, and was initially presented only in its hatchback version, a style that became very popular during the 1970s. With its Pontiac-inspired 'shovel nose' and inset headlamps, the UK version looked radically different from the Opel Kadett and was accepted by the motoring public as a completely new car; when the saloon, estate car, and van variants appeared and the hatchback was added to the Kadett lineup the common lineage became apparent. The Chevette was one of the first British-built hatchbacks of this size, the first arguably being the Austin A40 Countryman; Ford did not respond with a similar product until the following year (their similar-sized offerings all having conventional rear boots).
Sales began on 1 May 1975, from a price of £1,593.
From 1975 until 1978, the Chevette was the UK's best-selling hatchback, as UK branded rivals failed to respond to the challenge of the imported Peugeot 104, Fiat 127, and Renault 5 until the arrival of Ford's Fiesta at the end of 1976. Chrysler UK did not launch its Chrysler Sunbeam until 1977, while only in 1980 did British Leyland come up with the Austin Metro. The Chevette also managed to outsell larger hatchbacks, including the Austin Maxi and Chrysler Alpine.
The Chevette's 1.3-litre engine and relatively small bodyshell allowed for good performance. The Chevette had a light steering, clutch, and gear change, as well as good visibility, and was spacious inside. The Chevette's success was probably due to its versatility, which compared well with larger cars such as the Ford Escort. It was available in three-door hatchback for the single driver, saloon models that suited families, an estate car for the service fleets, and the Chevanne van version for utility purposes.
The original hatchback was launched in the UK using Vauxhall's slogan and musical jingle, which capitalised on its practicality and widespread appeal: "It's whatever you want it to be! - A sporty coupe, a family saloon, a handy estate...". It was made at the purpose-built factory in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, under a government initiative to bring employment to the area.
More conventional two- and four-door saloons, and three-door estate variants (essentially the Kadett C with Vauxhall front bodywork and engines) were also offered from June 1976. The two-door coupé version of the Kadett C was the only version of the Opel car not to have a Chevette equivalent.
The Viva was discontinued in 1979, with the Opel Kadett D entering production in the same year. This car was intended also to be produced in the US and UK, as the second-generation Chevette, but due to various industrial issues at the time, GM decided to shelve most of the Ellesmere Port plant, retaining only the assembly shop to build the new car. These would be assembled from knock-down kits, although they were initially imported fully built-up from Opel's plant in Bochum. Due to the huge loss of workforce this would cause, representations were made that resulted in the decision to continue production of existing models alongside the new. This meant that a new name would have to be found for Vauxhall's version of the new Opel Kadett, so in March 1980, the Vauxhall Astra was born, replacing the Viva in the Vauxhall range, while the Chevette remained on sale until 1984. At this time, the planned mothballing of most of the Ellesmere Port plant went ahead as originally planned. Meanwhile, General Motors would develop a new entry-level model to be sold in Europe under the Vauxhall and Opel marques, and would build a factory in Zaragoza, Spain, for the production of this new car.
This longevity led to the Chevette being exported to Germany after 1979, following the discontinuation of the Kadett C to give German buyers the option of rear-wheel drive following the Kadett D's introduction; the Chevette was unusual as it still featured rear-wheel drive, while most of its competitors were now driven by the front wheels. A further 12,332 Chevettes were sold through Opel dealers in Germany from October 1980, although they never actually carried Opel or Vauxhall branding, being badged simply as "Chevette". By this time, the Chevette was the only Vauxhall-badged car to be sold in markets such as Mauritius and New Zealand; successor models assembled in the UK for sale in mainland Europe, such as the Astra, have been badged as Opels.
A van version, based on the estate and called the Bedford Chevanne, was also built, and badged as part of GM's Bedford commercial vehicles marque.
Although the Chevette was essentially a rebranded Opel Kadett C with revised front-end (detailed below), it used the 1,256-cc overhead valve (OHV) engine from the Viva HC instead of the Kadett's 1,196-cc engines, which were produced by Opel. The Kadett's double wishbone front suspension, rear-wheel drive, and rear suspension with panhard rod, torque tube, and coil-sprung live axle, were carried over unaltered. Inside, the two cars differed only in terms of their dashboard and switchgear; the Chevette stuck to the British and Japanese right-hand drive tradition of having the indicator switch on the right side of the steering column, while the Kadett had the mainland European left-hand drive custom of the flasher stalk being on the left. The Chevette also had a much more angular instrument binnacle, although the instruments themselves were from the Kadett (though with imperial rather than metric scales).
The Chevette's front end featured a more aerodynamic-looking nose than the Kadett, based loosely on the design of the "droopsnoot" Firenza, itself said to be inspired by the Pontiac Firebird, a sister GM product. In contrast the Kadett had a more conventional, flat-fronted design. In 1980, the Chevette underwent a facelift with flush fitting headlights, giving it a "family look" alongside the larger Vauxhall Cavalier version of the Opel Ascona B. Mechanical changes included the introduction of Bosch distributors, revised heater ducting, and a simplified throttle linkage. It also received new wheel designs, revised C-pillar vent covers, and revamped interior trim with redesigned front seats to increase rear knee room marginally. However, it was effectively the beginning of a phase-out in favour of the newer Astra, Vauxhall's version of the front-wheel drive Kadett D, which was launched in March 1980, though it was not produced in Britain until November 1981. The Vauxhall Nova (the rebadged version of the Spanish built Opel Corsa) became the entry-level model in the Vauxhall range when it was launched in April 1983, although the Chevette continued alongside it for another year.
Production of the Chevette finally finished in 1984. A total of 415,000 Chevettes were sold in Britain.
Timeline (UK model range)
May 1975 - Introduction of the Chevette three-door hatchback in base and L model variations: Both had an improved version of the 1,256-cc OHV engine from the Viva, with a similar four-speed gearbox, rear-wheel drive, independent front suspension, rack-and-pinion steering, and servo-assisted, dual-circuit brakes. Initial standard equipment included a two-speed heater fan, radial tyres, reversing lights, heated rear window, and reclining front seats.
November 1975 - Introduction of the Chevette GL with sports wheels with 175 x 70 SR tyres, bumper over riders, and higher equipment level including new centre console, front door pockets and velour interior door panels
January 1976 - Limited-edition Chevette E introduced with L-type specification, but with black rubber surrounds on windows, revised brightwork, and vynide (plastic) seats: The U.S. version, the Chevrolet Chevette, was introduced as the smallest domestically produced car there.
April 1976 - Revisions: base renamed L and gains cloth upholstery; L renamed GL with no changes; GL becomes GLS and gains velour upholstery.
June 1976 - E and L two- and four-door saloons and GLS four-door saloon were introduced with mechanical specification of hatchback versions. E has a reduced equipment level without reclining front seats. L and GLS have specifications of the hatchback models plus (on GLS) clock, cigar lighter, and bonnet light.
September 1976 - The Chevette L estate was introduced with the specifications of the saloon model. The Bedford Chevanne van version of Chevette was introduced; it was similar to Chevette estate, but without rear side windows and rear seats.
January 1977 - Chevette E three-door hatchback introduced with similar specification to the saloon model
January 1978 - Chevette HS three-door hatchback introduced with 16-valve 2,279-cc. slant-four engine; five-speed, close-ratio gearbox; and uprated brakes and suspension. The HS also featured a full front air dam, rear spoiler, black and tartan interior trim, additional instrumentation, and wide alloy wheels. All HS's were painted silver with red decals. Other versions of the HS included the HS-X (with black exterior paint and walnut trimmed interior) and the Panther Westwinds (with single-cam turbo), both of which were made in very small numbers.
October 1978 - The Chevette GL four-door saloon model was introduced with similar specifications to hatchback model. GL hatchback now has sports wheels, additional bright trim around the windows, and matte-black rear panel. GLS saloon discontinued.
September 1979 - Revisions: all models fitted with flush-fitting headlights, restyled seats, front door pockets, additional fascia vents, new badging and rear fog lights. Protective side mouldings on GL models. Optional three-speed automatic transmission available on L and GL models.
November 1979 - The rear-wheel drive Opel Kadett C range was discontinued and replaced by a new front-wheel range with the same model name.
April 1980 - Chevette E estate introduced with specification of hatchback and saloon versions; the E model was intended for the fleet market. Limited edition Chevette Special two- and four-door saloons launched, based on L models. Introduction of the Chevette HSR, an evolution of the Chevette HS.
June 1980 - Limited edition Chevette Sun Hatch three-door hatchback model introduced, based on the Chevette L model, but additionally fitted with sunroof, tinted glass, sports wheels, metallic paint, bodyside mouldings, side direction indicator flashers, front head restraints, clock and push-button radio. The Sun Hatch could be had with either manual or automatic transmission, with the manual version priced at £3,954 and the automatic version priced at £4,167.
October 1980 - Chevette ES two-door saloon and three-door hatchback introduced with similar specification to the E models but even lower level of trim with vinyl trim plus carpets. E revised with plaid cloth upholstery; L with radio and quartz clock; GL with front head restraints, radio and (on hatchback) load area cover.
May 1981 - Limited edition Chevette Black Pearl introduced with black paintwork, silver strobe stripes and ES type specification.
January 1982 - Limited edition Chevette Silhouette three-door hatchback introduced with black paintwork, strobe stripes and ES type specification.
September 1982 - ES and E models discontinued; range now consists of L and GL saloons, hatchbacks and L estate. Revisions: all models now have laminated windscreen. L models now have push-button radio.
August 1983 - With the introduction of the Nova four months earlier, the Chevette range was reduced to just the Chevette L four-door saloon and three-door estate.
January 1984 - Production of the Chevette L four-door saloon and three-door estate, the last available models, ends. The end of Chevette production also marked the end of production of Vauxhall models visually distinct from those designed by Opel.
Countries
Austria
The Chevette was also sold in Austria, where it was also offered with the option of a low output version of the 1,256 engine (49.5 bhp). The range included two- and four-door L saloon and estate, GL three-door hatch, GLS four-door saloon and three-door hatch.
Ecuador
The local factory AYMESA produced a version of the Chevette starting in 1978. This version was called the AYMESA Cóndor. It had a glass fibre (fibreglass or glass reinforced plastic) body and a 1,500 cc engine with the higher compression cylinder head from GM Brazil to compensate for the Andean altitudes.
France
The Chevette was also sold in France but it did not sell well against the Peugeots and Renaults of the time. The Chevette was the last Vauxhall sold in France.
On 6 December 1979, Vauxhall announced that they were withdrawing from 11 major European countries where Vauxhall and Opel models were sold together. This was to be completed by the end of 1981.
Germany
Despite announcing its withdrawal from continental Europe, Vauxhall said it would export Chevettes to West Germany. At the time Opel had already started selling the Kadett D / Astra Mk1, but it was felt that there was still a market for the previous rear-wheel drive model. Accordingly, the Chevette was sold without Vauxhall badging through Opel dealers with a 1256 cc 53 PS N and a 57 PS S automatic. The only Vauxhall badging to remain was on the hub caps and steering wheel.
New Zealand
The Chevette was assembled in New Zealand between 1976 and 1981. All body styles that were available in the UK were sold. The first models built were three-door hatchbacks.
New Zealand had the Chevette as well as the Isuzu Gemini, while neighbouring Australia had only the Isuzu Gemini-based Holden Gemini. The Vauxhall 1,256 OHV (from the Viva and Magnum) was the standard engine unit for all New Zealand Chevette models.
Most models were of GL specification and all had metric instrumentation. A lower trim Chevanne commercial fleet model was also offered, however, unlike the European models, it used the estate bodyshell - complete with side windows - and was badged as a Vauxhall.
In 1979 the New Zealand Chevette had a mechanical update not fitted to the European models, Holden-developed Radial Tuned Suspension and wider tyres, giving the car superior handling over its rivals.
At the beginning of 1980 the Chevette received the facelift which included flush mounted headlamps and various new interior appointments, including extra air vents and different seats, giving more legroom in the cars.
An additional base E model was introduced to the range in 1980, aimed at fleets and budget-minded buyers, using the four-door bodyshell. This car was incredibly spartan – fitted with plain wheels and vinyl seats – and lacked reversing lamps, hazard flashers, radio and many gauges.
Production of the New Zealand Chevette ceased in June 1981, when it was replaced by the Holden Gemini, which for the New Zealand market had initially been sold as an Isuzu in the mid-1970s and then been dropped before being reintroduced. The Chevette was the last British-sourced GM product to be assembled in New Zealand.
Sweden
The Chevette was also sold in Sweden. It entered the market for 1976, originally only as a hatchback so as not to compete directly with the larger Viva. The range ended up a little differently from that of the UK with the two-door saloon and three-door estate only available in L spec and the hatch and four-door saloon only available in GLS spec - no E or GL models were offered, although the GL was originally planned.
Uruguay
In Uruguay, the Viva-based Grumett had been marketed since 1962. This was a 2+2 coupé utility based on the Viva HC, with imported metal doors and locally made fibreglass front and rear ends. A similarly constructed version of the Vauxhall Chevette was created to replace the original Grumett. However, this featured the 1.4-litre engine and mechanical underpinnings of the Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette. This was succeeded by a version which featured the Brazilian Chevette bodywork, although this time it was also available as an estate.
Special models
Chevette HS and HSR
In 1976, at the instigation of new chairman Bob Price, Vauxhall decided to increase their profile in international rallying. They developed a rally version of the Chevette in conjunction with Blydenstein Racing, which ran Dealer Team Vauxhall, the nearest equivalent to a 'works' (manufacturer run) competition team that GM policy would allow.
In order to compete in international rallying, the car had to be homologated; for Group 4, the class the HS was to compete in, this meant building 400 production vehicles for public sale. Vauxhall created a far more powerful Chevette variant by fitting the 2.3 litre slant-four engine, using a 16-valve cylinder head which Vauxhall was developing - though the rally cars used the Lotus 16-valve head until a rule change by the FIA banned them in 1978. Fitted with two Stromberg carburettors the engine developed 135 bhp. Suspension and rear axle were from the Opel Kadett C GT/E and the gearbox was a Getrag five-speed. Chevrolet Vega alloy wheels (similar in appearance to the Avon wheels used on the droopsnoot Firenza) were used, as well as a newly developed glass-reinforced plastic air dam. The result was a very fast and well handling, if rather unrefined, road car. Like the Droopsnoot Firenza, the HS was available only in silver, with red highlighting and a bright red, black and tartan interior; though (partly to help sell unsold vehicles) some cars were repainted in other colours, such the black HS-X designed by David Harley of Mamos Roundabout Garage - Greenford.
The HS became a great success as a rally car, chalking up notable wins for drivers such as Pentti Airikkala, Jimmy McRae and Tony Pond. It was a challenge to the most successful rally car of the time, the Ford Escort, winning the British Open Rally Championship for drivers in 1979 and for manufacturers in 1981. It was also successful in other national rally championships, such as Belgium's.
To keep the rally car competitive into the 1980s an evolution version, the Chevette HSR, was developed which was successful for several more years. The modified cars featured glass reinforced plastic (fibreglass) front and rear wings, spoiler, bonnet and tailgate (giving the HSR the nickname 'Plastic Fantastic'), revised suspension (particularly at the rear, where extra suspension links were fitted), and other minor changes. Group 4 evolution required a production run of 50 cars incorporating the new modifications; these were made by rebuilding unsold HSs and by modifying customers' vehicles. However, the merger of the Vauxhall and Opel marketing departments resulted in Dealer Team Vauxhall and Dealer Opel Team (DOT) joining to form GM Dealer Sport (GMDS); with the Chevette soon to be obsolete, Opel were able to force the cancellation of the HSR rally programme in favour of the Manta 400.
Chevette Blackwatch
These were special edition Chevettes made by Star Custom Vehicles, Station Road, Ampthill. They came with black and silver paint, red graphics, a plaque inside the door stating styles by Farina, sport steering wheel, flared arches and low-profile wheels. Blackwatch was written on the nose of the car and on the bottom of each door.
Chevette Grenadier
Also produced by Star Custom Vehicles, based on the Chevette L hatchback specification, with black, silver and orchid livery, colour impregnated front air dam, flexi rear spoiler, alloy wheels with locking option, head restraints, black four-spoke sport steering wheel, centre console, burled walnut fascia, hinged glove box and door capping, removable tinted glass sun hatch, and two-wave band radio / stereo cassette player with door speakers.
Both the above special editions were created by Rob Darcus of Star Custom Vehicles, who began developing special trim versions of standard models to help sell more vehicles when he was district manager for Vauxhall in London. He and Vauxhall dealer Hamilton Motors set up the Star Custom Vehicles facility in Ampthill, Bedfordshire, to carry out specialised paint work on Chevette 'dealer specials' (cars restyled and re-trimmed for the dealer network and not available as a standard trim from the manufacturer). Initially cars were supplied to the London dealers that Rob Darcus was responsible for; following interest from Vauxhall, the vehicles were supplied nationally.
Chevette Jubilee
This special edition was produced in silver to commemorate the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977.
Bedford Chevanne
The Bedford Chevanne was a small commercial vehicle based on the GM T platform Vauxhall Chevette estate. Unlike the Chevette it had a flat rear floor, no rear seats and panels in place of the side windows. It was introduced in September 1976. Intended as a replacement for the Bedford HA, the Chevanne was replaced by the Bedford Astravan before the HA was cancelled. It was fitted with the same 1,256 cc inline-four as the Chevette (and the Bedford HA), although here it produced with a 7.3 to 1 compression ratio. As part of making the Chevanne as car-like as possible, it was also available with a three-speed automatic transmission. The automatic also included a heavy-duty battery and front suspension, better carpeting, and a higher compression engine (8.7 to 1) with .
A similar T-Car variant existed in Australia, the Holden Gemini van, which utilized the Chevanne's rear panels.
Notes
References
External links
Vauxhall Cavalier and Chevette Club - A vibrant Club that caters for owners, enthusiasts and restorers of the Vauxhall Chevette
Chevettes.com - Home of the Vauxhall Chevette on the web
The Droop Snoot Group - the club for Chevette HS, HSR, and all big engined, tuned and modified Chevettes
GMCOG (General Motors Classic Owners Group)
Chevettes.net - technical informations about Chevette on the web/Informações técnicas sobre Chevette na web
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
1970s cars
1980s cars
Cars introduced in 1975
Chevette
Group 4 cars | [
-0.3855106234550476,
0.0583428330719471,
0.6881198287010193,
0.17510955035686493,
-0.24740932881832123,
0.7111892104148865,
0.3137659430503845,
0.1789119839668274,
-0.09160131216049194,
0.7496927976608276,
0.26289787888526917,
0.29059529304504395,
0.31234192848205566,
0.7833859324455261,
0.1444530040025711,
-0.009983394294977188,
0.7538074851036072,
0.44593188166618347,
0.21193744242191315,
-0.42487531900405884,
0.7482200264930725,
-0.3295244872570038,
0.2961023151874542,
-0.13102327287197113,
0.1718164086341858,
0.317260205745697,
0.014477926306426525,
0.2684643268585205,
0.47561636567115784,
0.17905078828334808,
0.0379762202501297,
0.6105281710624695,
0.2618948221206665,
-0.047456637024879456,
0.020787399262189865,
-0.5094705820083618,
0.29328277707099915,
-0.27394795417785645,
-0.30257296562194824,
-0.5034275650978088,
-0.2516970932483673,
-0.6068578362464905,
0.4306636154651642,
0.21030603349208832,
-0.28416621685028076,
0.17166994512081146,
-0.7940700054168701,
0.045958228409290314,
-0.8848237991333008,
0.3016175627708435,
-0.6728867888450623,
0.36785757541656494,
0.27741560339927673,
0.3234637677669525,
0.36248356103897095,
0.7469651103019714,
-0.6019513607025146,
-0.7258598208427429,
0.01737397536635399,
-0.6633396744728088,
0.18830478191375732,
0.31340742111206055,
0.30478134751319885,
0.101255401968956,
-0.7379341721534729,
0.3945922553539276,
0.17734035849571228,
-0.33214879035949707,
-0.5015250444412231,
-0.04524664208292961,
-0.15611490607261658,
-0.24591638147830963,
0.236203134059906,
0.2656576335430145,
-0.02522341161966324,
-0.5085257291793823,
0.1611335128545761,
0.04901919886469841,
1.0828567743301392,
0.055971547961235046,
0.4823998510837555,
0.11274587363004684,
1.0808169841766357,
0.931832492351532,
0.20210696756839752,
1.0115342140197754,
-0.3058268129825592,
-0.04667721688747406,
0.03285662829875946,
0.27916839718818665,
-1.0403923988342285,
-0.1090160608291626,
0.7818483114242554,
0.34920862317085266,
-0.7324665188789368,
-0.23377464711666107,
0.4934225082397461,
0.1083584800362587,
0.8532259464263916,
0.24985545873641968,
0.411163866519928,
0.27805325388908386,
-0.1625107228755951,
-0.3115740716457367,
-0.5598797798156738,
0.19028601050376892,
-0.5775842070579529,
-0.22644366323947906,
-0.05923241376876831,
-0.17870165407657623,
-0.3980541229248047,
-0.39524737000465393,
-0.19034504890441895,
0.18481698632240295,
0.20339074730873108,
0.026233257725834846,
-0.35136058926582336,
-0.06150902435183525,
-0.10264398157596588,
0.650012731552124,
0.13654263317584991,
-0.1784825325012207,
0.48810288310050964,
0.22440795600414276,
0.3283858895301819,
0.5484222173690796,
0.053341370075941086,
0.6784674525260925,
-0.40114256739616394,
0.5505374073982239,
0.5175679326057434,
0.7147751450538635,
-0.22277306020259857,
-0.19941391050815582,
-0.2351313829421997,
-0.1420641988515854,
0.9067884087562561,
-0.15960216522216797,
0.15319669246673584,
0.480027437210083,
-0.6088429689407349,
0.4331716001033783,
-0.2884344756603241,
-0.5592167973518372,
0.25203371047973633,
-0.0029231514781713486,
0.19630680978298187,
0.18465816974639893,
-0.21543481945991516,
-0.6813390851020813,
0.13027574121952057,
-0.31029611825942993,
0.5181014537811279,
-0.5897530317306519,
0.48051074147224426,
0.7549749612808228,
-0.14573295414447784,
0.0265375766903162,
-0.143813356757164,
-0.13975222408771515,
-0.34014633297920227,
0.7217939496040344,
-0.26506948471069336,
0.2900674641132355,
0.3310944736003876,
-0.19828733801841736,
0.13572344183921814,
-0.5698531270027161,
-0.025709575042128563,
0.4085315763950348,
-0.2675177752971649,
0.18160966038703918,
1.001697301864624,
-0.41944923996925354,
-0.336290568113327,
0.3963097035884857,
0.3338465690612793,
0.23649662733078003,
0.17299987375736237,
0.3810485601425171,
-0.45080408453941345,
0.6560840606689453,
0.7047291994094849,
-0.0975530594587326,
0.8224852681159973,
0.521367073059082,
0.7220430374145508,
-0.02428523637354374,
-1.1098668575286865,
-0.6435986757278442,
-0.7627316117286682,
-0.6026488542556763,
0.2607191503047943,
-0.5731149911880493,
0.9008403420448303,
-0.48190629482269287,
-0.8983299732208252,
0.24999481439590454,
-0.04825959354639053,
0.8178173899650574,
-0.11506206542253494,
0.31560322642326355,
0.467279314994812,
-0.3293619751930237,
-0.33276501297950745,
-0.0842258632183075,
0.40430018305778503,
-0.1774495244026184,
0.37270480394363403,
0.824172854423523,
0.11740109324455261,
-1.1285356283187866,
0.37614530324935913,
0.5427364706993103,
-0.512050986289978,
-0.0190439373254776,
-0.09993059933185577,
-0.07439889013767242,
0.3063211739063263,
-0.4777114689350128,
0.8580020666122437,
0.19650761783123016,
-0.44297727942466736,
0.25145792961120605,
-0.4579584300518036,
0.33784088492393494,
-0.10741056501865387,
0.1584959477186203,
-0.0606294646859169,
0.2927357852458954,
-0.4565241038799286,
0.7382694482803345,
-0.18478794395923615,
-0.4246954321861267,
0.25706058740615845,
0.7632840275764465,
0.4801083505153656,
-0.3972169756889343,
0.25166261196136475,
-0.09421348571777344,
0.5137461423873901,
-0.04484701529145241,
-0.022432178258895874,
0.2062351554632187,
0.034551504999399185,
-0.007508415728807449,
0.33556750416755676,
0.7229559421539307,
0.022510185837745667,
-0.8049752116203308,
-0.218658447265625,
0.5141876339912415,
0.07813161611557007,
0.5591220259666443,
-0.03936772421002388,
0.3991144299507141,
0.009242084808647633,
0.1366572231054306,
0.018256712704896927,
0.841548502445221,
-0.039653751999139786,
0.1900843232870102,
0.00916212797164917,
0.43638551235198975,
-0.14642126858234406,
-0.4477159082889557,
0.2948923408985138,
-0.057618722319602966,
0.13661208748817444,
0.30395326018333435,
-0.6714475154876709,
-0.46790483593940735,
-0.7113962769508362,
0.03242066130042076,
-0.11052393168210983,
0.18912963569164276,
-0.46383219957351685,
-0.032528556883335114,
-0.19223737716674805,
-0.5389748811721802,
0.05619868263602257,
0.7531071901321411,
0.7626627683639526,
-0.43847551941871643,
-0.09220266342163086,
-0.10074910521507263,
0.12519818544387817,
-0.04321592301130295,
0.12050529569387436,
-0.41468438506126404,
0.25867435336112976,
0.1306818276643753,
-0.7651615738868713,
-0.02064337208867073,
-0.2824377417564392,
0.04283536970615387,
-0.5805447697639465,
0.3833145797252655,
0.5561701655387878,
0.09808380156755447,
-0.2420511394739151,
0.3373485207557678,
-0.5986653566360474,
-0.10172110050916672,
0.711990237236023,
-0.15341678261756897,
0.14441333711147308,
-0.9796080589294434,
-5.441303253173828,
-0.013172360137104988,
-0.01428029965609312,
-0.49214836955070496,
0.735380232334137,
0.14770357310771942,
0.1134096309542656,
-0.12056897580623627,
-1.000139594078064,
-0.7407240867614746,
0.12134946882724762,
0.09930137544870377,
-0.5440568327903748,
0.2042391002178192,
-0.140120729804039,
0.623124361038208,
0.4788130521774292,
-0.383563369512558,
0.43276655673980713,
-0.6085349917411804,
-0.4175783693790436,
-0.22875972092151642,
-0.24875658750534058,
-0.3392917513847351,
-0.2011469006538391,
-0.20204393565654755,
-0.6606589555740356,
-0.20178647339344025,
-0.747604489326477,
0.2166278213262558,
-0.7727501392364502,
0.1360866278409958,
-0.26369425654411316,
-0.1911735087633133,
-0.09782037883996964,
-0.11677895486354828,
0.10934067517518997,
-0.5098393559455872,
0.4479498863220215,
-0.31567618250846863,
-0.1396581083536148,
0.4532179832458496,
0.7587836980819702,
0.1867503970861435,
0.8148989081382751,
-0.0033628109376877546,
-0.15235309302806854,
-0.4868876039981842,
-0.27958711981773376,
0.6297969222068787,
-0.06399639695882797,
-0.1433868259191513,
-0.18245960772037506,
-0.20095482468605042,
0.3761284053325653,
-0.03652707114815712,
-0.08366101235151291,
-0.2049642652273178,
-0.14106562733650208,
0.588300347328186,
-0.09348280727863312,
-0.5152749419212341,
0.12420998513698578,
-0.38734176754951477,
-0.05015553534030914,
-0.08689247816801071,
-0.04781933128833771,
0.3361908495426178,
0.06520683318376541,
-0.11528860032558441,
-0.2182397097349167,
0.2045764923095703,
-0.06338811665773392,
-0.8753407001495361,
-0.07412664592266083,
-0.43702197074890137,
0.40409907698631287,
0.24436716735363007,
-0.10011059045791626,
0.6842055320739746,
0.36061418056488037,
-0.4472612738609314,
-0.8322097063064575,
0.01599898375570774,
-0.33293086290359497,
-1.1472920179367065,
-0.4907151460647583,
0.11244669556617737,
0.08365405350923538,
-0.2007833868265152,
0.6582103371620178,
-0.11715596169233322,
-0.17292045056819916,
-0.2433680295944214,
0.04442233964800835,
-0.35226383805274963,
-0.09502547979354858,
0.3209434747695923,
-0.4662339687347412,
-0.8384233117103577,
-0.6413441896438599,
-0.28685370087623596,
0.18301716446876526,
-0.2615729570388794,
-0.5534389615058899,
-0.7123904824256897,
-0.4737949073314667,
0.2771512269973755,
0.4563049077987671,
0.1934881955385208,
-0.01350889727473259,
-0.6644159555435181,
-0.6352395415306091,
-0.028815727680921555,
0.8633943200111389,
-0.32830610871315,
-0.308845579624176,
0.26655900478363037,
0.04405701905488968,
-0.9437789916992188,
-0.02172563038766384,
0.5367730855941772,
-0.3135964870452881,
-0.5819638967514038,
-0.6096732020378113,
0.1777793914079666,
-0.007831749506294727,
-0.2836093306541443,
0.028514640405774117,
-0.05930943787097931,
-0.4584508538246155,
0.7036628723144531,
-0.4927450716495514,
-0.01017541904002428,
-0.5825957655906677,
-0.17596980929374695,
-0.655014157295227,
0.0003505994100123644,
0.1767941266298294,
0.043066442012786865,
0.5912743210792542,
-0.0241714995354414,
0.07541953027248383,
0.09062673151493073,
0.4948253035545349,
0.3992808759212494,
0.18360021710395813,
-0.09533841162919998,
-0.4866374135017395,
0.22891497611999512,
0.03490428999066353,
-0.39729464054107666,
0.34139764308929443,
-0.43549615144729614,
0.4343852996826172,
-0.2605399787425995,
0.22930282354354858,
0.40679460763931274,
-0.33108046650886536,
-0.9103869795799255,
-0.04497530683875084,
0.1809881031513214,
-0.43426838517189026,
0.597072958946228,
0.31206920742988586,
0.2091483175754547,
-0.18004310131072998,
-0.8476604223251343,
0.14954312145709991,
0.3771648108959198,
0.48391011357307434,
-0.6307119727134705,
-0.20407599210739136,
-0.1986955851316452,
0.6129255294799805,
0.5277816653251648,
0.2604900002479553,
-0.22233738005161285,
-0.4487750828266144,
-0.3282824456691742,
0.15087586641311646,
0.20197822153568268,
-0.10542208701372147,
0.0887117013335228,
0.6082656383514404,
-0.33180245757102966,
-0.8034015893936157,
0.03875940293073654,
0.7069584131240845,
0.04477653652429581,
0.015095580369234085,
0.1447545289993286,
0.10585616528987885,
0.4224594235420227,
-0.7278767824172974,
-0.5972418189048767,
-0.29152971506118774,
0.29334598779678345,
-0.2108931839466095,
-0.8485532402992249,
-0.4143361449241638,
0.6412839293479919,
0.7058385610580444,
0.08139657974243164,
0.6071715354919434,
-0.8799559473991394,
0.32448747754096985,
0.02963198721408844,
-0.41963106393814087,
0.6665962934494019,
-0.32285624742507935,
-0.4947286546230316,
0.5807707905769348,
0.553644597530365,
-0.14180566370487213,
0.3003676235675812,
0.013888925313949585,
-0.3511301577091217,
-0.9304219484329224,
-0.23549045622348785,
-0.07538297772407532,
-0.4797203838825226,
-0.4628612995147705,
-0.6739711165428162,
-0.982655942440033,
0.3391934335231781,
0.5143262147903442,
-0.06686747819185257,
0.56514972448349,
0.12509144842624664,
-0.4259544014930725,
0.07936867326498032,
-0.33057576417922974,
-0.4392721652984619,
0.39939847588539124,
-0.19061657786369324,
-0.05834323540329933,
0.4128473997116089,
0.37816122174263,
-0.11558832973241806,
0.40061521530151367,
0.6700753569602966,
0.16768284142017365,
-0.6710414886474609,
-0.47487515211105347,
0.3670491874217987,
-0.18772196769714355,
-0.03169857710599899,
-0.5881686806678772,
0.6123887896537781,
-0.574853777885437,
-0.35429468750953674,
-0.5106027722358704,
-0.6439034938812256,
0.6343096494674683,
0.34943249821662903,
-0.2683250308036804,
-0.026088738813996315,
0.483306884765625,
0.2348654866218567,
-0.22736753523349762,
0.79463791847229,
-0.22083346545696259,
0.2611064910888672,
-0.3805203139781952,
0.056627385318279266,
-0.1328963041305542,
-0.3708324432373047,
0.20763659477233887,
-0.5415925979614258,
0.09752470999956131,
0.017123820260167122,
-0.034626852720975876,
0.6219778656959534,
0.17105937004089355,
0.06019578501582146,
-0.25717630982398987,
-0.7594963312149048,
0.8112257122993469,
-0.1472431719303131,
-0.5207265615463257,
0.5679949522018433,
0.6567533016204834,
0.09839212894439697,
-0.09604573249816895,
-0.26601529121398926,
-0.015854274854063988,
-0.690766453742981,
0.04482554271817207,
0.1609334945678711,
0.10272820293903351,
-0.17077822983264923,
0.7034403681755066,
0.29565849900245667,
-0.2573187053203583,
0.4542666971683502,
-0.05086785554885864,
0.5177316069602966,
0.019967328757047653,
0.5070357322692871,
0.19684934616088867,
0.5214545726776123,
0.19786755740642548,
-0.24865499138832092,
0.06784806400537491,
0.3088783025741577,
-0.06280390173196793,
-0.41204574704170227,
0.14182282984256744,
0.35669180750846863,
0.3678183853626251,
-0.11409562826156616,
-0.2840668857097626,
0.11289197951555252,
0.024028915911912918,
-0.12788015604019165,
0.38060033321380615,
0.03650848567485809,
-0.18734663724899292,
0.38575538992881775,
0.0197650995105505,
0.88316810131073,
0.1604090929031372,
-0.4972081482410431,
0.08727321773767471,
1.0580753087997437,
-0.7255904078483582,
-0.23941634595394135,
0.3407231569290161,
0.8289880156517029,
0.23432065546512604,
0.032845113426446915,
-0.5728678703308105,
0.10889405012130737,
0.0029304821509867907,
0.2575935423374176,
-0.6036127209663391,
-0.48262423276901245,
0.4094281792640686,
0.5599491596221924,
0.07369418442249298,
0.29549628496170044,
-0.20102465152740479,
-0.5541692972183228,
0.14846688508987427,
0.26938873529434204,
0.12261241674423218,
-0.14016026258468628,
0.8136593699455261,
0.22870446741580963,
0.13458439707756042,
-0.17370735108852386,
0.46981367468833923,
-0.32720229029655457,
-0.25173184275627136,
-0.017232101410627365,
-0.18042536079883575,
-0.33492204546928406,
-0.5622180104255676,
-0.01989765837788582,
0.02037067897617817,
-0.1541823148727417,
0.07601238787174225,
0.0808282420039177,
-0.6182528734207153,
0.338924765586853,
-0.2895611524581909,
-0.4178433120250702,
0.07515791058540344,
0.3168228268623352,
0.023005617782473564,
0.5118266344070435,
0.3065662384033203,
0.32917600870132446,
-0.3430916666984558,
-0.10769698023796082,
0.35271555185317993,
0.5289939641952515,
-0.24180684983730316,
-0.2244136929512024,
-0.4056985378265381,
-0.08571047335863113,
-0.6279736757278442,
-0.47228848934173584,
-0.1701747179031372,
-0.18688450753688812,
-0.273772656917572,
0.19739316403865814,
-0.007394794374704361,
-0.2910062074661255,
-0.43198156356811523,
-0.9132934212684631,
0.08540840446949005,
-0.11176851391792297,
-0.5571272969245911,
-0.25700637698173523,
0.19343975186347961,
-0.12307481467723846,
-0.0575728714466095,
-0.16204716265201569,
-0.023327408358454704,
0.4812178909778595,
-0.382009893655777,
0.3807706832885742,
0.06202442944049835,
0.45908796787261963,
-0.22705452144145966,
-0.1354547142982483,
-0.328736811876297,
0.11793694645166397,
-0.3003728985786438,
-0.2930155098438263,
-0.4332745373249054,
0.11682773381471634,
-0.2800760269165039,
-0.12694159150123596,
0.584771454334259,
0.11314501613378525,
-0.4489856958389282,
-0.49251940846443176,
-0.24950356781482697,
0.30344247817993164,
0.6726212501525879,
-0.014573700726032257,
0.36115363240242004,
0.21792899072170258,
0.8792056441307068,
-0.578474223613739,
-0.15158900618553162,
0.6803584694862366,
0.10868215560913086,
0.15907183289527893,
-0.5678734183311462,
-0.054692186415195465,
-0.37397822737693787,
-0.32549113035202026,
0.5317968726158142,
0.3735363483428955,
-0.09369344264268875,
-0.09745365381240845,
0.49931108951568604,
-0.19772058725357056,
0.30123382806777954,
0.023303620517253876,
0.19022656977176666,
0.1476660966873169,
-0.7153531908988953,
-0.39908352494239807,
-0.8902942538261414,
-0.6428046226501465,
0.43635931611061096,
-0.16611309349536896,
0.2820899784564972,
-1.2328397035598755,
0.7081881165504456,
-0.350858598947525,
0.3853367269039154,
-1.041420578956604,
-0.2807982265949249,
-0.5550293922424316
] |
232201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome | Salome | Salome (; , related to , "peace"; ), the daughter of Herod II and Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great and stepdaughter of Herod Antipas, is known from the New Testament, where she is not named, and from an account by Flavius Josephus. In the New Testament, the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas demands and receives the head of John the Baptist. According to Josephus, she was first married to her uncle Philip the Tetrarch, after whose death (AD 34), she married her cousin Aristobulus of Chalcis, thus becoming queen of Chalcis and Armenia Minor.
The gospel story of her dance at the birthday celebration of her stepfather, who had John the Baptist beheaded at her request, inspired art, literature and music over an extended period of time. Among the paintings are those by Titian and Gustave Moreau. Oscar Wilde's eponymous play, and its subsequent operatic setting by Richard Strauss, are among the literary and musical realisations which endeavoured to portray her. She also appeared in film, for instance in a 1953 Salome film starring Rita Hayworth in the title role.
First-century accounts and sources
Salome is commonly identified with the daughter of Herodias who, according to accounts in the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew, danced for Herod Antipas. In his Jewish Antiquities, Josephus mentions marriages and children of the daughter of Herodias named Salome.
New Testament
According to the Gospel of Mark, Herodias bore a grudge against John for stating that Herod's marriage to her was unlawful. Herodias's daughter, who had danced before Herod at his birthday celebration, was told she could ask for anything in return for it. After consulting with her mother, the girl is said to have asked for the head of John the Baptist.
The account in the Gospel of Mark reads:But an opportunity came when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his nobles and military commanders and the leading men of Galilee. For when Herodias's daughter came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests. And the king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it to you." And he vowed to her, "Whatever you ask me, I will give you, up to half of my kingdom." And she went out and said to her mother, "For what should I ask?" And she said, "The head of John the Baptist." And she came in immediately with haste to the king and asked, saying, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter." And the king was exceedingly sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he did not want to break his word to her. And immediately the king sent an executioner with orders to bring John's head. He went and beheaded him in the prison and brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, and the girl gave it to her mother.
The parallel passage in the Gospel of Matthew reads:But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced before the company and pleased Herod, so that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she might ask. Prompted by her mother, she said, "Give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter." And the king was sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he commanded it to be given. He sent and had John beheaded in the prison, and his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, and she brought it to her mother.
Some ancient Greek versions of Mark read "Herod's daughter Herodias" (rather than "daughter of the said Herodias"). To scholars using these ancient texts, both mother and daughter had the same name. However, the Latin Vulgate Bible translates the passage as it is above, and western Church Fathers, therefore, tended to refer to Salome as "Herodias's daughter" or just "the girl". Nevertheless, because she is otherwise unnamed in the Bible, the idea that both mother and daughter were named Herodias gained some currency in early modern Europe. The New Revised Standard Version follows this, translating Mark 6:22 as "When his daughter Herodias[a] came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests; and the king said to the girl, 'Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it., with a footnote "[a] Other ancient authorities read 'the daughter of Herodias herself.
Herodias's daughter is arguably not Salome the disciple, who is a witness to the Crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15:40. However, the apocryphal Book of the Resurrection of Christ, pseudonymically attributed to the apostle Bartholomew, names a "Salome the temptress" as among the women who went to the empty tomb; perhaps reflecting an early tradition that Salome, the daughter of Herodias, was at the tomb.
Josephus
Salome is mentioned as a stepdaughter of Herod Antipas in Josephus's Jewish Antiquities (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4):Herodias, [...], was married to Herod, the son of Herod the Great, who was born of Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high priest, who had a daughter, Salome; after whose birth Herodias took upon her to confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband while he was alive, and was married to Herod, her husband's brother by the father's side, he was tetrarch of Galilee; but her daughter Salome was married to Philip, the son of Herod, and tetrarch of Trachonitis; and as he died childless, Aristobulus, the son of Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married her; they had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus;
According to William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities:
Coins
A few coins with portraits of Aristobulus and Salome have been found.
Salome in the arts
The story of her dance before Herod with the head of John the Baptist on a silver platter led medieval Christian artists to depict her as the personification of the lascivious woman, a temptress who lures men away from salvation.
Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, notably in regard to the dance mentioned in the New Testament, which is thought to have had an erotic element to it, and in some later transformations it has further been iconized as the Dance of the Seven Veils. Other elements of Christian tradition concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. David Flusser, a scholar of early Christianity, believes that her "biographical profile suggests a normal, moral personality". Nevertheless, a similar motif was struck by Oscar Wilde in his Salome, in which she plays a femme fatale. This parallel representation of the Christian iconography, made even more memorable by Richard Strauss' opera based on Wilde's work, is as consistent with Josephus' account as the traditional Christian depiction; however, according to the Romanized Jewish historian, Salome lived long enough to marry twice and raise several children. Few literary accounts elaborate the biographical data given by Josephus.
Despite Josephus' account, she was not consistently called Salome until the nineteenth century when Gustave Flaubert (following Josephus) referred to her as "Salome" in his short story "Herodias".
Painting and sculpture
This biblical story has long been a favorite of painters. Painters who have done notable representations of Salome include Masolino da Panicale, Filippo Lippi, Benozzo Gozzoli, Leonardo da Vinci followers Andrea Solario and Bernardino Luini, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Titian, Caravaggio, Guido Reni, Fabritius, Henri Regnault, Georges Rochegrosse, Gustave Moreau, Lovis Corinth and Federico Beltran-Masses.
Titian's version (illustration c.1515) emphasizes the contrast between the innocent girlish face and the brutally severed head. Because of the maid by her side, this Titian painting, like others of the subject, is also considered to be Judith with the Head of Holofernes. Unlike Salome who goes nameless in the Christian bible, Judith is a Judeo-Christian mythical patriot whose story is perhaps less psychological and as she was a widow, may not be particularly girlish nor innocent in representations.
In Moreau's version (illustration) the figure of Salome is emblematic of the femme fatale, a fashionable trope of fin-de-siecle decadence. In his 1884 novel À rebours, Frenchman Joris-Karl Huysmans describes the depiction of Salome in Moreau's painting:
No longer was she merely the dancing-girl who extorts a cry of lust and concupiscence from an old man by the lascivious contortions of her body; who breaks the will, masters the mind of a King by the spectacle of her quivering bosoms, heaving belly and tossing thighs; she was now revealed in a sense as the symbolic incarnation of world-old Vice, the goddess of immortal Hysteria, the Curse of Beauty supreme above all other beauties by the cataleptic spasm that stirs her flesh and steels her muscles, – a monstrous Beast of the Apocalypse, indifferent, irresponsible, insensible, poisoning.
Sacred vocal music
Salome appears as a character in Alessandro Stradella's oratorio (St. John the Baptist), composed in 1676, which includes "Queste lagrime e sospiri", an aria sung by the Salome character.
Theatre and literature
In 1877 Gustave Flaubert's Three Tales were published, including "Herodias". In this story full responsibility for John's death is given to Salome's mother Herodias and the priests who fear his religious power. Salome herself is shown as a young girl who forgets the name of the man whose head she requests as she is asking for it. Jules Massenet's 1881 opera Hérodiade was based on Flaubert's short story.
The 1934 fantasy novella A Witch Shall Be Born by Robert E. Howard, one of the Conan the Barbarian cycle, features an evil prehistorical witch named Salome, and it is clearly implied that she was an earlier incarnation of the New Testament character of the same name. Salome's words are: "'Every century a witch shall be born.' So ran the ancient curse. And so it has come to pass. Each was named Salome. I too am Salome. It was always Salome, the witch. It will always be Salome, the witch, even when the mountains of ice have roared down from the pole and ground the civilizations to ruin, and a new world has risen from the ashes and dust—even then there shall be Salomes to walk the earth, to trap men's hearts by their sorcery, to dance before the kings of the world, and see the heads of the wise men fall at their pleasure"
Salome is shown in the mystery play as a personification of Carl Jung's pleasure in The Red Book. Through dream analysis and active imagination, she is seen as the "daughter of Elijah": a non-historical but rather metaphysical and symbolic relationship between Pleasure/Salome and Elijah/Forethinking where one cannot act without properly function without the other
Through interactions with Salome, Jung learns of how he neglected the emotional feeling side of his personality and the difficulties of accepting that part of himself that he suppressed.
Playwright Doric Wilson created a modern retelling of the Salome story in Now She Dances!, first produced off-off-Broadway at the Caffe Cino in 1961.
National Theatre has also produced the play of the same name under their NTLive series Directed by Yael Farber as a story retold through collecting multiple accounts. It was played at the Olivier Theater. And was critically acclaimed.
Oscar Wilde's play
Salomé's story was made the subject of a Symbolist play by Oscar Wilde that was first banned in London in 1892 while rehearsals were underway, and that subsequently premiered in Paris in 1896, under the French name Salomé. In Wilde's play, Salome takes a perverse fancy for John the Baptist, and causes him to be executed when John spurns her affections. In the finale, Salome takes up John's severed head and kisses it.
Because at the time British law forbade the depiction of biblical characters on stage, Wilde wrote the play originally in French, and then produced an English translation (titled Salome). To this Granville Bantock composed incidental music, which was premiered at the Court Theatre, London, on 19 April 1918.
Operas based on Wilde's play
The Wilde play (in a German translation by Hedwig Lachmann) was edited down to a one-act opera by Richard Strauss. The opera Salome, which premiered in Dresden in 1905, is famous for the Dance of the Seven Veils. As with the Wilde play, it turns the action to Salome herself, reducing her mother to a bit-player, though the opera is less centered on Herod's motivations than the play.
Shortly after the success of Strauss' opera, Antoine Mariotte created another opera based on Wilde's original French script. It was premiered on 30 October 1908 at the Grand Théâtre at Lyon. This opera was revived only in 2005 at the Montpellier Festival.
Ballet
In 1907 Florent Schmitt received a commission from Jacques Rouché to compose a ballet, La tragédie de Salomé, for Loie Fuller to perform at the Théâtre des Arts. Another Salome ballet was composed by the Japanese composer Akira Ifukube in 1948. Danish choreographer Flemming Flindt's ballet Salome with music by Peter Maxwell Davies premiered in 1978. Choreographer Arthur Pita was commissioned by San Francisco Ballet for his version of a Salome ballet in 2017.
Poetry
In "Salome" (1896) by the Greek poet Constantine Cavafy, Salome instigated the death of John the Baptist as part of a futile effort to get the interest of "a young sophist who was indifferent to the charms of love". When Salome presents to him the Baptist's head, the sophist rejects it, remarking in jest "Dear Salome, I would have liked better to get your own head". Taking the jest seriously, the hopelessly infatuated Salome lets herself be beheaded and her head is duly brought to the sophist, who however rejects it in disgust and turns back to studying the Dialogues of Plato.
Salome poetry was also written by, among others, Ai (1986), Nick Cave (1988), and Carol Ann Duffy (1999).
Other music
A descriptive piano piece by Mel Bonis entitled Salomé (1909) is part of her series, Femmes de Légende.
A 1989 album entitled Salome Dances for Peace by the string quartet Kronos Quartet.
Songs about Salome have been written by, among others, Archibald Joyce (1907, 1912), Tommy Duncan (1952), Karel Kryl (1965), Drs. P (1974), John Cale (1978), Kim Wilde (1984), The House of Love (1988), U2 (1990), Andrew Lloyd Webber (1993), Liz Phair (1993), Kurt Elling (1995), Susan McKeown (1995), Mark St. John Ellis as Elijah's Mantle (1995), Chumbawamba (1995) Old 97's (1997), The Changelings (1997), Loudovikos ton Anogeion (1997), The Residents (1998), Enrique Bunbury (1998), Chayanne (1999), Patti Smith (2000), Killing Miranda (2001), Gary Jules' "Pills" (2001), The Booda Velvets (2001), Stormwitch (2004), Flipron (2006), Xandria (2007), Pete Doherty (2009), Saltatio Mortis (2009), 9GOATS BLACK OUT (2009), Justin Vivian Bond (2011), Regina Spektor and Kaya (2012), Behemoth (2014), Wovenhand (2014), Marriages (2015), and Jarvis Cocker (2017).
Film
Wilde's Salome has often been made into a film, notably a 1923 silent film, Salome, starring Alla Nazimova in the title role and a 1988 Ken Russell play-within-a-film treatment, Salome's Last Dance, which also includes Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas as characters. Steven Berkoff filmed his stage version of the play in 1992.
In the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, the principal character Norma Desmond is portrayed as writing a screenplay for a silent film treatment of the legend of Salome, attempting to get the screenplay produced, and performing one of the scenes from her screenplay after going mad.
Other Salome films include:
Salomé (1918), starring Theda Bara in the title role. Flavius Josephus was credited for the story.
Salomé (1953), starring Rita Hayworth in the title role.
Salomé (1972), starring Carmelo Bene and Donyale Luna in the title role.
Salome (1986), a French-Italian production.
Salomé (2002), directed by Carlos Saura, using flamenco dance.
Wilde Salome (2011), a film by Al Pacino. Salomé is played by Jessica Chastain.
See also
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
List of names for the biblical nameless
References
Further reading
Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). Herodias: At Home in the Fox's Den. Interfaces. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press.
Claudel, Paul-André (2013). Salomé: Destinées imaginaires d'une figure biblique, Paris: Ellipses.
External links
Video Lecture on Salome by Dr. Henry Abramson
10s births
60s deaths
1st-century Jews
1st-century women
People in the canonical gospels
Christian folklore
Herodian dynasty
Women in the New Testament
Roman client rulers
Unnamed people of the Bible | [
-0.6940649747848511,
0.031882040202617645,
0.08204938471317291,
-0.13003690540790558,
0.04114026576280594,
1.1833336353302002,
0.12975862622261047,
-0.11940843611955643,
-0.6661186218261719,
-0.49983522295951843,
-0.10586079210042953,
-0.004290820565074682,
0.15403470396995544,
0.3871484100818634,
-0.35057294368743896,
-0.23674874007701874,
-0.15610332787036896,
0.797074556350708,
-0.0701264888048172,
-0.3612672686576843,
0.08485662192106247,
0.3087608516216278,
0.46897420287132263,
-0.22691045701503754,
-0.1235542744398117,
-0.0019096869509667158,
0.32201674580574036,
-0.17011632025241852,
-0.20222625136375427,
-0.01531960628926754,
0.14312876760959625,
0.286751389503479,
0.6729092597961426,
-0.3706618845462799,
-0.6223117113113403,
0.16588830947875977,
-0.021074824035167694,
0.5154838562011719,
-0.15463684499263763,
0.01289306953549385,
0.4188905358314514,
-0.10690119862556458,
0.36576026678085327,
-0.14394408464431763,
-0.7136785387992859,
-0.17990343272686005,
-1.8755977153778076,
0.4354172348976135,
-0.2649018168449402,
-0.4615243673324585,
-0.03905157744884491,
-0.399080365896225,
-0.02487820014357567,
0.5245182514190674,
0.16393987834453583,
0.42093461751937866,
-1.4692796468734741,
0.3274150490760803,
0.5178631544113159,
0.6705721616744995,
0.5205507278442383,
-0.29756203293800354,
0.37891724705696106,
0.23273487389087677,
0.5163301825523376,
0.07548713684082031,
0.354264497756958,
0.4239976704120636,
-0.08194944262504578,
-0.3671490550041199,
0.28964561223983765,
0.22356639802455902,
-0.41848939657211304,
-0.12486172467470169,
-0.07342411577701569,
-0.24583517014980316,
-0.15872220695018768,
-0.43675458431243896,
0.49704238772392273,
0.3479631543159485,
-0.37516504526138306,
-0.047399457544088364,
0.43779468536376953,
0.2245158851146698,
-0.0035816754680126905,
-0.5426938533782959,
-0.06313132494688034,
0.7069382667541504,
-0.8089069724082947,
-0.1434253752231598,
0.03773488849401474,
0.4222303330898285,
0.13567179441452026,
-0.49520057439804077,
-0.3147587180137634,
0.6039535403251648,
-0.03966197371482849,
-0.13033558428287506,
0.35833948850631714,
-0.22995030879974365,
-0.524759829044342,
-0.06354555487632751,
-0.17232182621955872,
-0.6859462261199951,
-0.386049747467041,
-0.08649630844593048,
0.4142507016658783,
-0.3716289699077606,
0.3132641911506653,
0.17679837346076965,
0.5331579446792603,
0.24959851801395416,
0.45239129662513733,
0.04070891812443733,
-0.7844840884208679,
0.06257782131433487,
-0.11639406532049179,
-0.7134336233139038,
-0.330506294965744,
-0.060059335082769394,
0.863206684589386,
-0.010123229585587978,
0.47183793783187866,
-0.08204977214336395,
0.10206059366464615,
-0.3535211980342865,
0.05618736147880554,
0.6858329772949219,
-0.4166640043258667,
0.027709152549505234,
0.27224358916282654,
0.2215767502784729,
-0.5045177936553955,
0.20513266324996948,
0.3240179419517517,
-0.4386829733848572,
-0.4987771809101105,
0.07366792112588882,
0.3102896511554718,
-0.028761286288499832,
-0.9526880383491516,
0.35004329681396484,
-0.6406792402267456,
0.5758764743804932,
0.1471867561340332,
0.07236999273300171,
0.42114362120628357,
-0.05818372964859009,
-0.36314812302589417,
0.3325541019439697,
-0.0011483464622870088,
-0.10849834233522415,
0.5401140451431274,
-0.3086351454257965,
-0.13068199157714844,
0.2505969703197479,
0.6383318901062012,
0.5722772479057312,
-0.3193315267562866,
0.40086930990219116,
-0.026220278814435005,
0.5230510234832764,
0.03640344366431236,
-0.7467384934425354,
0.28931957483291626,
0.24866165220737457,
0.13882222771644592,
0.09762520343065262,
-0.10805537551641464,
-0.35800668597221375,
-0.26194173097610474,
0.3770422637462616,
-0.056340012699365616,
-0.17105519771575928,
-0.5077985525131226,
0.2898082137107849,
0.3234952986240387,
-0.028295816853642464,
-0.10333613306283951,
-0.4406851530075073,
-0.8006718158721924,
0.36059269309043884,
-0.6626553535461426,
-0.07691052556037903,
0.3360327482223511,
0.6447392106056213,
-0.31087014079093933,
0.5036382675170898,
0.12926581501960754,
-0.3900246322154999,
-1.106611967086792,
-0.46437227725982666,
-0.049703437834978104,
0.1536608338356018,
0.10238702595233917,
-0.1109255999326706,
-0.26848936080932617,
0.33337655663490295,
-0.10902365297079086,
0.2481267750263214,
-0.7050769925117493,
-0.3063117563724518,
-0.3430134356021881,
0.20621280372142792,
-0.29446104168891907,
0.3350827395915985,
-0.038064099848270416,
0.638053297996521,
0.2838064730167389,
0.46346932649612427,
0.34834790229797363,
-0.42134928703308105,
0.6999307870864868,
0.05704597383737564,
-0.3280966579914093,
0.11888913065195084,
-0.07432954758405685,
0.07007212936878204,
0.3716510236263275,
0.2415113002061844,
0.8432064652442932,
-0.14499735832214355,
-0.32815083861351013,
-0.22451043128967285,
-0.5938020348548889,
0.4789665937423706,
0.057631511241197586,
0.3060203790664673,
-0.3423876166343689,
-0.06919191777706146,
0.09258607774972916,
0.15167930722236633,
0.6762614846229553,
-0.42721953988075256,
0.2610241174697876,
0.0930623933672905,
0.23851357400417328,
-0.07260479032993317,
0.4062444567680359,
0.04519641399383545,
-0.2568526268005371,
0.41987892985343933,
-0.21389885246753693,
0.253143846988678,
0.015473763458430767,
0.2110108733177185,
0.09942764788866043,
-0.8188403248786926,
0.23777304589748383,
-0.22019830346107483,
-0.19093915820121765,
0.7382941842079163,
-0.17468805611133575,
-0.04005955532193184,
0.291608601808548,
-0.35163772106170654,
-0.018367372453212738,
0.6227821707725525,
0.8705653548240662,
-0.04140354320406914,
-0.315341055393219,
0.660338282585144,
0.14083723723888397,
-0.025170037522912025,
0.37556418776512146,
0.16970890760421753,
0.12152662128210068,
-0.13782179355621338,
0.08539572358131409,
0.42691779136657715,
0.8610944747924805,
-0.3178464472293854,
-0.6620184183120728,
-0.022032400593161583,
0.22777892649173737,
-0.4083288311958313,
-0.009046761319041252,
0.6190722584724426,
0.05228423699736595,
-0.6918666362762451,
-0.17238569259643555,
0.8048090934753418,
-0.2536529302597046,
-0.38421347737312317,
-0.443711519241333,
-0.07166582345962524,
0.0052648582495749,
-0.09264487773180008,
-0.2413899004459381,
-0.3045966327190399,
-0.01657586544752121,
0.092598095536232,
-0.329124391078949,
-0.11747898906469345,
0.6767396330833435,
1.1274266242980957,
-0.2651016414165497,
0.12798072397708893,
0.25696802139282227,
-0.3876531720161438,
-0.5874569416046143,
-0.3134874105453491,
-0.017365142703056335,
0.14115191996097565,
0.7717251181602478,
-0.04151406139135361,
0.07736756652593613,
-0.10578616708517075,
-5.575109481811523,
-0.05934717133641243,
-0.35059231519699097,
0.036017999053001404,
0.5003989338874817,
-0.0024185655638575554,
0.4181792140007019,
-0.22610507905483246,
0.5133634209632874,
0.53129643201828,
1.182396411895752,
-0.21680760383605957,
-0.10211791098117828,
0.4148224890232086,
0.7009899020195007,
0.15819188952445984,
0.19585585594177246,
-0.4696205258369446,
-0.5714800953865051,
0.2090815007686615,
-0.02224266715347767,
0.06628335267305374,
-0.7734811902046204,
0.92414391040802,
-0.23057176172733307,
-0.5160363912582397,
0.3405248820781708,
-0.35222721099853516,
-1.2178680896759033,
-0.3569440543651581,
0.14277206361293793,
0.2315288484096527,
0.33180931210517883,
-0.28265851736068726,
0.34678804874420166,
0.05952272564172745,
0.4558953642845154,
0.1010185033082962,
0.41813674569129944,
-0.02576562389731407,
-0.44401416182518005,
-0.0002295580634381622,
-0.009175938554108143,
0.2640467882156372,
-0.3252662122249603,
0.06541009992361069,
-0.6954973936080933,
0.49059969186782837,
-0.04844996705651283,
0.6756712794303894,
0.09929759800434113,
-0.07575053721666336,
-0.05440852791070938,
-0.0061427936889231205,
0.011263685300946236,
0.306575745344162,
-0.5382885932922363,
0.34895989298820496,
-0.10672932863235474,
-0.047883909195661545,
0.8554627895355225,
-0.43461939692497253,
0.4812067747116089,
-0.21680821478366852,
-0.023443544283509254,
-0.7847815752029419,
-0.734434962272644,
-0.1218498945236206,
-0.41160324215888977,
0.40094488859176636,
-0.09054236859083176,
0.00787774845957756,
0.3274846374988556,
-1.1064631938934326,
0.04609169065952301,
-0.34081771969795227,
-0.7297211289405823,
0.4139697551727295,
-0.3854505121707916,
-0.2059972882270813,
0.2490016669034958,
-0.8144607543945312,
0.5675448179244995,
0.49611300230026245,
0.6970043182373047,
0.07947491854429245,
0.21433541178703308,
-0.4639306664466858,
-0.6545039415359497,
-0.265794575214386,
0.003991789184510708,
-0.17760923504829407,
0.15934908390045166,
0.43947523832321167,
-0.6104328036308289,
0.8425644636154175,
-1.0509846210479736,
-0.18677257001399994,
0.6029475331306458,
0.6683415770530701,
-0.2810712158679962,
0.1597665548324585,
0.1440684199333191,
-0.1665833294391632,
0.2610035240650177,
-0.1183164045214653,
-0.4447339177131653,
-0.2004925012588501,
-0.14727453887462616,
-0.46936675906181335,
0.4059753715991974,
-0.5046384334564209,
0.6027330160140991,
-0.3567160665988922,
0.2623916268348694,
-0.3957464396953583,
0.41775617003440857,
0.8922328352928162,
0.6363347768783569,
0.7498441934585571,
-0.16066662967205048,
0.46006911993026733,
-0.7823126316070557,
-0.4821801483631134,
-0.5070582628250122,
-0.19992101192474365,
0.20116741955280304,
0.18429726362228394,
-0.346193790435791,
0.6357637643814087,
0.45309263467788696,
-0.4937162399291992,
-0.2859779894351959,
-0.3802184462547302,
0.07353752851486206,
-0.4585762917995453,
-0.43226566910743713,
-0.07706684619188309,
-0.5749040842056274,
-0.34284529089927673,
0.003446078160777688,
-0.472478449344635,
-0.6638433337211609,
0.18616192042827606,
0.025054074823856354,
0.22537383437156677,
0.6745694875717163,
-0.23111268877983093,
-0.3151715099811554,
0.21720267832279205,
-0.4675258696079254,
0.1594480574131012,
0.7616260051727295,
0.13794811069965363,
-0.7389674782752991,
-0.0040360684506595135,
0.542766809463501,
0.4190751910209656,
-0.29037705063819885,
0.018544891849160194,
-1.2418690919876099,
-0.651281476020813,
-0.899490475654602,
-0.22616046667099,
-0.0014445066917687654,
0.2982265055179596,
-0.017196480184793472,
-0.9145017266273499,
-0.20384526252746582,
0.9386429786682129,
-0.005250213667750359,
-0.24381527304649353,
-0.07588330656290054,
0.017095379531383514,
0.3441140651702881,
-0.11431607604026794,
0.5374918580055237,
-0.053958795964717865,
-0.24414321780204773,
-0.37732163071632385,
-0.5665165781974792,
-0.2964555025100708,
-0.7557803392410278,
-0.16656558215618134,
0.21656061708927155,
0.530784547328949,
-0.29424238204956055,
-0.8515846133232117,
-1.0258445739746094,
-0.30224066972732544,
0.12615028023719788,
-0.20317015051841736,
-0.47648903727531433,
0.6331312656402588,
-0.23879174888134003,
-0.04537338763475418,
0.5426495671272278,
0.007365623954683542,
-0.21335214376449585,
0.5088923573493958,
-0.2096346616744995,
0.5275548100471497,
-0.7950140237808228,
-0.053291887044906616,
-0.31636399030685425,
-1.2615090608596802,
0.2078239470720291,
0.2401399314403534,
-0.09591683745384216,
-0.05253785103559494,
-0.3210044205188751,
0.16901196539402008,
-0.10650717467069626,
1.1048197746276855,
0.2041068822145462,
-0.05281657725572586,
0.3460548520088196,
-0.08040682226419449,
0.08494149893522263,
-0.5366894006729126,
0.06790368258953094,
-0.6951141953468323,
-0.07610081881284714,
-0.2713281810283661,
-0.24768824875354767,
0.41009557247161865,
0.09670940786600113,
-0.22639897465705872,
0.3338799774646759,
0.28557053208351135,
0.0223369337618351,
0.15361639857292175,
0.06736381351947784,
-0.24184465408325195,
-0.4428519606590271,
-0.24583756923675537,
0.161663219332695,
-0.5050386190414429,
-0.31391823291778564,
-0.05553720146417618,
0.6627933382987976,
-0.07446571439504623,
0.21969272196292877,
-0.19634421169757843,
-0.07545099407434464,
0.10364985466003418,
-0.12179429829120636,
-0.6361830234527588,
0.29643070697784424,
0.21068261563777924,
0.30445596575737,
-0.38797715306282043,
0.09223635494709015,
-0.13554838299751282,
0.765315592288971,
-0.3128396272659302,
-0.18386869132518768,
0.06449796259403229,
-0.08474957942962646,
0.23604029417037964,
0.5001310706138611,
-0.02054656483232975,
-0.39693760871887207,
-0.08513107895851135,
-0.06295213848352432,
0.5068286061286926,
0.14733068645000458,
-0.12125341594219208,
0.30955037474632263,
-0.38387060165405273,
-0.13237600028514862,
-0.7089452743530273,
0.05331171676516533,
-0.30956199765205383,
-0.6405969262123108,
0.5020244121551514,
-0.24153368175029755,
0.015231682918965816,
0.5682442784309387,
-0.11510885506868362,
-0.783024251461029,
-0.18741241097450256,
-0.568746030330658,
0.0980837270617485,
-0.027489114552736282,
-0.23332273960113525,
-0.6766987442970276,
0.06406495720148087,
0.3319050967693329,
0.16521789133548737,
-0.3373003304004669,
0.3409767150878906,
0.06676898151636124,
0.10209012031555176,
-0.4369381070137024,
0.3734392821788788,
-0.5605262517929077,
0.4452543258666992,
-0.7494433522224426,
-0.7928251028060913,
-0.1711476594209671,
-0.11639966070652008,
0.4345618784427643,
-0.017024017870426178,
0.017440352588891983,
0.8833232522010803,
-0.459913045167923,
0.1513049602508545,
-0.23359867930412292,
0.31564438343048096,
0.4285869002342224,
-0.29774877429008484,
0.19557683169841766,
-0.2227284461259842,
-0.19229841232299805,
-0.5857014656066895,
0.3750305771827698,
-0.14512188732624054,
-0.16143743693828583,
0.14397014677524567,
0.079836405813694,
-0.310262531042099,
0.4706248641014099,
0.16510699689388275,
0.24876950681209564,
0.2907039523124695,
0.5022620558738708,
0.4201822280883789,
-0.435327410697937,
0.4862687587738037,
0.36220452189445496,
-0.3039794862270355,
-0.2944865822792053,
0.4565281271934509,
0.2979174256324768,
-0.21782907843589783,
-0.23318549990653992,
-0.6160262227058411,
0.03651725500822067,
0.6965723037719727,
0.4510938227176666,
0.5861179828643799,
-0.5384485125541687,
-0.09759338200092316,
0.2107432335615158,
0.6732423901557922,
-0.2015540897846222,
-0.31515008211135864,
0.44278469681739807,
-0.43180492520332336,
0.30818620324134827,
-0.1410716027021408,
0.49410903453826904,
-0.7984912991523743,
0.2708871066570282,
0.9401553869247437,
0.3189120888710022,
-0.22574344277381897,
-0.520979106426239,
-0.07221641391515732,
-0.04069722443819046,
-0.2709628939628601,
1.2273770570755005,
-0.1237037256360054,
-0.5156627297401428,
-0.7725204229354858,
-0.19864000380039215,
-0.2590080201625824,
-0.11146137118339539,
-0.36725762486457825,
0.3241952955722809,
0.12826034426689148,
-0.36669501662254333,
0.49858587980270386,
0.35579514503479004,
0.7283271551132202,
0.16162802278995514,
-0.16435471177101135,
0.3455936014652252,
0.2285950928926468,
-0.4687682092189789,
-0.3089209794998169,
0.22041523456573486,
-0.39791199564933777,
-0.4590781331062317,
-0.12999939918518066,
0.875127911567688,
-0.3445976972579956,
-0.6144254207611084,
-0.12097057700157166,
0.74375319480896,
-0.24321627616882324,
0.39094364643096924,
0.07599768787622452,
-0.06166313588619232,
-0.03814053535461426,
-0.1400972157716751,
0.6188480257987976,
0.011592580936849117,
-0.04768894985318184,
0.10478904843330383,
0.17859940230846405,
0.19085370004177094,
0.42099729180336,
-0.2115280032157898,
0.23222054541110992,
0.34748613834381104,
-0.13304676115512848,
-0.7106789350509644,
0.21702472865581512,
0.7559991478919983,
-0.03626566007733345,
0.3189757764339447,
-0.4329551160335541,
0.021688533946871758,
-0.1458461880683899,
0.781566321849823,
0.4349645674228668,
-0.2536758780479431,
-0.08395534753799438,
0.300973504781723,
-0.2117847502231598,
0.3339956998825073,
0.39132818579673767,
-0.32279762625694275,
0.25313156843185425,
-0.008715387433767319,
-0.08765792101621628,
-0.48795202374458313,
0.7418262362480164,
0.4072727859020233,
0.3764168620109558,
0.21620477735996246,
0.07060952484607697,
0.2963692247867584,
0.12042892724275589,
0.09850167483091354,
-0.3870472311973572,
-0.14232636988162994,
-0.2503775656223297,
0.0033208446111530066,
-0.09117749333381653,
0.21588201820850372,
-0.26808980107307434,
0.08447808772325516,
0.2688998281955719,
-0.2009013146162033,
-0.3461326062679291,
-0.2901681959629059,
0.30115383863449097,
0.35503533482551575,
-0.17410752177238464,
0.05125388503074646,
-0.0754663348197937,
0.1571359634399414,
-0.20453009009361267,
0.05188066512346268,
-0.6608543395996094,
0.49523109197616577,
0.2114020735025406
] |
232205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhard%20rod | Panhard rod | A Panhard rod (also called Panhard bar, track bar, or track rod) is a suspension link that provides lateral location of the axle. Originally invented by the Panhard automobile company of France in the early twentieth century, this device has been widely used ever since.
Overview
The purpose of automobile suspension is to let the wheels move vertically with respect to the body. It is thus undesirable to allow them to move forward and backwards (longitudinally), or side to side (laterally). The Panhard rod prevents lateral movement. The Panhard bar is a simple device, consisting of a rigid bar running sideways in the same plane as the axle, connecting one end of the axle to the car body or chassis on the opposite side of the vehicle. The bar attaches on either end with pivots that let it swivel upwards and downwards only, so that the axle can move in the vertical plane only. This does not effectively locate the axle longitudinally, therefore it is usually used in conjunction with trailing arms that stabilize the axle in the longitudinal direction. This arrangement is not usually used with a leaf spring suspension, where the springs themselves supply enough lateral rigidity, but only with coil spring suspensions. However, Ford used a similar connected rear axle damper (fifth shock) on some Explorers and light trucks with rear leaf springs. Jaguar also used a Panhard rod to locate the rear axle on its unusual cantilever leaf sprung Mark 2.
Advantages and disadvantages
The advantage of the Panhard rod is its simplicity. Its major disadvantage is that the axle must necessarily move in an arc relative to the body, with the radius equal to the length of the Panhard rod. If the rod is too short, it allows excessive sideways movement between the axle and the body at the ends of the spring travel. Therefore, the Panhard rod is less desirable on smaller cars than larger ones. A suspension design that is similar but dramatically reduces the sideways component of the axle's vertical travel is Watt's linkage.
Applications
Some vehicles with live-axle suspensions, where Watt's linkage is not an option, e.g. a number of Land Rover models use a Panhard rod as a component of the front suspension. The Mercedes G-class was redesigned in 2018 to include a Panhard rod on the rear axle to improve its on-road handling characteristics.
See also
Scott Russell linkage
References
Automotive suspension technologies
Linkages (mechanical)
Panhard | [
0.06121547147631645,
0.34011539816856384,
0.4275834858417511,
0.44877389073371887,
-0.40389689803123474,
0.20263832807540894,
0.008476855233311653,
-0.43058258295059204,
-0.4340740144252777,
0.10550040751695633,
0.0061424532905220985,
0.14589823782444,
0.04185204207897186,
0.1558731198310852,
-0.32974493503570557,
0.026529880240559578,
0.7262578010559082,
-0.42570415139198303,
0.022755183279514313,
-0.46603384613990784,
0.17404168844223022,
-0.048424407839775085,
0.3064277470111847,
-0.016615144908428192,
0.2781941294670105,
0.2802361845970154,
0.42839697003364563,
0.41470271348953247,
-0.2907227575778961,
-0.06819328665733337,
0.060118403285741806,
0.540350079536438,
-0.038556717336177826,
-0.23375199735164642,
-0.11020475625991821,
-0.375223845243454,
0.23799338936805725,
-0.25418296456336975,
0.02492392063140869,
-0.21178224682807922,
-0.27724984288215637,
-0.142270028591156,
0.32412949204444885,
0.448591411113739,
0.01649077795445919,
-0.15347933769226074,
-1.5981144905090332,
0.48111921548843384,
-0.43404072523117065,
-0.23834964632987976,
-0.33315637707710266,
0.31815236806869507,
0.2282101958990097,
0.5116123557090759,
0.3125441372394562,
0.45896270871162415,
-0.3562344014644623,
-0.3351343274116516,
0.39117544889450073,
-0.5226843953132629,
-0.03527561202645302,
0.17932166159152985,
0.3992408514022827,
0.5928854942321777,
0.2664683759212494,
-0.21812118589878082,
-0.26467835903167725,
0.11568910628557205,
0.15286409854888916,
0.26639655232429504,
-0.22582976520061493,
-0.497504860162735,
-0.05030599236488342,
-0.04422822594642639,
-0.029121290892362595,
-0.814199686050415,
-0.5433827638626099,
-0.22038805484771729,
0.25772738456726074,
-0.29610005021095276,
0.3476950228214264,
0.20860154926776886,
0.24438443779945374,
0.3278079926967621,
0.762317419052124,
0.2903567850589752,
-0.7073655128479004,
0.19983357191085815,
-0.26600131392478943,
0.29746413230895996,
-0.45890218019485474,
-0.2232343554496765,
0.25426384806632996,
0.03330252692103386,
-0.2935698926448822,
-0.3381056487560272,
0.5733645558357239,
0.34533435106277466,
0.5191658735275269,
0.19047227501869202,
0.18975017964839935,
-0.3622240126132965,
0.5505708456039429,
-0.10975147783756256,
0.2678977847099304,
-0.10546401143074036,
-0.37865322828292847,
-0.5480481386184692,
-0.35269638895988464,
0.3823358416557312,
-0.7424976825714111,
-0.3081226646900177,
0.11228626221418381,
-0.16131719946861267,
0.08093644678592682,
-0.28126010298728943,
-0.20809492468833923,
-0.5858689546585083,
0.2881513237953186,
0.25564858317375183,
0.34402137994766235,
0.5126066207885742,
-0.36968034505844116,
-0.04607504978775978,
-0.006208338309079409,
-0.09078352153301239,
-0.2947634160518646,
0.9209393262863159,
-0.7169922590255737,
-0.030283711850643158,
0.3782186508178711,
0.796144425868988,
-0.2797333896160126,
-0.13118861615657806,
-0.4323149621486664,
-0.11747992038726807,
0.19117969274520874,
0.01575990580022335,
-0.14434298872947693,
0.3588610291481018,
-0.8172347545623779,
-0.358353853225708,
-0.3054888844490051,
-0.8365742564201355,
-0.23231524229049683,
0.028515247628092766,
0.10728562623262405,
-0.39577433466911316,
-0.29630550742149353,
-0.0969262421131134,
-0.03398440033197403,
0.2333279848098755,
-0.27324575185775757,
-0.037711504846811295,
-0.16180717945098877,
-0.00784115307033062,
0.6819271445274353,
-0.0702170804142952,
-0.4441766142845154,
0.015920978039503098,
0.11736289411783218,
-0.03445504233241081,
-0.3808736503124237,
0.4347212612628937,
0.22731445729732513,
-0.6928669214248657,
0.8791661262512207,
-0.1511826515197754,
0.28583019971847534,
0.5886635184288025,
-0.5392178893089294,
-0.05210786685347557,
-0.19194847345352173,
-0.03326021134853363,
-0.16579489409923553,
-0.017519937828183174,
0.9421369433403015,
-0.10989156365394592,
0.4115394651889801,
-0.10407805442810059,
-0.5631161332130432,
0.15941259264945984,
0.40545156598091125,
0.29595139622688293,
0.4061834514141083,
0.18377897143363953,
0.206983745098114,
-0.5361605286598206,
-0.1809755265712738,
-0.41800224781036377,
-0.3280268609523773,
-1.0360357761383057,
-0.3114558160305023,
-0.74882572889328,
1.1653571128845215,
-0.5027157068252563,
-0.40776169300079346,
0.6901779174804688,
0.05601120740175247,
0.5863664746284485,
-0.3027814030647278,
0.18326914310455322,
0.28956738114356995,
-0.5060532689094543,
-0.4128555655479431,
0.6047318577766418,
1.2346231937408447,
-0.24387936294078827,
0.5584142804145813,
-0.43117910623550415,
0.17284297943115234,
-0.26020070910453796,
0.23554833233356476,
-0.652055561542511,
-0.33886492252349854,
0.14275480806827545,
0.1291629821062088,
0.354121595621109,
-0.1818637251853943,
0.36540618538856506,
1.032218337059021,
-0.14292918145656586,
-0.4832877516746521,
0.6214464902877808,
-0.20564742386341095,
0.3947407603263855,
0.07439210265874863,
0.5379491448402405,
-0.036073796451091766,
-0.22008082270622253,
0.37466996908187866,
0.3079279065132141,
0.0814947783946991,
-0.17392922937870026,
-0.12029075622558594,
0.6129546165466309,
0.08388561755418777,
-0.32699328660964966,
0.3176616132259369,
-0.10853798687458038,
0.43683603405952454,
0.8160105347633362,
-0.4979945421218872,
0.303157776594162,
-0.012385915964841843,
-0.37111830711364746,
0.39855629205703735,
0.4101236164569855,
-0.19078753888607025,
-0.09278546273708344,
-0.09557487815618515,
0.01397011149674654,
0.643581748008728,
-0.5318945646286011,
-0.5208254456520081,
0.2649029493331909,
-0.07622674852609634,
0.17485354840755463,
0.41253048181533813,
0.3975338637828827,
-0.28102296590805054,
-0.36868083477020264,
0.0958753451704979,
-0.4623876214027405,
-0.3198208808898926,
-0.19185619056224823,
0.0007421588525176048,
0.019021708518266678,
0.10646205395460129,
0.552722156047821,
-0.17589658498764038,
0.6706539988517761,
-0.6260215044021606,
-0.37565696239471436,
-0.4453047513961792,
-0.5124674439430237,
0.19256214797496796,
0.411596417427063,
-0.5173967480659485,
-0.31088098883628845,
-0.40258628129959106,
0.2399316281080246,
0.47593915462493896,
-0.19711461663246155,
0.18070043623447418,
-0.24988266825675964,
-0.013907100073993206,
0.025773601606488228,
-0.35433638095855713,
-0.37059396505355835,
-0.24021486937999725,
0.32828009128570557,
-0.41190898418426514,
0.27301621437072754,
0.6087711453437805,
0.953313946723938,
-0.5862148404121399,
-0.4688997268676758,
0.908230721950531,
-0.7792691588401794,
-0.6457077264785767,
0.03540117293596268,
-0.19403913617134094,
-0.1111622005701065,
0.4919269382953644,
-0.016902359202504158,
-0.4864066243171692,
0.13931944966316223,
-5.720173358917236,
-0.045014653354883194,
-0.5313652753829956,
-0.23885568976402283,
0.8583148121833801,
0.5060444474220276,
0.5267550349235535,
-0.017283421009778976,
-0.6192215085029602,
-0.07033101469278336,
-0.060120437294244766,
0.2197091281414032,
0.2533798813819885,
0.3877614140510559,
0.23158565163612366,
0.7317958474159241,
0.45444953441619873,
-0.24771536886692047,
0.36333203315734863,
0.2679730951786041,
0.04372518137097359,
-0.5509603023529053,
-0.12234944105148315,
0.2461269050836563,
0.20467551052570343,
-0.2926469147205353,
-0.8568292260169983,
0.5441634058952332,
-0.31562915444374084,
0.0993659719824791,
0.25267186760902405,
-0.2514065206050873,
-0.6020175218582153,
-0.12437634915113449,
0.35072290897369385,
-0.11768127232789993,
0.5746954679489136,
0.18770021200180054,
0.5347726345062256,
0.3737434148788452,
0.015809418633580208,
0.8139868378639221,
0.7505759000778198,
0.10053402185440063,
0.36510977149009705,
-0.3816035985946655,
-0.3923549950122833,
-0.417350709438324,
-0.16296133399009705,
0.5808033347129822,
0.14796631038188934,
-0.13457758724689484,
0.14051783084869385,
-0.7415048480033875,
0.32107269763946533,
-0.2929949164390564,
0.42252224683761597,
-0.1040763258934021,
-0.4829753041267395,
0.4149233400821686,
-0.26836055517196655,
-0.6240557432174683,
0.08089611679315567,
-0.28055307269096375,
-0.3689579665660858,
-0.4206755459308624,
-0.375172883272171,
0.009614941664040089,
0.41596367955207825,
-0.03897647559642792,
-0.6592227816581726,
0.8391061425209045,
0.32041609287261963,
-0.826912522315979,
0.2150813788175583,
-0.14818409085273743,
0.15588447451591492,
-0.5271103978157043,
-0.3525484502315521,
0.17318016290664673,
-0.09175895154476166,
0.21861137449741364,
-0.544113278388977,
0.19931471347808838,
0.3313439190387726,
0.07440905272960663,
0.13880428671836853,
-0.29777029156684875,
0.1295764446258545,
0.09269508719444275,
0.5983771085739136,
-0.2913304269313812,
0.6070824265480042,
-0.38957419991493225,
-0.041265420615673065,
0.41520926356315613,
-0.7630486488342285,
0.30467331409454346,
0.02638481743633747,
-0.5489175319671631,
0.22660459578037262,
-0.20462435483932495,
0.10296124964952469,
-0.0037573406007140875,
0.032979968935251236,
-0.359955757856369,
0.027007808908820152,
0.42668548226356506,
0.46974778175354004,
0.8402983546257019,
0.12941208481788635,
0.16085393726825714,
-0.16617785394191742,
-0.05379709601402283,
0.3817092776298523,
-0.28550219535827637,
-0.8538209199905396,
0.020831407979130745,
-0.06361638009548187,
-0.6546232104301453,
-0.10718587040901184,
0.37156394124031067,
-0.5415804982185364,
-0.4102533459663391,
0.13026541471481323,
-0.29554760456085205,
-0.3454872965812683,
-0.15579093992710114,
0.48530054092407227,
-0.01698332093656063,
0.2073572874069214,
0.8890188336372375,
0.31239211559295654,
0.26731494069099426,
-0.6240538358688354,
-0.4588436186313629,
-0.40056487917900085,
0.28152504563331604,
-0.13148890435695648,
-0.7379547357559204,
-0.007583144120872021,
-0.3065882921218872,
-0.20658305287361145,
-0.3222161829471588,
0.5657555460929871,
0.1185731589794159,
-0.6686906218528748,
0.6289014220237732,
-0.2413318157196045,
0.46835607290267944,
0.22062169015407562,
-0.5694411396980286,
-0.24108506739139557,
-0.304042249917984,
0.19753554463386536,
-0.05380501598119736,
-0.025878693908452988,
0.7258713841438293,
0.28334295749664307,
-0.6430382132530212,
0.6186930537223816,
0.08103365451097488,
-0.5392181277275085,
0.1430535614490509,
-0.08826523274183273,
0.39736804366111755,
-0.3362424969673157,
-0.6828321814537048,
0.04918685182929039,
0.1306738555431366,
-0.1342107504606247,
-0.6957892179489136,
-0.41543102264404297,
-0.4425303339958191,
0.1322212666273117,
0.2465583086013794,
0.0587928481400013,
-0.08960536867380142,
0.01030148658901453,
-0.5874099135398865,
-0.12380765378475189,
0.2181762158870697,
0.23245543241500854,
0.570767343044281,
-0.0012818885734304786,
-0.4507792592048645,
-0.8394599556922913,
0.0621102973818779,
0.013589953072369099,
-0.40254271030426025,
0.40910106897354126,
-0.1662338376045227,
0.3996157646179199,
0.4186724126338959,
-0.0801728367805481,
-0.29066264629364014,
-0.13242937624454498,
0.27088215947151184,
-0.6598650217056274,
-0.6326325535774231,
-0.8741471171379089,
0.6667631268501282,
-0.5175458192825317,
0.33133599162101746,
0.3612823188304901,
0.07929809391498566,
0.6391026377677917,
-0.029866741970181465,
0.054441262036561966,
0.5500328540802002,
-0.21819961071014404,
-0.6657876372337341,
0.1680869311094284,
0.6846303939819336,
-0.5428287386894226,
0.3201734125614166,
0.4908652603626251,
-0.3545306324958801,
-0.5717090368270874,
-0.021792985498905182,
0.34010571241378784,
0.019555533304810524,
-0.5143123865127563,
-0.048732008785009384,
-0.4566550552845001,
0.11139485239982605,
0.45158106088638306,
-0.20160222053527832,
0.37833771109580994,
0.27804893255233765,
-0.3180527985095978,
0.02122539095580578,
0.11112166941165924,
-0.15022842586040497,
0.02899020165205002,
-0.2388823926448822,
-0.4433489143848419,
0.2974452078342438,
-0.23298904299736023,
-0.29150640964508057,
0.6872254610061646,
1.1078251600265503,
0.016147581860423088,
0.23044174909591675,
-0.1573355346918106,
-0.19628261029720306,
0.07753809541463852,
-0.7261856198310852,
-0.2915881276130676,
0.29469773173332214,
0.3449230492115021,
-0.17944471538066864,
-0.6406921744346619,
-0.14142903685569763,
-0.059875909239053726,
0.2513633370399475,
-0.32742559909820557,
-0.6607035398483276,
0.4123227000236511,
0.5039240717887878,
0.010866344906389713,
0.12041264772415161,
-0.05165882781147957,
-0.03149229660630226,
-0.8986682295799255,
0.12099207937717438,
-0.3256688416004181,
-1.0807808637619019,
0.17526452243328094,
-0.522854745388031,
0.5772969126701355,
0.5401979088783264,
0.6636736989021301,
0.36587467789649963,
0.37098169326782227,
0.4022378623485565,
0.3807316720485687,
-0.24311897158622742,
-0.06790242344141006,
-0.12136638164520264,
-0.23412199318408966,
0.20435106754302979,
-0.0350140742957592,
-0.7625027894973755,
-0.1161264032125473,
0.2767477035522461,
0.2740006446838379,
-0.1376667022705078,
0.09188120812177658,
0.32645466923713684,
-0.37427493929862976,
-0.3101731836795807,
0.22060972452163696,
0.4941553473472595,
-0.4694324731826782,
0.19025377929210663,
-0.4049822688102722,
0.2923245131969452,
-0.045404743403196335,
0.5193012952804565,
-0.8496895432472229,
-0.0647871345281601,
0.6326835751533508,
-0.9042834639549255,
0.15517395734786987,
-0.16488315165042877,
-0.1538613736629486,
-0.5989294052124023,
0.23339606821537018,
0.16297222673892975,
0.3474820554256439,
-0.08825217187404633,
-0.3324025869369507,
0.8499464988708496,
-0.38449928164482117,
-0.41116949915885925,
0.6669962406158447,
0.01929057389497757,
-0.38117003440856934,
0.5280764102935791,
-0.3202663064002991,
0.8078675866127014,
0.2900731861591339,
-0.6920078992843628,
0.15230154991149902,
-0.01849062740802765,
-0.3220548629760742,
-0.4718153178691864,
-0.6483955383300781,
0.3293345272541046,
0.7762847542762756,
-0.0000728174127289094,
0.09161616116762161,
0.780799150466919,
-0.03183552622795105,
0.11580001562833786,
0.18042652308940887,
-0.21843433380126953,
0.29477551579475403,
0.10451602935791016,
-0.411422997713089,
0.2738885283470154,
-0.14863497018814087,
-0.24611029028892517,
0.01197738479822874,
0.282800555229187,
-0.10604776442050934,
0.24482807517051697,
-0.17541325092315674,
0.741764485836029,
0.18353095650672913,
-0.14813439548015594,
0.3255324065685272,
-0.5458718538284302,
-0.28468480706214905,
-0.47136783599853516,
0.5118188858032227,
0.25506865978240967,
-0.3283831477165222,
0.20241959393024445,
0.20937733352184296,
0.6479696035385132,
0.11676345020532608,
-0.563261091709137,
0.16295577585697174,
-0.045066386461257935,
0.6521989107131958,
-0.8317265510559082,
0.07405189424753189,
0.5457397699356079,
0.05902378261089325,
0.4530000388622284,
-0.6324448585510254,
0.41134902834892273,
0.11873870342969894,
-0.09488596767187119,
0.6615023612976074,
0.4587642252445221,
0.3234492838382721,
-0.20851115882396698,
-0.158867746591568,
0.30250290036201477,
-0.4832100570201874,
-0.39217716455459595,
-0.7748284339904785,
-0.20800283551216125,
-0.2618395984172821,
-0.22563569247722626,
0.0832362025976181,
-0.21410870552062988,
-0.1711043268442154,
-0.651397705078125,
0.23634663224220276,
-0.529252827167511,
-0.18243642151355743,
-0.5315766334533691,
-0.02340536378324032,
0.7720299363136292,
0.540822446346283,
0.3537868857383728,
-0.21387605369091034,
0.6686870455741882,
0.08881542831659317,
0.11001987010240555,
0.18251729011535645,
-0.0740802064538002,
0.2693374454975128,
0.5017966628074646,
0.5089111328125,
0.3871449828147888,
0.33548590540885925,
-0.8631956577301025,
-0.008502290584146976,
0.20433904230594635,
0.13250736892223358,
0.0819513276219368,
0.7109314799308777,
-0.5505454540252686,
0.001320505514740944,
-0.08349399268627167,
-0.16634340584278107,
-0.08463293313980103,
0.3424818813800812,
-0.12541134655475616,
0.07604942470788956,
0.327457070350647,
0.45553791522979736,
-0.2824805676937103,
-0.47691610455513,
0.22467881441116333,
-0.23370757699012756,
0.08595126122236252,
-0.7728322744369507,
0.0730791687965393,
-0.3633463978767395,
-0.26040220260620117,
0.6517201662063599,
0.5061886310577393,
0.15199320018291473,
-0.26294857263565063,
0.09406929463148117,
0.4384737014770508,
0.014708307571709156,
-0.17592041194438934,
-0.0355260893702507,
0.03458656743168831,
-0.43144890666007996,
-0.020989548414945602,
-0.6895418167114258,
0.26622602343559265,
0.34246939420700073,
-0.08231748640537262,
0.16957488656044006,
-0.1656348705291748,
0.5989620089530945,
0.3243991732597351,
-0.12408184260129929,
-1.0872907638549805,
-0.7279976010322571,
-0.4219084680080414
] |
232210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya%20Sabha | Rajya Sabha | The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States (informally known as the House of Elders), is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through Open Ballot while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed), according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with about a third of the 233 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, being the lower house of the Parliament, the Rajya Sabha is not subjected to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President.
The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.
The Rajya Sabha meets in the eponymous chamber in Parliament House in New Delhi. Since 18 July 2018, the Rajya Sabha has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 scheduled languages of India.
Qualifications
Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must:
Be a citizen of India.
Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
Be at least 30 years old. (article 84 constitution of India)
Be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of single transferable vote through proportional representation.
Not be a proclaimed criminal.
Not be a subject of insolvent, i.e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses.
Not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
Not be of unsound mind.
Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.
Limitations
The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha (The lower house, House of People) is more powerful in certain areas.
Money bills
The definition of a money bills is given in article 110 of the constitution of India. A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on the recommendation of the President of India. When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends the money bill to the Rajya Sabha for 14 days during which it can make recommendations. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it. Hence, Rajya Sabha can only give recommendations for a money bill but Rajya Sabha cannot amend a money bill. This is to ensure that Rajya Sabha must not add any non-money matters to the money bill. There is no joint sitting of both the houses for money bills, because all final decisions are taken by the Lok Sabha.
Joint Sitting of the Parliament
Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed with the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on the advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.
Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in the last 71 years, for passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002:
1961: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958
1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Act, 1977
2002: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
No-confidence motion
Unlike the Lok Sabha, a member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government.
Powers
In the Indian federal structure, the Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (hence the name, Council of States). For this reason, the Rajya Sabha has powers that protect the rights of States against the Union.
Union-state relations
The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States. However, this can only be done if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by a two-third majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament. The Union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha.
The Union government reserves the power to make laws directly affecting the citizens across all the states whereas, a single State in itself reserves the power to make rules and governing laws of their region. If any bill passes through Rajya Sabha, that means, majority of states of the Union want that to happen. Rajya Sabha, therefore, plays a vital role in protecting the states' culture and interests.
Creation of All-India Services
The Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds supermajority, can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both the Union and the States.
Membership by party
Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party ():
Composition
Seats are allotted in degressive proportion to the population of each state or union territory, meaning that smaller states have a slight advantage over more populous states. Certain states even have more representatives than states more populous than them, because in past they too had high population : for example, Tamil Nadu has 18 representatives for 72 million inhabitants (in 2011) whereas Bihar (104 million) and West Bengal (91 million) only have 16. As the members are elected by the state legislature, some small Union Territories, those without legislatures, cannot have representation. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Ladakh & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives. 12 members are nominated by the President.
As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present sanctioned strength of Rajya Sabha in the constitution of India is 250 which can be increased by constitutional amendment. However, the present strength is 245 members according to the Representation of People Act, 1951 which can be increased up to 250 by amending the act itself, of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields and are well-known contributors in the particular field.
List of members by State/Union Territory
Officers
Leader of the House
Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.
Leader of the Opposition
Besides the Leader of the House, who is the government's chief representative in the House, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party and is recognized as such by the Chairman.
Secretariat
The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up under the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.
The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following :
(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha); (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees;
(iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications;
(v) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and
(vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees.
In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the chairman of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Verma, IAS. In winter 2019 session, uniforms of Rajya Sabha marshals were restyled from traditional Indian attire comprising turbans to dark navy blue and olive green military-style outfits with caps.
Media
The Rajya Sabha TV (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day continuous parliamentary TV channel owned and operated by the body. The channel aims to provide in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially its functioning and policy development. During sessions, RSTV provides live coverage and presents an analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments.
Now it has been merged in SansadTV along with LSTV and are being run by same channel.
See also
Lok Sabha
List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
State legislative councils of India
References
Further reading
The Nominated Members of India's Council of States: A Study of Role-Definition J. H. Proctor, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1985, pp. 53–70.
External links
Parliament of India
India | [
0.32392647862434387,
-0.029538733884692192,
0.04769841209053993,
0.09473627805709839,
-0.248895525932312,
0.21217073500156403,
0.716891884803772,
0.029614970088005066,
-0.4342436194419861,
-0.28677064180374146,
-0.6367124319076538,
0.3190019726753235,
-0.16490262746810913,
0.3290518522262573,
0.034613993018865585,
0.10780608654022217,
0.8583420515060425,
0.5140264630317688,
0.6750079989433289,
-0.27894824743270874,
0.1556214839220047,
0.925611138343811,
0.43128013610839844,
0.19584588706493378,
0.47183758020401,
0.047874607145786285,
0.7615599036216736,
-0.1263628453016281,
-0.4954153597354889,
-0.48730722069740295,
0.020360559225082397,
-0.28518766164779663,
-0.11980389803647995,
0.6069000363349915,
0.475053608417511,
-0.5468250513076782,
-0.027067331597208977,
-0.24897262454032898,
-0.6158660054206848,
-0.4950611889362335,
-0.27388525009155273,
-0.6887145042419434,
0.5419304966926575,
0.18906277418136597,
-0.604496955871582,
-0.6287083029747009,
-0.5654955506324768,
0.5062376856803894,
-0.8105997443199158,
0.3739195466041565,
-0.1946905106306076,
0.4355294704437256,
0.23465001583099365,
0.29054006934165955,
0.3668517768383026,
0.44552019238471985,
-0.06280375272035599,
0.08110402524471283,
-0.2680530846118927,
-0.34990158677101135,
0.3349684476852417,
0.28056642413139343,
-0.17737014591693878,
0.006311390083283186,
1.0271745920181274,
-0.1085185632109642,
0.24080468714237213,
-0.8044408559799194,
-0.5281181931495667,
0.19483618438243866,
-0.8693116307258606,
-0.027626708149909973,
0.0793633982539177,
0.5740804076194763,
-0.5264928340911865,
-0.6020380854606628,
0.2799292504787445,
0.38098445534706116,
0.4631500244140625,
-0.6973353028297424,
-0.027378099039196968,
0.12434162944555283,
0.036843594163656235,
0.6872004270553589,
0.0924452468752861,
-0.13358820974826813,
-0.21828725934028625,
-0.9776273369789124,
-0.14879249036312103,
0.21036918461322784,
-0.6530625820159912,
0.3315277397632599,
0.37676379084587097,
0.2750428318977356,
-0.4017556607723236,
-0.30544060468673706,
0.14652130007743835,
-0.793121874332428,
0.08629558235406876,
-0.14976558089256287,
0.0486784502863884,
0.02236662060022354,
0.5670035481452942,
0.2557215094566345,
-0.31681784987449646,
0.07027065753936768,
-0.6997033953666687,
0.3483317494392395,
-0.26384592056274414,
0.21952857077121735,
0.16598540544509888,
0.30419236421585083,
-0.042380381375551224,
0.23608922958374023,
-0.572708249092102,
-0.48033520579338074,
-0.22018083930015564,
-0.6559997797012329,
-0.3160044848918915,
-0.2033417969942093,
0.1872602105140686,
0.5326416492462158,
0.6716116666793823,
0.10156605392694473,
-0.07187796384096146,
0.25287455320358276,
0.2480887621641159,
0.27594709396362305,
-0.47129929065704346,
-0.08780239522457123,
0.48132917284965515,
0.3472660481929779,
-0.1591179519891739,
-0.1165984570980072,
-0.8589587211608887,
0.09807886183261871,
0.057252611964941025,
-0.15864041447639465,
0.8317083716392517,
0.19792088866233826,
-0.36013442277908325,
-0.6607779264450073,
-0.06304232031106949,
-0.20852699875831604,
0.3783092796802521,
-0.3415162265300751,
-0.13019278645515442,
-0.2748921513557434,
-0.8216174244880676,
-0.5283247828483582,
-0.19161178171634674,
0.43567731976509094,
0.11893239617347717,
-0.8930308222770691,
-0.16527222096920013,
0.6499673128128052,
0.6329860091209412,
-0.46984800696372986,
0.7626934051513672,
0.7242704629898071,
-0.14743071794509888,
-0.3712233006954193,
0.15969116985797882,
-0.3324401378631592,
-0.027911318466067314,
-0.16308319568634033,
0.42735815048217773,
0.39462438225746155,
0.5961276888847351,
0.12748278677463531,
-0.2462621033191681,
-0.3195815980434418,
0.09599202871322632,
-0.3223113417625427,
-1.0458060503005981,
-1.1678212881088257,
0.16064275801181793,
0.38481879234313965,
0.4583345651626587,
-0.24834057688713074,
-0.5938299894332886,
0.07384444028139114,
-0.30462104082107544,
0.5706966519355774,
-0.14210878312587738,
0.14732453227043152,
0.30635252594947815,
0.16589894890785217,
-0.2592734694480896,
-0.6304773688316345,
-0.053396597504615784,
-0.36113059520721436,
-0.09123139828443527,
-0.4502262771129608,
0.8306195735931396,
-0.1560986340045929,
-0.08758220821619034,
1.0990334749221802,
0.10330561548471451,
0.3306806683540344,
0.41517022252082825,
0.35557711124420166,
0.09048278629779816,
-0.1680603176355362,
-0.3972587585449219,
0.5434751510620117,
-0.2960032522678375,
0.23959419131278992,
0.5302325487136841,
0.2893308103084564,
0.13676807284355164,
-0.26730847358703613,
0.23896478116512299,
-0.5512887239456177,
0.07956163585186005,
-0.43985089659690857,
-0.5271939039230347,
0.2045171558856964,
-0.23571525514125824,
0.3391880989074707,
1.0944417715072632,
-0.45844313502311707,
-0.08136796206235886,
0.876563310623169,
-0.046333182603120804,
0.49490728974342346,
-0.34828802943229675,
0.6156284809112549,
0.36203500628471375,
-0.35910746455192566,
0.1583217978477478,
-0.313608318567276,
0.2768095135688782,
-0.0645342543721199,
-0.4813750982284546,
-0.45510321855545044,
-0.23282238841056824,
-0.06066817790269852,
0.6256659030914307,
0.09275879710912704,
0.27489224076271057,
0.0314834900200367,
-0.19425226747989655,
0.22033710777759552,
-0.1351863592863083,
0.27365803718566895,
-0.786130964756012,
0.13811051845550537,
-0.15759862959384918,
0.43310853838920593,
0.5467425584793091,
-0.23764508962631226,
0.30365148186683655,
-0.163874089717865,
0.6010221242904663,
0.5227510929107666,
-0.10499587655067444,
-0.3928557336330414,
0.5754130482673645,
0.294977068901062,
-0.336330384016037,
-0.20557227730751038,
0.24818988144397736,
-0.1355065107345581,
-0.494689404964447,
0.106887087225914,
-0.025133229792118073,
-0.043648939579725266,
0.09830749034881592,
0.557177722454071,
0.5705806016921997,
-0.07213765382766724,
-0.3338344395160675,
0.5102860331535339,
0.22718700766563416,
-0.17290452122688293,
0.5000105500221252,
-0.025389228016138077,
-0.5663409233093262,
-0.8522851467132568,
0.11869250237941742,
0.2464967966079712,
-0.14697176218032837,
-0.3270394206047058,
-0.16360189020633698,
-0.27635079622268677,
-0.054314494132995605,
-0.8634982705116272,
0.25209030508995056,
0.4324128329753876,
0.34373918175697327,
0.5287504196166992,
0.1543560028076172,
-0.46849802136421204,
-0.05353856086730957,
-0.012064306065440178,
-0.16177025437355042,
0.46854376792907715,
-0.2004861831665039,
-1.0251450538635254,
-0.5597323179244995,
0.13290171325206757,
-0.6258065700531006,
0.19375111162662506,
0.26138702034950256,
0.06712749600410461,
-0.4181327521800995,
0.12625300884246826,
-5.563913822174072,
-0.06551773846149445,
-0.35559162497520447,
-0.48101648688316345,
0.7761430144309998,
0.2968515157699585,
0.12368214875459671,
-0.2291097491979599,
0.33977630734443665,
-0.02195003628730774,
0.02750740759074688,
0.24259091913700104,
0.4161944091320038,
0.6366117000579834,
-0.12984612584114075,
0.1838361769914627,
0.2341897338628769,
-0.10571619868278503,
0.23139861226081848,
0.3131598234176636,
0.36196863651275635,
0.2707989513874054,
0.3123887777328491,
0.6639499664306641,
0.6992164254188538,
-0.08954157680273056,
-0.07676897943019867,
-0.1299959123134613,
-0.16524067521095276,
-0.11484663188457489,
-0.5380511283874512,
-0.2853739857673645,
-0.17304421961307526,
-0.3691888451576233,
0.36406147480010986,
0.007892872206866741,
0.6037335395812988,
0.5079542994499207,
0.2805795669555664,
-0.300778329372406,
0.20711269974708557,
-0.26072826981544495,
0.29519370198249817,
-0.1996973603963852,
-0.12889820337295532,
-0.13751722872257233,
-0.37376147508621216,
-0.08492302149534225,
-0.4863896667957306,
0.544468343257904,
-0.9032647013664246,
0.5072206854820251,
0.13466931879520416,
0.07611260563135147,
0.10487396270036697,
-0.15454083681106567,
0.30752426385879517,
-0.2058434635400772,
-0.4146232008934021,
-0.10816872119903564,
0.19695334136486053,
-0.6990612149238586,
-0.1916438639163971,
-0.42858394980430603,
0.19386741518974304,
-0.37207573652267456,
-0.7613378763198853,
-0.43457090854644775,
0.48427996039390564,
0.1812693029642105,
-0.11379729956388474,
-0.468177855014801,
0.013792656362056732,
-0.6149560213088989,
-0.31942060589790344,
-0.5832374095916748,
0.7722467184066772,
0.14338405430316925,
-0.13540837168693542,
0.816993772983551,
-0.3772871494293213,
0.4382120966911316,
-0.13956941664218903,
0.22245223820209503,
-0.42723703384399414,
-0.16209791600704193,
0.36653539538383484,
0.4172629415988922,
-0.1792651265859604,
-0.10874912142753601,
0.3275206983089447,
-0.6230996251106262,
-0.26052194833755493,
0.3996528685092926,
0.785423994064331,
0.23894761502742767,
-0.14650914072990417,
0.053579144179821014,
0.2762289345264435,
-0.6834115386009216,
0.2747749984264374,
-0.005282400641590357,
-0.2606269419193268,
-0.6879813075065613,
-0.14114223420619965,
0.26578715443611145,
-0.8122845888137817,
0.087648905813694,
0.1274518370628357,
-0.5537891387939453,
-0.661234438419342,
-0.500405490398407,
0.07594992965459824,
-0.3997986614704132,
0.5962097644805908,
-0.2548769414424896,
-0.9175900220870972,
0.5702376961708069,
-0.16915659606456757,
0.28254634141921997,
-0.057978879660367966,
0.19934333860874176,
-0.6638740301132202,
0.6554484367370605,
-0.5080236196517944,
-0.1713957041501999,
0.15773454308509827,
0.08086276799440384,
-0.21727357804775238,
-0.6675136685371399,
0.7042251229286194,
-0.1511702537536621,
-0.14289507269859314,
0.27683573961257935,
0.17517201602458954,
-0.07535390555858612,
0.37950021028518677,
0.28322067856788635,
-0.4088612496852875,
-0.36519262194633484,
-0.28193140029907227,
-0.21517881751060486,
0.1735011637210846,
0.160797119140625,
0.6121525764465332,
-0.34328773617744446,
-0.4919724762439728,
0.17603060603141785,
-0.17194515466690063,
0.5011985301971436,
0.08469520509243011,
-0.35621920228004456,
0.5399689674377441,
-0.31131306290626526,
-0.20630641281604767,
-0.7029961943626404,
0.5431377291679382,
0.04978874325752258,
0.36007896065711975,
-0.6435725688934326,
-0.16284114122390747,
-0.7117538452148438,
-0.7127994298934937,
0.16579799354076385,
0.40544483065605164,
-0.13366584479808807,
-0.693803071975708,
0.11774308979511261,
0.5861302614212036,
0.5144450068473816,
0.1398056596517563,
0.09101301431655884,
-0.2600921094417572,
0.0003532991686370224,
0.2767369747161865,
0.4146784543991089,
0.2872748374938965,
0.4610777795314789,
-0.2987484633922577,
0.2623608708381653,
-0.4268360137939453,
-0.5565676689147949,
-0.4551643431186676,
0.5867143273353577,
-0.17574746906757355,
0.21315304934978485,
0.491043359041214,
-0.26742735505104065,
0.247895747423172,
-0.009771713986992836,
0.09032293409109116,
0.1703481525182724,
0.7108520269393921,
-0.6989908814430237,
-0.6457965970039368,
-0.3493565320968628,
0.4062235951423645,
0.3622443974018097,
-0.4058224856853485,
-0.43133968114852905,
0.682331919670105,
0.2236248403787613,
-0.41884684562683105,
-0.5441908836364746,
0.4209055006504059,
-0.7997026443481445,
-0.24708126485347748,
0.2258836179971695,
-0.18146765232086182,
0.6798101663589478,
-0.6692211627960205,
-0.20484022796154022,
0.01815171353518963,
0.21264050900936127,
-0.13285312056541443,
0.12868453562259674,
0.05660088732838631,
-0.23832938075065613,
0.11650706082582474,
-0.4994364380836487,
0.22996580600738525,
0.14519698917865753,
-0.07225698977708817,
-0.000890263298060745,
-0.6305310130119324,
-0.18956179916858673,
0.3957677185535431,
-0.31373849511146545,
-0.06574499607086182,
-0.14367124438285828,
-0.504926323890686,
-0.16915257275104523,
-0.36011365056037903,
0.03517705202102661,
-0.184929758310318,
-0.19784590601921082,
-0.1283464878797531,
0.6228809356689453,
0.15397299826145172,
0.3529369533061981,
-0.11062031984329224,
1.0877931118011475,
0.3083581328392029,
-0.6667487025260925,
-0.2054605334997177,
0.6934939026832581,
-0.10855826735496521,
-0.09240115433931351,
-0.6433122754096985,
0.5555820465087891,
0.8644423484802246,
0.2578592598438263,
-0.42828112840652466,
-0.18859225511550903,
0.574013888835907,
-0.728847861289978,
0.23095329105854034,
0.13737332820892334,
0.06369305402040482,
0.4082704186439514,
-0.06703312695026398,
-0.5399637222290039,
-0.26584237813949585,
-0.25085023045539856,
-0.04538273811340332,
-0.35859614610671997,
-0.5125736594200134,
-0.11916077882051468,
0.12264975905418396,
-0.48892709612846375,
0.2048255205154419,
0.044781118631362915,
-0.3388780355453491,
-0.40730971097946167,
0.33299508690834045,
0.06803662329912186,
0.2944592237472534,
-0.3220451772212982,
0.070316381752491,
0.04953545704483986,
-0.34678876399993896,
0.0023755908478051424,
-0.3586306571960449,
-0.6029443144798279,
0.4067155122756958,
-1.1869052648544312,
0.06212487071752548,
0.303652286529541,
-0.4658944606781006,
-0.4815199077129364,
-0.7605793476104736,
-0.3723190724849701,
0.2888112962245941,
0.7364106774330139,
-0.5315940976142883,
-0.6066334247589111,
0.1888442486524582,
0.6531356573104858,
0.07055958360433578,
0.10710319131612778,
-0.2029961794614792,
0.5447419881820679,
0.14929889142513275,
0.3553931713104248,
-0.3833349347114563,
0.27869969606399536,
0.2627231478691101,
-0.5612931251525879,
0.15389341115951538,
-0.1574624478816986,
0.2704890966415405,
-0.14296941459178925,
0.9948144555091858,
0.3016860783100128,
-0.9122344255447388,
0.039468079805374146,
0.3474784791469574,
-0.42905667424201965,
0.3791075348854065,
0.08775825053453445,
0.05517254397273064,
-0.13811123371124268,
0.3403611183166504,
-0.4009866416454315,
0.5236669182777405,
0.46053677797317505,
-0.2661391794681549,
-0.1663915514945984,
0.24576324224472046,
0.13576878607273102,
0.9451184272766113,
-0.033020105212926865,
-0.9281964302062988,
0.21613043546676636,
0.4720644950866699,
-0.7763712406158447,
-0.054406844079494476,
-0.4879574775695801,
0.3897140324115753,
0.6666358113288879,
0.9374539256095886,
0.3124408721923828,
-0.753017246723175,
0.1810920387506485,
0.0901542529463768,
0.3288439214229584,
0.37091854214668274,
0.19810231029987335,
-0.5182318687438965,
0.41568222641944885,
-0.01823781616985798,
-0.146269291639328,
0.3608795404434204,
0.11436711251735687,
0.6696832776069641,
-0.2419574111700058,
0.9264546632766724,
0.17859011888504028,
0.33519110083580017,
0.19813492894172668,
0.03851697966456413,
0.3502327799797058,
-0.17313307523727417,
0.34264323115348816,
-0.15560723841190338,
0.24939927458763123,
0.389131098985672,
0.02895265817642212,
0.03636230528354645,
-0.17096662521362305,
0.5136428475379944,
0.19044722616672516,
-0.718817412853241,
-0.3343571126461029,
-0.017142843455076218,
-0.21408149600028992,
-0.047706034034490585,
-0.42013001441955566,
0.3716030418872833,
-0.32491230964660645,
-0.08799822628498077,
0.016398241743445396,
-0.3067340850830078,
-1.1140427589416504,
-0.23576731979846954,
0.3244725465774536,
-0.03931543231010437,
0.22726237773895264,
-0.24307698011398315,
0.23182938992977142,
-0.8453958630561829,
0.08845105022192001,
-0.14599144458770752,
0.5195359587669373,
-0.33359017968177795,
0.3534699082374573,
-0.5174076557159424,
0.24864907562732697,
0.7445520758628845,
-0.10646309703588486,
0.3894978165626526,
0.8117334246635437,
-0.007462832145392895,
0.010024064220488071,
-0.009928681887686253,
0.31355202198028564,
-0.5531373023986816,
-0.5171431303024292,
-0.18734149634838104,
-0.14361603558063507,
0.11662968248128891,
-0.5701148509979248,
0.035507116466760635,
0.32790786027908325,
-0.22931933403015137,
0.7991164922714233,
0.7113365530967712,
-0.4063335657119751,
0.3202972412109375,
-0.23444676399230957,
0.2231026142835617,
0.04148457199335098,
-0.10400911420583725,
0.5187492370605469,
0.10240285098552704,
-0.25945672392845154,
1.043245553970337,
0.30483734607696533,
-1.0825108289718628,
0.037115491926670074,
-0.697007954120636,
-0.3015156686306,
-0.5605791211128235,
0.695348858833313,
-0.4350922703742981,
0.16277040541172028,
0.11168532818555832,
0.19754217565059662,
0.20471805334091187,
-0.7075157165527344,
-0.10882985591888428,
0.19321058690547943,
0.8676711916923523,
-0.015309514477849007,
0.07432939112186432,
-0.1482117474079132,
-0.7206985950469971,
0.04611934348940849,
-0.1668154001235962,
0.07634381949901581,
0.34410837292671204,
0.10053882002830505,
0.2717542350292206,
-0.17736361920833588,
0.11620716750621796,
0.023273669183254242,
0.2846337854862213,
-0.5616366863250732,
0.23412449657917023,
0.4558373689651489
] |
232213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful%20death%20claim | Wrongful death claim | Wrongful death is a claim against a person who can be held liable for a death. The claim is brought in a civil action, usually by close relatives, as enumerated by statute.
Types of wrongful death claims
Any fatality caused by the wrongful acts of another may result in a wrongful death claim. Wrongful death claims are often based upon death resulting from negligence, for example following a motor vehicle accident caused by another driver, a dangerous roadway or defective vehicle, or medical malpractice. Dangerous roadway claims result from deaths caused in whole or in part by the condition of the roadway.
Common law jurisdictions
In most common law jurisdictions, there was no common law right to recover civil damages for the wrongful death of a person. Under common law, a dead person cannot bring a suit, and this created an anomaly in which activities that resulted in a person's injury would result in civil sanction, but activities that resulted in a person's death would not. Some jurisdictions recognized a common law right of recovery for wrongful death, reasoning that "there is no present public policy against allowing recovery for wrongful death." In other jurisdictions the cause of action did not exist until the passage of a wrongful death statute.
Jurisdictions that recognize the common law right to recovery for wrongful death have used the right to fill in gaps in statutes or to apply common law principles to decisions. Many jurisdictions enacted statutes to create a right to such recovery. The issue of liability will be determined by the tort law of a given state or nation.
It may be possible for a family to seek retribution against someone who kills or is accused of killing a family member through tort rather than a criminal prosecution, which has a higher burden of proof. However, the two actions are not mutually exclusive; a person may be prosecuted criminally for causing a person's death (whether in the form of murder, manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, or some other theory) and that person can also be sued civilly in a wrongful death action (as in the O.J. Simpson murder case).
Australia
In Australia, the standard of proof in a wrongful death action is 'on the balance of probabilities'.
To an extent, people can protect themselves from wrongful death lawsuits by having the participants sign a waiver.
United States
"Wrongful death" is a cause of action, or type of claim, that can be brought when one person or entity wrongfully causes someone's death. It allows a lawsuit to be filed even though the person who was harmed is no longer alive to bring the case. Each state has its own wrongful death statute and, although the details of the statutes vary significantly from state to state, the roots of most can be traced back to Lord Campbell's Act, passed by the United Kingdom's Parliament in 1846. In some states, the family of the decedent must bring two different types of claims: a "wrongful death" claim to recover the "full value of the life" of the deceased, and a survival claim on behalf of the decedent's estate to recover for funeral expenses, pain and suffering, or punitive damages.
The standard of proof in the United States is typically preponderance of the evidence as opposed to clear and convincing or beyond a reasonable doubt.
Each state has different laws regarding wrongful death claims. In most states, the statute of limitations (time limit to file a case) varies according to how the death occurred. For example, in Oregon, many wrongful death claims are subject to a three-year statute of limitations - but there are many exceptions, including: when alcohol is involved, when a public body is involved, or in product liability claims.
One of the most difficult wrongful death issues — and a particularly poignant illustration of how wrongful death expands liability beyond what was available at common law — is whether a wrongful death claim can be founded upon intentional infliction of emotional distress that caused the decedent to commit suicide. The first jurisdiction to allow such a claim was California in 1960, followed by Mississippi, New Hampshire, and Wyoming.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, liability for causing a wrongful death arose from the Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (Lord Campbell's Act). The burden of proof in a wrongful death action is 'on the balance of probabilities'.
See also
Weregild
References
Tort law | [
0.08946777135133743,
0.24410788714885712,
-0.357174277305603,
0.09643805772066116,
-0.2928438186645508,
0.237767294049263,
-0.025731490924954414,
-0.009780642576515675,
-0.6138495802879333,
0.0818326473236084,
-0.06453032046556473,
0.30417755246162415,
0.04500226303935051,
0.6840693950653076,
-0.5359216332435608,
0.2000490128993988,
0.3021509647369385,
0.35135021805763245,
-0.13925954699516296,
-0.566510796546936,
0.15275922417640686,
-0.13532237708568573,
0.35065633058547974,
-0.18810248374938965,
0.30368295311927795,
0.2808993458747864,
0.30244573950767517,
-0.0699659213423729,
-0.5017811059951782,
0.20729486644268036,
-0.19711925089359283,
0.33897802233695984,
0.14459708333015442,
0.040201108902692795,
-0.05683243274688721,
0.03376111388206482,
-0.1708918958902359,
-0.6048290133476257,
-0.5639009475708008,
-0.7761719226837158,
0.34963229298591614,
0.11818686127662659,
-0.4446582794189453,
0.40317419171333313,
-0.14910905063152313,
0.1356729418039322,
-1.2842068672180176,
-0.20782381296157837,
-0.05919533222913742,
0.1596839874982834,
-0.1892859935760498,
-0.13865651190280914,
-0.8591420650482178,
0.5100241303443909,
0.3762851357460022,
0.6750907301902771,
-0.6650153994560242,
-0.4612644910812378,
0.3970760703086853,
-0.37648528814315796,
0.37326496839523315,
-0.13465262949466705,
0.21995678544044495,
0.3109515905380249,
0.22546398639678955,
0.11425196379423141,
0.24744243919849396,
1.1824569702148438,
-0.6449134349822998,
-0.7778953313827515,
-0.36281639337539673,
-0.3416791260242462,
0.2962239384651184,
0.41906362771987915,
-0.4512610137462616,
0.08802017569541931,
0.2685142457485199,
-0.8026986122131348,
-0.06289798766374588,
0.3336058557033539,
0.30499884486198425,
0.2393118292093277,
0.39639219641685486,
0.006261681206524372,
0.3251403570175171,
0.25340887904167175,
-0.3290693163871765,
0.27962490916252136,
-0.41139641404151917,
0.7738008499145508,
0.7064113616943359,
0.5221487283706665,
0.4550182819366455,
0.6451507806777954,
0.057812828570604324,
0.6231762170791626,
0.2534748315811157,
0.05888732895255089,
0.29796019196510315,
-0.08766458928585052,
0.12705740332603455,
-0.4460221230983734,
0.4239288568496704,
-0.18836021423339844,
0.03231239691376686,
-0.2338559329509735,
-0.3027530610561371,
-0.26176708936691284,
0.5438264012336731,
-0.8142102360725403,
-0.08114277571439743,
0.3252122402191162,
-0.4822845458984375,
0.3604968190193176,
-0.7627594470977783,
0.36721718311309814,
0.28999215364456177,
-0.42132818698883057,
0.02596243843436241,
-0.15883220732212067,
0.4363163113594055,
-0.4683662950992584,
-0.30357739329338074,
0.3708798289299011,
0.302634060382843,
0.11755561083555222,
0.3359866738319397,
0.719821572303772,
-0.28239235281944275,
-0.26627272367477417,
0.28519779443740845,
0.6345845460891724,
-0.06640307605266571,
-0.12910549342632294,
0.4540041387081146,
0.6693758964538574,
0.38558849692344666,
-0.15268488228321075,
0.3084462285041809,
-0.7362295985221863,
-0.7488446235656738,
-0.761285662651062,
-0.8191720843315125,
-0.09101376682519913,
0.7458401322364807,
-0.08259154111146927,
0.05271826684474945,
-0.15035918354988098,
-0.31863629817962646,
0.12146801501512527,
-0.1410140097141266,
0.15827620029449463,
-0.3859529197216034,
-0.021626273170113564,
-0.33570417761802673,
0.2358601987361908,
0.8923589587211609,
-0.6089229583740234,
-0.19345411658287048,
0.6479443311691284,
0.19970963895320892,
-0.17059865593910217,
-0.08986261487007141,
-0.0033107297495007515,
0.04989384859800339,
-0.05113907530903816,
-0.03881904110312462,
0.14236922562122345,
-0.2806752324104309,
-0.016891008242964745,
-0.8380168676376343,
0.39180800318717957,
0.5225747227668762,
-1.00896155834198,
0.16433577239513397,
0.27513107657432556,
0.16403290629386902,
0.018368776887655258,
0.9277971386909485,
-0.6392332315444946,
-0.17148925364017487,
0.33155378699302673,
0.21075430512428284,
-0.05700961500406265,
-0.36414921283721924,
-0.01463514193892479,
0.21972665190696716,
-0.10102944821119308,
0.06735856086015701,
0.1970316469669342,
-0.6935444474220276,
0.04223497584462166,
0.45104143023490906,
-0.759813129901886,
1.0148776769638062,
-0.18633268773555756,
-0.10139133036136627,
0.5639095902442932,
0.10033366829156876,
0.3881332576274872,
-0.08725026249885559,
0.7130699157714844,
0.20341406762599945,
0.0524037666618824,
-1.1263575553894043,
1.0775871276855469,
0.07988163083791733,
0.062068864703178406,
-0.26086363196372986,
0.6380863189697266,
0.7933973073959351,
0.23783500492572784,
0.5234105587005615,
-0.6691614985466003,
-0.30415618419647217,
0.22821569442749023,
-0.15181633830070496,
0.25712767243385315,
0.6422207951545715,
-0.5064523816108704,
0.205161914229393,
0.15568475425243378,
0.21127469837665558,
0.20260711014270782,
0.058347880840301514,
0.6363433003425598,
-0.24802331626415253,
0.46940934658050537,
0.24638158082962036,
-1.0714703798294067,
0.42859670519828796,
0.6186169385910034,
0.20247094333171844,
0.2256539762020111,
-0.5355311632156372,
-0.11721363663673401,
-0.5517220497131348,
-0.11635272204875946,
0.16130731999874115,
0.12743231654167175,
0.3284936547279358,
0.47951215505599976,
-0.10741742700338364,
0.14732429385185242,
-0.2675771117210388,
0.13242559134960175,
-0.28388845920562744,
0.36818358302116394,
-0.5056009888648987,
0.2961110472679138,
0.46044936776161194,
0.050452761352062225,
0.11976179480552673,
-0.14111299812793732,
-0.10240983217954636,
-0.45636025071144104,
-0.8076584339141846,
-0.18039368093013763,
-0.6477238535881042,
-0.4688239097595215,
-0.031497761607170105,
0.21751873195171356,
0.45733097195625305,
0.3083936274051666,
-0.48364508152008057,
-0.009901635348796844,
-1.0033446550369263,
0.12398689985275269,
-0.20878863334655762,
0.8111693859100342,
0.5522650480270386,
-0.32104161381721497,
-0.6016774773597717,
-0.4890974164009094,
-0.3733506500720978,
0.13756364583969116,
0.2058688998222351,
0.8030723929405212,
-0.5414841175079346,
-0.23728223145008087,
-0.16353993117809296,
0.5993200540542603,
0.2270333617925644,
-0.7154062986373901,
0.18099911510944366,
-0.3386945426464081,
0.12309544533491135,
0.04894905164837837,
-0.13754941523075104,
0.5570991635322571,
-0.4169383645057678,
0.005239530466496944,
0.003258773358538747,
0.15778526663780212,
0.7928792834281921,
0.5997951626777649,
0.22335319221019745,
0.33524200320243835,
0.2559666633605957,
-0.5098052620887756,
-0.32700565457344055,
0.02801310457289219,
-0.7598945498466492,
-0.6150258779525757,
0.005404876545071602,
-0.19020745158195496,
-0.256817102432251,
0.1763431876897812,
-5.453843116760254,
-0.3077279329299927,
-0.689439594745636,
-0.3283306360244751,
-0.09882773458957672,
0.12094730883836746,
0.9476993083953857,
0.14553995430469513,
-0.5531440377235413,
-0.1773109883069992,
0.4756385087966919,
0.1577395796775818,
0.821732759475708,
0.09752821922302246,
0.6175236105918884,
-0.4253460466861725,
0.7031134963035583,
0.12669885158538818,
0.07271511852741241,
0.026652904227375984,
-0.2127050757408142,
-0.09588298201560974,
-0.2380847930908203,
0.19408202171325684,
-0.09879913926124573,
0.6900734901428223,
-0.1306467205286026,
0.1565074473619461,
-0.6593590378761292,
0.09175143390893936,
-0.01363377831876278,
-0.210169717669487,
0.2560565769672394,
-0.3001524806022644,
-0.2977096736431122,
0.09287068992853165,
0.1909649521112442,
-0.004025382921099663,
-0.45840415358543396,
-0.11113380640745163,
-0.4570372402667999,
-0.43861204385757446,
-0.42517027258872986,
0.22454725205898285,
0.310287207365036,
-0.44207102060317993,
-0.27398982644081116,
0.16274745762348175,
-0.059746190905570984,
0.15944157540798187,
-0.26587042212486267,
0.05161060392856598,
0.290841668844223,
0.5558083653450012,
-0.22297149896621704,
-0.3813982307910919,
-0.10584796965122223,
-0.21850132942199707,
-0.5503737330436707,
0.05313288792967796,
0.3583611845970154,
-0.73464035987854,
0.36520472168922424,
0.018152164295315742,
0.16604310274124146,
-0.30744755268096924,
-0.3322281241416931,
-0.7951829433441162,
0.7864325642585754,
-0.19907088577747345,
-0.14728575944900513,
0.5286813974380493,
0.24528174102306366,
-1.0150126218795776,
-0.08775448799133301,
-0.43363696336746216,
-0.1730472892522812,
-0.0944632738828659,
0.10950737446546555,
-0.4727473258972168,
0.11597728729248047,
-0.3779892027378082,
-0.6375883221626282,
0.38510337471961975,
0.2586364448070526,
-0.3380402624607086,
-0.049982700496912,
0.28572914004325867,
0.09949718415737152,
0.30335554480552673,
0.7172859311103821,
0.24675941467285156,
-0.07224351167678833,
0.6553929448127747,
-0.6275888681411743,
1.0190894603729248,
0.3290010988712311,
-0.4012420177459717,
0.43729835748672485,
-0.16437023878097534,
0.1470857858657837,
-0.38548269867897034,
0.3824964463710785,
-0.9194005727767944,
-0.20820583403110504,
-0.2378348559141159,
-0.34769558906555176,
0.5533203482627869,
0.4367743730545044,
-0.17918848991394043,
0.5352398157119751,
-0.0789094939827919,
0.04432522878050804,
-0.13891378045082092,
0.25396671891212463,
-0.6216853857040405,
-0.49325358867645264,
0.20642554759979248,
0.35372990369796753,
0.3428019881248474,
0.6192103028297424,
0.11406803876161575,
-0.5359222292900085,
-0.3258622884750366,
0.02994696795940399,
-0.2875789403915405,
0.1655157208442688,
0.3335936367511749,
-0.2961292266845703,
-0.2377605140209198,
-0.23438556492328644,
0.7933138012886047,
-0.12349488586187363,
0.07693427801132202,
-0.29547417163848877,
-0.4888502061367035,
0.12417570501565933,
0.20751558244228363,
0.01425293181091547,
-0.6100850701332092,
0.6706193685531616,
-0.5642550587654114,
-0.1377866119146347,
0.1657385528087616,
0.8329124450683594,
0.18471409380435944,
-0.1038486436009407,
0.10750554502010345,
-0.36429333686828613,
1.2218270301818848,
-0.5239192247390747,
-0.44796639680862427,
0.35596519708633423,
-0.32109612226486206,
0.05248696357011795,
-0.11997345834970474,
-0.23423373699188232,
0.2910117208957672,
0.08475223183631897,
-0.20041346549987793,
0.027690188959240913,
-0.14796040952205658,
-0.6634472012519836,
-0.715648353099823,
0.11115077137947083,
-0.13085219264030457,
-0.8829649090766907,
0.05724364146590233,
-0.43102869391441345,
0.8453814387321472,
-0.1622418612241745,
-0.5350695848464966,
-0.8188400864601135,
-0.059889812022447586,
0.5859515070915222,
0.043238356709480286,
0.017515765503048897,
0.4883638322353363,
0.004630859941244125,
-0.28873059153556824,
0.5302738547325134,
-0.05155884474515915,
-0.4140668213367462,
0.3311181962490082,
0.35934844613075256,
-0.3365711569786072,
-0.1035568043589592,
-0.10756023973226547,
-0.672327995300293,
-0.34367361664772034,
-0.4047468602657318,
-0.08608824014663696,
0.6291337609291077,
0.05263664200901985,
-0.03219406306743622,
-0.24339765310287476,
-0.2236153930425644,
0.03616734594106674,
0.19629274308681488,
-0.22924378514289856,
0.6162216067314148,
0.7922462224960327,
-0.42473453283309937,
0.06443656235933304,
0.20194031298160553,
-0.8649763464927673,
0.09196177124977112,
0.2293284833431244,
-0.403285413980484,
0.5352203249931335,
-0.26468104124069214,
-0.4954375624656677,
-0.03727724030613899,
1.2142012119293213,
-0.1439836621284485,
-0.8046273589134216,
1.013261079788208,
-0.3568389415740967,
-0.24448688328266144,
-0.20523786544799805,
0.5574073791503906,
-0.01980435848236084,
-0.21372364461421967,
0.3868493437767029,
-1.039339542388916,
0.4648948609828949,
0.02688649110496044,
-0.3535979688167572,
0.9128658175468445,
-0.06961826980113983,
-0.30563777685165405,
-0.5000584721565247,
0.4426882565021515,
-0.1646566092967987,
0.06772053241729736,
-0.3417993485927582,
0.41733595728874207,
0.22016027569770813,
-0.24440325796604156,
-0.09266921132802963,
0.3173305094242096,
1.1999231576919556,
0.308065801858902,
-0.6147642135620117,
0.4823431670665741,
-0.15216805040836334,
0.1180068701505661,
-0.7582700252532959,
-0.8205273151397705,
0.9556195139884949,
-0.15287446975708008,
-0.08130276203155518,
-0.8104326128959656,
-0.27505484223365784,
0.29198092222213745,
-0.5339385271072388,
-0.14875568449497223,
-0.37123197317123413,
0.36733078956604004,
0.3932015299797058,
0.235324889421463,
0.43725693225860596,
-0.4913795590400696,
-0.3109249472618103,
0.6818380951881409,
-0.2130538523197174,
-0.0007014376460574567,
0.3232152462005615,
-0.09626208990812302,
-0.5348109602928162,
-0.2320784628391266,
-0.41188129782676697,
0.22868792712688446,
0.5028999447822571,
0.7036051154136658,
0.5448727607727051,
-0.13145506381988525,
-0.3576340973377228,
0.05173807963728905,
-0.02388731576502323,
0.20468777418136597,
-0.4203925132751465,
0.029238518327474594,
-0.8564572334289551,
0.1343245506286621,
-0.29349133372306824,
0.5130352973937988,
0.03314371779561043,
-0.5235176086425781,
-0.8154674768447876,
-0.8926342129707336,
0.21948616206645966,
-0.07071170955896378,
0.5850871801376343,
0.02183585613965988,
0.21735534071922302,
-0.15041416883468628,
0.3185644745826721,
0.43461552262306213,
-0.059796400368213654,
-0.3504384756088257,
0.7215917110443115,
-0.3109622001647949,
-1.1690367460250854,
0.16103535890579224,
-0.04092467576265335,
0.18012680113315582,
-0.13786177337169647,
0.21266300976276398,
0.13531024754047394,
0.5081692934036255,
-0.1546732634305954,
-0.14646881818771362,
0.1760520339012146,
0.22498483955860138,
-0.2599738538265228,
0.25373929738998413,
-0.6803198456764221,
-0.19008715450763702,
0.39067742228507996,
-0.06976694613695145,
-0.08099529892206192,
1.4667479991912842,
-0.2837173044681549,
0.013091794215142727,
0.07755932956933975,
-0.9224948287010193,
-0.07209815084934235,
0.43962180614471436,
0.26057711243629456,
0.4407495856285095,
-0.13042546808719635,
-0.49947234988212585,
0.3495899736881256,
0.03919219598174095,
-0.20444537699222565,
0.45642727613449097,
-0.7612471580505371,
-0.7797715067863464,
0.6731833815574646,
0.7534851431846619,
0.07596094161272049,
0.5162586569786072,
-0.1370728313922882,
-0.5986071825027466,
0.5660711526870728,
0.14839580655097961,
0.03377777710556984,
0.35236871242523193,
0.15277127921581268,
0.6738016605377197,
-0.358780175447464,
0.8471721410751343,
-0.3376123905181885,
0.39817875623703003,
0.03393646329641342,
0.298448771238327,
-0.15690036118030548,
-0.44819796085357666,
-0.397589772939682,
-0.20359767973423004,
-0.13931210339069366,
0.47522345185279846,
0.027473097667098045,
0.42806920409202576,
-0.31036683917045593,
0.45710620284080505,
-0.06203589215874672,
-0.22980543971061707,
0.20240691304206848,
0.31931498646736145,
-0.15483833849430084,
0.08233518898487091,
0.2806234657764435,
0.5473437905311584,
-0.42318904399871826,
0.40174683928489685,
0.4010421633720398,
-0.2786784768104553,
-0.4617909789085388,
-0.23845401406288147,
-0.29125741124153137,
-0.40076231956481934,
-0.38072723150253296,
0.017104333266615868,
-0.5016344785690308,
-0.3032078444957733,
0.4686943292617798,
0.5043364763259888,
-0.3882215619087219,
0.10054438561201096,
-0.14089252054691315,
-0.28248077630996704,
0.8171664476394653,
-0.5985111594200134,
0.22946500778198242,
-0.08131395280361176,
0.37603920698165894,
-0.19840975105762482,
0.04523938149213791,
-0.42207151651382446,
0.33978211879730225,
-0.2492009997367859,
-0.06195465102791786,
-0.6417483687400818,
0.2239522486925125,
-0.16695919632911682,
0.7000024318695068,
-0.5845201015472412,
0.7191228866577148,
0.04978511109948158,
-0.38409239053726196,
-0.47193288803100586,
-0.37807098031044006,
-0.31901276111602783,
-0.09034591168165207,
0.6680834889411926,
-0.6123554110527039,
0.059297505766153336,
-0.4083503186702728,
-0.09536916762590408,
0.13947264850139618,
0.2269171178340912,
-0.2502509355545044,
-0.7840831875801086,
-0.018524019047617912,
0.4018529951572418,
0.01540591660887003,
0.17492730915546417,
0.5235585570335388,
-0.6624101996421814,
0.6183441877365112,
-0.7489181756973267,
0.05768585205078125,
0.16524037718772888,
-0.2642362117767334,
0.5519130229949951,
0.3313579857349396,
-0.1619856059551239,
-0.6751390695571899,
0.08403969556093216,
-0.49522483348846436,
0.31341278553009033,
-0.14432114362716675,
-1.3939480781555176,
-0.17443056404590607,
-0.05007849261164665,
-0.07532590627670288,
-0.21815885603427887,
0.2111256718635559,
0.61384117603302,
-0.06875331699848175,
0.5123879909515381,
-0.2316642701625824,
-0.04434298723936081,
0.3166953921318054,
0.08283111453056335,
-0.25908681750297546,
-0.31052958965301514,
0.5748650431632996
] |
232216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloods | Bloods | The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California. The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips. It is identified by the red color worn by its members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs.
The Bloods comprise various subgroups known as "sets", among which significant differences exist, such as colors, clothing, operations, and political ideas that may be in open conflict with each other. Since the gang's creation, it has branched throughout the United States.
History
The Bloods gang was formed initially to compete against the influence of the Crips in Los Angeles. The rivalry originated in the 1960s when Raymond Washington and other Crips attacked Sylvester Scott and Benson Owens, two students at Centennial High School in Compton, California. As a result, Scott formed the Piru street-gang, the first "Bloods" gang. Owens subsequently established the West Piru gang. The Bloods was initially formed to provide members protection from the Crips. Many of the non-Crip gangs used to call one another "blood". On March 21, 1972, shortly after a concert featuring Wilson Pickett and Curtis Mayfield, 20 youths belonging to the Crips attacked and robbed Robert Ballou Jr. outside the Hollywood Palladium. Ballou was beaten to death after refusing to give up his leather jacket. The sensational media coverage of the crime and the continued assaults by the Crips increased their notoriety. Several non-Crips gangs formed during this period were no match for the Crips and became concerned with the escalating Crip attacks. The Pirus, Black P. Stones, Athens Park Boys and other gangs not aligned with the Crips often clashed with them. On June 5, 1972, three months after Ballou's murder, Fredrick "Lil Country" Garret was murdered by a Westside Crip. This marked the first Crips murder against another gang member and motivated non-Crip gangs to align with each other. The Brims struck back on August 4, 1972, by murdering Thomas Ellis, an original Westside Crip. By late 1972, the Pirus held a meeting in their neighborhood to discuss growing Crip pressure and intimidation. Several gangs that felt victimized by the Crips joined the Pirus to create a new federation of non-Crips neighborhoods. This alliance became the Bloods. The Pirus are therefore considered the founders of the Bloods.
By 1978, there were 15 Blood sets. Crips still outnumbered Bloods 3 to 1. To assert their power, the Bloods became increasingly violent. During the 1980s, Bloods began distributing crack cocaine in Los Angeles. Blood membership soon rose dramatically as did the number of states in which they were present. These increases were primarily driven by profits from crack cocaine distribution. The huge profits allowed members to relocate to other cities and states.
United Blood Nation
"Bloods" is a universal term used to refer to West Coast Bloods and United Blood Nation (UBN, also known as the East Coast Bloods). These two groups are traditionally distinct, but both call themselves "Bloods". The profits of crack distribution allowed Bloods to spread in other states. UBN started in 1993 in Rikers Island's George Motchan Detention Center (GMDC) to form protection from the Latin Kings and Ñetas who were targeting African-American gang members. UBN is a loose confederation of predominantly African-American street gangs. Once released from prison, UBN leaders went back to their New York neighborhoods, where they retained the Bloods name and started recruiting members. UBN has between 7,000 and 15,000 members in the Eastern US. It makes its income through various criminal activities, including distribution of crack cocaine and smuggling drugs into prison.
Membership
Bloods are a loosely structured association of smaller street gangs, known as "sets", that have a common gang culture. Each set has its own leader and generally operates independently from the others. Most Bloods members are African-American males, although some sets have recruited female members as well as members from other races and ethnic backgrounds. Members range in age from early teens to mid-20s, but some hold leadership positions into their late twenties and occasionally thirties.
There is no known national leader of the Bloods but individual Blood sets have a hierarchical leadership structure with identifiable levels of membership. These levels of membership indicate status within a gang. A leader, typically an older member with a more extensive criminal background, runs each set. A set leader is not elected but rather asserts himself by developing and managing the gang's criminal enterprises through his reputation for violence and ruthlessness and his charisma. The majority of set members are called "soldiers", who are typically 16 to 22. Soldiers have a strong sense of commitment to their set and are extremely dangerous because of their willingness to use violence both to obtain the respect of gang members and to respond to any person who "disrespects" the set. "Associates" are not full members, but identify with the gang and take part in various criminal activities. To the extent that women belong to the gang, they are usually associates and tend to be used by their male counterparts to carry weapons, hold drugs, or prostitute themselves to make money for their set.
Recruitment is often influenced by a recruit's environment. Bloods recruit heavily among school-age youth in poor African-American communities. Gang membership offers youth a sense of belonging and protection. It also offers immediate gratification to economically disadvantaged youth who desire the trappings of gang life, such as gold jewelry, cash, expensive sports clothing. Blood sets have a loose structure of ranks based on how long a person has been involved with a particular set. The ranks do not signify leadership or dominance over the set; they merely signify respect for those who have been in the set longer and have survived the longest. Those with a higher rank do not have a position of authority over those of lower rank.
Bloods members commonly call themselves CKs (for Crip-Killer), MOBs (Member of Bloods), dawgs, or ballers (meaning drug dealers). The gang has a membership of between approximately 15,000 and 20,000 active in 123 cities and in 33 U.S. states, primarily on the West Coast and, to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes region and the Southeast. Gangs including Bloods have been documented in the U.S. military, in both U.S. and overseas bases. Blood sets also operate in the Canadian cities of Montreal and Toronto.
Identification
Bloods members identify themselves through various indicators, such as colors, clothing, symbols, tattoos, jewelry, graffiti, language, and hand signs. The Bloods' gang color is red. They like to wear sports clothing, including jackets that show their gang color. The most commonly used Bloods symbols include the number "5", the five-pointed star, and the five-pointed crown. These symbols are meant to show the Bloods' affiliation with the People Nation, a large coalition of affiliates created to protect alliance members in federal and state prison. These symbols may be seen in the tattoos, jewelry, and clothing gang members wear as well as the gang graffiti with which Bloods mark their territory. Such graffiti can include gang names, nicknames, declaration of loyalty, threats against rival gangs, or descriptions of criminal acts in which the gang has been involved.
Bloods graffiti can include rival gang symbols (especially those of the Crips) drawn upside down. This is meant as an insult to the rival group and its symbols. Bloods members also have a distinctive slang. They greet each other using the word "Blood" and often avoid using words with the letter "C". Bloods use hand signs to communicate with one another. Hand signs may be a singular movement, like the American Sign Language letter "B", or a series of movements using one or both hands for more complex phrases. United Blood Nation (UBN) or East Coast Bloods initiates often receive a dog paw mark, represented by three dots often burned with a cigarette, on their right shoulder. Other UBN symbols include a bulldog and a bull.
Sets
The Bloods gang is a network of individual chapters, which are known as "sets". These sets are often loosely connected, having their own leader(s) and operating independently from one another.
Black P. Stones Jungles
Bounty Hunter Watts Bloods
United Blood Nation
Nine Trey Gangsters
Sex Money Murda
See also
African-American organized crime
Crime in Los Angeles
Gangs in Los Angeles
Crips and Bloods: Made in America
Slippin': Ten Years with the Bloods
References
Further reading
Yusuf Jah, Sister Shah'keyah, UPRISING : Crips and Bloods Tell the Story of America's Youth In The Crossfire,
Bing, Leon, Do or Die: For the First Time, Members of L.A.'s Most Notorious Teenage Gangs - The Crips and Bloods - Speak for Themselves.
Deutsch, Kevin, The Triangle : A Year on the Ground with New York's Bloods and Crips,
East Orange police raid apartment building as part of crackdown on Bloods set, authorities say. Nj.com. Accessed April 4, 2015.
East Orange crime crackdown leads to nearly 60 arrests. Nj.com. Accessed April 4, 2015.
External links
PBS Independent Lens program on South Los Angeles gangs
Organizations established in 1972
1972 establishments in California
African-American gangs
Street gangs
Gangs in Los Angeles
African-American history in Los Angeles
South Los Angeles
de:Bloods und Crips | [
0.8849853277206421,
-0.06944083422422409,
-0.43406403064727783,
-0.07336976379156113,
-0.024119045585393906,
0.09945601969957352,
0.4057686924934387,
0.07750267535448074,
0.12194520235061646,
-0.23789280652999878,
0.2057521641254425,
0.19475051760673523,
-0.7404793500900269,
0.3148992359638214,
-0.1139913946390152,
-0.2947019636631012,
0.3878861963748932,
0.48560047149658203,
0.5362908840179443,
-0.5679104328155518,
-0.35431748628616333,
0.1016479954123497,
0.43312808871269226,
0.5346986651420593,
-0.23545357584953308,
0.5445439219474792,
-0.23240676522254944,
0.019009381532669067,
-0.24364840984344482,
0.5800762176513672,
0.92618727684021,
0.5339184403419495,
0.22518624365329742,
-0.12452583014965057,
0.014105580747127533,
0.06346074491739273,
-0.22987492382526398,
-0.1767391562461853,
-0.036136284470558167,
0.037213217467069626,
-0.3618014454841614,
-0.42209136486053467,
0.08669193834066391,
0.5383476614952087,
-0.0317813865840435,
-0.25563323497772217,
-1.4973297119140625,
0.5977981090545654,
-1.086658239364624,
0.05294596403837204,
-0.03527068719267845,
0.24197159707546234,
-0.6043614745140076,
0.36973467469215393,
0.2040812075138092,
0.8682296872138977,
-0.8804165124893188,
-0.09166542440652847,
0.1880098581314087,
-0.576897144317627,
0.7154985070228577,
0.1757362186908722,
0.4082123041152954,
0.07367347180843353,
-0.18589773774147034,
0.2601732015609741,
0.5995919108390808,
0.25126612186431885,
-0.11801213026046753,
-0.12779851257801056,
0.12182676047086716,
0.3197917938232422,
-0.12036171555519104,
0.007715679705142975,
0.11432460695505142,
-0.0948408991098404,
0.12139660865068436,
0.038832083344459534,
0.2650189697742462,
0.47495976090431213,
0.03598951920866966,
0.3955117464065552,
0.4570605158805847,
0.774229884147644,
0.1465671956539154,
-0.0550013966858387,
-0.0925293043255806,
-0.3344787061214447,
0.13473902642726898,
0.2519548237323761,
-0.16544976830482483,
0.28955426812171936,
0.7638993263244629,
0.2354138344526291,
-0.09207987785339355,
-0.3381407856941223,
0.31397202610969543,
0.22752057015895844,
0.3418460190296173,
-0.05525094270706177,
-0.43602120876312256,
-0.07494550198316574,
-0.14358457922935486,
0.0949147641658783,
-0.6616389751434326,
-0.13580693304538727,
-0.02916388399899006,
0.053919773548841476,
0.13921257853507996,
-0.3667377233505249,
-0.2546940743923187,
0.17253093421459198,
-0.14427286386489868,
-0.12481618672609329,
0.05344756320118904,
-0.004035048186779022,
0.19579650461673737,
-0.15660040080547333,
0.2333160787820816,
-0.18282705545425415,
0.19833329319953918,
0.3335907459259033,
-0.17058899998664856,
1.0329608917236328,
-0.32313424348831177,
0.3372654914855957,
0.21470463275909424,
0.4071004390716553,
-0.41529375314712524,
-0.18647204339504242,
-0.04242274537682533,
0.5558075308799744,
0.05421051010489464,
0.09375056624412537,
-0.08620311319828033,
-0.2544272840023041,
0.3914644718170166,
0.014025085605680943,
-0.12115005403757095,
0.26429587602615356,
-0.732282817363739,
-0.6955482959747314,
-0.251272052526474,
-0.43761003017425537,
0.6413294672966003,
-0.44385626912117004,
0.04889366403222084,
-0.4508547782897949,
-0.1077885776758194,
-0.5969945192337036,
0.40975362062454224,
0.08786697685718536,
0.05672653391957283,
-0.2453499287366867,
0.382357656955719,
0.32353517413139343,
0.18021604418754578,
-0.26618868112564087,
0.08959560841321945,
0.08317594975233078,
-0.29320937395095825,
0.29286375641822815,
0.06018942967057228,
-0.10353104025125504,
0.26890137791633606,
0.14923912286758423,
-0.25315776467323303,
-0.48387715220451355,
-0.5107236504554749,
0.1886027306318283,
-0.4237821400165558,
0.5560581684112549,
0.2850864827632904,
-0.18373174965381622,
0.08437107503414154,
0.11086177825927734,
0.4382374584674835,
0.16100239753723145,
-0.4016266167163849,
-0.1908864676952362,
-0.5378661155700684,
0.060197848826646805,
0.006359226070344448,
-0.14767752587795258,
-0.2504456639289856,
-0.11888190358877182,
0.1881175935268402,
-0.29503002762794495,
-0.263860285282135,
-0.049761686474084854,
0.062412917613983154,
-0.01933910697698593,
0.54618901014328,
0.029802393168210983,
0.9676557779312134,
-0.4446255564689636,
-0.5423928499221802,
0.5759551525115967,
-0.3009222745895386,
0.42032918334007263,
-0.5112605690956116,
-0.31588032841682434,
0.37586960196495056,
-0.5619106292724609,
-0.7475267052650452,
-0.18225130438804626,
0.37116914987564087,
-0.2111470103263855,
0.5487520694732666,
0.30250659584999084,
0.4107967019081116,
-0.11797654628753662,
-0.22017809748649597,
0.7044481039047241,
0.36479583382606506,
0.013985981233417988,
-0.48731279373168945,
-0.33683690428733826,
0.7533352971076965,
-0.6074545383453369,
0.6198945045471191,
-0.33895230293273926,
0.2367618829011917,
-0.034137334674596786,
-0.35358741879463196,
0.584466814994812,
0.04546380415558815,
0.0038700546137988567,
0.45434021949768066,
-0.611117959022522,
0.39991000294685364,
0.018527694046497345,
-0.06391533464193344,
-0.716100811958313,
-0.203209787607193,
-0.07567404210567474,
0.3133322596549988,
-0.566569983959198,
-0.18143314123153687,
-0.1620933711528778,
0.5034843683242798,
0.23202627897262573,
-0.45449742674827576,
-0.536399781703949,
0.21549496054649353,
-0.06393682956695557,
0.042161598801612854,
0.14611877501010895,
-0.18762439489364624,
-0.16397970914840698,
-0.020800549536943436,
0.42118939757347107,
0.2506553530693054,
-0.20381085574626923,
0.27585455775260925,
0.03463049978017807,
0.38663023710250854,
-0.33467090129852295,
-0.0044107381254434586,
-0.8016126751899719,
0.06498904526233673,
0.18472552299499512,
-0.4636234641075134,
0.005926986690610647,
0.5466978549957275,
-0.36349648237228394,
-0.34161558747291565,
-0.1855809986591339,
0.4342373311519623,
0.3113970160484314,
0.6279988884925842,
0.4281058609485626,
0.08141740411520004,
0.024131108075380325,
-0.35294079780578613,
-0.06922510266304016,
-0.32955285906791687,
-0.01869973912835121,
-0.10287400335073471,
-0.542812168598175,
0.1394527405500412,
0.08324068784713745,
0.8931882381439209,
-0.7055736184120178,
-0.4891360104084015,
-0.2593180239200592,
-0.18016010522842407,
-0.40647709369659424,
0.08390788733959198,
-0.525905191898346,
-0.36377543210983276,
0.053838543593883514,
-0.20780618488788605,
-0.07629726082086563,
-0.5122188329696655,
-0.4181878864765167,
0.3850712776184082,
0.5620025396347046,
-0.011447331868112087,
-0.07230587303638458,
-0.1317361742258072,
0.2959190309047699,
-0.16272296011447906,
-0.13209038972854614,
0.2514239549636841,
-0.011109061539173126,
-0.16002681851387024,
-0.14657805860042572,
-5.9235358238220215,
0.4429447650909424,
-0.26632100343704224,
0.03441077843308449,
0.3469507694244385,
-0.4020971357822418,
-0.02020345628261566,
-0.24287839233875275,
-0.06429637223482132,
-0.5152702331542969,
-0.2785983383655548,
0.04087207466363907,
-0.06486572325229645,
-0.6033846735954285,
-0.3685493767261505,
-0.1100057065486908,
-0.03395068272948265,
-0.0453215017914772,
-0.21709832549095154,
0.5051915645599365,
-0.37288782000541687,
-0.060364704579114914,
-0.6119100451469421,
0.7318499088287354,
-0.000998093863017857,
0.9117087125778198,
-0.7640411257743835,
-0.508653998374939,
-0.46947988867759705,
-0.48402515053749084,
-0.5788196921348572,
0.39210668206214905,
0.07608887553215027,
-0.6533429622650146,
0.11282525211572647,
-0.0044877491891384125,
0.5221056938171387,
-0.14539748430252075,
-0.40336811542510986,
-0.4964457154273987,
-0.10097134113311768,
-0.012395462021231651,
-0.19460450112819672,
-0.5458055138587952,
0.5312808752059937,
0.29872074723243713,
-0.5148356556892395,
-0.4059413969516754,
-0.40494462847709656,
0.45807427167892456,
-0.1280122995376587,
-0.3568204641342163,
0.15113955736160278,
0.4401684105396271,
0.16277657449245453,
-0.2748311460018158,
-0.025071192532777786,
-0.019451702013611794,
0.07673292607069016,
0.22712400555610657,
0.15988324582576752,
-0.633116602897644,
0.16502465307712555,
0.0772552341222763,
0.08894053101539612,
-0.11851435154676437,
0.1616278737783432,
-0.01135811023414135,
0.08668539673089981,
0.35066136717796326,
0.5192288160324097,
0.6527462005615234,
-0.23695634305477142,
-0.9693723320960999,
-0.307435542345047,
-0.004412754904478788,
0.04297393932938576,
-0.37447088956832886,
-0.21474210917949677,
0.11301115155220032,
0.17115123569965363,
0.18315543234348297,
-0.1603856086730957,
-0.12110758572816849,
-0.197135791182518,
-0.628011167049408,
-0.05385628342628479,
0.2402413934469223,
-0.9959264993667603,
-0.27063098549842834,
0.04334934428334236,
-0.37099775671958923,
0.3633802533149719,
-0.20873966813087463,
0.2813819646835327,
-0.15376338362693787,
0.3718741834163666,
0.23181632161140442,
-0.3040601313114166,
-0.10076786577701569,
0.8111568689346313,
-0.3030201196670532,
-0.2167762815952301,
-0.6575746536254883,
-0.428490549325943,
-0.23633162677288055,
0.2137736976146698,
0.6897115707397461,
0.14569763839244843,
-0.5173847079277039,
0.15885140001773834,
-0.43668827414512634,
-0.3777192533016205,
-0.19400444626808167,
0.5062627792358398,
0.4262884259223938,
-0.05668860673904419,
0.2507442235946655,
0.46251118183135986,
-0.02502608112990856,
-0.08495110273361206,
0.4746519923210144,
-0.49096131324768066,
0.35239607095718384,
0.10100314021110535,
-0.059588462114334106,
0.11926913261413574,
0.5150169134140015,
-0.05460020899772644,
0.3630244731903076,
-0.045311328023672104,
-0.16985692083835602,
-0.35647323727607727,
0.42905935645103455,
-0.4394163489341736,
0.14550165832042694,
-0.20438791811466217,
-0.35347384214401245,
0.3623872697353363,
-0.2032327651977539,
0.20228958129882812,
-0.251316100358963,
0.5066841244697571,
0.3290392756462097,
0.6418540477752686,
0.6378295421600342,
-0.5003678798675537,
-0.06771911680698395,
-0.2558744549751282,
0.6986775994300842,
0.4568832814693451,
0.031129371374845505,
0.46148681640625,
-0.7022457122802734,
-0.4688846468925476,
0.04998692497611046,
0.4997534453868866,
0.5334892868995667,
-0.049685508012771606,
-0.4794744849205017,
0.29172462224960327,
-0.38603174686431885,
-0.5689225792884827,
0.10810743272304535,
-0.4631933569908142,
-0.20676949620246887,
0.3000883460044861,
-0.6777790188789368,
-0.787625253200531,
0.5317249298095703,
-0.3486212491989136,
-0.4600560665130615,
0.16288387775421143,
-0.3008400797843933,
0.22087375819683075,
0.0022984277456998825,
-0.0713806003332138,
0.03181464597582817,
-0.02457372099161148,
0.047645170241594315,
-0.3584079444408417,
0.8910082578659058,
0.03395860269665718,
0.11107087135314941,
0.5329545140266418,
-0.19859522581100464,
-0.5205958485603333,
-0.14183101058006287,
-0.1627136468887329,
0.5231936573982239,
0.35265740752220154,
0.03511911258101463,
0.14155927300453186,
-0.26296016573905945,
-0.5769585371017456,
-0.39964669942855835,
0.03402670845389366,
0.7296348810195923,
-0.09689188003540039,
0.1993820071220398,
0.5597028136253357,
0.6227202415466309,
0.4365587532520294,
0.0526299923658371,
0.51315838098526,
0.20562970638275146,
0.28536170721054077,
0.02015644870698452,
-0.7291907072067261,
0.23823657631874084,
0.2704101502895355,
-0.10962016135454178,
-0.3815656900405884,
0.17951418459415436,
-0.370327353477478,
-0.06960149854421616,
0.3675539195537567,
-0.06569993495941162,
-0.4046139121055603,
-0.24031783640384674,
0.06579108536243439,
0.11610009521245956,
-0.2594594657421112,
-0.037163250148296356,
-0.15672752261161804,
0.7636860609054565,
0.16589009761810303,
-0.3166065514087677,
0.06968721747398376,
0.40268072485923767,
-0.034552741795778275,
0.12989775836467743,
-0.34678804874420166,
-0.26545730233192444,
0.11911505460739136,
0.4791595935821533,
0.4972037374973297,
0.4667564332485199,
0.5152137279510498,
-0.02488810382783413,
-0.09113887697458267,
0.7905516028404236,
0.15862679481506348,
-0.2416289895772934,
0.6983221173286438,
0.42715635895729065,
-0.02308105118572712,
0.0861390084028244,
-0.03596532717347145,
0.28155314922332764,
0.14275673031806946,
-0.43710649013519287,
0.20172865688800812,
0.56544429063797,
0.518774151802063,
-0.2710045576095581,
0.3587155342102051,
-0.38323307037353516,
0.09920288622379303,
-0.0747177004814148,
0.1741170436143875,
0.00045423299889080226,
-0.757917582988739,
0.07135254889726639,
-0.25310054421424866,
0.06951744109392166,
-0.44054940342903137,
-0.2117120623588562,
0.11620300263166428,
-0.14288918673992157,
0.332474946975708,
0.10831709206104279,
0.1342579871416092,
0.5195741057395935,
-0.44854503870010376,
0.04036545380949974,
-0.5266167521476746,
-0.3271832764148712,
-0.1863439530134201,
0.4670991897583008,
-0.47881966829299927,
-0.05715075507760048,
0.15692049264907837,
-0.35941722989082336,
0.7281506657600403,
-0.22910921275615692,
-0.06221776455640793,
-0.15463599562644958,
-0.34511035680770874,
-0.06785804778337479,
0.28217533230781555,
-0.06278641521930695,
0.8221607208251953,
0.06399115920066833,
-0.11671891808509827,
-0.16909745335578918,
0.2824796736240387,
0.021857647225260735,
-0.20567376911640167,
0.061509378254413605,
0.013375439681112766,
0.9215359687805176,
-0.4609158933162689,
0.18034641444683075,
0.1612778753042221,
-0.4392246603965759,
-0.024572987109422684,
-0.06323650479316711,
-0.3706710934638977,
-0.036779824644327164,
0.1427612453699112,
-0.7614178657531738,
-0.06576263904571533,
0.3727925419807434,
-1.0585256814956665,
0.628461480140686,
0.30150341987609863,
0.1102173924446106,
-0.07073158770799637,
-0.2728765904903412,
0.6573785543441772,
0.4118644595146179,
0.1583409458398819,
0.1447373628616333,
0.5546508431434631,
0.6108265519142151,
-0.42234963178634644,
0.14021806418895721,
0.24725784361362457,
0.2150939255952835,
0.2109988033771515,
-0.1845943033695221,
-0.6865617036819458,
0.3320881426334381,
-0.30887940526008606,
-0.1740768700838089,
-0.4032006859779358,
-0.03989718481898308,
-0.193507581949234,
0.8704169988632202,
0.3445514142513275,
0.20491847395896912,
-0.21672403812408447,
0.24477818608283997,
0.00006714757910231128,
0.02172061614692211,
0.12787915766239166,
-0.4639788568019867,
0.9475237727165222,
0.38541141152381897,
0.3511909544467926,
-0.7582793831825256,
-0.22279037535190582,
0.3904779255390167,
0.5613330602645874,
-0.1906309276819229,
-0.36513659358024597,
-0.2574913203716278,
-0.4356330335140228,
-0.18643738329410553,
-0.12580506503582,
0.02294776402413845,
0.5198315978050232,
0.23734499514102936,
-0.36554524302482605,
0.3097609877586365,
0.05452955141663551,
-0.6252180337905884,
-0.6582321524620056,
-0.25581586360931396,
0.07703843712806702,
0.10926862806081772,
-0.16286391019821167,
0.19661979377269745,
0.16116054356098175,
-0.06585539877414703,
0.6317152380943298,
0.07646223157644272,
-0.8231580853462219,
-0.25348952412605286,
-0.2838170528411865,
0.06492622196674347,
-0.5002775192260742,
-0.8442957401275635,
0.9210407137870789,
0.28456005454063416,
-0.43941161036491394,
-0.06487933546304703,
-0.3669009804725647,
-0.1373218148946762,
0.5019431710243225,
-0.8072685599327087,
-0.33445221185684204,
-0.22388869524002075,
0.43189796805381775,
-0.015772389248013496,
-0.06884551793336868,
0.4968603551387787,
0.4556092321872711,
0.2299354076385498,
0.25356706976890564,
-0.3368648588657379,
0.12738125026226044,
0.2233373075723648,
-0.8937134742736816,
0.06369331479072571,
-1.1743732690811157,
-0.08533380925655365,
-0.3589421212673187,
0.8055212497711182,
0.33716532588005066,
-0.7595844864845276,
0.31134989857673645,
0.8069316744804382,
0.07817573100328445,
0.12388219684362411,
0.8871044516563416,
-0.1840827614068985,
-0.7048901915550232,
0.1150268018245697,
-0.19050608575344086,
-0.145414799451828,
-0.10304591059684753,
0.7160016298294067,
0.19842474162578583,
-0.2679475247859955,
-0.031724780797958374,
-0.0174401942640543,
-0.6688202023506165,
0.811780571937561,
-0.095431849360466,
-0.10521787405014038,
-0.2707926630973816,
0.17113102972507477,
0.05034424737095833,
-0.6891318559646606,
0.10556089133024216,
0.2658667266368866,
0.3147543668746948,
0.03184065595269203,
0.5883305072784424,
-0.2181505709886551,
-0.23246848583221436,
-0.33670827746391296,
0.6967015862464905,
0.10878444463014603,
-0.5421044826507568,
-0.7282276153564453,
-0.132587268948555,
0.2766854763031006,
0.0917564406991005,
0.16009195148944855,
-0.19255509972572327,
-0.23382623493671417,
0.08563491702079773,
0.48091188073158264,
-0.289204478263855,
-0.37391722202301025,
-0.005544855259358883,
-0.660672664642334
] |
232221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Gilman | Sid Gilman | Sidney Gilman is a retired physician, neurologist, and educator. He is an expert on Alzheimer's disease and spent the majority of his career at the University of Michigan, its medical school, and its Health System.
Early life, family and education
Gilman was raised in California. In 1950, he graduated from Huntington Park High School in Huntington Park, California.
He graduated from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for his undergraduate degree in 1954 and its medical school in 1957, receiving the highest academic honors. During his college years, he was a gymnastics athlete.
He completed his medical residency at Boston City Hospital and a neurology fellowship at Harvard Medical School. He completed a neurophysiology fellowship from 1958 to 1960 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.
Career
Dr. Gilman taught at Harvard Medical School after he completed his research fellowship. He worked at the National Institutes of Health and performed authoritative research regarding brain control of motor functions and muscle tone. He began working at Columbia University in 1968, and in 1976 he was named the first H. Houston Merritt chair in research neurology. In 1977, however, he became professor, chair and chief of service of neurology at the University of Michigan Medical School. The hospital's neurology service named after him, as well as a lecture series. He published hundreds of articles and delivered decades of lectures. His university salary eventually was over US$300,000.
His research and areas of interest have involved brain and spinal cord injury, neurological degenerative diseases, and the effects of alcohol on the brain, R.E.M. sleep disorders, Parkinson's disease and Lewy body disease, and cardiac denervation among many other subjects. Some of his research has been in connection with many of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, including Merck, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson. In the 2000s, he also worked as a consultant for Wall Street investors including Pequot Capital and Longitude Capital. These jobs increased Gilman's income by more than US$200,000 per year.
Gilman has held numerous editorial and advisory board positions with major scientific publications, including Neurology, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, Applied Neurophysiology, Experimental Neurology, Annals of Neurology, Neurobiology of Disease, and Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders.
Bapineuzumab controversy
In 2013, Gilman was implicated in the insider trading scandal concerning the Alzheimer's medication bapineuzumab, a drug which was being developed by Wyeth and Élan. In exchange for lighter punishment, Gilman agreed to testify and implicate Matthew Martoma of CR Intrinsic, a company affiliated with the hedge fund SAC Capital Advisors. It was considered "the most lucrative insider trading scheme in history." Gilman served no prison time and returned his earnings with interest.
As a result, the University of Michigan disassociated itself from him.
Personal life
Gilman and his first wife Linda had two sons, Jeff and Todd. The marriage ended in divorce. Jeff, like his paternal grandmother, committed suicide.
In 1984 Sid Gilman married Carol Barbour, a psychoanalyst.
After being diagnosed with lymphoma, he received chemotherapy treatment successfully.
Honors and awards
1972: Elected Member, The American Society for Clinical Investigation
1973: Lucy G. Moses Prize in Basic Neurology
1981: United Cerebral Palsy Weinstein-Goldenson Award for Medical Research for Cerebral Palsy and the Physically Handicapped
1986–88: President, Michigan Neurological Association
1988–89: President, American Neurological Association
1992: Professional Achievement Award from UCLA Alumni Association
1995: Elected Member, Institute of Medicine
1999 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
2000 Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine
2001 Fellow, Royal College of Physicians
2001 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2005: Distinguished University Professorship, University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School
2010: Medical Center Alumni Society Distinguished Achievement Award, University of Michigan
Publications
References
External links
Sid Gilman profile at University of Michigan Health System (archived)
Curriculum Vitae of Sid Gilman at annarbor.com
American neurologists
Alzheimer's disease researchers
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan staff
1932 births
Living people
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni | [
0.07727143913507462,
0.8451932668685913,
-0.7688326239585876,
-0.39696526527404785,
0.1513168066740036,
0.24528768658638,
0.5787191987037659,
-0.15312431752681732,
-0.03928111866116524,
-0.33951881527900696,
0.24446538090705872,
0.08952249586582184,
-0.09808821231126785,
0.4573487639427185,
0.11580371856689453,
0.43740665912628174,
-0.3380316495895386,
-0.2017141431570053,
-0.17947809398174286,
0.1825024038553238,
-0.152809277176857,
-0.5975320935249329,
0.06872012466192245,
0.10536013543605804,
-0.2182890772819519,
0.15895920991897583,
0.038699470460414886,
-0.5684276819229126,
0.18313470482826233,
0.4973035454750061,
0.16206860542297363,
0.3417125344276428,
0.4680423140525818,
-0.26220667362213135,
0.24689128994941711,
0.28554385900497437,
-0.11233115941286087,
-0.12135769426822662,
0.07402392476797104,
0.20071248710155487,
-0.01080254651606083,
0.0229365024715662,
0.45706453919410706,
-0.1199677437543869,
0.32080990076065063,
-0.5079342126846313,
-2.2415037155151367,
0.048823367804288864,
-0.1463923454284668,
-0.36809152364730835,
0.006084929220378399,
0.566228449344635,
0.49399909377098083,
-0.22097830474376678,
-0.0861458033323288,
0.26770827174186707,
-0.36798807978630066,
0.4653361737728119,
0.1505509912967682,
-0.2444819211959839,
0.6871062517166138,
0.2891061305999756,
0.10045693814754486,
-0.21782095730304718,
0.3914278745651245,
0.5227516889572144,
0.17070823907852173,
0.4628576636314392,
0.03920242190361023,
0.09979507327079773,
-0.6333308219909668,
-0.06855200231075287,
0.2417336255311966,
-0.2612157166004181,
-0.2031741887331009,
-0.031100889667868614,
0.5952803492546082,
-0.16654254496097565,
-0.37577059864997864,
-0.1965785026550293,
-0.016262659803032875,
-0.34818950295448303,
0.5521878004074097,
0.4022690951824188,
0.3982630670070648,
-0.14164701104164124,
-1.0948554277420044,
0.3715667426586151,
-0.10869140923023224,
-0.33569568395614624,
-0.8602270483970642,
0.014058335684239864,
0.1656234860420227,
0.17156189680099487,
-0.17303220927715302,
0.2557433247566223,
0.07371553033590317,
0.10291188955307007,
-0.21373610198497772,
-0.2325350046157837,
0.37066876888275146,
-0.08594473451375961,
0.10160549730062485,
-0.5988451838493347,
0.06885547190904617,
0.083712138235569,
0.396697998046875,
-0.46966680884361267,
0.5259426832199097,
-1.5087692737579346,
-0.41425496339797974,
-0.2648400366306305,
-0.18302784860134125,
-0.3039776086807251,
0.09593261778354645,
0.9537630081176758,
0.19851432740688324,
-0.6143600940704346,
-0.28659772872924805,
-0.08401297777891159,
-0.5913683772087097,
0.847411036491394,
-0.7017176747322083,
0.6718034148216248,
-0.537196159362793,
0.1140562891960144,
0.24730348587036133,
0.2079789936542511,
-0.09291411191225052,
0.5274847745895386,
0.14341416954994202,
1.1007981300354004,
0.003066611709073186,
-0.4723331332206726,
-0.24358339607715607,
-0.08599177747964859,
0.3580580949783325,
0.21782717108726501,
-0.632855236530304,
0.3562423884868622,
-0.15747298300266266,
-0.3798081576824188,
-2.1080946922302246,
-0.04611334577202797,
0.3059968650341034,
0.05983584746718407,
0.16073274612426758,
-0.00420395378023386,
0.23577797412872314,
-0.11112849414348602,
-0.004551825579255819,
-0.13355818390846252,
0.16051726043224335,
-0.40525221824645996,
0.08923302590847015,
0.5627011656761169,
0.3483136296272278,
0.10697001218795776,
0.6731435060501099,
0.10335086286067963,
0.36573782563209534,
-0.5681939125061035,
-0.12027425318956375,
-0.08991169184446335,
0.007515120320022106,
0.20805644989013672,
-0.06876896321773529,
-0.8798558712005615,
0.1569536179304123,
0.6598033308982849,
-0.23004749417304993,
-0.5615806579589844,
0.2801036834716797,
-0.5130777359008789,
0.03928288072347641,
0.41038116812705994,
0.8900102972984314,
0.5310741662979126,
0.408474862575531,
-1.0822186470031738,
-0.25612327456474304,
-0.8588667511940002,
-0.3771228492259979,
-0.0002671521797310561,
1.238213062286377,
-0.028416842222213745,
0.04522436857223511,
-0.15614116191864014,
0.4190364181995392,
0.16366896033287048,
0.018707366660237312,
-0.3056759238243103,
0.19742880761623383,
-0.11627864837646484,
0.7622965574264526,
-0.009393421933054924,
-0.254772812128067,
0.43046367168426514,
-0.37117236852645874,
0.43484583497047424,
-0.24476788938045502,
0.38279101252555847,
-0.36485913395881653,
-0.13124434649944305,
0.18680652976036072,
2.0415585041046143,
0.6546949148178101,
-0.21853700280189514,
0.2720508575439453,
0.8143097758293152,
0.4698631167411804,
-0.8454606533050537,
-0.33785927295684814,
-0.06709886342287064,
0.15162472426891327,
-0.5238991975784302,
-0.045308224856853485,
-0.13270656764507294,
0.37712931632995605,
-0.824866771697998,
0.2849240005016327,
-0.2278868854045868,
-0.2780021131038666,
0.4627752900123596,
0.6959096193313599,
0.8376535177230835,
-0.08183766156435013,
-0.04828869551420212,
0.033025097101926804,
-0.8235839009284973,
-0.09398768097162247,
0.17999713122844696,
0.4474036693572998,
-0.1521359533071518,
-0.4795374572277069,
-0.009689711965620518,
0.16072778403759003,
-0.6728610396385193,
-0.0849265456199646,
-0.025589460507035255,
0.16997437179088593,
0.10506157577037811,
-0.7433298230171204,
-0.1546546071767807,
0.2206878811120987,
0.21546077728271484,
-0.5025718212127686,
0.31564846634864807,
-0.13596533238887787,
0.4795805513858795,
0.24378636479377747,
0.6054887771606445,
0.7453750967979431,
-0.3500020205974579,
0.1313932240009308,
0.28829729557037354,
-0.1119181290268898,
-0.014875934459269047,
0.47109460830688477,
-0.3967914283275604,
-0.45055052638053894,
0.5534860491752625,
-0.060546182096004486,
-0.037711191922426224,
-0.498905748128891,
-0.3105420172214508,
-0.3707965910434723,
-0.1260911226272583,
0.26644450426101685,
-0.40288591384887695,
0.6403831243515015,
-0.17960931360721588,
-0.07889268547296524,
-1.8539475202560425,
0.017242439091205597,
0.12410221248865128,
0.005096744745969772,
0.11788937449455261,
-0.2906973958015442,
-0.4012458622455597,
0.9720188975334167,
0.6485340595245361,
-0.00008392834570258856,
0.8276293277740479,
0.13991118967533112,
0.26030224561691284,
-0.5946880578994751,
-0.31861814856529236,
0.398666113615036,
-0.263690710067749,
-0.180691197514534,
1.0418998003005981,
-0.6552628874778748,
0.37689119577407837,
-0.42571091651916504,
0.41529443860054016,
-0.3963390588760376,
-0.8203337788581848,
0.25811588764190674,
-0.11761710792779922,
-0.6763516664505005,
0.6564842462539673,
-0.38836944103240967,
0.04030602052807808,
0.2622533440589905,
-0.07433173060417175,
-0.4926708936691284,
0.014249472878873348,
-4.625090599060059,
0.1790219098329544,
0.23586224019527435,
-0.5322921872138977,
-0.1913343220949173,
0.17280571162700653,
0.4528368413448334,
0.004276118706911802,
-0.0752001702785492,
-0.3329198658466339,
-0.19875699281692505,
0.1673760861158371,
-0.040119294077157974,
0.7515878677368164,
0.9184131026268005,
0.952581524848938,
0.5918349623680115,
-0.9151464700698853,
0.5991064310073853,
0.21067160367965698,
0.24834468960762024,
0.019349079579114914,
-0.9276027083396912,
0.725374162197113,
-0.09051214903593063,
0.807528018951416,
-0.45684507489204407,
0.3825604021549225,
-1.2873923778533936,
-0.07430503517389297,
0.37799060344696045,
-0.5060528516769409,
-0.6825942397117615,
-0.1315571516752243,
-0.3730510473251343,
-0.09880849719047546,
0.4504494071006775,
0.1303810030221939,
0.060817815363407135,
-0.16092601418495178,
-0.5515078902244568,
0.36044836044311523,
-0.7988367676734924,
0.17030400037765503,
-0.02654898911714554,
0.3087228536605835,
-0.6710224151611328,
-0.060347169637680054,
-0.19600382447242737,
0.30448177456855774,
-0.13960452377796173,
-0.07866974174976349,
0.311826229095459,
0.17250271141529083,
-0.2925947606563568,
0.12925752997398376,
0.44373831152915955,
-0.10358308255672455,
-0.6126777529716492,
0.5176073908805847,
0.16860312223434448,
-0.5654151439666748,
0.1385326236486435,
-0.14642581343650818,
0.08347370475530624,
-0.4599393606185913,
0.15518507361412048,
-0.5843376517295837,
-0.15405088663101196,
-0.29854777455329895,
0.24269907176494598,
0.7015576958656311,
-0.08902309834957123,
-0.8359358310699463,
-0.08177410811185837,
-0.11283186078071594,
0.1733636111021042,
0.27484914660453796,
-0.013982141390442848,
-0.5916358828544617,
0.07900674641132355,
-0.23751789331436157,
-0.04851659759879112,
0.6608084440231323,
-0.25658559799194336,
0.03212232515215874,
0.04371801018714905,
0.64729243516922,
-0.36314791440963745,
-0.1410239189863205,
0.07289529591798782,
0.005464558489620686,
0.5110191106796265,
0.35741326212882996,
0.11658420413732529,
0.16429702937602997,
-0.1450616419315338,
0.040013693273067474,
0.416634738445282,
-0.23860174417495728,
-0.8363466858863831,
-0.718828022480011,
-0.23152653872966766,
-1.0793615579605103,
-0.15751759707927704,
0.02166016213595867,
-0.24821478128433228,
0.25470101833343506,
0.3931538462638855,
0.07673738151788712,
-0.35742315649986267,
0.6237135529518127,
-0.04379689320921898,
0.027568869292736053,
0.9548085927963257,
-0.13750040531158447,
0.10805150866508484,
0.09200943261384964,
0.6335070133209229,
0.5964992642402649,
-0.29371902346611023,
0.25946134328842163,
0.19005070626735687,
-0.08636970072984695,
0.15557602047920227,
-0.29044240713119507,
0.5645102858543396,
0.37392792105674744,
-0.8448513150215149,
0.10638030618429184,
0.09817439317703247,
1.099308729171753,
0.06600546091794968,
0.2565723657608032,
-0.3686778247356415,
-0.6044924855232239,
-0.9826787710189819,
0.2086871713399887,
0.030982961878180504,
0.3769781291484833,
0.1854100525379181,
0.32343775033950806,
-0.0386393666267395,
0.45059454441070557,
-0.003181995591148734,
-0.016988372430205345,
-0.05934140086174011,
0.3021530210971832,
-0.368552029132843,
0.4843643009662628,
0.3961983621120453,
-0.5338904857635498,
0.1895790547132492,
-0.7670274376869202,
-0.20341256260871887,
0.34431126713752747,
-0.050855331122875214,
-0.059753164649009705,
0.1662125140428543,
-0.07750768214464188,
-0.2656433880329132,
0.265397310256958,
-1.4736328125,
-0.042028043419122696,
-0.2617470920085907,
-0.2985837757587433,
0.08316449075937271,
-0.6327691674232483,
-0.2878507673740387,
0.9117501974105835,
0.05952748283743858,
-0.38092097640037537,
-0.12837347388267517,
-0.30165213346481323,
0.18031853437423706,
0.2942470610141754,
-0.16284193098545074,
-0.12716177105903625,
0.1619214415550232,
-0.05643916130065918,
0.4462040066719055,
-0.09544715285301208,
-0.8445227742195129,
0.4842436909675598,
0.3281457722187042,
-0.003606355981901288,
-0.6179260611534119,
-0.46705231070518494,
-0.22089026868343353,
-0.007167118601500988,
-0.038876887410879135,
-0.40125247836112976,
0.19758836925029755,
0.7735350728034973,
-0.42762061953544617,
0.2028355896472931,
0.35382887721061707,
-0.8379403352737427,
-0.5141981840133667,
-0.5693915486335754,
-0.048812851309776306,
0.4805600345134735,
-0.620513379573822,
0.16252653300762177,
0.410255491733551,
-1.5590258836746216,
-0.3674176037311554,
0.1963542103767395,
-0.09552286565303802,
0.8807388544082642,
-0.06014542654156685,
0.09508287906646729,
-0.17132316529750824,
-0.08452718704938889,
-0.677346408367157,
0.3366236388683319,
0.4135605990886688,
0.3577548563480377,
-0.43155112862586975,
-0.1438245326280594,
-0.061263032257556915,
0.025732027366757393,
-0.15990795195102692,
-0.4722270965576172,
-0.6014723181724548,
-0.27088767290115356,
0.32156169414520264,
-0.42776915431022644,
0.5916051268577576,
-0.28606870770454407,
-0.5442010164260864,
0.04491174593567848,
-0.22209148108959198,
0.24871383607387543,
-0.4333450496196747,
0.05970561131834984,
-0.09784578531980515,
0.4795878231525421,
0.2592032253742218,
0.0776531994342804,
0.038727980107069016,
0.7972096800804138,
0.32062244415283203,
-0.46374329924583435,
0.4764004349708557,
-0.13600558042526245,
0.7712537050247192,
-0.9910150170326233,
0.04835348203778267,
0.3083242177963257,
0.7533218860626221,
0.007812215480953455,
-0.49296867847442627,
-0.12245205789804459,
1.1205748319625854,
0.3159262537956238,
0.20239423215389252,
-0.08724141865968704,
-0.11779596656560898,
-0.15693578124046326,
-0.10928232222795486,
0.17369472980499268,
-0.41306737065315247,
0.4644504487514496,
-0.3697919547557831,
0.1963406503200531,
0.26956260204315186,
0.2176414281129837,
0.8406190276145935,
-0.90385502576828,
-0.20749197900295258,
-0.22715094685554504,
-0.06020712852478027,
0.6521181464195251,
-0.5058081150054932,
0.057783786207437515,
0.22064149379730225,
-0.5486597418785095,
0.13361267745494843,
-0.29316508769989014,
0.7781696319580078,
0.17818652093410492,
0.949446439743042,
-0.5874459743499756,
0.3034331202507019,
-0.3079821467399597,
0.17547349631786346,
-0.2893855571746826,
0.24422885477542877,
-0.16167336702346802,
-0.45426812767982483,
-0.09428253769874573,
-0.5549482107162476,
0.17458292841911316,
-0.3120650053024292,
-0.5519052743911743,
-0.33731624484062195,
0.5523397326469421,
-0.36816462874412537,
-0.4991622865200043,
-0.6313027739524841,
0.8999369740486145,
0.31371286511421204,
0.004493659362196922,
-0.13003288209438324,
0.17700223624706268,
0.048820432275533676,
-0.07976890355348587,
-0.37537118792533875,
0.0868060439825058,
0.525964617729187,
-0.7283093929290771,
-0.062015555799007416,
0.47149261832237244,
-0.6450595259666443,
-0.14318318665027618,
0.02866927720606327,
-0.22437849640846252,
0.42376062273979187,
0.10683933645486832,
-0.301913321018219,
0.09318757802248001,
0.9354038238525391,
-0.2668742537498474,
-0.553604245185852,
0.7428227066993713,
0.11133219301700592,
-0.014207993634045124,
-0.028862467035651207,
-0.24769815802574158,
0.2083306908607483,
-0.6954747438430786,
-0.4981507658958435,
0.2348433881998062,
-0.0074552856385707855,
0.014743819832801819,
0.5357093214988708,
-0.6429293155670166,
0.06716940551996231,
0.07849261164665222,
0.06672870367765427,
0.7906266450881958,
0.20662052929401398,
0.3502782881259918,
-0.014485551975667477,
0.319327712059021,
0.09574294835329056,
0.7303856611251831,
-0.014374067075550556,
-0.10812950879335403,
0.015523194335401058,
0.1579481065273285,
0.01764105074107647,
-0.5119156241416931,
0.7738277316093445,
-0.0816526710987091,
0.6555367708206177,
-0.6387359499931335,
-0.4536103308200836,
-0.9736907482147217,
-0.41965383291244507,
-0.529543936252594,
0.9315080046653748,
0.2049785554409027,
0.08317972719669342,
0.07733654975891113,
0.1936357021331787,
-1.0412548780441284,
0.2730439305305481,
0.783397912979126,
0.5100067257881165,
0.22849324345588684,
-0.11646028608083725,
0.5602400302886963,
0.3110743761062622,
-0.3135942220687866,
-0.010141896083950996,
-0.15192227065563202,
0.12095616012811661,
0.11276733130216599,
0.42885640263557434,
0.31417009234428406,
-0.06361929327249527,
-0.49441084265708923,
0.2820568084716797,
-0.16229310631752014,
-0.08876257389783859,
0.5088053941726685,
-0.010333308950066566,
-0.10785172879695892,
0.2914571762084961,
-0.27738431096076965,
0.11127137392759323,
0.23165574669837952,
-0.09644646942615509,
0.07066336274147034,
-0.5779820084571838,
0.5392650961875916,
0.02660718932747841,
0.12263999134302139,
0.2044980525970459,
0.23143979907035828,
0.16313757002353668,
0.03378111869096756,
-0.17756639420986176,
0.29229509830474854,
-0.5948305726051331,
-0.23830240964889526,
-0.6186689734458923,
0.3954892158508301,
0.0872250348329544,
0.13257038593292236,
-0.6654136776924133,
0.23256465792655945,
0.06534324586391449,
0.4271183907985687,
0.17361938953399658,
-0.5327062010765076,
-0.6123464703559875,
-0.137946218252182,
0.020289769396185875,
0.1232166662812233,
0.4027203619480133,
-0.04910269379615784,
-0.5854549407958984,
0.14622730016708374,
0.6292981505393982,
-0.20362049341201782,
0.46721553802490234,
0.38047680258750916,
-0.36118775606155396,
0.0836811512708664,
-0.6033616065979004,
-0.3885938227176666,
0.016538172960281372,
-0.17829011380672455,
1.0643821954727173,
0.9223403334617615,
0.5277463793754578,
-0.2141445428133011,
0.2727327346801758,
-0.3752005398273468,
0.0532117635011673,
0.17343370616436005,
-4.030491352081299,
-0.38236209750175476,
-0.1437673717737198,
-0.9248560070991516,
0.8530411720275879,
0.7598115801811218,
-0.05103418231010437,
-0.42809292674064636,
0.15349099040031433,
-0.3372608423233032,
0.4652608335018158,
0.5335641503334045,
-0.2989388704299927,
-0.3440779149532318,
0.30904075503349304,
-0.21121525764465332
] |
232223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah | Mezuzah | A mezuzah ( "doorpost"; plural: mezuzot) is a piece of parchment called a klaf contained in a decorative case and inscribed with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah ( and ). These verses consist of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael, beginning with the phrase: "Hear, O Israel, the (is) our God, the is One". In mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, a mezuzah is affixed to the doorpost of Jewish homes to fulfill the mitzvah (Biblical commandment) to "write the words of God on the gates and doorposts of your house" (). Some interpret Jewish law to require a mezuzah in every doorway in the home except bathrooms (which are not a living space), laundry rooms and closets, if they are too small to qualify as rooms. The klaf parchment is prepared by a qualified scribe ("sofer stam) who has undergone training, both in studying the relevant religious laws, and in the more practical parts i.e. carving the quill and practising writing. The verses are written in black indelible ink with a special quill pen made either from a feather or, in what are now rare cases, a reed. The parchment is then rolled up and placed inside the case.
Etymology
In the Bible, the word mezuzah only refers to the two 'doorposts' or 'doorjambs' of a door, the upright posts on either side of it which support the lintel, and appears in various contexts unrelated to any religious commandment or parchment. The word later acquired the modern meaning of piece of parchment in post-Biblical Hebrew due to the Deuteronomy commandment above requiring to write verses on doorposts.
The word's origin is disputed:
one accepted understanding derives mezuzah from the root z-u-z () meaning 'motion' or 'shift' (verb zaz () 'to move, deviate, shift'), describing a doorpost as the device enabling the door to move or shift. The root is unused in the Bible but is common in post-Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, and is considered to have existed in the language then.
another accepted understanding derives mezuzah from the Akkadian word mazzazu 'stand' (like the socle or stand of a column or stele), from the Akkadian verb izuzzu 'to stand', describing a doorpost as the socle or stand of the entrance, as opposed to the moving part, the door which revolves – a description similar to its corresponding Greek translation σταθμός in the Septuagint, which in addition to 'doorpost' generally means 'something fixed, something standing' from ἵστημι 'to stand'. However, there is no example of Akkadian mazzazu specifically meaning doorpost, and some researchers doubt that Hebrew mezuzah is a borrowing from this Akkadian word.
Amuletic usage of mezuzah
The culture-comparative analysis suggests that the objects placed on domestic thresholds often bear the function of an amulet repelling the broadly understood evil. In fact, the early Rabbinic sources explicitly witness the belief in the anti-demonic function of mezuzot. This is the case in e.g. JT Megillah 4:12; BT Bava Metziya 102a; BT Pesahim 113b. The further analysis of the biblical and rabbinic texts (inter alia Deuteronomy 6, 11, Exodus 12, Mekhilta de-rabbi Ishmael 7,12 and BT Menahot 33b, 43b) shows that mezuzah is construed as a device protecting against the divine anger.
The belief in the protective power of mezuzah is prevalent in modern times as well. In the 1970s after a series of terrorist attacks in Ma'alot, the representatives of Chabad-Lubavitch started the campaign for the systematic checking of mezuzahs. The general assumption underlying the action was that adhering to the mitzvot would guarantee personal safety.
Finally, according to various pieces of sociological research, approximately three-quarters of adults in Israel believe that the mezuzah literally guards their houses.
Affixing the mezuzah
Position and integrity
According to halakha, the mezuzah should be placed on the right side of the door or doorpost, in the upper third of the doorpost (i.e., approximately shoulder height), within approximately of the doorway opening. Care should be taken to not tear or damage the parchment or the wording on it, as this will invalidate the mezuzah, which is considered Torah.
Angle
Where the doorway is wide enough, many Ashkenazi Jews tilt the mezuzah so that the top slants toward the room into which the door opens. This is done to accommodate the variant opinions of Rashi (1040–1105) and of his grandson, Rabbeinu Tam, as to whether it should be placed vertically (Rashi) or horizontally (Rabbeinu Tam), and also to imply that God and the Torah (which the mezuzah symbolizes) are entering the room. The compromise solution was suggested by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher (c. 1269 – c. 1343).
Most Sephardic, Mizrahi and other non-Ashkenazi Jews affix the mezuzah vertically, though Spanish and Portuguese Jews living in countries where the majority of Jews are Ashkenazim usually place it slanting.
Time
Generally, halakha requires Jews living in the Diaspora (i.e., outside of the Land of Israel) to affix a mezuzah within 30 days of moving into a rented house or apartment. For a purchased home or apartment in the Diaspora, or a residence in Israel (owned or rented), the mezuzah is affixed immediately upon moving in. The reason for this difference is that there is an assumption that when a Jew lives in Israel, Israel shall remain his/her permanent residence, whereas a home in the diaspora is temporary.
Blessing
The procedure is to hold the mezuzah against the spot upon which it will be affixed, then recite a blessing:
Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who sanctified us with His mitzvot, and commanded us to affix a mezuzah.
Any Jew can recite the blessing, provided they are old enough to understand the significance of the mitzvah. After the blessing, the mezuzah is attached.
When affixing several mezuzot, it is sufficient to recite the blessing once, before affixing the first one.
Touching the mezuzah
Whenever passing through the doorway, many people touch a finger to the mezuzah as a way of showing respect to God. Many people also kiss their finger after touching it to the mezuzah.
Checking the parchment
Many observant Jews from all Jewish denominations have a qualified scribe check the mezuzot parchments for defects (such as small tears or faded lettering) at least twice every seven years. This job can be done by a sofer (scribe) or by anyone with similar training. A sofer also can make new mezuzot parchments which are in accordance with Jewish law.
Mezuzah cases
The commandment to affix a mezuzah is widely followed in the Jewish world, even by Jews who are not religiously observant. While the important part of the mezuzah is the klaf, or the parchment, and not the case itself, designing and producing mezuzah cases has been elevated to an art form over the ages. Mezuzah cases are produced from a wide variety of materials, from silver and precious metals, to wood, stone, ceramics, pewter, and even polymer clay. Some dealers of mezuzah cases will provide or offer for sale a copy of the text that has been photocopied onto paper; this is not a kosher (valid) mezuzah, which must be handwritten onto a piece of parchment by a qualified scribe.
Additional inscriptions
It is very customary to write two inscriptions on the back of the parchment:
the Hebrew word (Shaddai)
the phrase ""
Shaddai, ["Almighty"] one of the biblical names of God, also serves here as an acronym for Shomer Daltot Yisrael, "Guardian of Israel's doors". Many mezuzah cases are also marked with the Hebrew letter (Shin), for Shaddai.
"" is a Caesar cipher—a one-letter shift—of the third, fourth, and fifth words of the Shema, "Adonai, Eloheinu, Adonai", "The Lord, our God, the Lord"; it is written on the back of the case, opposite the corresponding words on the front. This inscription dates from the 11th century and is found among the Hasidei Ashkenaz (medieval German Jewish mystics).
The Sephardic custom (minhag) leaves out the phrase , and only the Hebrew word (Shaddai) is written on the back of the mezuzah. This follows the Shulchan Aruch and the writings of the Rambam. The Ashkenazi custom of writing both phrases, however, was supported in the writings of the Remo. (Yoreh De'ah 288:15)
In this regard it is worthwhile to refer to the often cited passage from Rambam's Mishneh Torah which states:
It is a common custom to write [God's name,] Shaddai, on the outside of a mezuzah opposite the empty space left between the two passages. There is no difficulty in this, since [the addition is made] outside. Those, however, who write the names of angels, other sacred names, verses, or forms, on the inside [of a mezuzah] are among those who do not have a portion in the world to come. Not only do these fools nullify the mitzvah, but furthermore, they make from a great mitzvah [which reflects] the unity of the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, the love of Him, and the service of Him, a talisman for their own benefit. They, in their foolish conception, think that this will help them regarding the vanities of the world.
Karaite and Samaritan mezuzah
This article deals mainly with the mezuzah as it is used in Rabbinic Judaism, but Karaite Judaism and Samaritanism have their own traditions.
In Karaite Judaism the deuteronomic verse "And you shall write them on the doorposts of your houses and your gates" () is interpreted to be a metaphor and not as referring to the Rabbanite mezuzah. Thus Karaites do not traditionally use mezuzot, but put up a little plaque in the shape of the two Tablets of the Law with the Ten Commandments. In Israel, where they might try not to make other Jews feel uncomfortable, many Karaites make an exception and place a mezuzah on their doorpost as well. The Karaite version of the mezuzah is fixed to the doorways of public buildings and sometimes to private buildings, too.
The Samaritans interpret the deuteronomic commandment to mean displaying any select text from the Samaritan version of the five Books of Moses. This can contain a blessing or a particularly holy or uplifting message. In the past they placed a stone plaque inscribed with the Ten Commandments above the house door, some examples dating back to the Byzantine (4th–7th century) and Early Muslim (7th–11th century) periods being now shown in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Nowadays a Samaritan mezuzah is usually made of either marble, a wooden plate, or a sheet of parchment or high quality paper, on which they inscribe select verses from the Samaritan Torah. This they place either above the house door, or inside the house, in the entrance hall or at a prominent place on a large wall. These mezuzot are found in every Samaritan household as well as in the synagogue. Today some Samaritans would also use a Jewish-style mezuzah case and place inside it a small written Samaritan scroll, i.e. a text from the Samaritan Torah, written in the Samaritan alphabet. The more such mezuzot there are in the house, the better it is considered to be.
Legal battles in the U.S.
The Jewish practice of affixing a mezuzah to the entranceway of a residential unit was rarely challenged in the United States or Canada, However, in Chicago in 2001, a condominium association at Shoreline Towers banned "mats, boots, shoes, carts or objects of any sort… outside unit entrance doors", which by board vote in 2004 was interpreted to be absolute. Shoreline Towers management removed the hallway mezuzot of condominium tenants. Complaints were subsequently filed with the Chicago Commission on Human Relations, Illinois Attorney General, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, alleging housing discrimination on the basis of religion Shoreline Towers was not the sole condominium association in Chicago with such a restriction, although one of them agreed to modify its rule.
On reading a news report of the mezuzah dispute, Chicago alderman Burton Natarus, drafted an amendment to the city's municipal code which made it illegal for a renter or owner of an apartment, house, or condo to be prohibited from "placing or affixing a religious sign, symbol or relic on the door, door post or entrance." Although there was opposition, it became law in Chicago that December. The first such legislation in North America, it included a maximum $500 fine for its violation.
Notwithstanding this legislation, in 2006, a federal court judge determined that the rule did not violate the Federal Fair Housing Act; the district court upheld the opinion on appeal in 2008; in 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit in Chicago reversed the 2008 decision, and the case proceeded. Meanwhile, records of the Chicago Jewish Star were unsuccessfully subpoenaed, and Illinois’ anti-SLAPP legislation was applied. In 2011, a confidential settlement to the Shoreline Towers disputes was achieved.
In 2006, a more narrowly focused amendment to the state's Condominium Property Act was initiated by Illinois Senator Ira Silverstein, the first such state law.
In 2006, a woman in a condo building in Fort Lauderdale, Florida was instructed to remove the mezuzah from her hallway unit and threatened with a fine. After a lengthy legal battle, the condo association was found guilty of discrimination. In 2008, House Bill 995, an amendment to the Florida Condominium Act modeled on the Illinois state legislation, became law.
In Texas in 2007 a couple living in Houston was instructed to "remove the item attached to your door frame" to avoid violating association rules. A legal battle ensued, during which a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2008 on behalf of the condo association. Subsequently, the couple turned to Texas House of Representatives member Garnet F. Coleman. His bill to protect such religious displays, as introduced in 2009, was not adopted, but in June 2011 a slightly revised version (HB1278) was signed into law by Texas Governor Rick Perry.
A bill designed to prevent mezuzah bans nationwide was proposed in 2008 (H.R. 6932) by U.S. Congressman Jerrold Nadler. It never became law.
Citations
General bibliography
External links
Chabad.org: Mezuzah
Does a storage room require a mezuzah?
Do backyards and porches require a mezuzah?
Mezuzah Blessing: The Seven Most FAQ
Hebrew calligraphy
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
Jewish ritual objects
Positive Mitzvoth
Uses of leather in Judaism | [
0.07642047852277756,
0.7510725855827332,
-0.4729498624801636,
-0.38370561599731445,
-0.05000369995832443,
0.721680760383606,
0.204978808760643,
-0.01825549453496933,
0.24943695962429047,
-0.5921011567115784,
-1.0011399984359741,
-0.2857460081577301,
-0.028161179274320602,
0.2620094120502472,
-0.5246045589447021,
0.13884784281253815,
0.5091672539710999,
0.6540692448616028,
-0.3221772313117981,
-0.5470314621925354,
0.03686773404479027,
-0.017928119748830795,
0.17725281417369843,
-0.643543004989624,
0.6821160316467285,
-0.13689856231212616,
0.07753261178731918,
-0.13393284380435944,
-0.33583733439445496,
0.16291379928588867,
0.11368206143379211,
-0.0049630096182227135,
0.5737841725349426,
-0.5992338061332703,
0.582892656326294,
-0.21790668368339539,
0.15825656056404114,
-0.26393312215805054,
0.09087733924388885,
-0.6021230220794678,
0.24997606873512268,
-0.02572391927242279,
0.5654485821723938,
0.24301119148731232,
-0.12690897285938263,
-0.6457648277282715,
-1.3922992944717407,
0.36932170391082764,
-0.6752501726150513,
0.16930793225765228,
-0.039565470069646835,
0.16953544318675995,
0.2740468680858612,
0.21169057488441467,
0.13595299422740936,
0.3701065182685852,
-0.6555169820785522,
-0.44609999656677246,
0.9972115159034729,
0.011433103121817112,
0.7407903075218201,
0.14871300756931305,
0.5457026958465576,
-0.11376453936100006,
0.2153969407081604,
0.06278574466705322,
-0.3183000981807709,
0.17521990835666656,
-0.1396579146385193,
-0.20862148702144623,
-0.3246859908103943,
-0.02944893203675747,
-0.6431604623794556,
-0.24341891705989838,
-0.19003048539161682,
0.05804260075092316,
-0.01614966057240963,
0.18988044559955597,
-0.13704654574394226,
0.0719127506017685,
-0.5824463963508606,
0.361666738986969,
0.48257553577423096,
0.3516433835029602,
0.15352098643779755,
0.582835853099823,
-0.7837603688240051,
0.006649235729128122,
-0.2050199806690216,
-0.0007302266894839704,
0.20803558826446533,
-0.2297077476978302,
-0.21692624688148499,
0.008544775657355785,
-0.3229132890701294,
-0.3275548815727234,
-0.02910717949271202,
0.15632721781730652,
-0.11463996022939682,
0.4275204539299011,
0.003068900667130947,
0.18895244598388672,
1.1206845045089722,
-0.3198201358318329,
-0.3143693506717682,
0.0006473600515164435,
0.22116121649742126,
-0.06967882066965103,
0.5192490220069885,
0.045671913772821426,
0.13569551706314087,
0.017733950167894363,
0.1458641141653061,
0.31277453899383545,
0.11109685152769089,
0.20707359910011292,
-0.05289074778556824,
-0.6194756031036377,
-0.7126255035400391,
-0.11970742791891098,
-0.4652073085308075,
0.40361732244491577,
0.7690892815589905,
-0.25665464997291565,
0.26044631004333496,
-0.4807099401950836,
0.23145851492881775,
0.9465335607528687,
-0.8011990785598755,
0.4200659692287445,
0.5103789567947388,
0.4362794756889343,
0.4616531729698181,
-0.016500988975167274,
-0.9127265810966492,
0.09842310845851898,
0.17179718613624573,
-0.07138408720493317,
0.7937943339347839,
0.37625786662101746,
-0.8724116086959839,
-0.0358431302011013,
-0.5659152865409851,
-0.10172399133443832,
0.11210840940475464,
-0.18281450867652893,
-0.11912768334150314,
-0.20321591198444366,
-0.7345055341720581,
-0.09464167803525925,
0.1894976794719696,
-0.14759616553783417,
0.21794816851615906,
0.16118790209293365,
-0.20097260177135468,
0.047410886734724045,
0.17105795443058014,
0.19529695808887482,
-0.3658243417739868,
-0.20955953001976013,
-0.31455251574516296,
0.08953660726547241,
-0.2322687804698944,
0.012209007516503334,
-0.24737559258937836,
0.18977490067481995,
0.6484910249710083,
0.3110104501247406,
-0.04783056303858757,
0.33367919921875,
0.2425748109817505,
-0.2116883546113968,
0.25505056977272034,
-0.3961792290210724,
-0.7659971117973328,
0.26168665289878845,
1.0925123691558838,
0.033175528049468994,
0.8191318511962891,
-0.21581308543682098,
-0.7570198178291321,
0.16727472841739655,
0.24124716222286224,
-0.15441155433654785,
-0.026883339509367943,
-0.08574467897415161,
-0.22611162066459656,
0.029236765578389168,
-0.5437182784080505,
-0.6433302164077759,
-1.1844491958618164,
-0.7299693822860718,
0.42416924238204956,
0.3406556248664856,
0.8680012822151184,
-0.06523653119802475,
-0.08940334618091583,
1.2416772842407227,
-0.1513727456331253,
0.37880298495292664,
-0.5409604907035828,
0.7165629863739014,
0.614069402217865,
-0.32535627484321594,
-0.11065986007452011,
0.6613906025886536,
-0.06380832195281982,
0.3170929551124573,
0.5614323616027832,
-0.1598094403743744,
0.5902745127677917,
-0.5297756195068359,
0.41229379177093506,
-0.16403387486934662,
-0.15783461928367615,
0.0317155160009861,
0.11799446493387222,
0.06567271798849106,
-0.15011382102966309,
-0.388956218957901,
0.719560980796814,
-0.31910160183906555,
-0.3591650128364563,
-0.038648586720228195,
-0.5416212677955627,
0.43559640645980835,
-0.31468573212623596,
0.26622098684310913,
-0.1383167952299118,
-0.4003618061542511,
-0.23693245649337769,
-0.4023517966270447,
0.4096675217151642,
-0.3956816494464874,
-0.5218125581741333,
-0.03211526200175285,
0.2401144802570343,
0.0499090813100338,
0.5857827067375183,
-0.1120525375008583,
0.03763391077518463,
0.222102552652359,
0.16534291207790375,
-0.6642913818359375,
0.8158711194992065,
0.11242910474538803,
-0.24076032638549805,
0.3044048547744751,
0.20336060225963593,
-0.22342053055763245,
0.07399579882621765,
0.4145095646381378,
0.13968591392040253,
-0.4093294143676758,
0.27890992164611816,
0.1995559185743332,
0.24192281067371368,
-0.06917417049407959,
0.5044899582862854,
-0.0851004347205162,
-0.11371828615665436,
0.6163538694381714,
0.28550606966018677,
0.04710626229643822,
0.07028025388717651,
-0.23329196870326996,
0.46735772490501404,
-0.11528490483760834,
0.44792577624320984,
0.5435903668403625,
0.26546710729599,
0.06944211572408676,
-0.708891749382019,
0.27376022934913635,
-0.45656469464302063,
-0.3494410216808319,
0.8543289303779602,
-0.1772685945034027,
0.009344205260276794,
-0.15120485424995422,
0.07208582013845444,
0.42288899421691895,
0.49618658423423767,
-0.2600642442703247,
0.2935505509376526,
-0.446987122297287,
0.5591439008712769,
-0.39636459946632385,
0.30649334192276,
-0.43526598811149597,
-0.2110348790884018,
1.050557255744934,
0.24444027245044708,
-0.12095082551240921,
0.4983983337879181,
0.4621775150299072,
-0.22046925127506256,
-0.251382976770401,
-0.045609403401613235,
-0.4427485764026642,
-0.07949041575193405,
-0.36017313599586487,
-0.29418689012527466,
0.33152562379837036,
0.268739253282547,
0.36656907200813293,
-0.42838722467422485,
0.3282177448272705,
-5.738646030426025,
0.332524836063385,
-0.3235667049884796,
-0.3072780966758728,
0.13395529985427856,
0.1678047627210617,
0.6833115220069885,
-0.6603219509124756,
0.18238875269889832,
-0.7515984177589417,
0.1332513689994812,
0.08465251326560974,
0.37724024057388306,
0.2874211370944977,
0.02986965700984001,
0.2047187238931656,
-0.22578825056552887,
0.011036276817321777,
0.09624399989843369,
-0.06088487058877945,
0.3476372957229614,
-0.31493836641311646,
-0.34047451615333557,
0.5086856484413147,
0.40702497959136963,
-0.09374129772186279,
-0.22588272392749786,
0.3319702744483948,
-0.49066951870918274,
-0.18806175887584686,
0.2588094472885132,
-0.4453205168247223,
-0.07039941847324371,
-0.13988719880580902,
-0.26875218749046326,
-0.2671734392642975,
0.6726936101913452,
-0.08260887861251831,
0.2625103294849396,
0.07340455055236816,
-0.12573003768920898,
0.5635994076728821,
0.22871820628643036,
-0.3535139858722687,
0.23080134391784668,
-0.012354841455817223,
-0.2531733512878418,
-0.3741650879383087,
-0.4351455867290497,
0.37571024894714355,
0.28879377245903015,
-0.2099573016166687,
-0.31666457653045654,
-0.3013975918292999,
0.17672716081142426,
-0.036311306059360504,
0.15133436024188995,
-0.2925001382827759,
-0.07611685246229172,
-0.20783928036689758,
0.48587489128112793,
-0.877051591873169,
0.19197630882263184,
-0.5906620025634766,
-0.1457853466272354,
-0.6214239001274109,
-0.5423858761787415,
0.14593903720378876,
0.46647965908050537,
0.5948724150657654,
-0.17995953559875488,
0.06084159389138222,
0.11511968076229095,
-0.8464077115058899,
0.08137036859989166,
-0.4807451665401459,
-0.03022102639079094,
-0.2171715497970581,
-0.2684297561645508,
0.01592191308736801,
0.19185683131217957,
-0.45022109150886536,
-0.22274738550186157,
0.20379546284675598,
0.5139017701148987,
-0.6154652833938599,
-0.08221706748008728,
-0.020168771967291832,
-0.4359627664089203,
-0.15363487601280212,
1.2937899827957153,
-0.3754025995731354,
0.06792005151510239,
0.03296921029686928,
-0.08412401378154755,
0.08850421011447906,
0.03369063138961792,
0.11860136687755585,
0.4108041226863861,
0.12008445709943771,
0.0022567068226635456,
-0.06814564764499664,
0.4917834997177124,
-0.14482904970645905,
0.13012045621871948,
0.40946123003959656,
-0.9839540719985962,
0.6534997224807739,
0.802035927772522,
0.04971632733941078,
-0.6360031962394714,
0.14468665421009064,
-0.0862102136015892,
-0.3196204900741577,
0.00006391337956301868,
-0.06589744985103607,
0.015699002891778946,
0.30239248275756836,
0.41863566637039185,
0.4603380858898163,
0.1822916865348816,
0.09111765027046204,
-0.35544535517692566,
-0.43605196475982666,
-0.4491429924964905,
-0.4745492935180664,
0.22701065242290497,
0.12258285284042358,
0.6330223679542542,
-0.1185811311006546,
0.693878710269928,
0.014745699241757393,
0.009570330381393433,
0.0728987529873848,
-0.0967249944806099,
-0.2678664028644562,
-0.41358062624931335,
-0.7527785301208496,
-0.7188528180122375,
-0.08552322536706924,
-0.24586664140224457,
-0.8876795768737793,
0.23423482477664948,
0.120699442923069,
0.9144049286842346,
0.2827577590942383,
-0.46256327629089355,
-0.23242007195949554,
-0.9212118983268738,
0.7697830200195312,
-0.23301509022712708,
0.16187912225723267,
0.42820918560028076,
-0.4910103678703308,
0.07423962652683258,
0.02834656462073326,
0.1963939368724823,
0.7062702775001526,
-0.06670676916837692,
-0.36579984426498413,
0.0871707946062088,
-0.31311848759651184,
-0.709499716758728,
0.2566826343536377,
-0.5914892554283142,
-0.38699886202812195,
-0.4873473644256592,
-0.08381196111440659,
-0.4497709572315216,
0.3615799844264984,
-0.1257593184709549,
-0.3254026770591736,
-0.33254167437553406,
0.16573673486709595,
0.5367991924285889,
0.20708347856998444,
0.20520780980587006,
0.39156374335289,
-0.14733333885669708,
-0.48435914516448975,
-0.37394335865974426,
-0.5015196204185486,
0.6039653420448303,
0.12453801929950714,
0.4959675669670105,
-0.021204279735684395,
-0.10620296001434326,
0.12972252070903778,
-0.7340319156646729,
-0.27769821882247925,
0.0868384838104248,
-0.4445212185382843,
0.15862888097763062,
-0.03220254182815552,
-0.15164831280708313,
-0.5539265871047974,
0.3226146399974823,
0.3384069800376892,
-0.06342298537492752,
-0.42826083302497864,
0.20858290791511536,
0.023816479369997978,
-0.6571006774902344,
0.6861123442649841,
-0.0643838495016098,
-0.683013916015625,
0.5624086856842041,
-0.22366631031036377,
0.02663322165608406,
0.09814127534627914,
-0.03438851609826088,
-0.6688826680183411,
-0.05285484716296196,
0.5748127102851868,
-0.4269128739833832,
0.11154960095882416,
0.09044795483350754,
-0.17110396921634674,
0.16724398732185364,
-0.7422555088996887,
0.6532325148582458,
-0.5853427052497864,
-0.15893353521823883,
0.4940377175807953,
-0.3226560652256012,
0.23682060837745667,
-0.30323582887649536,
-0.551476776599884,
0.48778560757637024,
-0.16288208961486816,
0.3712640702724457,
-0.0191750880330801,
0.46233290433883667,
-0.13379499316215515,
-0.30181625485420227,
-0.29947197437286377,
-0.54762864112854,
-0.40655651688575745,
-0.27376532554626465,
0.6513010859489441,
0.4695430099964142,
0.5423005223274231,
0.03108467347919941,
-0.4952811598777771,
-0.28754723072052,
0.7759748101234436,
-0.21629515290260315,
-0.4449187219142914,
-0.4544527530670166,
0.6790265440940857,
0.29147541522979736,
0.05454467982053757,
-0.24568204581737518,
-0.43736162781715393,
0.6738077998161316,
0.4317444860935211,
-0.08453477174043655,
0.175680011510849,
-0.06774277985095978,
0.5410526990890503,
0.48481079936027527,
-0.1242840364575386,
-0.3223499655723572,
0.33697453141212463,
0.13728031516075134,
-0.31873902678489685,
-0.3661770224571228,
-0.07002849876880646,
0.18578855693340302,
-0.5690861940383911,
-0.5111338496208191,
-0.364597350358963,
0.387759268283844,
0.2912214696407318,
-0.08596105873584747,
0.2796842157840729,
0.05765315890312195,
-0.5270662903785706,
-0.3815883994102478,
0.39290377497673035,
-0.5940060615539551,
-0.45779910683631897,
-0.25834694504737854,
0.41409966349601746,
0.14689183235168457,
-0.31532856822013855,
-0.09961934387683868,
0.6628894209861755,
0.012891422025859356,
-0.4763573408126831,
-0.7990062832832336,
0.29089438915252686,
-0.49991869926452637,
0.9337411522865295,
0.045244939625263214,
0.3229356110095978,
0.5697022676467896,
0.18353843688964844,
0.35622185468673706,
-0.10891300439834595,
-0.3513016402721405,
-0.08897276222705841,
0.5344336628913879,
-0.06329961866140366,
0.6075747609138489,
0.3585878014564514,
-0.09050302952528,
0.007763418834656477,
-0.25576943159103394,
-0.03907196968793869,
0.3151906728744507,
-0.026550212875008583,
0.5277836918830872,
0.1842009574174881,
-0.0024286063853651285,
-0.4905646741390228,
0.05843884497880936,
-0.07206117361783981,
-0.36215484142303467,
-0.026932785287499428,
0.11834228783845901,
-0.4322514533996582,
0.5605462789535522,
0.13259261846542358,
-0.4530734717845917,
0.08489543944597244,
0.39877551794052124,
-0.5751014947891235,
-0.14669542014598846,
0.008796537294983864,
0.9605435729026794,
0.27344661951065063,
-0.3706761300563812,
-0.2714792490005493,
0.4085620641708374,
-0.3117094933986664,
-0.5572469234466553,
-0.3417603075504303,
0.11800423264503479,
0.9658107757568359,
0.1660924106836319,
0.38341033458709717,
-0.27179816365242004,
0.11211156845092773,
0.15080659091472626,
0.28710517287254333,
0.02907002717256546,
0.024553263559937477,
0.46019041538238525,
0.3304985463619232,
-0.17397308349609375,
0.1460491418838501,
0.17343401908874512,
-0.19879744946956635,
0.4368029236793518,
0.21531429886817932,
0.49372217059135437,
0.1920458823442459,
-0.30750566720962524,
0.31807729601860046,
-0.03650692477822304,
0.5739112496376038,
0.22706900537014008,
-0.3045678436756134,
-0.32419154047966003,
0.11074966192245483,
-0.46319472789764404,
-1.14641273021698,
-0.02180238999426365,
-0.3263852000236511,
0.0753617063164711,
0.12859511375427246,
-0.675676167011261,
0.10724758356809616,
0.48549869656562805,
0.1240815669298172,
0.2093428522348404,
0.7312403321266174,
0.174600750207901,
0.16867470741271973,
0.13635550439357758,
-0.6547186374664307,
0.24627363681793213,
-0.4610692262649536,
-0.18986284732818604,
0.24479621648788452,
0.07611767202615738,
-0.1541992723941803,
-0.6776584982872009,
-0.23573364317417145,
-0.4081197679042816,
-0.45113587379455566,
0.17074738442897797,
-0.3359452784061432,
0.07139714807271957,
0.4291093647480011,
-0.37411367893218994,
1.4805412292480469,
0.15281452238559723,
-0.07265637814998627,
-0.1865645796060562,
-0.004290176555514336,
0.285588800907135,
-0.15642833709716797,
-0.538823664188385,
0.28465840220451355,
0.08775148540735245,
0.014255666173994541,
-0.41266563534736633,
0.036380935460329056,
0.5526747703552246,
0.16802161931991577,
0.14233091473579407,
0.13306526839733124,
-0.4230574071407318,
0.055535707622766495,
0.46061405539512634,
-0.04474496841430664,
0.15087983012199402,
-0.3615128993988037,
0.6425653696060181,
-0.1284569650888443,
-0.11405729502439499,
0.25055429339408875,
-0.40619736909866333,
-0.02265564352273941,
0.4832746088504791,
0.2413683831691742,
-0.771442174911499,
0.007216197904199362,
0.10310223698616028,
-0.46017900109291077,
-0.44840845465660095,
0.1735195517539978,
-0.3292400538921356,
0.008972983807325363,
0.31659892201423645,
0.3447411060333252,
0.590646505355835,
-0.9204800128936768,
0.01462857611477375,
-0.6398012638092041,
-0.2963531017303467,
-0.019729088991880417,
-0.5012902021408081,
0.20503740012645721,
-0.3122227191925049,
-0.4215328097343445,
-0.43843981623649597,
0.4254976511001587,
0.15246433019638062,
-0.5821247100830078,
0.5325932502746582,
-0.10795959085226059,
0.13108015060424805,
-0.3125346601009369,
-0.05587490648031235,
-0.31248918175697327,
0.148440420627594,
-0.2681109309196472
] |
232224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar%20Kapur | Shekhar Kapur | Shekhar Kulbhushan Kapur (born 6 December 1945)is an Indian film director, actor, and film producer, known for his works in Hindi cinema and international cinema. Part of the Anand family, Kapur became known in Bollywood with his recurring role in the TV series Khandan in the mid-1980s and his directorial debut in the cult Bollywood film Masoom in 1983, which won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie for that year, before gaining widespread success with the science fiction film Mr. India (1987).
He gained international recognition with the 1994 Bollywood film Bandit Queen, based on Mala Sen's biography of infamous Indian bandit and politician Phoolan Devi, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi and Filmfare Critics Awards for Best Movie and Best Direction for that year. It was premiered in the Directors Fortnight section of the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was screened at the Edinburgh Film Festival.
In international cinema, his historical biopics on Queen Elizabeth, Elizabeth (1998) and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), have earned him acclaim, with the former winning the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film and both winning an Academy Award.
Kapur has also been the recipient of a National Board of Review Award, as well as an Indian National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards. In 2010, he served as one of the Jury Members (International Competition) at the 63rd Cannes Film Festival.
In 2020, Kapur became the current president of the Film and Television Institute of India.
Early life
Shekhar Kulbhushan Kapoor was born on 6 December 1945 in Lahore, Punjab, British India, in a Punjabi Hindu family to Kulbhushan Kapoor, a doctor with a flourishing practice, and his wife Sheel Kanta Kapoor.
While on a train from the newly created Pakistan to India, a massacre took place; Kapur's mother Sheel played dead and hid both himself and his sister under her body. Reflecting on this, Kapur stated that the partition of India happened through "the blood of one people".
The nephew of famous Indian actor Dev Anand, he was discouraged from getting into films by his father. Sheel Kanta was the sister of actors Chetan, Dev and Vijay Anand. Kapur is the only son of his parents and he has three sisters. One of his sisters, Neelu, was the first wife of actor Navin Nischol, while another sister, Aruna, is the wife of actor Parikshit Sahni. His third and youngest sister is Sohaila Kapoor.
Kapur attended Modern School of New Delhi. He studied economics at St. Stephen's College. At 22, he became a Chartered Accountant with the ICAEW in England, having studied accountancy at the behest of his parents.
Kapur started his career working with a multinational oil company. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1970, and spent several years working as an accountant and management consultant.
Personal life
Kapur was married to Medha Gujral, niece of former Indian Prime Minister I. K. Gujral. They split in 1994. Medha later married popular bhajan singer Anup Jalota (she was his third wife). She died on 25 November 2014 at a hospital in New York City of liver failure following a second heart and first kidney transplant.
Kapur then married Suchitra Krishnamoorthi, an Indian actress, writer, painter and singer in 1997. They are divorced. They have a daughter named Kaveri Kapur.
Career
In India
Kapur started his career as an actor in the movie Jaan Hazir Hai (1975) and later in Toote Khilone, in Bollywood. He appeared in several Hindi television dramas, such as Udaan (Doordarshan), opposite Kavita Chaudhary, Upanyaas (Doordarshan) opposite Nisha Singh, and Masoom opposite Neena Gupta.
He turned director with the family drama Masoom (1983), starring Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and a young Jugal Hansraj & Urmila Matondkar. The plot followed the story of an illegitimate boy who struggles to find acceptance from his stepmother. He then directed the 1987 science-fiction film Mr. India, starring Anil Kapoor, Sridevi and Amrish Puri in his most famous role as the villain Mogambo. Puri's most famous dialogue in this film "Mogambo Khush Hua" is still remembered. In 1994 he directed the critically acclaimed Bandit Queen and played a cameo in the film as a truck driver.
Kapur was infamous for abandoning several films he was originally the director of. He was originally the director of the 1989 film Joshilaay, which starred Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Sridevi and Meenakshi Sheshadri before leaving the production halfway, and its producer Sibti Hassan Rizvi stepped in to complete the film. In 1992, he had shot some scenes for Barsaat, which was originally titled Champion and was going to be the debut film of Bobby Deol, but he left the production and was replaced by Rajkumar Santoshi. In 1992, he was set to direct the science-fiction film titled Time Machine, which was to star Aamir Khan, Raveena Tandon, Naseeruddin Shah and Rekha, but he abandoned the project halfway through due to financial problems. The film was left incomplete, although there were talks many years later that Kapur would revive the project with a new cast, which never happened. In 1995, he partly directed Dushmani, starring Sunny Deol, Jackie Shroff and Manisha Koirala before its producer Bunty Soorma stepped in to complete the film.
In an unusual role for him, Kapur provided the voice of Mohandas Gandhi in the Charkha Audiobooks title of The Story of My Experiments with Truth, alongside Nandita Das as narrator.
In 2013, Kapur hosted the TV show Pradhanmantri on ABP News. On the show, which aims to bring never-seen-before facets of Indian history, he was the narrator.
He served as judge on the reality TV series India's Got Talent, aired on Colors.
In 2016, Kapur delivers an autobiographical film and documentary about Amma, well known as Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, called "The Science of Compassion".
International
In 1998, he received international recognition for the second time after Bandit Queen, when he directed the Academy Award-winning period film Elizabeth, a fictional account of the reign of British Queen Elizabeth I nominated for seven Oscars. The 2007 sequel, Elizabeth: The Golden Age, was nominated for two Oscars. He was accused of being anti-British by British tabloids for his portrayal of the British Army in the 2002 movie The Four Feathers. However, he denied the accusations and stated that he was merely "anti-colonisation".
Kapur was the executive producer of the film The Guru. He established an Indian film company with Ram Gopal Verma and Mani Ratnam, though the group has thus far produced only one film, Dil Se.. (1998), starring Shahrukh Khan and Manisha Koirala. Kapur executive-produced the Bollywood-themed musical Bombay Dreams by Andrew Lloyd Webber, which ran in London's the West End and on Broadway in New York City for 1 year.
In 2005, Kapur worked with Okan Quail on Hunji!, a story of a young Indian maid who idolised Sachin Tendulkar. Although it gained some acclaim as one of his finest films, critics across the UK and India called it a flop.
In 2006, Kapur formed Liquid Comics and Virgin Animation, an entertainment company focused on creating new stories and characters for a global audience. The Shakti titles of Kapur and Deepak Chopra's company debuted with Devi and The Sadhu. Devi is about "a fierce feminine warrior, stronger than the Gods themselves ... a champion of the heavens, and the protector of man", while The Sadhu "is about one man's choice between his spiritual oath and his human instinct."
He was a member of the jury at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.
He has announced that he will direct Little Dragon, an authorized biopic of martial arts legend Bruce Lee.
Future projects
A third episode in the Queen Elizabeth series, Elizabeth: The Dark Age, is planned. According to screenwriter John Rogers, the success of Elizabeth led to Kapur being tapped to work on an adaptation of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Trilogy, but the project was eventually shelved. Kapur tentatively planned to helm a motion picture account of the life of the Buddha, titled Buddha, but the plans were dropped for unstated reasons. He planned to adapt Larklight, a book by Philip Reeve. Kapur traveled to Yerevan, Armenia to explore the possibility of making a film about the Armenian genocide.
In an interview with Associated Content, Kapur announced he is no longer attached to Larklight.
He is set to direct Paani. The film was reported to star Sushant Singh Rajput produced by Aditya Chopra. Its music will be composed by A. R. Rahman. The announcement was made at the 63rd Cannes Film Festival in 2010. Paani has since been shelved.
One of his shelved projects was a film tentatively titled The Nine o'Clock War, which he had planned with his longtime friend and previous collaborator, the Australian actor Heath Ledger in the role of a popular television news anchor. It never happened, as a result of the actor's unexpected death in 2008.
Kapur is set to write and direct a series titled Cleopatra, about the famous queen Cleopatra of ancient Egypt, being developed by David Ellender's Slingshot Global Media. This project has now been shelved.
It was announced in March of 2019 that Kapur will be directing a TV series for Endemol Shine based on historical novels by Amitav Ghosh, known as the "Ibis Trilogy", which details the opium wars among Britain, India and China in mid-19th century.
Awards
Civilian honor
Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 2000
British Academy Film Awards
BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film – Elizabeth (1998)
BAFTA Award for Best Direction – Elizabeth (1998) – (nominated)
Golden Globe Awards
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Elizabeth (1998) – (nominated)
National Board of Review Awards
Best Director – Elizabeth (1998)
National Film Awards
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi (director) – Bandit Queen (1994)
Filmfare Awards
Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics) – Masoom (1983)
Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics) – Bandit Queen (1994)
Filmfare Award for Best Director – Bandit Queen (1994)
Awards received by Shekhar Kapur's films
Directed Academy Award Performances
Filmography
References
External links
Arundhati Roy on Shekhar Kapur
New York Times Biography
Shekhar Kapur in Interview with 99FACES.tv
1945 births
Living people
BAFTA winners (people)
English-language film directors
Film directors from Lahore
Filmfare Awards winners
Golden Orange Honorary Award winners
Hindi-language film directors
Indian accountants
Indian bloggers
21st-century Indian film directors
Hindi film producers
Punjabi people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Delhi University alumni
20th-century Indian film directors
Male actors from Lahore | [
-0.2482019066810608,
0.21941520273685455,
-0.8513438701629639,
-0.6806797385215759,
0.2182813286781311,
0.9078298807144165,
0.2450520247220993,
-0.10581468790769577,
-0.4245707392692566,
0.5725153088569641,
-0.26709437370300293,
-0.0758490040898323,
-0.30849650502204895,
0.6718339920043945,
0.6872562170028687,
0.36532485485076904,
-0.01634547859430313,
0.10948847234249115,
-0.4405283033847809,
-0.18360164761543274,
0.07730279862880707,
-0.013991828076541424,
0.43930914998054504,
0.43246158957481384,
-0.2993178069591522,
0.625665009021759,
-0.03639773651957512,
0.22399547696113586,
-0.3806755542755127,
-0.4640986919403076,
0.18111366033554077,
0.13810044527053833,
0.7276954054832458,
0.40901046991348267,
-0.12404562532901764,
-0.07662606984376907,
-0.36051174998283386,
0.19724702835083008,
-0.48392149806022644,
-0.13722337782382965,
-0.49327006936073303,
-0.4730602204799652,
0.17393967509269714,
-0.30932652950286865,
-0.7797681093215942,
-0.4168838560581207,
-1.0801737308502197,
0.5705231428146362,
-1.0904704332351685,
-0.43814942240715027,
0.4008108377456665,
0.8023241758346558,
0.4469468891620636,
0.013830031268298626,
0.5085207223892212,
0.5475044250488281,
-0.14713165163993835,
0.130777508020401,
-0.13042092323303223,
-0.008482775650918484,
0.7742360830307007,
-0.27864134311676025,
0.4232896864414215,
-0.4865673780441284,
0.2800125181674957,
0.3978719115257263,
0.3436286449432373,
-0.06252391636371613,
0.32277584075927734,
0.22438572347164154,
-0.003501258557662368,
0.31914690136909485,
0.1797943115234375,
0.6461138725280762,
-0.2578080892562866,
-0.5669539570808411,
0.2602107524871826,
-0.13098815083503723,
-0.13652996718883514,
-0.06503007560968399,
0.2898547351360321,
-0.5112937092781067,
1.0613765716552734,
1.0701671838760376,
0.07544323056936264,
-0.18313835561275482,
0.2184065580368042,
0.2594607472419739,
-0.4346413314342499,
0.5409579873085022,
-0.4444672763347626,
-0.44165053963661194,
0.16464313864707947,
0.41835546493530273,
-0.2634218633174896,
0.4605151116847992,
0.3113434612751007,
-0.2246490716934204,
0.603958785533905,
-0.5545662641525269,
0.29050350189208984,
0.002779306611046195,
-0.1980859339237213,
-0.16180166602134705,
-0.38317665457725525,
-0.193195641040802,
0.3014830946922302,
0.013540413230657578,
-0.20618799328804016,
0.04521406814455986,
-0.3196352422237396,
0.4672972559928894,
-0.009618645533919334,
0.3412139415740967,
-0.17161282896995544,
0.27808356285095215,
-0.3632923662662506,
-0.24602846801280975,
-0.667465090751648,
0.6169986724853516,
0.16724108159542084,
0.4234177768230438,
-0.1081329733133316,
0.43077757954597473,
-0.7104422450065613,
0.28872308135032654,
-0.06644254922866821,
-0.009313434362411499,
-0.19003719091415405,
0.6541747450828552,
0.49754372239112854,
0.3374928832054138,
-0.8059870004653931,
-0.3357263207435608,
-0.6692631840705872,
-0.6533812284469604,
0.5978808999061584,
-0.32721495628356934,
-0.2201356440782547,
-0.36020609736442566,
-0.017473042011260986,
0.290062814950943,
-0.048033908009529114,
0.002917069010436535,
0.5763323307037354,
0.3749673366546631,
0.22649917006492615,
-0.14428219199180603,
-0.22461412847042084,
-0.4163194000720978,
-0.06977339833974838,
0.9353870749473572,
-0.35717862844467163,
-1.5515445470809937,
-0.7006036639213562,
0.6200281381607056,
0.20852911472320557,
-0.08106910437345505,
0.5540867447853088,
0.03521554917097092,
0.2738969027996063,
0.0787300318479538,
-0.2956354022026062,
-0.0002311114512849599,
0.14542138576507568,
-0.5372612476348877,
1.129160761833191,
-0.2956251800060272,
-0.5010862350463867,
-0.10774116963148117,
-0.425540566444397,
0.31423425674438477,
-0.22627337276935577,
-0.24259603023529053,
-0.6534393429756165,
0.46895453333854675,
-0.3741953372955322,
0.4474219083786011,
0.4176449775695801,
-0.27256762981414795,
-0.5134502053260803,
0.03486515209078789,
-0.3151402771472931,
0.5907551646232605,
-0.009797916747629642,
-0.10681644082069397,
-0.017515650019049644,
-0.5723204612731934,
0.5928581953048706,
-0.2637281119823456,
-0.32118135690689087,
0.05431520938873291,
0.11272265762090683,
0.17880062758922577,
0.4792660176753998,
0.07781785726547241,
-0.3512500524520874,
0.42428192496299744,
0.47316986322402954,
-0.03142321854829788,
-0.44937559962272644,
0.017046332359313965,
-0.05733409896492958,
-0.3285035490989685,
-0.18747612833976746,
-0.029169630259275436,
0.11318124085664749,
0.7662922143936157,
0.28560036420822144,
0.6747755408287048,
0.20845358073711395,
-0.9347094297409058,
0.5825485587120056,
0.4153977036476135,
0.4437207579612732,
0.06177115440368652,
-0.7295644283294678,
-0.30708569288253784,
0.1992846131324768,
0.26791098713874817,
0.714428722858429,
0.12497487664222717,
-0.21582022309303284,
0.8115150332450867,
0.07759783416986465,
0.9429120421409607,
0.3294140696525574,
-0.351830393075943,
0.3741324543952942,
-0.25308308005332947,
0.21186763048171997,
0.20378345251083374,
-0.3644781708717346,
0.23529112339019775,
-0.34995827078819275,
0.0533377006649971,
0.520645260810852,
0.1661744862794876,
0.270748496055603,
-0.4024076759815216,
0.44723135232925415,
0.7319536805152893,
-0.2202681452035904,
0.11529560387134552,
-0.005222498904913664,
-0.3323814272880554,
-0.07449140399694443,
-0.030785180628299713,
-0.8188625574111938,
0.14470408856868744,
-0.022217463701963425,
0.3272848427295685,
0.30116763710975647,
-0.34110406041145325,
-0.01161633525043726,
-0.042968254536390305,
-0.211429163813591,
-0.2787158489227295,
0.46481338143348694,
0.24458588659763336,
0.5257344841957092,
-0.35025501251220703,
0.17820432782173157,
-0.18251697719097137,
-0.7405111789703369,
0.07426655292510986,
0.44049200415611267,
-0.19388370215892792,
0.034738123416900635,
-0.023789403960108757,
-0.29506200551986694,
-0.28436365723609924,
0.38813209533691406,
0.6063366532325745,
0.46863818168640137,
-0.10781903564929962,
0.2887447774410248,
0.13398395478725433,
-0.4018247127532959,
-0.7377185225486755,
0.6420380473136902,
0.31493625044822693,
-0.35340410470962524,
-0.37314456701278687,
-0.05313445255160332,
-0.03304135799407959,
-0.45289722084999084,
-0.2623130679130554,
-0.06792598217725754,
0.11371485143899918,
-0.35522133111953735,
0.8912477493286133,
-0.03692540526390076,
-0.12711797654628754,
-0.4031483829021454,
-0.09270976483821869,
-0.24928075075149536,
-0.04383830726146698,
0.055674176663160324,
-0.07187554240226746,
-0.45261725783348083,
1.071447730064392,
-0.5742217898368835,
0.012328126467764378,
0.20570173859596252,
0.2765977084636688,
0.024207917973399162,
-0.7144212126731873,
-5.493278980255127,
-0.17439579963684082,
0.08027123659849167,
-0.009258315898478031,
0.5721464157104492,
0.06533610075712204,
0.17684821784496307,
-0.0887802466750145,
-0.002347101690247655,
0.18333029747009277,
-0.11588548868894577,
-0.011582539416849613,
-0.3393558859825134,
0.32789668440818787,
0.09279732406139374,
0.5230756402015686,
0.5676267743110657,
0.33252134919166565,
0.47082871198654175,
0.6000953912734985,
-0.6188343167304993,
0.2691956162452698,
-0.2923112213611603,
0.10327539592981339,
-0.1446477770805359,
0.24438558518886566,
-0.661899745464325,
0.39261960983276367,
-0.7655370235443115,
-0.47102752327919006,
-0.5477405190467834,
-0.16205620765686035,
-0.6233282089233398,
0.3357124924659729,
-0.3486480116844177,
-0.16451145708560944,
-0.0947464108467102,
0.023733200505375862,
0.09852263331413269,
0.0037217203062027693,
0.47005462646484375,
0.17282085120677948,
-0.5388520956039429,
-0.26721295714378357,
0.9263594150543213,
-0.5887743830680847,
-0.7219778895378113,
-0.2822498083114624,
0.3235340416431427,
-0.28163421154022217,
0.06652482599020004,
-0.2900608479976654,
0.04552211984992027,
-0.23596419394016266,
0.5479773879051208,
0.2628597617149353,
0.1369316577911377,
0.09150226414203644,
-0.19132529199123383,
0.3093045651912689,
0.10319172590970993,
-0.010048821568489075,
-0.5044400095939636,
0.0008109851623885334,
0.06411448121070862,
0.04478788375854492,
0.4845066964626312,
-0.5456440448760986,
-0.4999624192714691,
-0.5966194868087769,
-0.413804292678833,
0.5015333890914917,
0.29579538106918335,
-1.0503054857254028,
-0.6096839904785156,
-1.093225359916687,
0.4822741448879242,
0.3968832492828369,
-1.0366859436035156,
-0.0015264233807101846,
-0.3255648910999298,
-0.12914174795150757,
0.4068916440010071,
0.2739534080028534,
0.36505407094955444,
0.14962011575698853,
-0.2019314467906952,
-0.09803521633148193,
0.1492919623851776,
-0.05488067492842674,
0.2792128622531891,
-0.2481679618358612,
0.11226049810647964,
0.42440998554229736,
0.6018480062484741,
-0.24890193343162537,
-0.18176138401031494,
0.609900712966919,
-0.2775220572948456,
-0.3255182206630707,
0.28125616908073425,
-0.23187042772769928,
-0.5874271392822266,
-0.4595494866371155,
-0.10398949682712555,
0.16688258945941925,
0.5005226731300354,
-0.199174165725708,
0.9859157800674438,
-0.32281649112701416,
0.1216137707233429,
0.2561430335044861,
-0.00307292933575809,
-0.1471814066171646,
0.9657565951347351,
-0.19332899153232574,
-0.34920743107795715,
0.6265082955360413,
0.2577176094055176,
0.5593083500862122,
0.14911270141601562,
0.5159801244735718,
-0.46541309356689453,
-0.18451595306396484,
0.21715164184570312,
-0.2436576634645462,
-0.16021792590618134,
0.01296000462025404,
-0.017631275579333305,
-0.0015262180240824819,
-0.11585688591003418,
0.47173282504081726,
-0.05980594828724861,
-0.6340303421020508,
0.3245854675769806,
0.010120583698153496,
-0.3011450171470642,
-0.5368033051490784,
0.05217874050140381,
0.23156897723674774,
0.021769436076283455,
-0.09791475534439087,
0.17564454674720764,
0.9200286269187927,
0.3204311430454254,
-0.8217917084693909,
-0.22500520944595337,
0.14001479744911194,
0.21501390635967255,
-0.02212977409362793,
-0.29807835817337036,
-0.22462251782417297,
0.6893035769462585,
-0.25514981150627136,
-0.5843968391418457,
-0.6311610341072083,
-0.4250217080116272,
0.18536321818828583,
-0.20141659677028656,
0.41895851492881775,
0.6591108441352844,
-0.3388199806213379,
-0.8955377340316772,
-0.2298566997051239,
0.3820529282093048,
0.2994474470615387,
0.019265510141849518,
-0.592950701713562,
0.1310659945011139,
0.768642246723175,
0.043133363127708435,
-0.2438213974237442,
0.15895234048366547,
-0.042706411331892014,
-0.533715546131134,
-0.07758120447397232,
-0.15030573308467865,
-0.257712721824646,
0.11389395594596863,
0.4659729599952698,
-0.004366295877844095,
-0.5758004188537598,
-0.5176844000816345,
0.38693875074386597,
0.275900661945343,
-0.16029132902622223,
-0.569411039352417,
-0.4863559901714325,
-0.32293233275413513,
0.28553682565689087,
-0.2883896827697754,
0.058125924319028854,
0.7196998596191406,
0.2953352928161621,
-0.06010335683822632,
-0.5080395936965942,
-0.2754341661930084,
-0.1647317111492157,
-0.5294400453567505,
-1.061084270477295,
0.46951887011528015,
-0.02059650979936123,
-0.20723755657672882,
-0.02443655952811241,
0.48728519678115845,
-0.5991443991661072,
-0.08955173194408417,
0.5932440757751465,
-0.2333679348230362,
0.3297732472419739,
-0.7170109748840332,
-0.05192546173930168,
0.721733570098877,
0.05877738073468208,
0.02872905507683754,
0.08625946938991547,
0.3265720307826996,
-0.058040719479322433,
0.24760299921035767,
-0.019961107522249222,
-0.8110004663467407,
-0.620017945766449,
0.05350608006119728,
-0.16687896847724915,
-1.190085768699646,
-0.30266472697257996,
0.6553565263748169,
-0.30221328139305115,
0.3189907371997833,
-0.10525792092084885,
-0.18119902908802032,
-0.2599472999572754,
0.026156501844525337,
-0.26831698417663574,
-0.22992895543575287,
-0.5840919613838196,
0.3442353904247284,
-0.07420908659696579,
0.021608291193842888,
-0.029799550771713257,
0.09809645265340805,
0.4930887818336487,
0.34622153639793396,
-0.0038358434103429317,
0.5000933408737183,
0.4472304880619049,
0.12233006954193115,
-0.4445725679397583,
-0.45760831236839294,
0.4861311614513397,
0.4746553301811218,
0.24803666770458221,
-0.20544740557670593,
-0.25409385561943054,
0.8002674579620361,
-1.2317121028900146,
0.208673357963562,
-0.2557332515716553,
-0.09562358260154724,
0.20499494671821594,
-0.30789250135421753,
-0.0660495012998581,
0.3532066345214844,
-0.559432327747345,
-0.2210453897714615,
0.034121762961149216,
-0.39509692788124084,
-0.2568536102771759,
0.6017000079154968,
-0.7154205441474915,
0.154611736536026,
-0.37917426228523254,
0.011598835699260235,
-0.15249404311180115,
0.1556127667427063,
0.2696327269077301,
-0.09055650979280472,
-0.31443992257118225,
0.2866133451461792,
-0.571243405342102,
-0.054984018206596375,
0.21786542236804962,
0.29197534918785095,
-1.0748777389526367,
0.35772064328193665,
-0.6290457844734192,
0.33735617995262146,
-0.2654249370098114,
-0.36067748069763184,
0.04774840176105499,
-0.3885168433189392,
0.18963463604450226,
-0.09589000791311264,
0.4119686186313629,
-0.42360883951187134,
-0.1760300099849701,
0.3730703890323639,
1.5048786401748657,
-0.435140997171402,
-0.2506895661354065,
0.22653312981128693,
0.1233733743429184,
0.5127845406532288,
-0.08496560901403427,
-0.4160090684890747,
0.0490058958530426,
-0.019358554854989052,
-0.5082977414131165,
-0.007114477455615997,
0.19473706185817719,
0.502838134765625,
-0.21579965949058533,
0.5188782811164856,
0.47193390130996704,
-0.5750837922096252,
-0.2397698014974594,
0.665692150592804,
-0.3012036979198456,
0.13512282073497772,
-0.14688435196876526,
0.1635461449623108,
-0.6117841601371765,
0.7496088147163391,
-0.4631807506084442,
0.5195238590240479,
0.7877272367477417,
-0.08720022439956665,
0.28231215476989746,
-0.22778722643852234,
0.5427470207214355,
-0.11872222274541855,
-0.5014936327934265,
-0.24886032938957214,
-0.502671480178833,
0.3621686100959778,
0.09200535714626312,
-0.12394316494464874,
0.23225151002407074,
0.3932684659957886,
-0.23088370263576508,
-0.1688038855791092,
0.42377611994743347,
-0.3098418414592743,
0.10849060118198395,
0.1883155107498169,
0.15780973434448242,
1.1069467067718506,
0.49589037895202637,
-0.6903131008148193,
0.031021347269415855,
-0.2953273057937622,
0.005574182141572237,
0.08578048646450043,
-0.24423383176326752,
0.3786981403827667,
0.07087762653827667,
0.4100852906703949,
0.04662880674004555,
0.13014641404151917,
0.37668633460998535,
0.0778270810842514,
-0.19201461970806122,
0.758715808391571,
0.6839427351951599,
0.0015928024658933282,
-0.3339354395866394,
-0.21382424235343933,
-1.3668051958084106,
0.41989871859550476,
-0.5245320796966553,
-0.31149160861968994,
0.40187451243400574,
-0.697136640548706,
0.8291929960250854,
0.21253083646297455,
0.2739810645580292,
0.06147864833474159,
-0.18822269141674042,
-0.19142082333564758,
0.12243802845478058,
-0.764968991279602,
-0.1621214747428894,
0.4508246183395386,
-0.14408938586711884,
0.42644447088241577,
-0.07774839550256729,
-0.4123910367488861,
-0.0653340071439743,
0.03650964796543121,
-0.013114833272993565,
0.3752150535583496,
-0.18652349710464478,
-0.3968622386455536,
1.2069735527038574,
-0.34720146656036377,
0.11802743375301361,
-0.7084600329399109,
0.2672770321369171,
0.0900583490729332,
0.08212606608867645,
0.12883327901363373,
0.2849092483520508,
-0.33268555998802185,
0.644326388835907,
-0.0470731258392334,
-0.3108980655670166,
-1.0240508317947388,
0.03035786747932434,
-1.14493989944458,
-0.28371238708496094,
-0.5164973735809326,
-0.342728853225708,
-0.2730174660682678,
0.29370710253715515,
-0.3108811378479004,
0.15088064968585968,
0.5456437468528748,
0.04491794481873512,
0.3222135305404663,
-0.41005730628967285,
0.05133168399333954,
0.2280634641647339,
0.15670691430568695,
-0.2692519724369049,
-0.30860787630081177,
0.08075369894504547,
0.10476505756378174,
0.005285197403281927,
-0.3765932619571686,
0.165479838848114,
-0.19323007762432098,
0.561366856098175,
-0.535520076751709,
0.21654042601585388,
-0.10713513940572739,
-0.7330412268638611,
0.4894205629825592,
0.4539991319179535,
0.3795379400253296,
-0.6043447256088257,
0.22184190154075623,
0.2693314850330353,
0.278151273727417,
-0.22464071214199066,
-0.15706971287727356,
-0.13370417058467865,
-0.42752474546432495,
-0.41268083453178406,
0.10649178922176361,
0.6361674666404724,
0.10791871696710587,
-0.09601585566997528,
0.5663731098175049,
-0.23735719919204712,
-0.03066888451576233,
0.8686880469322205,
0.1637599766254425,
-0.5564888119697571,
0.3929300904273987,
-0.7730940580368042
] |
232225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua%20Franca%20%28magazine%29 | Lingua Franca (magazine) | Lingua Franca was an American magazine about intellectual and literary life in academia.
Founding
The magazine was founded in 1990 by Jeffrey Kittay, an editor and professor of French literature at Yale University. Kittay, as the New York Times reported, "saw a niche for vivid reporting about the academic world and especially about its many personal feuds and intellectual controversies." Kittay told the newspaper, "I was an academic who was very, very hungry for information about what made my profession so alive, where people became passionate about abstract ideas." Describing the magazine's impact years later, in the New York Observer, Ron Rosenbaum wrote that "It soon became a much-talked-about phenomenon inside and outside academia." In November, 2000, on the journal's tenth anniversary, the Village Voice commented that "Lingua Franca'''s influence on nineties magazine culture has been so strong, it's sometimes hard to remember that it was unique in academia when it began."
Contents and contributors
In a 2002 retrospective article, Andrew Delbanco wrote about the magazine that "It ran stories about everything, from a historians’ quarrel over the efficacy of the 1960s student movement, to a dispute among anthropologists over whether cannibalism ever existed, to the fight between the Harvard biologists E.O. Wilson and Richard Lewontin over the extent to which genes control human behavior, to the question of whether dissertation advisers should sleep with their students."
Contributors included editors and writers who went on to careers at The New Republic, Time, Slate, The New York Times Book Review, The Nation, The Economist, The London Review of Books, the Washington Post, and The New Yorker: Peter Beinart, Lev Grossman, Fred Kaplan, Robert S. Boynton, Warren St. John, Jonathan Mahler, Jennifer Schuessler, Matthew Steinglass, Daniel Mendelsohn, Laura Secor, Hillary Frey, Lawrence Osborne, Caleb Crain, Rachel Donadio, Jeet Heer, Corey Robin, Chris Mooney, James Ryerson, Emily Nussbaum, Clive Thompson, and Adam Shatz. As cultural critic Ron Rosenbaum wrote in The New York Observer, "The kind of writing about ideas that once found a home at Lingua Franca has since — with the assistance of many talented Lingua Franca alumni, both writers and editors — succeeded in changing the face of serious journalism for the better."
Editors
Jeffrey Kittay served as the magazine's editor-in-chief. For its first year, the editor was Peter Edidin. From 1991 to 1994, Lingua Franca was co-edited by Judith Shulevitz and Margaret Talbot. In late 1994, Alexander Star became the editor, joined by Emily Eakin. The New York Times critic A.O. Scott served as a senior editor, as did New Yorker features editor Daniel Zalewski. Historian and journalist Rick Perlstein, the author of Nixonland, began his journalism career as an intern there, later becoming associate editor.
Sokal AffairLingua Franca was where the Sokal Affair — a parody of academic practices and post-structuralist language — was first revealed; Lingua Franca editors later produced a book of selected papers on the subject, The Sokal Hoax, published by the University of Nebraska Press.
Final issue
The magazine halted publication during the 2001 economic downturn, after a financial backer withdrew support. New Yorker editor David Remnick told The New York Times, "That is terrible. I really enjoyed it — I always found something fascinating to read in that magazine, and not infrequently something that I wish we had had for The New Yorker." The company behind the magazine declared bankruptcy in April 2002. Later in 2002, editor Alexander Star assembled an anthology: Quick Studies: The Best of Lingua Franca, published by Farrar Straus Giroux.
In 2006, at age 19, Aaron Swartz wrote a program to put up a mirror archive of the magazine on the web.
HonorsLingua Franca received the National Magazine Award for General Excellence (under 100,000 circulation) in 1993. The magazine was nominated again in 1994, 1996, 1998, and 1999.
See also
Sokal Affair
Arts & Letters Daily
References
External links
Lingua Franca Article Archive
The New York Times'': Chronicle of Academic Life Suspends Publication
"When Intellectuals Had a Real Magazine: Viva Lingua Franca!" By Ron Rosenbaum in The New York Observer, (April 2006).
Sokal Affair: Alan Sokal, "A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies," Lingua Franca, May/June, 1996.
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines disestablished in 2001 | [
-0.11954906582832336,
0.14087621867656708,
-0.24719025194644928,
0.36933499574661255,
-0.8531426191329956,
0.06055673956871033,
0.11410288512706757,
0.7657691240310669,
-0.31103435158729553,
-0.3015585243701935,
-0.039371293038129807,
0.3205229341983795,
0.25406041741371155,
0.0855531394481659,
-0.14837054908275604,
-0.08027190715074539,
0.2586093246936798,
0.4939870238304138,
0.15984033048152924,
-0.4675300419330597,
-0.584407389163971,
0.2590407133102417,
0.6611276865005493,
-0.24933402240276337,
0.20875081419944763,
-0.1207800880074501,
0.34596991539001465,
0.11800267547369003,
-0.5241174697875977,
-0.34253251552581787,
-0.15631680190563202,
0.7523901462554932,
0.02036336623132229,
0.27885493636131287,
-0.570722222328186,
-0.23921670019626617,
0.28555062413215637,
-0.20663364231586456,
0.12823648750782013,
-0.44692566990852356,
-0.2724708020687103,
0.011511431075632572,
0.12476810067892075,
0.601955771446228,
-0.4914049208164215,
-0.927506685256958,
-1.8419893980026245,
0.46617797017097473,
-0.9127007722854614,
0.1581324189901352,
-0.5999345183372498,
0.5676032900810242,
0.5702109932899475,
0.7223446369171143,
-0.41958439350128174,
1.3430099487304688,
-0.34674689173698425,
-0.2618357241153717,
-0.06378604471683502,
-0.22658555209636688,
0.31881842017173767,
0.40371760725975037,
-0.04922157898545265,
-0.11627289652824402,
0.35876309871673584,
0.019968543201684952,
-0.665965735912323,
-0.41333338618278503,
-0.5741990804672241,
-0.6031939387321472,
-0.584308385848999,
-0.44441384077072144,
0.2979047894477844,
0.2109142690896988,
-0.23618613183498383,
0.03681546077132225,
0.07695668935775757,
0.026214592158794403,
-0.07714574784040451,
-0.4699229300022125,
-0.4383273720741272,
0.16547946631908417,
0.6131852865219116,
-0.036632876843214035,
0.4006595015525818,
0.49761998653411865,
-0.41668426990509033,
-0.35146576166152954,
-0.022166091948747635,
-0.22175781428813934,
0.11527339369058609,
-0.28678223490715027,
0.924782931804657,
0.4208340048789978,
0.32140156626701355,
0.19267538189888,
0.6108800768852234,
0.19362348318099976,
-0.5484092831611633,
0.31200990080833435,
-0.37938323616981506,
0.19518890976905823,
0.8810417652130127,
-0.1131071224808693,
-0.8411427140235901,
-0.011859421618282795,
-0.23014017939567566,
0.0590844601392746,
0.559862494468689,
-0.18813814222812653,
0.03076253831386566,
0.4197695553302765,
-0.21894687414169312,
0.0271220151335001,
-0.056246787309646606,
0.7461280226707458,
0.41359230875968933,
0.1762542873620987,
-0.6348141431808472,
-0.004593607969582081,
-0.571594774723053,
0.6553090214729309,
0.0888860896229744,
-0.15662238001823425,
-0.5206341743469238,
0.605185329914093,
0.3151411712169647,
0.08560381829738617,
0.22901754081249237,
0.473407119512558,
0.3071357309818268,
0.3108523190021515,
-0.14165863394737244,
-0.22144858539104462,
-0.030583549290895462,
-0.303232878446579,
0.4887726902961731,
0.5820512175559998,
0.08083983510732651,
0.4024084508419037,
-0.19377829134464264,
-0.7421623468399048,
-1.1050740480422974,
-0.6061205267906189,
0.6516680717468262,
-0.6759732365608215,
0.3024713099002838,
-0.4498966932296753,
-0.08966775983572006,
-0.3512663245201111,
0.23386427760124207,
-0.32406532764434814,
-0.09797973185777664,
0.20268285274505615,
0.37299633026123047,
0.32485491037368774,
0.1638985276222229,
-0.15305852890014648,
0.5847594141960144,
0.09101930260658264,
-0.1372104436159134,
-0.16417913138866425,
-0.2977527379989624,
-0.3245362937450409,
-0.4731501042842865,
-0.4462634325027466,
0.023775460198521614,
0.5683034062385559,
0.10940948128700256,
0.37871024012565613,
-0.3153582215309143,
-0.16991578042507172,
0.22938895225524902,
-0.12790286540985107,
-0.35001450777053833,
0.19259531795978546,
0.6073282361030579,
-0.03756153956055641,
0.3336794376373291,
-0.043046701699495316,
-0.8435678482055664,
0.7815154790878296,
-0.021632103249430656,
-0.5256259441375732,
0.3898012340068817,
-0.013852398842573166,
0.8762122988700867,
0.27485576272010803,
-0.15413744747638702,
-0.12052612006664276,
-0.6437638998031616,
-0.8080340623855591,
0.03104340471327305,
-0.3828885853290558,
1.572116732597351,
0.16923584043979645,
-0.23814156651496887,
1.142903447151184,
-0.19225488603115082,
0.18142391741275787,
0.05757826939225197,
-0.10764064639806747,
0.2506391406059265,
-0.1985096037387848,
-0.26674729585647583,
0.28414860367774963,
0.0306269321590662,
-0.05421149730682373,
0.33575087785720825,
0.5577202439308167,
0.2068929672241211,
-0.24062484502792358,
0.3764578700065613,
-0.1268574297428131,
-0.03232905641198158,
-0.3218896985054016,
-0.2239866405725479,
0.48316672444343567,
-0.023658577352762222,
-0.323692262172699,
1.3346301317214966,
-0.5453922748565674,
0.07906635850667953,
0.3748416006565094,
-0.13608239591121674,
-0.07861173897981644,
0.2797066569328308,
0.2934078276157379,
0.39159470796585083,
-0.5149999260902405,
0.6196112632751465,
-0.12651841342449188,
0.5860884785652161,
-1.015637755393982,
-0.2545689046382904,
-0.09300088882446289,
-0.3393673300743103,
-0.12510332465171814,
0.3876726031303406,
0.3251517117023468,
0.19602259993553162,
0.02095785178244114,
-0.21439343690872192,
0.12365370988845825,
0.13495463132858276,
0.13324317336082458,
-0.25449568033218384,
0.06253746151924133,
0.026351511478424072,
-0.12893159687519073,
0.8096102476119995,
0.3853302597999573,
0.11947953701019287,
-0.20048628747463226,
-0.43264007568359375,
-0.012855092994868755,
-0.2508300542831421,
-0.16333472728729248,
0.6134355068206787,
0.054221659898757935,
-0.13501402735710144,
0.4303706884384155,
0.49749696254730225,
0.34719347953796387,
0.283513605594635,
-0.05523116886615753,
0.2111634761095047,
-0.9288172125816345,
0.08141408860683441,
-0.04866939038038254,
0.3823975920677185,
0.5164475440979004,
-0.14297689497470856,
-0.4650261402130127,
0.4602775275707245,
-0.5715802907943726,
-0.3065023124217987,
0.05119358375668526,
-0.777467668056488,
-0.40487003326416016,
-0.07175390422344208,
0.6963116526603699,
0.25586992502212524,
-0.4408861994743347,
-0.3115072250366211,
-0.6713855862617493,
0.16857142746448517,
-0.3686668872833252,
0.28785938024520874,
-0.1542435884475708,
-0.21468167006969452,
-0.15214332938194275,
-0.723361611366272,
-0.08879891037940979,
0.18987751007080078,
0.22348642349243164,
0.07848995923995972,
-0.07009205967187881,
-0.029417406767606735,
-0.5495114326477051,
-0.5738419890403748,
0.37960687279701233,
-0.044562019407749176,
0.40111738443374634,
0.3203369975090027,
0.127732053399086,
-0.2776988744735718,
0.001213599694892764,
-5.627231121063232,
0.1300262212753296,
-0.440437912940979,
-0.26976847648620605,
-0.006992941722273827,
0.021161027252674103,
0.2781430780887604,
-0.22532320022583008,
-0.2379182130098343,
0.1402808129787445,
-0.15080446004867554,
0.022400150075554848,
0.2135259062051773,
0.6750314235687256,
0.3350284993648529,
0.5375362634658813,
0.21007615327835083,
0.2868900001049042,
-0.27860334515571594,
-0.13614504039287567,
0.42183995246887207,
-0.10163146257400513,
0.4602237641811371,
0.5834776759147644,
0.8962546586990356,
0.5804468393325806,
-0.1888532042503357,
0.647948682308197,
-0.38357746601104736,
-0.011993207037448883,
0.0976029708981514,
0.09769703447818756,
0.20786139369010925,
-0.5139328241348267,
0.37440747022628784,
0.27830639481544495,
0.8041223287582397,
0.898603081703186,
0.5637337565422058,
0.18021626770496368,
-0.056256771087646484,
0.7444650530815125,
0.10516677051782608,
0.19866062700748444,
0.21795861423015594,
-0.016873937100172043,
-0.28297457098960876,
-0.24984756112098694,
-0.5818867087364197,
0.5862675309181213,
-0.2691635191440582,
-0.39644891023635864,
0.07042725384235382,
0.5143283605575562,
0.15363658964633942,
-0.09603336453437805,
1.0394155979156494,
-0.06967159360647202,
-0.5866125822067261,
-0.7154638767242432,
0.33409538865089417,
-0.2790233790874481,
0.025627508759498596,
-0.9022082090377808,
-0.34838932752609253,
-0.4003337621688843,
-0.5040144920349121,
0.0941188856959343,
0.07212094962596893,
0.5292090773582458,
-0.12613162398338318,
0.6038594245910645,
0.026236610487103462,
-0.6388727426528931,
-0.13450880348682404,
-0.17623354494571686,
0.2963203489780426,
0.23318487405776978,
0.25085416436195374,
0.1415867805480957,
0.07240454107522964,
0.10980112850666046,
-0.3242562711238861,
0.6869311332702637,
-0.15462858974933624,
-0.9016991257667542,
-0.3793187737464905,
-0.17147907614707947,
-1.2659821510314941,
-0.048116859048604965,
0.5413691997528076,
-0.05133716017007828,
0.2049400806427002,
0.4483591616153717,
0.33233287930488586,
0.10466139018535614,
0.3510168194770813,
-0.23135004937648773,
0.6938725113868713,
-0.7379931807518005,
0.282880574464798,
-0.03651086613535881,
0.18890666961669922,
-0.3695959746837616,
-0.04280821233987808,
-0.1916554719209671,
-0.9092075824737549,
0.6444299221038818,
0.5882536172866821,
-0.9681536555290222,
-0.42278099060058594,
0.09707281738519669,
-0.638617217540741,
-0.6396921873092651,
0.3257899880409241,
-0.08499983698129654,
-0.27087536454200745,
0.4083249568939209,
-0.03757329285144806,
-0.010342303663492203,
-0.00008898451051209122,
0.40595877170562744,
0.14896160364151,
-0.2804862856864929,
-0.3275161683559418,
0.21949170529842377,
0.25162795186042786,
0.19638560712337494,
-0.5642198324203491,
-0.06552696228027344,
-0.17337752878665924,
-0.17410613596439362,
-0.17169688642024994,
-0.375754714012146,
0.3485988676548004,
-0.33930423855781555,
-0.17048506438732147,
0.2745649814605713,
0.12061263620853424,
-0.6564463376998901,
0.020027466118335724,
-0.3911837637424469,
0.18388481438159943,
-0.01557887252420187,
0.7652541995048523,
0.18872271478176117,
-0.20079897344112396,
-0.020929068326950073,
-0.3603859841823578,
0.6699126958847046,
-0.20048120617866516,
0.24551358819007874,
-0.17931370437145233,
-0.10641679167747498,
-0.09131844341754913,
-0.41657784581184387,
0.02285442315042019,
0.6242682337760925,
-0.8888031244277954,
-0.18631033599376678,
0.1963583379983902,
-0.7307447791099548,
-0.9446831941604614,
0.35098886489868164,
0.18446248769760132,
-0.34800130128860474,
-0.5540409684181213,
-0.06997061520814896,
-0.5200415253639221,
0.6466485261917114,
0.7430776357650757,
-0.028862835839390755,
-0.6841697096824646,
-0.37004441022872925,
-0.08339431136846542,
-0.07148541510105133,
0.4083806276321411,
0.16154521703720093,
-0.17283819615840912,
0.009100518189370632,
0.4674839973449707,
-0.7511955499649048,
-0.10368218272924423,
0.2988507151603699,
0.5591475367546082,
-0.30461007356643677,
0.19772353768348694,
-0.009924173355102539,
-0.5696569085121155,
0.1375502049922943,
-0.06719876825809479,
0.3610898554325104,
0.5867959856987,
0.0363253615796566,
-0.5874446630477905,
-0.2258007824420929,
0.1727370172739029,
0.04149656742811203,
-0.4476009011268616,
-0.23259572684764862,
0.29035890102386475,
0.6556245684623718,
-0.1876775473356247,
-0.1019744873046875,
-0.11067981272935867,
-0.7096453905105591,
0.2794632017612457,
-0.4595998227596283,
-1.0342414379119873,
0.8527427911758423,
-0.39195922017097473,
-0.494628369808197,
-0.0044214255176484585,
0.01980034075677395,
-0.3642489016056061,
-0.4669305384159088,
0.3392183780670166,
0.259313702583313,
-0.7011141180992126,
-0.12816908955574036,
0.3260345458984375,
0.061950162053108215,
-0.7724417448043823,
-0.08458176255226135,
-0.4051336646080017,
1.0350418090820312,
0.20011042058467865,
-0.24763955175876617,
0.6251301169395447,
-0.5932209491729736,
0.1194189265370369,
0.11805415898561478,
0.10673230141401291,
-0.08452178537845612,
0.04556390270590782,
0.29040899872779846,
-0.18974772095680237,
0.06211072951555252,
-0.03169065713882446,
-0.05036243796348572,
0.36865726113319397,
0.7318894863128662,
-0.2868521809577942,
-0.14797799289226532,
-0.09156447649002075,
0.8193948864936829,
0.25012102723121643,
-0.19566036760807037,
-0.6833235025405884,
-0.2002323567867279,
0.11088931560516357,
-0.8037111759185791,
-0.6480628252029419,
-0.38268256187438965,
0.5732625722885132,
-0.6446746587753296,
-0.2140013724565506,
0.5920450687408447,
0.01946176029741764,
0.4111316204071045,
-0.24605832993984222,
-0.05970361828804016,
-0.44259074330329895,
0.774043619632721,
0.38290053606033325,
0.19986015558242798,
0.16414853930473328,
0.13037140667438507,
0.4731143116950989,
-0.3463754653930664,
0.2947424352169037,
-0.40863505005836487,
-0.21134860813617706,
0.4541628956794739,
0.2532723546028137,
-0.4464680850505829,
-0.3322623074054718,
-0.48967245221138,
0.4241436719894409,
-0.05694981664419174,
-0.23639839887619019,
-0.28253260254859924,
0.03006148338317871,
-0.36817440390586853,
-0.0241200253367424,
-0.44296255707740784,
-0.10611450672149658,
0.22454167902469635,
-0.22873462736606598,
-0.01629926636815071,
-0.5329104065895081,
0.05521668866276741,
-0.21965138614177704,
0.3840649127960205,
-0.1368347406387329,
0.16644302010536194,
0.1405135840177536,
-0.3340063989162445,
-0.2406425029039383,
-0.11416932195425034,
-0.19470864534378052,
0.22060273587703705,
0.17136961221694946,
-0.49876120686531067,
1.017623782157898,
0.23765996098518372,
0.007122403476387262,
0.013338945806026459,
-0.10387133061885834,
-0.28664135932922363,
-0.1950889676809311,
-0.15057477355003357,
0.21343420445919037,
0.7368762493133545,
0.004586488474160433,
-0.1514197438955307,
-0.003265674225986004,
-0.2530619502067566,
0.4024101495742798,
0.15500637888908386,
0.05472901090979576,
-0.4703681766986847,
0.2520312964916229,
0.3030729293823242,
-0.1552039384841919,
0.48480960726737976,
-0.5192557573318481,
-0.26053866744041443,
0.16469253599643707,
-0.31472042202949524,
0.4311352074146271,
0.9460547566413879,
-0.6517197489738464,
0.09743425250053406,
-0.5819472670555115,
-0.6803147196769714,
-0.30928096175193787,
-0.6383158564567566,
-0.22024095058441162,
0.5399631261825562,
0.6499323844909668,
-0.28353482484817505,
-0.06119086965918541,
0.07829471677541733,
-0.3692885637283325,
-0.018793104216456413,
-0.12391433119773865,
0.09901287406682968,
0.004031238611787558,
-0.0006714058108627796,
0.5090241432189941,
0.47591879963874817,
0.2175867259502411,
-0.15452304482460022,
0.128043994307518,
-0.4786117672920227,
-0.001382437883876264,
-0.15488368272781372,
0.27521654963493347,
-0.5345607399940491,
-0.3942956328392029,
0.5488390922546387,
0.014230437576770782,
-0.49388548731803894,
0.21902167797088623,
0.37085092067718506,
0.2709556818008423,
-0.28039443492889404,
0.3421107232570648,
0.22712668776512146,
0.04723891615867615,
-0.1197427362203598,
-0.15986357629299164,
-0.043631911277770996,
-0.014348971657454967,
0.20100440084934235,
0.9500153660774231,
0.04321799427270889,
0.7390689253807068,
-0.3924920856952667,
-0.3413892686367035,
0.20340929925441742,
-0.490193247795105,
0.04773493856191635,
-0.10200800746679306,
0.06092986464500427,
0.11536162346601486,
0.6485664248466492,
0.19739119708538055,
-0.08509637415409088,
-0.28905120491981506,
-0.7370347380638123,
-0.1836807280778885,
0.015759028494358063,
-0.6829973459243774,
0.2762054204940796,
-0.7299502491950989,
1.070963978767395,
-0.41096898913383484,
-0.14785727858543396,
-0.2913331687450409,
-0.4613465666770935,
0.2958020567893982,
0.23882344365119934,
-0.327973872423172,
0.24359732866287231,
-0.1910591423511505,
0.07775375992059708,
-0.6037035584449768,
0.3870943784713745,
0.4148152768611908,
-0.11365082114934921,
-0.21313731372356415,
0.7309924364089966,
-0.024309242144227028,
0.431650847196579,
0.041239287704229355,
-0.32959866523742676,
-0.10452254861593246,
0.18583621084690094,
0.043794821947813034,
0.3835674524307251,
0.32737669348716736,
-0.09415565431118011,
-0.02353530377149582,
0.2567448616027832,
0.29683005809783936,
0.4412813186645508,
-0.2351459562778473,
0.15465183556079865,
-0.4745214581489563,
-0.08121806383132935,
-0.30592676997184753,
0.28120654821395874,
-0.16039220988750458,
0.9509952664375305,
-0.00642791111022234,
0.48458603024482727,
0.14837191998958588,
-0.5357767939567566,
-0.20219047367572784,
-0.17573970556259155,
0.16335679590702057,
0.4952253997325897,
-1.1049033403396606,
0.20484130084514618,
-0.06772591918706894,
-0.18580257892608643,
-0.2533529996871948,
0.37030836939811707,
0.08951810747385025,
-0.058691054582595825,
0.09730452299118042,
-0.3239985406398773,
0.04023890197277069,
-0.11830119788646698,
0.043215226382017136,
-1.042274832725525,
1.1504273414611816,
0.048423461616039276
] |
232229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banrisul | Banrisul | Banrisul is a Brazilian bank. It is the largest bank of Southern Brazil and operates primarily in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), with a network that serves more than 365 cities. The services, however, are extended to other localities of Brazil. It has more than 1,312 service points, over 500 agencies and 593 ATMs in Rio Grande do Sul, in the Federal District and in the states of Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and São Paulo; besides, it keeps agencies in Miami and Grand Cayman.
History
In 1927, with the accomplishment of 1º Congress of Creators, appeared the proposal of the creation of a farm loan bank. The event, carried through with all the pomp and circumstance in the "Sao Pedro Theater", in Porto Alegre, aimed at to analyze the problems of the state economy, with direct focus on the crisis faced for "charqueadas" and all the production related to the cattle one.
The arguments were strong excessively to pass unobserved for the federal government, and president Washington Luís lowered decree authorizing the state to create a credit bank. To 10h of day 12 of September 1928, in solemnity that counted on the presence of then the president of the State, Getúlio Vargas, was created the Bank of the Rio Grande do Sul.
With an initial capital of 50 a thousand réis, the main objective of the new institution was to take care of to the necessities of credit of the cattle gaucho. As official bank, the state taxation started to soon collect of beginning all, until then received for the "Banco Pelotense" (Pelotense Bank, in English), that later was incorporated by the Banrisul.
In 1969 and 1970, the institution incorporated, respectively, Banco Real de Pernambuco s.a. and the "Banco Sul do Brasil s.a." (South Bank of Brazil s.a., in English), extending its net until Pernambuco and Ceará, besides extending the number of existing agencies already in Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The opening of an agency in New York, in 1982, inserted the Banrisul in the group of international operators.
The decade of 1980s marked the beginning of the automation in the services of the bank. The massive investments effected since March 1991 had placed the institution in the vanguard of the banking automation in the State.
In March 1990, the Banrisul got authorization of the Brazilian Central Bank to operate as Commercial bank, with accounts receivables, of mortgage loans and credit, financing and investment.
In 1998, the Banrisul incorporated the agencies of the old "Caixa Econômica" (State Public, in English) saving bank, consolidating its position of bigger net of distribution of the south of the country, besides becoming a retail bank. The actions directed in credit facilities of long stated period had passed to be operated, in 2002, for "Caixa Estadual S.A." - Agency of Promotion.
Advertising
Grêmio and Internacional, the two most important soccer teams of Rio Grande do Sul, have been sponsored by Banrisul since 2001.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20091026223423/http://us.geocities.com/everlinux/equipedesenv-eng.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041843/http://geocities.com/everlinux/
Banks of Brazil
Companies based in Rio Grande do Sul
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)
Banks established in 1928
Economy of Porto Alegre
Government-owned companies of Brazil
Brazilian brands
1928 establishments in Brazil | [
0.2271314263343811,
0.3060939311981201,
-0.5492821931838989,
0.17374086380004883,
0.1049046590924263,
0.04645930230617523,
-0.2977714240550995,
0.360636830329895,
-0.352703332901001,
0.1649794578552246,
0.10530001670122147,
-0.03288856893777847,
-0.44403690099716187,
0.3743458092212677,
-0.08758678287267685,
-0.2533748745918274,
0.3073451519012451,
0.5524997115135193,
0.565429151058197,
-0.36437103152275085,
-0.7581048607826233,
0.12308299541473389,
0.5529872179031372,
-0.2790736258029938,
-0.05845194309949875,
-0.13800881803035736,
0.6048842072486877,
0.9843727350234985,
-0.476514995098114,
-0.33474063873291016,
0.7157575488090515,
0.6683284044265747,
-0.27632391452789307,
0.06477761268615723,
0.04124535247683525,
-0.12274452298879623,
0.24194858968257904,
-0.5929047465324402,
-0.19681929051876068,
-0.43252480030059814,
-0.02130998484790325,
-0.07265263795852661,
-0.735038697719574,
0.7020752429962158,
0.3089272677898407,
-0.5682716965675354,
-1.1189525127410889,
0.22694985568523407,
-1.032726526260376,
-0.05763762816786766,
0.13307371735572815,
0.4672544598579407,
-0.03607177734375,
0.07801596075296402,
0.05625614896416664,
0.4767562747001648,
-0.9678173661231995,
0.45158499479293823,
-0.03949403390288353,
-0.2848382294178009,
0.7191018462181091,
-0.1056433916091919,
0.2698264420032501,
-0.05890386179089546,
0.3436793386936188,
0.0439794659614563,
0.10931902378797531,
0.19868017733097076,
-0.30438196659088135,
0.0010819429298862815,
-0.23784808814525604,
-0.061480630189180374,
-0.6717104911804199,
-0.3142114281654358,
0.013770632445812225,
-0.5530937314033508,
-0.09805601835250854,
-0.10596820712089539,
-0.06939690560102463,
0.28305584192276,
0.4978550672531128,
0.3725571930408478,
0.527550220489502,
-0.023008231073617935,
0.3188908100128174,
0.16342875361442566,
-0.6021893620491028,
-0.5970542430877686,
-0.03876307234168053,
0.5377321243286133,
-0.7423970699310303,
0.06534256786108017,
0.233846515417099,
-0.16796927154064178,
0.019719397649168968,
-0.02581777051091194,
-0.17558518052101135,
-0.09938697516918182,
0.44580960273742676,
0.46719643473625183,
-0.08860732614994049,
-0.24697403609752655,
-0.4914519786834717,
-0.1006830558180809,
-0.3697619140148163,
-0.24535834789276123,
-0.527445912361145,
-0.35010257363319397,
-0.12901927530765533,
-1.1036748886108398,
-0.471871018409729,
0.19103971123695374,
0.12366209179162979,
-0.30960872769355774,
0.14612577855587006,
0.12693968415260315,
0.21113742887973785,
-0.3031889498233795,
-0.3271434009075165,
-0.051205120980739594,
0.2538059949874878,
0.8679090142250061,
-0.37648555636405945,
-0.18372346460819244,
0.05570618435740471,
0.5084186792373657,
0.2233683317899704,
-0.0318710021674633,
-0.23391009867191315,
0.40218910574913025,
0.7049535512924194,
0.36799702048301697,
-0.11169534176588058,
-0.03504441678524017,
-0.19397681951522827,
-0.2962628901004791,
0.43843507766723633,
-0.04219811037182808,
0.08317060023546219,
0.49462786316871643,
-0.08668716996908188,
0.19658112525939941,
-1.9338222742080688,
0.13400313258171082,
0.9051579833030701,
-0.23305438458919525,
0.3251282274723053,
-0.028993546962738037,
-0.24172529578208923,
0.17604859173297882,
-0.20444022119045258,
-0.22086824476718903,
-0.05246911570429802,
0.5978483557701111,
-0.2753090262413025,
0.41534003615379333,
0.9963937401771545,
-0.5209416747093201,
-0.07361701130867004,
0.39078235626220703,
0.09131145477294922,
-0.19700784981250763,
-0.4325462877750397,
-0.08693832904100418,
0.39099806547164917,
-0.23645634949207306,
-0.02128869853913784,
0.24654527008533478,
0.2617934048175812,
0.4598599374294281,
-0.5564364194869995,
-0.46159571409225464,
-0.16424673795700073,
-0.6756458878517151,
0.012971477583050728,
0.015789974480867386,
0.10064318031072617,
-0.0838533416390419,
0.27791300415992737,
-0.15554505586624146,
-0.5685895681381226,
0.4893379509449005,
0.15457746386528015,
0.37052926421165466,
0.33312925696372986,
0.40207767486572266,
0.5858492851257324,
-0.1358540803194046,
0.4019668400287628,
-0.06992918252944946,
-0.3437543511390686,
-0.6316167712211609,
-0.10434643924236298,
-0.2856706380844116,
0.724888265132904,
-0.27111539244651794,
-0.401403546333313,
0.6979475617408752,
-0.4724956750869751,
0.24317632615566254,
-0.8556023836135864,
0.49996742606163025,
0.20848990976810455,
-0.38169699907302856,
-0.36166027188301086,
1.4927994012832642,
0.4731692671775818,
0.05186447128653526,
0.14163239300251007,
0.7013293504714966,
0.3505723476409912,
0.14506393671035767,
0.2719709277153015,
-0.5362855792045593,
0.22074925899505615,
-0.399353563785553,
-0.21134698390960693,
0.2587001919746399,
0.10745371133089066,
0.6248733401298523,
0.5755440592765808,
-0.27431660890579224,
-0.011590331792831421,
0.4965234100818634,
-0.2122112512588501,
0.16222605109214783,
0.05997202545404434,
-0.07900776714086533,
0.1571563333272934,
-0.2985435426235199,
0.5223299264907837,
0.2980055809020996,
0.3989311456680298,
-0.07646244764328003,
-0.14734770357608795,
0.0024203071370720863,
-0.5303477644920349,
-0.75315260887146,
0.16875804960727692,
0.7450873255729675,
-0.002922401297837496,
0.49076953530311584,
-0.20272250473499298,
0.12043815106153488,
0.29967957735061646,
-0.5156506896018982,
-0.5702241659164429,
0.33296144008636475,
-0.03879999369382858,
-0.24905800819396973,
0.03358590230345726,
-0.18885783851146698,
-0.017217982560396194,
-0.3984910845756531,
0.08269864320755005,
-0.15185876190662384,
-0.20992210507392883,
0.08967570960521698,
0.379079133272171,
-0.3972893953323364,
-0.5201608538627625,
-0.10643871873617172,
0.2659267783164978,
0.3703489601612091,
0.12729619443416595,
-0.09564884006977081,
0.04615218937397003,
-0.1416056603193283,
-0.2491631656885147,
-0.07072838395833969,
0.6626713871955872,
-0.03237069770693779,
-0.2927108407020569,
-1.306792140007019,
0.1705719381570816,
-0.04919300600886345,
-0.1941908597946167,
0.5166634321212769,
-0.6410070657730103,
0.3200198709964752,
-0.0602974034845829,
0.30860134959220886,
0.3705596327781677,
-0.4158931076526642,
-0.5640590190887451,
0.2619057595729828,
0.04708488658070564,
-0.5197480916976929,
-0.02604682184755802,
0.05793667584657669,
0.058013759553432465,
-0.03851987048983574,
-0.41625359654426575,
0.6076948642730713,
-0.048746317625045776,
0.3703371286392212,
-0.12070124596357346,
-0.08247394859790802,
0.6048877835273743,
-0.1932593733072281,
-0.017503410577774048,
0.1155068501830101,
-0.16911441087722778,
0.05556420236825943,
0.2816019654273987,
-0.2282082736492157,
-0.3453977406024933,
-0.34107914566993713,
-5.657973766326904,
0.09064435213804245,
-0.47303515672683716,
0.2533440589904785,
0.3344361484050751,
-0.21201907098293304,
0.7663856148719788,
-0.05179063230752945,
-0.26688098907470703,
-0.08516009151935577,
-0.5014922022819519,
0.14040575921535492,
-0.11321306228637695,
0.0981573611497879,
0.044862303882837296,
0.6776254177093506,
0.5379422307014465,
0.21487870812416077,
0.6589221954345703,
-0.28662267327308655,
0.05989867448806763,
-0.055837903171777725,
-0.8141623139381409,
0.4975089430809021,
0.20572830736637115,
0.7970283031463623,
-0.26869872212409973,
0.2456796020269394,
-0.47758153080940247,
-0.40496689081192017,
0.16782161593437195,
-0.39316919445991516,
-0.04659092426300049,
-0.3771945536136627,
0.35899582505226135,
0.09118672460317612,
0.1116320788860321,
0.23065507411956787,
0.22300177812576294,
-0.05249759182333946,
-0.1390613615512848,
0.2045021504163742,
0.13112594187259674,
0.1290300339460373,
-0.299718976020813,
-0.3796021044254303,
-0.6384865045547485,
0.3922688364982605,
-0.3662218153476715,
0.9357209205627441,
0.02909885160624981,
-0.034922633320093155,
0.7416334748268127,
0.42644843459129333,
-0.20588406920433044,
-0.31474369764328003,
-0.05217912420630455,
-0.5708756446838379,
-0.08099712431430817,
0.9864696264266968,
-0.03471030667424202,
-0.17895682156085968,
0.4280875325202942,
-0.5777590274810791,
-0.14742186665534973,
-0.12439056485891342,
0.18584749102592468,
-0.3766705393791199,
0.6185357570648193,
0.1195492371916771,
-0.4691362977027893,
0.9286072254180908,
-0.12009632587432861,
-0.8502668738365173,
0.08685178309679031,
-0.1859140247106552,
-0.2630668580532074,
0.2579452395439148,
0.1084257960319519,
0.2930321991443634,
0.1364004760980606,
0.153607577085495,
-0.13461120426654816,
0.4467150866985321,
0.2096410095691681,
-0.30235978960990906,
-0.042976897209882736,
0.43320128321647644,
-0.4757559895515442,
-0.2562105059623718,
0.6542240977287292,
-0.4633037745952606,
0.12532635033130646,
0.24797970056533813,
-0.6614306569099426,
0.09850205481052399,
-0.266709566116333,
-0.442564994096756,
0.3212844431400299,
-0.7196049690246582,
1.0911948680877686,
0.3338587284088135,
-0.28908243775367737,
-0.5590552091598511,
-0.06338436901569366,
-0.4972010850906372,
0.06521207839250565,
0.26566842198371887,
-0.8781842589378357,
-0.03293875604867935,
-0.3664209246635437,
0.07312627136707306,
-0.531345546245575,
-0.08447974920272827,
0.6274870038032532,
0.5939921140670776,
-0.21116851270198822,
-0.11824287474155426,
-0.021347323432564735,
0.06590839475393295,
0.5088552236557007,
0.13770535588264465,
0.2727385461330414,
-1.0582091808319092,
-0.2106523960828781,
-0.3871239125728607,
-0.3727931082248688,
0.0988115668296814,
-0.12292096763849258,
-0.07699443399906158,
-0.33873897790908813,
-0.31411728262901306,
-0.01764610782265663,
-0.2801704406738281,
0.46852627396583557,
-0.29273924231529236,
-0.30178430676460266,
0.14824308454990387,
0.45164889097213745,
-0.3433248698711395,
-0.054005637764930725,
-0.03168249502778053,
0.3472915291786194,
-0.030667904764413834,
0.45649585127830505,
-0.08845077455043793,
-0.2652980089187622,
0.1599300652742386,
-0.7069440484046936,
0.45648279786109924,
-0.17851923406124115,
-0.37140998244285583,
0.15416425466537476,
-0.4313216507434845,
0.014554258435964584,
-0.013427010737359524,
0.6688868403434753,
0.3883894383907318,
0.14071118831634521,
-0.025715701282024384,
0.33731651306152344,
-0.40677082538604736,
-0.9093422889709473,
0.46396225690841675,
-0.04120658338069916,
-0.2501479387283325,
0.06398173421621323,
-0.4750112295150757,
-0.35414057970046997,
0.5615257620811462,
-0.161516472697258,
-0.05249030515551567,
-0.6637969613075256,
-0.5598357915878296,
0.3939235806465149,
-0.07401590794324875,
-0.20658960938453674,
0.11594639718532562,
0.011632402427494526,
0.16080547869205475,
0.25529178977012634,
0.4584616720676422,
-0.04968959093093872,
0.225961372256279,
0.7294467687606812,
-0.3135414123535156,
0.0887674018740654,
-0.20052173733711243,
-0.4254210591316223,
-0.31904250383377075,
0.3729308247566223,
-0.16835017502307892,
1.0268089771270752,
-0.24255713820457458,
0.3901086151599884,
-1.0311734676361084,
-0.9175440073013306,
0.3779250383377075,
-0.38063299655914307,
-0.3054599165916443,
-0.10510171204805374,
0.603843092918396,
-0.3906368911266327,
0.1921335607767105,
-0.011748837307095528,
-0.3336838185787201,
0.5033733248710632,
-0.05107180029153824,
-0.006099468097090721,
0.6160694360733032,
-0.32082197070121765,
-0.5553833842277527,
-0.07035733014345169,
0.06086817383766174,
-0.5775118470191956,
0.14302895963191986,
0.584558367729187,
-0.06330715864896774,
-0.7714866399765015,
-0.029575888067483902,
-0.23428630828857422,
-0.3441706895828247,
-0.5042831897735596,
-0.3935152292251587,
-0.2789142429828644,
0.5014195442199707,
0.6751982569694519,
-0.5832961797714233,
0.23635657131671906,
0.042838919907808304,
0.2926594018936157,
-0.5808985233306885,
-0.027271751314401627,
-0.6062442064285278,
-0.221549391746521,
0.35122933983802795,
0.38327720761299133,
0.41145867109298706,
-0.2724858522415161,
0.043113160878419876,
-0.05586429685354233,
0.3953905403614044,
0.4172554016113281,
-0.551503598690033,
0.36312389373779297,
0.5091319680213928,
0.24003314971923828,
-0.012920387089252472,
-0.21332885324954987,
0.3568263351917267,
0.49337154626846313,
-0.18182221055030823,
-0.3460860252380371,
0.06818149983882904,
0.5923126935958862,
-0.4798309803009033,
0.08281400054693222,
0.3396821916103363,
0.19382226467132568,
0.12372687458992004,
-0.006987185217440128,
-0.3105977773666382,
-0.3630830645561218,
-0.10143877565860748,
-0.06432182341814041,
0.2281034141778946,
0.2605450451374054,
0.16167058050632477,
0.659111499786377,
-0.34738579392433167,
0.12107673287391663,
-0.3353879749774933,
0.296594500541687,
0.6532860398292542,
-0.1593269556760788,
-0.6917130947113037,
-0.05151553824543953,
-0.5836643576622009,
-0.16712863743305206,
0.40543562173843384,
0.1948227733373642,
0.13080908358097076,
0.3331719636917114,
0.18351003527641296,
0.09829069674015045,
-0.6409836411476135,
-0.3880007863044739,
0.6680600643157959,
-0.18654686212539673,
0.1168726459145546,
-0.297360360622406,
-0.1069546490907669,
-0.5401811003684998,
-0.3059449791908264,
-0.38781341910362244,
0.3761330246925354,
0.02480722963809967,
-0.1908823549747467,
0.38973021507263184,
0.21622799336910248,
-0.17461302876472473,
0.8158213496208191,
0.04730131849646568,
0.23491600155830383,
0.5637283325195312,
0.39734914898872375,
0.27257445454597473,
0.14623470604419708,
-0.017205793410539627,
-0.12967002391815186,
0.3510793447494507,
-0.8008815050125122,
0.37335526943206787,
0.4219152331352234,
-0.04392467439174652,
0.1918371170759201,
0.18302775919437408,
-0.35287338495254517,
-0.5451547503471375,
0.1056760624051094,
0.2908053994178772,
0.05963762104511261,
0.06713267415761948,
-0.4105297327041626,
-0.17837819457054138,
0.32889753580093384,
-0.4098380506038666,
0.06953862309455872,
0.39558181166648865,
-0.293948233127594,
0.5526093244552612,
0.08414029330015182,
-0.10060139745473862,
0.20397540926933289,
-0.09656404703855515,
0.03435436263680458,
0.046763826161623,
-0.42849859595298767,
-0.11074713617563248,
0.30773308873176575,
0.24135620892047882,
-0.2859748303890228,
-0.35096612572669983,
-0.008067239075899124,
-0.20858126878738403,
0.5436546802520752,
0.005850633606314659,
0.11023163050413132,
0.1563502699136734,
0.295439213514328,
0.0307609885931015,
0.08296410739421844,
-0.21305444836616516,
0.15395911037921906,
-0.021592428907752037,
-0.018304647877812386,
0.4838857352733612,
0.13491807878017426,
0.037361305207014084,
-1.0950675010681152,
0.27162012457847595,
0.44325539469718933,
0.2217542976140976,
0.19612838327884674,
-0.04683040827512741,
0.05966610461473465,
0.24707205593585968,
-0.2706334888935089,
0.2772727608680725,
0.1415148377418518,
-0.5569401383399963,
-0.11055554449558258,
0.22624361515045166,
0.6713738441467285,
0.5788958668708801,
0.09788616746664047,
0.3267146944999695,
0.5751331448554993,
-0.19054901599884033,
0.5232056379318237,
-0.04361962899565697,
0.4550669491291046,
-0.3579174876213074,
-0.05071874335408211,
-0.22577501833438873,
-0.4498822093009949,
-0.06871842592954636,
-0.010506756603717804,
0.07607047259807587,
-0.5725613832473755,
-0.12728674709796906,
-0.6510464549064636,
0.02263113111257553,
0.20459942519664764,
-0.21967649459838867,
-0.18251493573188782,
-0.26137828826904297,
0.8425462245941162,
0.07700937241315842,
-0.2648960053920746,
-0.0752059817314148,
-0.05281561240553856,
-0.02324150688946247,
0.4531400799751282,
0.012362333945930004,
-0.20053644478321075,
-0.4154488742351532,
0.5221072435379028,
-0.36983099579811096,
0.28432193398475647,
0.21672765910625458,
0.18500572443008423,
-0.11557580530643463,
0.40545353293418884,
0.21334002912044525,
0.4407689571380615,
0.005509834736585617,
-0.40563803911209106,
-0.9691771864891052,
0.09249464422464371,
0.2962063252925873,
-0.44094911217689514,
0.21347367763519287,
0.3958994448184967,
-0.07429958879947662,
-0.3595207929611206,
-0.03852405026555061,
0.25687986612319946,
-0.33392441272735596,
0.14863139390945435,
-0.07347017526626587,
-0.09606056660413742,
-0.349590927362442,
0.3481902778148651,
-0.6256767511367798,
-0.18729710578918457,
0.3972285985946655,
0.41770726442337036,
0.6563240885734558,
0.01851290464401245,
-0.1848030537366867,
0.2347346991300583,
0.912445068359375,
-0.46259692311286926,
-2.4808883666992188,
-0.1807115375995636,
-0.41944682598114014,
-0.26026350259780884,
-0.2083284854888916,
0.4668571352958679,
0.07778839021921158,
-0.07120819389820099,
0.6965832114219666,
0.14710727334022522,
0.5492018461227417,
-0.4273572862148285,
-0.28287428617477417,
-0.5504447221755981,
0.5113198757171631,
0.19551409780979156
] |
232232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV | ATV | ATV may refer to:
Broadcasting
Amateur television
Television stations and companies
ATV - American University Television
Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra
ATV (Armenia)
ATV (Aruba), NBC affiliate
ATV (Australia), Melbourne
ATV (Austria)
ATV (Canada), the former name of CTV Atlantic
ATV Madiun, East Java
Aluetelevisio, Finland
Asia Television, Hong Kong online media company and former Hong Kong TV station
ATV Asia, former Cantonese-language channel
ATV Home, former Cantonese-language channel
ATV World, former English-language channel
ATV (Hungary)
Aomori Television, Japan
ATV Jordan
ATV (Pakistan)
ATV (Peru)
ATV (Russia)
ATV (Suriname)
ATV (Turkey)
Associated Television, United Kingdom (1955–1981)
ATV Music, a subsidiary, now part of Sony/ATV Music Publishing
Transportation
All-terrain vehicle, for off-road use
Advanced Technology Vessel, Indian nuclear submarine project
Agena target vehicle, a booster system used in the Gemini space program
Automated Transfer Vehicle, ESA unmanned resupply spacecraft, originally Ariane Transfer Vehicle
Other uses
ATV Corporation, an audiovisual electronics company founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi
A Tree Viewer, software for displaying phylogenetic trees
Alternative TV, a British punk/post-punk band
Advanced Technology Ventures, an American venture capital company
Apple TV, a set-top box microconsole made by Apple | [
0.24371005594730377,
0.20397405326366425,
0.4738140404224396,
0.301593154668808,
-0.3902091085910797,
0.43637457489967346,
0.24219055473804474,
0.2789475917816162,
-0.2866465449333191,
0.26570382714271545,
-0.2352680265903473,
0.4623939096927643,
0.10029014945030212,
0.005888365674763918,
-0.15581735968589783,
0.330684632062912,
0.16861678659915924,
0.6444485187530518,
-0.5105849504470825,
-0.5482131838798523,
-0.32499960064888,
0.12726369500160217,
0.7706140279769897,
-0.44958359003067017,
0.08835908025503159,
0.09061948955059052,
0.2429800033569336,
0.2784363031387329,
0.22857385873794556,
0.26014232635498047,
0.0006012197118252516,
0.4099584221839905,
0.07767891138792038,
0.39843881130218506,
-0.32303664088249207,
-0.16086699068546295,
-0.2778712213039398,
0.1050882339477539,
-0.11759069561958313,
-0.42453622817993164,
-0.06505058705806732,
-0.4207817614078522,
0.07434714585542679,
0.5302140712738037,
0.13500088453292847,
-0.34614893794059753,
-1.169962763786316,
0.48360270261764526,
-0.6866711974143982,
0.8809031248092651,
-0.15225167572498322,
0.5296440124511719,
-0.0735897421836853,
0.29404133558273315,
0.15982457995414734,
0.3743703365325928,
-0.14881817996501923,
-0.4476160705089569,
0.3883892297744751,
-0.40657132863998413,
0.6390119791030884,
0.2332674115896225,
-0.0020503797568380833,
0.35662752389907837,
-0.2174329161643982,
-0.048505812883377075,
-0.06621485948562622,
0.05825524777173996,
-0.5960720777511597,
-0.29667583107948303,
-0.1945030838251114,
-0.37149691581726074,
-0.508280336856842,
0.0017535192891955376,
0.4558931291103363,
-0.7326518893241882,
-0.30035796761512756,
-0.10387581586837769,
0.009728378616273403,
0.3078862726688385,
0.21250036358833313,
0.05220446363091469,
0.19502763450145721,
-0.2275286763906479,
0.14062495529651642,
0.021668855100870132,
-0.3069732189178467,
-0.010298402979969978,
-0.4401049315929413,
0.16613204777240753,
-0.1256285011768341,
-0.2772049903869629,
0.9850006103515625,
0.053036272525787354,
-0.29140907526016235,
-0.04897768422961235,
-0.13558082282543182,
-0.36054566502571106,
0.4508562386035919,
-0.0989425852894783,
-0.47412607073783875,
0.17207805812358856,
-0.04343292489647865,
-0.36040791869163513,
-0.37458550930023193,
-0.20277467370033264,
-0.08026068657636642,
-0.17975454032421112,
-0.3446251451969147,
0.19040153920650482,
-0.5554560422897339,
0.011410532519221306,
0.6495268940925598,
-0.0029371855780482292,
0.0052691237069666386,
-0.3057844042778015,
-0.07955438643693924,
-0.6206782460212708,
-0.4778602719306946,
0.06385527551174164,
0.17919398844242096,
0.41524556279182434,
-0.22728678584098816,
-0.12224200367927551,
0.2779102623462677,
0.24010920524597168,
0.2689444422721863,
0.39114686846733093,
-0.40533626079559326,
0.1220129206776619,
0.2351330816745758,
0.09852303564548492,
-0.17470017075538635,
0.5351773500442505,
0.009384983219206333,
0.28342458605766296,
0.11084003001451492,
-0.2553495466709137,
0.24740731716156006,
-0.09359540790319443,
-1.210235595703125,
-0.2364272028207779,
-0.9207127690315247,
-0.4088890850543976,
0.013059078715741634,
0.005058955866843462,
-0.21231795847415924,
0.16224291920661926,
-0.7565928101539612,
-0.4738478660583496,
-0.19067518413066864,
-0.7678741812705994,
-0.24156410992145538,
0.09875120967626572,
-0.19642072916030884,
0.48592162132263184,
0.3949607014656067,
0.043248310685157776,
0.11832312494516373,
0.15411366522312164,
-0.2672475278377533,
0.09611808508634567,
-0.15979591012001038,
0.08396449685096741,
-0.05450311675667763,
0.18196028470993042,
-0.21730317175388336,
0.40024513006210327,
-0.003919945098459721,
-0.12661533057689667,
-0.12601086497306824,
0.07148736715316772,
0.2814413607120514,
-0.08207421004772186,
-0.5476526618003845,
-0.17597565054893494,
0.3072628080844879,
0.3507474362850189,
-0.1609315574169159,
0.5282310247421265,
-0.6817055344581604,
0.1463964581489563,
0.05245090648531914,
-0.1822482794523239,
-0.2039002925157547,
0.07666964083909988,
0.5156821012496948,
0.1334017664194107,
-0.02424994856119156,
0.39610105752944946,
-0.32365888357162476,
-0.31582313776016235,
-0.12789200246334076,
-0.3858039677143097,
0.5570657849311829,
-0.36216849088668823,
-0.5358842015266418,
1.2993956804275513,
0.06044701859354973,
0.10907424986362457,
-0.08352239429950714,
0.10741814970970154,
0.5278196930885315,
-0.15811146795749664,
-0.7717596292495728,
0.4646761417388916,
0.30193132162094116,
-0.20415183901786804,
0.4401404559612274,
-0.11033305525779724,
0.2154252529144287,
-0.491131454706192,
0.2605428099632263,
-0.3292992413043976,
0.08463893830776215,
-0.09130483120679855,
-0.6570468544960022,
0.021829605102539062,
-0.4155566990375519,
-0.06580343842506409,
0.6133972406387329,
-0.29858219623565674,
-0.2807900309562683,
0.13866442441940308,
-0.3354831039905548,
0.5255476236343384,
0.11321406811475754,
0.22918716073036194,
0.6087839007377625,
-0.04094710201025009,
0.5217078924179077,
0.1855790764093399,
0.21321088075637817,
-0.6370949149131775,
0.17352381348609924,
0.14153112471103668,
-0.1033567413687706,
-0.27305322885513306,
0.6249974370002747,
-0.055829934775829315,
-0.006340767722576857,
0.304769903421402,
-0.1308164894580841,
-0.21764160692691803,
0.8040438294410706,
-0.35827210545539856,
-0.16308936476707458,
-0.13097096979618073,
-0.3739578425884247,
-0.020675307139754295,
-0.10323065519332886,
0.03813858702778816,
-0.055958013981580734,
0.22403734922409058,
-0.011758482083678246,
0.10112663358449936,
0.1389675885438919,
0.10043833404779434,
-0.017739398404955864,
-0.1637103110551834,
0.030871450901031494,
-0.0814114362001419,
0.010543696582317352,
-0.12499531358480453,
0.09110458940267563,
-0.540247917175293,
-0.44182661175727844,
-0.3882479667663574,
-0.015105420723557472,
-0.138654887676239,
0.399260014295578,
0.054997771978378296,
-0.018300140276551247,
-0.08639698475599289,
-0.28586137294769287,
-0.031172746792435646,
-0.05226429924368858,
0.6763894557952881,
-0.12337147444486618,
-0.20023559033870697,
-0.09093689918518066,
-0.24504618346691132,
0.5880568027496338,
-0.5515077114105225,
-0.33274340629577637,
0.45697230100631714,
-0.3846167027950287,
-0.11094123870134354,
-0.329384982585907,
-0.2651517689228058,
0.5348671674728394,
0.30606234073638916,
-0.0634859949350357,
0.48228442668914795,
0.5668443441390991,
0.32320401072502136,
0.4409511387348175,
0.33512839674949646,
0.29147768020629883,
-0.5096803903579712,
-0.48153039813041687,
-0.14686928689479828,
-0.5204188227653503,
-0.1326322704553604,
0.17119097709655762,
-0.09253963828086853,
0.10534072667360306,
-0.5927370190620422,
-6.06787109375,
-0.21189048886299133,
-0.4999215006828308,
-0.020925180986523628,
0.2064531147480011,
-0.09067060798406601,
0.4235796630382538,
-0.21748575568199158,
-0.11035145074129105,
-0.2035134732723236,
0.5450186729431152,
0.006454023066908121,
0.05487681180238724,
0.09624785929918289,
0.18426217138767242,
0.35700300335884094,
0.4735782742500305,
0.7874924540519714,
0.27709710597991943,
-0.06976461410522461,
0.13862496614456177,
-0.14957672357559204,
0.37315234541893005,
0.05719783157110214,
0.006771453656256199,
0.3736140727996826,
-0.08622109889984131,
0.28844907879829407,
0.04537824168801308,
-0.0012449640780687332,
0.1147087961435318,
-0.6706374287605286,
-0.29986944794654846,
0.07061716914176941,
0.04906615987420082,
0.15020327270030975,
0.7319363951683044,
-0.08592857420444489,
0.5097245573997498,
-0.17994707822799683,
0.027131153270602226,
-0.01768321543931961,
0.8892481923103333,
-0.02146141231060028,
0.13078272342681885,
-0.13588544726371765,
-0.2422536015510559,
0.3972369432449341,
-0.005931617226451635,
1.0069332122802734,
0.4644547998905182,
0.3412792384624481,
0.11180724203586578,
0.3572693467140198,
-0.1890999674797058,
0.004003287758678198,
0.226930171251297,
0.012973575852811337,
0.16823650896549225,
0.5212904214859009,
0.7888413667678833,
-0.022761575877666473,
-0.3166316747665405,
-1.205370306968689,
-0.26890337467193604,
0.13949093222618103,
-0.12746353447437286,
-0.15718618035316467,
0.7842923402786255,
-0.09181376546621323,
-0.43594950437545776,
-0.058721814304590225,
0.31125640869140625,
-0.8525000214576721,
-0.2107248604297638,
-0.5745684504508972,
0.34375253319740295,
0.293816477060318,
-0.9600893259048462,
0.655480682849884,
-0.07412008196115494,
-0.042936425656080246,
-0.41487646102905273,
0.043741531670093536,
-0.36619833111763,
-0.6437514424324036,
0.14749637246131897,
0.09065993130207062,
0.04326071962714195,
0.31670936942100525,
0.6341822147369385,
-0.25943732261657715,
0.15896835923194885,
0.38429394364356995,
0.36772796511650085,
0.5426806211471558,
-0.036402877420186996,
0.24696390330791473,
0.4741772711277008,
-0.7897186279296875,
-0.3231453001499176,
-0.32949379086494446,
0.30217987298965454,
-0.5385382771492004,
-0.17704059183597565,
-0.3210753798484802,
-0.00642198882997036,
-0.5460056662559509,
0.6642568707466125,
-0.30843114852905273,
0.22763335704803467,
0.12461565434932709,
-1.030395746231079,
-0.3714769780635834,
0.32831013202667236,
0.2462596595287323,
-0.0677594244480133,
0.2988455891609192,
0.534412145614624,
-0.40085744857788086,
0.018678879365324974,
0.32421648502349854,
0.28195518255233765,
-0.1685255616903305,
0.01129723060876131,
-0.19216108322143555,
0.05430106446146965,
0.07018499821424484,
-0.2835767865180969,
-0.06955140829086304,
0.515460729598999,
0.23361289501190186,
0.226312518119812,
0.28343895077705383,
-0.10024303942918777,
0.13021090626716614,
0.1955183446407318,
0.03407162055373192,
0.10725370049476624,
-0.6406787633895874,
0.040569134056568146,
-0.0013566784327849746,
-0.2816654145717621,
0.35001781582832336,
0.6112316250801086,
0.5212705135345459,
-0.3307700753211975,
-0.1624179184436798,
-0.23365111649036407,
0.1028614267706871,
0.1876446157693863,
-0.43831223249435425,
0.2450636923313141,
0.3673117756843567,
-0.1966981589794159,
-0.10245785117149353,
-0.4164738953113556,
-0.21636873483657837,
-0.34004905819892883,
-0.6192931532859802,
0.5247023701667786,
-0.018054410815238953,
-0.5157646536827087,
-0.19087648391723633,
0.5017236471176147,
0.010226559825241566,
-0.386767715215683,
-0.6210732460021973,
0.07618362456560135,
0.21787112951278687,
-0.10673484951257706,
-0.4417502284049988,
-0.4140159487724304,
-0.14861637353897095,
0.5151718258857727,
0.4361082911491394,
0.319627970457077,
-0.5468757748603821,
0.2853509485721588,
0.18935346603393555,
0.41129016876220703,
0.4164165258407593,
-0.3314726948738098,
0.34859946370124817,
0.30724889039993286,
-0.55394047498703,
-0.3393319547176361,
-0.13245660066604614,
0.006428456399589777,
0.05063455179333687,
0.3393975794315338,
0.5072894096374512,
0.5300465226173401,
0.6491485238075256,
0.4903653562068939,
-0.028510980308055878,
0.028140557929873466,
0.2670990824699402,
-0.05472179502248764,
-0.055973704904317856,
-0.14152033627033234,
0.06537777185440063,
-0.046061333268880844,
-0.01898995228111744,
-0.22989660501480103,
-0.11028072237968445,
0.291996568441391,
-0.27583080530166626,
-0.4561772644519806,
-0.31003278493881226,
-0.20882776379585266,
-0.653995156288147,
-0.027742750942707062,
0.703728437423706,
-0.0560494102537632,
0.05007448047399521,
0.010342484340071678,
0.0808514654636383,
-0.5058048963546753,
-0.49549758434295654,
0.024008020758628845,
-0.0713917687535286,
-0.34299951791763306,
-0.0038228246849030256,
-0.6693457961082458,
0.6247365474700928,
0.1353316754102707,
-0.5473564863204956,
0.09193911403417587,
0.01234718132764101,
-0.3497191071510315,
-0.2476770430803299,
-0.24781890213489532,
0.09628913551568985,
-0.19183675944805145,
0.3188350200653076,
0.13548244535923004,
-0.23445716500282288,
-0.15533201396465302,
0.5852782130241394,
0.4270407557487488,
0.40065309405326843,
-0.0711606815457344,
-0.6863638758659363,
-0.13999438285827637,
0.2954399585723877,
0.7600630521774292,
-0.0871124267578125,
0.16817916929721832,
-0.014052111655473709,
-0.002153759589418769,
-0.36074501276016235,
-0.29366251826286316,
-0.11119341850280762,
0.8157910108566284,
-0.6579770445823669,
-0.35225045680999756,
-0.23578861355781555,
-0.19994021952152252,
0.10450171679258347,
-0.0919094905257225,
-0.41631853580474854,
-0.7981340289115906,
0.10513273626565933,
-0.13500671088695526,
-0.12513303756713867,
-0.7448043823242188,
0.055839378386735916,
-0.30072036385536194,
0.024673938751220703,
-0.058185875415802,
0.052862294018268585,
0.6954759955406189,
0.7929558157920837,
0.2447151243686676,
-0.10295680910348892,
0.45476365089416504,
-0.7564682364463806,
-0.10488864034414291,
-0.12861742079257965,
-0.515042245388031,
-0.09651526063680649,
-0.06050450727343559,
-0.3621748685836792,
-0.17070503532886505,
-0.3875543177127838,
-0.0754234790802002,
0.1052900105714798,
-0.4253951609134674,
0.32695552706718445,
-0.06494642794132233,
0.10876886546611786,
-0.10937578231096268,
0.1377800703048706,
-0.39169174432754517,
-0.07164601236581802,
0.6631346940994263,
-0.19930897653102875,
-0.06380224227905273,
0.07276448607444763,
-0.730059027671814,
0.32605791091918945,
0.39063331484794617,
-0.6367586851119995,
0.19633080065250397,
-0.09051080048084259,
0.018762724474072456,
-0.20841334760189056,
0.20775914192199707,
-0.11775173991918564,
0.4187416434288025,
-0.555095374584198,
0.4058194160461426,
1.0309538841247559,
0.1301867663860321,
0.21428310871124268,
0.4566161334514618,
-0.4549133777618408,
0.02753332443535328,
0.27769577503204346,
0.5669981241226196,
0.7041930556297302,
0.12487772107124329,
-0.0564037449657917,
0.21889089047908783,
0.42099565267562866,
-0.2747384011745453,
-0.505964994430542,
0.4159083962440491,
0.653339684009552,
0.6900262236595154,
-0.4214365780353546,
-0.3244185149669647,
0.4308494031429291,
-0.4618476331233978,
-0.5708402395248413,
-0.348380446434021,
-0.20081287622451782,
-0.5229558348655701,
0.46295782923698425,
0.5533517003059387,
0.10717378556728363,
-0.22597834467887878,
-0.3282224237918854,
-0.13187505304813385,
0.40478262305259705,
-0.035714223980903625,
-0.13071087002754211,
0.49003443121910095,
-0.09633032977581024,
0.14778122305870056,
-0.3994605839252472,
0.4627268314361572,
0.08608642965555191,
-0.39415475726127625,
0.21938523650169373,
-0.31756702065467834,
-0.43261173367500305,
0.06318007409572601,
0.0671321451663971,
-0.21486076712608337,
0.27269792556762695,
0.446451872587204,
-0.1831437349319458,
-0.15461507439613342,
-0.3734229505062103,
0.2999461889266968,
-0.2887973189353943,
0.5297143459320068,
-0.07750175148248672,
-0.29954206943511963,
0.5108237266540527,
-0.515533447265625,
0.15635432302951813,
-0.33009690046310425,
0.452021986246109,
0.38856741786003113,
0.5429515242576599,
-0.2751718759536743,
0.501396656036377,
-0.44995415210723877,
-0.3921695351600647,
0.07775915414094925,
-0.8117222785949707,
0.07715839892625809,
0.17495998740196228,
-0.0006549244280904531,
0.20294824242591858,
-0.12387913465499878,
0.5282613635063171,
-0.2834765315055847,
-0.8836062550544739,
0.4191914200782776,
0.4923582971096039,
0.14683273434638977,
-0.2924923300743103,
-0.40785837173461914,
-0.154856339097023,
0.42028889060020447,
-0.04004526138305664,
-0.11728295683860779,
0.05800921469926834,
0.1415989249944687,
-0.19487148523330688,
-0.32424598932266235,
0.1519896388053894,
-0.2419026792049408,
0.21434450149536133,
-0.6048210859298706,
0.26150500774383545,
0.5586979985237122,
0.1489238440990448,
0.47445571422576904,
0.13502945005893707,
-0.18068090081214905,
0.10040520876646042,
0.8582327365875244,
0.07586774230003357,
-0.22854921221733093,
0.2707573175430298,
-0.08202628046274185,
-0.44984740018844604,
0.06989595293998718,
0.5165049433708191,
-0.0031690020114183426,
-0.34960952401161194,
0.17459052801132202,
0.11239443719387054,
-0.9276794195175171,
0.42076849937438965,
0.08810432255268097,
-0.34036776423454285,
-0.5607681274414062,
0.753081202507019,
-0.7125272750854492,
0.014981159940361977,
-0.3442920446395874,
0.48850739002227783,
0.30926400423049927,
-0.34808850288391113,
0.06520853191614151,
-0.07143605500459671,
0.3530321419239044,
-0.22944648563861847,
-0.07678117603063583,
-0.1791357547044754,
0.12929272651672363,
-0.25204646587371826,
-0.9270105957984924,
0.08584219217300415,
-0.03875759616494179,
-0.9105434417724609,
0.7685253620147705,
-0.08840368688106537,
0.15663130581378937,
-0.3744853734970093,
0.46518293023109436,
0.2048371434211731,
0.4524589478969574,
-0.047251638025045395
] |
232234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorynchiformes | Gonorynchiformes | The Gonorynchiformes are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food source, the milkfish (Chanos chanos, family Chanidae), and a number of lesser-known types, both marine and freshwater.
The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official.
Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder Ostariophysi. They are characterized by a primitive Weberian apparatus formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related cypriniform fish, such as carp. Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.
Taxonomy
Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. This listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes includes fossil fish with a short description. They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are.
{{cladogram
|title=Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes
|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%;width:300px;
|label1=Gonorynchiformes
|1={{clade
|label1=Gonorynchidae
|1=Gonorynchus
|2={{clade
|label1=Chanidae
|1=Chanos
|label2=Kneriidae
|2={{clade
|label1=Phractolaeminae
|1=Phractolaemus
|label2=Kneriinae
|2={{clade
|1=Kneria |2=
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
Family †Sorbininardidae Taverne 1999
Genus †Sorbininardus Taverne 1999
Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909
Suborder Gonorynchoidei - beaked sandfishes
Family †Apulichthyidae Taverne 1997
Genus †Apulichthys Taverne 1997
Family Gonorynchidae Fowler 1941
†Anormurus de Blainville 1818
†Chanopsis Casier 1961
†Charitopsis Gayet 1993 non Trjapitzin 1969
†Gonorynchidarum otolith
†Hakeliosomus Gayet 1993
†Protocatostomus Whitfield 1891
†Ramallichthys Gayet 1982
Subfamily †Charitosominae
†Charitosomus Hosius & Von Der Marck 1885 - Cretaceous
Subfamily †Judeichthyinae
†Judeichthys Gayet 1985
Subfamily Gonorynchinae
†Notogoneus Cope 1885 - from North America, Europe, Australia; some freshwater; Late Cretaceous to Oligocene
Gonorynchus Gronow 1763 ex Scopoli 1777
Suborder Chanoidei Berg 1937
†Aethalinopsis Gaudant 1967 - Early Cretaceous.
Family Chanidae Günther 1868 (milkfishes)
Subfamily †Rubiesichthyinae Poyata-Ariza 1996
Genus †Gordichthys Poyata-Ariza 1994- Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Nanaichthys Amaral & Brito 2012
Genus †Rubiesichthys Wenz 1984 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Subfamily Chaninae
Genus Chanos Lacépède 1803
Genus †Dastilbe Jordan 1910 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Parachanos Arambourg & Schneegans 1935 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Genus †Tharrhias Jordan & Branner 1908 - Early Cretaceous Chanid
Suborder Knerioidei
Family Kneriidae Günther 1868
Genus †Mahengichthys Davis, Arratia & Kaiser 2013
Subfamily Kneriinae (Shellears)
Tribe Cromeriini
Genus Cromeria Boulenger 1901
Genus Grasseichthys Géry 1964
Tribe Kneriini
Genus Kneria Steindachner 1866
Genus Parakneria Poll 1965
Family Phractolaemidae
Genus Phractolaemus'' Boulenger 1901 (Hingemouths/snake mudheads)
Timeline of genera
References
Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
Ray-finned fish orders
Taxa named by Lev Berg | [
0.35805729031562805,
-0.08571609854698181,
-0.42135581374168396,
0.2986034154891968,
-0.4012986719608307,
0.401117205619812,
0.33343786001205444,
0.39653053879737854,
-0.46848949790000916,
-0.4277753233909607,
-0.0016900179907679558,
0.5195275545120239,
-0.20096519589424133,
0.18619844317436218,
-0.11083908379077911,
0.7857808470726013,
0.6318358778953552,
0.23965775966644287,
-0.23916123807430267,
-0.18977504968643188,
-0.589766800403595,
-0.8630971312522888,
0.4478807747364044,
-0.4851680397987366,
0.6254879236221313,
0.35813838243484497,
-0.2643473148345947,
0.7993211150169373,
0.46885666251182556,
-0.3408016860485077,
-0.18870122730731964,
0.6939986944198608,
0.474848210811615,
0.2844562232494354,
-0.1919085830450058,
0.035606060177087784,
-0.3515673875808716,
-0.9577666521072388,
-0.20986048877239227,
-0.6769864559173584,
0.1868279129266739,
-0.1343851089477539,
-0.12761086225509644,
0.6762469410896301,
-0.53717440366745,
0.6466030478477478,
-0.19867196679115295,
0.4225441515445709,
-0.8332295417785645,
0.27525418996810913,
-0.22145237028598785,
-0.16252507269382477,
0.28521743416786194,
0.13910965621471405,
0.04235311597585678,
0.36656588315963745,
-1.064058780670166,
0.5305281281471252,
-0.096842460334301,
-0.6524754762649536,
-0.2806684374809265,
0.07424023002386093,
-0.20974227786064148,
0.1278839409351349,
-0.04088674113154411,
0.2456934154033661,
-0.15038517117500305,
0.1868729144334793,
-0.6823135614395142,
0.1764516532421112,
-0.20492368936538696,
-0.5488263964653015,
-0.2763423025608063,
0.7214654684066772,
-0.5017280578613281,
-0.25296923518180847,
-0.6523079872131348,
0.23773643374443054,
0.8941396474838257,
-0.46602633595466614,
0.16705703735351562,
0.024278603494167328,
0.5027928352355957,
-0.13123130798339844,
0.31321483850479126,
-0.02052571438252926,
-0.4417010247707367,
0.4521941840648651,
-0.7269111275672913,
0.6439555287361145,
-0.16332371532917023,
-0.0636826902627945,
0.6149743795394897,
0.33988091349601746,
-0.11118689924478531,
-0.11960944533348083,
-0.5503129959106445,
-0.144071564078331,
0.4875567555427551,
0.013354549184441566,
-0.5627734661102295,
-0.1076686829328537,
0.1582227498292923,
0.27884411811828613,
-1.2778605222702026,
-0.16980476677417755,
-0.01452600583434105,
-0.43739140033721924,
-0.16659262776374817,
0.3006572425365448,
-0.868009626865387,
-0.08219587057828903,
0.25735655426979065,
-0.09038729220628738,
0.25604549050331116,
0.10845071822404861,
-0.4835509955883026,
-0.7434388995170593,
-0.5280857086181641,
-0.484520822763443,
0.4570563733577728,
0.32654839754104614,
0.10585722327232361,
0.4901362359523773,
-0.07212959975004196,
0.12418846040964127,
0.23086629807949066,
0.5715161561965942,
0.17188523709774017,
0.07230143994092941,
0.18863432109355927,
0.7066375613212585,
0.2324797809123993,
0.45041510462760925,
0.14105437695980072,
0.07180717587471008,
-0.08162753283977509,
-0.06395310908555984,
0.3921357989311218,
0.6970000863075256,
-0.8720029592514038,
0.07841286808252335,
-0.29057636857032776,
-0.07482987642288208,
0.12962986528873444,
-0.3727145791053772,
0.497749388217926,
0.15302051603794098,
-0.33771663904190063,
-0.2119571715593338,
0.13253360986709595,
-0.13197419047355652,
-0.20735177397727966,
0.2836037278175354,
-0.4319516718387604,
0.04151911288499832,
0.35205385088920593,
-0.3537684679031372,
0.9121524095535278,
-0.12999923527240753,
-0.2654428780078888,
-0.4038223624229431,
-0.6968698501586914,
0.08886000514030457,
0.764241099357605,
-0.40108591318130493,
-0.18227438628673553,
0.128965362906456,
-0.6448579430580139,
0.6307953596115112,
-0.13896146416664124,
-0.26770052313804626,
0.5295150876045227,
-0.3612942397594452,
-0.19461773335933685,
-0.9070584774017334,
-0.14049024879932404,
0.09485257416963577,
1.5077282190322876,
-0.43458592891693115,
-0.7203472256660461,
0.2068507820367813,
0.2540266513824463,
0.12292876094579697,
-0.13629771769046783,
-0.2850182056427002,
-0.09677664935588837,
0.1972171664237976,
0.24276983737945557,
-0.19842195510864258,
-0.39811941981315613,
-0.32246634364128113,
0.2998338043689728,
0.3787160813808441,
0.8493061661720276,
0.011277270503342152,
-0.12646637856960297,
0.3544095456600189,
-0.07724031805992126,
-0.18306864798069,
-0.26361995935440063,
0.38849201798439026,
-0.5277751088142395,
-0.16449598968029022,
-1.4191744327545166,
0.26810702681541443,
-0.16510245203971863,
-0.27174410223960876,
0.38141965866088867,
0.009097849950194359,
-0.615081787109375,
-0.22966258227825165,
0.36979490518569946,
-0.3436920642852783,
0.10852015018463135,
-0.247722789645195,
-0.2883933484554291,
0.41734978556632996,
0.2407703995704651,
-0.48498186469078064,
0.8554819822311401,
-0.22205322980880737,
0.09651786088943481,
0.19234932959079742,
-0.3155674338340759,
0.5496131181716919,
1.1809793710708618,
0.2338462471961975,
0.7528282999992371,
-0.26390671730041504,
0.31760910153388977,
0.22885286808013916,
0.7074000239372253,
-0.2580215036869049,
0.2199043333530426,
-0.0008028527954593301,
0.13676932454109192,
-0.6560841798782349,
0.25569722056388855,
-0.5044891834259033,
0.06017729267477989,
-0.4311107397079468,
-0.3129390776157379,
0.014997010119259357,
0.7402387261390686,
-0.30894848704338074,
0.023762501776218414,
0.6527709364891052,
-0.8887901902198792,
-0.06761328876018524,
-0.12649239599704742,
0.7976611256599426,
0.7479045987129211,
-0.8663985133171082,
-0.2672826945781708,
0.45633402466773987,
0.36194053292274475,
-0.34747397899627686,
0.05268137529492378,
0.0032240194268524647,
-0.5846840739250183,
0.488816499710083,
-0.3442062735557556,
0.3671119809150696,
-0.6752025485038757,
-0.9722425937652588,
0.20271767675876617,
-0.638742983341217,
0.8254626393318176,
0.388162761926651,
0.9054985046386719,
0.08891886472702026,
-0.44170114398002625,
-0.43557050824165344,
-0.2158006876707077,
-0.6283690333366394,
0.16575972735881805,
0.35935473442077637,
-0.4080638289451599,
-0.07827988266944885,
0.0983271524310112,
0.6365413069725037,
0.010234372690320015,
0.11248735338449478,
-0.5208159685134888,
-0.35258087515830994,
0.2224588245153427,
-0.6128145456314087,
-0.044817160815000534,
-0.6479778289794922,
0.3419596552848816,
0.19374403357505798,
-0.6379148364067078,
0.04988005384802818,
-0.6652178764343262,
-0.11536131054162979,
-0.4400210678577423,
0.12458136677742004,
-0.008592772297561169,
-0.6678065657615662,
-0.6976219415664673,
0.1037365049123764,
0.5027509331703186,
0.5200082063674927,
-0.22912387549877167,
0.05857555568218231,
0.6144347786903381,
0.42485687136650085,
-5.326739311218262,
0.10771859437227249,
-0.3319557011127472,
0.44298920035362244,
0.7320772409439087,
0.6926680207252502,
0.5213713049888611,
-0.3304750621318817,
0.26493337750434875,
-0.15988896787166595,
0.20453216135501862,
0.4409680664539337,
-0.6900553703308105,
0.23270447552204132,
0.3013273775577545,
0.2239711880683899,
-0.22707270085811615,
0.07095161080360413,
0.1317710429430008,
-0.40873563289642334,
-0.4506765902042389,
0.2973712980747223,
0.1490117609500885,
0.6145343780517578,
-0.3718717396259308,
0.013882983475923538,
-0.13156338036060333,
-0.4724879562854767,
-0.1299770474433899,
-0.5898271799087524,
-0.6858681440353394,
-0.5024969577789307,
-0.28464800119400024,
0.231853649020195,
-0.2790084481239319,
-0.17838196456432343,
0.5890980958938599,
0.48721328377723694,
-0.16745539009571075,
-0.7920086979866028,
-0.7114514708518982,
0.3616888225078583,
-0.1996113657951355,
0.008936471305787563,
0.8451699614524841,
0.03457864373922348,
-0.08529455214738846,
0.1321982443332672,
-0.03565831482410431,
1.2417166233062744,
0.03602336347103119,
0.03911278396844864,
0.11938648670911789,
0.9567068219184875,
0.7558315396308899,
-0.023593844845891,
0.5407602787017822,
0.6270824670791626,
0.2887905240058899,
0.22872737050056458,
0.4964335262775421,
-0.13157746195793152,
-0.30121171474456787,
-0.843630313873291,
0.34739068150520325,
0.20444507896900177,
-0.6142974495887756,
0.2233862727880478,
0.5540791749954224,
0.06908129155635834,
-0.8149645924568176,
0.5664106011390686,
0.08713459968566895,
-0.9158740639686584,
0.6519155502319336,
-0.24507087469100952,
-0.2709510624408722,
-0.019149430096149445,
0.15835025906562805,
0.42658719420433044,
0.27202749252319336,
-0.30103710293769836,
0.20323830842971802,
0.4787347912788391,
0.04314907640218735,
-1.3071056604385376,
-0.16557301580905914,
-0.007046992890536785,
0.22299590706825256,
-0.09098687022924423,
0.4850977957248688,
0.24979674816131592,
0.41234734654426575,
0.09889640659093857,
0.38404911756515503,
1.2579885721206665,
0.2924978733062744,
0.2955353558063507,
0.18831978738307953,
-0.5208439230918884,
0.612429678440094,
-0.10230214893817902,
0.10906505584716797,
0.2703065872192383,
-0.05739801377058029,
-0.5061471462249756,
0.13222593069076538,
0.8480948209762573,
0.623672366142273,
-0.1667603701353073,
0.3155912756919861,
-0.3659670352935791,
-0.4541831612586975,
-0.27685487270355225,
0.02093857154250145,
-0.25407156348228455,
-0.2661462128162384,
0.21774698793888092,
0.7752440571784973,
0.08290500193834305,
0.31904011964797974,
0.8492584824562073,
-0.7337585687637329,
-0.31478580832481384,
-0.7533968687057495,
-0.7226474285125732,
0.2858540117740631,
0.05088143050670624,
-0.5006160736083984,
-0.33693015575408936,
-0.04247807338833809,
0.2516462206840515,
-0.05518852546811104,
-0.7665027379989624,
-0.09394452720880508,
0.14239835739135742,
-0.0008144695893861353,
0.05983231961727142,
-0.38554224371910095,
0.022953566163778305,
-0.374447762966156,
-0.4085361361503601,
-0.6039527058601379,
0.06265205889940262,
0.11274274438619614,
0.6518310904502869,
-0.23200573027133942,
-0.11116087436676025,
0.10541590303182602,
0.9597086906433105,
0.1810070425271988,
-0.1392907053232193,
0.45068925619125366,
-0.19913476705551147,
0.748469352722168,
0.017538512125611305,
0.521053671836853,
0.29791492223739624,
0.035140857100486755,
-0.2546045184135437,
-0.6163936257362366,
-0.3080231249332428,
-1.0102708339691162,
0.1968972384929657,
0.2685607671737671,
0.007477954495698214,
-0.838718593120575,
-0.7353469729423523,
-0.22971177101135254,
-0.06287491321563721,
-0.37328100204467773,
-0.015923473984003067,
-0.7065299153327942,
-0.2076883614063263,
-0.031098252162337303,
-0.7122801542282104,
0.16203905642032623,
0.47954919934272766,
-0.439809650182724,
0.016548771411180496,
0.34569305181503296,
-0.2628985047340393,
0.5591878890991211,
-0.42376038432121277,
0.4444121718406677,
-0.7382412552833557,
-0.31560856103897095,
-0.44669079780578613,
-0.4429360628128052,
0.253771036863327,
0.5084869265556335,
0.259337455034256,
0.7898315191268921,
0.17434212565422058,
-0.0002926270244643092,
0.19043196737766266,
-0.03608362004160881,
0.3515733480453491,
-0.14646358788013458,
-1.344397783279419,
-0.330177366733551,
0.21281522512435913,
-0.4628450572490692,
0.0587126724421978,
0.4223197102546692,
-0.16874802112579346,
0.7025096416473389,
-0.26599809527397156,
0.26124897599220276,
-0.019992902874946594,
-0.4766826629638672,
-0.4263485372066498,
0.1921379417181015,
0.5264158844947815,
-0.4392640292644501,
-0.35237523913383484,
-0.041953813284635544,
-0.4697440564632416,
-0.22397685050964355,
0.04725055396556854,
-0.11892721801996231,
-0.20013760030269623,
0.10865806043148041,
-0.3395821154117584,
-0.5016313195228577,
0.41586923599243164,
0.08440347015857697,
-0.1746515929698944,
0.43275249004364014,
-0.641759991645813,
-0.017417537048459053,
-0.3868864178657532,
-0.16759426891803741,
0.26949527859687805,
0.0297040194272995,
-0.27165743708610535,
0.5921912789344788,
0.5156763792037964,
-0.2981458306312561,
-0.1817888766527176,
0.8795803189277649,
1.160089135169983,
0.3990696370601654,
-0.01603066362440586,
0.35685214400291443,
-0.2406979650259018,
0.131263867020607,
0.2882988452911377,
-0.6890090107917786,
-0.3263191878795624,
0.808545708656311,
-0.2995235025882721,
-0.3285561800003052,
-0.46904635429382324,
0.9133536219596863,
-0.5131366848945618,
0.21471618115901947,
0.07926253974437714,
-0.12220826745033264,
0.36677834391593933,
0.050862036645412445,
0.2447628378868103,
-0.6238473057746887,
-0.1330280303955078,
-0.32232415676116943,
-0.3445066213607788,
-0.5476087331771851,
-0.1454145312309265,
0.8602136373519897,
-0.47960320115089417,
0.2768137753009796,
0.05673729628324509,
0.1194416880607605,
0.4143129587173462,
0.41120097041130066,
-0.09296334534883499,
-0.07926833629608154,
-0.5852081775665283,
0.5484402179718018,
0.06689385324716568,
-0.5072881579399109,
0.2651979625225067,
0.02813141793012619,
-0.3179444968700409,
0.06717386096715927,
-1.015320062637329,
-0.392250120639801,
0.2356359213590622,
0.009124686010181904,
-0.22944064438343048,
-0.39055126905441284,
-0.08088556677103043,
-0.32300910353660583,
-0.39999380707740784,
0.1556573361158371,
-0.005277776159346104,
0.49366891384124756,
0.3150232434272766,
-0.3158777952194214,
0.5837185978889465,
-0.5265300869941711,
0.46428292989730835,
-0.0010914861923083663,
-0.10798857361078262,
0.3158283531665802,
0.23815402388572693,
-0.3660346269607544,
0.4565991163253784,
-0.14695687592029572,
0.3512502908706665,
0.09000235795974731,
-0.492790162563324,
0.2853521406650543,
0.5100718140602112,
-0.31508785486221313,
0.3323192000389099,
0.12617714703083038,
-1.0716092586517334,
0.26402246952056885,
0.21668604016304016,
0.3936888873577118,
0.4886717200279236,
-0.1169729083776474,
0.3574371933937073,
0.07072727382183075,
-0.32687368988990784,
-0.7028099894523621,
-0.30387187004089355,
0.5777205228805542,
0.5678222179412842,
0.37434500455856323,
0.5766053795814514,
-0.611970067024231,
0.11723928153514862,
-0.35752803087234497,
0.16305644810199738,
-0.31940731406211853,
-0.19558489322662354,
0.04638170450925827,
1.0220305919647217,
1.108514666557312,
0.25179362297058105,
0.0656556636095047,
-0.31958311796188354,
-0.07488076388835907,
0.6822038292884827,
-0.524917483329773,
0.025435466319322586,
0.31297069787979126,
0.1600191742181778,
0.24535830318927765,
-0.01573939248919487,
0.3592824935913086,
-0.21274156868457794,
0.02869473025202751,
0.33706697821617126,
-0.11392710357904434,
-0.19849276542663574,
-0.21501584351062775,
-0.39827844500541687,
-0.13802661001682281,
-0.20388543605804443,
-0.37271180748939514,
-0.03142239898443222,
-0.6266897916793823,
0.1918220818042755,
-0.47677144408226013,
-0.6002421975135803,
0.11158718913793564,
0.1897416114807129,
-0.07511654496192932,
0.10657422989606857,
0.10974625498056412,
0.10741857439279556,
-0.25138363242149353,
0.30090948939323425,
-0.19106605648994446,
0.7617409229278564,
0.29039815068244934,
0.4353262484073639,
-0.8628535866737366,
-0.34317517280578613,
-0.6069954037666321,
-0.7670207619667053,
0.1313372105360031,
-0.06917748600244522,
-0.06129167228937149,
0.2040870189666748,
0.0825454369187355,
0.44518983364105225,
-0.25582155585289,
-0.3260704278945923,
0.1159195601940155,
0.5297282934188843,
-0.4016079604625702,
-0.1801682710647583,
-0.3141533136367798,
0.9568841457366943,
0.5377720594406128,
0.05409625545144081,
-0.23414114117622375,
0.27284321188926697,
-0.1334531009197235,
0.14261670410633087,
0.1254458874464035,
0.21482324600219727,
-0.4088243842124939,
-0.011033273302018642,
-0.44532766938209534,
-0.2217206060886383,
0.7259271144866943,
0.23458242416381836,
-0.28677505254745483,
0.2211778610944748,
-0.140852689743042,
0.6367937922477722,
0.674607515335083,
-0.3070574104785919,
0.24402545392513275,
-0.0882621556520462,
-0.37168052792549133,
-0.37884607911109924,
-0.05520625784993172,
0.5006288886070251,
-0.1793893426656723,
0.010423601604998112,
-0.016159575432538986,
-0.09674825519323349,
-1.034563660621643,
0.5888614058494568,
-0.20887289941310883,
0.36400818824768066,
-0.3716914653778076,
0.029253654181957245,
-0.7264040112495422,
-0.5512086153030396,
0.30087733268737793,
0.7905619740486145,
0.4589671492576599,
-0.1397283524274826,
-0.042827267199754715,
-0.4137435853481293,
0.9863877892494202,
-0.15426744520664215,
-0.11758606880903244,
0.2283628284931183,
-0.0389586016535759,
-0.5351767539978027,
-0.7908334732055664,
0.4100853204727173,
0.06366728991270065,
-0.3758386969566345,
0.15389935672283173,
0.21137748658657074,
-0.6943253874778748,
0.35751789808273315,
0.17154870927333832,
-0.24429211020469666,
0.019339200109243393,
0.16465051472187042
] |
232235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian%20harp | Aeolian harp | An Aeolian harp (also wind harp) is a musical instrument that is played by the wind. Named for Aeolus, the ancient Greek god of the wind, the traditional Aeolian harp is essentially a wooden box including a sounding board, with strings stretched lengthwise across two bridges. It is often placed in a slightly opened window where the wind can blow across the strings to produce sounds. The strings can be made of different materials (or thicknesses) and all be tuned to the same pitch, or identical strings can be tuned to different pitches. Besides being the only string instrument played solely by the wind, the Aeolian harp is also the only string instrument that plays solely harmonic frequencies. They are recognizable by the sound which is a result of this property, which has been described as "eerie", "ethereal", and "calmly spiritual".
The Aeolian harp – already known in the ancient world – was first described by Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) in his books Musurgia Universalis (1650) and Phonurgia Nova (1673). It became popular as a household instrument during the Romantic era, and Aeolian harps are still hand-crafted today. Some are now made in the form of monumental metal sound sculptures located on the roofs of buildings and windy hilltops.
The quality of sound depends on many factors, including the lengths, gauges, and types of strings, the character of the wind, and the material of the resonating body. Metal-framed instruments with no sound board produce a music very different from that produced by wind harps with wooden sound boxes and sound boards. There is no percussive aspect to the sound like that produced by a wind chime; rather crescendos and decrescendos of harmonic frequencies are played in rhythm to the winds. As Aeolian harps are played without human intervention, the sounds they produce are an example of aleatoric music.
Aside from varying in material, Aeolian harps come in many different shapes. Some resemble standard harps, others box zithers, others lyres, and, in one monument, a fiddle. More modern Aeolian harps can more closely resemble lawn ornaments than any traditional string instrument. The unifying characteristic between all Aeolian harps, regardless of appearance, is their source of sound, the strings, and the fact they are played by the wind. This distinguishes Aeolian harps from other instruments played by the wind, such as wind chimes.
Operation
The harp is driven by the von Kármán vortex street effect. The motion of the wind across a string causes periodic vortices downstream, and this alternating vortex causes the string to vibrate. Lord Rayleigh first solved the mystery of the Aeolian harp in a paper published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1915. The effect can sometimes be observed in overhead utility lines, fast enough to be heard or slow enough to be seen. Similar taut wires like non-telescoping radio antennae, ships' anchor lines, and stiff rods also exhibit this phenomenon.
The effect results in Aeolian harps only producing overtones. Were the strings plucked, they would produce the fundamental frequency in addition to several overtones. When the string oscillates due to the wind, though, it always does so in fractions such as halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, and so on. This naturally produces overtones, most commonly the third, octave, and twelfth, without resulting in the fundamental frequency being played.
Construction
An Aeolian harp can, in concept, be constructed from as little as a single taut string. Most household Aeolian harps are made of wood, featuring a sound board and sound hole to improve how the instrument resonates. In terms of size, they are usually about one metre by 13 centimetres by 8 centimetres, with ten to twelve gut strings stretched over two bridges. On some Aeolian harps, all the strings are tuned to the same frequency, as the wind will already influence the pitch by yielding different overtones depending on its intensity. Other Aeolian harps have differently tuned strings, which enable them to produce chords. Aeolian harps lend themselves to being tuned to a major or minor pentatonic scale and octaves of the notes within, as all intervals in these scales are at least moderately consonant. This way, no matter how the wind strikes the strings, the resulting music will be euphonious.
There are more challenges with designing a larger Aeolian harp. For one, a sound chamber at such sizes takes much more material to make. Instead of making a large sound chamber, designers of Aeolian harps approaching seven meters in height use different mechanisms to increase the volume of their instruments. At these heights, they usually prefer upright designs, which allow the instrument to catch more wind for a louder sound. To this same end, Aeolian harps can be placed in the way of natural wind tunnels or have wind scoops to direct more airflow over the strings. In one case, large metal dishes have even been used as amplification devices. For a building material, metal is generally preferred to wood at this scale due to how metal can withstand the environment for longer, needs less maintenance, and is stabler and stronger than wood.
History
The ability of the wind to play string instruments has been known and referenced since Biblical times. Aeolian harps have been found in China, Ethiopia, Greece, India, Indonesia, and Melanesia.
Prevalence
Aside from famous Aeolian harp monuments, many can be found along isolated expanses of the European coast in countries such as Denmark, Germany, and Sweden, where they are played by strong ocean winds. Recently, they have become more popular as lawn and window ornaments.
In literature and music
Literature
The Aeolian harp has a long history of being associated with the numinous, perhaps for its vibrant timbres that produce an ethereal sound. Homer relates that Hermes invented the lyre from dried sinews stretched over a tortoise shell. It was able to be played by the wind. The same is said of the lyre of King David, which was played by a wind sent from God.
Aeolian harps have been featured and mentioned in a number of poems. These include at least four Romantic-era poems: "The Eolian Harp" and "Dejection, an Ode", both by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and "Mutability" and "Ode to the West Wind" by Percy Bysshe Shelley. The former of these two appears alongside his essay "A Defence of Poetry". Henry David Thoreau also wrote a poem called "Rumors from an Aeolian Harp", which he included in the "Monday" chapter of his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
Aeolian harps have also been mentioned in several novels. These include George Eliot's Middlemarch (1871-2), Thomas Hardy's The Trumpet-Major (1880) and The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita (1955), and Lawrence Durell's novel "Clea" (fourth book of the Alexandrian Quartet) (1960). James Joyce had a short section "O, Harp Eolian!" in the Aeolus chapter of Ulysses (1922). More recently, an Aeolian harp was also featured in Ian Fleming's 1964 children's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang to make a cave seem haunted. In William Heinesen's novel The Lost Musicians (1950), set in Tórshavn, character Kornelius Isaksen takes his three sons to a little church where, in the tower, they sit listening to the "capriciously varying sounds of an Aeolian harp", which leads the boys into a lifelong passion for music. El arpa eólica (The Aeolian Harp) is an alternate history novelette written by Óscar Esquivias. It was originally published in 2011 by Fábulas de Albión. The novelette depicts the life of Berlioz as a young student in Paris.
Music
Imitations of the Aeolian harp have been present in classical music since at least the early nineteenth century. Builders of pipe organs have included stops intended to imitate the sound and timbre of the Aeolian harp. German builders were the first to include such a stop from the 1820s. The organ stop labeled ‘aeolian harp’ is not a harp – it does not use a vibrating string – it is simply a rank of low air pressure pipes, voiced to imitate the sound of the real aeolian harp. It is, therefore, classified as a "string" stop. The ‘aeolian’ stops are among the softest found on pipe organs.
A number of classical pieces have been compared to the sounds of the Aeolian harp. One of the oldest has to be the Etude in A flat major Op. 25 No. 1 for piano (1836) by Frédéric Chopin, which is sometimes called the "Aeolian Harp etude". This nickname was not Chopin's own, being given to it by Robert Schumann. The piece features a delicate, tender, and flowing melody in the fifth finger of the pianist's right hand, over a background of rapid as the free resonances of the pedal lifted strings flow air-like. A piece written to imitate the instrument's sounds is Sergei Lyapunov's 12 études d'exécution transcendante, Op. 11, No. 9, written between 1897–1905, which is named by the author "Harpes éoliennes" (Aeolian harps). In this virtuoso piece, the tremolo accompaniment seems to imitate the sound of the instrument. In classical harp repertoire, an example of such imitation (mostly employing glissandi and arpeggios) is "La harpe éolienne" by Félix Godefroid. Later, Henry Cowell's Aeolian Harp (1923) was one of the first piano pieces to feature extended techniques on the piano that included plucking and sweeping the pianist's hands directly across the strings of the piano.
The Aeolian harp's sounds have also been sought after in more recent music. In 1972, Chuck Hancock and Harry Bee recorded a giant Aeolian harp designed and built by 22-year-old Thomas Ward McCain on a hilltop in Chelsea, Vermont. United released their double LP titled The Wind Harp: Song from the Hill. An excerpt of this recording appears in the movie The Exorcist. The harp was destroyed in a hurricane, but it was rebuilt and now resides in Hopkinton, New Hampshire.
Australian artist, composer and sound sculptor Alan Lamb has created and recorded several very large-scale Aeolian harps, and Roger Winfield's album Windsongs was:
"Created using an orchestra of eight aeolian harps played entirely by the wind. Recorded in La Manga and Sierra Nevada area, Spain, Winter/Spring 1989 and Bristol, England 1989." (Discogs)
In the spirit of this, in 2003 an Aeolian harp was constructed at the Burning Man festival.
The Aeolian harp is especially common in modern music being sampled as a 'backing track' for its eerie, exotic, and unique sound. On his album Dis (1976), jazz saxophonist Jan Garbarek used as a background sound recordings of an Aeolian harp that was situated at a Norwegian fjord. British producer Bonobo also sampled an Aeolian harp on his album Black Sands (2010).
Monumental Aeolian harps
In recent history, a number of Aeolian harps exceeding six metres in height have been constructed. Aeolian harps of this size are normally made from metal.
In Negrar, in the province of Verona (Italy), is a modern monument Aeolian harp more than six metres high. It is a sound monument designed by the Italian architect Giuseppe Ferlenga which was inaugurated in November 2015 from the Sports and Cultural Group of Mazzano. The acoustic part of this tool is composed of a frame that contains a copper harmonic case. The Aeolian Harp of Negrar has six strings of different lengths and materials. If there is wind, this monumental harp produces audible sounds up to a distance of about four metres.
There are many more Aeolian harps of this size and larger in North America. In the Mimbres Valley of New Mexico, there is an Aeolian Harp, titled Tempest Song, exceeding seven metres in height. Tempest Song is similar in appearance to a standard harp with 45 strings tuned to the C minor pentatonic scale and a central bearing originally being from a semi-truck. It was built by Bob Griesing and Bill Neely in June and July of 2000, and at the time was mistakenly declared the "World's Largest Aeolian Harp".
An even larger Aeolian harp, measuring in at eight metres tall, can be found at the Exploratorium, a museum in San Francisco. This harp was built in 1976 by Douglas Hollis, a local artist. It's volume is amplified by two metal disks placed on one side of it. In addition, a natural wind tunnel ensures enough wind is passing over the harp's seven high-pitched strings.
In Sydney, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton is an even larger 18-metre-tall, 10 ton steel Aeolian harp which doubles as the world's largest fiddle. It was erected to honour the fiddling traditions and folk music of the region's Celtic population. This fiddle, unveiled in 2005, is titled FIDHAEL MHOR A' CEILIDH, or, in English, "Big Fiddle of the Ceilidh", "Ceilidh" roughly translating from Gaelic into "visit." This fiddle is so large it can be seen by ships coming into harbour on the island.
The largest Aeolian harp in the world dwarfs even Sydney's. In San Francisco stands the Lucia and Aristides Demetrios Wind Harp, which stands at 28 metres tall. This Aeolian harp is located a little over 74 metres above sea level, which means it is always receiving a suitable breeze and that it comes with a panoramic view of South San Francisco and some of the Bay. Likewise, the instrument, in appearance resembling a set of steel beams connected by curved grates, is visible throughout much of the city.
See also
Sensitive style
References
External links
Stoney Cross 2—an example piece of music made on an aeolian harp.
windharfe.m3u—a live-stream of an Aeolian harp at the University of Ulm (Germany)
Pictures and measurements—plus example recordings of an electric variant of an Aeolian Harp which uses electric guitar humbucking pickups
harmonic sounds of the contemporary wind harp in concert with nature
Unintentional Aeolian Harp effect resulting from modifications to the Golden Gate Bridge
Box zithers
Wind-activated musical instruments | [
0.23443353176116943,
0.15016888082027435,
-0.34644612669944763,
-0.21323910355567932,
-0.03797313943505287,
0.8847826719284058,
-0.188872829079628,
0.0809643343091011,
-0.43708109855651855,
-0.31763842701911926,
-0.34336259961128235,
0.07153429836034775,
-0.2844809889793396,
0.37986278533935547,
-0.5238033533096313,
0.3754592835903168,
0.16905343532562256,
0.4467918276786804,
0.13713112473487854,
-0.8704562187194824,
0.11286982148885727,
0.03946796432137489,
0.5783023834228516,
0.3095853328704834,
0.5728328227996826,
-0.15240958333015442,
-0.1055072620511055,
0.036575257778167725,
0.5336729288101196,
0.10570656508207321,
-0.1269884705543518,
0.7247068881988525,
0.07336234301328659,
-0.803260862827301,
0.5045008659362793,
0.009072857908904552,
-0.32693925499916077,
-0.16898314654827118,
-0.19999557733535767,
-0.5192881226539612,
-0.00420018145814538,
0.13997940719127655,
0.4656915068626404,
0.6398863196372986,
-0.42732349038124084,
-0.23696865141391754,
-1.4588652849197388,
0.766409695148468,
-0.5177302360534668,
0.07700631022453308,
-0.38437771797180176,
-0.23303380608558655,
0.5705858469009399,
0.6675964593887329,
-0.06310088187456131,
0.6373197436332703,
-0.6369333267211914,
0.2275877594947815,
0.2622935473918915,
-0.14215363562107086,
0.017842138186097145,
0.521399974822998,
-0.38037827610969543,
-0.19704361259937286,
0.5281317234039307,
0.08090509474277496,
-0.07425279915332794,
0.06535252183675766,
-0.6297916173934937,
-0.11306322365999222,
-0.14527206122875214,
0.361741840839386,
-0.39198774099349976,
-0.18530017137527466,
-0.32231152057647705,
0.06805427372455597,
-0.08273784071207047,
-0.16463160514831543,
0.40889355540275574,
0.46036845445632935,
0.529745876789093,
0.6375080943107605,
0.9443167448043823,
0.7180728316307068,
-0.03437136486172676,
0.20726357400417328,
-0.9589720964431763,
0.1903340369462967,
-0.25919124484062195,
-0.08526232838630676,
0.023327967151999474,
-1.107005000114441,
0.6000893712043762,
0.5574699640274048,
-0.20871460437774658,
0.38488587737083435,
0.027152158319950104,
-0.034048646688461304,
-0.014333049766719341,
0.04823746904730797,
0.11286888271570206,
-0.05744263157248497,
0.3086148202419281,
-0.5495119094848633,
-0.2070198506116867,
-0.03230542317032814,
-0.5803834795951843,
-0.4087068438529968,
-0.06449255347251892,
0.2575218677520752,
-0.4034562110900879,
0.03982945904135704,
0.07051277905702591,
0.033940475434064865,
0.09411013871431351,
0.1384461224079132,
0.46452075242996216,
0.0033702959772199392,
-0.2679755687713623,
0.21926932036876678,
0.9980239272117615,
0.6794235706329346,
0.12677736580371857,
-0.08474202454090118,
-0.4970978796482086,
0.2878347635269165,
0.7825823426246643,
0.8310350775718689,
-0.7015225887298584,
-0.4823380708694458,
0.564102292060852,
0.8664076924324036,
-0.32953906059265137,
-0.020909341052174568,
-0.25810059905052185,
-0.19896478950977325,
0.16861926019191742,
0.21108417212963104,
0.7161426544189453,
0.8371304869651794,
-1.0789918899536133,
-0.5963486433029175,
-0.7272076606750488,
-0.41958728432655334,
0.0595681257545948,
-0.2543371021747589,
0.037467509508132935,
-0.4550803303718567,
0.08023671805858612,
0.005492358468472958,
0.10835915803909302,
0.07618573307991028,
-0.08133704215288162,
0.23701198399066925,
-0.9505512118339539,
-0.6354871392250061,
0.4908761978149414,
-0.20951730012893677,
0.1429699808359146,
0.07204272598028183,
0.017326414585113525,
-0.43514227867126465,
-0.19065603613853455,
-0.0033244076184928417,
-0.06767531484365463,
0.3238983750343323,
0.40695425868034363,
0.3193807303905487,
-0.10286909341812134,
0.2753054201602936,
-0.45183828473091125,
0.37864619493484497,
0.4309294521808624,
-0.05809234455227852,
-0.34969425201416016,
-0.4431290030479431,
0.2568535804748535,
0.42493006587028503,
0.09545466303825378,
-0.2643847167491913,
-0.6719681024551392,
-0.011537080630660057,
0.13515186309814453,
-0.2391042560338974,
0.38335946202278137,
0.055311691015958786,
0.1987084299325943,
0.12225457280874252,
0.376776784658432,
-0.5214319229125977,
-0.3531702160835266,
-0.40360012650489807,
0.23852549493312836,
0.23150715231895447,
0.8418936133384705,
-0.5326152443885803,
-0.5922936797142029,
0.8145529627799988,
0.029704442247748375,
0.03072415664792061,
0.0190257765352726,
0.0010075984755530953,
0.638153076171875,
0.09129465371370316,
-0.4421461820602417,
0.08515311777591705,
0.15297582745552063,
0.1390855610370636,
0.11957108229398727,
-0.257026731967926,
0.25558164715766907,
-0.200697124004364,
0.6358370780944824,
0.002390366978943348,
-0.20267818868160248,
-0.32070812582969666,
-0.5849049091339111,
0.4773654043674469,
-0.35313650965690613,
0.08259078115224838,
1.0555124282836914,
-0.07501110434532166,
-0.35082000494003296,
-0.2241440713405609,
-0.04555601254105568,
0.9691311120986938,
-0.22388646006584167,
-0.35775771737098694,
-0.36901119351387024,
0.10342711210250854,
-0.19117015600204468,
0.15514983236789703,
0.02880849316716194,
-0.3340209722518921,
-0.39423444867134094,
-0.5051215291023254,
-0.5118402242660522,
-0.3369801938533783,
0.5638407468795776,
-0.5060520172119141,
0.5580036044120789,
-0.04438828304409981,
-0.7964464426040649,
0.07479960471391678,
0.21332477033138275,
0.1265053004026413,
-0.14451733231544495,
0.17672580480575562,
0.3358253240585327,
0.04422423616051674,
0.23917223513126373,
-0.03275411203503609,
0.29320457577705383,
0.02192677929997444,
-0.22975631058216095,
-0.05833236500620842,
0.17608723044395447,
0.13969798386096954,
0.6533960103988647,
-0.27272140979766846,
-0.24118760228157043,
-0.1168266162276268,
1.0458768606185913,
-0.5917368531227112,
0.06242888420820236,
-0.4630785286426544,
-0.03974240645766258,
-0.5475454926490784,
0.4982248842716217,
0.05523979663848877,
0.5523091554641724,
0.46400755643844604,
-0.5324397087097168,
0.2176254391670227,
-0.5639844536781311,
-0.19033081829547882,
-0.09757053107023239,
-0.6065875291824341,
-0.5664914846420288,
-0.6175530552864075,
0.2759030759334564,
0.39327022433280945,
0.09652511030435562,
-0.416043758392334,
-0.7877650856971741,
0.2923901677131653,
0.23319578170776367,
-0.002147810999304056,
0.48250719904899597,
-0.3134847581386566,
-0.027388114482164383,
0.31293562054634094,
-0.32491379976272583,
0.3233349323272705,
0.28552764654159546,
0.47210609912872314,
-0.485264390707016,
0.20093603432178497,
0.21928629279136658,
-0.5455803275108337,
-0.4843774139881134,
0.24508129060268402,
-0.0798460990190506,
0.05843038111925125,
0.3581660985946655,
-0.43588685989379883,
-0.1305294781923294,
0.297963410615921,
-5.646237850189209,
0.22874848544597626,
-0.3186537027359009,
-0.3066600561141968,
0.21980203688144684,
0.5486286282539368,
0.315198689699173,
-0.38631436228752136,
0.2387770414352417,
-0.23211543262004852,
-0.08423498272895813,
-0.04197537526488304,
-0.26402390003204346,
0.8631104230880737,
0.6946300864219666,
0.4529658854007721,
-0.1957559883594513,
-0.28683075308799744,
0.0748244896531105,
-0.2652420997619629,
0.7715045213699341,
0.36844924092292786,
-0.44183388352394104,
0.38074782490730286,
0.3217254877090454,
-0.7436934113502502,
0.0567396879196167,
-0.4482707679271698,
-0.25711387395858765,
-0.04195072129368782,
-0.046297837048769,
0.0854036808013916,
0.10309526324272156,
-0.32813289761543274,
0.44931405782699585,
-0.0641324445605278,
0.6611144542694092,
0.24058650434017181,
0.3224945366382599,
-0.19475898146629333,
-0.334746390581131,
0.3641895353794098,
0.1545388251543045,
-0.020154882222414017,
-0.07528198510408401,
-0.18260261416435242,
-0.09284526109695435,
-0.4445035755634308,
-0.3133249878883362,
0.8219642639160156,
0.1546422243118286,
-0.11512293666601181,
0.23884417116641998,
-0.1297498196363449,
0.26674729585647583,
0.38504165410995483,
0.20606043934822083,
0.09398423135280609,
-0.009805472567677498,
-0.2562064826488495,
0.5255030989646912,
-0.5732896327972412,
0.12150640040636063,
-0.19888029992580414,
-0.3547038435935974,
0.012627542950212955,
-0.7847294211387634,
-0.23489274084568024,
0.6589533090591431,
0.5495966672897339,
-0.030074886977672577,
0.22997824847698212,
-0.11071329563856125,
-0.740422248840332,
0.5837223529815674,
-0.2692541182041168,
-0.14025357365608215,
0.07970735430717468,
0.21934935450553894,
0.2371547669172287,
-0.20984479784965515,
-0.4893164038658142,
-0.4086138606071472,
0.8086218237876892,
0.24659571051597595,
0.16672834753990173,
-0.5198885202407837,
-0.10978421568870544,
-0.6433749794960022,
0.04487009719014168,
0.9426231384277344,
-0.6341040134429932,
-0.3138214945793152,
0.7923676371574402,
0.1758231818675995,
0.40824997425079346,
0.20190031826496124,
-0.19351789355278015,
1.5275781154632568,
0.07858838886022568,
0.2845641076564789,
0.0874900072813034,
0.11606638133525848,
0.01725437305867672,
0.28905972838401794,
-0.15768249332904816,
-0.31264248490333557,
-0.14645707607269287,
1.0227655172348022,
-0.4085197150707245,
0.25101134181022644,
-0.018150264397263527,
0.14734014868736267,
-0.23248739540576935,
-0.08775617927312851,
-0.8745088577270508,
0.03913027420639992,
0.92588210105896,
0.209198996424675,
-0.1152767539024353,
0.12152501195669174,
0.061363961547613144,
0.008895858190953732,
-0.3541809320449829,
-0.4043489098548889,
-0.2342967838048935,
0.22622595727443695,
-0.07573629915714264,
-0.646813154220581,
0.008962309919297695,
0.15904556214809418,
-0.20339183509349823,
0.1087474524974823,
0.1513890027999878,
-0.029600415378808975,
0.11573055386543274,
-0.8247786164283752,
0.09351455420255661,
0.3884582221508026,
-0.48642289638519287,
0.04882686585187912,
-0.6798226237297058,
-0.4164157509803772,
-0.19339653849601746,
0.8832194805145264,
0.5137212872505188,
-0.09185673296451569,
0.00808480940759182,
-0.5162982940673828,
0.7334225177764893,
0.13173551857471466,
0.2768079340457916,
0.6910003423690796,
-0.5742543935775757,
-0.05754513293504715,
-0.11288473755121231,
0.20460711419582367,
0.17952074110507965,
-0.03732326254248619,
-0.7669106125831604,
-0.07730906456708908,
-0.28354328870773315,
-0.851766049861908,
0.10224321484565735,
-0.028292657807469368,
-0.5095303654670715,
-0.9220847487449646,
0.05001995712518692,
-0.053161006420850754,
0.4585888981819153,
0.3357717990875244,
-0.27276089787483215,
-0.042227551341056824,
0.17604228854179382,
0.33230581879615784,
0.023880328983068466,
-0.20280374586582184,
-0.010117126628756523,
-0.7927886247634888,
-0.2648223042488098,
-0.20548386871814728,
0.008489493280649185,
-0.36320316791534424,
-0.17385749518871307,
0.17851977050304413,
0.08844103664159775,
0.01983104646205902,
-0.24892005324363708,
-0.715633749961853,
-0.007063968572765589,
-0.023829348385334015,
-0.016863089054822922,
-0.15842342376708984,
-0.271901935338974,
-0.4696515202522278,
0.2058827430009842,
-0.13366103172302246,
0.07900746911764145,
0.22094248235225677,
-0.8162182569503784,
0.17913874983787537,
0.14205974340438843,
-0.4721079170703888,
-0.021357599645853043,
-0.6407579779624939,
-0.5649337768554688,
0.36497780680656433,
-0.36453887820243835,
-0.5906964540481567,
0.38193023204803467,
-0.10424868762493134,
-0.675451397895813,
0.04355476796627045,
0.5962367653846741,
-0.8266087770462036,
0.5014093518257141,
0.17833228409290314,
-0.4261586666107178,
-0.08157097548246384,
-0.1809627115726471,
-0.07258337736129761,
0.02574138343334198,
-0.2280588448047638,
-0.15535201132297516,
-0.2564115822315216,
0.49174630641937256,
0.03487982228398323,
-0.11300045251846313,
0.448108047246933,
-0.5520938634872437,
-0.24080868065357208,
0.23972187936306,
-0.1153491884469986,
-0.47887569665908813,
-0.317330539226532,
-0.08547494560480118,
-0.6060672998428345,
-0.1904609501361847,
-0.11961141228675842,
0.7000698447227478,
0.8645704388618469,
0.7381718158721924,
-0.18730394542217255,
-0.3151629865169525,
-0.46419429779052734,
0.26580873131752014,
0.3427734971046448,
-0.5861683487892151,
-0.7270680069923401,
-0.18712416291236877,
0.7361245155334473,
-0.20771417021751404,
-0.2965436279773712,
-0.7650341987609863,
0.31100672483444214,
-0.24111080169677734,
0.40059077739715576,
0.5083379149436951,
0.03372367098927498,
0.18984577059745789,
0.2812924385070801,
-0.5566315650939941,
-0.5542307496070862,
0.04748181998729706,
0.1871398240327835,
0.2553788125514984,
-0.3113250732421875,
-0.14737415313720703,
0.1296398788690567,
-0.3724636733531952,
0.395394891500473,
0.39665624499320984,
0.5234546661376953,
0.42670947313308716,
0.2177395075559616,
0.23917371034622192,
0.011947558261454105,
-0.4499084949493408,
0.3822628855705261,
0.4032553732395172,
-0.5046414732933044,
-0.003291671397164464,
0.4257992208003998,
-0.15653082728385925,
0.11868118494749069,
-0.25823020935058594,
-0.3080868721008301,
-0.35005930066108704,
0.09300082176923752,
-0.6704469323158264,
-0.1360849142074585,
-0.17025816440582275,
-0.0992916151881218,
0.8858320713043213,
0.3445194959640503,
0.28116074204444885,
0.22912587225437164,
0.3052855134010315,
0.41925057768821716,
0.28983303904533386,
-0.980135440826416,
0.4115777611732483,
0.47085288166999817,
-0.32974398136138916,
0.3528657853603363,
-0.15703462064266205,
0.34174269437789917,
-0.46507444977760315,
-0.18979226052761078,
0.04546670988202095,
0.07478024810552597,
-0.15236756205558777,
0.06561847031116486,
0.8037237524986267,
-0.18292759358882904,
-0.2387058138847351,
0.3294934928417206,
-0.017556501552462578,
0.7100570797920227,
0.7138474583625793,
0.235368549823761,
-0.3273240029811859,
0.6920014023780823,
0.13893689215183258,
-0.2990727722644806,
0.1290392130613327,
-0.20763474702835083,
0.16547399759292603,
0.4593811631202698,
-0.11105061322450638,
0.8346906900405884,
0.054126542061567307,
-0.17158935964107513,
0.668365478515625,
-0.17635424435138702,
-0.5849257111549377,
-0.1452084481716156,
-0.6194008588790894,
-0.7469026446342468,
0.841856837272644,
0.8012604117393494,
0.12323015928268433,
0.031115129590034485,
0.016988474875688553,
0.05158897489309311,
0.36998236179351807,
-0.6495620012283325,
0.32528412342071533,
-0.21721422672271729,
-0.452986478805542,
0.2796362638473511,
0.06537146121263504,
0.334485799074173,
-0.5631555914878845,
0.3381321430206299,
0.18355341255664825,
0.9139813780784607,
-0.2724193036556244,
0.6787612438201904,
0.4147612452507019,
0.29247018694877625,
0.46446362137794495,
0.588664174079895,
-0.36994025111198425,
-0.856463611125946,
0.04431140050292015,
-0.2642327547073364,
-0.6453591585159302,
-0.4761442542076111,
-0.4013320803642273,
0.4275297224521637,
-0.06367051601409912,
-0.8357326984405518,
0.5573726296424866,
0.0777948722243309,
0.009495754726231098,
0.24012187123298645,
0.1307719498872757,
-0.08920179307460785,
-0.05460827425122261,
-0.6264479756355286,
-0.20198629796504974,
0.030820457264780998,
-0.5529683232307434,
-0.428168922662735,
-0.3752666115760803,
0.18709996342658997,
-0.3950083255767822,
0.058358337730169296,
-0.0063704680651426315,
0.004442306701093912,
0.2181820273399353,
0.3342655897140503,
-0.7880513668060303,
-0.42451032996177673,
-0.7970300316810608,
0.20827218890190125,
0.6523723602294922,
-0.2689110040664673,
0.3593341112136841,
0.3836933970451355,
0.36532652378082275,
0.4074247479438782,
-0.45441243052482605,
0.08138696104288101,
0.08513268083333969,
-0.00988101027905941,
0.5571914315223694,
-0.5895036458969116,
0.3013283610343933,
0.665641188621521,
-0.24687406420707703,
-0.11281106621026993,
0.3236173689365387,
0.3408155143260956,
0.18855544924736023,
0.38137269020080566,
-0.3729701340198517,
-0.08682136237621307,
-0.3632155954837799,
0.3508799076080322,
-0.03146595135331154,
0.06665007770061493,
-0.0014503027778118849,
-0.3010421693325043,
-0.1936883181333542,
0.12320913374423981,
-0.16754302382469177,
-0.439818412065506,
0.4334150552749634,
-0.3239496350288391,
0.3163588047027588,
-0.7292202711105347,
0.153168722987175,
-0.34858912229537964,
-0.30844253301620483,
-0.16227194666862488,
-0.02451280690729618,
0.059174515306949615,
-0.5223541855812073,
0.0963129997253418,
-0.07650383561849594,
-0.31010907888412476,
-0.051926590502262115,
0.08063027262687683,
0.038037754595279694,
-0.2004505842924118,
-0.18835142254829407,
-0.5306925773620605,
0.21222345530986786,
0.43324926495552063,
-0.9442014098167419,
0.67739337682724,
0.05417289584875107,
-0.38159283995628357,
-0.47482404112815857,
0.45779672265052795,
-0.8788946270942688,
0.0659543052315712,
0.2583811283111572
] |
232237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Smith-Stanley%2C%2014th%20Earl%20of%20Derby | Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby | Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, (29 March 1799 – 23 October 1869, known before 1834 as Edward Stanley, and from 1834 to 1851 as Lord Stanley) was a British statesman, three-time Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and, to date, the longest-serving leader of the Conservative Party. He was scion of one of Britain's oldest, wealthiest and most powerful families. He is one of only four British prime ministers to have three or more separate periods in office. However, his ministries each lasted less than two years and totalled three years and 280 days. Derby reformed education in Ireland, and reformed Parliament.
Historian Frances Walsh has written that it was Derby:
Scholars long ignored his role but in the 21st century rank him highly among all British prime ministers.
Background and education
Stanley was born to Lord Stanley (later the 13th Earl of Derby) and his wife, Charlotte Margaret (), the daughter of the Reverend Geoffrey Hornby. The Stanleys were a long-established and very wealthy landowning family whose principal residence was Knowsley Hall in Lancashire. He was perhaps the richest prime minister ever. The family estates were based on 57,000 acres in Lancashire, were worth at least £163,000 per annum in 1883.
Stanley was educated at Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford. Inspired by his grandfather, Stanley was devoted to traditional institutions and the sacrosanctity of property rights. From his mother, Stanley adopted a deep evangelical streak that typically influenced his decisions.
Early political career, 1822–1852
In 1822 Edward Stanley, as he was then, was elected to Parliament in the rotten borough of Stockbridge as a Whig, the traditional party of his family. In 1824, however, he alienated some of his Whig colleagues by voting against Joseph Hume's motion for an investigation into the established Protestant Church of Ireland. He lost his seat in 1826. When the Whigs returned to power in 1830, Stanley became Chief Secretary for Ireland in Lord Grey's Government, and entered the Cabinet in 1831. As Chief Secretary Stanley pursued a series of coercive measures which frequently brought him into conflict with the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Anglesey. In October 1831, Stanley wrote a letter, the Stanley Letter, to the Duke of Leinster establishing the system of National Education in Ireland. This letter remains today the legal basis for the predominant form of primary education in Ireland. In 1833, Stanley moved up to the more important position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, overseeing the passage of the Abolition of Slavery Bill.
Stanley, a religiously devout Anglican, broke with the ministry over the reform of the Anglican Church of Ireland in 1834 and resigned from the government. He then formed a group called the "Derby Dilly" and attempted to chart a middle course between what they saw as the increasingly radical Whiggery of Lord John Russell and the conservatism of the Tories. Tory leader Sir Robert Peel's turn to the centre with the 1834 Tamworth Manifesto, published three days before Stanley's "Knowsley Creed" speech, robbed the Stanleyites of much of the uniqueness of their programme.
The term "Derby Dilly" was coined by Irish Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell. Besides Stanley, the other principal members of the Dilly were Sir James Graham, who had resigned as First Lord of the Admiralty; Lord Ripon, who had resigned as Lord Privy Seal; and the Duke of Richmond, who had resigned as Postmaster General. These four ministers had come from notably different political backgrounds—Stanley and Graham were old Whigs, Ripon was a former Canningite Tory prime minister, while Richmond was an arch-conservative Tory who had incongruously found himself in the Grey cabinet.
Although they did not participate in Peel's short-lived 1835 ministry, over the next several years they gradually merged into Peel's Conservative Party, with several members of the "Derby Dilly" taking prominent positions in Peel's second ministry. Joining the Conservatives, Stanley again served as Colonial Secretary in Peel's second government in 1841. In 1844 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley of Bickerstaffe in his father's Barony of Stanley by Writ of Acceleration. He broke with the Prime Minister again in 1845, this time over the repeal of the Corn Laws, and managed to bring the majority of the Conservative Party with him (including, among others, the young Benjamin Disraeli). He thereafter led the protectionist faction of the Conservative Party. In the House of Lords, on 23 November 1847, he accused the Irish Catholic clergy of using the confessional to encourage lawlessness and crime. This was disputed in a series of letters by the coadjutor Bishop of Derry, Edward Maginn. In 1851 he succeeded his father as Earl of Derby.
The party system was in a state of flux when the Conservatives left office in 1846, the outstanding issues being the question of Ireland and the unresolved franchise. The protectionists had a core of leaders, of whom Derby was a leading light.
Premierships, 1852–1869
He is the only modern era prime minister who never enjoyed a parliamentary majority. In his private diary, the Earl of Malmesbury in 1857 commented on Derby's failure to exploit the press:
First government
Derby formed a minority government in February 1852 following the collapse of Lord John Russell's Whig Government. In this new ministry, Benjamin Disraeli was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. With many senior Conservative ministers having followed Peel, Derby was forced to appoint many new men to office—of the Cabinet, only three were pre-existing Privy Counsellors. When the aged Duke of Wellington, by then very deaf, heard the list of inexperienced cabinet ministers being read aloud in the House of Lords, he gave the government its nickname by shouting "Who? Who?". From then this government would be known as the "Who? Who?" ministry.
Traditionally Derby's ministries were thought in hindsight to have been dominated by Disraeli. However, recent research suggests that this was not always the case, especially in the government's conduct of foreign policy. There, Derby and his Foreign Secretaries, Lord Malmesbury and later his son Lord Stanley, pursued a course of action that was aimed at building up power through financial strength, seeking to avoid wars at all costs, co-operating with other powers, and working through the Concert of Europe to resolve diplomatic problems. This contrasted sharply with the policy of military strength and prestige that Disraeli would later pursue, and Derby's very different take on foreign policy could be seen as the precursor of "splendid isolation", as well as the diplomatic settlement of Europe pursued by later Conservatives in the late 19th century and the 1930s.
In the general election of June 1852, the Conservative party under Derby and Disraeli won only 330 seats in the House of Commons—42.9% of the total. Although the Whigs actually won fewer seats—292 seats—there were several small groups in Parliament that might be willing to side with the Whigs on particular issues, including the 38 Conservative members of Parliament who were Peelites, who had already joined with the Whigs in June 1846 to repeal the Corn Laws; the 113 members who were Free Traders and who were interested in eliminating all tariffs on consumer goods; and the 63 members of the Irish Brigade who were interested in the independence of Ireland and Tenant's Rights for Irish tenants. Immediately following the election in June 1852, none of these small groups were willing to work with the Whigs to form a government. Accordingly, the Earl of Derby was invited to form a minority government. Derby did so and appointed Disraeli as the new Chancellor of the Exchequer.
As with all minority governments, Derby's minority government had a difficult time governing. Their main preoccupation was avoiding any issue which might cause any of the government's small components to go over to Whigs and cause a "no confidence" vote. However, the real issues facing Parliament could not be postponed for long, and when Disraeli submitted his first budget to Parliament in December 1852, it proved so unpopular with the Peelites, the Free Traders, and the Irish Brigade that it was voted down in a "no confidence" vote. As a result, Derby's minority government fell, making way for a Peelite–Whig coalition under Lord Aberdeen. When Aberdeen's administration fell in 1855, Queen Victoria asked Derby to form a government. Much to the consternation of some sections of his party, including Disraeli, Derby declined this offer, believing that he would be in a position to form a stronger government after a short-lived failed administration led by one of the Conservative Party's rivals such as Lord John Russell or Lord Palmerston.
Second government
In 1858, Derby formed another minority government upon the resignation of Lord Palmerston following a parliamentary defeat to an opposition motion which, in the context of a failed plot to assassinate Napoleon III of France, charged that "the ministry had admitted they sheltered assassins". Disraeli was again at the Exchequer and Leader of the Commons. Among the notable achievements of this administration was the end of the British East India Company following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which brought India under direct British control for the first time. Once again the government was short-lived, resigning after only one year, having narrowly lost a vote of no-confidence brought by Lord Hartington on behalf of various Whig and Radical factions which had coalesced at the Willis's Rooms meetings in St James's Street to mark the birth of the Liberal Party. In July 1859, Derby was appointed a Knight of the Garter.
Back in opposition, Derby pursued a strategy of trying to lure the Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, away from his more radical colleagues, Lord John Russell in particular. This tactic was thwarted by Russell's declining influence and by Chancellor of the Exchequer Gladstone's 1861 budget which united the cabinet and increased divisions amongst the Conservatives. Palmerston continued as Prime Minister until his death in 1865, when he was succeeded by the frail Russell.
Third government
Derby returned to power for the third and last time in 1866, following the collapse of Lord Russell's second government after its failed attempt at further electoral reform. Once again, Disraeli was a leading figure. This administration was particularly notable for the passage of the Reform Act 1867, which greatly expanded the suffrage but which provoked the resignation of three cabinet ministers including the Secretary for India and three-time future Prime Minister, Lord Cranborne (later Lord Salisbury). In early 1868, Derby retired from political life on medical advice, leaving Disraeli to succeed him. In 1869, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in recognition of his former role as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.
Although a great orator, Derby was frequently criticised for his languid leadership. Nevertheless, he had many significant achievements, both as minister and Prime Minister, and has been described as the father of the modern Conservative Party. His tenure of 22 years as party leader still stands as the longest in Conservative Party history and indeed the history of any other political party in British history. Only Labour's Clement Attlee came close, at 20 years.
Family
Stanley married The Hon. Emma Bootle-Wilbraham, the second daughter of Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, on 31 May 1825. He left three children:
Stanley's ancestors were Kings of Man from 1405 and later Lords of Man. Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby famously switched sides at the Battle of Bosworth and placed the crown of the fallen King Richard III upon the head of Henry Tudor.
Legacy
Historian David Cannadine argues:
Historian Frances Walsh has written:
The National School system in Ireland, the predominant form of primary school education, remains based on the multi-denominational system set up by Stanley in the Stanley Letter. The letter had tried to deal with the seemingly intractable issue of different Christian religions living together in Ireland.
The former site of Fort Langley, British Columbia was renamed Derby by the Royal Engineers in 1858, apparently in honour of the Earl, who was British Prime Minister at the time. Stanley (sometimes referred to as "Port Stanley") on East Falkland, capital of the Falkland Islands, is named after Edward Smith-Stanley as are Port Stanley in Ontario, Canada, as well as the area Stanley in Hong Kong. Stanley was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria opened Wellington College, in Berkshire, a tribute to the Duke of Wellington, where the boarding house Stanley is named after him. The county of Stanley in Queensland, Australia, is named after the Earl. Notably, it contains the important Australian city of Brisbane.
A library book about Smith-Stanley titled The Earl of Derby, written by George Saintsbury and published in 1892, was borrowed from the Newtown Library in Wellington, New Zealand, in March 1902 and returned in August 2020 (118 years later) after being discovered in Sydney, Australia. The book was described as being "in OK condition".
See also
List of statues and sculptures in Liverpool
Notes and references
Further reading
Blake, Robert "The 14th Earl of Derby" History Today (Dec 1955) 5#12 pp 850–859.
Foster, R. E. "A Life In The Political Centre: The 14Th Earl Of Derby." History Review 64 (2009): 1–6.
Hawkins, Angus. "Lord Derby and Victorian Conservatism: a Reappraisal." Parliamentary History 6.2 (1987): 280–301.
online review of Hawkins vol 1
Hawkins, Angus. The Forgotten Prime Minister: The 14th Earl of Derby: Volume II: Achievement, 1851–1869 (Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2007).
Hawkins, Angus. "A Host in Himself: Lord Derby and Aristocratic Leadership." Parliamentary History 22.1 (2003): 75–90.
Hicks, Geoffrey. Peace, war and party politics: the Conservatives and Europe, 1846–59 (Manchester UP, 2007).
Jones, Wilbur. Lord Derby and Victorian Conservatism (1956).
Leonard, Dick. "Edward Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby—‘The Brilliant Chief, Irregularly Great’." in Leonard, Nineteenth-Century British Premiers (2008) pp. 217-231.
Stewart, Robert. The Politics of Protection: Lord Derby and the Protectionist Party, 1841–1852 (Cambridge UP, 1971).
Ward, J. T. " Derby and Disraeli" in Donald Southgate, ed. The Conservative Leadership 1832–1932 (1974) online
Primary sources
Hicks, Geoff, et al. eds. Documents on Conservative Foreign Policy, 1852-1878 (2013), 550 documents excerpt
External links
More about The Earl of Derby on the Downing Street website.
Offices and titles
1799 births
1869 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
People of the Victorian era
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
British Secretaries of State
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward Lord
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Knights of the Garter
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward Lord
Stanley, Edward Lord
Stanley, Edward Lord
Derby, E14
Edward
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
Conservative Party prime ministers of the United Kingdom
14
Stanley, Edward
Leaders of the House of Lords
Lancashire Militia officers | [
-0.674933671951294,
-0.10131281614303589,
-0.09277171641588211,
-0.18067359924316406,
-0.18258734047412872,
0.893198549747467,
0.3782179057598114,
-0.07399184256792068,
-0.3764331340789795,
-0.3522067964076996,
-0.15072715282440186,
0.300893634557724,
-0.5168493390083313,
0.32746127247810364,
0.43531113862991333,
0.4191209077835083,
-0.5135945677757263,
0.18270736932754517,
-0.2920912206172943,
-0.4113112688064575,
0.02062227576971054,
0.21260200440883636,
0.14953123033046722,
0.1982346773147583,
0.30304500460624695,
-0.05536156892776489,
0.5449047088623047,
-0.16547729074954987,
-0.12682493031024933,
-0.1530417501926422,
0.4563736319541931,
0.25757747888565063,
0.029592731967568398,
0.08739787340164185,
-0.45021796226501465,
-0.5387684106826782,
-0.01821603626012802,
-0.8547865152359009,
-0.2685062289237976,
0.3205659091472626,
-0.19680243730545044,
0.11084523051977158,
0.23631896078586578,
0.31254762411117554,
0.011806956492364407,
-0.5395990014076233,
-1.3786262273788452,
0.28213000297546387,
0.05237111449241638,
-0.32099294662475586,
-0.010986849665641785,
0.6123967170715332,
0.3984071910381317,
0.23918695747852325,
-0.1286027580499649,
0.1693679392337799,
-0.20070016384124756,
0.09449020028114319,
0.033484283834695816,
-0.3382285535335541,
-0.17694073915481567,
-0.2023242712020874,
0.4428671896457672,
0.3464501202106476,
0.28869837522506714,
-0.02670351415872574,
0.14557097852230072,
0.16521555185317993,
-0.6665174961090088,
0.27047082781791687,
-0.039643071591854095,
0.1041172593832016,
0.19487959146499634,
0.8915750980377197,
0.19662074744701385,
0.06314758211374283,
0.11537227034568787,
0.34897854924201965,
0.1457778364419937,
0.3042466938495636,
0.3690580129623413,
-0.8325450420379639,
0.5496091246604919,
0.5238118767738342,
0.0017819816712290049,
0.2886587977409363,
0.1322115659713745,
0.7511045336723328,
-0.14323554933071136,
0.516406774520874,
-0.10795260965824127,
-0.3592519462108612,
0.5414910912513733,
-0.40359142422676086,
-0.5650429129600525,
-0.19013890624046326,
0.6319882869720459,
-0.1919403076171875,
-0.5619583129882812,
-0.5720300674438477,
-0.018525440245866776,
0.3883110284805298,
0.26988694071769714,
-0.24175798892974854,
-1.1254243850708008,
0.13558447360992432,
-0.3529112935066223,
-0.14486654102802277,
0.10156335681676865,
0.2939225137233734,
-0.5103164315223694,
0.29726365208625793,
-0.2502676248550415,
0.3549961745738983,
-0.0559251606464386,
0.025779709219932556,
-0.12605781853199005,
-0.8581486344337463,
-0.17501366138458252,
-0.40673425793647766,
-0.022431204095482826,
0.3532317876815796,
-0.24395892024040222,
0.5594291090965271,
-0.15780946612358093,
0.09582914412021637,
0.3776136338710785,
-0.5775190591812134,
0.28308799862861633,
0.617724597454071,
0.8222047090530396,
0.7930439114570618,
-0.23652750253677368,
-0.32223060727119446,
-0.3979330360889435,
-0.4874027669429779,
0.05897322669625282,
-0.2289351224899292,
0.3531571328639984,
0.25957396626472473,
-0.5032182335853577,
-0.2359401434659958,
-0.10064560174942017,
0.1108330488204956,
0.4371970593929291,
0.04307369142770767,
-0.12428146600723267,
-0.08660151809453964,
-0.34984290599823,
0.04741005599498749,
-0.15296871960163116,
-0.18332377076148987,
0.14190229773521423,
-0.8672438859939575,
-0.3007124662399292,
0.4002951383590698,
0.41048648953437805,
-0.3541821241378784,
0.6873244047164917,
0.5848471522331238,
-0.08212786167860031,
0.08643059432506561,
0.03335779905319214,
0.16593658924102783,
0.44390562176704407,
-0.10541488230228424,
0.09766757488250732,
0.11511820554733276,
-0.3620229661464691,
0.17675888538360596,
-0.25973159074783325,
0.2658999264240265,
0.7055709362030029,
-0.12816376984119415,
-0.3564015328884125,
0.8717900514602661,
0.7022672891616821,
0.2056991159915924,
0.4181209206581116,
-0.7849122881889343,
-0.7450864315032959,
-0.11990922689437866,
0.3691706955432892,
0.11344318836927414,
0.39997127652168274,
-0.025386299937963486,
0.3134343922138214,
-0.40028437972068787,
0.1325896680355072,
-0.7572121620178223,
-0.36016303300857544,
-0.6631315350532532,
-0.18792904913425446,
-0.8805891871452332,
0.7658815979957581,
0.47281986474990845,
-0.1411224752664566,
-0.14870747923851013,
0.6047686338424683,
0.744500994682312,
0.23143616318702698,
-0.14104203879833221,
0.02785305306315422,
-0.3215692639350891,
0.10883716493844986,
0.24626871943473816,
-0.11283993721008301,
0.0724085122346878,
0.34679335355758667,
0.7077138423919678,
0.25571709871292114,
-0.45886725187301636,
-0.07758143544197083,
0.5300666689872742,
-0.1689901500940323,
-0.36964645981788635,
-0.007161534857004881,
-0.12410074472427368,
0.05808677524328232,
-0.05493096634745598,
0.5600363612174988,
0.369637668132782,
-0.09546973556280136,
0.6277921795845032,
-0.008403340354561806,
0.6520368456840515,
-0.22598432004451752,
-0.0039201099425554276,
-0.5713616609573364,
-0.4211496412754059,
0.1769736111164093,
0.4292241334915161,
0.08590330928564072,
-0.35719963908195496,
0.5234339833259583,
-0.40705281496047974,
-0.28837162256240845,
-0.2497752457857132,
0.08669831603765488,
-0.2144065499305725,
0.063948854804039,
0.1669405698776245,
0.006617311388254166,
0.4070577919483185,
-0.19868406653404236,
0.6931627988815308,
-0.4673074781894684,
-0.04567220062017441,
-0.32215267419815063,
-0.04824628680944443,
0.08777164667844772,
0.07487805187702179,
0.13029848039150238,
0.5049441456794739,
0.015197476372122765,
-0.13846240937709808,
0.21166478097438812,
0.1594529151916504,
-0.04993559047579765,
0.7689509987831116,
-0.05068400874733925,
0.24274960160255432,
0.287841260433197,
0.730240523815155,
0.12836666405200958,
0.10451389104127884,
0.3069603145122528,
-0.2917209267616272,
0.1241387352347374,
-0.1650378555059433,
0.3138434588909149,
-0.4981309771537781,
-0.5204585790634155,
0.06293841451406479,
0.5931530594825745,
-0.12510062754154205,
-0.23615354299545288,
0.7828860878944397,
-0.43264371156692505,
-0.5447433590888977,
0.46923303604125977,
0.6698972582817078,
-0.8470458984375,
0.09888526797294617,
-0.011660362593829632,
-0.30982550978660583,
-0.046750470995903015,
-0.6202415823936462,
0.29129350185394287,
0.0782339945435524,
0.03345262631773949,
0.46126705408096313,
-0.2742210328578949,
-0.3504437208175659,
-0.5569067597389221,
0.3922978639602661,
-0.13938173651695251,
-0.43274110555648804,
0.3626154065132141,
-0.3056703209877014,
-0.6095682382583618,
0.19250120222568512,
-0.05099809169769287,
0.1725834310054779,
0.7388021945953369,
-0.08750137686729431,
-0.01860308274626732,
-0.11296216398477554,
-5.574059963226318,
0.02142653614282608,
0.19780199229717255,
-0.44553449749946594,
0.47009652853012085,
0.15552668273448944,
0.15251465141773224,
-0.5062716603279114,
0.15730364620685577,
-0.6033313870429993,
0.7867528796195984,
-0.30731064081192017,
0.12905727326869965,
0.2542688250541687,
0.7843708992004395,
0.3585655093193054,
1.1066042184829712,
0.31985801458358765,
0.9052515029907227,
-0.16668924689292908,
-0.21851825714111328,
-0.051177289336919785,
0.2383149117231369,
0.31238052248954773,
0.6218573451042175,
0.7820262312889099,
-0.007342154625803232,
-0.2299240678548813,
-0.7128632068634033,
-0.2506304979324341,
0.09786439687013626,
0.09097088873386383,
0.07788281887769699,
-0.05020008236169815,
0.03506570681929588,
-0.5539939403533936,
0.4004146456718445,
0.3504366874694824,
-0.07977363467216492,
0.05944902449846268,
0.18982386589050293,
0.3220757246017456,
-0.5225239992141724,
0.31130436062812805,
0.2459084391593933,
-0.28195834159851074,
-0.5197948217391968,
0.6410709023475647,
0.003184383036568761,
0.20671260356903076,
0.0634894073009491,
0.685131311416626,
-0.11236396431922913,
-0.2702231705188751,
-0.14337913691997528,
0.9792912006378174,
-0.09716738015413284,
-0.03996013477444649,
-0.6297367215156555,
0.25192245841026306,
0.6425689458847046,
-0.4888085424900055,
0.12155240029096603,
0.4592532217502594,
-0.13281947374343872,
-0.0862681046128273,
0.12226932495832443,
-0.10980387032032013,
0.3956872224807739,
0.028180968016386032,
-0.2689981460571289,
0.3588370680809021,
0.3319825530052185,
-0.766099750995636,
-0.21075545251369476,
-0.3426261842250824,
0.1005701869726181,
0.919402539730072,
0.09664323925971985,
-0.22721073031425476,
-0.7021422386169434,
-0.4531532824039459,
-0.16488629579544067,
0.3001684546470642,
0.1270965039730072,
-0.4176015555858612,
-0.5622609853744507,
0.3823569118976593,
0.0813247337937355,
-0.28456029295921326,
-0.01828574761748314,
-1.2454161643981934,
-0.17765402793884277,
0.28447967767715454,
0.5197947025299072,
-0.3017238676548004,
-0.2607741951942444,
0.3788875937461853,
0.07405556738376617,
0.3749951422214508,
-0.5617963671684265,
-0.11419546604156494,
-0.3296283483505249,
-0.35277259349823,
0.30684423446655273,
-0.3324638307094574,
-0.4032880365848541,
0.2469315081834793,
0.02733946032822132,
-0.30250269174575806,
0.4516952931880951,
0.08689956367015839,
-0.6969720721244812,
-0.16481633484363556,
-0.04509102553129196,
-0.6877571940422058,
0.18653227388858795,
0.019354717805981636,
0.8414839506149292,
0.27242347598075867,
-0.47007471323013306,
0.4985171854496002,
-0.6463855504989624,
0.08575129508972168,
-0.6120736002922058,
0.39633581042289734,
0.48920491337776184,
-0.47292929887771606,
-0.7637237906455994,
-0.4180768132209778,
0.3157408833503723,
0.19318857789039612,
-0.14035171270370483,
0.17509929835796356,
0.33508655428886414,
-0.2921113669872284,
-0.07828918099403381,
-0.07805700600147247,
-0.06157819554209709,
-0.11532106250524521,
-0.45307087898254395,
-0.048238638788461685,
-0.2116916924715042,
-0.02045009844005108,
0.33760103583335876,
0.05493076890707016,
0.041714999824762344,
-0.13465380668640137,
0.09163299947977066,
0.49176743626594543,
-0.2673596739768982,
0.07509416341781616,
0.7158991098403931,
-0.38275349140167236,
-0.12115010619163513,
-0.11385917663574219,
-0.887697696685791,
-0.2010897845029831,
-0.7255395650863647,
-0.8212249875068665,
-0.5149444341659546,
-0.2448619157075882,
-0.7982082366943359,
-0.4552467167377472,
0.8218315839767456,
-0.0782560408115387,
-0.5926147103309631,
-0.23692522943019867,
-0.33721086382865906,
0.7984320521354675,
0.2303662747144699,
-0.8243296146392822,
0.1740262657403946,
-0.31293681263923645,
-0.14477303624153137,
-0.23536765575408936,
-0.1818767935037613,
-0.13856536149978638,
-0.3074243664741516,
0.16678258776664734,
0.04318363592028618,
0.44823405146598816,
-0.3631478548049927,
-0.05673777684569359,
0.23570552468299866,
-0.33299076557159424,
-0.8379125595092773,
-0.4927625358104706,
0.21251124143600464,
-0.307407408952713,
-0.08283467590808868,
-0.43258053064346313,
0.2891773581504822,
0.21300460398197174,
-0.5787572860717773,
-0.29892364144325256,
0.35073554515838623,
-0.07111777365207672,
0.037533100694417953,
-0.58198481798172,
-0.24101024866104126,
0.19196847081184387,
-0.1491178572177887,
-0.8397937417030334,
0.034913647919893265,
-0.8014180660247803,
-0.09665413945913315,
-0.20936037600040436,
0.18355727195739746,
0.9803526401519775,
-0.43044549226760864,
-0.8587862253189087,
0.22475767135620117,
0.5534181594848633,
-0.05237966403365135,
0.01950681023299694,
-0.2472648322582245,
0.08323799818754196,
0.11162517219781876,
-0.6524702310562134,
-0.21747003495693207,
-0.23384012281894684,
-0.6986358165740967,
0.0840386226773262,
-0.20566332340240479,
0.4465472996234894,
0.6591488718986511,
-0.08603429049253464,
0.4056282639503479,
-0.8144083023071289,
-0.3717939555644989,
-0.2563590109348297,
-0.298491895198822,
0.8626554012298584,
-0.14717036485671997,
0.5717146396636963,
0.5980068445205688,
0.1397468000650406,
0.407773494720459,
-0.1291404515504837,
1.1225558519363403,
1.2948848009109497,
0.3880474269390106,
-0.32044717669487,
0.2999558448791504,
0.11083219945430756,
0.3555227816104889,
-0.7450941801071167,
-0.14076584577560425,
0.27749934792518616,
0.08065517246723175,
-0.20534734427928925,
-0.7244495153427124,
-0.12212558090686798,
0.07211361080408096,
-0.5911688208580017,
0.13627292215824127,
0.28484395146369934,
0.05557716265320778,
0.6056002974510193,
-0.2818349301815033,
0.3101535737514496,
-0.017434822395443916,
0.05026891082525253,
0.37076231837272644,
0.4162518382072449,
-0.13914738595485687,
-0.005585918202996254,
0.027261976152658463,
-0.5807233452796936,
-0.47246381640434265,
-0.5948938727378845,
-0.47579365968704224,
0.0962093248963356,
-0.03301722928881645,
0.10205541551113129,
0.23263727128505707,
-0.4391927123069763,
0.41895654797554016,
-0.1898670792579651,
-0.8242933750152588,
-0.3878067433834076,
0.32123610377311707,
-0.7668704986572266,
-0.40887150168418884,
-1.0943248271942139,
-0.1012556254863739,
-0.27938637137413025,
-0.25138992071151733,
0.09572821110486984,
-0.450262188911438,
-0.02128039486706257,
0.08861438184976578,
-0.4592115581035614,
-0.26537641882896423,
0.300725519657135,
-0.3727114498615265,
0.314185231924057,
-0.17077676951885223,
0.1772533804178238,
-0.2942458391189575,
0.9855886697769165,
0.4597037136554718,
-0.13932837545871735,
0.18315234780311584,
0.09684622287750244,
-0.1252281814813614,
-0.5106006860733032,
-0.1823233962059021,
-0.3372502028942108,
0.4027130901813507,
-0.07654158025979996,
-0.07115485519170761,
0.42572644352912903,
-0.8358964920043945,
-0.7560489773750305,
0.5797131657600403,
-0.5274288058280945,
0.023166967555880547,
0.04403124749660492,
-0.20047897100448608,
0.06157843396067619,
0.06790977716445923,
-0.3960403501987457,
0.17085091769695282,
0.3010534942150116,
-0.026328226551413536,
0.5974416136741638,
-0.029827265068888664,
0.4340831935405731,
0.20133639872074127,
-0.42192843556404114,
-1.0860087871551514,
0.8065354228019714,
-0.37286999821662903,
-0.30851584672927856,
0.3213856816291809,
-0.6728853583335876,
0.17802679538726807,
0.3604818880558014,
0.5199633240699768,
0.7208009958267212,
-0.38043519854545593,
0.14423204958438873,
0.03572055697441101,
0.4958949387073517,
-0.036371342837810516,
0.037874795496463776,
-0.05794608220458031,
0.22251714766025543,
0.4940374791622162,
0.33092963695526123,
-0.0921189934015274,
-0.8210000991821289,
0.16365309059619904,
0.38088691234588623,
0.4941070079803467,
0.058403097093105316,
-0.39671510457992554,
0.22413383424282074,
0.17974500358104706,
-0.17954955995082855,
0.7179368138313293,
-0.30330589413642883,
0.11782126128673553,
0.03448309004306793,
0.35764437913894653,
-0.28860121965408325,
0.6437949538230896,
0.43628934025764465,
0.24718688428401947,
-0.3065568208694458,
-0.10034570842981339,
-0.7059248685836792,
-0.08006912469863892,
0.28199130296707153,
0.6500619649887085,
-0.1038556694984436,
0.1747444123029709,
0.3141660988330841,
-0.46065664291381836,
-0.13343560695648193,
0.031697917729616165,
-0.21411098539829254,
-0.23505374789237976,
0.17626254260540009,
-0.2648954391479492,
0.24871885776519775,
-0.3207054138183594,
-0.34553447365760803,
0.8333101272583008,
-0.15334954857826233,
-0.22652480006217957,
0.36902227997779846,
-0.8005601167678833,
-0.33627375960350037,
-0.0805937796831131,
0.7981555461883545,
0.7855902910232544,
-0.6396637558937073,
-0.02526809833943844,
0.6000794768333435,
-0.21763965487480164,
0.18889302015304565,
-0.14656001329421997,
0.35154375433921814,
-0.08644139021635056,
-0.18107661604881287,
-1.0905003547668457,
0.3510974943637848,
-0.18919023871421814,
-0.2394711971282959,
-0.5492131114006042,
0.2845239043235779,
-0.37414422631263733,
0.1847495287656784,
0.3409673571586609,
-0.5460626482963562,
-0.048167407512664795,
-0.43335723876953125,
0.3213490843772888,
0.0914357528090477,
-0.0763820931315422,
-0.1772977113723755,
0.1918610781431198,
0.029507743194699287,
0.8117823600769043,
0.18720798194408417,
-0.5390649437904358,
1.0131016969680786,
-0.5535510182380676,
0.2611859440803528,
-0.416960209608078,
-0.7683964371681213,
-0.21139690279960632,
-0.26492536067962646,
0.45192500948905945,
0.6886084675788879,
-0.35937267541885376,
-0.473373681306839,
-0.17377381026744843,
-0.05995645374059677,
0.5837172865867615,
0.2371908575296402,
0.5600142478942871,
-0.25256213545799255,
-0.1738026738166809,
-0.14128898084163666,
-0.3849829137325287,
0.5817855596542358,
0.7402240633964539,
0.42983242869377136,
0.296999990940094,
-0.5794557929039001,
0.768805742263794,
-0.9386849999427795,
0.16294395923614502,
-0.29526057839393616,
0.606609046459198,
0.3737320601940155
] |
232240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall%20Slant-4%20engine | Vauxhall Slant-4 engine | The Vauxhall Slant-4 (or Slant Four) is an inline four-cylinder petrol car engine manufactured by Vauxhall Motors. Unveiled in 1966, it was one of the first production overhead camshaft designs to use a timing belt to drive the camshaft. The Slant-4 block was used as a development mule for the Lotus 900 series of engines. Vauxhall used the engine in a variety of models until production ended in 1983.
History
Design
The Slant-4 gets its name from the fact that its cylinders are inclined at an angle of approximately 45° from vertical. This layout came about because Vauxhall had originally planned to develop a whole family of engines all built on the same production line. There were to be slant-4s and V8s in both petrol and diesel versions, designed under the guidance of Vauxhall's then chief engineer, John Alden. Although a V8 petrol prototype and several 4-cylinder diesel prototypes were built only the 4-cylinder petrol engine made it to series production.
The engine has a single overhead camshaft driven by a timing belt. The Slant-4 was one of three engines using this method of driving the camshaft released the same year, the others being the Fiat Twin Cam engine and the Pontiac straight-6 OHC. Prior to 1966, belt-driven camshafts had only appeared in the Glas 1004 series starting in 1962 and in the few Devin-Panhard cars built starting in 1956. The camshaft operated two valves per cylinder. An ingenious valve train design incorporating an inclined socket head cap screw allowed valve clearances to be adjusted with a feeler gauge and an Allen key. The block and crossflow head are both of cast iron. The layout lowers the overall height of the engine, which allowed for more aerodynamic vehicle bodies to be achieved by lowering the bonnet line. It also means most of the engine is very easy to access for maintenance, with the exception of the exhaust manifold and spark plugs, which are "underneath" the slanted cylinders.
Applications
Prototype engines were fitted to the FC Victor, and the engine also appeared in the Vauxhall XVR concept car. The first production car to use the engine was the 1967 FD Victor. The original engine capacities were and . For the 1972 launch of the FE Victor, the smaller engine was increased to , and the larger to . Blydenstein Racing developed a long stroke version with a capacity of capable of producing almost . Having been designed to withstand the stresses of diesel compression ignition, the block is immensely strong and able to handle large increases in power without modification. The crank was also designed to be shared with the diesel version, which meant its strength was assured for the petrol version. The larger displacement versions are known for their immense torque, but also as not very smooth running or high-revving. A fuel-injected version of the 2.3-litre engine was planned for both the HP Firenza and VX4/90. Running prototypes were tested before the project was abandoned due to cost and the impending merger of Vauxhall's design and engineering pool with that of Opel in Germany.
Apart from its use in passenger cars, the engine was also developed for marine applications. It grew popular with tuners due to its great strength, tunability and simplicity. A 2 L version of the Slant-4 powered the eight Costin Amigos that were built between 1970 and 1972. The engine remained in production well into the 1980s for the Bedford CF van.
Although arguably more technically advanced, the Slant-4 was considered less reliable than its continental GM counterpart, the Opel CIH (Cam In Head) engine. The Slant-4 was replaced by the CIH in the badge-engineered Vauxhall Cavalier Mk.1s from the mid 1970s onward, whilst the Bedford CF van lost the Slant-4 in favour of the CIH when revised in 1983.
Engine specifications
Lotus 900 series engines
It is said that when Vauxhall unveiled its new slant-four engine at the 1966 Earls Court Motor Show its bore centers were exactly the same as those proposed by Lotus for their new all-alloy engine. Lotus boss Colin Chapman immediately negotiated a deal with Vauxhall to buy some of their cast-iron blocks so that development of Lotus’ own aluminum 907 engine could be sped up. The hybrid engines were called LV220 and LV240, with LV standing for Lotus/Vauxhall and the numbers standing for the reported horsepower developed by each version. Lotus tested the hybrid engine in a Vauxhall Victor and a Vauxhall Viva GT (registration number RAH 713F), as well as in a converted Bedford CF van.
The Lotus 900 series engine block was cast in aluminium alloy instead of iron, which made it considerably lighter than the Slant-4. The Lotus engine also used a cylinder head of light alloy that featured double overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder. With a few modifications the Lotus head could be fitted to the Vauxhall block. Engines with Lotus heads were used in Vauxhall's dealer team race and rally programmes until the late 1970s.
Vauxhall 16-valve engines
After experimenting with an 8-valve twin cam cylinder head, Vauxhall began development of a 16-valve, twin cam head for the Slant-4 in the early 1970s. The first test engine, 'Old Number 1', was running by 1973. The cylinder head was similar to the Lotus head in principle, but different in detail; in particular the cam carriers on the Vauxhall engine were angled upwards so that the covers were both horizontal (those on the Lotus engine were equal about the cylinder centreline).
The 16-valve was announced for use in the Chevette 2300 HS, which was immediately homologated for racing by the RAC MSA. Vauxhall's own 16-valve head had passed beyond the design stage, but initially was in such short supply that the rally team continued to use the Lotus heads. To address the production shortfall Vauxhall approached Cosworth and had them produce the 400 cylinder heads needed for the racing homologation requirements. When the new Vauxhall heads appeared in the Chevette 2300 HST the other teams complained, which led to a homologation scandal. This in turn led to the cars being prevented from starting the 1978 Rally of Portugal. As a result, all cars competing in international rallies were forced to use the Vauxhall head.
Motorsports
Lotus raced the hybrid LV engine in two Lotus 62s for a single season.
While Vauxhall's General Motors parent company had a "no racing" policy, the Slant-4 was campaigned in various cars by the independent Dealer Team Vauxhall (DTV) organization. Development of the cars was handled by different groups, including Bill Blydenstein Racing, who ran the rally team and both raced the Lotus-head cars and improved the Vauxhall head to a point where it performed better than the Lotus head. Chris Coburn's Coburn Improvements also raced under the DTV banner.
References
Slant-four engines
Vauxhall engines
Gasoline engines by model | [
-0.20728357136249542,
0.28850001096725464,
0.5563886165618896,
-0.05938722565770149,
-0.558096706867218,
0.7030047178268433,
0.23715563118457794,
-0.11840389668941498,
-0.17559169232845306,
0.10556771606206894,
-0.08317091315984726,
0.9335533380508423,
-0.02352823130786419,
0.473367303609848,
0.10123573243618011,
0.4164952337741852,
0.6641571521759033,
0.49029386043548584,
-0.2518293261528015,
-0.20799905061721802,
0.636915922164917,
-0.3463355600833893,
0.7531702518463135,
-0.10756785422563553,
-0.4650997817516327,
0.3495763838291168,
0.38754382729530334,
0.20875664055347443,
0.21112380921840668,
0.0578683577477932,
0.14088189601898193,
1.0012340545654297,
-0.04254557937383652,
-0.28028908371925354,
-0.0700816735625267,
-0.5988323092460632,
0.28186988830566406,
-0.4959774315357208,
-0.11797880381345749,
-0.4355189800262451,
-0.665574848651886,
-0.5114130973815918,
0.3378230929374695,
0.6332074403762817,
-0.35758543014526367,
-0.03986735641956329,
-0.859814465045929,
0.020839696750044823,
-0.6004177927970886,
0.047594379633665085,
-0.2638509273529053,
0.16088080406188965,
0.25022032856941223,
0.3752846121788025,
0.3442680537700653,
0.9317286610603333,
-0.7302884459495544,
-0.24969889223575592,
0.17993886768817902,
-0.3867087662220001,
0.054909076541662216,
0.06348228454589844,
0.7030395865440369,
0.7091802358627319,
-0.5146917104721069,
-0.001130569027736783,
-0.8840670585632324,
-0.32512712478637695,
-0.6611608862876892,
0.10499301552772522,
-0.8768836855888367,
-0.4176701605319977,
-0.06441118568181992,
0.15685564279556274,
-0.12810052931308746,
-0.056771937757730484,
-0.5694002509117126,
-0.07583585381507874,
0.24214114248752594,
0.40318816900253296,
0.8655150532722473,
-0.02481096051633358,
0.43801888823509216,
0.9066892266273499,
0.22910961508750916,
0.6639769673347473,
-0.4484272599220276,
-0.10789423435926437,
0.2743189334869385,
0.5925312638282776,
-0.5454550981521606,
-0.22645749151706696,
0.4365811347961426,
0.6464942693710327,
-0.6470654606819153,
-0.25804856419563293,
0.2980082333087921,
-0.2358117699623108,
0.48821476101875305,
0.3009820878505707,
0.5170449614524841,
0.33374983072280884,
0.4736953377723694,
0.04213260859251022,
-0.8279795050621033,
0.22040562331676483,
-0.7421302795410156,
-0.32380160689353943,
-0.18359218537807465,
0.3370388150215149,
-0.6600534915924072,
0.15955403447151184,
0.46662139892578125,
-0.5087358951568604,
-0.025464998558163643,
-0.7775349617004395,
-0.312698096036911,
-0.8006200194358826,
0.443828284740448,
0.6158683896064758,
0.48833975195884705,
0.3634025454521179,
0.1519724726676941,
0.5278164148330688,
0.49305617809295654,
-0.29114407300949097,
0.313604474067688,
0.9060292840003967,
-0.35468295216560364,
0.13296745717525482,
0.7128388285636902,
0.34942537546157837,
0.5098130106925964,
-0.23604938387870789,
-0.6906142234802246,
-0.1939074695110321,
0.4052387475967407,
0.4384699761867523,
-0.020973457023501396,
0.22821159660816193,
-0.7228119373321533,
-0.171446293592453,
-0.058537404984235764,
-0.968018651008606,
0.027202202007174492,
0.12155747413635254,
-0.04685484245419502,
0.06349609792232513,
-0.374284029006958,
-0.6077738404273987,
0.41549238562583923,
-0.400698184967041,
0.1761937141418457,
-0.6638319492340088,
0.10347624123096466,
0.25644445419311523,
0.6212931275367737,
-0.5290074944496155,
0.3891105353832245,
-0.21724604070186615,
-0.2547203302383423,
0.31627339124679565,
-0.238579660654068,
0.4114757180213928,
0.18462859094142914,
-0.17263321578502655,
-0.06803500652313232,
-0.4388926029205322,
-0.10769432783126831,
0.22865824401378632,
-0.24065110087394714,
0.046153172850608826,
1.2146351337432861,
-0.662114143371582,
0.21402516961097717,
-0.36048972606658936,
0.5547732710838318,
0.2698696255683899,
0.9327401518821716,
0.12875737249851227,
-0.5308613777160645,
0.18260520696640015,
0.7538886666297913,
0.388933390378952,
-0.0020327491220086813,
0.271904319524765,
0.39267516136169434,
-0.2611631751060486,
-0.5004794001579285,
-0.5075401067733765,
-0.688122570514679,
-0.5603382587432861,
-0.1681482046842575,
-0.44106486439704895,
1.095604658126831,
-0.9706307053565979,
-0.6345402002334595,
0.16829276084899902,
0.11507879942655563,
0.5412145853042603,
-0.04980210214853287,
0.10988883674144745,
0.8321406841278076,
-0.15118345618247986,
-0.7943553328514099,
-0.037152957171201706,
0.47950053215026855,
-0.02137523517012596,
0.21237070858478546,
1.051069974899292,
-0.06837412714958191,
-1.0690891742706299,
0.14024269580841064,
0.4083470404148102,
-0.46259769797325134,
-0.04301857575774193,
-0.4135153591632843,
-0.1494014412164688,
0.35246554017066956,
0.27275508642196655,
0.9145497679710388,
-0.09206631034612656,
-0.610472559928894,
0.19088071584701538,
-0.7499459385871887,
-0.45042917132377625,
0.7511358261108398,
0.12741796672344208,
-0.2050895243883133,
-0.12886668741703033,
0.4436352550983429,
0.37929990887641907,
-0.02112266980111599,
-0.7082105278968811,
-0.13523568212985992,
0.46862146258354187,
0.31946083903312683,
0.19418981671333313,
0.7924230694770813,
-0.26353734731674194,
0.216529980301857,
0.37613314390182495,
-0.6104165315628052,
0.5724751353263855,
-0.09890756011009216,
-0.6610196828842163,
0.2852756977081299,
0.3154065012931824,
0.40808066725730896,
-0.56687331199646,
0.26904183626174927,
0.7317227125167847,
0.6924081444740295,
0.06357663869857788,
-0.14780239760875702,
0.4852341115474701,
0.24344424903392792,
0.024922452867031097,
0.01116203423589468,
0.5340935587882996,
-0.19286903738975525,
0.38775309920310974,
0.242884561419487,
-0.10627719014883041,
0.4570184350013733,
-0.37398895621299744,
-0.44973450899124146,
-0.14483025670051575,
-0.22919726371765137,
0.3013962209224701,
-0.2785346508026123,
-0.030773110687732697,
-0.15222464501857758,
-0.16124501824378967,
-0.16604109108448029,
-0.17065398395061493,
-0.391161173582077,
0.22138619422912598,
-0.7200586795806885,
-0.5498525500297546,
0.06888405233621597,
0.47047698497772217,
0.31256043910980225,
-0.5188615322113037,
-0.1933785229921341,
0.10778619349002838,
-0.40067431330680847,
0.0852840319275856,
0.3022977411746979,
-1.3941529989242554,
-0.14227773249149323,
-0.15923427045345306,
-0.2854589819908142,
0.5040355324745178,
0.04344118759036064,
0.1795123964548111,
-0.4365295171737671,
0.09235664457082748,
0.7282501459121704,
-0.647064745426178,
-0.07562915235757828,
0.2656574547290802,
0.02821081317961216,
-0.37917590141296387,
0.4661561846733093,
0.10218515992164612,
0.06586349010467529,
-0.049547478556632996,
-5.2312846183776855,
-0.09316589683294296,
-0.40085700154304504,
-0.1622501015663147,
0.9694957137107849,
-0.11584783345460892,
0.1292944997549057,
-0.2888438105583191,
-0.7872137427330017,
-0.3989091217517853,
0.10479143261909485,
0.2581203877925873,
-0.6882264018058777,
-0.19587159156799316,
-0.03787360340356827,
0.806581437587738,
0.053751301020383835,
-0.09406045824289322,
0.5620947480201721,
-0.18232102692127228,
-0.23413854837417603,
0.4116673767566681,
-0.26712679862976074,
0.18174462020397186,
0.5783923864364624,
0.20029067993164062,
0.0952022522687912,
-0.20306731760501862,
-0.9815623760223389,
0.5179605484008789,
-0.5333491563796997,
-0.23763571679592133,
-0.3494868874549866,
0.2323632538318634,
-0.1417526751756668,
-0.356637179851532,
0.46491727232933044,
-0.3468736708164215,
0.6085315942764282,
0.4036123752593994,
-0.30958738923072815,
0.03243327513337135,
0.6795633435249329,
0.21354258060455322,
0.3362264037132263,
-0.1490878015756607,
-0.08685518056154251,
-0.4988059401512146,
0.15709605813026428,
0.7911044955253601,
-0.1379966288805008,
-0.019887372851371765,
0.21731992065906525,
-0.21212929487228394,
0.5336676836013794,
-0.21110911667346954,
0.17223435640335083,
0.010984075255692005,
0.2756166160106659,
0.1513003557920456,
0.09711036086082458,
-0.4948900043964386,
-0.2451649010181427,
-0.09513313323259354,
-0.013392527587711811,
0.01502916682511568,
-0.06454970687627792,
-0.18658633530139923,
0.5822721719741821,
-0.5474640727043152,
-0.19875256717205048,
0.784143328666687,
0.13333660364151,
-1.095697045326233,
0.03945915028452873,
-0.2417662888765335,
0.14183670282363892,
-0.034542106091976166,
-0.20070073008537292,
0.430580735206604,
-0.1758999228477478,
-0.34805452823638916,
-0.8813418745994568,
0.5221635699272156,
-0.08881072700023651,
-0.8266590237617493,
-0.5138547420501709,
0.054262470453977585,
0.501201331615448,
-0.04517946019768715,
0.5109319686889648,
-1.0365616083145142,
0.6542598009109497,
-0.24139884114265442,
0.32901662588119507,
-0.12053468823432922,
-0.5814467668533325,
0.2861718535423279,
-0.03183818235993385,
-0.5902673006057739,
-0.17381149530410767,
-0.19903747737407684,
-0.6165496706962585,
-0.22536002099514008,
-0.46528685092926025,
-0.7732946872711182,
-0.19886378943920135,
0.586094856262207,
0.442604124546051,
0.13458925485610962,
-0.054045163094997406,
-0.6292167901992798,
-0.6262133121490479,
-0.505922794342041,
1.0666441917419434,
-0.22993966937065125,
-0.3056129813194275,
0.8238760828971863,
0.19816391170024872,
-0.4204772412776947,
0.0942854955792427,
0.6460283398628235,
-0.7469969391822815,
-0.47024378180503845,
-0.3647218942642212,
0.31893131136894226,
0.2229212522506714,
-0.6262016296386719,
-0.027476223185658455,
0.1256484091281891,
-0.7510046362876892,
0.4135979115962982,
-0.05943639576435089,
0.2706291377544403,
-0.4214864671230316,
-0.3686674237251282,
-0.11588099598884583,
0.4856211543083191,
-0.1378907710313797,
0.16938503086566925,
0.025914954021573067,
0.07305479049682617,
-0.1924990862607956,
-0.39668118953704834,
0.7897000312805176,
0.5553012490272522,
0.5485612154006958,
0.34762898087501526,
-0.4283457100391388,
0.39040607213974,
0.09771808981895447,
-0.48273766040802,
0.34816595911979675,
-0.4263658821582794,
0.26694557070732117,
-0.17294499278068542,
-0.08526212722063065,
0.4015849232673645,
-0.26133325695991516,
-0.7166188955307007,
0.5840985178947449,
-0.012922114692628384,
-0.3689109683036804,
0.3289070427417755,
0.5840067863464355,
0.39195340871810913,
0.5282824635505676,
-0.9249592423439026,
-0.5369815230369568,
0.9659030437469482,
0.2708550691604614,
-0.38589656352996826,
-0.7390971779823303,
-0.5387796759605408,
0.40475723147392273,
0.5281487107276917,
-0.05477629229426384,
-0.22766263782978058,
-0.5256960988044739,
-0.00033906172029674053,
-0.257936030626297,
0.21995599567890167,
-0.23413388431072235,
0.5190003514289856,
0.4110391139984131,
-0.7632377743721008,
-1.1420350074768066,
-0.11255741119384766,
0.23656116425991058,
-0.19280940294265747,
0.12263410538434982,
-0.2069295048713684,
0.5461857318878174,
0.3403492867946625,
-0.514404833316803,
-0.1737993359565735,
-0.09720811247825623,
0.2975098490715027,
-0.21280574798583984,
-1.0250535011291504,
-0.3210299611091614,
0.929162859916687,
0.33534300327301025,
-0.1863347589969635,
0.7665467262268066,
-0.2246025651693344,
0.5014430284500122,
-0.05055266618728638,
-0.6240116953849792,
0.888660728931427,
-0.004605318419635296,
-0.9426478743553162,
-0.0401635617017746,
0.5792321562767029,
-0.23184138536453247,
0.15624462068080902,
-0.046378619968891144,
-0.19789661467075348,
-0.36331620812416077,
-0.35646510124206543,
-0.21553544700145721,
-0.4855045676231384,
-0.05896003544330597,
-0.38991469144821167,
-0.9427162408828735,
0.038983047008514404,
0.3429672420024872,
-0.24634478986263275,
0.779714047908783,
0.16436363756656647,
-0.0669512152671814,
0.00960750225931406,
-0.30148303508758545,
-0.08295740187168121,
0.14415842294692993,
-0.287191778421402,
0.025694159790873528,
0.576102614402771,
-0.3406677544116974,
-0.43828144669532776,
0.3448359966278076,
1.1887593269348145,
0.26650965213775635,
-0.595521867275238,
-0.3836682438850403,
-0.13587941229343414,
0.09760981053113937,
-0.3219660222530365,
-0.600847601890564,
0.02524593472480774,
0.0031985610257834196,
-0.5947503447532654,
-0.5835357308387756,
-0.834431529045105,
0.2059129923582077,
-0.3926295042037964,
-0.2558062672615051,
-0.1576165407896042,
0.42803627252578735,
0.7699081301689148,
0.18554046750068665,
0.7354316115379333,
-0.9675576090812683,
0.34162312746047974,
-0.32410475611686707,
0.31816163659095764,
-0.36878085136413574,
-0.4143022298812866,
0.4315238893032074,
-0.606677770614624,
0.048529934138059616,
-0.07960276305675507,
0.13987064361572266,
0.5457603335380554,
0.0014032904291525483,
0.018490726128220558,
-0.37407389283180237,
-0.5257276892662048,
0.3639477491378784,
-0.05261189490556717,
-0.6003357768058777,
0.2746315002441406,
-0.07309494912624359,
-0.52776700258255,
-0.29801860451698303,
0.1783411055803299,
-0.4595756530761719,
-0.45300790667533875,
0.2998262047767639,
0.605775773525238,
-0.43817001581192017,
0.0035725615452975035,
0.014760657213628292,
0.38448405265808105,
-0.493053138256073,
0.3258382976055145,
-0.07964776456356049,
0.6230052709579468,
-0.1134808287024498,
0.36519497632980347,
0.3728522062301636,
0.680647611618042,
0.21305032074451447,
-0.25210443139076233,
0.7012356519699097,
-0.3820936381816864,
-0.12484901398420334,
-0.46946126222610474,
0.47520333528518677,
0.32491564750671387,
-0.18211892247200012,
0.14572952687740326,
-0.314595490694046,
0.7871915102005005,
-0.3367357552051544,
0.3234235644340515,
0.8870020508766174,
-0.07006314396858215,
-0.5299647450447083,
0.3643922507762909,
0.051003679633140564,
1.2137980461120605,
0.01761619932949543,
-0.30565145611763,
-0.32282260060310364,
0.46577757596969604,
-1.0488600730895996,
-0.4289238154888153,
0.3549853265285492,
0.7031374573707581,
0.15374955534934998,
0.31484371423721313,
-0.949146568775177,
0.7644303441047668,
0.13417167961597443,
0.06419488787651062,
-0.44232046604156494,
-0.5422325730323792,
0.5014081001281738,
0.05997435376048088,
0.11390797793865204,
0.41239097714424133,
-0.3319852650165558,
-0.6221562027931213,
0.06509312987327576,
0.4787806272506714,
-0.06321468949317932,
0.16678951680660248,
0.21986670792102814,
0.7303446531295776,
0.1240341067314148,
0.2421720027923584,
0.6184942126274109,
-0.5008442401885986,
-0.5854086875915527,
0.14020957052707672,
0.3127758502960205,
-0.39116352796554565,
-0.13790178298950195,
-0.0399758480489254,
0.26738378405570984,
0.3169232904911041,
0.12309207022190094,
-0.43671008944511414,
-0.6303828954696655,
0.3349383771419525,
0.3787961006164551,
-0.6821406483650208,
-0.3432078957557678,
-0.05037498474121094,
-0.34106776118278503,
0.2745506763458252,
0.19796253740787506,
0.08473040908575058,
0.5902295112609863,
0.4347858130931854,
0.5331352353096008,
0.17826898396015167,
-0.38773614168167114,
0.2589152753353119,
-0.10423537343740463,
-0.23425795137882233,
-0.6734605431556702,
-0.34716567397117615,
-0.146183580160141,
0.10364951193332672,
-0.4698046147823334,
0.028965892270207405,
0.19085459411144257,
-0.2267916202545166,
-0.46222102642059326,
-0.47140973806381226,
0.015331940725445747,
-0.47237807512283325,
-0.4258427023887634,
-0.3434586226940155,
0.023248525336384773,
0.04876212775707245,
0.15429581701755524,
0.5815192461013794,
-0.14905810356140137,
0.5293495655059814,
-0.24498829245567322,
0.3401247262954712,
0.28130918741226196,
0.12659595906734467,
0.14553281664848328,
-0.08812891691923141,
-0.11513468623161316,
0.6379451155662537,
-0.544674813747406,
-0.5072808861732483,
-0.061122968792915344,
0.08767994493246078,
-0.4327673017978668,
-0.385407954454422,
0.5129560828208923,
-0.4110548496246338,
0.06767746806144714,
-0.5301021337509155,
-0.0687471553683281,
0.14888504147529602,
0.5613789558410645,
0.048215486109256744,
-0.03910261392593384,
-0.02055988647043705,
0.48044827580451965,
-0.4523274898529053,
-0.6606336832046509,
0.34384340047836304,
-0.1327483355998993,
0.6559609174728394,
-0.6479206085205078,
-0.466323584318161,
-0.7241737246513367,
0.23863670229911804,
0.770171046257019,
0.7034444808959961,
0.20701734721660614,
0.4725862145423889,
0.7477546334266663,
-0.32170748710632324,
0.1567501276731491,
0.02621476911008358,
0.5374257564544678,
-0.05981965735554695,
-0.5776330828666687,
-0.4573248326778412,
-0.34510430693626404,
0.35517600178718567,
0.5086621642112732,
0.03942790627479553,
-0.19053030014038086,
-0.8929445147514343,
0.4581654965877533,
-0.34198784828186035,
0.3500785231590271,
-0.954474925994873,
0.20263759791851044,
-0.44947919249534607
] |
232241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkfish | Milkfish | The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous.
The repeating scientific name (tautonym) is from Greek ( ‘mouth’).
The species has many common names. The Hawaiian name for the fish is awa, and in Tahitian it is ava. It is called bangús in the Philippines, where it is popularly known as the national fish, although the National Commission for Culture and the Arts has stated that this is not the case as it has no basis in Philippine law. In the Nauruan language, it is referred to as . Milkfish is also called bandeng or bolu in Indonesia.
Chanos chanos occurs in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers.
Anatomy
The milkfish can grow to , but are most often no more than in length. They can reach a weight of about . and an age of 15 years. They have an elongated and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked caudal fin. The head is small relative to the body. The mouth is small and toothless. The body is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13-17 dorsal soft rays, 8-10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays. There are numerous fine intramuscular bones, which may complicate human consumption of the fish (see "Consumption" below).
Biology
These fishes generally feed on algae and small invertebrates. They tend to school around coasts and islands with coral reefs. The young fry live at sea for two to three weeks and then migrate during the juvenile stage to mangrove swamps, estuaries, and sometimes lakes, and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce. Females spawn at night up to 5 million eggs in saline shallow waters.
Consumption
The milkfish is an important seafood in Southeast Asia and some Pacific Islands. Because it is notorious for being much bonier than other food fish, deboned milkfish, called "boneless bangús" in the Philippines, has become popular in stores and markets. Despite the notoriety however, many people in the Philippines continue to enjoy the fish cooked regularly or even raw using kalamansi juice or vinegar to make kinilaw na bangus.
Popular presentations of milkfish in Indonesia include bandeng duri lunak (soft-boned milkfish, ikan bandeng is Indonesian for milkfish) from Central and East Java or bandeng presto, which is pressure cooked milkfish until the thorns are rendered tender, and bandeng asap or smoked milkfish. Either fresh or processed, milkfish is the popular seafood product of Indonesian fishing towns, such as Juwana near Semarang in Central Java, and Sidoarjo near Surabaya in East Java.
Milkfish is the most popular fish in Taiwanese cuisine, it is valued for its versatility as well as its tender meat and economical price. Popular presentations include as a topping for congee, pan fried, braised, and as fish balls. There is a milkfish museum in Anping District and city of Kaohsiung holds an annual milkfish festival.
Milkfish is an oily fish, and is rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Aquaculture
History
Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 1800 years ago in the Philippines and spread to Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific. Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions.
In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability. In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms.
Farming methods
Fry are raised in either sea cages, large saline ponds (Philippines), or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan). Milkfish reach sexual maturity at , which takes five years in floating sea cages, but eight to 10 years in ponds and tanks. Once they reach , (eight years), 3–4 million eggs are produced each breeding cycle. This is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, attempts have been made using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning. Some still use the traditional wild stock method — capturing wild fry using nets.
Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, for example, rotifers, green algae, and brine shrimp, as well as the target species. They can either be intensive or semi-intensive. Semi-intensive methods are more profitable at US$6.67 per thousand fry in 1998, compared with $27.40 for intensive methods. However, the experience required by labour for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive.
Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/L. Indonesia achieves similar densities, but has more backyard-type nurseries. The Philippines has integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and densities of about 1000/L.
The three methods of outgrowing are pond culture, pen culture, and cage culture.
Shallow ponds are found mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are shallow (), brackish ponds with benthic algae, usually used as feed. They are usually excavated from nipa or mangrove areas and produce about 800 kg/ha/yr. Deep ponds (2–3 m) have more stable environments and their use began in 1970. They so far have shown less susceptibility to disease than shallow ponds.
In 1979, pen culture was introduced in Laguna de Bay, which had high primary production. This provided an excellent food source. Once this ran out, fertilizer was applied. They are susceptible to disease.
Cage culture occurs in coastal bays. These consist of large cages suspended in open water. They rely largely on natural sources of food.
Most food is natural (known as lab-lab) or a combination of phytoplankton and macroalgae. Traditionally, this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order.
Harvest occurs when the individuals are 20–40 cm long (250–500 g in weight). Partial harvests remove uniformly sized individuals with seine nets or gill nets. Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when an environmental problem occurs, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms, and all stock is removed.
Possible parasites include nematodes, copepods, protozoa, and helminths. Many of these are treatable with chemicals and antibiotics.
Processing and marketing
Traditional post-harvest processing include smoking, drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin.
Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950. In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$616 million.
A trend toward value-added products is occurring. In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for tuna long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries.
Golden bangus
On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, which was later on called the "golden bangus". However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of a lower level of oxygen in the pond to which it was transferred.
See also
Sate Bandeng
References
Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, A revision of the ostariophysan fish family Chanidae, with special reference to the Mesozoic forms (Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1996)
Bagarinao, T., 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos. Environ. Biol. Fish. 39(1):23-41.
External links
Boneless Bangus
FishBase entry for milkfish
SEAFDEC milkfish hatchery info
DA, Philippines, About Bangus
Chanidae
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of Southeast Asia
Fish of the Philippines
Philippine cuisine
Fish of the Red Sea
Fish of Hawaii
Fish of Micronesia
Fish of Palau
Fish described in 1775
Taxa named by Peter Forsskål
Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances | [
0.08920520544052124,
0.2707267701625824,
-0.20917846262454987,
0.42448508739471436,
-0.3514641523361206,
0.7832242846488953,
0.4328118860721588,
0.7398377656936646,
-0.6513500809669495,
-0.14568689465522766,
0.07209446281194687,
0.06129303202033043,
-0.08428496867418289,
0.18875987827777863,
-0.39819321036338806,
0.42621317505836487,
0.730686366558075,
0.4058147370815277,
0.5969438552856445,
-0.0733046680688858,
-0.7527410984039307,
-0.6769794821739197,
0.26462939381599426,
-0.4693869650363922,
-0.21398290991783142,
0.349640429019928,
-0.15382985770702362,
0.8232175707817078,
0.5445234775543213,
-0.0015381602570414543,
0.03276712819933891,
0.36473625898361206,
0.5240134000778198,
0.3893429636955261,
-0.19847586750984192,
-0.27847400307655334,
-0.2487369328737259,
-0.8238856196403503,
0.06897234916687012,
-0.27775081992149353,
-0.04017206281423569,
-0.43999138474464417,
0.18963304162025452,
0.2933046519756317,
-0.3573716878890991,
-0.14463990926742554,
-0.5005216598510742,
0.674981415271759,
-0.5795750617980957,
0.8059457540512085,
-0.7097985744476318,
0.3808378279209137,
-0.15888366103172302,
0.1612744778394699,
0.13419725000858307,
0.5772377848625183,
-0.8193618655204773,
0.33677202463150024,
-0.3252624273300171,
-0.36560720205307007,
-0.24202953279018402,
-0.13457010686397552,
0.11035811901092529,
-0.11567991971969604,
-0.1669757217168808,
0.28748011589050293,
0.3063724935054779,
0.3447657525539398,
-0.16028620302677155,
-0.33511632680892944,
0.2247394174337387,
-0.32759055495262146,
-0.524450421333313,
0.43765121698379517,
-0.32911649346351624,
-0.6895597577095032,
-0.4337729215621948,
-0.155570849776268,
0.8606740832328796,
-0.06048562750220299,
0.45291954278945923,
-0.21121332049369812,
0.583625078201294,
0.31179770827293396,
-0.2766267657279968,
0.4557628631591797,
-0.08160344511270523,
0.33475834131240845,
-0.170881986618042,
0.5511117577552795,
-0.6040026545524597,
0.280717134475708,
0.8339352607727051,
0.5430123209953308,
-0.7050915360450745,
-0.09247669577598572,
-0.23644626140594482,
-0.02943858690559864,
0.7406034469604492,
0.00739238690584898,
-0.2803143262863159,
0.08040186762809753,
0.13110490143299103,
0.45159095525741577,
-1.253031849861145,
-0.09732754528522491,
-0.07127996534109116,
-0.030314438045024872,
-0.17991693317890167,
-0.2360939383506775,
-0.5244853496551514,
-0.08114943653345108,
0.07335159927606583,
0.3074740171432495,
0.1921841949224472,
0.15633638203144073,
-0.17790257930755615,
-0.5846639275550842,
-0.5875464081764221,
-0.4747633635997772,
0.2533409595489502,
0.5009524822235107,
0.10544228553771973,
0.14608165621757507,
0.14771157503128052,
0.33895230293273926,
-0.3106898069381714,
0.5549964904785156,
0.22021175920963287,
0.25083136558532715,
0.4597059488296509,
0.5179529786109924,
0.13512320816516876,
0.1395302563905716,
0.07832244038581848,
-0.7497081756591797,
0.18854525685310364,
-0.43921858072280884,
-0.01840267889201641,
0.6995458006858826,
-1.1440967321395874,
0.0549752339720726,
-0.39919161796569824,
0.18980316817760468,
0.5074345469474792,
0.0775754451751709,
-0.24354951083660126,
-0.0037641862872987986,
-0.4211243689060211,
-0.22100040316581726,
-0.024367397651076317,
0.3187197744846344,
0.2580474615097046,
0.20869669318199158,
-0.04737713560461998,
0.020696451887488365,
0.1412472426891327,
-0.3628743588924408,
0.6591313481330872,
-0.08839765191078186,
-0.09480854123830795,
0.2498774379491806,
-0.6805724501609802,
-0.12796516716480255,
0.571904718875885,
-0.44316980242729187,
0.40780186653137207,
0.4876153767108917,
-0.5059629082679749,
0.39750751852989197,
-0.17699483036994934,
0.009840680286288261,
0.30051353573799133,
-0.1734296977519989,
-0.4120050072669983,
-1.2091971635818481,
-0.41089555621147156,
0.1500294804573059,
0.9329097867012024,
-0.24231795966625214,
-1.014005422592163,
0.679787814617157,
0.05597594007849693,
-0.24130843579769135,
-0.3215804100036621,
-0.20694619417190552,
-0.19883684813976288,
0.4808773994445801,
-0.1580432802438736,
-0.5921583771705627,
-0.7501482963562012,
-0.7582195401191711,
0.20742936432361603,
0.2875142991542816,
1.0301629304885864,
-0.47672462463378906,
-0.7566249966621399,
0.4703643023967743,
0.2199224978685379,
0.170541912317276,
-0.3510606586933136,
0.16424201428890228,
-0.06927437335252762,
0.04480870068073273,
-1.2866172790527344,
0.45855504274368286,
0.02143695577979088,
0.014475683681666851,
0.712721049785614,
0.02446800284087658,
-0.31713739037513733,
-0.20389603078365326,
0.1534881442785263,
-0.28013625741004944,
-0.32236918807029724,
0.05301167815923691,
-0.43377694487571716,
0.28611159324645996,
0.366272509098053,
-0.11362564563751221,
1.5123887062072754,
-0.4024897515773773,
-0.05094655975699425,
0.25157442688941956,
-0.11008722335100174,
0.7491834163665771,
1.0696676969528198,
-0.10329592227935791,
0.2985478341579437,
-0.10125363618135452,
0.12379611283540726,
0.428438663482666,
0.23263013362884521,
-0.3957327604293823,
-0.462342768907547,
0.22533835470676422,
0.019046153873205185,
-0.1743510365486145,
0.72095787525177,
0.22580908238887787,
0.5111772418022156,
-0.14642536640167236,
0.019244089722633362,
-0.12158969789743423,
0.4317016005516052,
-0.043035876005887985,
-0.16195473074913025,
0.2942337989807129,
-0.985514760017395,
-0.48019856214523315,
-0.3638540506362915,
0.5172808170318604,
0.28169912099838257,
-0.014386147260665894,
0.10868088901042938,
0.3552548587322235,
-0.07970891892910004,
-0.3059386909008026,
0.07677038758993149,
0.4245021343231201,
-0.627140998840332,
0.4085899293422699,
-0.13815636932849884,
0.11394021660089493,
-0.0882977768778801,
-0.5278455018997192,
-0.0605817586183548,
-0.5918487906455994,
0.48950091004371643,
0.4277190566062927,
0.5844107270240784,
-0.16914363205432892,
-0.2850233316421509,
-0.22065097093582153,
0.39914804697036743,
-0.08322414010763168,
-0.059333302080631256,
-0.245468869805336,
-0.6912254691123962,
-0.0995904728770256,
-0.01790473610162735,
0.5826197266578674,
0.37696024775505066,
-0.14298689365386963,
-0.2804311215877533,
-0.6841082572937012,
0.2917167544364929,
-0.5920460224151611,
-0.32533183693885803,
-0.729878842830658,
-0.07568982988595963,
0.2771303653717041,
-0.11228952556848526,
-0.16662080585956573,
-0.7856680750846863,
0.01681942492723465,
0.13056287169456482,
0.432358980178833,
0.4173429608345032,
-0.44392630457878113,
-0.4330107271671295,
0.009004633873701096,
0.40801626443862915,
-0.021330293267965317,
0.43750786781311035,
0.021012520417571068,
0.5459389686584473,
0.2843094766139984,
-5.620944499969482,
-0.19907835125923157,
-0.8311861157417297,
0.016998417675495148,
0.5156052112579346,
0.31506475806236267,
0.30690667033195496,
-0.28435927629470825,
0.49164262413978577,
-0.3682188093662262,
0.22285151481628418,
0.8012714385986328,
-0.49723154306411743,
0.12417060136795044,
0.06666035950183868,
0.24856339395046234,
0.24633273482322693,
-0.19007427990436554,
0.3194275498390198,
-0.1550057977437973,
-0.45294687151908875,
0.234283909201622,
-0.5338969230651855,
0.7046281695365906,
-0.5559250712394714,
0.5358145236968994,
-0.4674621522426605,
-0.30952218174934387,
-0.37698879837989807,
0.09892924129962921,
-0.8082216382026672,
-0.453324556350708,
-0.3529300093650818,
-0.476194828748703,
-0.037656281143426895,
-0.020769093185663223,
0.21654027700424194,
-0.0734965056180954,
-0.33239883184432983,
-1.005315899848938,
-0.5218961834907532,
-0.006407832261174917,
-0.26359784603118896,
-0.23634329438209534,
0.4627290666103363,
-0.2592724859714508,
-0.19440330564975739,
-0.2891434133052826,
0.0068940697237849236,
0.7417163848876953,
-0.08879555016756058,
-0.5165902376174927,
0.20129241049289703,
0.36422306299209595,
0.5257906913757324,
0.17213810980319977,
0.20711460709571838,
0.5654435157775879,
0.07795386016368866,
0.2775307595729828,
0.8896539807319641,
-0.551558256149292,
-0.15122756361961365,
-0.5390116572380066,
0.10747223347425461,
0.14329835772514343,
-0.16281233727931976,
0.2180328369140625,
0.3486400842666626,
0.051768746227025986,
-0.8306260108947754,
0.6257866621017456,
-0.6825872659683228,
-0.818888247013092,
0.44006580114364624,
-0.42083922028541565,
-0.7771446704864502,
0.16729219257831573,
-0.22537453472614288,
0.42669132351875305,
0.051434192806482315,
-0.7741568684577942,
0.29548656940460205,
0.313963383436203,
-0.05605095997452736,
-1.1947871446609497,
-0.011399437673389912,
0.04157012328505516,
0.5910347104072571,
-0.48777082562446594,
0.8827061653137207,
-0.12873095273971558,
0.13028061389923096,
0.09336668998003006,
0.4958055913448334,
0.9172400832176208,
0.2720752954483032,
0.04923709109425545,
-0.2534329295158386,
-0.057397063821554184,
0.530440628528595,
-0.16298119723796844,
-0.13056142628192902,
-0.09411598742008209,
0.24720452725887299,
-0.6845315098762512,
-0.15302987396717072,
1.2405176162719727,
0.09343598037958145,
-0.18216603994369507,
0.17584672570228577,
-0.3664984703063965,
-0.6459642052650452,
-0.3005329668521881,
0.7676100134849548,
0.04938393086194992,
0.75066077709198,
0.32574376463890076,
0.6146576404571533,
0.10519972443580627,
0.20987726747989655,
0.5707693696022034,
0.026970170438289642,
-0.36531320214271545,
-0.5575941205024719,
-0.8066433668136597,
0.18064835667610168,
0.10283148288726807,
-0.5789427757263184,
-0.278351753950119,
0.15780550241470337,
0.3968402147293091,
0.23883943259716034,
0.0769655704498291,
-0.0017505664145573974,
0.17850954830646515,
0.2717665135860443,
-0.4057862460613251,
-0.2094482034444809,
-0.7112165689468384,
-0.1600937694311142,
0.06549370288848877,
-0.43912574648857117,
0.08761542290449142,
0.033715277910232544,
0.6507267951965332,
-0.3296845555305481,
-0.02881380170583725,
-0.1311492919921875,
1.0298645496368408,
0.2525911331176758,
-0.2710862159729004,
-0.07601535320281982,
0.31270816922187805,
0.40361180901527405,
-0.03853312134742737,
0.44345366954803467,
0.4551095962524414,
-0.26649877429008484,
0.23694846034049988,
-0.41200897097587585,
-0.3669869899749756,
-1.2501472234725952,
-0.23889030516147614,
-0.05684903264045715,
-0.10155545175075531,
-0.28634122014045715,
-0.4471290111541748,
0.7207822799682617,
0.43321529030799866,
0.08729439228773117,
-0.4532264173030853,
-0.32972460985183716,
0.07055988162755966,
0.1951299011707306,
-0.7696333527565002,
-0.09120801091194153,
0.10944930464029312,
-0.21477824449539185,
-0.025522343814373016,
0.729051947593689,
0.16307954490184784,
0.4988310933113098,
-0.19233301281929016,
0.49933257699012756,
-0.2706967890262604,
-0.086667001247406,
-0.4106127917766571,
0.126238614320755,
0.5601391196250916,
0.11517417430877686,
-0.19485034048557281,
0.8145377039909363,
0.3677927255630493,
-0.30676934123039246,
-0.009205294772982597,
-0.14812129735946655,
0.2901425063610077,
0.14715316891670227,
-0.6248648166656494,
-0.28667065501213074,
0.06702622026205063,
-0.531492292881012,
0.18985630571842194,
0.2417549341917038,
-0.43230104446411133,
0.8281503915786743,
-0.20777688920497894,
-0.41541656851768494,
-0.291122704744339,
-0.06395885348320007,
-0.4369937479496002,
0.14472325146198273,
0.5730491876602173,
-0.2274249941110611,
0.08518079668283463,
-0.13004113733768463,
-0.21900232136249542,
0.0819019302725792,
0.22785231471061707,
-0.2898675501346588,
-0.2693932056427002,
-0.060788094997406006,
-0.18166783452033997,
-0.3565240502357483,
0.29173338413238525,
0.25487765669822693,
-0.26700398325920105,
0.3955245018005371,
-0.26387524604797363,
0.3035775423049927,
-0.4482386112213135,
0.18705002963542938,
0.10528459399938583,
-0.08439534902572632,
0.2700415551662445,
0.2943147122859955,
0.4778214693069458,
0.18632365763187408,
0.07442585378885269,
0.40115976333618164,
0.95103520154953,
-0.30878332257270813,
0.2941713035106659,
0.23545658588409424,
0.027684159576892853,
-0.07312674075365067,
-0.07129240781068802,
-0.39218249917030334,
-0.2110385149717331,
0.5945194363594055,
-0.3496897220611572,
-0.04566846415400505,
-0.5334005355834961,
0.4271695911884308,
-0.4080827832221985,
0.3092964291572571,
-0.08986052870750427,
-0.10328700393438339,
-0.06479401141405106,
0.21644233167171478,
0.11545761674642563,
-0.39204636216163635,
0.0842510536313057,
-0.3394153416156769,
-0.3648780286312103,
-0.6316779851913452,
-0.2623612880706787,
0.7171851992607117,
0.2827851474285126,
0.35783034563064575,
-0.003724269336089492,
-0.06451335549354553,
0.5301382541656494,
0.1318996399641037,
0.04310592636466026,
-0.35878679156303406,
-0.43101251125335693,
-0.2049647569656372,
0.6833329796791077,
-0.40989425778388977,
0.0900915265083313,
0.424458771944046,
0.13444258272647858,
0.16788072884082794,
-0.21269774436950684,
-0.0089223962277174,
-0.12423297017812729,
0.07552412897348404,
-0.1848762035369873,
-0.25364720821380615,
0.316583514213562,
0.09386854618787766,
-0.5483147501945496,
0.3383457660675049,
0.5286791920661926,
0.20162801444530487,
0.6016032695770264,
-0.4663051664829254,
0.5196934342384338,
-0.5457484722137451,
0.7683343887329102,
-0.17139241099357605,
0.10538401454687119,
0.2237410843372345,
0.2377135455608368,
-0.47493261098861694,
0.30984485149383545,
-0.3961757719516754,
0.47346338629722595,
0.2688801884651184,
-0.03223763033747673,
-0.09797206521034241,
0.3889361023902893,
-0.17421197891235352,
0.2091943919658661,
0.09387286007404327,
-0.7462446689605713,
0.039278898388147354,
0.5506801605224609,
0.11643089354038239,
-0.06959689408540726,
0.3720981180667877,
0.25927457213401794,
-0.0004974580951966345,
-0.13301558792591095,
-0.2886854112148285,
-0.5210607051849365,
0.6527208685874939,
0.3746698796749115,
0.33205172419548035,
0.04987761005759239,
-0.04697437584400177,
-0.38573911786079407,
-0.3281259834766388,
0.5438556671142578,
-0.024581510573625565,
-0.30405014753341675,
-0.10524944216012955,
0.8362622857093811,
0.73795485496521,
0.2081359624862671,
0.07294023782014847,
-0.15872488915920258,
0.32423970103263855,
0.4568461775779724,
-0.3588375151157379,
-0.20242415368556976,
0.3222533166408539,
-0.29300186038017273,
0.1131233274936676,
-0.32049018144607544,
0.11443689465522766,
-0.265120267868042,
-0.03661671653389931,
0.22435086965560913,
-0.6131092309951782,
-0.2695377469062805,
-0.3826305866241455,
-0.07669886201620102,
-0.19735656678676605,
-0.09331047534942627,
0.17701300978660583,
0.06150578334927559,
-0.647203803062439,
0.3197307288646698,
-0.2822427749633789,
-0.8098803162574768,
-0.01565796509385109,
-0.017863141372799873,
-0.4464721381664276,
-0.03539677709341049,
0.0695224329829216,
0.22510863840579987,
0.3380697965621948,
0.5136443376541138,
-0.2905944883823395,
0.5426046848297119,
0.11282196640968323,
0.11638715863227844,
-0.6504952907562256,
-0.516836404800415,
-0.4110562205314636,
-0.6634041666984558,
-0.13043704628944397,
0.27402031421661377,
-0.20535115897655487,
0.03875497356057167,
-0.40323880314826965,
0.002176867565140128,
-0.08439131081104279,
-0.27359649538993835,
0.6727244853973389,
0.04892071709036827,
-0.05679352581501007,
-0.5383129119873047,
-0.2575348913669586,
0.3822549283504486,
0.30537089705467224,
0.050152622163295746,
-0.18582981824874878,
0.14560182392597198,
0.21295049786567688,
0.7193729877471924,
-0.07916362583637238,
0.040244538336992264,
-0.6783532500267029,
-0.10959482938051224,
-0.6456648111343384,
-0.10308954864740372,
0.5636298656463623,
0.00848418939858675,
-0.1735273152589798,
-0.3774406313896179,
-0.2662199139595032,
0.8290281891822815,
0.3780362010002136,
-0.2574761211872101,
-0.03749162703752518,
-0.278902530670166,
-0.41100817918777466,
-0.37204766273498535,
0.39174866676330566,
0.5410348176956177,
0.30561530590057373,
0.05740373209118843,
0.2850000858306885,
-0.0275817159563303,
-1.0248624086380005,
-0.039186351001262665,
-0.30302172899246216,
0.5710960626602173,
-0.10976813733577728,
0.1624431312084198,
-0.6328203678131104,
-0.5090444087982178,
0.30676165223121643,
0.7041001915931702,
0.14339564740657806,
-0.7697830200195312,
-0.09537272900342941,
-0.06306633353233337,
0.7049643397331238,
-0.2957831025123596,
0.3664153814315796,
-0.3138270676136017,
-0.06026751548051834,
-0.48264262080192566,
-0.9273353219032288,
-0.0010676567908376455,
-0.07262684404850006,
-0.48427629470825195,
0.27998781204223633,
0.125390887260437,
-0.3936363756656647,
0.501736044883728,
0.6836876273155212,
-0.5596818327903748,
0.02101835049688816,
-0.13875658810138702
] |
232242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanidae | Chanidae | Chanidae is a family of fishes which has a number of fossil genera and one monotypic extant genus which contains the milkfish (Chanos chanos).
Taxonomy
The family Chanidae is subdivided into two subfamilies, the Rubiesichthyinae, which comprises the extinct genera †Gordichthys, †Nanaichthys and †Rubiesichthys from the early Cretaceous, and the Chaninae which comprises the sole extant genus Chanos and the extinct genera †Dastilbe, †Parachanos and †Tharrhias, also from the early Cretacaeous.
References
Marine fish families
Albian taxonomic families
Cenomanian taxonomic families
Turonian taxonomic families
Coniacian taxonomic families
Santonian taxonomic families
Campanian taxonomic families
Maastrichtian taxonomic families
Danian taxonomic families
Selandian taxonomic families
Thanetian taxonomic families
Ypresian taxonomic families
Lutetian taxonomic families
Bartonian taxonomic families
Priabonian taxonomic families
Rupelian taxonomic families
Chattian taxonomic families
Aquitanian taxonomic families
Burdigalian taxonomic families
Langhian taxonomic families
Serravallian taxonomic families
Tortonian taxonomic families
Messinian taxonomic families
Zanclean taxonomic families
Piacenzian taxonomic families
Gelasian taxonomic families
Calabrian taxonomic families
Ionian taxonomic families
Tarantian taxonomic families
Holocene taxonomic families
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Ray-finned fish families | [
-0.015071827918291092,
-0.09658123552799225,
-0.39372360706329346,
0.24538756906986237,
-0.4799247086048126,
0.675494909286499,
0.751552939414978,
0.44577717781066895,
-0.5343801975250244,
-0.25128084421157837,
0.37195879220962524,
-0.019408345222473145,
-0.4019029140472412,
0.2946770489215851,
-0.4396935999393463,
0.5179296135902405,
0.5586893558502197,
0.5578239560127258,
0.42516177892684937,
-0.019730081781744957,
-0.6009783744812012,
-0.9580186605453491,
0.1961677074432373,
-0.6151168942451477,
-0.3391229510307312,
0.535078763961792,
-0.05352233722805977,
1.1858625411987305,
0.9413783550262451,
-0.5042880773544312,
-0.046788789331912994,
0.5009452700614929,
0.23891136050224304,
0.12778694927692413,
-0.45126739144325256,
-0.38509291410446167,
-0.546684205532074,
-0.7726820707321167,
-0.08510538190603256,
-0.3450770378112793,
-0.25404900312423706,
-0.365876704454422,
-0.04085052013397217,
0.4876910448074341,
-0.20948761701583862,
-0.16297723352909088,
-0.800518274307251,
0.35367244482040405,
-0.873429536819458,
0.33349013328552246,
-0.5480141639709473,
-0.05940752103924751,
0.31892675161361694,
0.1393730491399765,
-0.15417861938476562,
0.5436769723892212,
-1.1601722240447998,
0.37030354142189026,
-0.34510162472724915,
-0.2687353491783142,
-0.333344966173172,
-0.36702483892440796,
0.3687804639339447,
-0.2986446022987366,
0.09595468640327454,
0.3232596814632416,
0.14192567765712738,
0.37264329195022583,
-0.40649333596229553,
0.09533854573965073,
0.12162048369646072,
-0.08808097243309021,
-0.25084617733955383,
0.4694982171058655,
-0.20498283207416534,
-0.4765278995037079,
-0.5564655661582947,
0.02302876114845276,
0.9927554130554199,
-0.31409090757369995,
0.2992522120475769,
-0.23310746252536774,
0.2856479585170746,
0.15330950915813446,
0.2678792178630829,
0.32020214200019836,
-0.24811029434204102,
0.3702337145805359,
-0.3106843829154968,
0.4227917790412903,
-0.6084357500076294,
0.03623802959918976,
0.6372655034065247,
0.5792475938796997,
-0.6142338514328003,
-0.05287062004208565,
-0.31557875871658325,
-0.21134448051452637,
0.5168508291244507,
0.20730449259281158,
-0.06152942031621933,
-0.10415791720151901,
0.06907249987125397,
0.07141979783773422,
-0.9157454967498779,
-0.40483108162879944,
-0.021507959812879562,
-0.1803210973739624,
-0.35893332958221436,
-0.13500812649726868,
-0.9495705962181091,
-0.049489352852106094,
0.1909829080104828,
-0.03903153911232948,
0.12388439476490021,
0.5234984755516052,
-0.07029431313276291,
-0.7140717506408691,
-0.2180444598197937,
-0.12992741167545319,
0.11465193331241608,
0.8208571672439575,
-0.060181934386491776,
0.5469546914100647,
-0.2463662326335907,
0.656741201877594,
0.2747069001197815,
0.4951309859752655,
0.30125200748443604,
0.39215293526649475,
0.2777470648288727,
0.7220074534416199,
0.24692580103874207,
0.14398859441280365,
0.4045218825340271,
-0.5175665616989136,
-0.22484569251537323,
0.05263876914978027,
-0.3157965838909149,
0.8155486583709717,
-0.8960841298103333,
0.03751901164650917,
-0.0922766923904419,
-0.046058569103479385,
0.2718842923641205,
0.2691618800163269,
-0.1555076241493225,
-0.2782873511314392,
-0.3830440044403076,
-0.5281229019165039,
0.09717819094657898,
-0.06908271461725235,
0.3703846335411072,
0.585594654083252,
-0.4933684766292572,
0.15223592519760132,
0.2329266369342804,
-0.2685551047325134,
0.8029956817626953,
0.12563642859458923,
0.049866870045661926,
-0.06858235597610474,
-0.7140254378318787,
0.07086042314767838,
0.5292774438858032,
-0.3703964948654175,
0.301899790763855,
0.48450490832328796,
-0.41231822967529297,
0.7627023458480835,
-0.1804448813199997,
-0.3695259988307953,
0.136769101023674,
-0.3187984228134155,
-0.03554641082882881,
-0.9821020364761353,
-0.3544059097766876,
0.0742434486746788,
0.9922029972076416,
-0.4185059666633606,
-0.8743765950202942,
0.5707552433013916,
0.00887550599873066,
-0.02463206835091114,
0.140491783618927,
0.20370423793792725,
-0.0792413279414177,
0.7345392107963562,
-0.06261210888624191,
-0.6635153889656067,
-0.6043223142623901,
-0.3389245569705963,
0.23384183645248413,
0.5727027654647827,
0.9272539615631104,
-0.4155837595462799,
-0.538543164730072,
0.367007851600647,
0.16066406667232513,
0.5038442611694336,
-0.3631584048271179,
0.13502280414104462,
-0.3359715938568115,
-0.039929233491420746,
-1.1115354299545288,
0.07200748473405838,
-0.05858528986573219,
-0.08976389467716217,
0.41466066241264343,
0.13675865530967712,
-0.26809293031692505,
-0.34580323100090027,
-0.03904202580451965,
-0.28782767057418823,
-0.1502254456281662,
-0.1392858475446701,
-0.444081574678421,
0.29693320393562317,
0.26855868101119995,
-0.15998154878616333,
1.0556591749191284,
-0.43795326352119446,
0.04624995216727257,
0.2210799604654312,
-0.012317776679992676,
0.6939895749092102,
1.5839309692382812,
0.11160562932491302,
0.5288692712783813,
-0.35173797607421875,
0.3084314167499542,
0.5848819017410278,
0.44327619671821594,
-0.6510621309280396,
-0.14899463951587677,
-0.17351028323173523,
0.009127822704613209,
-0.6454488635063171,
0.32165172696113586,
-0.3217965066432953,
0.1484249234199524,
-0.10787154734134674,
-0.033839840441942215,
0.21764636039733887,
0.7637413144111633,
-0.21812789142131805,
-0.1311550736427307,
0.5891755819320679,
-0.8015731573104858,
-0.7095226049423218,
-0.3719063997268677,
0.8878123760223389,
0.5031246542930603,
-0.49671465158462524,
-0.07725857943296432,
0.41308966279029846,
0.4272101819515228,
-0.2046005129814148,
-0.08317204564809799,
0.21293756365776062,
-0.5530397891998291,
1.028456687927246,
0.1083618700504303,
0.15407395362854004,
-0.27917546033859253,
-0.7848172783851624,
0.06830829381942749,
-0.515819251537323,
0.6556163430213928,
0.141579732298851,
0.8984824419021606,
-0.25818780064582825,
-0.42229747772216797,
-0.2539193034172058,
0.134893536567688,
-0.49867916107177734,
-0.43373456597328186,
-0.07592590153217316,
-0.5592816472053528,
0.014754964038729668,
-0.044974375516176224,
0.7706044316291809,
-0.12428021430969238,
0.17661656439304352,
-0.5244759321212769,
-0.38899505138397217,
0.06303364783525467,
-0.34385231137275696,
-0.072816401720047,
-0.7765703797340393,
0.31880879402160645,
0.25025635957717896,
-0.374888151884079,
0.09013907611370087,
-0.9205012321472168,
-0.15190759301185608,
-0.2540976405143738,
0.33676406741142273,
0.21146242320537567,
-0.5510358214378357,
-0.9766671657562256,
0.0522681400179863,
0.14170821011066437,
-0.10801594704389572,
-0.06831829249858856,
0.16764876246452332,
0.518044650554657,
0.6841297745704651,
-5.3294677734375,
-0.06286190450191498,
-0.7676077485084534,
0.17717699706554413,
0.4483128786087036,
0.6681128740310669,
0.5667627453804016,
-0.45458531379699707,
0.14618811011314392,
-0.22505860030651093,
0.18154487013816833,
0.3657997250556946,
-0.43369874358177185,
0.09662953019142151,
0.30720099806785583,
0.20867101848125458,
-0.1656767874956131,
-0.13814640045166016,
0.463678777217865,
-0.13897903263568878,
-0.7075363397598267,
0.40188899636268616,
-0.29290905594825745,
0.7009773254394531,
-0.42237740755081177,
0.41529351472854614,
0.07098913192749023,
-0.4565892517566681,
-0.49576857686042786,
-0.25214695930480957,
-0.22262685000896454,
-0.5900731086730957,
-0.6695678234100342,
-0.0677986815571785,
-0.46235689520835876,
0.13799309730529785,
0.4842763841152191,
0.150539830327034,
-0.33397823572158813,
-0.6245809197425842,
-0.6790593862533569,
-0.02728978730738163,
-0.26213234663009644,
0.014019661583006382,
0.28365617990493774,
-0.07505329698324203,
-0.4402097463607788,
-0.38813093304634094,
0.05191805958747864,
0.9564307928085327,
-0.19031119346618652,
-0.28242266178131104,
0.27944132685661316,
0.5740396976470947,
0.4142785668373108,
0.2478935420513153,
0.5748721361160278,
-0.040908537805080414,
0.408332884311676,
0.7124230265617371,
0.9631853103637695,
-0.45759639143943787,
-0.387131005525589,
-0.9066480398178101,
0.24628512561321259,
0.050950005650520325,
-0.04248020797967911,
0.10904276371002197,
0.20456475019454956,
-0.00621609203517437,
-0.723761796951294,
0.605481743812561,
-0.7266208529472351,
-0.953621506690979,
0.43721941113471985,
-0.012459871359169483,
-0.5535861253738403,
0.19404472410678864,
-0.25952470302581787,
0.49372318387031555,
0.2692655324935913,
-0.708245038986206,
0.09621627628803253,
0.14394213259220123,
0.2260713428258896,
-1.0989274978637695,
-0.05273601785302162,
0.09346596896648407,
0.4187919497489929,
-0.2314622700214386,
0.9105093479156494,
-0.1217951625585556,
0.38876578211784363,
0.13775183260440826,
0.37176716327667236,
1.0549061298370361,
0.261328786611557,
0.03263701871037483,
-0.13260090351104736,
-0.7357311844825745,
0.2162519097328186,
-0.34933337569236755,
-0.0394866019487381,
0.11241824924945831,
0.015977736562490463,
-1.0339670181274414,
0.30787041783332825,
0.943332314491272,
0.19022606313228607,
-0.0857599750161171,
0.22919100522994995,
-0.7426431775093079,
-0.4248759150505066,
-0.47897225618362427,
0.8859493136405945,
-0.22675003111362457,
0.2578788995742798,
0.3364943861961365,
0.39684271812438965,
0.32009875774383545,
0.18802981078624725,
0.7803708910942078,
0.1783508062362671,
0.04384399205446243,
-0.6920514702796936,
-1.0482523441314697,
0.10662805289030075,
0.1421305388212204,
-0.5631294250488281,
-0.1895304173231125,
0.06802584230899811,
0.38793760538101196,
0.08921829611063004,
0.017273379489779472,
-0.09536637365818024,
-0.13973966240882874,
0.10024590790271759,
-0.10801669955253601,
-0.006517262198030949,
-0.5051078200340271,
0.17700627446174622,
0.04257839918136597,
-0.9949235916137695,
0.0668879821896553,
0.18500196933746338,
0.5623188018798828,
-0.21644353866577148,
-0.2363656610250473,
-0.20264196395874023,
0.9514129161834717,
0.13900715112686157,
-0.7248705625534058,
0.3234510123729706,
-0.058807622641325,
0.3756412863731384,
0.07854790985584259,
0.3904207944869995,
0.4501725733280182,
-0.11797896772623062,
0.07540929317474365,
-0.6808831691741943,
-0.0930059403181076,
-0.7917860150337219,
0.43028807640075684,
0.16956952214241028,
-0.1435890793800354,
-0.7890841364860535,
-0.4373410940170288,
0.055462367832660675,
0.31372949481010437,
-0.011049658060073853,
-0.25112491846084595,
-0.6068434715270996,
-0.5768639445304871,
0.3120024800300598,
-0.46348902583122253,
0.08169230818748474,
0.44426682591438293,
-0.779577374458313,
-0.011402451433241367,
0.33578288555145264,
0.11866159737110138,
0.28205958008766174,
-0.3830277919769287,
0.7327806949615479,
-0.31429222226142883,
0.006816742941737175,
-0.6501384377479553,
-0.46958795189857483,
0.4951498210430145,
0.5632848143577576,
-0.07982844114303589,
0.5255553126335144,
0.4675542414188385,
-0.3186180293560028,
-0.49931588768959045,
0.11507328599691391,
0.03669121488928795,
0.048482321202754974,
-1.0543031692504883,
-0.3706982731819153,
0.4700073003768921,
-0.1251119077205658,
0.3290998935699463,
0.26687783002853394,
-0.7300031185150146,
0.8523902297019958,
0.16611595451831818,
-0.28863927721977234,
-0.0012567751109600067,
0.3301430940628052,
-0.9625817537307739,
-0.23541346192359924,
0.29304012656211853,
-0.1270289421081543,
0.3090255558490753,
0.16464102268218994,
-0.3980526626110077,
0.05981481447815895,
0.10521741211414337,
-0.3642788231372833,
-0.33223757147789,
-0.28693103790283203,
-0.7315856218338013,
-0.7771177887916565,
0.1377933770418167,
0.16943642497062683,
-0.11955443024635315,
0.2807055413722992,
-0.31995275616645813,
-0.19793647527694702,
-0.4229097366333008,
0.3057802617549896,
0.2799454629421234,
-0.48794230818748474,
0.04099210351705551,
0.19269438087940216,
0.7119284272193909,
0.2177310287952423,
-0.04998442903161049,
0.5493072271347046,
1.1333088874816895,
0.24728263914585114,
0.17171694338321686,
0.5148506164550781,
-0.4946621060371399,
0.07852315902709961,
0.2393883317708969,
-0.3711937963962555,
0.027239814400672913,
0.7334063053131104,
-0.646662712097168,
-0.5961210131645203,
-0.1874300241470337,
1.0205674171447754,
-0.09884385019540787,
0.4131063222885132,
0.04337326064705849,
-0.083675317466259,
-0.00838008988648653,
-0.16812492907047272,
0.02050584740936756,
-0.4709220230579376,
-0.033703550696372986,
-0.6424587965011597,
0.05899154394865036,
-0.4059433341026306,
-0.19867944717407227,
1.0313024520874023,
-0.24006864428520203,
-0.04627900943160057,
-0.29105907678604126,
0.04489487037062645,
0.6389254331588745,
-0.15638339519500732,
-0.03319438174366951,
0.0262108463793993,
-0.40113571286201477,
-0.26056936383247375,
0.3167647421360016,
-0.4199222922325134,
0.2416290044784546,
0.3703894317150116,
0.3491596579551697,
0.16317535936832428,
-0.00202337303198874,
-0.11361676454544067,
-0.16442343592643738,
0.16133031249046326,
0.1036170944571495,
-0.543258547782898,
-0.04758789390325546,
-0.12455301731824875,
0.0028604434337466955,
0.37196460366249084,
0.03973868116736412,
0.331309974193573,
0.5222163796424866,
-0.5370566844940186,
0.6693929433822632,
-0.2672729194164276,
0.708337128162384,
-0.1219203770160675,
0.24111883342266083,
0.33329054713249207,
0.24420389533042908,
-0.16212327778339386,
0.031009620055556297,
0.16652706265449524,
0.7861719131469727,
0.08982191979885101,
0.09754098206758499,
-0.12258131057024002,
0.4724845588207245,
-0.40392792224884033,
0.5195648670196533,
0.16401802003383636,
-0.8494380712509155,
0.14033277332782745,
0.16431540250778198,
0.480878621339798,
0.3640516698360443,
0.08917033672332764,
0.07601931691169739,
-0.1047549620270729,
0.07244378328323364,
-0.727900505065918,
-0.175246000289917,
0.6826421618461609,
0.5795753598213196,
0.4773912727832794,
0.27535247802734375,
-0.4927231967449188,
-0.24571122229099274,
-0.6791236996650696,
0.39515265822410583,
-0.13625101745128632,
0.008481304161250591,
-0.01003882847726345,
0.7422319054603577,
0.6052926182746887,
0.3162636458873749,
0.3037368655204773,
-0.1450427770614624,
0.1717991977930069,
0.5995007753372192,
-0.4231894314289093,
0.055670034140348434,
0.5462586283683777,
-0.34634795784950256,
-0.10485872626304626,
-0.0722411647439003,
0.1048230230808258,
-0.3811679482460022,
0.24761325120925903,
0.441497802734375,
-0.3403798043727875,
-0.3142734169960022,
-0.07548250257968903,
0.09416058659553528,
0.21268486976623535,
-0.4709773063659668,
0.17899033427238464,
0.16949908435344696,
-0.7851276397705078,
0.2401130497455597,
-0.12887589633464813,
-0.42425990104675293,
0.01796899177134037,
0.1575624793767929,
-0.5619719624519348,
-0.2633289098739624,
0.03884616121649742,
0.10784482955932617,
0.270345538854599,
0.6730918884277344,
-0.12991894781589508,
0.22866497933864594,
0.20893003046512604,
0.23105619847774506,
-0.5166457295417786,
0.00972950179129839,
-0.39240309596061707,
-0.4803573787212372,
0.17188577353954315,
0.07754600793123245,
-0.25989773869514465,
0.3298574984073639,
-0.0451134629547596,
-0.09932303428649902,
0.0012311552418395877,
-0.2431182712316513,
0.811346709728241,
0.15810167789459229,
-0.33163225650787354,
-0.061923880130052567,
-0.3489781618118286,
0.44457003474235535,
0.6012966632843018,
-0.006037251558154821,
-0.3372246325016022,
0.05462902411818504,
0.029115963727235794,
0.23039619624614716,
0.2403572052717209,
0.4324105381965637,
-0.7512609362602234,
0.416535884141922,
-0.873607337474823,
-0.12834808230400085,
0.41536062955856323,
0.09855514019727707,
-0.28463834524154663,
-0.12674979865550995,
-0.23432038724422455,
0.6797958016395569,
0.5731369256973267,
-0.40648719668388367,
-0.220081627368927,
-0.07054822146892548,
-0.20892728865146637,
-0.5545427799224854,
0.4159308075904846,
0.6219460964202881,
-0.011882660910487175,
-0.19278095662593842,
-0.1478574424982071,
-0.23426511883735657,
-0.7825741171836853,
0.34706440567970276,
0.05739566311240196,
0.5322700142860413,
-0.12279671430587769,
-0.12681229412555695,
-0.7523293495178223,
-0.40001365542411804,
0.37454405426979065,
1.3328953981399536,
0.49498382210731506,
-0.520072877407074,
0.1845565289258957,
-0.1359059363603592,
0.5953382253646851,
0.16440866887569427,
0.14204615354537964,
0.04146695137023926,
-0.5214369297027588,
-0.7438364028930664,
-1.0978138446807861,
0.11951872706413269,
-0.20788079500198364,
-0.5073538422584534,
0.549196183681488,
-0.12963518500328064,
-0.528622567653656,
0.46524059772491455,
0.22454196214675903,
-0.9646725058555603,
-0.1195073053240776,
-0.25470268726348877
] |
232244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum | Sacrum | The sacrum (plural: sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30.
The sacrum situates at the upper, back part of the pelvic cavity, between the two wings of the pelvis. It forms joints with four other bones. The two projections at the sides of the sacrum are called the alae (wings), and articulate with the ilium at the L-shaped sacroiliac joints. The upper part of the sacrum connects with the last lumbar vertebra (L5), and its lower part with the coccyx (tailbone) via the sacral and coccygeal cornua.
The sacrum has three different surfaces which are shaped to accommodate surrounding pelvic structures. Overall it is concave (curved upon itself). The base of the sacrum, the broadest and uppermost part, is tilted forward as the sacral promontory internally. The central part is curved outward toward the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity.
In all other quadrupedal vertebrates, the pelvic vertebrae undergo a similar developmental process to form a sacrum in the adult, even while the bony tail (caudal) vertebrae remain unfused. The number of sacral vertebrae varies slightly. For instance, the S1S5 vertebrae of a horse will fuse, the S1S3 of a dog will fuse, and four pelvic vertebrae of a rat will fuse between the lumbar and the caudal vertebrae of its tail.
The Stegosaurus dinosaur had a greatly enlarged neural canal in the sacrum, characterized as a "posterior brain case”.
Structure
The sacrum is a complex structure providing support for the spine and accommodation for the spinal nerves. It also articulates with the hip bones. The sacrum has a base, an apex, and three surfaces – a pelvic, dorsal and a lateral surface. The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward. On either side of the base is a large projection known as an ala of sacrum and these alae (wings) articulate with the sacroiliac joints. The alae support the psoas major muscles and the lumbosacral trunk which connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus. In the articulated pelvis the alae are continuous with the iliac fossa. Each ala is slightly concave from side to side, and convex from the back and gives attachment to a few of the fibers of the iliacus muscle. The posterior quarter of the ala represents the transverse process, and its anterior three-quarters the costal process of the first sacral segment. Each ala also serves as part of the border of the pelvic brim. The alae also form the base of the lumbosacral triangle. The iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligaments are attached to the ala.
In the middle of the base is a large oval articular surface, the upper surface of the body of the first sacral vertebra, which is connected with the under surface of the body of the last lumbar vertebra by an intervertebral fibrocartilage. Behind this is the large triangular orifice of the sacral canal, which is completed by the lamina and spinous process of the first sacral vertebra. The superior articular processes project from it on either side; they are oval, concave, directed backward and medialward, like the superior articular processes of a lumbar vertebra. They are attached to the body of the first sacral vertebra and to each ala, by short thick pedicles; on the upper surface of each pedicle is a vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae.
The apex is directed downward and presents an oval facet for articulation with the coccyx. The sacral canal as a continuation of the vertebral canal runs throughout the greater part of the sacrum. The sacral angle is the angle formed by the true conjugate with the two pieces of sacrum. Normally it is greater than 60 degrees. A sacral angle of lesser degree suggests funneling of the pelvis.
Promontory
The sacral promontory marks part of the border of the pelvic inlet, and comprises the iliopectineal line and the linea terminalis. The sacral promontory articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the sacrovertebral angle, an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal plane that provides a useful marker for a sling implant procedure.
Surfaces
The pelvic surface of the sacrum is concave from the top, and curved slightly from side to side. Its middle part is crossed by four transverse ridges, which correspond to the original planes of separation between the five sacral vertebrae. The body of the first segment is large and has the form of a lumbar vertebra; the bodies of the next bones get progressively smaller, are flattened from the back, and curved to shape themselves to the sacrum, being concave in front and convex behind. At each end of the transverse ridges, are the four anterior sacral foramina, diminishing in size in line with the smaller vertebral bodies. The foramina give exit to the anterior divisions of the sacral nerves and entrance to the lateral sacral arteries. Each part at the sides of the foramina is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior divisions of the sacral nerves. They are separated by prominent ridges of bone which give origin to the piriformis muscle. If a sagittal section be made through the center of the sacrum, the bodies are seen to be united at their circumferences by bone, wide intervals being left centrally, which, in the fresh state, are filled by the intervertebral discs.
The dorsal surface of the sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic surface. In the middle line is the median sacral crest, surmounted by three or four tubercles—the rudimentary spinous processes of the upper three or four sacral vertebrae. On either side of the median sacral crest is a shallow sacral groove, which gives origin to the multifidus muscle. The floor of the groove is formed by the united laminae of the corresponding vertebrae. The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, do not meet at the back, resulting in a fissure known as the sacral hiatus in the posterior wall of the sacral canal. The sacral canal is a continuation of the spinal canal and runs throughout the greater part of the sacrum. Above the sacral hiatus, it is triangular in form. The canal lodges the sacral nerves, via the anterior and posterior sacral foramina.
On the lateral aspect of the sacral groove is a linear series of tubercles produced by the fusion of the articular processes which together form the indistinct medial sacral crest. The articular processes of the first sacral vertebra are large and oval-shaped. Their facets are concave from side to side, face to the back and middle, and articulate with the facets on the inferior processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
The tubercles of the inferior articular processes of the fifth sacral vertebra, known as the sacral cornua, are projected downward and are connected to the cornua of the coccyx. At the side of the articular processes are the four posterior sacral foramina; they are smaller in size and less regular in form than those at the front, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves. On the side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae, and these form the lateral sacral crest. The transverse tubercles of the first sacral vertebra are large and very distinct; they, together with the transverse tubercles of the second vertebra, give attachment to the horizontal parts of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments; those of the third vertebra give attachment to the oblique fasciculi of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments; and those of the fourth and fifth to the sacrotuberous ligaments.
The lateral surface of the sacrum is broad above, but narrows into a thin edge below. The upper half presents in front an ear-shaped surface, the auricular surface, covered with cartilage in the immature state, for articulation with the ilium. Behind it is a rough surface, the sacral tuberosity, on which are three deep and uneven impressions, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligament. The lower half is thin, and ends in a projection called the inferior lateral angle. Medial to this angle is a notch, which is converted into a foramen by the transverse process of the first piece of the coccyx, and this transmits the anterior division of the fifth sacral nerve. The thin lower half of the lateral surface gives attachment to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, to some fibers of the gluteus maximus at the back and to the coccygeus in the front.
Articulations
The sacrum articulates with four bones:
the last lumbar vertebra above
the coccyx (tailbone) below
the illium portion of the hip bone on either side
Rotation of the sacrum superiorly and anteriorly whilst the coccyx moves posteriorly relative to the ilium is sometimes called "nutation" (from the Latin term nutatio which means "nodding") and the reverse, postero-inferior motion of the sacrum relative to the ilium whilst the coccyx moves anteriorly, "counter-nutation".
In upright vertebrates, the sacrum is capable of slight independent movement along the sagittal plane. On bending backward the top (base) of the sacrum moves forward relative to the ilium; on bending forward the top moves back.
The sacrum refers to all of the parts combined. Its parts are called sacral vertebrae when referred individually.
Variations
In some cases the sacrum will consist of six pieces or be reduced in number to four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite.
Development
The somites that give rise to the vertebral column begin to develop from head to tail along the length of the notochord. At day 20 of embryogenesis the first four pairs of somites appear in the future occipital bone region. Developing at the rate of three or four a day, the next eight pairs form in the cervical region to develop into the cervical vertebrae; the next twelve pairs will form the thoracic vertebrae; the next five pairs the lumbar vertebrae and by about day 29 the sacral somites will appear to develop into the sacral vertebrae; finally on day 30 the last three pairs will form the coccyx.
Clinical significance
Congenital disorders
The congenital disorder, spina bifida, occurs as a result of a defective embryonic neural tube, characterised by the incomplete closure of vertebral arch or of the incomplete closure of the surface of the vertebral canal. The most common sites for spina bifida malformations are the lumbar and sacral areas.
Another congenital disorder is that of caudal regression syndrome also known as sacral agenesis. This is characterised by an abnormal underdevelopment in the embryo (occurring by the seventh week) of the lower spine. Sometimes part of the coccyx is absent, or the lower vertebrae can be absent, or on occasion a small part of the spine is missing with no outward sign.
Fracture
Sacral fractures are relatively uncommon; however, they are often associated with neurological deficits. In the presence of neurological signs, they are mostly treated with surgical fixation.
Cancer
The sacrum is one of the main sites for the development of the sarcomas known as chordomas that are derived from the remnants of the embryonic notochord.
Other animals
In dogs the sacrum is formed by three fused vertebrae. The sacrum in the horse is made up of five fused vertebrae. In birds the sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar and some caudal and thoracic vertebrae to form a single structure called the synsacrum. In the frog the ilium is elongated and forms a mobile joint with the sacrum that acts as an additional limb to give more power to its leaps.
History
English sacrum was introduced as a technical term in anatomy in the mid-18th century, as a shortening of the Late Latin name os sacrum "sacred bone", itself a translation of Greek ἱερόν ὀστέον, the term found in the writings of Galen. Prior to the adoption of sacrum, the bone was also called holy bone in English, paralleling German heiliges Bein or Heiligenbein (alongside Kreuzbein) and Dutch heiligbeen.
The origin of Galen's term is unclear. Supposedly the sacrum was the part of an animal offered in sacrifice (since the sacrum is the seat of the organs of procreation). Others attribute the adjective ἱερόν to the ancient belief that this specific bone would be indestructible. As the Greek adjective ἱερός may also mean "strong", it has also been suggested that os sacrum is a mistranslation of a term intended to mean "the strong bone". This is supported by the alternative Greek name μέγας σπόνδυλος by the Greeks, translating to "large vertebra", translated into Latin as vertebra magna.
In Classical Greek the bone was known as κλόνις (Latinized clonis); this term is cognate to Latin clunis "buttock", Sanskrit "haunch" and Lithuanian šlaunis "hip, thigh". The Latin word is found in the alternative Latin name of the sacrum, ossa clunium, as it were "bones of the buttocks". Due to the fact that the os sacrum is broad and thick at its upper end, the sacrum is alternatively called os latum, "broad bone".
Additional images
See also
Bone terminology
Pelvimetry
Rump (croup)
References
External links
- "The Female Pelvis: Bones"
Bones of the thorax
Irregular bones
Bones of the vertebral column | [
0.22573256492614746,
-0.0351962074637413,
0.15906234085559845,
0.09344379603862762,
0.405353307723999,
0.6137743592262268,
0.5435247421264648,
0.5409473180770874,
-0.1509031355381012,
-0.5414831042289734,
0.061792630702257156,
0.4747345447540283,
0.21821628510951996,
0.1006716638803482,
-0.423697292804718,
0.06850053369998932,
0.8806793689727783,
-0.256012499332428,
-0.03247465193271637,
-0.194821298122406,
-0.3759395182132721,
-0.2419784516096115,
0.3877275586128235,
-0.40769529342651367,
0.6001362800598145,
-0.0683097317814827,
-0.48167482018470764,
0.14721959829330444,
0.591977596282959,
-0.3067080080509186,
-0.14300228655338287,
0.42646297812461853,
0.10318510979413986,
-0.7889829874038696,
-0.6507107019424438,
-0.5081313848495483,
-0.007077696733176708,
-0.503607451915741,
-0.1068551242351532,
-0.5666239261627197,
-0.16908131539821625,
0.08063320815563202,
0.21815261244773865,
0.22422954440116882,
-1.088660717010498,
-0.1677161008119583,
-0.4470723867416382,
0.8542386889457703,
-0.37040308117866516,
0.8309968113899231,
-0.2682528495788574,
-0.1283046454191208,
-0.40568000078201294,
-0.5093412399291992,
0.2037118673324585,
-0.28230351209640503,
-0.7768266797065735,
-0.13010920584201813,
0.18482793867588043,
-0.7742267847061157,
0.0964091569185257,
0.8451495170593262,
0.3543941378593445,
0.23111791908740997,
0.09333234280347824,
0.1402675062417984,
0.46493813395500183,
0.4465617835521698,
-0.5969244241714478,
0.1761198490858078,
-0.2317216992378235,
-0.05216400325298309,
-0.2653607130050659,
0.7559299468994141,
-0.45734187960624695,
-0.46882230043411255,
-0.5164264440536499,
0.03729281947016716,
0.7303187847137451,
0.1046336367726326,
0.6192134022712708,
0.08737058937549591,
0.3901272118091583,
0.23629257082939148,
-0.4728294909000397,
0.3841682970523834,
-0.3966327905654907,
0.02184372954070568,
-0.5952606201171875,
0.021348994225263596,
-0.15930476784706116,
-0.4194093942642212,
0.3228512108325958,
0.2740848660469055,
0.34586086869239807,
-0.2184608280658722,
0.5429506897926331,
-0.6221180558204651,
0.5813051462173462,
-0.2625448703765869,
-0.5240465402603149,
-0.03391280025243759,
0.08424767106771469,
-0.5583438873291016,
0.3684442341327667,
0.09172455221414566,
-0.05190116539597511,
-0.18381108343601227,
-0.6195859313011169,
0.1477053314447403,
-0.7332554459571838,
-0.5420216917991638,
-0.23028980195522308,
-0.030318235978484154,
-0.11896254122257233,
0.1686689704656601,
0.22001589834690094,
-0.2553931176662445,
-0.7949290871620178,
-0.9203714728355408,
-0.38574451208114624,
0.24554543197155,
-0.07546696811914444,
-0.3625398576259613,
-0.41710200905799866,
-0.18038374185562134,
0.5628803372383118,
0.35489600896835327,
-0.3778636157512665,
0.38540250062942505,
0.417091429233551,
0.6728500127792358,
0.05004672333598137,
0.002980609657242894,
0.18175625801086426,
-0.16383054852485657,
-0.25175121426582336,
0.4521060883998871,
0.42790985107421875,
0.3515729606151581,
-0.7955434918403625,
-0.27425500750541687,
-0.6469908952713013,
-0.08390355855226517,
0.09638798981904984,
-0.6711280941963196,
-0.5795767307281494,
0.28241387009620667,
-0.6283402442932129,
0.15070423483848572,
0.4796333312988281,
0.0601821094751358,
0.07722608745098114,
-0.3865746557712555,
0.04170933738350868,
0.20978321135044098,
1.0837068557739258,
0.0789179727435112,
-0.19741185009479523,
-0.13640937209129333,
0.761986494064331,
0.1286841183900833,
-0.15211962163448334,
0.1763676255941391,
0.00667237676680088,
-0.031007030978798866,
0.6467652916908264,
-0.18684238195419312,
0.16336219012737274,
1.0332629680633545,
0.07323852926492691,
-0.2047439068555832,
0.4812040328979492,
0.4092283248901367,
-0.7332748174667358,
0.13248950242996216,
0.04960327968001366,
0.4560612142086029,
0.5648406147956848,
-0.18755076825618744,
-0.28251907229423523,
0.1320532113313675,
0.31837111711502075,
-0.13441911339759827,
-0.18591876327991486,
-0.2512688636779785,
0.3760547339916229,
0.053955238312482834,
-0.7139179706573486,
-0.3313293159008026,
-0.1306518018245697,
-0.56009441614151,
0.3301325738430023,
-0.07825448364019394,
1.7682487964630127,
-0.5018291473388672,
-0.4932622015476227,
0.4765161871910095,
0.12180592119693756,
0.32356229424476624,
-0.46977105736732483,
0.04849084094166756,
0.788854718208313,
-0.1506633162498474,
-0.13296836614608765,
0.577419638633728,
0.7397362589836121,
-0.06237838417291641,
1.2013518810272217,
0.06489899754524231,
-0.17116771638393402,
-0.19092600047588348,
-0.25142383575439453,
-0.7799514532089233,
0.3750527799129486,
-0.6250415444374084,
-0.39615654945373535,
0.0007209817413240671,
-0.058042705059051514,
-0.4814927279949188,
0.7755252122879028,
-0.656413197517395,
-0.07375330477952957,
-0.17657649517059326,
-0.3602626323699951,
0.7191983461380005,
0.1687532216310501,
0.14604343473911285,
-0.10190324485301971,
-0.36540135741233826,
-0.2651524543762207,
-0.09776973724365234,
0.48292264342308044,
0.4886018633842468,
-0.06712113320827484,
-0.21388578414916992,
0.21035853028297424,
-0.24870681762695312,
0.36834970116615295,
-0.7428645491600037,
0.20652596652507782,
0.34240543842315674,
-0.8907666802406311,
-0.426162987947464,
0.23765431344509125,
-0.16148246824741364,
0.32593029737472534,
0.605713963508606,
-0.10982180386781693,
0.1587226390838623,
-0.629385232925415,
0.4639391601085663,
0.2979922294616699,
0.14991065859794617,
0.546151876449585,
-0.15580104291439056,
0.4334560036659241,
0.3503703773021698,
0.544056236743927,
0.08275459706783295,
-0.4262903332710266,
-0.2742261290550232,
0.3194156885147095,
-0.07981514930725098,
-0.10008766502141953,
0.5069378018379211,
0.17362990975379944,
-0.6459724307060242,
1.3010969161987305,
0.5331766605377197,
0.1666356921195984,
0.24900908768177032,
-0.510922908782959,
0.40709251165390015,
-0.30449047684669495,
-0.19913068413734436,
0.22793684899806976,
-0.37031590938568115,
-0.024335473775863647,
-0.48972511291503906,
0.2661387324333191,
0.2540464699268341,
0.2939777076244354,
-0.5518099665641785,
0.5391829013824463,
-0.026777157559990883,
0.08300293236970901,
-0.2410518229007721,
0.11934700608253479,
-0.4775720238685608,
-0.2771308422088623,
0.046022962778806686,
-0.25024449825286865,
0.32634037733078003,
-0.45291009545326233,
0.45860767364501953,
0.005438464228063822,
-0.20681624114513397,
0.499817430973053,
-0.7808476686477661,
-0.4167349636554718,
0.14781661331653595,
0.18435721099376678,
0.1448488086462021,
0.3829912841320038,
0.30704882740974426,
0.3518263101577759,
0.47281205654144287,
-5.485979080200195,
-0.48704031109809875,
-0.3448930084705353,
-0.3138713538646698,
0.3419751822948456,
0.6985357999801636,
0.21481375396251678,
-0.14355437457561493,
-0.08339803665876389,
-0.5999142527580261,
-0.018067313358187675,
0.40619248151779175,
0.13759618997573853,
0.6161571145057678,
-0.6349399089813232,
0.02730773575603962,
-1.1948039531707764,
0.42947903275489807,
-0.1607181876897812,
0.5206404328346252,
0.18777552247047424,
-0.1447826474905014,
-0.4846726357936859,
-0.16414454579353333,
-0.11069300025701523,
-0.6290414929389954,
-0.8731746077537537,
0.6258667707443237,
-0.28672757744789124,
-0.33502209186553955,
0.10416920483112335,
-0.32196637988090515,
0.25667423009872437,
-0.3992616534233093,
-0.011696100234985352,
-0.019050903618335724,
0.39165037870407104,
0.02024729922413826,
0.3760087788105011,
-0.4674379229545593,
-0.5691735744476318,
-0.24927200376987457,
0.34196150302886963,
-0.19155870378017426,
0.6782676577568054,
-0.3554512560367584,
-0.02747494913637638,
-0.10135087370872498,
0.4524104595184326,
0.8730630874633789,
-0.04759540408849716,
0.3024137020111084,
-0.04899251088500023,
-0.45761942863464355,
0.22303460538387299,
0.15070869028568268,
0.364860862493515,
0.2517870366573334,
-0.2505176067352295,
0.25460129976272583,
0.3629140257835388,
-0.6499418020248413,
-0.7362905144691467,
-0.6425520777702332,
-0.3463861346244812,
0.07324118167161942,
-0.6126438975334167,
0.38529765605926514,
0.0755719244480133,
0.40773776173591614,
0.08471846580505371,
0.6227289438247681,
-0.11359085887670517,
-0.5058077573776245,
0.5092349648475647,
-0.9095534086227417,
0.0312340185046196,
-0.05061684176325798,
-0.4511972963809967,
0.3117736577987671,
-0.20704787969589233,
-0.26266297698020935,
-0.386206716299057,
0.2260991632938385,
0.20787884294986725,
-0.12817391753196716,
-0.13202723860740662,
-0.5907478928565979,
-0.012160813435912132,
0.11363574117422104,
0.9088138937950134,
-0.2861873507499695,
0.13764892518520355,
0.48942893743515015,
-0.4040262997150421,
0.15693749487400055,
-0.29174208641052246,
0.6260095834732056,
0.7712597250938416,
0.26337549090385437,
0.8264908790588379,
0.2888396084308624,
-0.22972328960895538,
0.22315910458564758,
-0.5720097422599792,
-0.5115218758583069,
-0.2638658583164215,
0.5699658989906311,
0.9041185975074768,
-0.069393590092659,
0.7283294200897217,
0.27818915247917175,
-0.20321053266525269,
-0.04489839822053909,
-0.0864768698811531,
0.0027020773850381374,
-0.5409348011016846,
-0.0005408622091636062,
0.7246054410934448,
-0.5805332660675049,
0.16599982976913452,
0.2608894407749176,
-0.40205875039100647,
-0.0035693328827619553,
-0.14948932826519012,
-0.16130955517292023,
-0.11368538439273834,
0.03641848638653755,
-0.24582374095916748,
0.018326090648770332,
-0.24816182255744934,
0.3190000355243683,
0.21231208741664886,
0.4427485466003418,
0.11725078523159027,
0.05683603137731552,
-0.00040637064375914633,
0.17425833642482758,
0.31512749195098877,
-0.29096725583076477,
0.1471417248249054,
-0.14006397128105164,
-0.3409740924835205,
-0.041749898344278336,
-0.17836326360702515,
0.31002911925315857,
-0.48837873339653015,
0.24671334028244019,
-0.4825102984905243,
0.3775072395801544,
0.32037484645843506,
-0.04732454940676689,
0.15253214538097382,
-0.20313215255737305,
-0.32375064492225647,
-0.42141982913017273,
-0.17859803140163422,
0.07144798338413239,
-0.11720040440559387,
-0.065286785364151,
-0.3361462354660034,
-0.2999826967716217,
-0.7250311374664307,
-0.14344604313373566,
-0.1516626626253128,
0.021813340485095978,
-0.5134637355804443,
-0.9296765923500061,
-0.2672710418701172,
-0.5982425212860107,
-0.0177211482077837,
-0.10482698678970337,
0.38996613025665283,
-0.641857385635376,
-0.3050999641418457,
-0.4561435878276825,
-0.6780669093132019,
0.0189437847584486,
-0.08689969033002853,
0.4396298825740814,
0.056386157870292664,
0.38349100947380066,
0.5433452725410461,
-0.22656992077827454,
0.6982118487358093,
-0.3594492971897125,
-0.9866610765457153,
-0.6861780881881714,
-0.1826629787683487,
-0.4493510127067566,
-0.6584206819534302,
-0.2988058626651764,
0.24107493460178375,
0.30730530619621277,
0.20164495706558228,
0.5699793696403503,
-0.8713529109954834,
0.5617141127586365,
0.08143697679042816,
-0.06186191365122795,
-0.010759475640952587,
0.08333773910999298,
-0.2426537424325943,
0.395589143037796,
0.6174039244651794,
0.4417888820171356,
0.8953030705451965,
-0.20474101603031158,
-0.019731558859348297,
0.5665349960327148,
0.29109200835227966,
-0.6159456372261047,
-0.0903034433722496,
0.8470823764801025,
-0.6530030369758606,
0.2520769536495209,
-0.3499797284603119,
-0.3653355538845062,
-0.5225646495819092,
-0.5222722291946411,
0.355345755815506,
0.12368647754192352,
-0.410163938999176,
-0.445218950510025,
-0.4852222502231598,
0.296477735042572,
0.037666190415620804,
-0.627321720123291,
0.6647210717201233,
-0.41478559374809265,
0.3940160870552063,
0.008019666187465191,
-0.0572655089199543,
-0.662422776222229,
-0.39157187938690186,
0.18540887534618378,
-0.2407463788986206,
-0.35006749629974365,
-0.15699727833271027,
0.5390257835388184,
0.7899209260940552,
0.9957764148712158,
0.18348217010498047,
-0.15637588500976562,
-0.22187863290309906,
0.39648839831352234,
0.21722185611724854,
-0.4581603705883026,
-0.15622912347316742,
0.07414111495018005,
0.6046959757804871,
-0.40223750472068787,
-0.4409838616847992,
-0.09711036831140518,
0.13748055696487427,
0.21012276411056519,
0.08458313345909119,
-0.6945869326591492,
-0.10304027795791626,
0.2054121196269989,
1.070583701133728,
-0.1726084202528,
-0.18335948884487152,
0.1664135456085205,
-0.3256903886795044,
-0.09432356059551239,
-0.47399312257766724,
0.03554222732782364,
0.1956196427345276,
-0.5045812129974365,
0.29680493474006653,
0.1527007520198822,
0.18241199851036072,
-0.06610310077667236,
-0.4316648542881012,
0.11851547658443451,
0.6276668906211853,
0.29315972328186035,
0.28255894780158997,
-0.188378244638443,
-0.21791969239711761,
0.479826956987381,
0.2344060093164444,
-0.034172214567661285,
-0.05763961002230644,
-0.3066360056400299,
0.1532004475593567,
0.07988443225622177,
0.1263704001903534,
0.6111239194869995,
-0.3501054644584656,
-0.41790592670440674,
-0.3889645040035248,
0.010411650873720646,
0.5124015808105469,
0.45138221979141235,
-0.2801085114479065,
0.6468746066093445,
0.06317339837551117,
0.4509738087654114,
-0.9965301752090454,
0.2657244801521301,
0.590329110622406,
-1.0101492404937744,
-0.18502452969551086,
0.4625071585178375,
-0.16420428454875946,
-0.3480495512485504,
-0.307648628950119,
0.32071536779403687,
0.29818668961524963,
-0.3200247585773468,
-0.2096947580575943,
0.24846331775188446,
-0.4315184950828552,
-0.37386834621429443,
0.1325313001871109,
-0.5165241360664368,
-0.4800107479095459,
1.0382609367370605,
0.02902258187532425,
0.498974084854126,
0.19882601499557495,
-0.20690852403640747,
-0.006874776910990477,
-0.05278146639466286,
-0.3244583308696747,
-0.30754032731056213,
-0.34323978424072266,
0.9502348899841309,
0.338657945394516,
0.05028950050473213,
0.01828007400035858,
0.5982843041419983,
0.02926786057651043,
-0.7175680994987488,
0.3232513964176178,
-0.5568453669548035,
0.22065803408622742,
0.7338423132896423,
0.25733682513237,
0.4719421863555908,
-0.03564264625310898,
0.4051525592803955,
-0.17726504802703857,
0.5610103011131287,
0.13497139513492584,
-0.34550416469573975,
0.1712753176689148,
0.30914798378944397,
0.28148210048675537,
-0.7821775674819946,
0.5737946629524231,
0.2936217486858368,
0.27005085349082947,
0.1368943154811859,
0.25417596101760864,
0.215181365609169,
-0.3579583168029785,
0.3044634163379669,
-0.045688025653362274,
0.5938323140144348,
0.7355635166168213,
0.15851259231567383,
0.015192406252026558,
0.208357572555542,
-0.10899066179990768,
-0.705618143081665,
-0.12738749384880066,
-0.5596356391906738,
0.07376985251903534,
0.5399535298347473,
-0.9551212191581726,
0.1217135637998581,
-0.11231345683336258,
0.37024009227752686,
-0.24440769851207733,
0.5878283381462097,
0.03469052538275719,
-0.6540781259536743,
-0.8376047015190125,
-0.9586055278778076,
-0.1444484293460846,
-0.23877859115600586,
-0.2626270055770874,
0.1445322334766388,
0.628430962562561,
0.11041310429573059,
-0.07627781480550766,
0.2180643528699875,
0.005970449652522802,
-0.5814366936683655,
0.9688843488693237,
-0.9744906425476074,
-0.24611739814281464,
-0.3194604814052582,
0.5618691444396973,
0.3871464133262634,
0.47640207409858704,
0.20659995079040527,
-0.20228375494480133,
0.8742160201072693,
-0.26206013560295105,
-0.17742818593978882,
0.13717281818389893,
0.22975453734397888,
0.07823529094457626,
0.3306761085987091,
-0.04236527159810066,
-0.043639518320560455,
0.2882002294063568,
0.18375934660434723,
-0.30234578251838684,
0.6001965403556824,
0.4724408984184265,
0.3027053475379944,
-0.15497705340385437,
-0.32125914096832275,
0.21601583063602448,
-0.1712215542793274,
-0.15654100477695465,
0.106058768928051,
-0.14400029182434082,
0.6278218030929565,
-0.5680940747261047,
-0.07537379115819931,
0.5643490552902222,
0.32082509994506836,
-1.3039064407348633,
-0.013598369434475899,
-0.6022056937217712,
0.18566277623176575,
-0.5139893889427185,
0.030060872435569763,
-0.23222996294498444,
-0.3830309808254242,
0.4916377067565918,
-0.09280078858137131,
-0.09902579337358475,
-0.056158583611249924,
-0.019778218120336533,
0.026369424536824226,
-0.03576213866472244,
-0.10146943479776382,
0.33374640345573425,
-0.0452071875333786,
-0.6901285648345947,
-0.637315034866333,
-0.859419584274292,
0.0349891223013401,
0.25222986936569214,
-0.46068286895751953,
0.6567414999008179,
-0.339424729347229,
-0.5354834794998169,
-0.1612464338541031,
0.12370490282773972,
0.2288372814655304,
0.12147592753171921,
0.5314874053001404
] |
232249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20radio | Crystal radio | A crystal radio receiver, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It uses only the power of the received radio signal to produce sound, needing no external power. It is named for its most important component, a crystal detector, originally made from a piece of crystalline mineral such as galena. This component is now called a diode.
Crystal radios are the simplest type of radio receiver and can be made with a few inexpensive parts, such as a wire for an antenna, a coil of wire, a capacitor, a crystal detector, and earphones (because a crystal set has insufficient power for a loudspeaker). However they are passive receivers, while other radios use an amplifier powered by current from a battery or wall outlet to make the radio signal louder. Thus, crystal sets produce rather weak sound and must be listened to with sensitive earphones, and can receive stations only within a limited range of the transmitter.
The rectifying property of a contact between a mineral and a metal was discovered in 1874 by Karl Ferdinand Braun. Crystals were first used as a detector of radio waves in 1894 by Jagadish Chandra Bose, in his microwave optics experiments. They were first used as a demodulator for radio communication reception in 1902 by G. W. Pickard. Crystal radios were the first widely used type of radio receiver, and the main type used during the wireless telegraphy era. Sold and homemade by the millions, the inexpensive and reliable crystal radio was a major driving force in the introduction of radio to the public, contributing to the development of radio as an entertainment medium with the beginning of radio broadcasting around 1920.
Around 1920, crystal sets were superseded by the first amplifying receivers, which used vacuum tubes. With this technological advance, crystal sets became obsolete for commercial use but continued to be built by hobbyists, youth groups, and the Boy Scouts mainly as a way of learning about the technology of radio. They are still sold as educational devices, and there are groups of enthusiasts devoted to their construction.
Crystal radios receive amplitude modulated (AM) signals, although FM designs have been built. They can be designed to receive almost any radio frequency band, but most receive the AM broadcast band. A few receive shortwave bands, but strong signals are required. The first crystal sets received wireless telegraphy signals broadcast by spark-gap transmitters at frequencies as low as 20 kHz.
History
Crystal radio was invented by a long, partly obscure chain of discoveries in the late 19th century that gradually evolved into more and more practical radio receivers in the early 20th century. The earliest practical use of crystal radio was to receive Morse code radio signals transmitted from spark-gap transmitters by early amateur radio experimenters. As electronics evolved, the ability to send voice signals by radio caused a technological explosion around 1920 that evolved into today's radio broadcasting industry.
Early years
Early radio telegraphy used spark gap and arc transmitters as well as high-frequency alternators running at radio frequencies. The coherer was the first means of detecting a radio signal. These, however, lacked the sensitivity to detect weak signals.
In the early 20th century, various researchers discovered that certain metallic minerals, such as galena, could be used to detect radio signals.
Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose was first to use a crystal as a radio wave detector, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894. In 1901, Bose filed for a U.S. patent for "A Device for Detecting Electrical Disturbances" that mentioned the use of a galena crystal; this was granted in 1904, #755840. On August 30, 1906, Greenleaf Whittier Pickard filed a patent for a silicon crystal detector, which was granted on November 20, 1906.
A crystal detector includes a crystal, usually a thin wire or metal probe that contacts the crystal, and the stand or enclosure that holds those components in place. The most common crystal used is a small piece of galena; pyrite was also often used, as it was a more easily adjusted and stable mineral, and quite sufficient for urban signal strengths. Several other minerals also performed well as detectors. Another benefit of crystals was that they could demodulate amplitude modulated signals. This device brought radiotelephones and voice broadcast to a public audience. Crystal sets represented an inexpensive and technologically simple method of receiving these signals at a time when the embryonic radio broadcasting industry was beginning to grow.
1920s and 1930s
In 1922 the (then named) US Bureau of Standards released a publication entitled Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit. This article showed how almost any family having a member who was handy with simple tools could make a radio and tune into weather, crop prices, time, news and the opera. This design was significant in bringing radio to the general public. NBS followed that with a more selective two-circuit version, Construction and Operation of a Two-Circuit Radio Receiving Equipment With Crystal Detector, which was published the same year and is still frequently built by enthusiasts today.
In the beginning of the 20th century, radio had little commercial use, and radio experimentation was a hobby for many people. Some historians consider the autumn of 1920 to be the beginning of commercial radio broadcasting for entertainment purposes. Pittsburgh station KDKA, owned by Westinghouse, received its license from the United States Department of Commerce just in time to broadcast the Harding-Cox presidential election returns. In addition to reporting on special events, broadcasts to farmers of crop price reports were an important public service in the early days of radio.
In 1921, factory-made radios were very expensive. Since less-affluent families could not afford to own one, newspapers and magazines carried articles on how to build a crystal radio with common household items. To minimize the cost, many of the plans suggested winding the tuning coil on empty pasteboard containers such as oatmeal boxes, which became a common foundation for homemade radios.
Crystodyne
In early 1920s Russia, Oleg Losev was experimenting with applying voltage biases to various kinds of crystals for the manufacturing of radio detectors. The result was astonishing: with a zincite (zinc oxide) crystal he gained amplification. This was a negative resistance phenomenon, decades before the development of the tunnel diode. After the first experiments, Losev built regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, and even transmitters.
A crystodyne could be produced under primitive conditions; it could be made in a rural forge, unlike vacuum tubes and modern semiconductor devices. However, this discovery was not supported by the authorities and was soon forgotten; no device was produced in mass quantity beyond a few examples for research.
"Foxhole radios"
In addition to mineral crystals, the oxide coatings of many metal surfaces act as semiconductors (detectors) capable of rectification. Crystal radios have been improvised using detectors made from rusty nails, corroded pennies, and many other common objects.
When Allied troops were halted near Anzio, Italy during the spring of 1944, powered personal radio receivers were strictly prohibited as the Germans had equipment that could detect the local oscillator signal of superheterodyne receivers. Crystal sets lack power driven local oscillators, hence they could not be detected. Some resourceful soldiers constructed "crystal" sets from discarded materials to listen to news and music. One type used a blue steel razor blade and a pencil lead for a detector. The lead point touching the semiconducting oxide coating (magnetite) on the blade formed a crude point-contact diode. By carefully adjusting the pencil lead on the surface of the blade, they could find spots capable of rectification. The sets were dubbed "foxhole radios" by the popular press, and they became part of the folklore of World War II.
In some German-occupied countries during WW2 there were widespread confiscations of radio sets from the civilian population. This led determined listeners to build their own clandestine receivers which often amounted to little more than a basic crystal set. Anyone doing so risked imprisonment or even death if caught, and in most of Europe the signals from the BBC (or other allied stations) were not strong enough to be received on such a set.
Later years
While it never regained the popularity and general use that it enjoyed at its beginnings, the crystal radio circuit is still used. The Boy Scouts have kept the construction of a radio set in their program since the 1920s. A large number of prefabricated novelty items and simple kits could be found through the 1950s and 1960s, and many children with an interest in electronics built one.
Building crystal radios was a craze in the 1920s, and again in the 1950s. Recently, hobbyists have started designing and building examples of the early instruments. Much effort goes into the visual appearance of these sets as well as their performance. Annual crystal radio 'DX' contests (long distance reception) and building contests allow these set owners to compete with each other and form a community of interest in the subject.
Basic principles
A crystal radio can be thought of as a radio receiver reduced to its essentials. It consists of at least these components:
An antenna in which electric currents are induced by radio waves.
A resonant circuit (tuned circuit) which selects the frequency of the desired radio station from all the radio signals received by the antenna. The tuned circuit consists of a coil of wire (called an inductor) and a capacitor connected together. The circuit has a resonant frequency, and allows radio waves at that frequency to pass through to the detector while largely blocking waves at other frequencies. One or both of the coil or capacitor is adjustable, allowing the circuit to be tuned to different frequencies. In some circuits a capacitor is not used and the antenna serves this function, as an antenna that is shorter than a quarter-wavelength of the radio waves it is meant to receive is capacitive.
A semiconductor crystal detector that demodulates the radio signal to extract the audio signal (modulation). The crystal detector functions as a square law detector, demodulating the radio frequency alternating current to its audio frequency modulation. The detector's audio frequency output is converted to sound by the earphone. Early sets used a "cat whisker detector" consisting of a small piece of crystalline mineral such as galena with a fine wire touching its surface. The crystal detector was the component that gave crystal radios their name. Modern sets use modern semiconductor diodes, although some hobbyists still experiment with crystal or other detectors.
An earphone to convert the audio signal to sound waves so they can be heard. The low power produced by a crystal receiver is insufficient to power a loudspeaker, hence earphones are used.
As a crystal radio has no power supply, the sound power produced by the earphone comes solely from the transmitter of the radio station being received, via the radio waves captured by the antenna. The power available to a receiving antenna decreases with the square of its distance from the radio transmitter. Even for a powerful commercial broadcasting station, if it is more than a few miles from the receiver the power received by the antenna is very small, typically measured in microwatts or nanowatts. In modern crystal sets, signals as weak as 50 picowatts at the antenna can be heard. Crystal radios can receive such weak signals without using amplification only due to the great sensitivity of human hearing, which can detect sounds with an intensity of only 10−16 W/cm2. Therefore, crystal receivers have to be designed to convert the energy from the radio waves into sound waves as efficiently as possible. Even so, they are usually only able to receive stations within distances of about 25 miles for AM broadcast stations, although the radiotelegraphy signals used during the wireless telegraphy era could be received at hundreds of miles, and crystal receivers were even used for transoceanic communication during that period.
Design
Commercial passive receiver development was abandoned with the advent of reliable vacuum tubes around 1920, and subsequent crystal radio research was primarily done by radio amateurs and hobbyists. Many different circuits have been used. The following sections discuss the parts of a crystal radio in greater detail.
Antenna
The antenna converts the energy in the electromagnetic radio waves to an alternating electric current in the antenna, which is connected to the tuning coil. Since in a crystal radio all the power comes from the antenna, it is important that the antenna collect as much power from the radio wave as possible. The larger an antenna, the more power it can intercept. Antennas of the type commonly used with crystal sets are most effective when their length is close to a multiple of a quarter-wavelength of the radio waves they are receiving. Since the length of the waves used with crystal radios is very long (AM broadcast band waves are 182–566 m or 597–1857 ft. long) the antenna is made as long as possible, from a long wire, in contrast to the whip antennas or ferrite loopstick antennas used in modern radios.
Serious crystal radio hobbyists use "inverted L" and "T" type antennas, consisting of hundreds of feet of wire suspended as high as possible between buildings or trees, with a feed wire attached in the center or at one end leading down to the receiver. However more often random lengths of wire dangling out windows are used. A popular practice in early days (particularly among apartment dwellers) was to use existing large metal objects, such as bedsprings, fire escapes, and barbed wire fences as antennas.
Ground
The wire antennas used with crystal receivers are monopole antennas which develop their output voltage with respect to ground. The receiver thus requires a connection to ground (the earth) as a return circuit for the current. The ground wire was attached to a radiator, water pipe, or a metal stake driven into the ground. In early days if an adequate ground connection could not be made a counterpoise was sometimes used. A good ground is more important for crystal sets than it is for powered receivers, as crystal sets are designed to have a low input impedance needed to transfer power efficiently from the antenna. A low resistance ground connection (preferably below 25 Ω) is necessary because any resistance in the ground reduces available power from the antenna. In contrast, modern receivers are voltage-driven devices, with high input impedance, hence little current flows in the antenna/ground circuit. Also, mains powered receivers are grounded adequately through their power cords, which are in turn attached to the earth by way of a well established ground.
Tuned circuit
The tuned circuit, consisting of a coil and a capacitor connected together, acts as a resonator, similar to a tuning fork. Electric charge, induced in the antenna by the radio waves, flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil. The circuit has a high impedance at the desired radio signal's frequency, but a low impedance at all other frequencies. Hence, signals at undesired frequencies pass through the tuned circuit to ground, while the desired frequency is instead passed on to the detector (diode) and stimulates the earpiece and is heard. The frequency of the station received is the resonant frequency f of the tuned circuit, determined by the capacitance C of the capacitor and the inductance L of the coil:
The circuit can be adjusted to different frequencies by varying the inductance (L), the capacitance (C), or both, "tuning" the circuit to the frequencies of different radio stations. In the lowest-cost sets, the inductor was made variable via a spring contact pressing against the windings that could slide along the coil, thereby introducing a larger or smaller number of turns of the coil into the circuit, varying the inductance. Alternatively, a variable capacitor is used to tune the circuit. Some modern crystal sets use a ferrite core tuning coil, in which a ferrite magnetic core is moved into and out of the coil, thereby varying the inductance by changing the magnetic permeability (this eliminated the less reliable mechanical contact).
The antenna is an integral part of the tuned circuit and its reactance contributes to determining the circuit's resonant frequency. Antennas usually act as a capacitance, as antennas shorter than a quarter-wavelength have capacitive reactance. Many early crystal sets did not have a tuning capacitor, and relied instead on the capacitance inherent in the wire antenna (in addition to significant parasitic capacitance in the coil) to form the tuned circuit with the coil.
The earliest crystal receivers did not have a tuned circuit at all, and just consisted of a crystal detector connected between the antenna and ground, with an earphone across it. Since this circuit lacked any frequency-selective elements besides the broad resonance of the antenna, it had little ability to reject unwanted stations, so all stations within a wide band of frequencies were heard in the earphone (in practice the most powerful usually drowns out the others). It was used in the earliest days of radio, when only one or two stations were within a crystal set's limited range.
Impedance matching
An important principle used in crystal radio design to transfer maximum power to the earphone is impedance matching. The maximum power is transferred from one part of a circuit to another when the impedance of one circuit is the complex conjugate of that of the other; this implies that the two circuits should have equal resistance. However, in crystal sets, the impedance of the antenna-ground system (around 10-200 ohms) is usually lower than the impedance of the receiver's tuned circuit (thousands of ohms at resonance), and also varies depending on the quality of the ground attachment, length of the antenna, and the frequency to which the receiver is tuned.
Therefore, in improved receiver circuits, in order to match the antenna impedance to the receiver's impedance, the antenna was connected across only a portion of the tuning coil's turns. This made the tuning coil act as an impedance matching transformer (in an autotransformer connection) in addition to providing the tuning function. The antenna's low resistance was increased (transformed) by a factor equal to the square of the turns ratio (the ratio of the number of turns the antenna was connected to, to the total number of turns of the coil), to match the resistance across the tuned circuit. In the "two-slider" circuit, popular during the wireless era, both the antenna and the detector circuit were attached to the coil with sliding contacts, allowing (interactive) adjustment of both the resonant frequency and the turns ratio. Alternatively a multiposition switch was used to select taps on the coil. These controls were adjusted until the station sounded loudest in the earphone.
Problem of selectivity
One of the drawbacks of crystal sets is that they are vulnerable to interference from stations near in frequency to the desired station. Often two or more stations are heard simultaneously. This is because the simple tuned circuit does not reject nearby signals well; it allows a wide band of frequencies to pass through, that is, it has a large bandwidth (low Q factor) compared to modern receivers, giving the receiver low selectivity.
The crystal detector worsened the problem, because it has relatively low resistance, thus it "loaded" the tuned circuit, drawing significant current and thus damping the oscillations, reducing its Q factor so it allowed through a broader band of frequencies. In many circuits, the selectivity was improved by connecting the detector and earphone circuit to a tap across only a fraction of the coil's turns. This reduced the impedance loading of the tuned circuit, as well as improving the impedance match with the detector.
Inductive coupling
In more sophisticated crystal receivers, the tuning coil is replaced with an adjustable air core antenna coupling transformer which improves the selectivity by a technique called loose coupling. This
consists of two magnetically coupled coils of wire, one (the primary) attached to the antenna and ground and the other (the secondary) attached to the rest of the circuit. The current from the antenna creates an alternating magnetic field in the primary coil, which induced a current in the secondary coil which was then rectified and powered the earphone. Each of the coils functions as a tuned circuit; the primary coil resonated with the capacitance of the antenna (or sometimes another capacitor), and the secondary coil resonated with the tuning capacitor. Both the primary and secondary were tuned to the frequency of the station. The two circuits interacted to form a resonant transformer.
Reducing the coupling between the coils, by physically separating them so that less of the magnetic field of one intersects the other, reduces the mutual inductance, narrows the bandwidth, and results in much sharper, more selective tuning than that produced by a single tuned circuit. However, the looser coupling also reduced the power of the signal passed to the second circuit. The transformer was made with adjustable coupling, to allow the listener to experiment with various settings to gain the best reception.
One design common in early days, called a "loose coupler", consisted of a smaller secondary coil inside a larger primary coil. The smaller coil was mounted on a rack so it could be slid linearly in or out of the larger coil. If radio interference was encountered, the smaller coil would be slid further out of the larger, loosening the coupling, narrowing the bandwidth, and thereby rejecting the interfering signal.
The antenna coupling transformer also functioned as an impedance matching transformer, that allowed a better match of the antenna impedance to the rest of the circuit. One or both of the coils usually had several taps which could be selected with a switch, allowing adjustment of the number of turns of that transformer and hence the "turns ratio".
Coupling transformers were difficult to adjust, because the three adjustments, the tuning of the primary circuit, the tuning of the secondary circuit, and the coupling of the coils, were all interactive, and changing one affected the others.
Crystal detector
The crystal detector demodulates the radio frequency signal, extracting the modulation (the audio signal which represents the sound waves) from the radio frequency carrier wave. In early receivers, a type of crystal detector often used was a "cat whisker detector". The point of contact between the wire and the crystal acted as a semiconductor diode. The cat whisker detector constituted a crude Schottky diode that allowed current to flow better in one direction than in the opposite direction. Modern crystal sets use modern semiconductor diodes. The crystal functions as an envelope detector, rectifying the alternating current radio signal to a pulsing direct current, the peaks of which trace out the audio signal, so it can be converted to sound by the earphone, which is connected to the detector.
The rectified current from the detector has radio frequency pulses from the carrier frequency in it, which are blocked by the high inductive reactance and do not pass well through the coils of early date earphones. Hence, a small capacitor called a bypass capacitor is often placed across the earphone terminals; its low reactance at radio frequency bypasses these pulses around the earphone to ground. In some sets the earphone cord had enough capacitance that this component could be omitted.
Only certain sites on the crystal surface functioned as rectifying junctions, and the device was very sensitive to the pressure of the crystal-wire contact, which could be disrupted by the slightest vibration. Therefore, a usable contact point had to be found by trial and error before each use. The operator dragged the wire across the crystal surface until a radio station or "static" sounds were heard in the earphones. Alternatively, some radios (circuit, right) used a battery-powered buzzer attached to the input circuit to adjust the detector. The spark at the buzzer's electrical contacts served as a weak source of static, so when the detector began working, the buzzing could be heard in the earphones. The buzzer was then turned off, and the radio tuned to the desired station.
Galena (lead sulfide) was the most common crystal used, but various other types of crystals were also used, the most common being iron pyrite (fool's gold, FeS2), silicon, molybdenite (MoS2), silicon carbide (carborundum, SiC), and a zincite-bornite (ZnO-Cu5FeS4) crystal-to-crystal junction trade-named Perikon. Crystal radios have also been improvised from a variety of common objects, such as blue steel razor blades and lead pencils, rusty needles, and pennies In these, a semiconducting layer of oxide or sulfide on the metal surface is usually responsible for the rectifying action.
In modern sets, a semiconductor diode is used for the detector, which is much more reliable than a crystal detector and requires no adjustments. Germanium diodes (or sometimes Schottky diodes) are used instead of silicon diodes, because their lower forward voltage drop (roughly 0.3 V compared to 0.6 V) makes them more sensitive.
All semiconductor detectors function rather inefficiently in crystal receivers, because the low voltage input to the detector is too low to result in much difference between forward better conduction direction, and the reverse weaker conduction. To improve the sensitivity of some of the early crystal detectors, such as silicon carbide, a small forward bias voltage was applied across the detector by a battery and potentiometer. The bias moves the diode's operating point higher on the detection curve producing more signal voltage at the expense of less signal current (higher impedance). There is a limit to the benefit that this produces, depending on the other impedances of the radio. This improved sensitivity was caused by moving the DC operating point to a more desirable voltage-current operating point (impedance) on the junction's I-V curve. The battery did not power the radio, but only provided the biasing voltage which required little power.
Earphones
The requirements for earphones used in crystal sets are different from earphones used with modern audio equipment. They have to be efficient at converting the electrical signal energy to sound waves, while most modern earphones sacrifice efficiency in order to gain high fidelity reproduction of the sound. In early homebuilt sets, the earphones were the most costly component.
The early earphones used with wireless-era crystal sets had moving iron drivers that worked in a way similar to the horn loudspeakers of the period. Each earpiece contained a permanent magnet about which was a coil of wire which formed a second electromagnet. Both magnetic poles were close to a steel diaphragm of the speaker. When the audio signal from the radio was passed through the electromagnet's windings, current was caused to flow in the coil which created a varying magnetic field that augmented or diminished that due to the permanent magnet. This varied the force of attraction on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations of the diaphragm push and pull on the air in front of it, creating sound waves. Standard headphones used in telephone work had a low impedance, often 75 Ω, and required more current than a crystal radio could supply. Therefore, the type used with crystal set radios (and other sensitive equipment) was wound with more turns of finer wire giving it a high impedance of 2000-8000 Ω.
Modern crystal sets use piezoelectric crystal earpieces, which are much more sensitive and also smaller. They consist of a piezoelectric crystal with electrodes attached to each side, glued to a light diaphragm. When the audio signal from the radio set is applied to the electrodes, it causes the crystal to vibrate, vibrating the diaphragm. Crystal earphones are designed as ear buds that plug directly into the ear canal of the wearer, coupling the sound more efficiently to the eardrum. Their resistance is much higher (typically megohms) so they do not greatly "load" the tuned circuit, allowing increased selectivity of the receiver. The piezoelectric earphone's higher resistance, in parallel with its capacitance of around 9 pF, creates a filter that allows the passage of low frequencies, but blocks the higher frequencies. In that case a bypass capacitor is not needed (although in practice a small one of around 0.68 to 1 nF is often used to help improve quality), but instead a 10–100 kΩ resistor must be added in parallel with the earphone's input.
Although the low power produced by crystal radios is typically insufficient to drive a loudspeaker, some homemade 1960s sets have used one, with an audio transformer to match the low impedance of the speaker to the circuit. Similarly, modern low-impedance (8 Ω) earphones cannot be used unmodified in crystal sets because the receiver does not produce enough current to drive them. They are sometimes used by adding an audio transformer to match their impedance with the higher impedance of the driving antenna circuit.
Use as a power source
A crystal radio tuned to a strong local transmitter can be used as a power source for a second amplified receiver of a distant station that cannot be heard without amplification.
There is a long history of unsuccessful attempts and unverified claims to recover the power in the carrier of the received signal itself. Traditional crystal sets use half-wave rectifiers. As AM signals have a modulation factor of only 30% by voltage at peaks, no more than 9% of received signal power () is actual audio information, and 91% is just rectified DC voltage. <correction> The 30% figure is the standard used for radio testing, and is based on the average modulation factor for speech. Properly-designed and managed AM transmitters can be run to 100% modulation on peaks without causing distortion or "splatter" (excess sideband energy that radiates outside of the intended signal bandwidth). Given that the audio signal is unlikely to be at peak all the time, the ratio of energy is, in practice, even greater. Considerable effort was made to convert this DC voltage into sound energy. Some earlier attempts include a one-transistor amplifier in 1966. Sometimes efforts to recover this power are confused with other efforts to produce a more efficient detection. This history continues now with designs as elaborate as "inverted two-wave switching power unit".
Gallery
See also
Batteryless radio
Camille Papin Tissot
Coherer
Demodulator
Detector (radio)
Electrolytic detector
History of radio
References
Further reading
Ellery W. Stone (1919). Elements of Radiotelegraphy. D. Van Nostrand company. 267 pages.
Elmer Eustice Bucher (1920). The Wireless Experimenter's Manual: Incorporating how to Conduct a Radio Club.
Milton Blake Sleeper (1922). Radio Hook-ups: A Reference and Record Book of Circuits Used for Connecting Wireless Instruments. The Norman W. Henley publishing co.; 67 pages.
JL Preston and HA Wheeler (1922) "Construction and operation of a simple homemade radio receiving outfit", Bureau of Standards, C-120: Apr. 24, 1922.
PA Kinzie (1996). Crystal Radio: History, Fundamentals, and Design. Xtal Set Society.
Thomas H. Lee (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits
Derek K. Shaeffer and Thomas H. Lee (1999). The Design and Implementation of Low-Power CMOS Radio Receivers
Ian L. Sanders. Tickling the Crystal – Domestic British Crystal Sets of the 1920s; Volumes 1–5. BVWS Books (2000–2010).
External links
A website with lots of information on early radio and crystal sets
Hobbydyne Crystal Radios History and Technical Information on Crystal Radios
Ben Tongue's Technical Talk Section 1 links to "Crystal Radio Set Systems: Design, Measurements and Improvement".
"Semiconductor archeology or tribute to unknown precursors". earthlink.net/~lenyr.
Nyle Steiner K7NS, Zinc Negative Resistance RF Amplifier for Crystal Sets and Regenerative Receivers Uses No Tubes or Transistors. November 20, 2002.
Crystal Set DX? Roger Lapthorn G3XBM
Details of crystals used in crystal sets
http://www.crystal-radio.eu/endiodes.htm Diodes
http://www.crystal-radio.eu/engev.htm How to build a sensitive crystal receiver?
http://uv201.com/Radio_Pages/Pre-1921/crystal_detectors.htm Crystal Detectors
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/DETECTOR.HTM Radio Detectors
History of radio
Radio electronics
Types of radios
Amateur radio receivers
Receiver (radio)
Electronic design
Bangladeshi inventions
Indian inventions | [
0.1336957812309265,
0.35594069957733154,
-0.12115256488323212,
0.47253239154815674,
-0.38054129481315613,
-0.5973494648933411,
0.17561721801757812,
-0.3531981110572815,
0.028531232848763466,
0.20939843356609344,
-0.12982355058193207,
0.8924689888954163,
-0.5812473297119141,
0.28557097911834717,
-0.3472043573856354,
0.1892215758562088,
0.5444885492324829,
0.13375163078308105,
-0.0025099818594753742,
-0.2361997663974762,
-0.2937161922454834,
-0.04260067269206047,
0.08977337181568146,
-0.5245787501335144,
0.05021071806550026,
0.04691663756966591,
-0.12327579408884048,
0.28160911798477173,
0.09215543419122696,
0.3389933705329895,
0.20380516350269318,
0.452557772397995,
0.05878547206521034,
-0.39281854033470154,
0.041251618415117264,
0.632823646068573,
-0.029305627569556236,
-0.1497727930545807,
-0.349483847618103,
-0.24234861135482788,
0.2664850950241089,
0.11946553736925125,
0.24760475754737854,
0.951991617679596,
-0.30919888615608215,
0.07709047943353653,
-1.3096476793289185,
0.31587204337120056,
-0.1241723820567131,
0.12353942543268204,
-0.3710399270057678,
0.11132292449474335,
0.15335193276405334,
0.7764455080032349,
0.1584252566099167,
0.035292454063892365,
-0.02325611002743244,
0.14227034151554108,
-0.09461259096860886,
-0.06842804700136185,
-0.0696321502327919,
-0.2534525394439697,
0.1489243507385254,
-0.02344030886888504,
-0.0501229427754879,
-0.07368138432502747,
-0.21904611587524414,
-0.17424608767032623,
-0.4780805706977844,
-0.10899171978235245,
-0.11669369786977768,
-0.5435338020324707,
-0.0904402956366539,
-0.6240574717521667,
0.1284618079662323,
-0.1322603076696396,
-0.03085556998848915,
-0.4253714978694916,
0.2022140622138977,
0.139008030295372,
-0.17459210753440857,
0.3610685467720032,
0.4923029839992523,
-0.5213127732276917,
0.25110378861427307,
-0.18488602340221405,
-0.6931090950965881,
0.6142375469207764,
-0.40275752544403076,
0.2566263973712921,
-0.42863085865974426,
-0.20855189859867096,
0.8765550851821899,
0.14300958812236786,
0.02397867478430271,
0.032746367156505585,
0.0631888136267662,
0.2232937216758728,
0.18123078346252441,
0.1890941858291626,
0.3299468159675598,
0.19904384016990662,
0.6378474235534668,
-0.4342958927154541,
-0.5853075385093689,
-0.19523635506629944,
-0.29756787419319153,
-0.1782248169183731,
-0.6757082939147949,
0.10047701001167297,
-0.3383076786994934,
0.08871415257453918,
0.3442899286746979,
-0.12281589210033417,
-0.36416345834732056,
-0.10902026295661926,
0.3697391152381897,
0.5090701580047607,
0.08425373584032059,
0.5349925756454468,
0.13817882537841797,
0.7538222670555115,
-0.21291470527648926,
-0.6820436120033264,
-0.13099730014801025,
0.29473772644996643,
0.5706037282943726,
0.8973033428192139,
-0.5128690600395203,
-0.13110819458961487,
-0.44339773058891296,
1.311995029449463,
-0.04442615434527397,
0.20696988701820374,
0.19619737565517426,
-0.04165710508823395,
0.3106880486011505,
-0.0682545080780983,
-0.05211346969008446,
0.0713309794664383,
-0.6214137673377991,
-0.02732280269265175,
-0.884078860282898,
-0.24863699078559875,
0.15030929446220398,
0.18556097149848938,
-0.15514551103115082,
-0.39942383766174316,
-0.3954872488975525,
-0.24382108449935913,
-0.34816616773605347,
0.041843343526124954,
0.3683225214481354,
0.2500351369380951,
-0.4204178750514984,
0.3942822217941284,
-0.12506410479545593,
-0.3864961266517639,
0.25147485733032227,
-0.22525733709335327,
-0.20467276871204376,
-0.18763571977615356,
-0.539793848991394,
0.44362562894821167,
0.11109519004821777,
0.12591208517551422,
0.06851347535848618,
0.5582432746887207,
0.23001690208911896,
0.17236535251140594,
0.04467638581991196,
-0.025148563086986542,
-0.17647121846675873,
0.02350492775440216,
-0.3214320242404938,
-0.11659713089466095,
0.7612453699111938,
0.1994732767343521,
0.15171854197978973,
-0.1747494339942932,
-0.5540270805358887,
-0.3604239523410797,
0.4498043954372406,
-0.5242497324943542,
0.2786771357059479,
0.08227257430553436,
0.5517027974128723,
0.45122212171554565,
-0.1545417159795761,
-0.5187093615531921,
0.11866433173418045,
-0.5468404293060303,
0.19208122789859772,
-0.3254106342792511,
0.9481464624404907,
-0.12301397323608398,
-0.7839666604995728,
0.21599428355693817,
0.2841385304927826,
-0.2825239896774292,
0.4522322118282318,
0.3655214309692383,
0.11002062261104584,
-0.28027424216270447,
-0.05408158525824547,
-0.056481171399354935,
0.11018036305904388,
0.02656988985836506,
0.265257865190506,
-0.19753022491931915,
0.2727722227573395,
-0.338327556848526,
0.7166708707809448,
-0.3303101360797882,
-0.23537836968898773,
-0.08954358100891113,
-0.3316490948200226,
0.36654528975486755,
-0.11768773943185806,
-0.3775402307510376,
0.08426991105079651,
-0.017940877005457878,
-0.5036231875419617,
0.959730327129364,
-0.31890419125556946,
0.5341162085533142,
0.04263625293970108,
0.09552399069070816,
0.5688535571098328,
0.03635961934924126,
0.015934180468320847,
-0.25937408208847046,
0.2515636384487152,
-0.349618136882782,
-0.1485562026500702,
0.3650016784667969,
0.15374456346035004,
-0.22985737025737762,
-0.4748263657093048,
0.05771801620721817,
0.470692902803421,
-0.2407669723033905,
-0.6199024319648743,
0.12065732479095459,
0.4660910367965698,
-0.3398391902446747,
-0.24915732443332672,
0.23151974380016327,
0.21952404081821442,
0.031621210277080536,
0.23907610774040222,
0.27678781747817993,
0.4316454231739044,
-0.0838341936469078,
0.28934434056282043,
-0.11366564780473709,
0.10608795285224915,
-0.2986460328102112,
0.4180022180080414,
0.35557761788368225,
0.10725703835487366,
0.5561671853065491,
-0.17652180790901184,
-0.32523655891418457,
-0.41471341252326965,
-0.955750584602356,
0.041640982031822205,
-0.2993750274181366,
0.6489580273628235,
0.050205048173666,
0.06374334543943405,
0.2307664304971695,
-0.3305293321609497,
-0.012944486923515797,
-0.11692454665899277,
-0.3776552677154541,
0.07199276238679886,
0.3672630786895752,
-0.09077254682779312,
0.024930080398917198,
0.4139024615287781,
0.12349292635917664,
0.9798696041107178,
-0.29152560234069824,
-0.7814372181892395,
-0.4438474178314209,
0.13388699293136597,
-0.25885432958602905,
0.1844155490398407,
-0.431516170501709,
-0.8462337851524353,
0.6245372891426086,
-0.023235226050019264,
0.3265213966369629,
-0.21507495641708374,
0.6163263916969299,
0.25643572211265564,
-0.13543757796287537,
0.11056274175643921,
-0.20889677107334137,
-0.6973029375076294,
-0.025805527344346046,
-0.5820462107658386,
-0.4713483452796936,
-0.44743767380714417,
0.01782071962952614,
0.3319701552391052,
-0.47273391485214233,
-5.821321964263916,
0.3529875576496124,
-0.005646993406116962,
-1.1264756917953491,
0.2187032252550125,
0.23924122750759125,
0.4333219528198242,
-0.6165022850036621,
0.00576125830411911,
0.10081347078084946,
-0.6296197772026062,
0.34210205078125,
0.047882333397865295,
0.22183385491371155,
0.7377569675445557,
-0.28789326548576355,
-0.09794827550649643,
-0.04218221455812454,
0.03807342052459717,
-0.17981721460819244,
0.5591877102851868,
0.29192715883255005,
0.636603832244873,
0.299757182598114,
-0.18780271708965302,
0.11402576416730881,
0.24320048093795776,
0.5502684712409973,
-0.056553542613983154,
-0.3557208180427551,
0.4567614793777466,
0.057274166494607925,
0.024126268923282623,
-0.0369681715965271,
0.18516100943088531,
0.49196746945381165,
0.7540631890296936,
0.6904392242431641,
0.44135409593582153,
-0.390552818775177,
0.12519147992134094,
0.4887019097805023,
0.06569590419530869,
0.21173369884490967,
0.49682727456092834,
-0.03159390762448311,
-0.2266555279493332,
0.16352735459804535,
-0.39575833082199097,
0.5811074376106262,
0.0064171976409852505,
0.26057982444763184,
0.5592959523200989,
-0.0007278230623342097,
-0.25324857234954834,
-0.2612862288951874,
0.12299509346485138,
0.060849446803331375,
-0.3847752809524536,
0.15679369866847992,
0.00853890459984541,
-0.012979832477867603,
-0.6308832168579102,
-0.676536500453949,
-0.12649005651474,
-0.050871897488832474,
-0.9229457974433899,
0.07791495323181152,
0.6232188940048218,
0.5102369785308838,
-0.15265622735023499,
0.2725139260292053,
0.5049360990524292,
-0.7079709768295288,
0.7294016480445862,
-0.18123804032802582,
0.5678792595863342,
-0.39452365040779114,
0.1137772649526596,
0.7699102759361267,
-0.3517299294471741,
-0.09872348606586456,
-0.37082988023757935,
0.3576520085334778,
-0.1892552375793457,
-0.6548864245414734,
-0.3925074636936188,
0.21118436753749847,
-0.42699292302131653,
-0.17839713394641876,
0.7766048908233643,
-0.29208773374557495,
-0.10764414072036743,
0.5885364413261414,
0.19718483090400696,
0.18486469984054565,
-0.00801612064242363,
0.6223071813583374,
1.2452739477157593,
-0.30131715536117554,
0.1570100039243698,
0.09479516744613647,
0.12901416420936584,
-0.6385064125061035,
-0.34673061966896057,
-0.32437437772750854,
-0.9159834980964661,
-0.04815613850951195,
0.5672706365585327,
-0.03855765983462334,
-0.041641414165496826,
0.4227801263332367,
-0.7930867075920105,
-0.2039794623851776,
0.3908647894859314,
0.12357320636510849,
-0.197999969124794,
0.15579114854335785,
0.26181653141975403,
-0.11483899503946304,
0.4588436186313629,
-0.1276952177286148,
0.6086800694465637,
-0.5890629887580872,
-0.21580879390239716,
0.2306029200553894,
0.05121256783604622,
-0.2707233130931854,
-0.3991948366165161,
-0.09581153839826584,
0.632909893989563,
0.1465202122926712,
0.2900869846343994,
0.3526715934276581,
-0.07953356951475143,
-0.01604636013507843,
-0.8178355097770691,
0.5027152299880981,
0.21812012791633606,
-0.44417572021484375,
0.1811153143644333,
-0.5575888752937317,
-0.15538571774959564,
0.09287458658218384,
0.45668452978134155,
0.4460768699645996,
-0.3316301703453064,
-0.03903152421116829,
0.19074459373950958,
-0.03334333002567291,
-0.46191638708114624,
-0.13788186013698578,
0.21754083037376404,
-0.6842955946922302,
-0.3888518810272217,
-0.15259909629821777,
0.14383751153945923,
-0.32698145508766174,
-0.054127518087625504,
-0.8408544063568115,
-0.04090768098831177,
0.10940393805503845,
-0.5906552076339722,
0.2544471025466919,
-0.30838286876678467,
0.6286266446113586,
-0.5842850804328918,
-0.1153079941868782,
0.32162249088287354,
0.17613907158374786,
-0.2808726131916046,
-0.2273796647787094,
-0.4373234212398529,
-0.44199028611183167,
0.5356431603431702,
0.8277592658996582,
0.19663454592227936,
0.3259987533092499,
-0.13097955286502838,
-0.4268251061439514,
0.10998260229825974,
0.092447929084301,
-0.6044883728027344,
0.37486371397972107,
0.5207639336585999,
-0.41485464572906494,
-0.4323731064796448,
0.002741981530562043,
-0.31323373317718506,
0.14855411648750305,
0.003744170069694519,
0.43583425879478455,
0.1861540675163269,
0.5197612643241882,
-0.6794883608818054,
-0.32265135645866394,
-0.06964372843503952,
0.5369634032249451,
0.27012547850608826,
-0.6847530603408813,
-0.17208395898342133,
-0.3254982531070709,
-0.3704274594783783,
0.06346138566732407,
0.08484619110822678,
-0.5763879418373108,
0.05150812491774559,
-0.10901699960231781,
-0.5720726251602173,
0.533498227596283,
-0.2411000281572342,
-0.588015079498291,
-0.01573372632265091,
0.29496657848358154,
-0.544746994972229,
0.07051090896129608,
-0.35622674226760864,
0.01860634796321392,
-0.3086360991001129,
-0.244884192943573,
-0.15551503002643585,
0.12212739884853363,
-0.3242429196834564,
0.2456498146057129,
-0.4613470137119293,
0.00220671808347106,
-0.3619314730167389,
-0.16061772406101227,
0.17187519371509552,
0.17642436921596527,
-0.23436307907104492,
-0.03094066120684147,
-0.03801343962550163,
-0.07677635550498962,
0.14666859805583954,
-0.2675229609012604,
-0.15025962889194489,
0.3365766108036041,
-0.7290585041046143,
0.6475688219070435,
0.4982711672782898,
0.8872910141944885,
-0.35501477122306824,
-0.28476494550704956,
-0.5359665155410767,
0.20719417929649353,
0.8088957071304321,
-0.047049518674612045,
-0.5002068877220154,
0.07798805832862854,
0.38759616017341614,
-0.0820642039179802,
-0.9781090021133423,
0.07353668659925461,
0.9498547315597534,
-0.23474590480327606,
-0.26062867045402527,
-0.012726090848445892,
0.43188706040382385,
-0.1021222397685051,
-0.056146033108234406,
0.4128451943397522,
-0.5529192090034485,
0.30165576934814453,
0.5780664086341858,
0.3016834855079651,
-0.29250362515449524,
-0.7317982912063599,
0.21591219305992126,
-0.2798866629600525,
0.4728088080883026,
-0.0523068904876709,
0.6126402616500854,
0.7547721266746521,
0.33378487825393677,
0.3435845673084259,
0.07199244201183319,
-0.37397706508636475,
0.02652336098253727,
0.07602401077747345,
-0.32940226793289185,
-0.23611825704574585,
0.40545833110809326,
-0.6101586222648621,
-0.029180021956562996,
-0.043535832315683365,
-0.18367831408977509,
-0.10572125017642975,
-0.035947948694229126,
-0.40468189120292664,
-0.20649273693561554,
0.19512410461902618,
-0.18057499825954437,
0.8767319917678833,
-0.005367032717913389,
-0.00032635757816024125,
0.15351490676403046,
0.0208069309592247,
-0.14014244079589844,
-0.025294959545135498,
-0.356727659702301,
0.019814174622297287,
0.34441912174224854,
-0.805120587348938,
0.5828769207000732,
-0.33723220229148865,
0.39461955428123474,
-0.23001030087471008,
-0.39161670207977295,
0.10349631309509277,
-0.21425801515579224,
-0.09572304785251617,
-0.1192205399274826,
0.6364607214927673,
-0.6545560956001282,
-0.24498793482780457,
0.5323097109794617,
0.36315685510635376,
0.6571334004402161,
0.5135010480880737,
0.295152485370636,
0.3525222837924957,
0.12469319254159927,
0.23166334629058838,
-0.3358123004436493,
0.47590965032577515,
-0.3478807210922241,
-0.5766464471817017,
0.23874899744987488,
-0.3575131893157959,
1.0367755889892578,
0.36455777287483215,
0.034132521599531174,
0.7720731496810913,
-0.5383498668670654,
-0.888501763343811,
0.18166972696781158,
0.10465524345636368,
-0.34954819083213806,
0.4436874985694885,
-0.1960166096687317,
0.10313539952039719,
0.12986424565315247,
-0.04246347397565842,
0.02772398293018341,
0.711944043636322,
0.1753779500722885,
0.3315211832523346,
-0.15873682498931885,
-0.16712960600852966,
0.5525676012039185,
0.27810487151145935,
0.8340375423431396,
-0.1380479633808136,
-0.05081663280725479,
-0.25223061442375183,
0.3766076862812042,
-0.7047143578529358,
-0.2954159677028656,
-0.20114073157310486,
0.14010865986347198,
0.4722101390361786,
0.15590304136276245,
0.16877290606498718,
-0.01185692474246025,
0.07847742736339569,
0.05245739966630936,
-0.8434038758277893,
0.10465962439775467,
0.30847668647766113,
0.35369277000427246,
0.414604127407074,
-0.48055219650268555,
0.83952796459198,
-0.8087470531463623,
-0.4470527470111847,
0.3932374119758606,
0.1282588392496109,
-0.012727429158985615,
-0.16457264125347137,
-0.4070976972579956,
0.322845995426178,
-0.20224682986736298,
-1.0509543418884277,
-0.41698315739631653,
-0.4277571737766266,
-0.48277547955513,
0.32032620906829834,
0.46501624584198,
-0.22376099228858948,
0.37390464544296265,
-0.7539622783660889,
-0.47473257780075073,
-0.3497162461280823,
-0.24796277284622192,
0.09061343222856522,
0.6779738664627075,
-0.2226102650165558,
-0.0018847265746444464,
0.18174687027931213,
-0.3348585367202759,
0.6846917867660522,
0.15157341957092285,
-0.31943488121032715,
-0.9448020458221436,
0.8020474314689636,
-0.12014267593622208,
-0.24044910073280334,
-0.42033374309539795,
0.3324712812900543,
0.28927963972091675,
0.24259430170059204,
0.08704401552677155,
-0.2557574212551117,
0.04987167567014694,
0.09722328186035156,
0.9705584049224854,
-0.3763832151889801,
0.013365457765758038,
0.21679875254631042,
-0.29444757103919983,
-0.16883878409862518,
-0.12788718938827515,
0.021244511008262634,
-0.0907527282834053,
0.12016845494508743,
0.27874553203582764,
-0.39947402477264404,
-0.7834364175796509,
0.015616578049957752,
0.05110066756606102,
-0.2208210676908493,
-0.6638717651367188,
-0.19345876574516296,
-0.40975672006607056,
-0.26058387756347656,
-0.2655598819255829,
0.10874275863170624,
0.3075483739376068,
-0.2038135975599289,
0.2645287811756134,
0.22903355956077576,
-0.2552925944328308,
-0.12201261520385742,
-0.8191108107566833,
0.1566443145275116,
0.6294624209403992,
-0.5520746111869812,
-0.27976998686790466,
0.29685190320014954,
-0.3904222846031189,
-0.8949972987174988,
-0.05630822479724884,
-0.4541761875152588,
-0.28977951407432556,
-0.07464348524808884,
0.49813058972358704,
0.13261830806732178,
0.172052264213562,
0.17708410322666168
] |
232255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra%20swan | Tundra swan | The tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus) is a small swan of the Holarctic. The two taxa within it are usually regarded as conspecific, but are also sometimes split into two species: Bewick's swan (Cygnus bewickii) of the Palaearctic and the whistling swan (C. columbianus) proper of the Nearctic. Birds from eastern Russia (roughly east of the Taymyr Peninsula) are sometimes separated as the subspecies C. c. jankowskii, but this is not widely accepted as distinct, with most authors including them in C. c. bewickii. Tundra swans are sometimes separated in the subgenus Olor together with the other Arctic swan species.
Bewick's swan was named in 1830 by William Yarrell after the engraver Thomas Bewick, who specialised in illustrations of birds and animals. Cygnus is the Latin for "swan", and columbianus comes from the Columbia River, the type locality.
Description
C. columbianus is the smallest of the Holarctic swans, at in length, in wingspan and a weight range of . In adult birds, the plumage of both subspecies is entirely white, with black feet, and a bill that is mostly black, with a thin salmon-pink streak running along the mouthline and – depending on the subspecies – more or less yellow in the proximal part. The iris is dark brown. In birds living in waters that contains large amounts of iron ions (e.g. bog lakes), the head and neck plumage acquires a golden or rusty hue. Pens (females) are slightly smaller than cobs (males), but do not differ in appearance otherwise.
Immatures of both subspecies are white mixed with some dull grey feathering, mainly on the head and upper neck, which are often entirely light grey; their first-summer plumage is quite white already, and in their second winter they moult into the adult plumage. Their bills are black with a large dirty-pink patch taking up most of the proximal half and often black nostrils, and their feet are dark grey with a pinkish hue. Downy young are silvery grey above and white below.
Bewick's swans are the smaller subspecies. There is a slight size cline, with the eastern birds being slightly larger; good measurement data only exists for the western populations however. These weigh , on average in males and in females. They measure in overall length; each wing is long, on average in males and in females. The tarsus measures in length, the bill , averaging . Bewick's swan is similar in appearance to the parapatric whooper swan (C. cygnus), but is smaller, shorter-necked and has a more rounded head shape, with variable bill pattern, but always showing more black than yellow and having a blunt forward edge of the yellow base patch. Whooper swans have a bill that has more yellow than black and the forward edge of the yellow patch is usually pointed. The bill pattern for every individual Bewick's swan is unique, and scientists often make detailed drawings of each bill and assign names to the swans to assist with studying these birds. The eastern birds, apart from being larger, tend towards less yellow on the bill, perhaps indicating that gene flow across Beringia, while marginal, never entirely ceased. An apparent case of hybridization between a Bewick's and a vagrant whistling swan has been reported from eastern Siberia.
Whistling swans weigh – on average in males and in females –, and measure in length. Each wing is long; the tarsus measures in length, and the bill is long. C. c. columbianus is distinguished from C. c. bewickii by its larger size and the mostly black bill, with just a small and usually hard to see yellow spot of variable size at the base. It is distinguished from the largely allopatric trumpeter swan (C. buccinator) of North America by that species' much larger size and particularly long bill, which is black all over except for the pink mouthline, which is stronger than in the whistling swan.
Note that color variations with more or less yellow, or pink instead of yellow or black, are not exceptional, especially in Bewick's swans, which very rarely may even have yellowish feet. The small size and particularly the rather short neck, which make it look like a large white goose, are still distinguishing marks.
Tundra swans have high-pitched honking calls and sound similar to a black goose (Branta). They are particularly vocal when foraging in flocks on their wintering grounds; any conspecific arriving or leaving will elicit a bout of loud excited calling from its fellows. Contrary to its common name, the ground calls of the whistling swan are not a whistle and neither notably different from that of Bewick's swan. The flight call of the latter is a low and soft ringing bark, bow-wow...; the whistling swan gives a markedly high-pitched trisyllabic bark like wow-wow-wow in flight. By contrast, the whooper and trumpeter swans' names accurately describe their calls—a deep hooting and a higher-pitched French horn-like honk, respectively. Flying birds of these species are shorter-necked and have a quicker wingbeat than their relatives, but they are often impossible to tell apart except by their calls.
Distribution
As their common name implies, the tundra swan breeds in the tundra of the Arctic and subarctic, where they inhabit shallow pools, lakes and rivers. These birds, unlike mute swans (C. olor) but like the other Arctic swans, are migratory birds. The winter habitat of both subspecies is grassland and marshland, often near the coast; they like to visit fields after harvest to feed on discarded grains and while on migration may stop over on mountain lakes. According to National Geographic, when migrating these birds can fly at altitudes of in a V formation.
The breeding range of C. c. bewickii extends across the coastal lowlands of Siberia, from the Kola Peninsula east to the Pacific. They start to arrive on the breeding grounds around mid-May, and leave for winter quarters around the end of September. The populations west of the Taymyr Peninsula migrate via the White Sea, Baltic Sea and the estuary of the Elbe to winter in Denmark, the Netherlands and the British Isles. They are common in winter in the wildfowl nature reserves of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and of the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. Some birds also winter elsewhere on the southern shores of the North Sea. Bewick's swans breeding in eastern Russia migrate via Mongolia and northern China to winter in the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and southern China, south to Guangdong and occasionally as far as Taiwan. A few birds from the central Siberian range also winter in Iran at the south of the Caspian Sea; in former times these flocks also migrated to the Aral Sea before the late 20th century ecological catastrophe turned most of the habitat there into inhospitable wasteland. Arrival in winter quarters starts about mid-October, though most spend weeks or even months at favorite resting locations and will only arrive in winter quarters by November or even as late as January. The birds leave winter quarters to breed starting in mid-February. Vagrants may occur south of the main wintering range in cold years and have been recorded from most European countries where the birds do not regularly winter, as well as Algeria, Iraq, Palestine, Libya, Nepal, northeast Pakistan, and on the Mariana and Volcano Islands in the western Pacific. Vagrants on the spring migration have been sighted on Bear Island, Iceland and Svalbard, and in Alaska, Oregon and Saskatchewan in North America.
C. c. columbianus breeds in the coastal plains of Alaska and Canada, leaving for winter quarters about October. They arrive in winter quarters by November/December. Birds breeding in western Alaska winter along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to California; they often move inland – particularly to the rich feeding grounds in the Central Valley – and some cross the Rocky Mountains again and winter as far east as Utah and south to Texas and northern Mexico. The birds breeding along the Arctic Ocean coast migrate via Canada and the Great Lakes region to winter at the Atlantic coast of the United States, mainly from Maryland to North Carolina, but some move as far south as Florida. Whistling swans start leaving for the breeding grounds again by mid-March, and arrive by late May. Vagrants have been recorded on the Bermudas, Cuba the Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, and in England, Ireland, Japan, northeastern Siberia and Sweden.
Ecology and biology
Diet
In summer, their diet consists mainly of aquatic vegetation—e.g. mannagrass (Glyceria), Potamogeton pondweeds and marine eelgrass (Zostera), acquired by sticking the head underwater or upending while swimming; they also eat some grass growing on dry land. At other times of year, leftover grains and other crops such as potatoes, picked up in open fields after harvest, make up much of their diet. Tundra swans forage mainly by day. In the breeding season, they tend to be territorial and are aggressive to many animals who pass by; outside the breeding season they are rather gregarious birds.
Natural predator
Healthy adult birds have few natural predators. The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) may threaten breeding females and particular the eggs and hatchlings. Adults typically can stand their ground and displace foxes but occasionally the foxes are successful. Another surprisingly serious nest predator for tundra swans are brown bears (Ursus arctos), which were apparently the primary cause of nesting failure in both the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. Other potential nest predators include red fox (Vulpes vulpes), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), parasitic jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus), and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). Brown bear, golden eagles and, rarely, gray wolves (Canis lupus) may on occasion succeed at capturing and killing an adult. Small or avian predators usually elicit either an aggressive response or the behavior of sitting tight on nests while larger mammals, perhaps more dangerous to adults, usually elicit the response of leading the cygnets into deep waters and standing still until they pass. About 15% of the adults die each year from various causes, and thus the average lifespan in the wild is about 10 years. The oldest recorded tundra swan was over 24 years old.
Reproduction
The tundra swans mate in the late spring, usually after they have returned to the nesting grounds; as usual for swans, they pair monogamously until one partner dies. Should one partner die long before the other, the surviving bird often will not mate again for some years, or even for its entire life. The nesting season starts at the end of May. The pair build the large mound-shaped nest from plant material at an elevated site near open water, and defend a large territory around it. The pen (female) lays and incubates a clutch of 2–7 (usually 3–5) eggs, watching for danger while sitting on the nest. The cob (male) keeps a steady lookout for potential predators heading towards his mate and offspring. When either of them spots a threat, they give a warning sound to let their partner know that danger is approaching. Sometimes the cob will use his wings to run faster and appear larger in order to scare away a predator.
The time from laying to hatching is 29–30 days for Bewick's swan and 30–32 days for the whistling swan. Since they nest in cold regions, tundra swan cygnets grow faster than those of swans breeding in warmer climates; those of the whistling swan take about 60–75 days to fledge—twice as fast as those of the mute swan for example—while those of Bewick's swan, about which little breeding data is known, may fledge a record 40–45 days after hatching already. The fledglings stay with their parents for the first winter migration. The family is sometimes even joined by their offspring from previous breeding seasons while on the wintering grounds; Tundra swans do not reach sexual maturity until 3 or 4 years of age.
Conservation status
The whistling swan is the most common swan species of North America, estimated to number almost 170,000 individuals around 1990. Its numbers seem to be slowly declining in the west of its range since the late 19th century, coincident with the expansion of human settlement and habitat conversion in the birds' wintering areas; the eastern whistling swan populations on the other hand seem to be increasing somewhat, and altogether its numbers seem to have slightly risen in the late 20th century (the population was estimated at about 146,000 in 1972). Bewick's swan remains far less known; although its population is in decline in northwestern Europe, for currently unexplained reasons. The European winter population was estimated at 16,000–17,000 about 1990, with about 20,000 birds wintering in east Asia. The Iranian wintering population is small—1,000 birds or so at most—but they usually disperse to several sites, some of which are still unknown to scientists.
Although tundra swan numbers are stable over most of its range, they are increasingly dependent on agricultural crops to supplement their winter diet, as aquatic vegetation in their winter habitat dwindles due to habitat destruction and water pollution. But the main cause of adult mortality is hunting; 4,000 whistling swans are bagged officially each year, while a further 6,000–10,000 are killed by poachers and native subsistence hunter-gatherers. Bewick's swan cannot be hunted legally, but almost half the birds studied contained lead shot in their body, indicating they were shot at by poachers. Lead poisoning by ingestion of lead shot is a very significant cause of mortality also, particularly in the whistling swan. The tundra swan is not considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to its large range and population. The proposed subspecies jankowskii was for some time placed on CITES Appendix II; it was eventually removed since it is not generally accepted as valid.
Bewick's swan is one of the birds to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Toxic mining wastes in the Silver Valley, Idaho in the United States has been known to be responsible for the death of migrating tundra swans.
Gallery
References
Further reading
External links
RSPB Bewick's Swan Page
Tundra Swan
Stamps of Cygnus columbianus with Circumpolar Range map at bird-stamps.org
Tundra swan
tundra swan
Holarctic birds
tundra swan
Taxa named by George Ord | [
-0.44408103823661804,
0.4450015723705292,
-0.4373811185359955,
0.04061509668827057,
-0.11971443146467209,
0.4447333514690399,
0.11029917746782303,
0.4067327678203583,
-0.5153824090957642,
-0.20361246168613434,
0.012779569253325462,
-0.4818284213542938,
-0.3292038142681122,
0.6839893460273743,
0.023163750767707825,
0.5593016743659973,
-0.48693200945854187,
0.48414522409439087,
0.2575269639492035,
-0.5904165506362915,
0.2923068702220917,
-0.8361735939979553,
0.655162513256073,
0.1335279643535614,
0.20715945959091187,
0.17941465973854065,
0.4807139039039612,
0.2171301543712616,
-0.3619444966316223,
0.4583379030227661,
-0.32210832834243774,
0.8190281391143799,
0.3230029344558716,
-0.10648933053016663,
-0.005964424926787615,
0.35782456398010254,
-0.14407317340373993,
-0.3388032615184784,
-0.47982487082481384,
-0.8920269012451172,
0.3035876452922821,
0.01017806027084589,
0.07832345366477966,
0.7666833400726318,
-0.35499107837677,
-0.2746221721172333,
-1.09161376953125,
0.7572837471961975,
-0.5066818594932556,
-0.28479456901550293,
-0.3612666726112366,
0.49652647972106934,
0.7671182751655579,
0.5777220129966736,
0.09686911851167679,
0.6034855246543884,
-0.6235189437866211,
0.29874980449676514,
0.1711624562740326,
-0.13301317393779755,
0.12440153956413269,
0.43737703561782837,
-0.12290222942829132,
0.28158947825431824,
0.5983681678771973,
0.23006299138069153,
0.12896336615085602,
0.20955917239189148,
-0.4518395960330963,
-0.5227674245834351,
-0.03803611174225807,
-0.5410325527191162,
0.22813239693641663,
0.6864837408065796,
-0.26357367634773254,
0.36413446068763733,
0.1390494555234909,
-0.1352412849664688,
0.4977451264858246,
0.2754613161087036,
-0.17750251293182373,
0.3732808828353882,
0.9000285863876343,
0.0178671907633543,
0.06097019463777542,
-0.2547348439693451,
-0.9721217155456543,
0.3178270757198334,
-0.70514976978302,
0.1720459759235382,
-0.150152787566185,
-0.38679495453834534,
0.6571143865585327,
0.479231059551239,
-0.163079634308815,
0.012056738138198853,
-0.0981423556804657,
0.1395961195230484,
0.4275028109550476,
-0.31862756609916687,
-0.3085886538028717,
0.1626337468624115,
0.48027825355529785,
0.03439491614699364,
-0.5971921682357788,
-0.32572731375694275,
-0.7464746236801147,
-0.18453365564346313,
0.027520649135112762,
-0.029347261413931847,
-0.3719642460346222,
0.20300304889678955,
-0.20748116075992584,
0.09148196130990982,
0.28886303305625916,
0.8174667954444885,
0.07677503675222397,
-0.6295269727706909,
-0.3590715825557709,
-0.08581548929214478,
0.7986600995063782,
0.5127125382423401,
-0.5019579529762268,
-0.07581966370344162,
0.042446576058864594,
0.7194288969039917,
0.6392976641654968,
0.626786470413208,
-0.4285668134689331,
-0.10904517024755478,
0.24671673774719238,
1.0099010467529297,
-0.34754782915115356,
0.012505113147199154,
-0.3496985137462616,
-0.24398313462734222,
0.531440794467926,
-0.4160047471523285,
0.4787573516368866,
0.4564782679080963,
-1.3163411617279053,
-0.39265039563179016,
-0.6177976727485657,
-0.7546151280403137,
0.36407020688056946,
0.1827235370874405,
0.7531450390815735,
-0.5994491577148438,
0.27510568499565125,
-0.26892420649528503,
0.339994877576828,
0.33159139752388,
-0.2310505360364914,
-0.19437095522880554,
-0.3939860165119171,
-0.1898518055677414,
0.5040239691734314,
-0.27152568101882935,
0.9330440759658813,
-0.057386092841625214,
0.0645446851849556,
0.35518187284469604,
-0.24330852925777435,
-0.45860105752944946,
0.18112726509571075,
-0.8044993281364441,
-0.0398833341896534,
0.22912383079528809,
-0.10567334294319153,
-0.2539239525794983,
0.05458608642220497,
0.751604437828064,
0.8467989563941956,
-0.009860211983323097,
0.010126686654984951,
-0.5030034780502319,
-0.5871736407279968,
0.19436685740947723,
0.7691003084182739,
-0.3438246250152588,
-0.767999529838562,
0.5199467539787292,
0.49271640181541443,
-0.18318703770637512,
-0.04922628030180931,
0.4310683608055115,
0.11146575957536697,
0.7780622243881226,
0.057166825979948044,
-0.11302294582128525,
-0.28162485361099243,
-0.8489734530448914,
-0.4003077447414398,
-0.42503002285957336,
0.5955468416213989,
0.27189746499061584,
-0.830748975276947,
0.36017805337905884,
0.12581446766853333,
0.40440383553504944,
-0.8756889700889587,
0.24500006437301636,
0.009177356027066708,
-0.18789125978946686,
-0.6284210085868835,
0.5273645520210266,
0.15482021868228912,
-0.021208181977272034,
0.29965242743492126,
0.5030722618103027,
0.1632116734981537,
-1.259933352470398,
0.1423947513103485,
0.552302896976471,
-0.600544810295105,
-0.1418093740940094,
-0.4506685733795166,
0.419636994600296,
0.11008467525243759,
0.20387116074562073,
1.2465283870697021,
0.46795693039894104,
-0.24720142781734467,
0.2988716661930084,
-0.10605762153863907,
0.4289383590221405,
0.4778197705745697,
0.38829606771469116,
0.4253135025501251,
-0.028994711115956306,
0.01670023985207081,
0.2575887143611908,
0.1463567018508911,
-0.28097257018089294,
-0.7630285024642944,
-0.6287438869476318,
0.23207414150238037,
-0.7327194809913635,
1.0872248411178589,
0.50539630651474,
-0.04265400394797325,
0.14007166028022766,
-0.05728501081466675,
0.4025663733482361,
0.08408232778310776,
-0.18572020530700684,
-0.22324497997760773,
0.10017973184585571,
-0.45008212327957153,
-0.31623345613479614,
0.41201508045196533,
0.8542889356613159,
-0.025965461507439613,
-0.1717856526374817,
-0.26438504457473755,
0.41074609756469727,
-0.4043194651603699,
-0.2639308571815491,
0.5352678298950195,
0.14154142141342163,
-0.02774861641228199,
0.024823632091283798,
-0.28729796409606934,
0.0931563675403595,
-0.2875647246837616,
-0.5781081318855286,
-0.8125879168510437,
-0.05483919382095337,
0.7765520811080933,
0.10738149285316467,
0.7405656576156616,
-0.2201303392648697,
-0.2576316297054291,
0.24199509620666504,
-0.2643072009086609,
-0.5538886189460754,
-0.4795922338962555,
-0.353263795375824,
-0.8308781385421753,
-0.7278102040290833,
0.3414663076400757,
0.9497947096824646,
0.7547091245651245,
0.17189757525920868,
-0.334783673286438,
-0.11708088964223862,
0.6822634339332581,
-0.6073595881462097,
0.07877805829048157,
-1.0054101943969727,
0.038658928126096725,
0.32900696992874146,
0.3058837056159973,
0.41407278180122375,
-0.558682918548584,
0.3634120523929596,
-0.1336345374584198,
0.276095986366272,
0.950169563293457,
-0.4792245328426361,
-0.36957335472106934,
0.42759087681770325,
-0.2631016969680786,
0.01394288893789053,
0.15894903242588043,
-0.023952733725309372,
0.11574617773294449,
-0.36100319027900696,
-5.258940696716309,
0.2194376438856125,
-0.5009004473686218,
0.13342538475990295,
0.026768380776047707,
0.14023861289024353,
0.3148890435695648,
-0.22007203102111816,
-0.4589132070541382,
0.3852592408657074,
-0.25470972061157227,
-0.05438569188117981,
-0.19978632032871246,
0.11435138434171677,
0.9761368036270142,
0.00700297299772501,
0.6130133271217346,
-0.13816487789154053,
-0.06363406777381897,
-0.13397081196308136,
0.16798850893974304,
0.43123483657836914,
0.02217770367860794,
0.39025741815567017,
0.011405986733734608,
-0.09293173998594284,
0.636375904083252,
-0.7494134902954102,
-0.6522863507270813,
-0.7456045746803284,
-0.22639410197734833,
-0.1975513994693756,
-0.49467751383781433,
-0.035150524228811264,
0.18223923444747925,
-0.15833266079425812,
0.4514753222465515,
0.4031531512737274,
0.6648103594779968,
-0.559196412563324,
-0.2670477032661438,
0.1971641331911087,
0.6262479424476624,
-0.07589183002710342,
0.7777096629142761,
-0.337833434343338,
-0.24341818690299988,
-0.15520668029785156,
-0.45224279165267944,
0.70804363489151,
0.08580426871776581,
-0.2295536994934082,
0.5385301113128662,
0.48917943239212036,
0.09087908267974854,
0.2180362343788147,
0.0015776155050843954,
0.3433520197868347,
-0.4943291246891022,
0.12402380257844925,
0.8170910477638245,
0.06375885009765625,
0.21281768381595612,
-0.9497480392456055,
-0.041280265897512436,
-0.32019633054733276,
-0.5610132813453674,
-0.10498779267072678,
0.1544192135334015,
-0.029048103839159012,
-0.14174972474575043,
0.5877950191497803,
-0.5746480822563171,
-0.6054403781890869,
0.5824453830718994,
-0.5504046082496643,
-0.3105563819408417,
0.41734278202056885,
-0.3485535979270935,
0.3920042812824249,
-0.08584129065275192,
-0.3567757308483124,
0.1324513554573059,
0.6555500030517578,
0.02950184792280197,
-0.871443510055542,
-0.1305561065673828,
0.2623012363910675,
-0.10402631759643555,
-0.24023444950580597,
0.6695608496665955,
0.17443661391735077,
0.0008018547086976469,
-0.10792575031518936,
-0.18072612583637238,
0.12979036569595337,
0.7603291273117065,
-0.27607423067092896,
0.33654502034187317,
-0.18653544783592224,
0.7702632546424866,
0.022052936255931854,
-0.1687445491552353,
-0.4771811366081238,
0.18462112545967102,
-0.5823144912719727,
-0.29551491141319275,
0.5896663069725037,
1.3468791246414185,
0.11047804355621338,
0.24886015057563782,
-0.34830373525619507,
-0.23680783808231354,
0.042856574058532715,
0.26155176758766174,
0.254891574382782,
0.1964796483516693,
0.1893949657678604,
0.35677459836006165,
-0.0006106671644374728,
0.08963298052549362,
-0.40274739265441895,
-0.5242226719856262,
0.27447980642318726,
0.2761284410953522,
-0.747998058795929,
0.4295947253704071,
0.3899725377559662,
-1.5526509284973145,
-0.31080105900764465,
-0.19953952729701996,
-0.3129598796367645,
-0.00874117761850357,
-0.9068406820297241,
-0.046530041843652725,
0.20688508450984955,
-0.2848285138607025,
0.2825700342655182,
0.42636874318122864,
-0.2807143032550812,
-0.11528553068637848,
-0.3871855139732361,
-0.5750939846038818,
0.09665927290916443,
0.6293202638626099,
0.6537280678749084,
-0.13020986318588257,
0.013162636198103428,
-0.42975908517837524,
0.4279288351535797,
-0.402019202709198,
-0.541260302066803,
0.3711904287338257,
-0.36722925305366516,
0.6419612169265747,
-0.0013714791275560856,
0.8846156001091003,
0.2393319010734558,
0.1648910492658615,
-0.295110821723938,
-0.028443479910492897,
-0.23098182678222656,
-0.5181298851966858,
-0.3375570476055145,
0.02390560880303383,
0.19574066996574402,
-0.731378972530365,
-0.41707223653793335,
0.014826604165136814,
0.8087025284767151,
0.6344764828681946,
-0.057669103145599365,
-0.6765035390853882,
0.3224104642868042,
0.13111180067062378,
0.22806912660598755,
-0.10988714545965195,
0.0627959594130516,
0.22215107083320618,
-0.20763368904590607,
-0.3720341920852661,
0.3222729563713074,
-0.09611750394105911,
0.37847498059272766,
0.17619837820529938,
-0.223917618393898,
-0.4500370919704437,
0.8684108257293701,
-0.030056342482566833,
-0.27085572481155396,
0.6544170379638672,
0.2592259645462036,
0.4557225704193115,
-0.11254215240478516,
-0.03454132378101349,
0.13100813329219818,
0.4173782467842102,
0.9995681047439575,
-0.2821721136569977,
-1.0146340131759644,
0.4005020558834076,
0.4377208948135376,
-0.18784505128860474,
0.500567615032196,
0.10380011796951294,
-1.004565715789795,
0.22259549796581268,
0.12556159496307373,
-1.0103524923324585,
-0.08894780278205872,
-0.1238434910774231,
-0.5790051221847534,
0.32861486077308655,
0.3801257610321045,
-0.4558863937854767,
0.051669955253601074,
0.34572988748550415,
-0.23791731894016266,
-0.7644119262695312,
0.2686077654361725,
-0.5780379772186279,
-0.2287563979625702,
0.09098877757787704,
-0.5084563493728638,
-0.9869914650917053,
-0.35160234570503235,
0.38678887486457825,
0.5252982378005981,
0.1074841320514679,
-0.5501450896263123,
0.01112272311002016,
-0.02914288453757763,
-0.18631650507450104,
-0.5802304744720459,
0.12071625888347626,
0.14311003684997559,
0.09451647847890854,
0.2303900569677353,
0.311705619096756,
0.31232962012290955,
0.859101414680481,
1.2600922584533691,
0.6878086924552917,
-0.0872139185667038,
0.010220504365861416,
0.3151504695415497,
0.21362052857875824,
0.021548166871070862,
-0.8739303946495056,
-0.6213803887367249,
0.338907390832901,
-0.27641671895980835,
-0.23083415627479553,
-0.10379166901111603,
0.858673095703125,
-0.2779425084590912,
0.12318427115678787,
0.4228295683860779,
0.28804296255111694,
0.4153251051902771,
0.35174667835235596,
0.20027312636375427,
-0.4903393089771271,
0.5862957239151001,
-0.11662964522838593,
-0.07990913838148117,
-0.8512526750564575,
0.25683674216270447,
0.24306201934814453,
-0.7169869542121887,
0.10809514671564102,
-0.06351497024297714,
0.4280778765678406,
-0.19220826029777527,
-0.22629807889461517,
-0.17225174605846405,
-0.05387469008564949,
-0.870486319065094,
0.2713344991207123,
-0.22800175845623016,
-0.6517406702041626,
-0.21269972622394562,
0.5566105842590332,
-0.2585228979587555,
-0.18188050389289856,
-0.7126844525337219,
-0.7950462102890015,
-0.2755316197872162,
-0.30394476652145386,
-0.33578893542289734,
-0.733672559261322,
-0.17869961261749268,
-0.14307118952274323,
0.2891525626182556,
0.12160640954971313,
0.06022431328892708,
0.018912533298134804,
-0.0512462742626667,
0.010023039765655994,
0.1828925609588623,
-0.98209148645401,
0.5478788614273071,
-0.5260674953460693,
-0.9981115460395813,
0.3930912911891937,
0.1396741420030594,
0.11188818514347076,
0.023235341534018517,
0.19988974928855896,
-0.16804799437522888,
0.7692847847938538,
-0.49740883708000183,
-0.07153572142124176,
0.44901156425476074,
0.1876567155122757,
0.06402688473463058,
0.3276309072971344,
-0.5799028873443604,
0.5204970836639404,
0.40810340642929077,
0.20738883316516876,
0.2607206106185913,
0.4723849296569824,
0.7971179485321045,
-0.049595095217227936,
0.22924090921878815,
-0.8116905689239502,
-0.24798256158828735,
0.4646534323692322,
0.5722051858901978,
0.08548614382743835,
0.7331233024597168,
-0.40923765301704407,
0.07137537002563477,
-0.11980284750461578,
-0.3435327410697937,
-0.03636849671602249,
-0.6012306809425354,
-0.5258923172950745,
0.6345791816711426,
0.7990087270736694,
0.4853876531124115,
-0.286909282207489,
-0.3711346685886383,
0.32668536901474,
-0.006275814957916737,
-0.1784602254629135,
0.2064231038093567,
0.22012589871883392,
-0.037422552704811096,
0.7516974210739136,
-0.2094402313232422,
-0.02627604268491268,
-0.7189965844154358,
-0.41128724813461304,
0.06835896521806717,
-0.09961403161287308,
-0.4277614951133728,
-0.38521066308021545,
0.10625068098306656,
-0.4189564287662506,
0.00927526131272316,
-0.14362570643424988,
-0.19716034829616547,
-0.7412662506103516,
-0.12349233031272888,
-0.0529828779399395,
-1.03534734249115,
0.11789859086275101,
-0.3404802978038788,
-0.02807656303048134,
-0.47557827830314636,
0.0022699383553117514,
0.325528621673584,
0.03711589798331261,
-0.0061030699871480465,
-0.06834650784730911,
0.3812215030193329,
-0.6053600907325745,
0.09569229185581207,
-0.5069094300270081,
0.5527358055114746,
0.04971737042069435,
-0.5063260197639465,
0.13657672703266144,
-0.6353814601898193,
0.15108363330364227,
-0.011961294338107109,
0.5365988612174988,
0.321738064289093,
0.32124945521354675,
-0.3502327501773834,
-0.17020750045776367,
0.1594267189502716,
-0.48997947573661804,
-0.7281274199485779,
-0.19681468605995178,
0.6299338340759277,
-0.19127638638019562,
-0.1813330203294754,
-0.2098197340965271,
0.011270576156675816,
0.008044407702982426,
0.8915004134178162,
0.18315768241882324,
0.3763011395931244,
-0.5895277261734009,
0.15134456753730774,
-0.2115386724472046,
0.7106799483299255,
0.3785655200481415,
-0.22499656677246094,
-0.24404996633529663,
0.09377852082252502,
0.15039575099945068,
0.20550230145454407,
0.28806400299072266,
-0.6060258746147156,
-0.08490672707557678,
-0.11136094480752945,
-0.42530402541160583,
-0.832132875919342,
0.6352277398109436,
0.17553694546222687,
-0.060171131044626236,
-0.34331831336021423,
0.28303390741348267,
-0.12239795923233032,
-0.6178398132324219,
0.651772677898407,
-0.5552617907524109,
0.43198153376579285,
-0.8282101154327393,
0.5673443675041199,
0.17018820345401764,
-0.4796883761882782,
-0.2805078327655792,
0.7986445426940918,
0.6054864525794983,
-0.31169041991233826,
-0.07734620571136475,
-0.5769380927085876,
-0.03237814083695412,
-0.4007129669189453,
0.2850688397884369,
-0.054544709622859955,
-0.15095114707946777,
-0.7320122122764587,
-0.7880401611328125,
0.024918746203184128,
0.10969800502061844,
-0.19230863451957703,
-0.18549716472625732,
-0.34284961223602295,
-0.6365301012992859,
-0.1408180147409439,
-0.03484071418642998,
-0.8784767985343933,
-0.007737272419035435,
0.5018953084945679
] |
232257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal | Cal | Cal or CAL may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Cal (novel), a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty
"Cal" (short story), a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
Cal (1984 film), an Irish drama starring John Lynch and Helen Mirren
Cal (album), the soundtrack album by Mark Knopfler
Cal (2013 film), a British drama
Judge Cal, a fictional character in the Judge Dredd comic strip in 2000 AD
Aviation
Cal Air International, an airline based in the United Kingdom
Campbeltown Airport IATA airport code
China Airlines ICAO airline code
Continental Airlines, an American airline with the New York Stock Exchange symbol of "CAL"
CAL Cargo Air Lines, a cargo airline based in Israel
Organizations and businesses
CAL Bank, a commercial bank in Ghana
Cal Yachts, originally the Jensen Marine Corporation, founded in 1957
Center for Applied Linguistics, a non-profit organization that researches language and culture
Cercle artistique de Luxembourg, an artist association in Luxembourg
Coalition of African Lesbians, a non-profit organisation based in South Africa
Colorado Association of Libraries, professional association in Colorado
Copyright Agency Ltd, an Australian copyright agency
People
Cal (given name), a list of people
Cal (surname), a list of people
Cal (footballer) (born 1996), Brazilian footballer
John Calipari (born 1959), American basketball coach often called "Coach Cal" or "Cal"
Places
a short form of the state of California
Cal Islet, in the Madeira Islands Archipelago of Portugal
Çal, a district and town in southwest Turkey
School-related
Cal or University of California, Berkeley
California Golden Bears, UC Berkeley's intercollegiate athletic program
Science and math
Calanthe, an orchid genus abbreviated cal. in horticulture
Calcium hydroxide, also called cal
Caliber, firearm barrel measurement
abbreviation for calorie, a unit of energy
Cold Atom Laboratory, an instrument to research Bose-Einstein Condensates on the International Space Station
Software
Cakewalk Application Language, a scripting language used with Cakewalk Pro Audio software
CAL Actor Language, a dataflow language
Cal (application), a former calendar app by Any.do
cal (command), a program on various operating systems that prints an ASCII calendar of the given month or year
CAL (programming language), a programming language based on JOSS
Client access license, operating systems and software license scheme
Cray Assembly Language, included with the Cray Operating System
Sports
Cape Ann League, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts, United States
Cape-Atlantic League, a high school athletic conference in New Jersey, United States
Cyberathlete Amateur League, online electronic sports league
Other uses
Calipatria State Prison, California, United States
Capital allocation line, a graph to measure risk
Carolinian language ISO 639-3 code
FN CAL, an assault rifle made by the Belgian firm FN (Fabrique Nationale)
Cincinnati Academic League, a high school quiz bowl league
See also
CALS (disambiguation) | [
0.3972088098526001,
0.2113795429468155,
-0.27151861786842346,
0.08674491196870804,
0.25197431445121765,
0.5540565848350525,
-0.2856256365776062,
0.34847626090049744,
0.07676251977682114,
0.02499871328473091,
-0.18069657683372498,
0.8130407929420471,
-0.04630158096551895,
0.3057270646095276,
0.19415421783924103,
0.29099124670028687,
0.6419051885604858,
0.3465104103088379,
-0.0027349877636879683,
-0.7529125213623047,
-0.3513425290584564,
0.09404414892196655,
0.2050381898880005,
-0.043360382318496704,
-0.19187597930431366,
0.46039071679115295,
-0.1208944320678711,
0.38246169686317444,
-0.27136287093162537,
0.5502768158912659,
-0.03455579653382301,
0.35937735438346863,
0.1152649000287056,
0.1742953211069107,
-0.6066082119941711,
-0.09619759023189545,
-0.31602612137794495,
-0.5398849248886108,
-0.1870560199022293,
-0.4938616454601288,
0.15241210162639618,
-0.2959260940551758,
0.6503585577011108,
0.07246745377779007,
-0.7477955222129822,
0.2439965456724167,
-1.9461722373962402,
0.30670949816703796,
-0.9822453856468201,
0.626233696937561,
0.21392884850502014,
0.605211079120636,
-0.009005998261272907,
0.0021789243910461664,
0.28577595949172974,
0.6509484648704529,
-0.049742165952920914,
-0.13296644389629364,
0.29343655705451965,
-0.7857571840286255,
0.46846431493759155,
0.12988945841789246,
0.43821781873703003,
0.4295887053012848,
0.058068957179784775,
-0.32257938385009766,
0.17175035178661346,
-0.48902541399002075,
-0.3084021508693695,
-0.33696088194847107,
-0.04516422376036644,
-0.27613452076911926,
-0.07963816076517105,
-0.14239315688610077,
-0.13715042173862457,
-0.01564457081258297,
-0.11224545538425446,
0.14444410800933838,
-0.17316177487373352,
0.060699570924043655,
0.17718738317489624,
-0.469975084066391,
0.8316845893859863,
0.571483850479126,
0.016225161030888557,
-0.7059568166732788,
-0.4111344516277313,
0.2346578985452652,
-0.22960181534290314,
-0.1219874769449234,
-0.42192402482032776,
-0.7482106685638428,
0.2672094702720642,
0.33996039628982544,
0.04248841851949692,
-0.02853449247777462,
0.22435709834098816,
-0.6377642750740051,
0.13978798687458038,
-0.32614558935165405,
-0.37508028745651245,
0.09290669113397598,
0.2049945890903473,
-0.22374166548252106,
-0.58272385597229,
0.2993928790092468,
-0.23077335953712463,
0.11493086814880371,
0.03473145514726639,
0.4780324399471283,
-0.13844196498394012,
0.11771339178085327,
0.1486014872789383,
0.5577574372291565,
-0.23232613503932953,
-0.6494044065475464,
-0.25013503432273865,
-0.4327790439128876,
-0.16005508601665497,
0.05646515265107155,
0.2028331160545349,
0.17457900941371918,
0.4112778902053833,
0.3024710416793823,
0.04966678470373154,
0.22889171540737152,
0.14151272177696228,
0.036100201308727264,
-0.21732185781002045,
0.11441250145435333,
0.179853618144989,
0.23871339857578278,
-0.33853861689567566,
0.15422864258289337,
-0.08263366669416428,
-0.5644885301589966,
-0.5107648372650146,
-0.588518500328064,
-0.23984652757644653,
0.48925554752349854,
-0.5312488079071045,
0.06708009541034698,
-0.39653000235557556,
-0.286477267742157,
1.0389982461929321,
-0.2667925953865051,
0.391600102186203,
-0.10120479017496109,
-0.20195871591567993,
-0.6415309906005859,
-0.013886701315641403,
0.11565770953893661,
-0.11122127622365952,
-0.6486719250679016,
0.022060077637434006,
0.33025336265563965,
0.6058710217475891,
0.05399500951170921,
-0.06078371778130531,
-0.3365459740161896,
-0.0011028419248759747,
0.1324148327112198,
-0.13148057460784912,
-0.023634079843759537,
0.2928595244884491,
0.13458114862442017,
0.002731512999162078,
0.08930850028991699,
-0.29635682702064514,
0.47142493724823,
-0.2508280873298645,
0.3034944534301758,
0.24550415575504303,
0.3625130355358124,
-0.6617294549942017,
0.043809596449136734,
0.7621792554855347,
0.029384341090917587,
0.21249675750732422,
0.048137445002794266,
-0.5994797348976135,
0.10509510338306427,
-0.23519739508628845,
-0.22864994406700134,
-0.3187473714351654,
-0.17183548212051392,
-0.18951161205768585,
-0.18196135759353638,
0.40537557005882263,
0.07376948744058609,
-0.4639087915420532,
-0.2104375958442688,
0.14864090085029602,
-0.4990867078304291,
0.8191920518875122,
-0.37814316153526306,
-0.4934583604335785,
0.39691752195358276,
0.018040906637907028,
0.2733081579208374,
0.0520414263010025,
0.10681726783514023,
0.6504640579223633,
-0.0472913458943367,
-0.32608845829963684,
-0.10074730962514877,
0.5024486184120178,
0.17735876142978668,
-0.11625083535909653,
0.3003298044204712,
0.13916702568531036,
0.1461426168680191,
0.37324050068855286,
0.27529996633529663,
0.1794826090335846,
-0.24679897725582123,
-1.0427086353302002,
-0.044466033577919006,
0.1885983943939209,
-0.024010945111513138,
0.45532751083374023,
0.04472550004720688,
0.026523437350988388,
0.06379338353872299,
0.13395585119724274,
0.683080792427063,
0.3677343726158142,
0.13483202457427979,
0.3558918535709381,
-0.7423784136772156,
0.2961116135120392,
0.6877532005310059,
-0.2508262097835541,
-0.397422194480896,
0.5087540745735168,
0.2875477373600006,
0.2834189236164093,
0.027294110506772995,
0.46379196643829346,
-0.13896474242210388,
-0.1864292472600937,
-0.011116760782897472,
-0.38061028718948364,
0.23611724376678467,
0.23986497521400452,
-0.10920345038175583,
0.025455234572291374,
-0.06815586239099503,
0.0905294194817543,
-0.304725706577301,
0.375373899936676,
0.2829746603965759,
-0.11609658598899841,
0.43440482020378113,
-0.22820469737052917,
-0.3676787316799164,
-0.0292342696338892,
0.2296769767999649,
0.43496090173721313,
-0.47306719422340393,
-0.6131269335746765,
-0.23752029240131378,
0.603253960609436,
0.2192283421754837,
0.24244892597198486,
-0.1282714605331421,
-0.3211989998817444,
-0.39428579807281494,
0.11051344126462936,
0.2111891806125641,
-0.3419126570224762,
0.4000798165798187,
-0.13807091116905212,
0.2427099198102951,
-0.10573165118694305,
0.06537391990423203,
-0.43230241537094116,
0.07458105683326721,
-0.2363273799419403,
-0.031782619655132294,
-0.07276850938796997,
0.218752920627594,
0.4757218062877655,
-0.3389773666858673,
-0.4200575649738312,
-0.16442088782787323,
-0.5076248049736023,
-0.42913487553596497,
-0.0697958916425705,
-0.6508833765983582,
-0.15748775005340576,
0.1422862708568573,
-0.2593412399291992,
-0.11434874683618546,
0.06824316084384918,
-0.0994388684630394,
0.1594403237104416,
0.1891639083623886,
-0.2667156755924225,
-0.3154972791671753,
-0.09692647308111191,
0.655210554599762,
0.2663448452949524,
0.20047922432422638,
0.9287975430488586,
0.2746691107749939,
-0.07138872146606445,
-0.38445863127708435,
-6.128996849060059,
0.3438904285430908,
-0.04293050616979599,
-0.09869229793548584,
0.3576768934726715,
-0.10228701680898666,
-0.03869961202144623,
-0.49938368797302246,
0.2907921373844147,
-0.49490275979042053,
-0.3704374134540558,
-0.020853161811828613,
-0.1453438252210617,
0.7663375735282898,
0.33830755949020386,
0.32853055000305176,
-0.17908357083797455,
-0.1224195659160614,
-0.5669890642166138,
0.29353660345077515,
-0.03626858815550804,
0.37158286571502686,
0.23283950984477997,
0.7061219215393066,
0.12287018448114395,
0.5529574155807495,
-0.37887537479400635,
0.021119382232427597,
-0.11748272180557251,
-0.13140720129013062,
-0.38025087118148804,
0.18955667316913605,
-0.01916719414293766,
0.4349019527435303,
0.25799065828323364,
0.3599574565887451,
0.6325123310089111,
-0.3264164626598358,
0.6145340800285339,
-0.16475354135036469,
-0.031250592321157455,
0.610907256603241,
-0.3300303816795349,
-0.8068946599960327,
-0.27801135182380676,
0.008323876187205315,
-0.43925732374191284,
0.46099257469177246,
0.06109808757901192,
0.5832958221435547,
-0.2518085241317749,
0.16725249588489532,
-0.14246919751167297,
0.3951925039291382,
0.2179965376853943,
-0.0022224823478609324,
0.202615424990654,
0.0048407623544335365,
-0.4918617606163025,
0.1780295968055725,
-0.16782455146312714,
-0.34780070185661316,
-0.38553160429000854,
-0.2757371664047241,
0.15658670663833618,
0.30974870920181274,
-0.20045465230941772,
-0.19532710313796997,
0.17562958598136902,
-0.007069824263453484,
-0.24508653581142426,
-0.21651454269886017,
0.08432423323392868,
-1.016558051109314,
-0.060010090470314026,
-0.5880759358406067,
-0.1518126130104065,
0.23347090184688568,
-0.3777201175689697,
0.5831016302108765,
0.20588186383247375,
0.10594797879457474,
-0.2219914346933365,
-0.6054919362068176,
0.29427966475486755,
-0.9185572862625122,
-0.2991131544113159,
0.0028344434686005116,
-0.022237537428736687,
-0.263041615486145,
0.6311469078063965,
-0.4331952631473541,
0.19818612933158875,
0.49158161878585815,
0.33851855993270874,
0.4929546117782593,
-0.03245723247528076,
0.333417683839798,
0.15507109463214874,
0.38101354241371155,
-0.04353877529501915,
-0.26490408182144165,
0.0404026135802269,
-0.47132495045661926,
0.006108299363404512,
-0.2839260995388031,
0.1518586128950119,
0.23679813742637634,
0.154103621840477,
-0.3764297366142273,
0.45437726378440857,
-0.46251195669174194,
-0.21014074981212616,
-0.5749673843383789,
0.817534327507019,
-0.12305818498134613,
0.009934092871844769,
0.6827589869499207,
0.38759371638298035,
-0.015093224123120308,
0.1304589807987213,
-0.20684105157852173,
-0.7280851602554321,
-0.06654444336891174,
-0.41228652000427246,
0.3056555390357971,
0.005933098029345274,
-0.17167536914348602,
0.3457268476486206,
0.41579675674438477,
-0.45833006501197815,
0.17636477947235107,
0.2429352104663849,
0.2885439991950989,
0.34497547149658203,
-0.15397024154663086,
-0.5697018504142761,
0.1836729645729065,
-0.0655399039387703,
0.2349870502948761,
0.39516210556030273,
-0.5568208694458008,
-0.003967261873185635,
-0.1175687238574028,
0.8695221543312073,
-0.12464717030525208,
-0.3862815797328949,
-0.2203102558851242,
0.5000821352005005,
0.006893307901918888,
0.3032817542552948,
0.7067168354988098,
0.4067719578742981,
0.017448876053094864,
-0.617770791053772,
-0.575285792350769,
-0.31908002495765686,
0.024708962067961693,
-0.22981983423233032,
0.22930116951465607,
0.5461925864219666,
-0.18908971548080444,
-1.2966867685317993,
-0.16478897631168365,
0.12137054651975632,
-0.22673919796943665,
0.012945076450705528,
-0.30309876799583435,
-0.31109818816185,
0.44346854090690613,
0.1960756480693817,
-0.08950914442539215,
0.07337143272161484,
0.4099659323692322,
-0.0781356617808342,
0.047904424369335175,
0.011722038500010967,
-0.09702250361442566,
0.3992229402065277,
0.6647860407829285,
-0.05073677748441696,
-0.17287732660770416,
-0.38585907220840454,
-0.023428693413734436,
0.26965582370758057,
-0.5148603916168213,
-0.2241022288799286,
0.14124873280525208,
-0.32234859466552734,
-0.3759192228317261,
0.09739359468221664,
0.1010182797908783,
0.46910616755485535,
0.5112988948822021,
-0.13951942324638367,
-0.21338555216789246,
-0.02178247645497322,
0.33605530858039856,
-0.02385312132537365,
-0.20323528349399567,
0.09741968661546707,
0.025380898267030716,
-0.7903252840042114,
-0.7215040326118469,
0.47590336203575134,
-0.3777042627334595,
0.4971762001514435,
-0.17885935306549072,
-0.16562898457050323,
0.2879335880279541,
-0.5969845652580261,
-0.3881118595600128,
0.45064613223075867,
0.09324511885643005,
-0.010737746953964233,
-0.19804051518440247,
0.05442514643073082,
0.01597306691110134,
-0.7059262990951538,
-0.7158632278442383,
0.15819326043128967,
-0.4896678626537323,
-0.5091906189918518,
-0.07438439875841141,
-0.7539452314376831,
-0.027324765920639038,
0.7571108341217041,
-0.8027023673057556,
0.28253304958343506,
0.02876861020922661,
0.052494537085294724,
0.07678915560245514,
-0.39105916023254395,
0.19858819246292114,
0.011825774796307087,
-0.0978117510676384,
-0.39189258217811584,
-0.2065400332212448,
0.17290836572647095,
0.11639904230833054,
0.3368515074253082,
0.44951900839805603,
0.38288038969039917,
-0.04797983169555664,
0.27026140689849854,
0.6276102066040039,
0.05955701321363449,
-0.6933826804161072,
-0.3146061599254608,
0.1425360143184662,
0.41813939809799194,
-0.22606109082698822,
-0.07902158051729202,
0.025122618302702904,
0.18108758330345154,
-1.1628261804580688,
-0.05145849660038948,
0.1298019140958786,
-0.2178054004907608,
0.9673807621002197,
-0.06583238393068314,
-0.3458801805973053,
-0.7128003835678101,
-0.14593490958213806,
-0.1470945030450821,
-0.003738773288205266,
-0.24566572904586792,
-0.2650572657585144,
-0.3443518579006195,
-0.007266880013048649,
0.526746928691864,
0.4926118552684784,
0.29650771617889404,
0.24236570298671722,
0.24658335745334625,
-0.5243510007858276,
-0.1306043267250061,
-0.16757935285568237,
0.2859824001789093,
-0.13712872564792633,
-0.4022396206855774,
0.16279877722263336,
0.05819927901029587,
-0.7134215235710144,
-0.06651736050844193,
-0.6975681185722351,
0.13327454030513763,
-0.2681668996810913,
-0.16490615904331207,
0.45230594277381897,
0.40864235162734985,
-0.0716678574681282,
0.01560985017567873,
0.05486280843615532,
0.07718680053949356,
-0.3427221179008484,
0.19874052703380585,
0.4898682236671448,
-0.2439883053302765,
0.2072814702987671,
0.03435424715280533,
0.3176378011703491,
0.02951299026608467,
-0.47625622153282166,
0.04509710147976875,
0.13042905926704407,
-0.028306158259510994,
-0.5054029822349548,
-0.6268228888511658,
0.07956867665052414,
0.4921976327896118,
-0.44080471992492676,
-0.045237548649311066,
0.5323983430862427,
0.034937646239995956,
0.4431738555431366,
0.3213791847229004,
-0.0890033021569252,
0.3130926787853241,
0.01629146933555603,
0.6183490753173828,
0.10652167350053787,
0.136651873588562,
-0.4552493691444397,
0.1065126433968544,
-0.1140689104795456,
-0.1460586041212082,
0.17997781932353973,
0.34055468440055847,
0.4375092685222626,
0.6130844354629517,
-0.4221881031990051,
0.3932121992111206,
0.07979882508516312,
-0.29324883222579956,
-0.3467620611190796,
-0.5827466249465942,
-0.33410611748695374,
0.04467834532260895,
0.2729416787624359,
0.25711748003959656,
0.003010361222550273,
-0.006535984575748444,
0.3174969553947449,
0.2032240480184555,
0.45165181159973145,
0.5262241363525391,
-0.13839632272720337,
-0.07068793475627899,
-0.0014772784197703004,
0.03754056617617607,
0.16240547597408295,
0.18533964455127716,
-0.4092337191104889,
0.2445008009672165,
-0.19965936243534088,
-0.21327166259288788,
0.03934713080525398,
0.1304006278514862,
-0.07942566275596619,
-0.36628827452659607,
0.06334919482469559,
0.39922046661376953,
-0.04466788098216057,
0.012316103093326092,
0.19921186566352844,
0.4380750358104706,
-0.1392868459224701,
0.11562791466712952,
-0.17563824355602264,
-0.11084045469760895,
0.40641337633132935,
-0.44975364208221436,
-0.1314450353384018,
0.04937977343797684,
-0.17887672781944275,
0.6481212973594666,
0.18166404962539673,
0.4310203194618225,
0.2849545180797577,
-0.34530436992645264,
-0.3859472870826721,
-0.5289479494094849,
-0.30281636118888855,
0.6576109528541565,
-0.47841882705688477,
0.021459653973579407,
0.027259154245257378,
-0.19573800265789032,
-0.20125430822372437,
0.4822179973125458,
-0.5856045484542847,
-0.1813984364271164,
0.3578347861766815,
-0.6721485257148743,
-0.28890249133110046,
0.20519176125526428,
0.5352687835693359,
0.43828150629997253,
-0.07049335539340973,
0.04347604885697365,
-0.1673586219549179,
0.04981902614235878,
0.013725776225328445,
-0.52482008934021,
-0.4075510799884796,
-0.5280836224555969,
0.14762406051158905,
-0.4277350902557373,
0.2436099797487259,
0.5294572710990906,
-0.14009319245815277,
-0.2754669785499573,
0.49957871437072754,
-0.1623794138431549,
0.2712171673774719,
0.4703628718852997,
0.6746008396148682,
0.41064733266830444,
-0.7439388036727905,
-0.15241186320781708,
-0.015841303393244743,
0.07656438648700714,
0.37192100286483765,
0.2772938013076782,
0.1709558069705963,
-0.13767337799072266,
0.1930672824382782,
-0.5370327830314636,
0.35276684165000916,
0.12594936788082123,
0.14890486001968384,
-0.03783450648188591,
0.33841556310653687,
0.3478725552558899,
-0.3571573793888092,
0.2987929880619049,
0.6227355003356934,
-0.154545396566391,
-0.2220866084098816,
-0.06566063314676285,
0.21257711946964264,
-0.20879565179347992,
-0.29981350898742676,
0.0468364842236042,
-0.14617398381233215,
-0.1313871294260025,
-0.5315427780151367,
-0.41892439126968384,
0.20478469133377075,
0.003270248183980584,
-0.06687137484550476,
0.41723600029945374,
-0.1134113222360611,
-0.15410837531089783,
-0.23438023030757904,
-0.07299352437257767,
-0.05816314369440079,
0.5091041326522827,
-0.12324465811252594
] |
232264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Grey%2C%202nd%20Earl%20Grey | Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey | Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party.
Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements, and as prime minister, his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms. The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform, bringing changes to the House of Commons. His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire.
Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s. In 1807, he resigned as foreign secretary to protest against King George III's uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation. Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland, and retired from politics. Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers, believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress.
Earl Grey tea is named after him.
Early life
Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall, Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB (1729–1807) and his wife, Elizabeth (1743/4–1822), daughter of George Grey of Southwick, co. Durham. He had four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at Richmond School, followed by Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation.
Titles
He became the second Earl Grey, Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father. Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick.
Government career
Elected to Parliament, 1786
Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786, aged just 22. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings. The Whig historian T. B. Macaulay wrote in 1841:
Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation. His affair with Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, herself an active political campaigner, did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband.
Foreign secretary, 1806–1807
In 1806, Grey, by then Lord Howick owing to his father's elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey, became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents (a coalition of Foxite Whigs, Grenvillites, and Addingtonites) as First Lord of the Admiralty.
Following Fox's death later that year, Howick took over both as foreign secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge, which Howick refused to do, that they would not "propose any further concessions to the Catholics".
Years in opposition, 1807–1830
The government fell from power the next year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords, succeeding his father as Earl Grey. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years. There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley. Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation. Grey's relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress, Princess Charlotte, turned to him for advice on how to avoid her father's choice of husband for her.
On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line. After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon, Grey became convinced of the French emperor's invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore, the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War. Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moore's successor, the Duke of Wellington. When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814, Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons' authoritarian monarchy; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year, he said that the change was an internal French matter.
In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne. The following year, when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as prime minister, it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government, which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington. When Wellington became prime minister in 1828, George IV (as the Prince Regent had become) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government.
Prime minister (1830–1834)
In 1830, following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as prime minister. In 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter. His term was a notable one, seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832, which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons, and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. As the years had passed, however, Grey had become more conservative, and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms, particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform.
Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Anthony Bacon, Jeremy Bentham and Grey, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment. In the same year, Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration (which was wound up in 1832).
It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Grey's premiership in 1834. Lord Anglesey, the Viceroy of Ireland, preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one, a policy known as "appropriation". The chief secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures. The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation, Stanley and others resigned. This triggered Grey to retire from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Unlike most politicians, he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback.
Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne, whom he, and especially his family, regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved. Grey became more critical as the decade went on, being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel O'Connell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot. He made no allowances for Melbourne's need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons, and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement, the Reform Act, which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future. He continually stressed its conservative nature. As he declared in his last great public speech, at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834, its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution, to make it more acceptable to the people at large, and especially the middle classes, who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act, and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual, "according to the increased intelligence of the people, and the necessities of the times". It was the speech of a conservative statesman.
Lord Grey's ministry, November 1830 – July 1834
Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor
Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council
Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal
Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty
Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control
Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General
Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio
Changes
June 1831 — Lord John Russell, the Paymaster of the Forces, and Edward Smith-Stanley, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, join the Cabinet.
April 1833 — Lord Goderich, now Lord Ripon, succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal. Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet. Edward Ellice, the Secretary at War, joins the Cabinet.
June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary. Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal. Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty. The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet. His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet. Charles Poulett Thomson, the President of the Board of Trade, and James Abercrombie, the Master of the Mint, join the Cabinet.
Personal life
Before his marriage, Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House, and they became lovers. In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France, where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter, who was raised by Grey's parents:
Eliza Courtney (20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859). She married Robert Ellice.
Marriage and legitimate children
On 18 November 1794, Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby (1776–1861), only daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Louisa Molesworth. The marriage was a fruitful one; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters:
unnamed daughter (stillborn, 1796)
Louisa Elizabeth Grey (7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841). She married John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, on 9 December 1816. They had five children, including Charles William, Grey's favourite grandson, who died young.
Elizabeth Grey (10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880). She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826. They had five children.
Caroline Grey (30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875). She married Captain George Barrington on 15 January 1827. They had two children
Georgiana Grey (17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900), who never married.
Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey (28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894). He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832.
General Charles Grey (15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870). He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836. They had seven children, including Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey.
Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey (23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878). He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846.
Mary Grey (2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884). She married Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, on 29 July 1829. They had seven children.
William Grey (13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815), who died at the age of six.
Admiral George Grey (16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891). He married Jane Stuart (daughter of Patrick Stuart (British Army general)) on 20 January 1845. They had eleven children.
Thomas Grey (29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826), who died at the age of fifteen.
Rev. John Grey MA, DD (2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895), Canon of Durham, Rector of Houghton-le-Spring. He married Lady Georgiana Hervey (daughter of Frederick William Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol) in July 1836. They had three children. He remarried Helen Spalding (maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown) on 11 April 1874.
Rev. Francis Richard Grey MA (31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890), Canon of Durham, Canon of Newcastle, Rector of Morpeth. He married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840.
Captain Henry Cavendish Grey (16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880)
William George Grey (15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865). He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858.
Later years and death
Grey spent his last years in contented, if sometimes fretful, retirement at Howick with his books, his family, and his dogs. The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson, Charles, at the age of 13. Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845, forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick. He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family, close friends, and the labourers on his estate.
His biographer G. M. Trevelyan argues:
Legacy
Grey is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column. The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statue's head was knocked off. The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro, located directly underneath. Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, which runs south-east from the monument, is also named after Grey.
Durham University's Grey College is named after Grey, who as prime minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university.
Earl Grey tea, a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew, is commonly believed to be named after Grey, although the term was apparently first used decades after his death.
References
Further reading
Brett, Peter. "Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey" in
Pennington, D.H."British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey." History Today (May 1951) 1#5 pp 21–27 online].
Phillips, John A., and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England." American historical review 100.2 (1995): 411–436. in JSTOR
online free
Other sources
Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources online
External links
1764 births
1845 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Whig (British political party) MPs
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Knights of the Garter
People from Howick, Northumberland
Earls Grey
Charles
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Tavistock
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Leaders of the House of Lords
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Politicians awarded knighthoods | [
-0.03578177094459534,
0.2511915862560272,
-0.3053712844848633,
-0.26969829201698303,
0.006216428708285093,
0.8291835188865662,
0.3756158947944641,
-0.3407980501651764,
-0.3227071762084961,
-0.6386522650718689,
-0.0139841940253973,
-0.04747586324810982,
-0.5404884219169617,
0.35429832339286804,
0.19982358813285828,
0.19864299893379211,
-0.24301064014434814,
-0.1453881561756134,
-0.2838244140148163,
-0.5433077216148376,
-0.06224922835826874,
0.2527589499950409,
0.027949240058660507,
0.23372890055179596,
0.20606578886508942,
-0.049085523933172226,
0.43954187631607056,
-0.411624014377594,
0.09068287163972855,
-0.10322944819927216,
0.4057503640651703,
0.21569091081619263,
0.018475402146577835,
0.09151462465524673,
-0.6349627375602722,
-0.16329355537891388,
-0.5264817476272583,
-0.6904556751251221,
-0.28334176540374756,
0.21074970066547394,
-0.3439638018608093,
0.27670347690582275,
0.30598682165145874,
-0.11953866481781006,
-0.11273175477981567,
-0.5454182624816895,
-1.3690334558486938,
-0.021388884633779526,
-0.022052979096770287,
-0.5195344686508179,
0.25528401136398315,
0.29749974608421326,
0.3819550573825836,
0.07783984392881393,
0.016018621623516083,
0.2037050575017929,
-0.5885232090950012,
0.0723312646150589,
-0.2638084292411804,
-0.03513960912823677,
-0.06061920151114464,
-0.10269764810800552,
0.4491649568080902,
0.08505259454250336,
0.13867545127868652,
0.07271727919578552,
-0.14941586554050446,
0.25509482622146606,
-0.22902359068393707,
0.5018442273139954,
0.10730241984128952,
0.30509209632873535,
0.4259275496006012,
0.983245313167572,
-0.02686859481036663,
0.2531001567840576,
0.2761741876602173,
0.393261581659317,
0.5236363410949707,
0.15348480641841888,
0.0488031841814518,
-0.7061439156532288,
0.6709945797920227,
-0.07169026136398315,
-0.26570141315460205,
0.32259973883628845,
0.3033301830291748,
1.109345555305481,
-0.23729218542575836,
0.1020079255104065,
-0.05874411761760712,
0.05761430785059929,
0.4342360198497772,
-0.2555234730243683,
-0.25914445519447327,
-0.4472702443599701,
0.3114980459213257,
-0.4346434772014618,
-0.5096045732498169,
-0.5857130289077759,
-0.09131886065006256,
0.0860697403550148,
0.1653919517993927,
0.2330402433872223,
-0.7222422361373901,
0.180739626288414,
-0.30770865082740784,
-0.35733190178871155,
-0.09369784593582153,
0.44551950693130493,
-0.14766837656497955,
0.6163433790206909,
-0.41328611969947815,
0.10255204141139984,
-0.13301752507686615,
-0.0906350314617157,
0.15634626150131226,
-0.6870695948600769,
-0.5354337096214294,
-0.04964560270309448,
0.026578299701213837,
0.0798979178071022,
0.10184771567583084,
0.3459033668041229,
-0.2553005814552307,
-0.14078021049499512,
0.31489187479019165,
-0.39786097407341003,
0.2757240831851959,
0.48275861144065857,
0.7104848027229309,
1.1476860046386719,
-0.4382852017879486,
-0.29409709572792053,
0.07454311102628708,
-0.3152330815792084,
-0.2015978842973709,
-0.07310403883457184,
0.05175371468067169,
0.09453300386667252,
-0.12576276063919067,
0.04378362372517586,
-0.2715078294277191,
0.050266921520233154,
-0.09180264174938202,
-0.013807813636958599,
-0.19511207938194275,
-0.19166773557662964,
-0.3552473187446594,
0.2113674283027649,
0.08685000240802765,
0.1883167177438736,
-0.2444801926612854,
-0.7336129546165466,
0.1558009684085846,
-0.12953175604343414,
0.465317040681839,
-0.07868592441082001,
0.3827647864818573,
0.0185529887676239,
-0.15204185247421265,
-0.01744724065065384,
0.16415339708328247,
-0.6934199333190918,
0.6831713914871216,
-0.09656539559364319,
0.4066466987133026,
0.04434390738606453,
-0.36744067072868347,
0.09070135653018951,
-0.4031737744808197,
0.14465545117855072,
0.40229737758636475,
0.40242552757263184,
-0.15739388763904572,
0.9965008497238159,
0.5785977840423584,
0.36066579818725586,
0.4191078543663025,
-0.5634223818778992,
-0.7730243802070618,
0.08591338247060776,
0.405745267868042,
-0.1575094759464264,
0.6607432961463928,
0.2601851522922516,
0.3186718821525574,
-0.3530014753341675,
0.5468496680259705,
-0.4027651846408844,
-0.11565029621124268,
-0.7746543288230896,
-0.06319064646959305,
-0.5677100419998169,
0.36461982131004333,
0.23577353358268738,
-0.3836873769760132,
0.003355549182742834,
0.3114025890827179,
0.9717085361480713,
0.34411177039146423,
-0.23167996108531952,
0.4894489347934723,
-0.3069709241390228,
0.1461079865694046,
-0.060668569058179855,
0.07988442480564117,
0.2624472975730896,
0.38208404183387756,
0.7720991969108582,
0.5308220386505127,
-0.21815456449985504,
-0.11537441611289978,
0.3469981551170349,
0.12850680947303772,
-0.6326782703399658,
-0.1569283902645111,
-0.5166975855827332,
0.09471843391656876,
-0.29202720522880554,
0.46115362644195557,
0.6941599249839783,
-0.023700861260294914,
1.040919542312622,
-0.12836365401744843,
0.8809657096862793,
-0.09397474676370621,
-0.05299873650074005,
-0.743573784828186,
-0.9817583560943604,
-0.0035686290357261896,
0.2419562041759491,
0.1612066924571991,
-0.3801822066307068,
0.34295275807380676,
0.10923141241073608,
-0.10428815335035324,
-0.2823457717895508,
0.15739431977272034,
-0.2728758156299591,
0.24356259405612946,
0.2377648949623108,
-0.261369526386261,
0.4227767884731293,
0.0843915343284607,
0.7616657614707947,
-0.2266945242881775,
-0.17347420752048492,
-0.4463043510913849,
-0.0498235709965229,
0.060295045375823975,
0.22317475080490112,
0.40872660279273987,
0.4310469925403595,
0.19927984476089478,
-0.38841310143470764,
0.07951191067695618,
0.35337215662002563,
0.02257169969379902,
1.073771595954895,
-0.18333424627780914,
0.377752423286438,
0.17281536757946014,
0.42403891682624817,
0.36613109707832336,
0.3436918258666992,
0.10043735057115555,
-0.20805451273918152,
0.016232050955295563,
-0.14993834495544434,
0.45149025321006775,
-0.30004602670669556,
-0.5836465358734131,
-0.021876046434044838,
0.7644830942153931,
-0.3414323925971985,
-0.3353744447231293,
0.9621261954307556,
-0.4788477122783661,
-0.7393959760665894,
0.24303872883319855,
0.5818194150924683,
-0.9416078329086304,
0.17865227162837982,
-0.1218373253941536,
-0.5918574333190918,
-0.12930798530578613,
-0.6246335506439209,
0.0544220507144928,
0.1607353389263153,
-0.5242326259613037,
0.30030345916748047,
-0.18265877664089203,
-0.3681846559047699,
-0.5522609353065491,
0.4582785665988922,
-0.5351330041885376,
-0.4583247900009155,
0.2829045057296753,
-0.35842010378837585,
-0.23059183359146118,
-0.15034563839435577,
0.4025398790836334,
0.09409622848033905,
0.18698158860206604,
-0.10185164213180542,
-0.03039291314780712,
-0.4278334379196167,
-5.612765312194824,
-0.06693312525749207,
0.2773130536079407,
-0.42171838879585266,
0.1076965183019638,
0.09542820602655411,
0.12604732811450958,
-0.25135982036590576,
0.34525132179260254,
-0.1134280413389206,
1.0787261724472046,
-0.3370678126811981,
0.10481932759284973,
0.2467716783285141,
0.5413101315498352,
0.30961066484451294,
0.8976444005966187,
0.2563183307647705,
0.37522000074386597,
0.2909255623817444,
-0.1432858109474182,
0.28420713543891907,
0.5553992390632629,
0.043587684631347656,
0.6600579619407654,
0.18872064352035522,
-0.34103721380233765,
-0.20832759141921997,
-0.4150499105453491,
-0.7296375036239624,
0.24721801280975342,
0.3635912537574768,
0.6142701506614685,
0.21577315032482147,
0.06056595221161842,
-0.4744186997413635,
0.09094291180372238,
0.4732123911380768,
-0.1297205537557602,
0.33955439925193787,
0.05082465335726738,
0.09775710105895996,
-0.6997751593589783,
-0.00704188784584403,
0.13996094465255737,
-0.47553110122680664,
-0.5972939133644104,
0.444951593875885,
0.12411901354789734,
0.2873733341693878,
-0.1265709549188614,
0.4948675036430359,
-0.5232292413711548,
-0.16799619793891907,
-0.13732440769672394,
1.0656728744506836,
-0.02329910919070244,
0.32821905612945557,
-1.0368255376815796,
0.21314890682697296,
0.712557852268219,
-0.5445931553840637,
0.01609940268099308,
0.7503344416618347,
-0.08142667263746262,
-0.07182885706424713,
-0.2033017873764038,
-0.012944783084094524,
0.6339468955993652,
0.2592061460018158,
0.042567189782857895,
0.0011166699696332216,
0.5358190536499023,
-1.0060592889785767,
-0.4157944619655609,
-0.6193658113479614,
-0.051820795983076096,
0.4545401632785797,
-0.12275774776935577,
-0.3624665141105652,
-0.4100603759288788,
-0.182554692029953,
-0.21524377167224884,
0.8651434779167175,
0.24902880191802979,
-0.16628873348236084,
-0.648520290851593,
0.12961120903491974,
-0.002915646880865097,
-0.056977126747369766,
0.10606792569160461,
-1.2153620719909668,
-0.6767531633377075,
-0.0015459400601685047,
0.20511342585086823,
-0.6438193917274475,
0.1959325522184372,
0.5120192170143127,
0.08542866259813309,
-0.15094679594039917,
-0.5117709636688232,
-0.04494471102952957,
-0.243452787399292,
-0.6495119333267212,
0.39655444025993347,
-0.2931942641735077,
0.16033639013767242,
0.567533016204834,
0.18736626207828522,
-0.13908304274082184,
0.20902468264102936,
-0.13157294690608978,
-0.5797337293624878,
-0.3158380091190338,
-0.3170682191848755,
-0.6330227851867676,
0.006459096912294626,
-0.25209128856658936,
0.838197648525238,
0.1503646820783615,
-0.24742291867733002,
0.6371493935585022,
-0.5430710911750793,
0.11879413574934006,
-0.6065582633018494,
0.5510842204093933,
0.5005350708961487,
-0.7617259621620178,
-0.7910594940185547,
0.23400649428367615,
0.5462729930877686,
0.660295844078064,
-0.15933530032634735,
0.10793527960777283,
-0.0003129896067548543,
-0.25671306252479553,
0.14253315329551697,
-0.10753416270017624,
-0.04000115767121315,
-0.051306504756212234,
-0.07991106808185577,
-0.2543182373046875,
-0.10836866497993469,
-0.03563803806900978,
0.5809657573699951,
0.0008129982743412256,
-0.050193991512060165,
-0.060604725033044815,
0.030541058629751205,
0.4190848171710968,
0.05448155105113983,
-0.36282879114151,
0.36339879035949707,
-0.21412618458271027,
-0.30275651812553406,
-0.039143942296504974,
-0.6060502529144287,
-0.08263269066810608,
-0.6894113421440125,
-0.7291129231452942,
0.05204428359866142,
0.16333037614822388,
-0.6737021803855896,
-0.39918532967567444,
0.4361594021320343,
0.3748200535774231,
-0.6705350875854492,
-0.40846967697143555,
-0.757844090461731,
0.6598251461982727,
0.5337417721748352,
-0.853117823600769,
0.04726465046405792,
-0.40868255496025085,
-0.18224895000457764,
0.005879848729819059,
-0.0016720615094527602,
0.08238261938095093,
-0.06598661839962006,
0.1622694432735443,
0.05558430030941963,
0.25240275263786316,
-0.4045971632003784,
-0.0885130986571312,
0.5071859359741211,
0.01850433088839054,
-0.6257768273353577,
-0.3220903277397156,
0.1390010118484497,
-0.33552560210227966,
0.035979799926280975,
-0.32590726017951965,
0.19373281300067902,
0.48567768931388855,
-0.24840225279331207,
0.12074439227581024,
0.04472867026925087,
0.12695422768592834,
0.06719088554382324,
-0.436941534280777,
-0.4169957935810089,
0.42944175004959106,
0.27527210116386414,
-0.6574926376342773,
-0.1354721486568451,
-0.6998298168182373,
-0.3226163387298584,
-0.15590962767601013,
0.23864294588565826,
0.7735956311225891,
-0.1517205834388733,
-0.6384482383728027,
0.019795937463641167,
0.2710181772708893,
-0.03077685460448265,
0.010404293425381184,
-0.05392041802406311,
0.14300858974456787,
0.4162902534008026,
-0.6951302886009216,
-0.5937063097953796,
-0.04893867298960686,
-0.3552369773387909,
-0.03688446059823036,
-0.15445320308208466,
-0.05109340697526932,
0.19186663627624512,
-0.371489554643631,
0.7587329149246216,
-0.19853469729423523,
-0.24520589411258698,
0.17513728141784668,
-0.07959026098251343,
0.7913162708282471,
-0.08122847229242325,
0.1810828298330307,
0.8112272024154663,
0.1849960833787918,
-0.16458533704280853,
0.08008874207735062,
1.062429666519165,
1.1643438339233398,
0.27507978677749634,
-0.4242374300956726,
0.010925310663878918,
0.30353766679763794,
-0.026878828182816505,
-0.4963948428630829,
-0.1968490183353424,
0.212763711810112,
0.1159963607788086,
-0.4161953330039978,
-0.43597209453582764,
-0.35526740550994873,
0.1136036142706871,
-0.540463924407959,
0.30864468216896057,
0.35459375381469727,
0.208790585398674,
0.3728143870830536,
-0.20413430035114288,
0.33004745841026306,
0.25928759574890137,
0.010258987545967102,
0.39271286129951477,
0.36104536056518555,
0.011490536853671074,
0.26986685395240784,
-0.32384058833122253,
-0.29690417647361755,
-0.5421297550201416,
-0.3432355225086212,
-0.5271486639976501,
0.20600588619709015,
-0.23894336819648743,
0.1317485123872757,
0.12411590665578842,
-0.5916827917098999,
0.8343187570571899,
-0.4530734717845917,
-0.9553016424179077,
-0.46157318353652954,
0.05554617941379547,
-0.7415534257888794,
-0.2248522788286209,
-0.8585109114646912,
0.13001896440982819,
0.07473631948232651,
-0.14537033438682556,
-0.29561862349510193,
-0.1993025839328766,
-0.4203353226184845,
-0.04688182473182678,
-0.4862757921218872,
-0.2344626784324646,
0.38447004556655884,
-0.7136741280555725,
0.4763822853565216,
-0.03962758556008339,
-0.12117622792720795,
-0.2831370234489441,
0.6709001064300537,
0.22928084433078766,
-0.0518014095723629,
0.34401941299438477,
0.3544882535934448,
0.036035917699337006,
-0.399787038564682,
-0.40852096676826477,
-0.243907168507576,
0.26822423934936523,
-0.2002723217010498,
0.029219428077340126,
0.22863440215587616,
-0.6005196571350098,
-0.2628333568572998,
0.5185104608535767,
-0.41990622878074646,
-0.032499656081199646,
0.023515570908784866,
0.07973478734493256,
-0.07765789330005646,
-0.04601079225540161,
-0.04558635875582695,
0.3636932671070099,
0.27957892417907715,
-0.1625206470489502,
0.6041900515556335,
-0.030699970200657845,
0.2659200429916382,
-0.009138555265963078,
-0.30449178814888,
-0.7997438311576843,
0.6663140058517456,
-0.5591404438018799,
0.03939678147435188,
0.4083987772464752,
-0.38994646072387695,
0.07549867779016495,
0.2596268355846405,
0.5391970276832581,
1.3890161514282227,
-0.23862925171852112,
-0.20577052235603333,
0.11001709848642349,
0.482146680355072,
-0.3747939467430115,
0.1382213532924652,
0.06731592118740082,
0.23070988059043884,
0.4871874153614044,
0.22203241288661957,
0.29792657494544983,
-0.8726184368133545,
-0.015547972172498703,
0.7381200194358826,
0.7083597779273987,
-0.4250084161758423,
-0.37308672070503235,
0.20717251300811768,
-0.1243152916431427,
-0.6575194001197815,
0.7840312719345093,
-0.03740021213889122,
0.31156235933303833,
0.0513918362557888,
-0.034673433750867844,
-0.1519661247730255,
0.249905064702034,
0.2681460976600647,
-0.11465060710906982,
-0.5512287020683289,
-0.09933231770992279,
-0.8711420893669128,
-0.19535645842552185,
0.41446515917778015,
0.5099860429763794,
-0.06507278233766556,
-0.18170666694641113,
-0.08916077762842178,
-0.263584703207016,
-0.19078491628170013,
0.2857729494571686,
-0.9303638339042664,
-0.06935080885887146,
0.20819737017154694,
-0.3446228504180908,
0.2378074824810028,
-0.7816116213798523,
-0.6132848858833313,
0.6677855253219604,
-0.6027798056602478,
-0.4847673773765564,
0.25982892513275146,
-0.6660279631614685,
-0.504508376121521,
0.3739236891269684,
0.9596396684646606,
0.5995539426803589,
-0.39849570393562317,
-0.19551804661750793,
0.16114376485347748,
-0.4291602075099945,
-0.054979484528303146,
-0.03220624849200249,
0.5771704316139221,
0.052299123257398605,
-0.06999349594116211,
-1.1528739929199219,
0.09560558944940567,
-0.29711753129959106,
0.009678676724433899,
-0.5414732098579407,
0.33634448051452637,
-0.17416706681251526,
0.014054421335458755,
0.40776804089546204,
-0.47147491574287415,
-0.27885594964027405,
0.04283670708537102,
0.0458822175860405,
0.23384785652160645,
0.03210728242993355,
0.005295293405652046,
0.19657482206821442,
-0.10370597243309021,
0.8303846716880798,
0.10515543073415756,
-0.556759774684906,
0.708018958568573,
-0.45513707399368286,
-0.10836821049451828,
-0.49460357427597046,
-0.1793963611125946,
-0.05967184156179428,
-0.13996921479701996,
0.5913040041923523,
0.941169798374176,
-0.137099027633667,
-0.02407664805650711,
0.3193856179714203,
-0.1729278415441513,
0.5699232220649719,
0.2531849443912506,
0.36222609877586365,
-0.023935897275805473,
-0.06157699599862099,
-0.1363256573677063,
-0.20212815701961517,
0.4948132634162903,
0.4845634996891022,
0.14378131926059723,
0.3945726156234741,
-0.5799779891967773,
0.8370224237442017,
-0.614311158657074,
-0.04008600860834122,
-0.4421941637992859,
0.29358047246932983,
0.18636786937713623
] |
232267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall%20Magnum | Vauxhall Magnum | The Vauxhall Magnum is a car which was manufactured by Vauxhall from 1973 to 1978. First seen at the London Motor Show in October 1973, the Magnum was an HC Viva with a larger engine, more luxurious interior, higher trim level and four rather than two headlights. It shared its suspension and drive train with the larger-engined variants of the Vauxhall Viva and Firenza.
The smaller-engined version used the 1800 cc Slant-Four engine, and a twin-dial instrument panel, while the more powerful version used the 2279 cc Slant-Four and had a seven-dial instrument panel. Both were available in 2- and 4-door versions, a fastback-shaped 3-door estate and a coupé. All had "Rostyle" wheels. Confusingly, it was also possible to buy certain Viva models with the larger engines, but with vinyl interior trim. The continuing lack of coherency of the model range during that period was one of Vauxhall's main marketing problems. Late in the model's life there was a mild "upgrade" which saw the 2300 switch from twin to single carb with a drop of 2 hp to 108 hp, although the 1800 jumped from 77 hp to 88 hp which cut the 0-60 mph time by 3s to 12.5s, and raised the top speed to 100 mph from 93 mph previously.
The Magnum badge also superseded the Firenza badge used on the two-door coupé model, which name was then used exclusively for the HPF "droopsnoot" model from 1974 (see Firenza). The Magnum model range continued until 1978: by then it was increasingly being overshadowed in the domestic market place by the Ascona based Vauxhall Cavalier.
The various trim and body options that were originally exclusive to the Magnum made their way over to the Viva, producing the top-of-the-line Viva GLS, in a bid to shore up the increasingly poor sales of the model. The main difference aside from badging was that the Viva GLS only had the 1256cc and 1759cc engines, the latter only with an automatic box. The Viva range was finally discontinued in 1979. The Magnum name was adopted for the Viva 1300 in New Zealand from 1975, where it had the four headlight frontal treatment of the British Magnum, but standard Viva interior trim.
A special variant of the Magnum estate, known as the Sportshatch, was produced in limited numbers (197) in 1976. This model used the "droopsnoot" nose cone, which had been designed by Wayne Cherry, Vauxhall's Chief Design Engineer to be used in the HP Firenza Droop Snoot model. In Trevor Alder's book "Vauxhall - The Post War Years" mention is made of a HP Firenza Sport Hatch prototype which was a one-off and was painted in silver starfire, with a six-light version of the droop snoot nose and also sharing the Viva/Magnum estate body shell. This car (registration plate GNK 31N) has survived and is known to be in the hands of Vauxhall enthusiasts.
The HP Firenza project was proposed to produce over 2,000 cars a year, but production of this model ceased after just 204 examples were built. Some nose cones were left over at end of production and these were used in the limited run of "Sports Hatch" models as described above.
The Sports Hatch limited edition did not share the uprated 2279cc slant four engine with the HP Firenza Droop Snoot model, but instead was fitted with the standard tune single carb 2279cc slant four engine and running gear of the Magnum. Also included in the standard specification was the famous "seven dial dash", Avon Safety Wheels and a distinctive paint finish in a then brand new Vauxhall "Extra Dark Wine" (only available otherwise on the brand new for 1976 VX 2300 GLS model) which was complemented with bright red striping and highlights. This model was always rare with 197 vehicles being completed and is now highly collectable. Vauxhall marketed this car as a "hatchback", since it was coming under increasing pressure from new European models such as the Golf that were hatchbacks. However, the Sportshatch shared its bodyshell with the Viva Estate (which was only ever produced in a two-door plus tailgate configuration).
The Magnum coupe is also worthy of mention in the Magnum range. There were only 1692 coupes produced from late 1973 to early 1975 with the majority sold later in the model's life due to the 1973 oil crisis. The Magnum range had larger engines than most other Vauxhalls thus were one of the cars with the most affected sales in this period. The 2279cc engined car had a particularly short run of only 525, according to Vauxhall 427 cars were produced in 1974 and 98 in 1975, only 1167 1759cc engined coupes were produced.
Performance was quite brisk, but fuel economy was never the Magnum's (or the Vauxhall Slant Four Engine's generally) strong point. In normal use the Magnum 2300 would manage around 25mpg, rising to over 30mpg on a restrained motorway journey.
Variations
References
External links
The Vauxhall Viva Owner's Club (Owner's Club catering for all Viva models)
DroopSnoot Group (Owners' Club catering for Vauxhall's 'droopsnoot' model cars, including the Firenza, Magnum and Chevette HS/R)
Vauxhall Heritage (Suppliers of Heritage Vauxhall Spare Parts, closed down)
Vauxhall Green Parts (Suppliers of Heritage Vauxhall Spares, took over stock from Vauxhall Heritage)
VBOA (Vauxhall, Bedford and Opel Association)
Viva Outlaws (Owners Club catering for modified and racing Vivas, owners of the Viva GT Register)
Viva Drivers Club (Owners Club catering for all Viva models, for owners who wish to drive their Vivas)
Magnum
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Station wagons | [
-0.25377142429351807,
0.25344154238700867,
0.27475401759147644,
0.25956958532333374,
-0.2366207242012024,
0.4720095992088318,
0.21440348029136658,
-0.2776499092578888,
-0.1563829481601715,
0.5252240896224976,
0.25117582082748413,
0.40757888555526733,
0.2641863524913788,
0.39000335335731506,
0.29295140504837036,
0.17020924389362335,
0.8417466878890991,
0.16396285593509674,
0.09412351250648499,
-0.6109365820884705,
0.5985561013221741,
-0.3396510183811188,
0.2002277374267578,
-0.26052477955818176,
-0.06804509460926056,
0.36320215463638306,
0.22051367163658142,
0.3309059143066406,
0.38492071628570557,
0.27655479311943054,
-0.2835202217102051,
0.46140244603157043,
-0.2523997724056244,
-0.21326634287834167,
0.1658785045146942,
-0.23441825807094574,
0.33915141224861145,
-0.16445203125476837,
-0.09818249940872192,
-0.37391144037246704,
-0.006872400641441345,
-0.5357322096824646,
0.041158925741910934,
-0.06365516781806946,
-0.3668781816959381,
-0.2337210327386856,
-0.8826542496681213,
-0.2527727484703064,
-0.552969753742218,
0.20304161310195923,
0.156574547290802,
0.47938433289527893,
0.08887641876935959,
0.49261167645454407,
0.22745299339294434,
0.7716113924980164,
-0.4724620282649994,
-0.5756266117095947,
-0.22869370877742767,
-0.49443182349205017,
0.35354822874069214,
0.0428224541246891,
0.09846599400043488,
0.18784254789352417,
-0.5856130719184875,
-0.0112002557143569,
0.23298734426498413,
-0.4238530993461609,
-0.420028954744339,
-0.04066518694162369,
-0.5348567962646484,
-0.7356722354888916,
0.12240071594715118,
0.24105258285999298,
-0.3230898082256317,
-0.3434637188911438,
0.28496018052101135,
0.37319234013557434,
0.45806872844696045,
0.2766096293926239,
0.8426785469055176,
-0.2898429036140442,
1.0804970264434814,
1.0044022798538208,
0.1877797544002533,
0.7878596782684326,
-0.21953552961349487,
-0.17978842556476593,
0.11652926355600357,
0.1451309323310852,
-0.7378897666931152,
-0.5357467532157898,
0.7122911214828491,
0.2414388209581375,
-0.7584572434425354,
-0.2694658935070038,
0.47120803594589233,
-0.17581284046173096,
0.7543547749519348,
-0.05681078881025314,
0.07178478688001633,
-0.10537568479776382,
-0.12448200583457947,
-0.3970891535282135,
-0.3017566204071045,
-0.004078162368386984,
-0.5181971192359924,
-0.2895526885986328,
0.03922746703028679,
-0.03573473542928696,
-0.15158267319202423,
-0.32291388511657715,
-0.058175716549158096,
-0.19647303223609924,
-0.036474768072366714,
-0.19859324395656586,
-0.12925000488758087,
-0.23868685960769653,
0.09657919406890869,
0.8412987589836121,
0.3596835136413574,
0.01729796826839447,
0.30672982335090637,
0.374038964509964,
0.08054284751415253,
0.27915212512016296,
0.7414839267730713,
0.8257824778556824,
-0.4146794080734253,
0.25740474462509155,
0.17059263586997986,
0.9171023964881897,
-0.07365504652261734,
-0.06340790539979935,
-0.3524152338504791,
-0.09795273840427399,
0.3642778992652893,
-0.22838810086250305,
-0.08356977999210358,
0.34192195534706116,
0.04787497967481613,
0.33094891905784607,
-0.5007196664810181,
-0.7508896589279175,
0.23517568409442902,
-0.045068446546792984,
0.314755380153656,
0.26703789830207825,
-0.32598522305488586,
-0.8873922824859619,
0.5323255062103271,
-0.10849978029727936,
0.7129465937614441,
-0.216158926486969,
0.3040933907032013,
0.3451497554779053,
-0.05827871710062027,
-0.3994120955467224,
-0.02649841643869877,
0.006432477384805679,
-0.30794596672058105,
0.13143831491470337,
-0.5568646788597107,
0.04758129641413689,
0.05558463931083679,
-0.35036352276802063,
0.29394111037254333,
-0.39992982149124146,
-0.07229368388652802,
0.08625806123018265,
-0.17268095910549164,
0.10184787213802338,
1.0164752006530762,
-0.14782759547233582,
-0.116538867354393,
0.38705962896347046,
0.9516335129737854,
0.6845261454582214,
0.5623490810394287,
0.19665242731571198,
-0.4323556423187256,
0.17015080153942108,
0.10454859584569931,
-0.05277038738131523,
1.2277870178222656,
0.6250142455101013,
0.9206968545913696,
0.21723471581935883,
-0.6369657516479492,
-0.23994095623493195,
-0.2667219638824463,
-0.3298180401325226,
-0.19602933526039124,
-0.5292313694953918,
0.6780949234962463,
-0.6883528828620911,
-0.6023285388946533,
0.21590299904346466,
-0.13990095257759094,
1.1832573413848877,
-0.3054228127002716,
0.406832218170166,
0.6896896958351135,
-0.7745597958564758,
-0.2669937014579773,
-0.2944320738315582,
0.4246675670146942,
-0.17285500466823578,
0.21514269709587097,
1.0157324075698853,
0.09961828589439392,
-1.0212314128875732,
0.17879392206668854,
0.6181203126907349,
0.08461451530456543,
-0.01792130619287491,
-0.357705295085907,
-0.2363908737897873,
0.23336724936962128,
-0.058569978922605515,
0.867048442363739,
0.4143260419368744,
-0.1904188096523285,
0.18328791856765747,
-0.5773068070411682,
0.20610977709293365,
-0.07991281151771545,
-0.34026336669921875,
0.00791090726852417,
-0.2997097373008728,
-0.06305994838476181,
0.6533669233322144,
-0.21837027370929718,
-0.5492205619812012,
0.05947967618703842,
0.6075071096420288,
0.5936249494552612,
-0.4745534360408783,
0.4728775918483734,
-0.22657111287117004,
0.6086947321891785,
0.2636934220790863,
-0.08223860710859299,
0.40046563744544983,
0.47948241233825684,
0.06286848336458206,
0.2210022211074829,
0.7091745734214783,
-0.08365274965763092,
-0.7336945533752441,
-0.3632656931877136,
0.6149426102638245,
-0.032665688544511795,
0.10076530277729034,
0.16157406568527222,
-0.04907023534178734,
-0.10849986970424652,
0.12998723983764648,
0.26746994256973267,
0.5055429339408875,
-0.43328025937080383,
0.21799114346504211,
0.22326521575450897,
0.16002419590950012,
-0.04988999292254448,
-0.11063264310359955,
-0.19016453623771667,
-0.1839110553264618,
-0.05289991945028305,
0.22074493765830994,
-0.7740582823753357,
0.05524936690926552,
-0.20445433259010315,
0.23577801883220673,
0.015111034736037254,
0.025057220831513405,
-0.7403026223182678,
0.20953628420829773,
0.09199079126119614,
-0.7823224067687988,
0.3437521755695343,
0.4633944630622864,
0.6999750733375549,
-0.3080633580684662,
-0.2819065749645233,
0.3094140291213989,
-0.10997278988361359,
-0.4052388072013855,
-0.08531860262155533,
-0.5329853296279907,
0.1037454754114151,
0.046310145407915115,
-0.5557984709739685,
0.025202885270118713,
-0.2595877945423126,
-0.23602983355522156,
-0.5168740153312683,
0.1441909521818161,
0.3146878182888031,
-0.08400813490152359,
-0.39528176188468933,
0.5562695860862732,
-0.6484828591346741,
-0.06283188611268997,
1.175036907196045,
-0.28566673398017883,
-0.05561560019850731,
-0.823554515838623,
-5.457659721374512,
-0.18154145777225494,
0.14496773481369019,
0.2355930060148239,
0.36629557609558105,
0.18600337207317352,
0.14826728403568268,
-0.03308534622192383,
-0.9826406240463257,
-0.4815657436847687,
0.18554693460464478,
0.24604211747646332,
-0.24043527245521545,
0.22000795602798462,
-0.15495209395885468,
0.8024730086326599,
0.5609006881713867,
-0.1408596932888031,
0.20972028374671936,
-0.30105775594711304,
-0.07018644362688065,
-0.17166823148727417,
-0.5540568232536316,
-0.2884819805622101,
0.2486482858657837,
-0.20626559853553772,
-0.36348071694374084,
0.3300911486148834,
-0.7937379479408264,
0.3046594560146332,
-0.8612408638000488,
0.4271654188632965,
-0.34047821164131165,
-0.09560956805944443,
-0.16739585995674133,
0.34151890873908997,
0.06629080325365067,
-0.44090354442596436,
0.5238696932792664,
-0.14724989235401154,
0.049833908677101135,
0.23087424039840698,
0.7461168169975281,
-0.13416841626167297,
0.5204174518585205,
0.009145357646048069,
-0.22898626327514648,
-0.501849889755249,
-0.15813684463500977,
0.2946816384792328,
-0.010188017040491104,
-0.2720237374305725,
-0.380922794342041,
-0.17958219349384308,
0.5364112854003906,
-0.10032153129577637,
0.22000347077846527,
0.17582380771636963,
0.3623974621295929,
0.5525692105293274,
0.09270015358924866,
-0.4081915318965912,
-0.33437579870224,
-0.022502319887280464,
-0.5190039873123169,
-0.10244627296924591,
0.027496974915266037,
0.26883095502853394,
0.19688738882541656,
0.05129101499915123,
-0.25470131635665894,
0.49047547578811646,
-0.1354225128889084,
-1.0951869487762451,
-0.3849044442176819,
-0.5308490991592407,
0.40233904123306274,
0.22527764737606049,
-0.6148836016654968,
0.697567880153656,
0.3036502003669739,
-0.2677823007106781,
-0.5381460189819336,
0.17445072531700134,
-0.08970669656991959,
-0.7338798642158508,
-0.18592309951782227,
0.44478917121887207,
0.15764576196670532,
-0.19959163665771484,
0.25240176916122437,
-0.3381640911102295,
-0.20475679636001587,
-0.014137005433440208,
-0.03930478170514107,
-0.38810598850250244,
-0.13447053730487823,
0.005661953706294298,
-0.34351086616516113,
-0.698114812374115,
-0.3872573971748352,
-0.2374984323978424,
-0.08532534539699554,
-0.6139013171195984,
-0.9319369792938232,
-0.7051450610160828,
-0.4028525650501251,
0.40272030234336853,
0.4193870425224304,
0.2510945200920105,
-0.1200137808918953,
-0.5676039457321167,
-0.5241279602050781,
-0.04217158257961273,
0.7407726049423218,
-0.13728547096252441,
-0.26486608386039734,
0.47888660430908203,
0.015209910459816456,
-0.7572950124740601,
0.007090935483574867,
0.674046516418457,
-0.7610931396484375,
-0.7379712462425232,
-0.9186630845069885,
0.23093082010746002,
-0.28261637687683105,
-0.055157192051410675,
-0.3558838665485382,
-0.006038588937371969,
-0.1470029652118683,
0.3000759184360504,
-0.16539153456687927,
0.43841227889060974,
-0.058019012212753296,
0.006919772829860449,
-0.540641725063324,
0.03437504544854164,
0.6241399049758911,
0.06603749841451645,
0.5202208757400513,
0.0933503583073616,
0.36016401648521423,
-0.2822302579879761,
0.2659657597541809,
0.47770437598228455,
0.44133198261260986,
-0.4997981786727905,
-0.2899843454360962,
0.35796278715133667,
0.15272091329097748,
-0.32423362135887146,
0.6423734426498413,
-0.29944753646850586,
0.4271126687526703,
-0.6678508520126343,
0.1854202300310135,
0.3082318902015686,
0.09848760068416595,
-0.6490256786346436,
0.01269570179283619,
0.10086917877197266,
-0.4782133400440216,
0.14603854715824127,
0.7631660103797913,
-0.00364801287651062,
0.17348842322826385,
-1.0970683097839355,
-0.303863525390625,
0.67222660779953,
0.46512776613235474,
-0.368461549282074,
-0.46031925082206726,
-0.19264797866344452,
0.552206814289093,
0.44262856245040894,
0.4650116562843323,
-0.3167074918746948,
-0.6308025121688843,
-0.06549490243196487,
0.3927396237850189,
0.31466224789619446,
-0.09142007678747177,
-0.2156616449356079,
0.7316555380821228,
-0.48817193508148193,
-0.5805615782737732,
-0.2944965958595276,
0.3551119267940521,
-0.09019191563129425,
0.09368979185819626,
-0.02425066940486431,
0.38440629839897156,
0.6620895266532898,
-0.42649388313293457,
-0.5448217391967773,
-0.19798530638217926,
0.5244614481925964,
-0.8231749534606934,
-0.7216980457305908,
-0.013353429734706879,
0.5893571972846985,
0.8067383766174316,
0.03860370069742203,
0.37596577405929565,
-0.6033651232719421,
0.19690822064876556,
0.04730791971087456,
-0.264128178358078,
0.6813141703605652,
-0.03387679532170296,
-0.7068905830383301,
-0.047960877418518066,
0.2602231502532959,
-0.39902254939079285,
0.6010638475418091,
0.02430642582476139,
-0.7283889055252075,
-0.6946826577186584,
-0.5044960379600525,
-0.1297132521867752,
-0.3996720612049103,
-0.25631657242774963,
-0.6018800735473633,
-0.6566270589828491,
0.3665653169155121,
0.5697252750396729,
-0.5445197224617004,
0.3827854096889496,
0.03487343713641167,
-0.49557390809059143,
-0.11453846096992493,
-0.5096029043197632,
-0.7975074052810669,
0.43505194783210754,
-0.1865556836128235,
0.11152401566505432,
0.33619338274002075,
-0.2355162650346756,
-0.18718115985393524,
0.4268467426300049,
0.9731014966964722,
0.49576783180236816,
-0.6409336924552917,
-0.671502947807312,
0.036977991461753845,
0.17081508040428162,
-0.20753540098667145,
-0.7984704971313477,
0.4033340811729431,
-0.5761759281158447,
-0.243979349732399,
-0.39069265127182007,
-0.3737708330154419,
0.8677047491073608,
-0.10194327682256699,
-0.3963209092617035,
-0.09544841945171356,
0.3954851031303406,
0.3450264632701874,
-0.013760099187493324,
0.3365350663661957,
-0.8255889415740967,
-0.03146770969033241,
-0.2882521152496338,
0.5401405096054077,
-0.26057639718055725,
-0.20606359839439392,
0.1804947704076767,
-0.8730103373527527,
-0.08895008265972137,
0.41962096095085144,
-0.16067390143871307,
0.5226722359657288,
0.1442544162273407,
-0.05389696732163429,
-0.4175828993320465,
-0.1733025759458542,
0.34460893273353577,
-0.31692075729370117,
-0.19567394256591797,
0.8702128529548645,
0.5466611385345459,
-0.1505771428346634,
-0.32294344902038574,
-0.19073183834552765,
-0.38067731261253357,
-0.47984638810157776,
0.291675329208374,
0.3055831491947174,
-0.2512780427932739,
-0.34659701585769653,
0.2975175082683563,
0.24877850711345673,
-0.013336368836462498,
0.42085176706314087,
-0.10198921710252762,
0.39500704407691956,
-0.2564127445220947,
0.522550642490387,
0.33651405572891235,
0.49880146980285645,
0.24441222846508026,
-0.05588870495557785,
-0.026991022750735283,
0.24391351640224457,
-0.15380917489528656,
-0.313822865486145,
0.21088846027851105,
0.22570697963237762,
0.6867889165878296,
-0.7059715986251831,
-0.11650548130273819,
0.24229013919830322,
-0.5585741996765137,
0.015442959032952785,
0.7438035011291504,
0.25369706749916077,
-0.45632731914520264,
-0.029104085639119148,
-0.048245400190353394,
0.596121072769165,
0.23383519053459167,
-0.371183305978775,
-0.629625678062439,
0.9136930108070374,
-1.1888691186904907,
0.07179399579763412,
0.42037007212638855,
0.37527114152908325,
0.4267755448818207,
0.254670113325119,
-1.0567972660064697,
0.35966140031814575,
-0.13435083627700806,
0.34912949800491333,
-0.4101085066795349,
-0.8519507050514221,
0.23902247846126556,
0.3335869610309601,
0.7478996515274048,
0.3415260314941406,
-0.3934791684150696,
-0.17388230562210083,
-0.33811426162719727,
0.16114498674869537,
0.3111053705215454,
-0.791973888874054,
0.6866787075996399,
0.48607882857322693,
0.059506677091121674,
0.29294148087501526,
0.2845274806022644,
0.12892094254493713,
0.09145864099264145,
-0.11375313252210617,
-0.18888317048549652,
-0.4274531602859497,
-0.12328460812568665,
-0.14753971993923187,
0.35514527559280396,
0.12261766195297241,
-0.06241404637694359,
0.17056691646575928,
-0.8160257935523987,
0.3766126334667206,
0.199550598859787,
-0.2930683493614197,
0.1774575114250183,
0.024280421435832977,
-0.1361047774553299,
0.42031803727149963,
-0.0828433409333229,
-0.310017466545105,
0.29790207743644714,
-0.38929295539855957,
0.654943585395813,
0.15197865664958954,
-0.2454599291086197,
0.017178835347294807,
-0.3434274196624756,
-0.06830806285142899,
-0.6574983596801758,
-0.5080143213272095,
0.1468670815229416,
0.20810873806476593,
0.08043301105499268,
-0.17262963950634003,
0.18069516122341156,
-0.5554240942001343,
-0.44580137729644775,
-0.6965564489364624,
-0.5316717028617859,
0.03983374312520027,
-0.4997695982456207,
-0.773184061050415,
0.42084836959838867,
-0.00785069540143013,
-0.34772539138793945,
0.31681352853775024,
0.10060328245162964,
0.1562294214963913,
-0.38140058517456055,
0.6069820523262024,
0.33637791872024536,
0.43049266934394836,
-0.48525604605674744,
0.09656383097171783,
-0.6304784417152405,
0.471090704202652,
0.0135963698849082,
-0.20192065834999084,
-0.4395807683467865,
0.26040810346603394,
-0.6590886116027832,
-0.4784128963947296,
0.5862853527069092,
0.06176428496837616,
-0.062380991876125336,
0.0042092446237802505,
-0.34051504731178284,
0.35736995935440063,
0.8946239352226257,
0.1380045861005783,
0.04362572729587555,
0.24355517327785492,
0.9114347100257874,
-0.8068654537200928,
-0.21030569076538086,
0.6654406785964966,
0.0449548065662384,
0.2887214124202728,
-0.6297094821929932,
-0.003983904141932726,
-0.42088600993156433,
-0.2301507294178009,
0.6122281551361084,
0.49433302879333496,
0.23578768968582153,
0.12945571541786194,
0.6520161628723145,
0.1541745513677597,
0.45629990100860596,
0.32703179121017456,
0.002450017724186182,
0.16184306144714355,
-0.7449229955673218,
-0.7288638949394226,
-0.2593647837638855,
0.2181958705186844,
0.13324673473834991,
0.4345310628414154,
0.3946952521800995,
-1.2009061574935913,
0.48629844188690186,
-0.08595005422830582,
0.6478111147880554,
-1.0268161296844482,
-0.1124495342373848,
-0.35207507014274597
] |
232269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia | The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( / ; ) was a state in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ( / ; ), but the term "Yugoslavia" (literally "Land of South Slavs") was its colloquial name due to its origins. The official name of the state was changed to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929.
The preliminary kingdom was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary, encompassing today's Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of today's Croatia and Slovenia) and Banat, Bačka and Baranja (that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. In the same year, the Kingdom of Montenegro also proclaimed its unification with Serbia, whereas the regions of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification.
The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 (after the May Coup) onward. Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921. He was succeeded by his son Alexander I, who had been regent for his father. He was known as "Alexander the Unifier" and he renamed the kingdom "Yugoslavia" in 1929. He was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), during his visit to France in 1934. The crown passed to his 11-year-old son Peter. Alexander's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II came of age. The royal family flew to London the same year, prior to the country being invaded by the Axis powers.
In April 1941, the country was occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers. A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, by all the Allies, was established in London. In 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government. This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić (on behalf of the Kingdom) and Josip Broz Tito (on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans).
Formation
Following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip and the outbreak of World War I, Serbia was invaded and occupied by a combined Bulgarian, Austrian and German force on 6 October 1915. This saw the escalation of South Slavic nationalism and calls by Slavic nationalists for the independence and unification of the South Slavic nationalities of Austria-Hungary along with Serbia and Montenegro into a single State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
The Dalmatian Croat politician Ante Trumbić became a prominent South Slavic leader during the war and led the Yugoslav Committee that lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. Trumbić faced initial hostility from Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić, who preferred an enlarged Serbia over a unified Yugoslav state. However, both Pašić and Trumbić agreed to a compromise, which was delivered at the Corfu Declaration on 20 July 1917 that advocated the creation of a united state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes to be led by the Serbian House of Karađorđević.
In 1916, the Yugoslav Committee started negotiations with the Serbian Government in exile, on which they decided on the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, declaring the joint Corfu Declaration in 1917, the meetings were held at the Municipal Theatre of Corfu.
In November 1918, the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs appointed 28 members to start negotiation with the representatives of the government of the Kingdom of Serbia and Montenegro on creation of a new Yugoslav state, the delegation negotiated directly with regent Alexander Karađorđević. The negotiations would end, with the delegation of the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs led by Ante Pavelić reading the address in front of regent Alexander, who represented his father, King Peter I of Serbia, by which acceptance the kingdom was established.
The name of the new Yugoslav state was Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ( / ; ) or its abbreviated form Kingdom of SCS ( / ).
The new kingdom was made up of the formerly independent kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (Montenegro having been absorbed into Serbia the previous month), and of a substantial amount of territory that was formerly part of Austria-Hungary, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The main states which formed the new Kingdom were the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; Vojvodina; and the Kingdom of Serbia with the Kingdom of Montenegro.
The creation of the state was supported by pan-Slavists and Yugoslav nationalists. For the pan-Slavic movement, all of the South Slav (Yugoslav) people had united into a single state. The creation was also supported by the Allies, who sought to break up the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes participated in the Paris Peace Conference with Trumbić as the country's representative. Since the Allies had lured the Italians into the war with a promise of substantial territorial gains in exchange, which cut off a quarter of Slovene ethnic territory from the remaining three-quarters of Slovenes living in the Kingdom of SCS, Trumbić successfully vouched for the inclusion of most Slavs living in the former Austria-Hungary to be included within the borders of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Nevertheless, with the Treaty of Rapallo a population of half a million Slavs, mostly Slovenes, were subjected to forced Italianization until the fall of Fascism in Italy. At the time when Benito Mussolini was willing to modify the Rapallo borders in order to annex the independent state of Rijeka to Italy, Pašić's attempts to correct the borders at Postojna and Idrija were effectively undermined by the regent Alexander who preferred "good relations" with Italy.
The Yugoslav kingdom bordered Italy and Austria to the northwest at the Rapallo border, Hungary and Romania to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece and Albania to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the west. Almost immediately, it ran into disputes with most of its neighbours. Slovenia was difficult to determine, since it had been an integral part of Austria for 400 years. The Vojvodina region was disputed with Hungary, Macedonia with Bulgaria, Rijeka with Italy.
A plebiscite was also held in the Province of Carinthia, which opted to remain in Austria. Austrians had formed a majority in this region although numbers reflected that some Slovenes did vote for Carinthia to become part of Austria. The Dalmatian port city of Zadar and a few of the Dalmatian islands were given to Italy. The city of Rijeka was declared to be the Free State of Fiume, but it was soon occupied, and in 1924 annexed, by Italy, which had also been promised the Dalmatian coast during World War I, and Yugoslavia claiming Istria, a part of the former Austrian Littoral which had been annexed to Italy, but which contained a considerable population of Croats and Slovenes.
The formation of the Vidovdan Constitution in 1921 sparked tensions between the different Yugoslav nationalities. Trumbić opposed the 1921 constitution and over time grew increasingly hostile towards the Yugoslav government that he saw as being centralized in the favor of Serb hegemony over Yugoslavia.
Economy
Farming
Three-quarters of the Yugoslav workforce was engaged in agriculture. A few commercial farmers existed, but most were subsistence peasants. Those in the south were especially poor, living in a hilly, infertile region. No large estates existed except in the north, and all of those were owned by foreigners. Indeed, one of the first actions undertaken by the new Yugoslav state in 1919 was to break up the estates and dispose of foreign, and in particular Magyar landowners. Nearly 40% of the rural population was surplus (i.e., excess people not needed to maintain current production levels), and despite a warm climate, Yugoslavia was also relatively dry. Internal communications were poor, damage from World War I had been extensive, and with few exceptions agriculture was devoid of machinery or other modern farming technologies.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing was limited to Belgrade and the other major population centers, and consisted mainly of small, comparatively primitive facilities that produced strictly for the domestic market. The commercial potential of Yugoslavia's Adriatic ports went to waste because the nation lacked the capital or technical knowledge to operate a shipping industry. On the other hand, the mining industry was well developed due to the nation's abundance of mineral resources, but since it was primarily owned and operated by foreigners, most production was exported. Yugoslavia was the third least industrialized nation in Eastern Europe after Bulgaria and Albania.
Debt
Yugoslavia was typical of Eastern European nations in that it borrowed large sums of money from the West during the 1920s. When the Great Depression began in 1929, the Western lenders called in their debts, which could not be paid back. Some of the money was lost to graft, although most was used by farmers to improve production and export potential. Agricultural exports, however, were always an unstable prospect as their export earnings were heavily reliant on volatile world market prices. The Great Depression caused the market for them to collapse as global demand contracted heavily and the situation for export-oriented farmers further deteriorated when nations everywhere started to erect trade barriers. Italy was a major trading partner of Yugoslavia in the initial years after World War I, but ties fell off after Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922. In the grim economic situation of the 1930s, Yugoslavia followed the lead of its neighbors in allowing itself to become a dependent of Nazi Germany.
Education
Although Yugoslavia had enacted a compulsory public education policy, it was inaccessible to many peasants in the countryside. Official literacy figures for the population stood at 50%, but it varied widely throughout the country. Less than 10% of Slovenes were illiterate, whereas over 80% of Macedonians and Bosnians could not read or write. Approximately 10% of initial elementary school students went on to attend higher forms of education, at one of the country's three universities in Belgrade, Ljubljana, and Zagreb.
Political history
Early politics
Immediately after 1 December proclamation, negotiations between the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Serbian government resulted in agreement over the new government which was to be headed by Nikola Pašić. However, when this agreement was submitted to the approval of the regent, Alexander Karađorđević, it was rejected, producing the new state's first governmental crisis. Many regarded this rejection as a violation of parliamentary principles, but the matter was resolved when the regent suggested replacing Pašić with Stojan Protić, a leading member of Pašić's Radical Party. The National Council and the Serbian government agreed and the new government came into existence on 20 December 1918.
In this period before the election of the Constituent Assembly, a Provisional Representation served as a parliament which was formed by delegates from the various elected bodies that had existed before the creation of the state. A realignment of parties combining several members of the Serbian opposition with political parties from the former Austria-Hungary led to the creation of a new party, The Democratic Party, that dominated the Provisional Representation and the government.
Because the Democratic Party led by Ljubomir Davidović pushed a highly centralized agenda a number of Croatian delegates moved into opposition. However, the radicals themselves were not happy that they had only three ministers to the Democratic Party's 11 and, on 16 August 1919, Protić handed in his resignation. Davidović then formed a coalition with the Social Democrats. This government had a majority, but the quorum of the Provisional Representation was half plus one vote. The opposition then began to boycott the parliament. As the government could never guarantee that all of its supporters would turn up, it became impossible to hold a quorate meeting of the parliament. Davidović soon resigned, but as no one else could form a government he again became prime minister. As the opposition continued their boycott, the government decided it had no alternative but to rule by decree. This was denounced by the opposition who began to style themselves as the Parliamentary Community. Davidović realized that the situation was untenable and asked the King to hold immediate elections for the Constituent Assembly. When the King refused, he felt he had no alternative but to resign.
The Parliamentary Community now formed a government led by Stojan Protić committed to the restoration of parliamentary norms and mitigating the centralization of the previous government. Their opposition to the former governments program of radical land reform also united them. As several small groups and individuals switched sides, Protić now even had a small majority. However, the Democratic Party and the Social Democrats now boycotted parliament and Protić was unable to muster a quorum. Hence the Parliamentary Community, now in government, was forced to rule by decree.
For the Parliamentary Community to thus violate the basic principle around which they had formed put them in an extremely difficult position. In April 1920, widespread worker unrest and a railway strike broke out. According to Gligorijević, this put pressure on the two main parties to settle their differences. After successful negotiations, Protić resigned to make way for a new government led by the neutral figure of Milenko Vesnić. The Social Democrats did not follow the Democratic Party, their former allies, into government because they were opposed to the anti-communist measures to which the new government was committed.
The controversies that had divided the parties earlier were still very much live issues. The Democratic Party continued to push its agenda of centralization and still insisted on the need for radical land reform. A disagreement over electoral law finally led the Democratic Party to vote against the government in Parliament and the government was defeated. Though this meeting had not been quorate, Vesnić used this as a pretext to resign. His resignation had the intended effect: the Radical Party agreed to accept the need for centralization, and the Democratic Party agreed to drop its insistence on land reform. Vesnić again headed the new government. The Croatian Community and the Slovenian People's Party were however not happy with the Radicals' acceptance of centralization. Neither was Stojan Protić, and he withdrew from the government on this issue.
In September 1920 a peasant revolt broke out in Croatia, the immediate cause of which was the branding of the peasants' cattle. The Croatian community blamed the centralizing policies of the government and of minister Svetozar Pribićević in particular.
Constituent assembly to dictatorship
One of the few laws successfully passed by the Provisional Representation was the electoral law for the constituent assembly. During the negotiations that preceded the foundation of the new state, it had been agreed that voting would be secret and based on universal suffrage. It had not occurred to them that universal might include women until the beginning of a movement for women's suffrage appeared with the creation of the new state. The Social Democrats and the Slovenian People's Party supported women's suffrage but the Radicals opposed it. The Democratic Party was open to the idea but not committed enough to make an issue of it so the proposal fell. Proportional Representation was accepted in principle but the system chosen (d'Hondt with very small constituencies) favored large parties and parties with strong regional support.
The election was held on 28 November 1920. When the votes were counted the Democratic Party had won the most seats, more than the Radicals – but only just. For a party that had been so dominant in the Provisional Representation, that amounted to a defeat. Further it had done rather badly in all former Austria-Hungarian areas. That undercut the party's belief that its centralization policy represented the will of the Yugoslavian people as a whole. The Radicals had done no better in that region but this presented them far less of a problem because they had campaigned openly as a Serbian party. The most dramatic gains had been made by the two anti-system parties. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party's leadership had been released from prison only as the election campaign began to get underway. According to Gligorijević, this had helped them more than active campaigning. The Croatian community (that had in a timid way tried to express the discontent that Croatian Republican Peasant Party mobilized) had been too tainted by their participation in government and was all but eliminated. The other gainers were the communists who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region. The remainder of the seats were taken up by smaller parties that were at best skeptical of the centralizing platform of the Democratic Party.
The results left Nikola Pašić in a very strong position as the Democrats had no choice but to ally with the Radicals if they wanted to get their concept of a centralized Yugoslavia through. Pašić was always careful to keep open the option of a deal with the Croatian opposition. The Democrats and the Radicals were not quite strong enough to get the constitution through on their own and they made an alliance with the Yugoslav Muslim Organization (JMO). The Muslim party sought and got concessions over the preservation of Bosnia in its borders and how the land reform would affect Muslim landowners in Bosnia.
The Croatian Republican Peasant Party refused to swear allegiance to the King on the grounds that this presumed that Yugoslavia would be a monarchy, something that it contended only the Constituent Assembly could decide. The party was unable to take its seats. Most of the opposition though initially taking their seats declared boycotts as time went so that there were few votes against. However, the constitution decided against 1918 agreement between the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia, which stated that a 66% majority that 50% plus one vote would be needed to pass, irrespective of how many voted against. Only last minute concessions to Džemijet, a group of Muslims from Macedonia and Kosovo, saved it.
On 28 June 1921, the Vidovdan (St Vitus's Day) Constitution was passed, establishing a unitary monarchy. The pre–World War I traditional regions were abolished and 33 new administrative oblasts (provinces) ruled from the center were instituted. During this time, King Peter I died (16 August 1921), and the prince-regent succeeded to the throne as King Alexander I.
Ljubomir Davidović of the Democrats began to have doubts about the wisdom of his party's commitment to centralization and opened up negotiations with the opposition. This threatened to provoke a split in his party as his action was opposed by Svetozar Pribićević. It also gave Pašić a pretext to end the coalition. At first the King gave Pašić a mandate to form a coalition with Pribićević's Democrats. However, Pašić offered Pribićević too little for there to be much chance that Pribićević would agree. A purely Radical government was formed with a mandate to hold elections. The Radicals made gains at the expense of the Democrats but elsewhere there were gains by Radić's Peasant's Party.
Serb politicians around Radic regarded Serbia as the standard bearer of Yugoslav unity, as the state of Piedmont had been for Italy, or Prussia for the German Empire; a kind of "Greater Serbia". Over the following years, Croatian resistance against a Serbo-centric policy increased.
In the early 1920s, the Yugoslav government of prime minister Nikola Pašić used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets and other measure to rig elections. This was ineffective against the Croatian Peasant Party (formerly the Croatian Republican Peasant Party), whose members continued to win election to the Yugoslav parliament in large numbers, but did harm the Radicals' main Serbian rivals, the Democrats.
Stjepan Radić, the head of the Croatian Peasant Party, was imprisoned many times for political reasons. He was released in 1925 and returned to parliament.
In the spring of 1928, Radić and Svetozar Pribićević waged a bitter parliamentary battle against the ratification of the Nettuno Convention with Italy. In this they mobilised nationalist opposition in Serbia but provoked a violent reaction from the governing majority including death threats. On 20 June 1928, a member of the government majority, the Serb deputy Puniša Račić, shot five members of the Croatian Peasant Party, including their leader Stjepan Radić, after Radić refused to apologize for earlier offense in which he accused Račić of stealing from civilian population. Two died on the floor of the Assembly while the life of Radić hung in the balance.
The opposition now completely withdrew from parliament, declaring that they would not return to a parliament in which several of their representatives had been killed, and insisting on new elections. On 1 August, at a meeting in Zagreb, they renounced 1 December Declaration of 1920. They demanded that the negotiations for unification should begin from scratch. On 8 August Stjepan Radić died.
6 January dictatorship
On 6 January 1929, using as a pretext the political crisis triggered by the shooting, King Alexander abolished the Constitution, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (known as the "January 6 Dictatorship", Šestosiječanjska diktatura, Šestojanuarska diktatura) with the aim of establishing the Yugoslav ideology and single Yugoslav nation. He changed the name of the country to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas on 3 October. This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country, modeled on Czechoslovakia. A Court for the Protection of the State was soon established to act as the new regime's tool for putting down any dissent. Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court. Pribićević later went into exile, whereas over the course of the 1930s Maček would become the leader of the entire opposition bloc.
Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed, Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country. The following years Pavelić worked to establish a revolutionary organization, the Ustaše, allied with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) against the state.
In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which made executive power the gift of the King. Elections were to be by universal male suffrage. The provision for a secret ballot was dropped, and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander's constitution. Further, half the upper house was directly appointed by the King, and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if also approved by the King.
That same year, Croatian historian and anti-Yugoslavist intellectual Milan Šufflay was assassinated in Zagreb. As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government. The letter states of a "horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian People". The appeal was addressed to the Paris-based Ligue des droits de l'homme (Human Rights League). In their letter Einstein and Mann held the Yugoslav king Aleksandar explicitly responsible for these circumstances.
Croat opposition to the new régime was strong and, in late 1932, the Croatian Peasant Party issued the Zagreb Manifesto which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship. The government reacted by imprisoning many political opponents including the new Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček. Despite these measures, opposition to the dictatorship continued, with Croats calling for a solution to what was called the "Croatian question". In late 1934, the King planned to release Maček from prison, introduce democratic reforms, and attempt find common ground between Serbs and Croats.
However, on 9 October 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseille, France, by Bulgarian Veličko Kerin (also known by his revolutionary pseudonym Vlado Chernozemski), an activist of IMRO, in a conspiracy with Yugoslav exiles and radical members of banned political parties in cooperation with the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustaše organisation.
Yugoslav regency
Because Alexander's eldest son, Peter II, was a minor, a regency council of three, specified in Alexander's will, took over the new king's royal powers and duties. The council was dominated by the 11-year-old king's first cousin once removed Prince Paul.
In the late 1930s, internal tensions continued to increase with Serbs and Croats seeking to establish ethnic federal subdivisions. Serbs wanted Vardar Banovina (later known within Yugoslavia as Vardar Macedonia), Vojvodina, Montenegro united with the Serb lands, and Croatia wanted Dalmatia and some of Vojvodina. Both sides claimed territory in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina populated also by Bosnian Muslims. The expansion of Nazi Germany in 1938 gave new momentum to efforts to solve these problems and, in 1939, Prince Paul appointed Dragiša Cvetković as prime minister, with the goal of reaching an agreement with the Croatian opposition. Accordingly, on 26 August 1939, Vladko Maček became vice premier of Yugoslavia and an autonomous Banovina of Croatia was established with its own parliament.
These changes satisfied neither Serbs who were concerned with the status of the Serb minority in the new Banovina of Croatia and who wanted more of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Serbian territory, nor the Croatian nationalist Ustaše who were also angered by any settlement short of full independence for a Greater Croatia including all of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Downfall
Fearing an invasion by the Axis powers, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941, pledging cooperation with the Axis. Massive anti-Axis demonstrations followed in Belgrade.
On 27 March, the regime of Prince Paul was overthrown by a military coup d'état with British support. The 17-year-old Peter II was declared to be of age and placed in power. General Dušan Simović became his Prime Minister. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia withdrew its support for the Axis de facto without formally renouncing the Tripartite Pact. Although the new rulers opposed Nazi Germany, they also feared that if German dictator Adolf Hitler attacked Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom was not in any real position to help. Regardless of this, on 6 April 1941, the Axis powers launched the invasion of Yugoslavia and quickly conquered it. The royal family, including Prince Paul, escaped abroad and were kept under house arrest in British Kenya.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was soon divided by the Axis into several entities. Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria annexed some border areas outright. A Greater Germany was expanded to include most of Slovenia. Italy added the Governorship of Dalmatia, part of Macedonia and Kosovo, Montenegro, southerly part of Croatia, and more than a third of western Slovenia to the Italian Empire. An expanded Croatia was recognized by the Axis as the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH). On paper, the NDH was a kingdom and the 4th Duke of Aosta was crowned as King Tomislav II of Croatia. The rump Serbian territory became a military administration of Germany run by military governors and a Serb civil government led by Milan Nedić. Nedić attempted to gain German recognition of Serbia as a successor state to Yugoslavia and claimed King Peter II as Serbia's monarch. Hungary occupied several northern regions.
Exile of the king
King Peter II, who had escaped into exile, was still recognized as King of the whole state of Yugoslavia by the Allies. From 13 May 1941, the largely Serbian "Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland" (Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini, or JVUO, or Četniks) resisted the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. This resistance movement, which was both anti-German and anti-communist, was commanded by Royalist General Draža Mihailović. For a long time, the Četniks were supported by the British, the United States, and the Yugoslavian royal government in exile of King Peter II.
However, over the course of the war, effective power changed to the hands of Josip Broz Tito's Communist Partisans. In 1943, Tito proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija). The Allies gradually recognized Tito's forces as the stronger opposition forces to the German occupation. They began to send most of their aid to Tito's Partisans, rather than to the Royalist Četniks. On 16 June 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement was signed which merged the de facto and the de jure government of Yugoslavia.
In early 1945, after the Germans had been driven out, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formally restored, however real political power was held by Tito's Communist Partisans. On 29 November, King Peter II was deposed (and the monarchy abolished) by Yugoslavia's Communist Constituent Assembly while he was still in exile. On 2 December, the Communist authorities claimed the entire territory as part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The new Yugoslavia covered roughly the same territory as the Kingdom had, now a federal republic ruled by the Communist Party rather than a unitary monarchy.
Foreign policy
Pro-Allied government
The Kingdom nourished a close relationship with the Allies of World War I. This was especially the case between 1920 and 1934 with Yugoslavia's traditional supporters of Britain and France.
Little Entente
From 1920, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had formed the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania, with the support of France. The primary aim of the alliance was to prevent Hungary from regaining the territories it had lost after the First World War. The alliance lost its significance in 1937 when Yugoslavia and Romania refused to support Czechoslovakia, then threatened by Germany, in the event of military aggression.
Balkan alliances
In 1924, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia formed a Balkan Bloc with Greece, Romania, and Turkey that was intent on keeping balance on the Balkan peninsula. The alliance was formalized and entrenched on 9 February 1934 when it became the "Balkan Entente". In 1934, with the assassination of King Alexander I by Vlado Chernozemski in Marseille and the shifting of Yugoslav foreign policy, the alliance crumbled.
Italian coalition
The Kingdom of Italy had territorial ambitions against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Relations between Italy and the kingdom's predecessors, the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs became sour and hostile during World War I, as Italian and Yugoslav politicians were in dispute over the region of Dalmatia which Italy demanded as part of Italy. These hostile relations were demonstrated on 1 November 1918, when Italian forces sunk the recently captured Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis being used by the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Italy formed a coalition against it with states with similar state designs, heavily influenced by Italy and/or fascism: Albania, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria which lasted from 1924 to 1927.
The 1927 cooperation with Britain and France made Italy withdraw from its anti-Yugoslav alliance. Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini accepted the extreme Croatian nationalist Ustase movement of Ante Pavelić to reside in Italy and use training grounds in Italy to prepare for war with Yugoslavia. Hungary also permitted such Ustase training camps as well. Mussolini allowed Pavelić to reside in Rome.
Friendship agreement
In 1927, in response to the growing Italian expansionism, the royal government of Yugoslavia signed an agreement of friendship and cooperation with the United Kingdom and France.
1935–1941
Officially, the last words of King Aleksandar had been "Save Yugoslavia, and the friendship with France". His successors were well aware of the need to try and do the first, but the second, maintaining close ties with France, was increasingly difficult. There were several reasons for this. By the mid-1930s, France, internally divided, was increasingly unable to play an important role in Eastern Europe and support its allies, many of whom had suffered badly from the economic crisis of that period. By contrast, Germany was increasingly willing to get into barter agreements with the countries of south east Europe. In the process those countries felt it was against their interests to closely follow France. An additional motive to improve relations with Italy and Germany was Italy's support of the Ustase movement. As Maček intimated Italy would support Croatian secession from Yugoslavia, First Regent Prince Paul judged closer relations with Italy were inevitable. In an effort to rob the HSS from potential Italian support, a treaty of friendship was signed between the two countries in 1937. This diminished the Ustasa threat somewhat since Mussolini imprisoned some of their leaders and temporarily withdrew financial support. In 1938, Germany, annexing Austria, became a neighbour of Yugoslavia. The feeble reaction of France and Britain, later that year, during the Sudeten Crisis convinced Belgrade that a European war was inevitable and that it would be unwise to support France and Britain. Instead, Yugoslavia tried to stay aloof, this in spite of Paul's personal sympathies for Britain and Serbia's establishment's predilections for France. In the meantime, Germany and Italy tried to exploit Yugoslavia's domestic problems, and so did Maček. In the end, the regency agreed to the formation of the Banovina hrvatska in August 1939. This did not put an end to the pressures from Germany and Italy, and Yugoslavia's strategic position deteriorated by the day. It was increasingly dependent on the German market, about 90% of its exports went to Germany, and in April 1939 Italy invaded and annexed Albania. In October 1940 it attacked Greece, by when France had already been eliminated from the scene, leaving Britain as Yugoslavia's only potential ally – given that Belgrade had not recognized the Soviet Union. London however wanted to involve Yugoslavia in the war, which it rejected.
From late 1940, Hitler wanted Belgrade to unequivocally choose sides. Pressure intensified, culminating in the signing of the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941. Two days later, Prince Paul was deposed in a coup d'état and his nephew Peter II was proclaimed of age, but the new government, headed by General Simović, assured Germany it would adhere to the Pact. Hitler nonetheless ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia. On 6 April 1941, Belgrade was bombed; on 10 April, the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed; and on 17 April, the weak Yugoslav Army capitulated.
1941–1945
After the invasion, the Yugoslav royal government went into exile and local Yugoslav forces rose up in resistance to the occupying Axis powers. Initially the monarchy preferred Draža Mihailović and his Serb-dominated Četnik resistance. However, in 1944, the Tito–Šubašić agreement recognised the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as a provisional government, with the status of the monarchy to be decided at a later date. Three regents—Srđan Budisavljević, a Serb; Ante Mandić, a Croat; and Dušan Sernec, a Slovene—were sworn in at Belgrade on 3 March 1945. They appointed the new government, to be headed by Tito as prime minister and minister of war, with Šubašić as foreign minister, on 7 March.
On 29 November 1945, while still in exile, King Peter II was deposed by the constituent assembly. The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was internationally recognized as Yugoslavia and Peter II became a pretender.
Demographics
Ethnic groups
The small middle class occupied the major population centers and almost everyone else were peasants engaged in subsistence agriculture. The largest ethnic group were Serbs followed by Croats and Slovenes, as three constitutive peoples of the Kingdom, while Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims and Macedonians were not recognized as distinctive ethnic groups; further historical minority groups included Germans, Italians, Hungarians, Slovaks, Jews and Rusyns. Religion followed the same pattern with half the population following Orthodox Christianity, around 40% Roman Catholicism and most the rest Sunni Islam. Beside "Serbo-Croato-Slovene", the most widely spoken languages by number of speakers were Macedonian, Albanian, Italian, Hungarian, German, Slovak and Rusyn.
In a multiethnic, multireligious and multilinguistic society, ethnic tensions and regional interests commonly surfaced in both politics and daily life, especially between the two largest and most influential groups who monopolized all political power in the country, the Serbs and Croats. Other quarrels were those between Serbs and Macedonians, as the Yugoslav government had as its official position that the latter were ethnic Serbs from "Old Serbia" (). In the early 20th century the international community viewed the Macedonians predominantly as regional variety of Bulgarians on the basis on linguistics and cultural similarities, but during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Allies sanctioned the Serbian control of Vardar Macedonia and its view, that Macedonian Slavs were in fact Southern Serbs. Bulgarian politicians later interpreted the decision as punishment for it being a Central Power during World War I and as sanctioned Serbian irredentism.
Rights of the Muslim minority were never enshrined in law but concessions were made to accommodate for religious relativism. Some regions of the country were allowed to exist as enclaves of Islamic law.
Aside from Vlachs, the Yugoslav government awarded no special treatment to non-Slavic ethnic minorities in terms of respect for their language, culture, or political autonomy.
With the language of the country being institutionalized and mandatory, ethnic minorities were expected to gradually assimilate into the Yugoslav panethnic identity.
Until 1929, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were the constitutional nations, when they were merged into a single "Yugoslav" nationality.
Languages
The following data, grouped by first language, is from the 1921 population census:
Serbo-Croatian: 8,911,509 (74.36%)
Serbs: 44.57%
Croats: 23.5%
Slavic Muslims of Yugoslavia: 6.29%
Slovene: 1,019,997 (8.51%)
German: 505,790 (4.22%)
Hungarian: 467,658 (3.9%)
Albanian: 439,657 (3.67%)
Romanian: 231,068 (1.93%)
Turkish: 150,322 (1.25%)
Czech and Slovak: 115,532 (0.96%)
Ruthenian: 25,615 (0.21%)
Russian: 20,568 (0.17%)
Polish: 14,764 (0.12%)
Italian: 12,553 (0.11%)
Others: 69,878 (0.58%)
Based on language, the Yugoslavs (collectively Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and other South-Slavic groups in the kingdom) constituted 82.87% of the country's population.
Religious groups
Christian: 10,571,569 (88.21%)
Eastern Orthodox: 5,593,057 (46.67%)
Roman Catholic: 4,708,657 (39.29%)
Protestant: 229,517 (1.91%)
Greek Catholic: 40,338 (0.34%)
Sunni Muslim: 1,345,271 (11.22%)
Jewish: 64,746 (0.54%)
others: 1,944 (0.02%)
atheists: 1,381 (0.01%)
Class and occupation
Agriculture, forestry and fishing – 78.87%
Industry and handicrafts – 9.91%
Banking, trade and traffic – 4.35%
Public service, free profession and military – 3.80%
Other professions – 3.07%
Education
The Kingdom had three universities: the University of Belgrade, University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana, located in what were then the most developed cities in the country.
Vital statistics (1919–1940)
Marriages and divorces (1919–1940)
Rulers
Kings
Peter I (1 December 1918 – 16 August 1921; Prince regent Alexander ruled in the name of the King)
Alexander I (16 August 1921 – 9 October 1934)
Peter II (9 October 1934 – 29 November 1945; in exile from 13/14 April 1941)
Regency headed by Prince Paul (9 October 1934 – 27 March 1941)
Prime Ministers 1918–1941
1918–1919 – Stojan Protić
1919–1920 – Ljubomir Davidović
1920 – Stojan Protić
1920–1921 – Milenko Vesnić
1921–1924 – Nikola Pašić
1924 – Ljubomir Davidović
1924–1926 – Nikola Pašić
1926–1927 – Nikola Uzunović
1927–1928 – Velimir Vukićević
1928–1929 – Anton Korošec
1929–1932 – Petar Živković
1932 – Vojislav Marinković
1932–1934 – Milan Srškić
1934 – Nikola Uzunović
1934–1935 – Bogoljub Jevtić
1935–1939 – Milan Stojadinović
1939–1941 – Dragiša Cvetković
1941 – Dušan Simović
Prime Ministers-in-exile 1941–1945
1941–1942 – Dušan Simović
1942–1943 – Slobodan Jovanović
1943 – Miloš Trifunović
1943–1944 – Božidar Purić
1944–1945 – Ivan Šubašić
1945 – Josip Broz Tito
Subdivisions
The subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia existed successively in three different forms. From 1918 to 1922, the kingdom maintained the pre–World War I subdivisions of Yugoslavia's predecessor states. In 1922, the state was divided into thirty-three oblasts (provinces). In 1929, after the establishment of the January 6 Dictatorship, a new system of nine banovinas (regions) was implemented by royal decree. In 1939, as an accommodation to Yugoslav Croats in the Cvetković-Maček Agreement, a single Banovina of Croatia was formed from two of these banovinas (and from sections of others).
Sport
The most popular sport in the Kingdom was association football. The Yugoslav Football Association was founded in Zagreb in 1919. It was based in Zagreb until the 6 January Dictatorship, when the association was moved to Belgrade. From 1923, a national championship was held annually. The national team played its first match at the 1920 Summer Olympics. It also participated in the inaugural FIFA World Cup, finishing fourth.
Other popular sports included water polo, which was dominated nationally by the Croatian side VK Jug.
The Kingdom participated at the Olympic Games from 1920 until 1936. During this time, the country won eight medals, all in gymnastics and six of these were won by Leon Štukelj, a Slovene who was the most nominated gymnast of that time.
See also
List of Finance Ministers of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election
Republic of Prekmurje
Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
Women in Yugoslavia
References
Sources
Hadži-Jovančić, Perica. "Losing the Periphery: The British Foreign Office and Policy Towards Yugoslavia, 1935-1938." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31.1 (2020): 65-90.
External links
States and territories established in 1918
States and territories disestablished in 1941
Former Slavic countries
Former monarchies
1918 establishments in Yugoslavia
1941 disestablishments in Yugoslavia
1918 establishments in Europe
1941 disestablishments in Europe
1945 establishments in Yugoslavia
1945 disestablishments in Yugoslavia
1945 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Europe
20th century in Kosovo
20th century in Montenegro
Yugoslav Serbia
20th century in Slovenia
Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslav Croatia
20th century in Yugoslavia
Former polities of the interwar period
Former countries | [
-0.13805782794952393,
-0.08719759434461594,
0.01726573333144188,
0.06352657079696655,
-0.1142486184835434,
0.37753644585609436,
0.043565783649683,
0.3109706938266754,
-0.19978947937488556,
-0.035054512321949005,
0.11096319556236267,
-0.11935584992170334,
-0.5451892018318176,
0.5645952224731445,
-0.7411827445030212,
0.3130422830581665,
0.3372817635536194,
0.6749988794326782,
0.5053436756134033,
-0.11656886339187622,
0.24039365351200104,
0.6384358406066895,
-0.10376223921775818,
0.36975234746932983,
0.09399578720331192,
-0.06544419378042221,
0.47599658370018005,
-0.3356296122074127,
0.02438962832093239,
0.16056150197982788,
-0.3707253634929657,
-0.2792428135871887,
-0.40504053235054016,
-0.33157530426979065,
-0.07357986271381378,
0.13282160460948944,
0.25603240728378296,
-0.53907710313797,
-0.3902495205402374,
-0.6527464389801025,
-0.1997496336698532,
0.40607237815856934,
0.4408372640609741,
0.6295625567436218,
0.365439772605896,
-0.537237823009491,
-1.3622617721557617,
0.9234580397605896,
0.22876200079917908,
0.39838719367980957,
-0.7963612675666809,
0.3279247283935547,
0.232509046792984,
0.48297426104545593,
-0.1854104995727539,
0.031236931681632996,
-0.37959134578704834,
-0.5082584023475647,
0.1608985811471939,
-0.4071214199066162,
0.7292722463607788,
-0.0076063633896410465,
0.4161805510520935,
-0.42912811040878296,
0.27838000655174255,
0.03139541298151016,
0.24858932197093964,
0.5261486172676086,
-0.09171280264854431,
-0.35576993227005005,
-0.6442618370056152,
0.3305239975452423,
0.060885414481163025,
-0.3518208861351013,
-0.06646860390901566,
-0.8671345710754395,
-0.0036739795468747616,
-0.3156014084815979,
-0.26243096590042114,
0.2811489701271057,
0.40761446952819824,
0.5480236411094666,
0.2131878286600113,
0.13032522797584534,
0.6241220831871033,
-0.5553828477859497,
-1.012208342552185,
0.018986018374562263,
-0.7868562936782837,
0.29623472690582275,
-0.47294145822525024,
0.16252920031547546,
0.4903606176376343,
-0.16063076257705688,
-0.2694137990474701,
-0.020882604643702507,
-0.566641628742218,
0.6893543004989624,
-0.4935241639614105,
0.3127295970916748,
-0.21310657262802124,
0.6452556848526001,
0.15551961958408356,
-0.6055392622947693,
-0.3868870735168457,
-0.43067485094070435,
0.01877712644636631,
0.35006487369537354,
-0.2781994342803955,
0.45781660079956055,
-0.5608992576599121,
-0.1765739768743515,
0.028530754148960114,
0.003574853762984276,
-0.25950875878334045,
0.4879482090473175,
-0.3220476806163788,
-0.17853760719299316,
0.11425098776817322,
0.30156439542770386,
-0.3770725429058075,
-0.11727793514728546,
-0.5452520251274109,
0.24996626377105713,
0.299148291349411,
0.023490741848945618,
0.089405357837677,
-0.32575589418411255,
-0.6797544360160828,
0.7742102146148682,
0.11891670525074005,
0.961578905582428,
-0.36877647042274475,
0.149539053440094,
-0.09743843227624893,
0.3515487313270569,
0.6710304021835327,
0.22959068417549133,
0.3828829526901245,
0.2503650188446045,
-0.34669777750968933,
0.11444494873285294,
-0.2884282171726227,
0.4797593653202057,
-0.022896604612469673,
-0.23521605134010315,
0.13302025198936462,
-0.000743169104680419,
-0.5649006366729736,
-0.6138800382614136,
-0.07214567065238953,
-0.5024539828300476,
-0.4039856195449829,
0.022903654724359512,
-0.10182061791419983,
0.5703700184822083,
-0.023466797545552254,
-0.23341889679431915,
0.7445244193077087,
0.14315897226333618,
0.0926048681139946,
0.6127483248710632,
0.37314942479133606,
0.22644305229187012,
-0.34575334191322327,
-0.2823348641395569,
-0.12086259573698044,
0.3431735336780548,
0.10615114867687225,
-0.0610729344189167,
-0.6092049479484558,
0.1406966745853424,
-0.0957985445857048,
0.30902299284935,
-0.29072654247283936,
0.060293734073638916,
0.7506583333015442,
-0.010405359789729118,
-0.4706810414791107,
-0.06988871842622757,
-0.4247543513774872,
0.21664300560951233,
-0.5809744596481323,
0.49548736214637756,
-0.14538389444351196,
0.5232270359992981,
0.2702501118183136,
-0.3250799775123596,
-0.26060184836387634,
-0.26100513339042664,
0.4218498766422272,
-0.15980775654315948,
-0.11461769789457321,
-0.438132643699646,
1.5417629480361938,
-0.010710575617849827,
-0.709635317325592,
0.03291083127260208,
-0.10136284679174423,
0.8440541625022888,
-0.07154688984155655,
-0.6058480143547058,
-0.16651667654514313,
0.17173613607883453,
0.2768058478832245,
0.06873628497123718,
-0.24868911504745483,
0.13997775316238403,
0.5440598726272583,
0.6586776971817017,
0.5959441661834717,
0.08456043899059296,
0.04571933299303055,
-0.4362238645553589,
0.4808744192123413,
-0.40994352102279663,
0.10206534713506699,
0.7902377247810364,
-0.2416442185640335,
-0.08251955360174179,
0.6147785782814026,
-0.3014640808105469,
0.3084890842437744,
0.22853824496269226,
0.46635693311691284,
-0.017486440017819405,
-0.3648352026939392,
0.5011882185935974,
0.0008839066722430289,
-0.03035753406584263,
-0.7621251940727234,
-0.11193981021642685,
0.1480286717414856,
-0.02786862663924694,
-0.13095104694366455,
-0.06761665642261505,
-0.5798314213752747,
-0.18255729973316193,
-0.22592706978321075,
-0.5345575213432312,
0.07658971101045609,
0.04891282692551613,
-0.3153305947780609,
-0.1999361366033554,
0.06024795398116112,
0.22260788083076477,
0.028807586058974266,
-0.031866684556007385,
-0.743827223777771,
-0.012495458126068115,
-0.23784993588924408,
0.0774838775396347,
0.2420615553855896,
-0.31367358565330505,
-0.035792138427495956,
-0.4080846309661865,
0.2932167947292328,
-0.40598544478416443,
0.35070064663887024,
-0.015837911516427994,
0.452163428068161,
-0.12399563193321228,
0.21316862106323242,
0.3071103096008301,
-0.21249930560588837,
0.44575488567352295,
-0.3868178129196167,
-0.13792507350444794,
0.10364124923944473,
0.14370962977409363,
0.644427478313446,
-0.19656771421432495,
-0.18356359004974365,
-0.24337109923362732,
0.10004634410142899,
-0.030544323846697807,
-0.6753712296485901,
-0.6804172396659851,
-0.20368176698684692,
-0.20264902710914612,
0.1511467844247818,
0.5275851488113403,
0.1299852430820465,
-0.9498304128646851,
-0.48430335521698,
0.18753334879875183,
-0.23773999512195587,
-0.4432904124259949,
0.4694438874721527,
0.16887323558330536,
-0.19503319263458252,
0.45890483260154724,
-0.4036227762699127,
0.3794819414615631,
-0.38448670506477356,
0.06132194399833679,
-0.3075796067714691,
0.4811699688434601,
0.06461920589208603,
0.11861859261989594,
-1.5916379690170288,
0.4886583387851715,
-0.7175303101539612,
-0.15029288828372955,
0.4858928322792053,
0.0473843589425087,
-0.3379926085472107,
0.23189514875411987,
-5.661050796508789,
0.34059837460517883,
-0.3271280825138092,
-0.3245687186717987,
0.059462450444698334,
0.1455390751361847,
0.1918889433145523,
-0.06858418881893158,
-0.016837408766150475,
-0.20814256370067596,
0.1401509791612625,
0.006248071789741516,
-0.11594675481319427,
0.8829783201217651,
0.4247741997241974,
-0.01816139928996563,
0.5728729963302612,
0.6959580779075623,
0.1233757734298706,
-0.10515547543764114,
-0.5009864568710327,
0.10597101598978043,
0.400438517332077,
0.23848257958889008,
0.5478914380073547,
0.02614123746752739,
0.12874062359333038,
-0.2740550637245178,
-0.6338306665420532,
-0.14968442916870117,
-0.6815415620803833,
-0.5008375644683838,
0.4791460335254669,
-0.26504477858543396,
-0.029520897194743156,
0.00961095467209816,
0.7772078514099121,
0.6776553988456726,
0.5543248653411865,
-0.45288389921188354,
-0.06942057609558105,
0.11629700660705566,
0.22154103219509125,
0.1784159541130066,
0.5976587533950806,
0.14547458291053772,
-0.2973484992980957,
0.43132519721984863,
-0.9124702215194702,
1.2253080606460571,
-0.33109161257743835,
-0.3116951882839203,
0.3025124669075012,
-0.5118064284324646,
0.1511378437280655,
0.1178421825170517,
-0.0020535069052129984,
-0.20707763731479645,
-0.9701548218727112,
0.7132226228713989,
0.054954275488853455,
-0.22251282632350922,
-0.3461592495441437,
-0.4877648949623108,
-0.02002035453915596,
-0.4736138880252838,
-0.9391894340515137,
0.13340948522090912,
-0.011869569309055805,
0.4394943416118622,
-0.23135094344615936,
0.3193542957305908,
-0.770336389541626,
-0.9679978489875793,
0.254650354385376,
-0.8869814872741699,
-0.4803900718688965,
-0.3449004590511322,
0.11776679754257202,
0.7515374422073364,
-0.08938215672969818,
0.5560948848724365,
-0.1923699676990509,
0.8567835688591003,
0.05443067103624344,
0.46874409914016724,
0.4463694989681244,
-0.16357474029064178,
-0.48416778445243835,
0.04112708568572998,
0.19093328714370728,
-0.6105160117149353,
-0.050103556364774704,
0.3591082990169525,
-0.12196404486894608,
0.3827809691429138,
-0.34976550936698914,
-0.2737088203430176,
0.3117392957210541,
-0.6974953413009644,
-0.03038974292576313,
-0.13776960968971252,
-0.007428356446325779,
-0.060012802481651306,
0.11249908804893494,
-0.3076592683792114,
-0.5276021957397461,
-0.17116734385490417,
0.655309796333313,
-0.23103177547454834,
-0.0858231633901596,
0.04541356489062309,
-0.3258877992630005,
-0.7022609114646912,
0.6184400916099548,
-0.11951529234647751,
-0.3312459886074066,
0.5999484062194824,
-0.041293203830718994,
-0.6991056203842163,
0.005306730512529612,
-0.2888084948062897,
-0.17895418405532837,
0.2920812964439392,
-0.13378854095935822,
0.549065351486206,
-0.295221745967865,
0.013639253564178944,
-0.324356347322464,
-0.06431443244218826,
0.3064103126525879,
-0.24925056099891663,
0.31128567457199097,
0.28965672850608826,
0.5659763813018799,
0.2952641546726227,
-0.6225783824920654,
-0.005478959530591965,
0.027919067069888115,
-0.16205492615699768,
-0.8191601634025574,
-0.2959520220756531,
0.24610933661460876,
0.041246216744184494,
0.5142914056777954,
0.37063905596733093,
-0.21948334574699402,
-0.3112747073173523,
0.06250457465648651,
0.02390441857278347,
-0.3466677665710449,
-0.18096421658992767,
0.0770685076713562,
-0.4365733861923218,
-0.4101749062538147,
-0.279258668422699,
0.7460179328918457,
0.7901748418807983,
-0.15500479936599731,
-0.35150012373924255,
-0.18885549902915955,
-0.5263811945915222,
-0.5420684218406677,
0.37870731949806213,
0.45745494961738586,
-0.5548893809318542,
-0.48859649896621704,
-0.015934191644191742,
0.28728511929512024,
0.9135054349899292,
0.2873687446117401,
-0.7152899503707886,
-0.3499279022216797,
-0.30522647500038147,
0.24819105863571167,
-0.14442989230155945,
0.3774408996105194,
-0.018002353608608246,
-0.27126064896583557,
0.09125393629074097,
-0.06821608543395996,
-0.20368020236492157,
-0.6671661734580994,
0.2335934340953827,
0.3552428185939789,
-0.35755082964897156,
0.0960392877459526,
-0.13069331645965576,
0.03229759633541107,
-0.383480042219162,
0.38923925161361694,
-0.2501316964626312,
0.018648287281394005,
-0.23695312440395355,
-0.6509018540382385,
-0.3452136218547821,
0.016795217990875244,
0.3430095911026001,
0.15944156050682068,
-0.24944359064102173,
0.008341304026544094,
-0.02551850862801075,
-0.40692010521888733,
-0.42535558342933655,
0.004690620582550764,
0.04958968237042427,
0.854424238204956,
0.03935125470161438,
-0.33694881200790405,
0.3749435842037201,
-0.42725032567977905,
-0.7351638078689575,
-0.5689653158187866,
0.6354376077651978,
0.034181270748376846,
0.12836432456970215,
0.020591087639331818,
-0.34943920373916626,
-0.6705440878868103,
-0.6393940448760986,
0.1066303625702858,
-0.10683796554803848,
-0.19040106236934662,
0.2732606530189514,
-0.6296268105506897,
0.16914214193820953,
-0.44319918751716614,
-0.09044880419969559,
-0.19450631737709045,
-0.1340954750776291,
0.4041929543018341,
-0.05677996948361397,
0.0004794161068275571,
-0.34737566113471985,
0.40623214840888977,
-0.2407507598400116,
0.6183039546012878,
-0.0459798239171505,
-0.029346508905291557,
0.7202966213226318,
0.5236508846282959,
0.9205867052078247,
0.0919514149427414,
-0.3935188949108124,
0.19357255101203918,
-0.1459009051322937,
-0.10273551195859909,
-0.15345878899097443,
0.14905743300914764,
0.3488829731941223,
0.03679881989955902,
0.24085789918899536,
-0.9004305601119995,
-0.19510994851589203,
0.73139488697052,
-0.2916661500930786,
-0.0949144959449768,
0.3186415135860443,
-0.2778306007385254,
0.29555144906044006,
-0.5476186871528625,
0.4296087920665741,
-0.21479088068008423,
0.45200851559638977,
0.4746665358543396,
-0.17379216849803925,
-0.05595921352505684,
0.29537519812583923,
0.17693869769573212,
-0.37646740674972534,
-0.07703356444835663,
-0.26188063621520996,
0.15741728246212006,
-0.6072483658790588,
-0.501318633556366,
0.23377414047718048,
0.5071213841438293,
-0.14140182733535767,
0.5120154619216919,
0.09392556548118591,
-0.580333411693573,
-0.039270441979169846,
-0.09991159290075302,
-0.012193522416055202,
0.3478546142578125,
-0.9438613057136536,
-0.1878841370344162,
0.26945117115974426,
-0.6880664229393005,
0.35891008377075195,
-0.22951839864253998,
-0.2636588215827942,
0.4524269104003906,
0.40444254875183105,
0.1965082287788391,
-0.09145628660917282,
-0.018993308767676353,
-0.1164517030119896,
0.035607289522886276,
0.5629469156265259,
-0.44095027446746826,
0.4119648337364197,
0.4671188294887543,
-0.21924512088298798,
0.18265102803707123,
0.4858991801738739,
-0.6622667908668518,
-0.406483918428421,
0.36561843752861023,
0.1601622998714447,
0.29770228266716003,
-0.43106308579444885,
0.34916558861732483,
0.11756034195423126,
-0.5240931510925293,
-0.05023031681776047,
0.7362667918205261,
-0.47874730825424194,
0.22518539428710938,
0.14897401630878448,
0.1505248099565506,
0.3329131603240967,
-0.18307806551456451,
0.4257439076900482,
0.43210166692733765,
0.41122400760650635,
0.07923324406147003,
-0.3757171928882599,
-0.11996950954198837,
0.22293053567409515,
0.34660178422927856,
-0.2119634449481964,
-0.13830627501010895,
-0.06252831965684891,
-0.3861803710460663,
-0.5098028779029846,
0.30415740609169006,
-0.2750299274921417,
-0.135831817984581,
0.947378396987915,
0.5546620488166809,
-0.20287179946899414,
-0.3629632890224457,
0.5435731410980225,
0.2790771722793579,
-0.03707193583250046,
0.054029788821935654,
0.06366809457540512,
0.705612301826477,
-0.11076056957244873,
0.7887946367263794,
0.17596641182899475,
-0.007512921001762152,
0.053042225539684296,
0.23530174791812897,
-0.22906304895877838,
0.7539677619934082,
-0.316382497549057,
-0.11474188417196274,
-0.39438989758491516,
0.16190175712108612,
0.09891735762357712,
0.9306235909461975,
0.33260276913642883,
0.596365749835968,
0.14503608644008636,
0.19844111800193787,
-0.28396886587142944,
0.1821877509355545,
0.16579221189022064,
0.658061683177948,
0.11873114109039307,
-0.13621960580348969,
-0.1563490629196167,
0.10516953468322754,
0.06404747813940048,
0.547259509563446,
0.4968250095844269,
0.16782666742801666,
0.08115492761135101,
-0.02973070740699768,
0.18856436014175415,
0.029504727572202682,
-1.1406275033950806,
-0.13363541662693024,
-0.08875856548547745,
0.23471792042255402,
-0.24128171801567078,
0.29751068353652954,
0.46770209074020386,
-0.5604811906814575,
-0.8818528652191162,
0.06752867251634598,
-0.0958695039153099,
-0.06123899295926094,
-0.1692565530538559,
-0.15592791140079498,
0.580264687538147,
0.8606986999511719,
-0.1137731522321701,
0.22773760557174683,
0.5828946828842163,
-0.3336508572101593,
-0.2013825625181198,
0.01648949645459652,
0.31053468585014343,
-0.2550417482852936,
0.04788961634039879,
-0.06388211250305176,
0.4696056842803955,
0.033588748425245285,
-0.077238067984581,
0.24909810721874237,
0.6159169673919678,
-0.3732898533344269,
0.57905113697052,
1.016790509223938,
-0.21452216804027557,
0.2694564461708069,
-0.36545801162719727,
-0.10224979370832443,
-0.6966238617897034,
-0.12418381869792938,
0.3871680200099945,
-0.0443999283015728,
0.20192788541316986,
0.6086858510971069,
0.5100994110107422,
-0.7126901149749756,
0.2655089199542999,
-0.49312880635261536,
-0.05440343916416168,
-0.031141212210059166,
-0.4987083375453949,
-0.5503871440887451,
0.2509145140647888,
0.009128577075898647,
0.2279706597328186,
-0.04406345635652542,
-0.7296484708786011,
-0.1109863743185997,
-0.19498708844184875,
0.6742809414863586,
0.008511513471603394,
0.30321937799453735,
-0.7620694637298584,
-0.656684160232544,
-0.09644155949354172,
-0.520101010799408,
-0.023724332451820374,
0.48207026720046997,
0.1092778667807579,
0.8120882511138916,
-0.5575722455978394,
0.46864408254623413,
-0.6464680433273315,
0.3366795480251312,
-0.6716114282608032,
-0.026436587795615196,
-0.051897551864385605
] |
232272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira%20oriole | Altamira oriole | The Altamira oriole (Icterus gularis) is a New World oriole. The bird is widespread in subtropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast and northern Central America, the Pacific coast and inland. They have since spread to southern Texas, but this was not until 1939.
At and , this is the largest oriole in genus Icterus. The bird nests in open woodland, with the nest being a very long woven pouch, attached to the end of a horizontal tree branch, sometimes to telephone wires.
This bird forages high in trees, sometimes in the undergrowth. They mainly eat insects and berries.
These birds are permanent residents, and unlike the migratory orioles that breed in the US, the species is sexually monomorphic—both the males and the females have elaborate coloration and patterning.
Description
Both males and females have a black mandible and throat, as well as a black back and long black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. These form a single white wing bar and white wing spots when folded. The secondary coverts form orange epaulets. The underside is almost uniformly orange or yellowish-orange. In general, immature specimens have an olive back, and a dull yellow on its head and its body. The first-year bird is similar to the adult, but it has an olive, not black, back, and yellow-olive tail.
Behavior
The bird lives in semi-arid areas with scattered trees, and open riparian woodland. The bird is a solitary nester as well, with an average of a quarter kilometer between nests. Little aggression has been observed in breeding season from this bird, and it is not known to be territorial.
Reproduction
In Texas, their breeding season ranges from late April to late July. Their nest resembles a small pouch made of moss, grass, palm fibers, weeds, strips of bark, and is lined with feathers. The nest may also hang from telephone wires. The nest is assumed to be built by the female, but it is not known how long this takes. 4–6 eggs are laid, and nestlings are fed and cared for by both parents.
Diet
The Altamira oriole is a forage gleaner, searching for food through the tree-tops to the near-ground bottom of the tree. Its diet includes fruit (small fruits, hackberries and figs) and insects, such as grasshoppers, crickets, and caterpillars.
Voice
The song of the Altamira oriole is a series of clear, slow musical whistles. In contrast, the Altamira's calls are harsh whistles, rasping chatter, and nasal "ike"s.
References
Further reading
Brush, T. and Barbara Y. Pleasants (2005). Altamira Oriole (Icterus gularis). The Birds of North America Online. (A. Poole, Ed.) Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database.
Flood NJ. (1989). Coloration in New World Orioles 1. Tests of Predation-Related Hypotheses. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 25, no 1. pp. 49–56.
Gorena RL. M.S. (1995). Feeding and nesting ecology of the great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus texanus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. The University of Texas - Pan American, United States—Texas.
Hathcock CR. M.S. (2000). Factors affecting reproductive success in hosts of the bronzed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. The University of Texas - Pan American, United States—Texas.
Hathcock CR & Brush T. (2004). Breeding abundance and nest-site distribution of the Altamira oriole at Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 49, no 1. pp. 33–38.
Ortiz-Pulido R. (2000). Abundance of frugivorous birds and richness of fruit resource: Is there a temporal relationship?. Caldasia. vol 22, no 1. pp. 93–107.
Thurber WA & Villeda A. (1980). Notes on Parasitism by Bronzed Cowbirds Molothrus-Aeneus in El-Salvador. Wilson Bulletin. vol 92, no 1. pp. 112–113.
Hybridisation
Patrikeev, Michael, Jack C. Eitniear, Scott M. Werner, Paul C. Palmer (2008) Interactions and Hybridization between Altamira and Audubon's Orioles in the Lower Rio Grande Valley Birding 40(2):42-6
External links
Altamira oriole – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Altamira oriole
Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
Birds of Mexico
Birds of Central America
Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula
Altamira oriole
Altamira oriole | [
-0.8275917172431946,
0.14277231693267822,
-0.2574363946914673,
-0.010575142689049244,
-0.3518523573875427,
0.1372075229883194,
-0.04589476436376572,
0.6701419949531555,
-0.2751193046569824,
0.012214540503919125,
0.47334542870521545,
0.06786447763442993,
-0.5686357617378235,
0.10741795599460602,
0.1798286885023117,
0.5919551849365234,
-0.13682875037193298,
0.7713436484336853,
0.39026692509651184,
-0.11757826060056686,
-0.23961082100868225,
-1.066479206085205,
0.12165877223014832,
-0.7994547486305237,
1.2933449745178223,
-0.1754923015832901,
0.189320906996727,
0.37218061089515686,
0.2600999176502228,
-0.08638812601566315,
-0.3977770209312439,
0.49279657006263733,
0.2588287591934204,
0.009168573655188084,
0.06714002788066864,
-0.3043525218963623,
-0.20268051326274872,
-1.0695853233337402,
-0.06207893788814545,
-0.49830740690231323,
0.1369781196117401,
0.01561344601213932,
0.26143380999565125,
-0.04452873766422272,
0.22124198079109192,
-0.7292788624763489,
-1.4043256044387817,
0.4850081503391266,
-0.5854607820510864,
0.2333688884973526,
-0.3064415752887726,
0.39855968952178955,
0.09182111918926239,
0.4888370931148529,
-0.06780312210321426,
0.6579850912094116,
-0.9406519532203674,
-0.06473077088594437,
0.03603844717144966,
-0.9535031318664551,
-0.7742730379104614,
0.7901397943496704,
0.3228019177913666,
0.341273695230484,
0.29335981607437134,
0.7074576616287231,
0.3801797330379486,
0.21943305432796478,
-0.6936892867088318,
0.07092178612947464,
-0.2992272973060608,
-0.4694133698940277,
-0.028110980987548828,
0.5437665581703186,
-0.48785215616226196,
-0.7057229280471802,
-0.25502631068229675,
0.3527308404445648,
0.3294944763183594,
0.07810551673173904,
0.1780218631029129,
0.1237335354089737,
0.925281286239624,
-0.05619136616587639,
-0.021887393668293953,
0.2135748565196991,
-1.2888396978378296,
0.00022654517670162022,
-0.26367175579071045,
-0.0010595933999866247,
-0.8066797256469727,
-0.020704742521047592,
0.2472964972257614,
0.7761572003364563,
0.2358933687210083,
-0.408753901720047,
-0.48084577918052673,
0.006421130616217852,
-0.21063494682312012,
0.4854002594947815,
-0.16967730224132538,
0.0645962581038475,
0.7639065384864807,
0.0745706558227539,
-0.3601215183734894,
0.24213948845863342,
-0.4059775769710541,
-0.16785700619220734,
-0.03886027634143829,
-0.05976994335651398,
-0.2598695456981659,
0.6274402737617493,
0.09697738289833069,
0.05176396667957306,
0.05243121460080147,
1.0093084573745728,
0.8723660111427307,
-0.2112385332584381,
-0.4327724874019623,
-0.24129272997379303,
0.17558056116104126,
0.2832014262676239,
-0.18066170811653137,
-0.559228241443634,
0.10667280107736588,
0.4008406698703766,
0.103557288646698,
0.06172347441315651,
-0.7859187722206116,
0.45148614048957825,
0.24872782826423645,
0.6214287877082825,
-0.43322959542274475,
-0.14848731458187103,
-0.16734294593334198,
-0.4914807379245758,
-0.1576104760169983,
0.08348021656274796,
0.5922513604164124,
0.23635874688625336,
-0.8477513790130615,
-0.3242884874343872,
-1.0798994302749634,
-0.19270029664039612,
0.17338024079799652,
0.3379327356815338,
-0.26163873076438904,
-0.37167617678642273,
-0.13112640380859375,
-0.35786038637161255,
0.5688144564628601,
-0.1383250653743744,
-0.6495173573493958,
-0.4667244255542755,
-0.2933988869190216,
-0.30204513669013977,
0.5188397169113159,
-0.9697536826133728,
0.6710641384124756,
0.264950692653656,
-0.37928590178489685,
0.26279565691947937,
-0.19672104716300964,
0.033738039433956146,
-0.3842596113681793,
-0.1495288461446762,
0.629941999912262,
0.5920693278312683,
0.3539198338985443,
0.2818937599658966,
-0.549372136592865,
-0.316031277179718,
0.6967505216598511,
-0.10864870250225067,
-0.42767593264579773,
-0.2936285436153412,
0.05362759903073311,
-0.09313403069972992,
0.29666581749916077,
-0.12045193463563919,
-0.7555371522903442,
0.808233380317688,
0.4271627366542816,
-0.05268947780132294,
-0.010909613221883774,
-0.2995828092098236,
0.60715651512146,
0.23192083835601807,
0.6814081072807312,
0.009146987460553646,
-0.5340501070022583,
-0.026414457708597183,
-0.0960010513663292,
0.05328736454248428,
0.653229832649231,
0.5948471426963806,
-0.26195594668388367,
0.47230005264282227,
0.13036175072193146,
0.18856646120548248,
-0.5602267384529114,
0.00020997697720304132,
0.6614177823066711,
-0.34181106090545654,
-1.0938559770584106,
0.5279291272163391,
0.20027416944503784,
0.18517601490020752,
0.9246710538864136,
0.4380802512168884,
-0.37462088465690613,
-0.5215895771980286,
0.14623866975307465,
-0.4082784950733185,
-0.15915675461292267,
-0.3458435535430908,
0.09521271288394928,
0.30376189947128296,
-0.04275026544928551,
-0.32646530866622925,
0.6014362573623657,
0.15918628871440887,
0.04486244544386864,
0.3993223011493683,
-0.10020007193088531,
0.8499726057052612,
0.7146918773651123,
0.11416297405958176,
0.19278569519519806,
-0.3449133336544037,
0.39537984132766724,
-0.047719430178403854,
0.061655499041080475,
-0.7634727358818054,
-0.3258506953716278,
0.7064056992530823,
-0.10367673635482788,
-1.5177583694458008,
0.2288493812084198,
0.32164642214775085,
0.5570143461227417,
0.47573280334472656,
-0.21046145260334015,
0.42135486006736755,
0.5059624314308167,
-0.3719845414161682,
-0.4732944071292877,
0.16036982834339142,
0.5321719646453857,
-0.23227275907993317,
0.1090799942612648,
0.5831668376922607,
-0.1487942785024643,
0.12333790212869644,
0.1911296546459198,
0.31416600942611694,
0.25783559679985046,
0.4693519175052643,
0.06378412991762161,
-0.18999478220939636,
-0.09496712684631348,
0.7063409686088562,
0.46725696325302124,
-0.019401004537940025,
-0.26546943187713623,
0.3578783869743347,
0.07441741973161697,
0.12586025893688202,
0.5572783350944519,
0.44376900792121887,
0.4329591989517212,
0.019661348313093185,
-0.670788049697876,
-0.40995514392852783,
-0.29239100217819214,
-0.2730196416378021,
-0.194656103849411,
-0.27174627780914307,
-0.748650074005127,
-0.317619651556015,
0.3404598534107208,
0.31347358226776123,
-0.14268694818019867,
-0.7815250158309937,
-0.22910088300704956,
-0.8153616786003113,
0.6195968985557556,
-0.3581790626049042,
0.012414186261594296,
-0.590636134147644,
-0.5342939496040344,
-0.32282546162605286,
-0.2911846339702606,
0.7971927523612976,
-0.709484338760376,
-0.30818039178848267,
0.3863166272640228,
0.33973178267478943,
1.0017532110214233,
-0.6867659687995911,
-0.3261678218841553,
0.03273957967758179,
0.014772768132388592,
-0.14953269064426422,
0.22405663132667542,
-0.01234110165387392,
0.6678810715675354,
-0.009666611440479755,
-5.257288455963135,
-0.0576808899641037,
-0.26027876138687134,
0.27863138914108276,
0.16235695779323578,
0.3189043700695038,
0.3606087267398834,
-0.5887727737426758,
-0.10452079772949219,
-0.048151127994060516,
0.37510961294174194,
0.49765872955322266,
-0.074854776263237,
0.13964524865150452,
0.4149475693702698,
0.43630170822143555,
-0.2195703089237213,
0.13234266638755798,
0.0525338239967823,
-0.0525703988969326,
-0.02650465816259384,
0.26094043254852295,
0.19610092043876648,
0.22430701553821564,
-0.11180608719587326,
0.13673238456249237,
-0.01447338704019785,
-0.5492580533027649,
-0.7509120106697083,
-0.2557218074798584,
0.04838257282972336,
-0.2642715871334076,
0.3339245915412903,
-0.11324035376310349,
-0.20860615372657776,
-0.14495998620986938,
0.0037889142986387014,
0.10527375340461731,
0.2219083607196808,
-0.28446120023727417,
-0.8814873099327087,
-0.3614378869533539,
0.42664700746536255,
0.25458866357803345,
0.4936797618865967,
0.3159891366958618,
0.23950603604316711,
-0.5491902828216553,
-0.29883894324302673,
0.6098796725273132,
0.040909212082624435,
0.2576262056827545,
0.48623356223106384,
0.30903565883636475,
0.32292690873146057,
0.09573045372962952,
0.30061519145965576,
-0.25482383370399475,
-0.646072268486023,
0.15641820430755615,
1.5772020816802979,
-0.005198588129132986,
-0.5447474122047424,
-0.5291447043418884,
-0.3775164484977722,
-0.1862717866897583,
0.28213563561439514,
0.12924815714359283,
0.4295964241027832,
0.2424226552248001,
0.023079222068190575,
0.38595259189605713,
-0.4923340380191803,
-0.8600671291351318,
0.13664717972278595,
-0.05046376585960388,
-0.7136197686195374,
0.4124530255794525,
-0.33880525827407837,
-0.03670874610543251,
-0.21857430040836334,
-0.035070259124040604,
-0.33785051107406616,
0.6340044140815735,
0.0028227290604263544,
-0.7539247870445251,
-0.6235273480415344,
-0.12687024474143982,
-0.48163068294525146,
0.022932613268494606,
0.056988369673490524,
-0.32003429532051086,
-0.0028602515812963247,
0.06627639383077621,
-0.03808405622839928,
0.3774929642677307,
-0.0038751140236854553,
0.1379466950893402,
0.37711402773857117,
-0.39252328872680664,
1.0055973529815674,
-0.05557779595255852,
-0.0061879269778728485,
0.04898206517100334,
0.15941619873046875,
-0.6477774381637573,
-0.3049680292606354,
0.945203959941864,
0.5893601179122925,
-0.3000679612159729,
0.5572275519371033,
-0.19460110366344452,
-0.25944089889526367,
0.04099501669406891,
0.22617599368095398,
0.17346547544002533,
0.2869330048561096,
0.3123833239078522,
1.133150339126587,
-0.019195137545466423,
0.18638204038143158,
0.4162718951702118,
0.27752429246902466,
-0.3303642272949219,
-0.2879122197628021,
-0.4855585992336273,
0.16394755244255066,
0.1696496307849884,
-0.8358171582221985,
-0.5641412734985352,
0.08645704388618469,
-0.09364648908376694,
-0.02002418041229248,
-0.3869418799877167,
-0.5345340371131897,
-0.16445477306842804,
-0.6672736406326294,
0.06308658421039581,
0.6995651721954346,
-0.30019330978393555,
-0.5076841711997986,
-0.2904869616031647,
0.06354745477437973,
-0.1356234848499298,
0.9322630763053894,
0.5906990170478821,
-0.12450151890516281,
-0.822607696056366,
-0.839050829410553,
0.8930911421775818,
0.3130137324333191,
-0.9932123422622681,
0.0809452161192894,
-0.9993383288383484,
0.054612770676612854,
0.05733969062566757,
0.2589273154735565,
0.21229758858680725,
-0.20185823738574982,
-0.3723422884941101,
0.49657967686653137,
0.037521056830883026,
-0.8874887824058533,
0.15895599126815796,
-0.003017272800207138,
-0.1612492799758911,
-0.5922859311103821,
-0.5350362062454224,
-0.13479745388031006,
0.7113888263702393,
0.16932544112205505,
-0.2081456482410431,
-0.6823047995567322,
-0.43420931696891785,
0.08215022087097168,
-0.26142022013664246,
-0.2822491228580475,
0.17964470386505127,
0.09946832805871964,
-0.23597615957260132,
-0.22757653892040253,
-0.219727024435997,
0.011247755959630013,
-0.02568850852549076,
0.43563953042030334,
-0.8754692077636719,
0.2133416086435318,
-0.4834546148777008,
-0.5216777920722961,
-0.1642245203256607,
-0.29628440737724304,
0.5321657061576843,
0.4351169764995575,
-0.33586493134498596,
-0.8324499130249023,
-0.016439134255051613,
-0.43121451139450073,
0.5420923829078674,
0.036564044654369354,
-0.9754445552825928,
0.19545072317123413,
-0.12992829084396362,
-0.2818028926849365,
0.26155027747154236,
-0.3175971508026123,
-0.4063638746738434,
0.532850980758667,
0.2821422219276428,
-0.6688157916069031,
0.11637405306100845,
-0.3075340986251831,
-1.4245240688323975,
0.09264034777879715,
0.2992439568042755,
0.014433369040489197,
0.3406111001968384,
-0.14085577428340912,
0.24810825288295746,
-0.6613481640815735,
-0.014185776934027672,
0.12162750959396362,
-0.18155372142791748,
0.4053056240081787,
-0.4250409007072449,
-0.4410054087638855,
0.6014232039451599,
-0.08846579492092133,
-0.2201324701309204,
0.9538613557815552,
-0.44196566939353943,
0.25865277647972107,
-0.6586756706237793,
0.39144420623779297,
0.044354937970638275,
-0.35262802243232727,
0.4504227638244629,
-0.8665803670883179,
0.03976854681968689,
-0.02683292329311371,
0.6640588641166687,
0.6541457176208496,
1.1226472854614258,
0.14836375415325165,
0.05096093937754631,
-0.20273558795452118,
0.6518396735191345,
-0.10471773892641068,
0.3860776722431183,
-0.8058446645736694,
-0.008465089835226536,
0.4501376450061798,
-0.2549395263195038,
-0.35823169350624084,
0.6340901255607605,
0.905698299407959,
-0.7017843723297119,
-0.17270810902118683,
0.48269209265708923,
-0.358970582485199,
0.002845384646207094,
0.24854996800422668,
0.2802561819553375,
-0.22289712727069855,
0.6613795161247253,
-0.15428473055362701,
-0.46142318844795227,
-0.1610821932554245,
0.05589454621076584,
0.4974190294742584,
-0.2242630273103714,
0.4379366338253021,
0.2863941490650177,
0.5464290976524353,
0.3180983066558838,
-0.5366300940513611,
0.32265806198120117,
0.07563870400190353,
-0.333731472492218,
0.5101534128189087,
-0.8652064800262451,
-0.32862383127212524,
0.6249760389328003,
0.5262239575386047,
-0.12142859399318695,
-0.13564011454582214,
0.12403402477502823,
-0.48108989000320435,
-0.04181787744164467,
0.01854991540312767,
-0.029091425240039825,
-0.4075898230075836,
-0.23045651614665985,
0.23690740764141083,
0.08800721913576126,
0.30478766560554504,
0.6637219786643982,
0.05345684289932251,
0.0679851546883583,
-0.24765156209468842,
-0.0928753912448883,
-1.0816038846969604,
1.1776210069656372,
0.7064523696899414,
-0.3973192274570465,
0.038904644548892975,
0.21671050786972046,
0.39301154017448425,
0.06591178476810455,
-0.2820809483528137,
-0.7767102718353271,
0.2954801917076111,
0.19372154772281647,
-0.23137572407722473,
0.7600821256637573,
-0.25208184123039246,
0.25066402554512024,
-0.004196490626782179,
-0.35895904898643494,
-0.014341030269861221,
1.2973796129226685,
-0.04664682224392891,
-0.2916407883167267,
0.3514547646045685,
0.1330096572637558,
0.23072654008865356,
0.05403413623571396,
-0.5663402676582336,
-0.8059685826301575,
0.5367470383644104,
0.7274003624916077,
0.3147895634174347,
-0.20086070895195007,
-0.36489036679267883,
0.05366826802492142,
0.11119595915079117,
-0.3214823007583618,
0.37099143862724304,
-1.0078232288360596,
-0.09588081389665604,
1.066876769065857,
1.0883922576904297,
0.3151575028896332,
0.24452975392341614,
-0.1745435744524002,
0.4000413119792938,
-0.381940096616745,
-0.01857304945588112,
0.1834135353565216,
0.20016629993915558,
-0.030852723866701126,
0.27450403571128845,
0.24569067358970642,
0.4288574159145355,
-0.996785581111908,
0.3651265799999237,
0.1268133968114853,
-0.2084013968706131,
-0.10880914330482483,
-0.6083178520202637,
-0.2523939311504364,
-0.29485395550727844,
-0.09297721832990646,
-0.17522917687892914,
-0.008472765795886517,
-1.0614793300628662,
0.04799146577715874,
-0.2656746208667755,
-0.0712631493806839,
-0.46972936391830444,
0.3466068208217621,
0.38152942061424255,
0.19931842386722565,
0.05254364758729935,
0.07284078747034073,
0.7433944344520569,
0.6503878235816956,
-0.160665825009346,
0.5701726078987122,
0.3537859618663788,
0.5635388493537903,
-0.509705126285553,
0.13918909430503845,
0.35325074195861816,
-0.21117748320102692,
0.02157311700284481,
-0.4016556441783905,
-0.1206502839922905,
-0.3700202703475952,
0.13569331169128418,
0.08646039664745331,
0.16589397192001343,
-0.3641226887702942,
0.29690924286842346,
-0.31518349051475525,
-0.236569344997406,
-0.2955179214477539,
-0.32035523653030396,
1.129726529121399,
-0.2901660203933716,
-0.5581461191177368,
0.15007352828979492,
0.31413960456848145,
0.04534430056810379,
0.051086317747831345,
0.19028523564338684,
0.061895329505205154,
-0.3637513816356659,
0.4706474840641022,
-0.2648126184940338,
0.44099462032318115,
0.3406941890716553,
0.23465022444725037,
-0.38759124279022217,
-0.09460122138261795,
-0.28133445978164673,
0.5306325554847717,
0.10590922832489014,
-0.29681551456451416,
-0.5962868928909302,
-0.5981366634368896,
0.15102867782115936,
-0.1317577213048935,
-0.4694209396839142,
0.6208881735801697,
-0.2628064453601837,
-0.08232015371322632,
0.20601911842823029,
0.354076623916626,
-0.7594561576843262,
0.029521971940994263,
-0.03392079100012779,
0.4868573844432831,
-0.3495285212993622,
-0.2499474138021469,
-0.31621095538139343,
-0.4668193459510803,
0.42829766869544983,
0.8907488584518433,
-0.06779278069734573,
0.33092358708381653,
-0.14591482281684875,
-0.008090096525847912,
0.3399288058280945,
-0.3316017985343933,
-0.47885701060295105,
0.05721796676516533,
-0.18701434135437012,
-0.8584653735160828,
-0.16565850377082825,
-0.27190250158309937,
0.41390568017959595,
-0.3856630027294159,
0.18582192063331604,
0.15541809797286987,
0.022645629942417145,
-0.2367733120918274,
-0.03981006518006325,
-0.4998316168785095,
0.5114741325378418,
0.055807460099458694
] |
232273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Sun | Connecticut Sun | The Connecticut Sun are an American professional basketball team based in Uncasville, Connecticut that competes in the Eastern Conference of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).
The team was established as the Orlando Miracle in 1999, during the league's expansion from ten to twelve teams, as a sister team to the NBA's Orlando Magic. In 2003, as financial strains left the team on the brink of disbanding, the Mohegan Indian tribe purchased and relocated the team to Mohegan Sun, becoming the first Native American tribe to own a professional sports franchise. The team's name comes from its affiliation with Mohegan Sun and its logo is reflective of a modern interpretation of an ancient Mohegan symbol. Capitalizing on the popularity of women's basketball in the state, as a result of the success of the UConn Huskies, the Sun held the distinction of being the only WNBA franchise not to share its market with an NBA team, until the relocation of the Seattle SuperSonics in 2008 left the Storm as an independent team in Seattle.
The Sun have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in twelve of their eighteen seasons in Connecticut.
History
Orlando Miracle (1999–2002)
Before the franchise relocated to Connecticut in 2003, the team operated as the Orlando Miracle. The Miracle played their home games at TD Waterhouse Centre in Orlando, Florida, as the sister team of the Orlando Magic. After the 2002 season, the NBA sold off all of the WNBA franchises to the operators of the respective teams, which placed the league in the middle of team contractions, relocations, and potential labor strife. Since Magic ownership was no longer interested in retaining the rights to the Miracle and no local partnership was reached, the organization ceased operations and was purchased by the Mohegan Tribe. On January 28, 2003, it was announced that the Miracle would immediately move to Uncasville, Connecticut and change its nickname to the Sun (in reference to the Mohegan Sun casino). The Sun's nickname, color scheme and logo are similar to that of another defunct Florida-based franchise, the Miami Sol, which folded at the same time as the Miracle's relocation to Connecticut.
Relocation and ascendancy to prominence (2003–2004)
With a new home in Uncasville and two former UConn Huskies on the roster, the Sun entered the 2003 season looking to build upon a 2002 campaign in which they missed the playoffs due to a tiebreaker with Indiana. The Sun underwent a total overhaul during the off-season – selecting Debbie Black in the dispersal draft and acquiring former Connecticut star Rebecca Lobo to add another local attraction to join Nykesha Sales. General manager Chris Sienko named Mike Thibault, a coaching veteran with two NBA titles as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers, as the first head coach for the franchise.
On May 24, 2003, the Sun hosted the first regular season game of its inaugural season, which was shown on ABC, the league's new broadcast partner. The Sun yielded to the two-time defending champion Sparks before a sellout crowd of 9,341. At the conclusion of the 2003 season, the Sun finished with an 18–16 record, which clinched the first playoff berth since the franchise relocated. The Sun swept the second-seeded Sting in the first round of the playoffs, and before being swept by the Detroit Shock in the Eastern Conference Finals.
Rebecca Lobo announced her retirement after seven seasons in the WNBA. The Sun returned Katie Douglas, Nykesha Sales and Taj McWilliams-Franklin, the group that formed Thibault's nucleus. General manager Chris Sienko fortified that core with former UConn product Asjha Jones, who was acquired in a three-team trade, and Minnesota Golden Gophers phenom Lindsay Whalen, who was taken with the fourth overall pick in the 2004 Draft. The Sun managed to snag a top pick in one of the deepest draft classes in league history by trading perennial all-star point guard Shannon Johnson, a move that was universally panned by Sun fans. The Sun selected Lindsay Whalen amidst rumors they would trade her to the Minnesota Lynx. However, she remained on the team as the Sun posted an 18–16 record in an equally-talented Eastern Conference, winning the #1 seed. In the first round, the Sun defeated the Washington Mystics 2–1. In the Eastern Conference Finals, the Sun rolled on, sweeping the New York Liberty. The Sun had made it to the WNBA Finals in their second season of existence. In the Finals, their run would end, as they lost a hard-fought three-game series, 2–1, to the Seattle Storm.
Dynastic turmoil (2005–2007)
In the 2005 off season, the Sun acquired 7'2" (2.18 m) center Margo Dydek. With a dominant post presence, the Sun controlled the Eastern Conference, posting a 26–8 record, the best regular season record for an Eastern Conference team in WNBA history. In the playoffs, the Sun flew to the finals, sweeping the Detroit Shock and the Indiana Fever. In the 2005 WNBA Finals, the Sun were matched up against an equally dominant Sacramento Monarchs team. Also against the Sun's luck, Lindsay Whalen played through the series with injuries. The Sun had home-court advantage, but it was of no use; the Sun lost the Finals for the second straight year, 3 games to 1, in the first WNBA Finals played in a best-of-five format.
The success of the franchise was rewarded in 2005, when the Sun were selected to host the annual WNBA All-Star Game. The All-Star game was arguably the most exciting in WNBA history with the two teams combining for 221 points. At the end of the game, Lisa Leslie became the first woman to ever dunk in an All-Star Game.
In 2006, the Sun would match their 2005 record and it looked like a return trip to the Finals was certain. Mike Thibault received the WNBA Coach of the Year Award, and it appeared as if no team could stop the Sun. All five starters were named to the WNBA Eastern Conference All-Star team: Katie Douglas, Margo Dydek, Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales and Lindsay Whalen. This feat had never before been achieved in WNBA history. In the playoffs, the Sun would quickly sweep the Washington Mystics. But in the Eastern Conference Finals, the Sun were upset by the Detroit Shock, 2 games to 1, on the Sun's home floor.
The Sun stumbled out of the gate in 2007, posting a dismal 5–10 record by late June. However, the Sun stormed back into playoff contention by winning 11 of their next 13 games, to finish the regular season at 18–16, good enough to win the #3 seed in the Eastern Conference. In the playoffs, the Sun faced the Indiana Fever in the first round. The Sun came into the series having won all four regular season contests against the Fever. In Game 1, despite holding a 17-point lead in the third quarter, the Sun allowed the Fever to force the first triple-overtime game in WNBA playoff history, ending with a 93–88 victory for the Sun. However, the Fever would respond by winning the next two games and therefore the series, including a playoff record 22-point come-from-behind win in Game 3.
Brief decline (2008–2009)
The front office knew something had to be done to save the team from another disappointing finish. During the 2007–08 off-season, the Connecticut Sun made major changes to their roster in an effort to win that ever-elusive championship title. The Sun made three trades, one sending Katie Douglas, the face of the franchise, to the Indiana Fever, a deal that signaled the end of the partnership that led the Sun to consecutive WNBA Finals appearances. In return, the Sun received Tamika Whitmore who would surely create a physical presence in the paint, something that the Sun had been lacking in previous years. Following that monumental trade, Nykesha Sales announced she would sit out the 2008 season due to multiple nagging injuries. 7'2" center Margo Dydek also took the season off due to her pregnancy. With three former starters missing from the Sun lineup, most sports critics and publications predicted the team to finish fourth in the East. Some even claimed the Sun would finish sixth, only ahead of the expansion Atlanta Dream.
Contrary to these predictions, the Sun started the season with an outstanding 8–1 record. Soon, however, the team found itself in a disappointing slump. The Sun went on a five-game losing streak, the worst ever for a team under Mike Thibault. The team finished the regular season with a 21–13 record which placed them second in the Eastern Conference, only one game out of first place. In the playoffs, the Sun's youth and inexperience caught up to them; the New York Liberty won game three on the Sun's home floor and for the second straight year, the Sun failed to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals.
Exceeding many expectations during the 2008 rebuilding season, the Sun looked to come back even stronger in 2009. There was no reason to believe the Sun would not contend for playoff position. During the first six seasons the team has been in Connecticut, the Sun have tied the highest winning record of any team in the WNBA during that time period, posting a record of 127–77, translating into a winning percentage of .623, with the Detroit Shock having the same exact record for those six years. That success has reflected itself in the team's attendance, which has surged from 6,025 in 2003 to 7,644 in 2008.
The 2009 WNBA All-Star Game was held on July 25 at 3:30pm in the Mohegan Sun Arena. It was the second time the Sun had hosted the game. It was broadcast nationally on ABC (HD). Like the two previous seasons, they would start the season on a struggling note. But they later won 7 out of their next 10 games, putting them in playoff position. Halfway through the season, however, there was a three-way tie for second place which included the Sun, the Dream, and the Mystics. The Sun, plagued by a late-season injury to all-star Asjha Jones missed the playoffs for the first time since moving from Orlando. Sun fans found an unwelcome and unfamiliar ending to the 2009 season. They finished overall with a 16–18 record and finished 6th in the East. After the team was ousted from playoff contention, Thibault said there would be changes.
Charles triggers resurgence (2010–2012)
After a late-season implosion in 2009, head coach Mike Thibault had to make some crucial decisions for a team whose culture completely broke down last year. Connecticut started its rebuilding process quickly, acquiring DeMya Walker in the Monarchs' dispersal draft. The Sun then snagged the first overall pick in the 2010 collegiate draft in a trade with the Minnesota Lynx; a trade that would have the Sun's most recognizable face in starting point guard Lindsay Whalen, along with the second overall pick, shipped to Minneapolis. This package netted the Sun Renee Montgomery, who would prove to be luxury in the deal. Thibault continued to reshape his roster after introducing Kara Lawson at a press conference as a new member of the Sun. Lawson was formerly a member of the Monarchs' team that decimated the Sun's chances of a WNBA title. Lawson, along with Montgomery, formed a backcourt that would be able to dictate pace and bolster the Sun's perimeter arsenal attack. The Sun also signed reserves Anete Jēkabsone-Žogota and Tan White to multiyear contracts to solidify the Sun's revamped backcourt.
The Sun came into the 2010 WNBA Draft with two picks in the first round – the first and seventh overall picks, the latter of which was acquired one day prior to the draft from Tulsa. With its first overall selection in franchise history, the Sun took UConn standout and Player of the Year recipient, Tina Charles, the consensus top prospect available. By playing alongside premier talent at the collegiate level, Charles had shown that she was ready to pilot an offense and lead this franchise into the post-Sales era. After the selection of Charles, Thibault had the remainder of the draft to fortify the weapons around his newly acquired center. To diminish the losses of Amber Holt and Chante Black, both of whom were part of the package deal with the Shock, the Sun selected Kansas product Danielle McCray. Prior to the draft, it was understood that McCray wouldn't be available to participate in the upcoming season due to an ACL injury she sustained in college. There was risk involved concerning her durability, but McCray's potential as a superstar was reason enough to take the leap of faith. The Sun cemented its guard corps with the selection of Allison Hightower in the second round. Thibault wasn't finished making a mark on draft day as he maneuvered around the draft board to address the Sun's suspect defense. He nabbed former Cornhusker Kelsey Griffin, who was taken third overall, in a trade once again involving the Lynx. This trade would have the Sun relinquishing their first and second round picks in next year's draft. The acquisition of coveted players through the draft and free agency capped an off-season of change that had transformed a franchise for the future. Although the reconstruction of the Sun remained a work in progress, this talented class of prospects would serve as the foundation for a team that jumped back into contention quicker than anyone anticipated.
After the 2010 WNBA season, news surfaced that the Connecticut Sun was the first franchise in WNBA history to turn a profit.
The 2011 season started well for the Sun. Few changes were made in the off-season, which gave the team some consistency and a year of experience on which to build. Sandrine Gruda and Anete Jēkabsone-Žogota decided to sit out the season, so the Sun looked elsewhere, adding Jessica Moore and relying on rookie Danielle McCray to step up and score. In a tough Eastern Conference, the Sun held a 9–5 record going into the All-Star break.
In his decade-long pursuit of an elusive title, Mike Thibault found himself in the proverbial hot seat to engineer a deep run. But an absence of urgency was reflected in the team's free agency approach – making small waves to pry Thompson and Cash from their respective teams – to solely ink rugged forward Mistie Mims in relief of Charles. Sticking with the status quo meant the roster was set so much so that the Sun drafted an unheralded Malian prospect. Going into the season, Thibault had assembled a deep roster that necessitated only a couple minor moves to cap the off-season process. The coach's patience paid dividends when his burgeoning core bolted to a 6–1 start highlighted by a chafed Montgomery turning the starting reins over to Hightower. Leading into the 1-month Olympic hiatus, the Sun strung together a five-win streak to improve to a league-best 15–4 mark. Following the ill-timed Games, which saw the club's Jones-Charles tandem help capture gold for Team USA, Connecticut continued to perform superbly while short-handed. They finished the season 25–9, with a better road record (13–4) than as hosts. The Sun fended off late Liberty rallies to sweep their way into a joust with the Fever in what was the team's first Conference finals since 2010's radical facelift. In the series, the Sun took themselves to the doorstep of a Finals berth after notching a decisive Game 1 rout. But building on a stirring two-point Game 2 win and a rally cry after losing Douglas, Indiana derailed the Sun's seemingly predestined trip in a 71–87 home romp, a defeat that essentially cost longtime coach Thibault his job. The lion's share of the season's fortunes came from the talented triumvirate of Lawson, Jones and league MVP Tina Charles flanked by Mims and sixth woman Montgomery carving a niche as an energy duo off the pines. Though failure was what came to mind in taking stock of the team's decade season; the Fever capturing the year's title being emblematic of that.
Change at the top (2013–2016)
On November 20, 2012, Mike Thibault was relieved of his duties as head coach for the franchise. While at the helm, he amassed a 206–134 record en route to 8 playoff appearances, four Eastern Conference titles and reaching the WNBA Finals twice in his ten-year tenure. However, Thibault's squads have had the notoriety for failing to flip their proverbial switch to close games; honing a burgeoning reputation for folding under pressure. This dubious distinction, coupled with the failure of achieving a franchise-first championship, led to the coach's dismissal. With an eye to accomplishing the objective of a WNBA title, the team hired Hall of Famer, Anne Donovan, as Thibault's successor. Among other WNBA stints, Donovan was the head coach of the '04 Seattle Storm team that captured the league title over, ironically, the Sun. Donovan hired Catherine Proto and Jennifer Gillom as her assistant coaches for her initial season. In 2014, Proto became Scouting and Video Operations Manager for the Sun and Steven Key replaced her as an assistant coach. During Anne Donovan's run as head coach she had gone 38-64 in three seasons with the Connecticut Sun before resigning as the head coach in 2015. Curt Miller would be named head coach of the Connecticut Sun starting in the 2016 WNBA Season.
The Sun Rise to the Top (2016–present)
With Curt Miller at the helm of the Connecticut Sun moves had to be made in the off-season to show early signs of improvement. Elizabeth Williams was sent to the Atlanta Dream for the 2016 fourth overall pick in Rachel Banham. In April 2016 the Sun traded Chelsea Gray to the Los Angeles Sparks along with two second round picks in the 2016 WNBA Draft and a 2017 first round pick for Jonquel Jones and the Sparks second round selection in the 2016 WNBA Draft. In the 2016 WNBA Draft, the Connecticut Sun selected Morgan Tuck with their third overall draft pick. After getting three wins in sixteen games on the 2016 season, the Sun moved Kelsey Bone to the Phoenix Mercury for Courtney Williams and a second round draft selection in the 2017 WNBA Draft. Closing out the 2016 WNBA Season the sun would win eleven out of the remaining twenty games finishing with a record of 14-20 missing out on the postseason by three wins. In February of 2017, the Sun would trade Camille Little to the Phoenix Mercury for Lynetta Kizer from the Indiana Fever and eighth overall draft selection Brionna Jones in the 2017 WNBA Draft from a three team trade. Ahead of the 2017 WNBA Season, Chiney Ogwumike was suspended due to an injury she suffered overseas causing her to miss the 2017 WNBA Season. It would only take a 1-5 record in the month of May to turn the early start of the season around for Connecticut finishing with 6-2 and 7-2 record in June, July, and August to clinch a playoff spot. The Sun would finish the season going 21-13 just one win short of tying the New York Liberty for the Eastern Conference Regular Season Title. With the recent changes in 2016 to the playoff format, Connecticut got a bye to the second round of the WNBA Playoffs against the Phoenix Mercury. The Sun went on to lose their second round game 88-83 and despite that loss more success was soon to come. Chiney returned to action in the 2018 WNBA Season while Stricklen resigned for another run with the Connecticut Sun.
Current home
The Sun play in the Mohegan Sun Arena. Mohegan Sun is owned by the Mohegan tribe. The arena is located at Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut. Despite the inclusion of “Connecticut” in the name, the team technically isn’t under the jurisdiction of the State of Connecticut as Native American tribes are sovereign entities and the Mohegan Sun Arena is located on the Mohegan reservation, though the team is still considered to be located in Connecticut. Mohegan Sun Arena is smaller than most other WNBA arenas, with the maximum capacity (lower and upper levels) for a basketball game being 9,323. The Sun is one of the only top-level professional sports franchises located in the state of Connecticut, along with the New England Black Wolves of the National Lacrosse League, which are also owned by the Mohegan Tribe and also play at the Mohegan Sun Arena, and the Connecticut Whale of the Premier Hockey Federation, which are located in Danbury.
The Mohegan Sun Arena is located in the center of the mall area of the Mohegan Sun Casino.
Uniforms
1999–2002: For home games, the Miracle wore white with blue on the sides/shoulders and white Miracle logo text on the chest. For away games, blue with white on the sides and white Miracle logo text on the chest. The Miracle logo is on the shorts.
2003: For home games, the Sun wore white with sun red on the sides and red Sun logo text emblazoned on the chest. For away games, pure red with gold trim on the sides and gold Sun logo text on the chest. The Sun logo is on the shorts.
2004–2006: For home games, the Sun wore white with sun red on the sides and red Sun logo text on the chest. For away games, blue with sun red and gold trim on the sides, as well as gold Sun logo text on the chest. The Sun logo is on the shorts.
2007: For home games, the Sun wore white with images of basic suns embellished on the sides and the Sun logo text on the chest. For away games, blue with images of basic suns on the sides and gold Sun logo text on the chest. The Sun logo is on the shorts.
2008–2010: For home games, the Sun wore white with the word "Connecticut" printed vertically on the sides and the Sun logo text emblazoned on the chest. For away games, the Sun wore blue with the word "Sun" printed vertically on the sides and the gold "Connecticut" text on the chest. The Sun logo is on the shorts.
2011–2015: For home games, the Sun wear white with blue vertical stripes on the sides and the Sun logo text emblazoned on the chest. For away games, the Sun wear blue with white vertical stripes embellished on the sides and gold "Connecticut" text on the chest. The Sun logo is shown on the left shoulder.
2015–present: Frontier Communications takes over as jersey sponsor.
2016: As part of a league-wide initiative for its 20th season, all games featured all-color uniform matchups. Therefore, the Sun unveiled an orange uniform while retaining the blue jersey from the previous season.
Season-by-season records
Players
Current roster
International rights
Honored numbers
FIBA Hall of Fame
Management, coaches and staff
Owners
RDV Sports, Inc., owner of the Orlando Magic (1998–2002)
Mohegan Sun (2003–present)
Head coaches
General managers
Carolyn Peck (1998–2001)
Dee Brown (2002)
Chris Sienko (2003–2016)
Curt Miller (2016–present)
Assistant coaches
Rick Stukes (1999–2000)
Charlene Thomas-Swinson (1999–2001)
Michael Peck (2001)
Vonn Read (2002)
Valerie Still (2002)
Bernadette Mattox (2003–2012)
Scott Hawk (2003–2012)
Catherine Proto (2013)
Jennifer Gillom (2013–2015)
Steven Key (2014–2015)
Nicki Collen (2016–2017)
Steve Smith (2016–2018)
Brandi Poole (2018–present)
Chris Koclanes (2019–present)
Statistics
|-
| 1999
| S. Johnson (14.0)
| T. McWilliams (7.5)
| S. Johnson (4.4)
| 68.9 vs 69.3
| 30.2 vs 31.4
| .424 vs .429
|-
|-
| 2000
| T. McWilliams (13.7)
| T. McWilliams (7.6)
| S. Johnson (5.3)
| 69.0 vs 69.8
| 28.9 vs 31.8
| .436 vs .433
|-
| 2001
| N. Sales (13.5)
| T. McWilliams (7.6)
| E. Powell (3.1)
| 66.9 vs 68.9
| 30.3 vs 30.5
| .401 vs .440
|-
| 2002
| S. Johnson (16.1)
| W. Palmer (5.8)
| S. Johnson (5.3)
| 70.4 vs 70.5
| 28.6 vs 32.7
| .422 vs .432
|-
| 2003
| N. Sales (16.1)
| T. McWilliams (6.7)
| S. Johnson (5.8)
| 70.1 vs 70.9
| 32.2 vs 34.6
| .411 vs .411
|-
| 2004
| N. Sales (15.2)
| T. McWilliams (7.2)
| L. Whalen (4.8)
| 68.7 vs 67.8
| 30.7 vs 31.3
| .427 vs .430
|-
| 2005
| N. Sales (15.6)
| T. McWilliams (7.3)
| L. Whalen (5.1)
| 72.8 vs 66.0
| 32.6 vs 31.7
| .452 vs .398
|-
| 2006
| K. Douglas (16.4)
| T. McWilliams (9.6)
| L. Whalen (4.6)
| 78.9 vs 71.1
| 37.3 vs 33.9
| .443 vs .402
|-
| 2007
| K. Douglas (17.0)
| M. Dydek (6.5)
| L. Whalen (5.0)
| 78.7 vs 76.3
| 35.9 vs 34.7
| .430 vs .421
|-
| 2008
| A. Jones (17.0)
| A. Jones (6.1)
| L. Whalen (5.4)
| 79.1 vs 74.7
| 36.4 vs 35.3
| .422 vs .418
|-
| 2009
| A. Jones (16.7)
| S. Gruda (6.3)
| L. Whalen (4.6)
| 78.0 vs 78.1
| 34.8 vs 37.5
| .406 vs .426
|-
|-
| 2010
| T. Charles (15.5)
| T. Charles (11.7)
| R. Montgomery (4.1)
| 81.0 vs 79.9
| 36.5 vs 35.6
| .427 vs .433
|-
| 2011
| T. Charles (17.6)
| T. Charles (11.0)
| R. Montgomery (4.9)
| 80.1 vs 76.8
| 35.6 vs 36.5
| .424 vs .429
|-
| 2012
| T. Charles (18.0)
| T. Charles (10.5)
| K. Lawson (4.0)
| 81.6 vs 77.4
| 34.4 vs 35.3
| .431 vs .430
|-
| 2013
| T. Charles (18.0)
| T. Charles (10.1)
| K. Lawson (4.2)
| 71.0 vs 76.9
| 33.9 vs 37.6
| .400 vs .436
|-
| 2014
| C. Ogwumike (15.5)
| C. Ogwumike (8.5)
| A. Bentley (3.7)
| 75.7 vs 77.5
| 33.9 vs 33.6
| .415 vs .443
|-
| 2015
| K. Bone (15.4)
| K. Bone (6.3)
| J. Thomas (3.9)
| 75.0 vs 76.6
| 31.0 vs 33.6
| .422 vs .440
|-
| 2016
| A. Bentley (12.9)
| C. Ogwumike (6.7)
| J. Thomas (5.1)
| 83.0 vs 84.4
| 34.1 vs 33.9
| .439 vs .459
|-
| 2017
| J. Jones (15.4)
| J. Jones (11.9)
| A. Thomas (4.5)
| 86.0 vs 81.6
| 36.7 vs 33.8
| .448 vs .435
|-
| 2018
| C. Ogwumike (14.4)
| A. Thomas (8.1)
| J. Thomas (4.8)
| 87.6 vs 81.7
| 36.9 vs 32.0
| .466 vs .443
|-
| 2019
| J. Jones (14.6)
| J. Jones (9.7)
| J. Thomas (5.1)
| 80.8 vs 77.9
| 36.8 vs 33.3
| .423 vs .439
|-
|-
| 2020
| D. Bonner (19.7)
| A. Thomas (9.0)
| A. Thomas (4.8)
| 80.4 vs 79.9
| 35.5 vs 33.0
| .427 vs .443
|-
| 2021
| J. Jones (19.4)
| J. Jones (11.2)
| J. Thomas (4.0)
| 79.7 vs 69.9
| 36.6 vs 27.3
| .444 vs .409
|-
Media coverage
As of the 2021 season the television home of the Sun is NESN. For the 2021 season NESN will air 22 games, 7 on the regular network and 15 on NESN+.
Previously, Connecticut Sun games aired on WCTX (MyTV 9), a local television station for the state of Connecticut. It was the second time WCTX had aired Sun matches. They were also the original home of Sun matches prior to the 2010 season. More often than not, NBA TV picked up the feed from the local broadcast, which are shown nationally. Broadcasters for the Sun games on WCTX consisted of Bob Heussler and Rebecca Lobo, Jennifer Rizzotti or Kara Wolters. From 2012–2014 Sun games were broadcast on CPTV Sports (CPTV-S). For the 2011 season, Sun games were broadcast on Comcast Sports Net New England, with Mike Gorman as an announcer. In addition to Mike Gorman, broadcasters in the past have included Leah Secondo and Kara Wolters.
Audio broadcasts for all home games are done by Bob Heussler, which (excluding blackout games, in which case are available on ESPN3.com) are streamed to the WNBA League Pass game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Sun games are broadcast nationally on CBS, CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which will pay right fees to the Sun, as well as other teams in the league.
All-time notes
Regular season attendance
A sellout for a basketball game at TD Waterhouse Centre (Orlando) is 17,248.
A sellout for a basketball game at Mohegan Sun Arena (Connecticut) is:
9,518 from 2003–2010.
9,323 since 2011.
Draft picks
1999 Expansion Draft: Andrea Congreaves (2), Kisha Ford (4), Yolanda Moore (6), Adrienne Johnson (8)
1999: Tari Phillips (8), Sheri Sam (20), Taj McWilliams-Franklin (32), Carla McGhee (44), Elaine Powell (50)
2000: Cintia dos Santos (4), Jannon Roland (20), Shawnetta Stewart (36), Romana Hamzová (52)
2001: Katie Douglas (10), Brooke Wyckoff (26), Jaclyn Johnson (42), Anne Thorius (58)
2002: Davalyn Cunningham (23), Saundra Jackson (39), Tomeka Brown (55)
2003 Miami/Portland Dispersal Draft: Debbie Black (6)
2003: Courtney Coleman (13), Lindsey Wilson (34)
2004 Cleveland Dispersal Draft: selection traded
2004: Lindsay Whalen (4), Jessica Brungo (16), Ugo Oha (24), Candace Futrell (29)
2005: Katie Feenstra (8), Erin Phillips (21), Megan Mahoney (34)
2006: Debbie Merrill (28), Marita Payne (42)
2007 Charlotte Dispersal Draft: selection waived
2007: Kamesha Hairston (12), Sandrine Gruda (13), Cori Chambers (26), Kiera Hardy (39)
2008: Amber Holt (9), Ketia Swanier (12), Jolene Anderson (23), Lauren Ervin (37)
2009 Houston Dispersal Draft: selection waived
2009: Chante Black (10), Lyndra Littles (17), Alba Torrens (36)
2010 Sacramento Dispersal Draft: DeMya Walker (3)
2010: Tina Charles (1), Danielle McCray (7), Allison Hightower (15), Johannah Leedham (27)
2011: Sydney Colson (16), Adrienne Johnson (28)
2012: Astan Dabo (9), Chay Shegog (21)
2013: Kelly Faris (11), Anna Prins (23), Andrea Smith (35)
2014: Chiney Ogwumike (1), Chelsea Gray (11), DeNesha Stallworth (25)
2015: Elizabeth Williams (4), Brittany Hrynko (19)
2016: Morgan Tuck (3), Rachel Banham (4), Jamie Weisner (17), Aliyyah Handford (27)
2017: Brionna Jones (8), Shayla Cooper (13), Leticia Romero (16), Jessica January (28)
2018: Lexie Brown (9), Mikayla Cowling (33)
2019: Kristine Anigwe (9), Bridget Carleton (21), Regan Magarity (33)
2020: Kaila Charles (23), Juicy Landrum(35)
2021: DiJonai Carrington (20), Micaela Kelly (21), Aleah Goodman (30)
Trades
April 18, 2002: The Miracle acquired Clarisse Machanguana from the Charlotte Sting in exchange for a first-round pick (7th overall) in the 2002 Draft.
July 8, 2002: The Miracle traded Elaine Powell and a first round pick (5th overall) in the 2003 Draft in exchange for Wendy Palmer and a second round pick in the 2003 Draft.
February 14, 2003: The Sun acquired Rebecca Lobo from the Houston Comets for a second round pick in the 2003 Draft.
January 28, 2004: The Sun traded Shannon Johnson, along with the 21st and 34th picks in the 2004 Draft, to the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for the fourth, 16th, and 29th picks in the 2004 Draft.
March 25, 2004: The Sun acquired Asjha Jones from the Washington Mystics in exchange for the eighth pick in the 2004 Draft in a three-way trade that also involved the Phoenix Mercury.
April 16, 2005: The Sun acquired Margo Dydek from the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for Katie Feenstra and a first-round pick (14th overall) in the 2006 Draft.
February 21, 2007: The Sun traded Taj McWilliams-Franklin to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Erika DeSouza and a first-round pick (12th overall) in the 2007 Draft.
February 19, 2008: The Sun traded Katie Douglas to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Tamika Whitmore, the rights to Jessica Foley and a first-round pick (12th overall) in the 2008 Draft.
March 6, 2008: The Sun acquired Barbara Turner from the Houston Comets in exchange for Megan Mahoney.
March 14, 2008: The Sun traded Kristen Rasmussen to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Tamika Raymond, as well as the option to trade second-round picks in the 2009 Draft.
January 12, 2010: The Sun traded Lindsay Whalen and the second pick in the 2010 Draft to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Renee Montgomery and the first overall pick in the 2010 Draft.
April 7, 2010: The Sun traded Amber Holt and Chante Black to the Tulsa Shock in exchange for the seventh pick in the 2010 Draft and a second-round pick in the 2011 Draft.
April 8, 2010: The Sun traded first and second-round picks (4th and 13th overall) in the 2011 Draft to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the draft rights to Kelsey Griffin.
April 11, 2011: The Sun traded their third-round pick in the 2012 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for the draft rights to Tahnee Robinson.
April 11, 2011: The Sun acquired Kalana Greene from the New York Liberty in exchange for the draft rights to Sydney Colson.
June 20, 2013: The Sun traded their second-round pick in the 2014 Draft to the Tulsa Shock in exchange for Kayla Pedersen.
March 12, 2014: The Sun traded Kara Lawson to the Washington Mystics in exchange for Alex Bentley from the Atlanta Dream.
April 14, 2014: The Sun traded Tina Charles to the New York Liberty in exchange for Kelsey Bone, Alyssa Thomas, and a first-round pick in the 2015 Draft.
January 28, 2015: The Sun traded Renee Montgomery and their third and fifteen overall picks in the 2015 Draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Camille Little and Shekinna Stricklen.
April 16, 2015: The Sun traded Brittany Hrynko to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Jasmine Thomas.
May 13, 2015: The Sun traded Asjha Jones to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2016 Draft.
February 3, 2016: The Sun traded Elizabeth Williams to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for the fourth pick in the 2016 Draft.
April 14, 2016: The Sun traded Chelsea Gray, the 15th and 23rd picks in the 2016 Draft, and a first-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Jonquel Jones and the 17th pick in the 2016 Draft.
June 25, 2016: The Sun traded Kelsey Bone to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Courtney Williams, Jillian Alleyne, and San Antonio's second-round pick in the 2017 Draft.
January 26, 2017: The Sun traded Aneika Henry-Morello to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Reshanda Gray.
February 21, 2017: The Sun traded Camille Little and the rights to Jillian Alleyne to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Lynetta Kizer and the 8th overall pick in the 2017 Draft. The trade was a three-way trade between the Sun, the Mercury and the Indiana Fever.
June 8, 2017: The Sun traded Jordan Hooper to the Atlanta Dream for the Dream's 2018 2nd Round Draft Pick.
February 2, 2018: The Sun traded the 21st pick in the 2018 Draft to Phoenix in exchange for Cayla George.
April 12, 2018: The Sun traded the 15th pick in the 2018 Draft and their second round pick in the 2019 Draft to Atlanta in exchange for Bria Holmes.
July 9, 2018: The Sun traded Alex Bentley to Atlanta for Layshia Clarendon and a second round pick in the 2019 Draft.
April 10, 2019: The Sun traded Lexie Brown to Minnesota in exchange for Natisha Hiedeman.
April 27, 2019: The Sun traded Chiney Ogwumike to Los Angeles in exchange for the Sparks' first round pick in the 2020 WNBA draft.
August 6, 2019: The Sun traded Kristine Anigwe to Dallas in exchange for Theresa Plaisance.
February 10, 2020: The Sun traded their first round pick in the 2020 WNBA draft and Morgan Tuck to Seattle for Seattle's first round pick in the 2020 WNBA draft.
February 11, 2020: The Sun traded the 7th and the 10th picks in the 2020 WNBA draft and their first round pick in the 2021 WNBA draft to Phoenix Mercury in exchange for DeWanna Bonner.
February 19, 2020: The Sun traded Courtney Williams as part of a three team trade where they acquired Briann January and a second round pick in the 2020 WNBA draft.
February 24, 2020: The Sun traded a second round pick in the 2021 WNBA draft to Seattle in exchange for Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis.
February 25, 2020: The Sun traded Rachel Banham to Minnesota in exchange for a second round pick in the 2021 WNBA draft.
Franchise records and player accolades
Franchise leaders
Games played: Nykesha Sales (278)
Consecutive games played: Nykesha Sales (248, 6/10/99-7/6/06)
Minutes: Nykesha Sales (8,762)
Minutes per game: Shannon Johnson (34.0)
Points: Nykesha Sales (3,955)
Points per game: Tina Charles (18.0)
Consecutive games scoring: Taj McWilliams-Franklin (243, 6/10/99-8/13/06)
Field goal % (minimum 100): Margo Dydek (462–1,032, .503)
Three point % (minimum 50): Kara Lawson (140–345, .409)
Free throw % (minimum 100): Kara Lawson (164–182, .900)
Rebounds: Taj McWilliams-Franklin (1,814)
Rebounds per game: Tina Charles (11.7)
Assists: Lindsay Whalen (808)
Assists per game: Lindsay Whalen (5.0)
Steals: Nykesha Sales (490)
Steals per game: Nykesha Sales (1.76)
Blocks: Taj McWilliams-Franklin (267)
Blocks per game: Margo Dydek (2.26)
Personal fouls: Nykesha Sales (798)
Turnovers: Nykesha Sales (578)
Individual honors
WNBA Most Valuable Player
Tina Charles – 2012
Jonquel Jones –2021
All–WNBA First Team
Katie Douglas – 2006
Lindsay Whalen – 2008
Tina Charles – 2011, 2012
Jonquel Jones – 2021
All–WNBA Second Team
Shannon Johnson – 1999, 2000, 2002
Nykesha Sales – 2004
Taj McWilliams-Franklin – 2005, 2006
Katie Douglas – 2007
Asjha Jones – 2008
Tina Charles – 2010, 2013
Jonquel Jones – 2017, 2019
DeWanna Bonner – 2020
WNBA All–Star Game MVP
Katie Douglas – 2006
WNBA Most Improved Player
Wendy Palmer – 2004
Kelsey Bone – 2015
Jonquel Jones – 2017
Brionna Jones – 2021
WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year
Renee Montgomery – 2012
Jonquel Jones – 2018
WNBA Coach of the Year
Mike Thibault – 2006, 2008
Curt Miller – 2017, 2021
WNBA Basketball Executive of the Year
Curt Miller – 2017
WNBA All–Defensive First Team
Katie Douglas – 2005, 2006, 2007
Jasmine Thomas – 2017, 2018, 2019
Jonquel Jones – 2019, 2021
Alyssa Thomas – 2020
Briann January – 2021
WNBA All–Defensive Second Team
Taj McWilliams-Franklin – 2005
Margo Dydek – 2006, 2007
Tina Charles – 2011, 2012
Jasmine Thomas – 2016, 2021
Alyssa Thomas – 2017, 2019
Brionna Jones – 2021
WNBA Rookie of the Year
Tina Charles – 2010
Chiney Ogwumike – 2014
WNBA All–Rookie Team
Amber Holt – 2008
Tina Charles – 2010
Kelsey Griffin – 2010
Chiney Ogwumike – 2014
Alyssa Thomas – 2014
Kim Perrot Sportsmanship
Taj McWilliams-Franklin – 2005
Kara Lawson – 2012
WNBA Peak Performers
Lindsay Whalen (Assists) – 2008
Tina Charles (Rebounds) – 2010, 2011, 2012
Jonquel Jones – 2017
All–Stars
1999: Shannon Johnson, Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales
2000: Shannon Johnson, Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales
2001: Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales
2002: Shannon Johnson, Nykesha Sales
2003: Shannon Johnson, Nykesha Sales
2004: Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales, Lindsay Whalen
2005: Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales
2006: Katie Douglas, Margo Dydek, Taj McWilliams-Franklin, Nykesha Sales, Lindsay Whalen
2007: Katie Douglas, Asjha Jones
2008: No All-Star Game
2009: Asjha Jones
2010: Tina Charles, Renee Montgomery
2011: Tina Charles, Renee Montgomery
2012: No All-Star Game
2013: Tina Charles, Allison Hightower
2014: Katie Douglas, Chiney Ogwumike
2015: Alex Bentley, Kelsey Bone
2016: No All-Star Game
2017: Jasmine Thomas, Jonquel Jones, Alyssa Thomas
2018: Chiney Ogwumike
2019: Jonquel Jones, Alyssa Thomas
2020: No All-Star Game
2021: DeWanna Bonner, Brionna Jones, Jonquel Jones
Olympic team selection
Erin Phillips – 2008
Tina Charles – 2012
Asjha Jones – 2012
References
External links
Official CT Announcement Transcript
Basketball teams established in 2003
Basketball teams in Connecticut
Sports in Uncasville, Connecticut
Women's National Basketball Association teams
2003 establishments in Connecticut
Relocated Women's National Basketball Association teams | [
0.06749218702316284,
-0.19691069424152374,
-0.2363709658384323,
-0.412114679813385,
0.47062569856643677,
0.37100350856781006,
0.22888071835041046,
0.22728011012077332,
-0.5609799027442932,
-0.28755760192871094,
0.4068604111671448,
0.6945568919181824,
0.4121061861515045,
-0.07731872797012329,
-0.805438220500946,
-0.20039966702461243,
0.7769098877906799,
0.9296416640281677,
0.1396028846502304,
-0.40184858441352844,
-0.08920779824256897,
0.4432254135608673,
0.8189621567726135,
0.2525866627693176,
-0.7149509191513062,
0.5095534324645996,
0.3742513954639435,
0.3079325556755066,
0.3123195767402649,
-0.13202564418315887,
-0.1301959604024887,
0.0532495342195034,
0.031629472970962524,
-0.6106582283973694,
0.6777816414833069,
0.598540723323822,
0.25829872488975525,
0.5332698225975037,
-0.2880670428276062,
-0.36809492111206055,
-0.4628804624080658,
-0.5016183257102966,
-0.2200130969285965,
0.7935407757759094,
-0.18939268589019775,
-0.06618188321590424,
-1.6893904209136963,
0.06550388783216476,
-0.786981999874115,
-0.46061086654663086,
-0.5095934271812439,
0.18444806337356567,
0.5224133729934692,
0.1946827471256256,
0.3600098788738251,
0.42552757263183594,
-0.5133900046348572,
-0.19336356222629547,
0.1887897551059723,
-0.4557563066482544,
0.2743918299674988,
-0.09099297225475311,
0.03887728229165077,
-0.4941945970058441,
-0.018218956887722015,
0.07279843091964722,
0.3464433252811432,
-0.395302414894104,
0.5822904706001282,
-0.18205222487449646,
0.09704849123954773,
0.46647313237190247,
-0.7081603407859802,
-0.20879945158958435,
-0.5373894572257996,
0.18124575912952423,
0.2125764638185501,
-0.05552676320075989,
0.9900048971176147,
0.28006961941719055,
0.07637496292591095,
0.3301808834075928,
0.5344298481941223,
0.5714819431304932,
0.33204665780067444,
0.002649715868756175,
-0.0870913714170456,
-0.5245313048362732,
-0.23448121547698975,
1.0009150505065918,
-0.549156129360199,
-0.08648248016834259,
-0.11885078996419907,
0.7065238356590271,
-0.24780450761318207,
-0.729141116142273,
0.7218058109283447,
-0.06198614463210106,
0.7146663069725037,
-0.5487963557243347,
-0.20017807185649872,
0.17005141079425812,
0.2209366261959076,
-0.13172923028469086,
-0.4789603054523468,
-0.1723579317331314,
-0.23925788700580597,
-0.4779825210571289,
-0.24871443212032318,
0.18565067648887634,
0.1247570812702179,
0.6790148615837097,
0.42667123675346375,
-0.002772355917841196,
0.4536442160606384,
0.25753623247146606,
0.46360263228416443,
-0.920340359210968,
-0.3830355703830719,
-0.10168807953596115,
-0.11956730484962463,
0.7962324619293213,
0.5659294724464417,
-0.35409048199653625,
0.5345624089241028,
0.5780587792396545,
0.4452905058860779,
-0.06792279332876205,
-0.2965550720691681,
-0.7925236225128174,
-0.028763461858034134,
0.3317391574382782,
-0.561316728591919,
0.3856225609779358,
0.46545371413230896,
-0.013505206443369389,
-0.2383529245853424,
-0.18040768802165985,
0.9979254603385925,
0.4869528114795685,
-0.45667773485183716,
0.22079618275165558,
-0.3049227297306061,
-0.7377886772155762,
0.5114659667015076,
-0.36671173572540283,
0.1470116525888443,
-0.5617245435714722,
-0.26208949089050293,
0.24935640394687653,
0.013935403898358345,
-0.1119268462061882,
-0.04605422168970108,
-0.2087233066558838,
-0.7746010422706604,
0.14025971293449402,
0.8131247758865356,
0.08732736855745316,
-0.14630389213562012,
0.7485581040382385,
-0.20956045389175415,
0.20942805707454681,
0.04652886837720871,
0.32094115018844604,
0.07979508489370346,
-0.13859963417053223,
0.373798668384552,
0.008586382493376732,
0.6154657006263733,
0.06324463337659836,
-0.3674778938293457,
-0.07307703793048859,
0.9511851072311401,
-0.5055396556854248,
-0.08868797868490219,
-0.27013513445854187,
0.23365448415279388,
0.27440741658210754,
-0.0029707502108067274,
-0.3193178176879883,
-0.4267668128013611,
0.5697937607765198,
0.6313682794570923,
-0.015528076328337193,
-0.014627105556428432,
-0.10015486180782318,
-0.12987354397773743,
0.5687389969825745,
-0.049255453050136566,
-0.1749792993068695,
0.08193574845790863,
-0.09224536269903183,
0.7714580297470093,
0.405015766620636,
0.19034847617149353,
-0.43269452452659607,
-0.7336815595626831,
0.9048116207122803,
-0.3169170320034027,
-0.19140349328517914,
0.015983620658516884,
0.04213162884116173,
-0.001696704770438373,
-0.07267415523529053,
-0.7548536062240601,
0.08404049277305603,
0.3721216917037964,
0.12994085252285004,
-0.04049978777766228,
0.3030329942703247,
0.1276501566171646,
-0.5004231333732605,
-0.11162490397691727,
0.3990863561630249,
-0.26815006136894226,
-0.42882487177848816,
-0.9583014845848083,
0.8620426654815674,
0.4557466208934784,
-0.5295988321304321,
1.1407352685928345,
0.2989010214805603,
0.336568683385849,
-0.14740712940692902,
0.2426307201385498,
0.7614335417747498,
-0.8597079515457153,
-0.03414994478225708,
0.48162439465522766,
0.26181942224502563,
0.6061667203903198,
0.24846677482128143,
-0.3703251779079437,
-0.6766667366027832,
0.12076994776725769,
-0.11333921551704407,
-0.01465179305523634,
-0.19236154854297638,
0.9849244356155396,
-0.186967670917511,
-0.49269524216651917,
0.324052095413208,
-0.8272185921669006,
0.4489119052886963,
0.03645718842744827,
-0.2837384343147278,
-0.3748083710670471,
-0.23594489693641663,
-0.5576254725456238,
-0.8642757534980774,
-0.3118230402469635,
-0.09860130399465561,
0.22755122184753418,
0.06743011623620987,
0.395666241645813,
0.15824489295482635,
-0.4045095145702362,
0.19186589121818542,
1.0362846851348877,
0.12543928623199463,
0.2386264055967331,
0.12054961174726486,
0.39121946692466736,
0.3876093029975891,
-0.12206385284662247,
-0.5960997939109802,
0.021097036078572273,
-0.7934629321098328,
-0.04909398779273033,
-0.10904716700315475,
0.41409093141555786,
0.18055285513401031,
-0.10123978555202484,
0.30299100279808044,
-0.3669116199016571,
0.09823308140039444,
-0.3165799081325531,
0.2776613235473633,
-0.6529185175895691,
-0.731145977973938,
-0.10447459667921066,
0.553798496723175,
0.5204253792762756,
-0.5940523743629456,
-0.11264815926551819,
-0.09206751734018326,
0.12529830634593964,
0.11678782850503922,
-0.31831032037734985,
0.08234092593193054,
-0.39285972714424133,
-0.12209250777959824,
0.028017522767186165,
0.33709242939949036,
0.022517487406730652,
0.49234288930892944,
0.3068791925907135,
0.6692704558372498,
-0.021816104650497437,
0.2463706135749817,
-0.40262505412101746,
0.20775939524173737,
-0.5528501868247986,
-0.18722110986709595,
-0.26572385430336,
-0.626650869846344,
0.05623510852456093,
-0.3416755497455597,
-5.35238790512085,
0.4789762496948242,
-0.18556636571884155,
-0.10123644024133682,
0.5856911540031433,
-0.794851541519165,
-0.17360135912895203,
-0.1809055656194687,
-0.355553537607193,
0.704197883605957,
0.556372880935669,
-0.03234727680683136,
-0.32859522104263306,
-0.03774288296699524,
0.16568735241889954,
-0.05389893054962158,
1.22213613986969,
-0.9178948402404785,
0.5263370871543884,
0.08098812401294708,
0.49977922439575195,
-0.14656540751457214,
-0.16527226567268372,
0.11585312336683273,
0.27303260564804077,
0.3893500864505768,
-0.09922785311937332,
-0.9398319125175476,
-0.1300925612449646,
-0.12928025424480438,
0.11652033776044846,
-0.20093250274658203,
-0.20573173463344574,
0.4346529543399811,
0.5023400783538818,
-0.2668406069278717,
0.48569291830062866,
-0.2249840646982193,
0.22569334506988525,
-1.0254038572311401,
-0.17303605377674103,
1.0028208494186401,
-0.2993992567062378,
-0.37963783740997314,
0.4064788520336151,
0.15986135601997375,
-0.08636267483234406,
-0.08437272161245346,
-0.09640421718358994,
0.6877668499946594,
0.3538265824317932,
-0.4123033881187439,
0.44788751006126404,
0.1061534434556961,
-0.046810753643512726,
-0.6467747688293457,
-0.5297132730484009,
-0.31112760305404663,
0.5490793585777283,
0.06915461272001266,
-0.048898279666900635,
-0.39535418152809143,
0.5883198380470276,
-0.693734347820282,
-0.10111161321401596,
-0.4244098961353302,
-0.0721946731209755,
0.4536597430706024,
0.38128313422203064,
-0.2016715407371521,
0.16347897052764893,
-0.5862491130828857,
-0.44048160314559937,
-1.041675329208374,
0.2317308932542801,
-0.4718616306781769,
-0.0035520403180271387,
-0.4180719256401062,
-0.2836593985557556,
-0.4036812484264374,
0.5405848622322083,
-0.3051292300224304,
0.21603213250637054,
0.5892248153686523,
0.3260447382926941,
-0.5687093734741211,
0.10754218697547913,
0.38851115107536316,
-0.7978790998458862,
-0.2720559239387512,
0.20155943930149078,
-0.5997797846794128,
0.17790430784225464,
0.44841793179512024,
0.03937670961022377,
0.67070472240448,
0.05961043760180473,
0.11232434958219528,
-0.17162291705608368,
-0.2687550187110901,
0.125521719455719,
0.32369372248649597,
-0.002865609247237444,
-0.7204719185829163,
-0.19973649084568024,
0.10369653254747391,
0.023066584020853043,
-0.4817531704902649,
0.8918812870979309,
-0.7002207636833191,
-0.14466966688632965,
-0.5235723257064819,
0.19693802297115326,
-0.5006279349327087,
0.016466204077005386,
-0.147732213139534,
-0.3062916696071625,
0.5360032320022583,
0.05698926001787186,
-0.0005634036497212946,
0.09684520959854126,
0.42277318239212036,
-0.17361502349376678,
-0.21839189529418945,
-0.3770827651023865,
-0.45175841450691223,
-0.13609375059604645,
0.5801347494125366,
-0.6340087652206421,
0.40279898047447205,
0.20794054865837097,
-0.29788485169410706,
0.1483689546585083,
0.1979733109474182,
-0.2188473343849182,
0.520611584186554,
-0.3411023020744324,
-0.36636149883270264,
-0.7831534743309021,
-0.05299273133277893,
0.1128351241350174,
0.3017173707485199,
-0.012354622595012188,
0.20027804374694824,
0.3339632451534271,
0.09735047072172165,
0.2786034345626831,
-0.11865035444498062,
-1.289825201034546,
0.5501443147659302,
0.2004590630531311,
-0.32216042280197144,
0.8528556227684021,
-0.7461246252059937,
0.5251933336257935,
0.3841889202594757,
0.5184800624847412,
-0.020433731377124786,
-0.34679585695266724,
0.03862994536757469,
-0.23800025880336761,
-0.39361101388931274,
-0.38536208868026733,
0.1611405313014984,
-0.09553945809602737,
0.08805634081363678,
-0.15569564700126648,
-0.15365853905677795,
-0.633971631526947,
-0.06426607817411423,
0.3883540630340576,
-0.2777910530567169,
-0.8150008916854858,
-0.20444321632385254,
0.07075950503349304,
0.2205096036195755,
0.30876848101615906,
0.5034638047218323,
-0.4869426488876343,
-0.1399512141942978,
-0.10744459927082062,
0.1061701625585556,
0.14487041532993317,
-0.4373184144496918,
0.8085753917694092,
-0.1524239033460617,
-0.13088281452655792,
-0.22465433180332184,
0.09730973839759827,
-0.10062088817358017,
0.26142066717147827,
0.026532184332609177,
0.3864576816558838,
-0.11751196533441544,
-0.14693114161491394,
-0.10241252183914185,
0.6854450106620789,
1.0587372779846191,
-0.46261531114578247,
-0.1313878893852234,
0.41214391589164734,
0.47361987829208374,
-1.176973819732666,
0.775198221206665,
0.3964809775352478,
-0.6159509420394897,
0.08043020218610764,
0.11385485529899597,
0.2811565101146698,
0.3421444594860077,
-0.11046140640974045,
0.45667192339897156,
0.5895856618881226,
0.14334167540073395,
0.0038618738763034344,
-0.32206887006759644,
0.15001821517944336,
-0.21313346922397614,
-0.10901849716901779,
-0.5082293152809143,
-0.67597895860672,
-0.064707450568676,
-0.20359459519386292,
-0.7113652229309082,
-0.9576597213745117,
-0.41970914602279663,
0.4343559443950653,
0.3563712239265442,
-0.5165635347366333,
-0.18369704484939575,
0.18339097499847412,
-0.04176216199994087,
0.27639445662498474,
-0.7778766751289368,
0.3655526041984558,
-0.03983019292354584,
-0.0022543775849044323,
-0.12199152261018753,
0.2633015215396881,
0.2611202299594879,
-0.37645405530929565,
0.6402125358581543,
-0.22198675572872162,
-0.6206939816474915,
-0.5860140919685364,
0.3302724361419678,
0.2917099893093109,
0.15536122024059296,
-1.0052331686019897,
0.2988657057285309,
0.5566163063049316,
-0.09960509836673737,
-0.5511063933372498,
-0.24628745019435883,
0.2446281909942627,
-0.5866658091545105,
-0.3338564932346344,
-0.08008453994989395,
-0.2741587460041046,
-0.42844071984291077,
0.25177091360092163,
-0.7718237042427063,
-1.1073079109191895,
0.25175905227661133,
-0.14466670155525208,
-0.18313872814178467,
-0.424113929271698,
-0.8347148895263672,
-0.5977058410644531,
-0.3944864273071289,
-0.08843573182821274,
-0.25281408429145813,
0.14640101790428162,
0.5422895550727844,
0.09214844554662704,
0.8181677460670471,
-0.04718928784132004,
-0.5947744846343994,
0.03299945592880249,
0.132298082113266,
-0.21740008890628815,
0.7249234914779663,
-0.81209397315979,
0.03447471186518669,
0.6713987588882446,
-0.6229172945022583,
0.105877585709095,
0.10668464750051498,
-0.20486509799957275,
-0.06365837156772614,
-0.08124680072069168,
-0.1563989669084549,
-0.24228662252426147,
0.04223312437534332,
-0.17488521337509155,
0.4142204523086548,
0.6333758234977722,
0.3404444754123688,
0.004803602583706379,
-0.0739545151591301,
-0.6796340346336365,
0.3866123855113983,
0.4371407926082611,
0.2179838865995407,
0.3705882132053375,
-0.1873255968093872,
-0.8272689580917358,
-0.12410780042409897,
-0.31498709321022034,
0.03662804886698723,
-0.623659610748291,
-0.17543838918209076,
0.40238407254219055,
0.8199212551116943,
-0.7479645609855652,
0.07879132777452469,
0.09500125795602798,
-0.7758904099464417,
0.024010585620999336,
-0.043207116425037384,
-0.19143547117710114,
0.15794314444065094,
0.15202805399894714,
0.5159232020378113,
0.44535237550735474,
1.0552408695220947,
0.02385425940155983,
0.3568018078804016,
0.15993671119213104,
0.03283672407269478,
0.31928297877311707,
-0.4449358582496643,
-0.4555496871471405,
0.13709712028503418,
0.27717939019203186,
-0.43058302998542786,
-0.06399554014205933,
-0.2808721959590912,
-0.6519137620925903,
0.7529352307319641,
0.22495847940444946,
0.7384762763977051,
0.4549300968647003,
-0.3777848482131958,
0.16679508984088898,
0.3747425377368927,
0.5742236971855164,
0.6602029800415039,
0.47773417830467224,
-0.410427451133728,
0.19970236718654633,
-0.08799547702074051,
-0.0245831236243248,
-0.06081388145685196,
0.21904240548610687,
0.20824231207370758,
0.6090364456176758,
-0.20822776854038239,
-0.43410173058509827,
0.2409897893667221,
-0.26832127571105957,
-0.48330265283584595,
0.4005405604839325,
-0.5729202628135681,
-0.9316256642341614,
-0.7883226275444031,
-0.034639958292245865,
0.16507194936275482,
-0.3074650466442108,
0.37044376134872437,
-0.3039640486240387,
0.7759378552436829,
-0.204749196767807,
0.10485651344060898,
-0.11699609458446503,
-0.06250710785388947,
0.19401545822620392,
0.2708020508289337,
-0.4217749238014221,
0.32401129603385925,
0.04889422282576561,
0.07646249234676361,
-0.7489491701126099,
-0.05102340877056122,
-0.2926957607269287,
0.175271138548851,
-0.20669223368167877,
0.1431259959936142,
-0.30746695399284363,
-0.1682860106229782,
0.19350597262382507,
-0.6831827759742737,
-0.4936583638191223,
-0.026464106515049934,
0.47718316316604614,
0.6359050869941711,
0.0983656570315361,
1.03780996799469,
0.3385103642940521,
0.4089840352535248,
0.04281885549426079,
0.12167058885097504,
0.31364572048187256,
1.164386510848999,
-0.2581595182418823,
-0.19888441264629364,
-0.759435772895813,
0.15120622515678406,
-0.6287299990653992,
-0.10253742337226868,
0.2983250319957733,
0.2436794936656952,
0.17127123475074768,
0.4952087104320526,
0.19751474261283875,
0.1023164913058281,
1.1809611320495605,
0.5491227507591248,
-0.45260199904441833,
0.11138758063316345,
-0.10161920636892319,
-0.24330750107765198,
0.21646225452423096,
0.38536691665649414,
0.110783152282238,
-0.24401816725730896,
0.2719435393810272,
-0.7513349056243896,
-0.7869245409965515,
-0.24316132068634033,
-0.31521132588386536,
-0.5940610766410828,
-0.32507383823394775,
0.9143068194389343,
-0.6823238134384155,
-0.5423835515975952,
-0.1361900418996811,
0.8473620414733887,
0.9685681462287903,
-0.37340047955513,
0.21681922674179077,
-0.11033453047275543,
0.33398300409317017,
-0.02497519738972187,
0.1981833130121231,
0.16069111227989197,
-0.021990029141306877,
-0.2527652680873871,
-0.5511675477027893,
0.2796449363231659,
-0.39492127299308777,
-1.1175856590270996,
-0.33166804909706116,
-0.23924076557159424,
-0.17978309094905853,
-0.017954016104340553,
-0.2337941825389862,
0.09736064076423645,
-0.09492568671703339,
0.07368358969688416
] |
232280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freon | Freon | Freon ( ) is a registered trademark of the Chemours Company, which uses it for a number of halocarbon products. They are stable, nonflammable, low toxicity gases or liquids which have generally been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants. These include the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that cause ozone depletion and HCFCs (such as chlorodifluoromethane). Not all refrigerants of this type are labelled as "Freon" since Freon is a brand name for the refrigerants R-12, R-13B1, R-22, R-410A, R-502, and R-503 manufactured by The Chemours Company. Freon emits a strong chemical smell similar to acetone, a nail polish remover component.
The term "freon" is also a generic descriptor of a fluorocarbon refrigerant (CFCs).
History
The first CFCs were synthesized by Frédéric Swarts in the 1890s. In the late 1920s, a research team was formed by Charles Franklin Kettering in General Motors to find a replacement for the dangerous refrigerants then in use, such as ammonia. The team was headed by Thomas Midgley, Jr. In 1928, they improved the synthesis of CFCs and demonstrated their usefulness for such a purpose and their stability and nontoxicity. Kettering patented a refrigerating apparatus to use the gas; this was issued to Frigidaire, a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors.
In 1930, General Motors and DuPont formed Kinetic Chemicals to produce Freon. Their product was dichlorodifluoromethane and is now designated "Freon-12", "R-12", or "CFC-12". The number after the R is a refrigerant class number developed by DuPont to systematically identify single halogenated hydrocarbons, as well as other refrigerants besides halocarbons.
Most uses of CFCs are now banned or severely restricted by the Montreal Protocol of August 1987, as they have been shown to be responsible for ozone depletion. Brands of freon containing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) instead have replaced many uses, but they, too, are under strict control under the Kyoto Protocol, as they are deemed "super-greenhouse effect" gases.
See also
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22 or HCFC-22), a type of Freon.
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or CFC-12), the most commonly used Freon brand refrigerant prior to its ban in many countries in 1996 and total ban in 2010.
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a or HCFC-134a), one of the main replacements for the formerly widespread R-12.
References
Refrigerants
Chemours
DuPont products | [
0.2724813222885132,
0.6081845760345459,
0.5175750851631165,
-0.24071374535560608,
-0.5778454542160034,
-0.25840845704078674,
-0.10568271577358246,
-0.03825105354189873,
-0.39979249238967896,
0.43611231446266174,
-0.819014847278595,
0.26742780208587646,
-0.1129416972398758,
0.5658645629882812,
-0.03606965392827988,
0.4159487783908844,
0.18974246084690094,
1.1469981670379639,
-0.34351038932800293,
-0.6442170739173889,
-0.08312147855758667,
0.034501492977142334,
0.42418399453163147,
-0.775181233882904,
0.4661997854709625,
-0.026492087170481682,
-0.1410626769065857,
0.341746062040329,
0.5633056163787842,
0.23653843998908997,
0.39007368683815,
0.6983147859573364,
-0.22813747823238373,
0.10570845007896423,
0.5229972004890442,
0.5263931751251221,
-0.2170328050851822,
-0.3513270616531372,
-0.4351581037044525,
-0.3550690710544586,
-0.19259966909885406,
-0.4318646192550659,
0.00020349078113213181,
0.38066259026527405,
-0.09624390304088593,
-0.18262703716754913,
-1.180397868156433,
0.8060848116874695,
-0.2133634090423584,
0.08061116933822632,
-0.535126268863678,
-0.28878656029701233,
-0.09229438006877899,
0.12447723001241684,
0.3343525528907776,
0.46136102080345154,
-1.1747329235076904,
0.020462021231651306,
0.25708627700805664,
-0.23529121279716492,
0.3053523004055023,
-0.3895873725414276,
0.148670956492424,
0.03960612043738365,
0.3761577904224396,
0.43560948967933655,
-0.20033089816570282,
-0.036526210606098175,
-0.5731595158576965,
-0.2029060572385788,
-0.13601723313331604,
-0.4217803180217743,
-0.18022701144218445,
-0.00003773724165512249,
0.1612107753753662,
-0.17188815772533417,
-0.06875725090503693,
-0.16200155019760132,
0.21176773309707642,
0.7738804817199707,
0.3809945285320282,
0.5152730941772461,
0.7469660043716431,
0.21236924827098846,
-0.12548458576202393,
0.8407130837440491,
-0.6673650145530701,
0.4371108114719391,
-0.35850808024406433,
0.09026333689689636,
-0.01049250178039074,
-0.08730649948120117,
0.5851746201515198,
0.15495626628398895,
-0.17000596225261688,
-0.09005387872457504,
0.19873452186584473,
-0.37593358755111694,
0.1961793303489685,
0.29084834456443787,
-0.0015764094423502684,
0.350713312625885,
0.006134563125669956,
-0.2619614899158478,
-0.6009331345558167,
-0.19218719005584717,
-0.5559201836585999,
-0.5070396065711975,
0.2806823253631592,
-0.5554301738739014,
0.039884451776742935,
0.3277539312839508,
-0.11742772907018661,
0.5204342603683472,
-0.015054846182465553,
0.3095910847187042,
0.5725621581077576,
0.14383193850517273,
0.19780799746513367,
0.19240708649158478,
0.36807146668434143,
1.306319236755371,
0.18378718197345734,
0.00477437861263752,
0.47777700424194336,
0.2567916214466095,
-0.0835375189781189,
0.6013742685317993,
-0.7690032124519348,
0.3277318775653839,
-0.23770460486412048,
0.7642678618431091,
0.07013692706823349,
0.0066186850890517235,
-0.26895907521247864,
-0.39213305711746216,
0.46940264105796814,
0.09100358933210373,
0.3356859087944031,
0.33444052934646606,
-0.536009669303894,
-0.2628256678581238,
-0.8868258595466614,
-0.0008101601270027459,
-0.03270765766501427,
-0.358425110578537,
-0.1582573652267456,
-0.28204110264778137,
-0.02837984636425972,
0.018562277778983116,
-0.12470141798257828,
-0.6325857639312744,
0.1728948950767517,
0.04274347424507141,
-0.08678608387708664,
0.28561851382255554,
0.6844173073768616,
0.1360648274421692,
0.0863841250538826,
-0.31851789355278015,
-0.29949796199798584,
-0.08802682161331177,
-0.4596622586250305,
0.40081658959388733,
0.11708888411521912,
-0.15110044181346893,
-0.22051677107810974,
0.8492753505706787,
-0.037819381803274155,
0.10363814979791641,
-0.10437815636396408,
-0.7822525501251221,
0.28619852662086487,
-0.5975288152694702,
0.6313135623931885,
0.37069666385650635,
0.07398019731044769,
0.07360292226076126,
0.24438780546188354,
0.11654472351074219,
-0.5798969268798828,
0.2561424970626831,
0.3604629337787628,
-0.09400489181280136,
-0.18692399561405182,
0.07459744065999985,
0.5213069319725037,
0.014234782196581364,
0.26909998059272766,
0.413148432970047,
-0.5600141286849976,
-0.02871333621442318,
0.5097984075546265,
-0.8177116513252258,
1.0609842538833618,
0.18334434926509857,
-0.18952088057994843,
-0.1878962367773056,
-0.40321773290634155,
0.18511603772640228,
-0.5426810383796692,
0.3979749381542206,
0.4223470687866211,
-0.19666415452957153,
-0.9751574993133545,
0.5779415369033813,
0.30000120401382446,
0.21639177203178406,
-0.33459457755088806,
0.14846520125865936,
0.5223876237869263,
-0.44562622904777527,
0.961495578289032,
-0.3613053858280182,
-0.17782002687454224,
-0.26014265418052673,
-0.10300076007843018,
0.39159002900123596,
-0.20706884562969208,
0.2627493441104889,
0.18235860764980316,
-0.1870119422674179,
-0.3341319262981415,
0.6890609264373779,
-0.4039213955402374,
0.7269224524497986,
0.2383091300725937,
-0.03669610247015953,
0.2950831949710846,
0.254810094833374,
0.3311316967010498,
-0.495038777589798,
0.07402679324150085,
-0.20825783908367157,
-0.3674877882003784,
-0.019784703850746155,
-0.016142988577485085,
0.10090266913175583,
0.4540340304374695,
-0.3594145178794861,
0.4504912197589874,
0.13202804327011108,
-0.40220335125923157,
0.1400957852602005,
0.18949082493782043,
-0.17604149878025055,
0.20363038778305054,
-0.24672938883304596,
-0.06768617033958435,
-0.45621490478515625,
0.20229342579841614,
0.003323025070130825,
-0.29881733655929565,
-0.20309287309646606,
0.1314193457365036,
-0.3113718330860138,
-0.02054370939731598,
0.3414873480796814,
-0.12234599888324738,
0.07458510249853134,
-0.22512471675872803,
-0.561972975730896,
0.10604274272918701,
0.11590281873941422,
-0.1604515016078949,
-0.575236976146698,
0.024007903411984444,
-0.34853395819664,
0.6621721386909485,
0.09474515914916992,
-0.12237957864999771,
-0.04515581205487251,
-0.6381916999816895,
-0.2801186442375183,
-0.42379552125930786,
-0.04805434122681618,
-0.17108666896820068,
0.33201366662979126,
-0.7324250340461731,
-0.3189235329627991,
-0.0671100839972496,
0.42203769087791443,
0.37461110949516296,
-0.14413246512413025,
-0.7485646605491638,
0.0059285531751811504,
-0.23201237618923187,
-0.4271358847618103,
0.08167777210474014,
-0.34705764055252075,
-0.15295815467834473,
0.1991742104291916,
-0.005610399879515171,
0.1566414088010788,
-0.2341102659702301,
0.2027069330215454,
0.1407710760831833,
0.21732667088508606,
0.5669624209403992,
0.03805341571569443,
0.007904097437858582,
-0.09970440715551376,
-0.270168662071228,
-0.24846652150154114,
0.18917976319789886,
0.013626827858388424,
-0.39057695865631104,
0.13960252702236176,
-5.817854881286621,
-0.09819194674491882,
0.050791770219802856,
0.2545253336429596,
0.13632528483867645,
0.387652724981308,
0.6007644534111023,
-0.5773764252662659,
-0.15155085921287537,
0.1607971340417862,
-0.08858246356248856,
0.24849702417850494,
0.027595963329076767,
0.1506836712360382,
-0.20757344365119934,
0.5053890943527222,
0.35438501834869385,
-0.7452770471572876,
0.5175756812095642,
-0.34532561898231506,
-0.22466345131397247,
0.1788339614868164,
-0.0468292273581028,
0.433925062417984,
-0.09315717220306396,
-0.11220794916152954,
-0.4136755168437958,
0.031969036906957626,
-0.6318184733390808,
0.35578298568725586,
0.09183468669652939,
0.15360189974308014,
0.2463122308254242,
-0.5050389170646667,
-0.12415481358766556,
-0.16853712499141693,
0.3584822118282318,
-0.515855073928833,
-0.48405537009239197,
-0.20159950852394104,
0.3311276435852051,
0.3398435115814209,
0.03196921944618225,
-0.339363157749176,
0.5181016325950623,
-0.4177686870098114,
-0.7383860349655151,
0.06287417560815811,
0.0002663590421434492,
0.7232305407524109,
0.1562618464231491,
-0.2768729031085968,
0.030254069715738297,
-0.3129507303237915,
-0.00006941952597117051,
0.39275655150413513,
0.5698999166488647,
-0.05904300510883331,
-0.19155524671077728,
0.02331528440117836,
0.0511029027402401,
0.4141125977039337,
0.045231111347675323,
-0.041030216962099075,
-0.4868965148925781,
-0.012349597178399563,
-0.2062719762325287,
-0.31706249713897705,
0.30777084827423096,
-0.4098680913448334,
-0.51448655128479,
0.9159935712814331,
-0.13292774558067322,
-0.794521689414978,
-0.4186566472053528,
0.050589773803949356,
0.06050705909729004,
-0.14657962322235107,
-0.03859979286789894,
0.7587154507637024,
-0.32732027769088745,
-0.3249934911727905,
-0.14538192749023438,
0.4550219476222992,
-0.1467684507369995,
-0.21303580701351166,
-0.3912004828453064,
0.36679431796073914,
0.17512574791908264,
0.08330123126506805,
1.0154473781585693,
-0.27312785387039185,
0.2946857213973999,
0.06085634604096413,
-0.040795426815748215,
0.27841004729270935,
0.20548081398010254,
0.20609377324581146,
0.4938938617706299,
0.20342202484607697,
0.3495170474052429,
0.20327940583229065,
-0.11092983186244965,
-0.5187843441963196,
-0.41575613617897034,
-0.31507617235183716,
-0.39632272720336914,
-0.23644380271434784,
0.5236800909042358,
0.09249761700630188,
0.1603775918483734,
0.41828489303588867,
-0.20019064843654633,
0.08003602176904678,
1.0342826843261719,
-0.49203571677207947,
-0.14000964164733887,
0.31226277351379395,
0.4559403359889984,
-0.13114169239997864,
0.041003890335559845,
0.524391770362854,
-0.052577994763851166,
-0.3946862816810608,
-0.04631086811423302,
-0.25248685479164124,
0.031570956110954285,
0.20364120602607727,
-0.24520517885684967,
0.8368628025054932,
-0.5961447954177856,
0.2670523226261139,
-0.003901271615177393,
-0.2560803294181824,
0.4483822286128998,
-0.3760673403739929,
-0.557060182094574,
0.2350001484155655,
-0.29291966557502747,
-0.8576940894126892,
0.6907237768173218,
-0.23801667988300323,
0.2332049459218979,
0.14256639778614044,
0.5166932940483093,
0.6065294146537781,
0.22931575775146484,
0.10619128495454788,
-0.11240651458501816,
0.8331128358840942,
0.5131241083145142,
0.0015807751333341002,
0.36937153339385986,
-0.13593699038028717,
0.014766496606171131,
0.056114401668310165,
0.7802420258522034,
0.4622182250022888,
-0.1382405310869217,
-0.18760398030281067,
0.10369936376810074,
0.3594830334186554,
-1.0791901350021362,
-0.34096983075141907,
0.18722125887870789,
-0.2805883288383484,
-0.30971935391426086,
0.2272055745124817,
-0.5506489276885986,
0.37686705589294434,
-0.42653781175613403,
-0.31400755047798157,
-1.061596155166626,
-0.37023022770881653,
0.02709859050810337,
0.4157536029815674,
-0.027730174362659454,
-0.13067425787448883,
-0.022640306502580643,
-0.4842001795768738,
0.11098870635032654,
-0.030625998973846436,
-0.408203125,
0.4950057566165924,
0.2814735770225525,
-0.6253982782363892,
0.01639132760465145,
-0.5097308158874512,
-0.1267515867948532,
-0.2583378553390503,
0.05842205137014389,
0.1436135619878769,
-0.27462655305862427,
0.04204842820763588,
-0.27704688906669617,
-0.7472487092018127,
-0.4560904800891876,
0.024277793243527412,
-0.01497846283018589,
-1.0263127088546753,
0.16977715492248535,
0.5561005473136902,
-0.6131372451782227,
0.041050367057323456,
0.28594648838043213,
-0.87298583984375,
0.13056445121765137,
0.6366526484489441,
-0.3218519985675812,
0.24824079871177673,
-0.3903081715106964,
-1.078659176826477,
0.06789075583219528,
-0.13177578151226044,
-0.282033771276474,
0.7487486004829407,
0.4227547347545624,
-0.22746530175209045,
-0.20143108069896698,
-0.48303526639938354,
0.02739660069346428,
-0.37210893630981445,
0.08667200058698654,
-0.27403414249420166,
-0.5181367993354797,
0.5424482822418213,
0.5825338959693909,
0.5968533754348755,
0.47757333517074585,
-0.2909063994884491,
-0.43734490871429443,
0.008662494830787182,
-0.16906465590000153,
0.1834212839603424,
-0.20309603214263916,
0.07840054482221603,
-0.5309497117996216,
0.3062559962272644,
0.4310932159423828,
0.24435260891914368,
0.2601543068885803,
0.5586274266242981,
-0.698906660079956,
-0.2078332155942917,
-0.5052854418754578,
-0.06626983731985092,
0.8042255640029907,
-0.4571719467639923,
-0.7454574704170227,
0.14201845228672028,
-0.3753260374069214,
-0.692676842212677,
0.05819942057132721,
-0.6315450072288513,
0.7931442856788635,
-0.699460506439209,
0.3086910843849182,
0.0911223366856575,
-0.09284579008817673,
-0.10684152692556381,
-0.9376808404922485,
0.3748883605003357,
-0.4411870539188385,
0.046405382454395294,
0.2883203327655792,
0.5390569567680359,
-0.26330769062042236,
-0.26483598351478577,
0.18362204730510712,
0.10815438628196716,
-0.3261238634586334,
-0.05523267388343811,
0.2879357933998108,
1.1383963823318481,
-0.2307947278022766,
0.46085187792778015,
-0.0914868414402008,
-0.25906386971473694,
-0.3693029284477234,
-0.3127287030220032,
-0.8553194403648376,
0.40369898080825806,
0.452048659324646,
0.20538797974586487,
0.43414580821990967,
-0.341795951128006,
-0.09902065247297287,
-0.6286492347717285,
-0.2815670073032379,
-0.17868265509605408,
0.015017776750028133,
0.6441808938980103,
-0.6327564120292664,
0.2604038119316101,
-0.22228620946407318,
0.1252007633447647,
-0.013600016944110394,
0.42769014835357666,
-0.28125107288360596,
0.22018525004386902,
-0.6675503849983215,
0.5851143598556519,
0.42389270663261414,
-0.8822914361953735,
0.15864577889442444,
-0.14395609498023987,
0.2768689692020416,
-0.09268048405647278,
0.10527607053518295,
-0.04118836298584938,
0.19079028069972992,
0.04517639800906181,
-0.7911641597747803,
0.7942358255386353,
-0.2386646568775177,
0.24687734246253967,
0.1948287934064865,
-0.4127451181411743,
0.1275295913219452,
0.4771159291267395,
0.46486905217170715,
-0.1197056919336319,
0.27498728036880493,
-0.23348580300807953,
-0.9529151320457458,
0.38509637117385864,
-0.21007095277309418,
0.18626345694065094,
0.2292441427707672,
0.2238215059041977,
0.4723048210144043,
-0.16852933168411255,
-0.21708044409751892,
0.41918426752090454,
-0.25948071479797363,
-0.24059276282787323,
-0.06983525305986404,
-0.09062696993350983,
-0.7397271990776062,
0.8751827478408813,
0.26872456073760986,
0.6079350113868713,
-0.3626273274421692,
-0.5103068947792053,
0.670562744140625,
0.3456808626651764,
-0.2953175902366638,
-0.09083881229162216,
0.28157666325569153,
0.35185110569000244,
0.16617876291275024,
0.05649857223033905,
0.15178537368774414,
-0.18874694406986237,
-0.39866772294044495,
-0.07384233921766281,
-0.3797970712184906,
-0.4602908492088318,
0.06797037273645401,
0.0928516611456871,
-0.5069364905357361,
-0.14655248820781708,
0.23424941301345825,
0.5030838847160339,
-0.490054190158844,
0.05598461627960205,
-0.2649884521961212,
-0.07930516451597214,
0.025590520352125168,
0.17488700151443481,
0.1688823252916336,
-0.028338797390460968,
0.20222695171833038,
0.11234189569950104,
-0.10539593547582626,
0.05320127308368683,
0.30734458565711975,
0.018641214817762375,
0.03839613124728203,
0.006573149468749762,
-0.9609991312026978,
0.32278844714164734,
-0.1748822033405304,
-0.28120335936546326,
-0.35494163632392883,
-0.08753319829702377,
-0.40040385723114014,
0.6641634106636047,
0.06021656468510628,
-0.05079515650868416,
0.45917752385139465,
-0.21110258996486664,
0.18107883632183075,
-0.3485258221626282,
-0.25214624404907227,
-0.16806457936763763,
0.06666378676891327,
0.37662503123283386,
0.08522816747426987,
-0.6981326341629028,
0.30006498098373413,
0.0846332311630249,
0.372270405292511,
0.0678907111287117,
-0.08720751106739044,
0.1949828714132309,
-0.6474024057388306,
0.37910279631614685,
-0.4000696837902069,
0.6101558208465576,
-0.02595522254705429,
-0.02138170227408409,
0.061399538069963455,
0.05666011944413185,
0.08857237547636032,
-0.07491721957921982,
0.16236507892608643,
-0.14551444351673126,
-0.09082408249378204,
-0.6664661169052124,
0.16282422840595245,
0.24022312462329865,
0.2302578240633011,
0.5122673511505127,
0.09544055163860321,
0.05850711464881897,
0.0383264422416687,
0.16114890575408936,
0.4515438675880432,
0.16387368738651276,
0.10437124967575073,
0.5176347494125366,
-0.46365097165107727,
0.34376707673072815,
-0.6472562551498413,
-0.5420213341712952,
-0.24353131651878357,
0.4852489233016968,
-0.5608159303665161,
0.03654829040169716,
0.21515372395515442,
0.417908251285553,
-0.0489995963871479,
0.004247251432389021,
-0.6252118945121765,
-0.06194572150707245,
0.25551775097846985,
-0.5539500713348389,
-0.3018563687801361,
-0.15268748998641968,
0.5464794635772705,
-0.9564085006713867,
0.41581156849861145,
0.04500345513224602,
0.3624444603919983,
-0.21298886835575104,
0.382368266582489,
-0.1296008825302124,
0.48000651597976685,
0.2917887270450592
] |
232288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayong%20province | Rayong province | Rayong province (, ) is one of seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in eastern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from west clockwise) Chonburi, and Chanthaburi. To the south is the Gulf of Thailand.
, per capita earnings were higher in Rayong province than in any other Thai province.
History
Rayong began to appear in 1570 in the reign of Maha Thammaracha, The Khmer Ruler has invaded Siam in the eastern coastal city but unable to seize the city.
During Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) in 1766, King Taksin and about 500 troops have broken through the Burmese army and went to stop at Rayong, before went to Chanthaburi to restore independence from Burmese.
In 1906, Rayong was merged to Monthon Chanthaburi. In 1908, Klaeng District was merged to Rayong.
In the reign of King Rama VI, changed the name of "Rayong City" to "Rayong province" in 1916 but it still part of Monthon Chanthaburi. Later in 1931, Monthon Chanthaburi was dissolved and Rayong was merged to Monthon Prachinburi.
In 1933, when the governance system is abolished, Rayong then becomes Rayong province until the present.
Geography
Although the north is hilly, the province consists mostly of low coastal plains. The total forest area is or 8 percent of provincial area. Off the shoreline of Mueang Rayong District is Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park, consisting of several islands.
Symbols
The seal of the province shows the island Ko Samet. The provincial tree is the Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum).
Economy
Rayong is one of the three Thai provinces, together with Chonburi and Chachoengsao, at the center of the nation's Eastern Economic Corridor. The three provinces are to become Thailand's hub for manufacturing, research, and services tightly coupled with its ASEAN neighbors and the world logistically. The project is the centerpiece of the government's "Thailand 4.0" economic initiative.
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
The province is divided into eight districts (amphoes). These are further divided into 58 subdistricts (tambons) and 388 villages (mubans).
Local government
As of 21 November 2019 there are: one Rayong Provincial Administrative Organization - PAO () and 30 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. The capital Rayong has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Ban Chang and Map Ta Phut have town (thesaban mueang) status and 27 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 37 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Health
Rayong's main hospital is Rayong Hospital, operated by the Ministry of Public Health.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Gallery
References
External links
Provincial Website (Thai)
Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) Office
Provinces of Thailand
Gulf of Thailand | [
-0.13423927128314972,
0.20445600152015686,
0.4434487521648407,
-0.07949353754520416,
-0.23523665964603424,
-0.18936677277088165,
0.2816202938556671,
0.4572315514087677,
-0.572568416595459,
-0.1110408827662468,
-0.08660438656806946,
-0.3370755612850189,
-0.9133334159851074,
-0.015589842572808266,
-0.1713000386953354,
1.0832189321517944,
0.5213155150413513,
-0.02350834384560585,
0.47277846932411194,
-0.8923825621604919,
-0.2049802541732788,
-0.792535126209259,
0.49408087134361267,
-0.22869563102722168,
0.5632252097129822,
0.0631132498383522,
0.33681416511535645,
0.71803879737854,
0.4017353355884552,
-0.003677821485325694,
0.026947321370244026,
0.17576055228710175,
-0.2352711707353592,
0.0678177922964096,
0.5616024732589722,
0.49655669927597046,
0.16354632377624512,
0.0012856055982410908,
-0.3642727732658386,
-0.3067037761211395,
0.11603431403636932,
0.020770784467458725,
-0.5491918325424194,
0.5895757675170898,
0.2895427942276001,
-1.4407906532287598,
-0.8961568474769592,
0.913382351398468,
-0.5476855635643005,
0.11840946972370148,
-0.8221924901008606,
0.6182251572608948,
-0.23428432643413544,
-0.33576828241348267,
0.3395017385482788,
0.8814175128936768,
-0.40258851647377014,
-0.027057228609919548,
-0.17612996697425842,
0.0791819766163826,
-0.1275995522737503,
0.4719894826412201,
-0.22913183271884918,
0.7427127361297607,
-0.2176586240530014,
0.22934238612651825,
-0.006089690141379833,
0.2519643306732178,
0.020865006372332573,
-0.6837023496627808,
0.23641222715377808,
0.7132327556610107,
-0.007970151491463184,
0.3915092349052429,
-0.13278543949127197,
-0.00694642448797822,
-0.4065697491168976,
-0.643706738948822,
0.18163347244262695,
-0.0038842284120619297,
0.39203980565071106,
0.07095983624458313,
0.410213440656662,
0.19144442677497864,
0.4572761654853821,
0.12057101726531982,
-0.5888593792915344,
0.362037718296051,
-0.2682463526725769,
0.29978132247924805,
0.015919968485832214,
-0.2747476100921631,
0.2724815905094147,
-0.2751268744468689,
-0.3327427804470062,
-0.9123789072036743,
-0.19107262790203094,
0.3879483938217163,
0.02703922614455223,
0.47132593393325806,
0.1657760590314865,
0.039844315499067307,
0.4344576597213745,
0.08107749372720718,
-0.8964371681213379,
-0.14777392148971558,
-0.28664061427116394,
0.0044690873473882675,
-0.23663318157196045,
-0.2332589328289032,
-0.8639979362487793,
0.30493512749671936,
-0.04901672527194023,
0.12560729682445526,
0.2942153513431549,
0.3723992705345154,
0.19369682669639587,
-0.27744966745376587,
0.2645500600337982,
-0.005272830370813608,
0.07225671410560608,
0.28942444920539856,
-0.568255603313446,
0.37911492586135864,
0.44063571095466614,
-0.06630729883909225,
0.38649803400039673,
-0.3475324213504791,
-0.1795031577348709,
0.47424983978271484,
0.16494722664356232,
0.7034503221511841,
-0.4965038299560547,
0.3075701594352722,
0.10817408561706543,
-0.7119689583778381,
0.014349588192999363,
0.5834921002388,
0.5541701912879944,
-0.1264638602733612,
-1.1245036125183105,
0.27959364652633667,
-0.6982883810997009,
-0.47392508387565613,
0.4139930307865143,
-0.5336477756500244,
-0.2333918809890747,
-0.6453858017921448,
-0.4304486811161041,
-0.24551449716091156,
0.4608325660228729,
0.407556414604187,
-0.031341552734375,
0.5325828790664673,
-0.5297408103942871,
0.07304185628890991,
0.5054112076759338,
0.04618633911013603,
0.4195423424243927,
-0.10502585023641586,
-0.19483542442321777,
0.12282472848892212,
-0.5153129696846008,
0.05264138802886009,
-0.2013198435306549,
0.15547645092010498,
0.20240046083927155,
0.9668482542037964,
-0.21767644584178925,
-0.3666277527809143,
-0.6871030926704407,
-0.10063835978507996,
0.4079872965812683,
-0.7337971925735474,
0.1463295966386795,
-0.1371367871761322,
-0.28728917241096497,
-0.043042559176683426,
-0.24957534670829773,
-0.2393488734960556,
-0.6906300187110901,
0.6055411100387573,
0.019899502396583557,
0.07282138615846634,
0.3778609037399292,
0.056490909308195114,
0.7221100926399231,
0.25747135281562805,
-0.12161329388618469,
0.15176455676555634,
0.46038830280303955,
-0.09981720894575119,
0.04900212958455086,
0.20033830404281616,
0.23205699026584625,
0.7552410960197449,
0.22983333468437195,
0.6062057018280029,
-0.357010155916214,
0.9466558694839478,
0.05256950482726097,
-0.07766539603471756,
0.7102909684181213,
-0.42103850841522217,
-0.005814307369291782,
0.32138943672180176,
-0.06900625675916672,
0.14345289766788483,
0.4219540059566498,
0.7092660665512085,
0.6965441703796387,
-0.5620183944702148,
-0.36057350039482117,
-0.14129963517189026,
-0.23938938975334167,
-0.6731375455856323,
-0.09000436216592789,
0.06774212419986725,
0.02962198294699192,
0.01948200911283493,
0.6679545640945435,
-0.1400614082813263,
-0.23143942654132843,
1.1833980083465576,
-0.540174663066864,
0.9467562437057495,
0.04149996116757393,
0.35385993123054504,
-0.27552321553230286,
-0.6276357173919678,
0.14803573489189148,
-0.32928943634033203,
0.5231693983078003,
-0.22345949709415436,
-0.3340880870819092,
0.04365653544664383,
-0.10089508444070816,
-0.24123169481754303,
0.21060626208782196,
-0.9951281547546387,
-0.1873175948858261,
-0.04706135764718056,
-0.21980080008506775,
-0.25094881653785706,
0.2566133439540863,
0.057812899351119995,
-0.8497106432914734,
0.4993269443511963,
0.1744251549243927,
-0.40882861614227295,
0.00460847420617938,
-0.03815162926912308,
0.3084089457988739,
-0.21371591091156006,
-0.04363257437944412,
0.06916963309049606,
-0.1999012976884842,
0.29695630073547363,
0.2874096632003784,
-0.18913456797599792,
-0.6173761487007141,
0.37478533387184143,
0.5739281177520752,
0.1558147817850113,
-0.7317829728126526,
0.09070327877998352,
-0.010825298726558685,
-0.7019387483596802,
0.4540805220603943,
0.14269495010375977,
0.16947507858276367,
-0.35358989238739014,
-0.30932560563087463,
-0.1294424831867218,
-0.4346182644367218,
-0.46151646971702576,
0.48140349984169006,
0.6560798287391663,
-1.1598385572433472,
-0.5163113474845886,
0.38803693652153015,
0.6276005506515503,
0.7258638143539429,
-0.888441264629364,
-0.47705715894699097,
-0.41613665223121643,
-0.2426716685295105,
-0.499906450510025,
0.06893062591552734,
0.3691585659980774,
-0.5347086787223816,
0.21496963500976562,
-0.75370854139328,
-0.09950766712427139,
-0.6291405558586121,
-0.38973742723464966,
0.011694405227899551,
-0.07558495551347733,
1.0801844596862793,
-0.32688838243484497,
-0.6044440269470215,
0.2464297115802765,
-0.44575461745262146,
0.10189402848482132,
-0.27656784653663635,
-0.24341443181037903,
-0.24415506422519684,
0.12037910521030426,
-5.374073028564453,
-0.4345751404762268,
-0.137730672955513,
-0.6167171001434326,
0.41214561462402344,
-0.14785152673721313,
0.3990287184715271,
-0.6766679286956787,
-0.1590500921010971,
0.07311384379863739,
-0.2209746390581131,
-0.2788231670856476,
-0.08310581743717194,
0.15563838183879852,
0.26605668663978577,
0.5834259390830994,
0.16986994445323944,
0.2165481448173523,
0.462412029504776,
0.16274049878120422,
-0.34847691655158997,
-0.17958500981330872,
-0.06969702988862991,
0.16178974509239197,
0.666060745716095,
0.6497088074684143,
0.0016840946627780795,
-0.657872200012207,
-0.6723603010177612,
-0.33792656660079956,
-0.5530669689178467,
-0.03777908906340599,
0.3796021044254303,
0.013224347494542599,
-0.18462206423282623,
-0.7471321821212769,
0.8884038925170898,
0.5339909195899963,
0.38814690709114075,
-0.099917471408844,
0.10413676500320435,
0.10221493244171143,
0.07404954731464386,
0.01679179072380066,
0.36368751525878906,
-0.753679096698761,
-0.7281637191772461,
-0.3969734013080597,
-0.8353433012962341,
0.2513076961040497,
0.7205904722213745,
0.0011192193487659097,
0.7371639609336853,
0.20140273869037628,
-0.04991830885410309,
-0.1180257648229599,
-0.29107382893562317,
-0.5797957181930542,
-0.5831107497215271,
0.47526979446411133,
0.7117917537689209,
-0.18111813068389893,
-0.6842106580734253,
-0.13366903364658356,
-0.02877895161509514,
-0.16057147085666656,
0.16586549580097198,
-0.3463957607746124,
0.10457687079906464,
0.7829306125640869,
-0.8574820160865784,
0.08908626437187195,
-0.14339907467365265,
-0.5012717843055725,
0.042534418404102325,
-0.07407607138156891,
-0.3647383749485016,
0.1285376399755478,
0.3675822913646698,
-0.01884390041232109,
-0.6687875986099243,
0.38413116335868835,
0.43870809674263,
1.0196073055267334,
0.020717740058898926,
-0.8165674805641174,
-0.1625443994998932,
0.4121960997581482,
-0.14172206819057465,
0.3920426070690155,
0.39778274297714233,
-0.43819424510002136,
0.8797081112861633,
-0.09073736518621445,
-0.04872579872608185,
0.056935857981443405,
0.287210077047348,
-0.06719961762428284,
0.29436448216438293,
-0.8822635412216187,
0.9622067213058472,
-0.18784791231155396,
0.048110488802194595,
-0.2761431932449341,
-0.3842691481113434,
-0.7061994671821594,
0.26966798305511475,
0.6735904812812805,
0.47112247347831726,
-0.23735050857067108,
-0.6093624830245972,
0.15722285211086273,
0.23247458040714264,
0.1436583250761032,
0.12149795889854431,
-0.8797495365142822,
-0.09747197479009628,
0.13464254140853882,
0.10916118323802948,
0.4057808816432953,
-0.21876534819602966,
1.0332911014556885,
0.33254340291023254,
0.279188334941864,
-0.4361709654331207,
-0.1895403414964676,
-0.14195308089256287,
0.6757230162620544,
0.11219697445631027,
0.0040405974723398685,
0.28971102833747864,
-0.5004785060882568,
0.4005371630191803,
-1.0202181339263916,
-0.45160800218582153,
-0.16243377327919006,
-0.48306670784950256,
-0.23448807001113892,
0.09723343700170517,
-0.3126369118690491,
0.7265151143074036,
0.10133267939090729,
-0.1409340500831604,
0.4698021411895752,
0.06399007886648178,
-0.016089150682091713,
0.49840641021728516,
0.06716642528772354,
-0.7650294899940491,
-0.08442728221416473,
-0.4014141857624054,
-0.5983246564865112,
0.538910448551178,
-0.44747599959373474,
-0.14270220696926117,
-0.04571494832634926,
-0.03403853625059128,
0.4141360819339752,
0.6379501819610596,
-0.3535752594470978,
0.028081044554710388,
-0.6979537606239319,
-0.5770643353462219,
0.30105116963386536,
0.02127585932612419,
-0.03379548341035843,
0.4340413212776184,
0.1540422886610031,
-0.5334033370018005,
1.1652131080627441,
0.49009066820144653,
-0.23711779713630676,
-0.5329782962799072,
-0.4222636818885803,
-0.12888981401920319,
-0.25243687629699707,
-0.14881382882595062,
-0.045606087893247604,
-0.32076165080070496,
0.553138792514801,
-0.2536472678184509,
-0.5936498641967773,
0.26053622364997864,
0.7035118341445923,
0.6976332664489746,
0.034201379865407944,
-0.40437957644462585,
-0.5044839382171631,
-0.504743754863739,
0.00034016245626844466,
0.6600303649902344,
-0.3203522264957428,
-0.06414181739091873,
-0.32991451025009155,
0.31331998109817505,
-0.7217170596122742,
-0.283162921667099,
1.0598036050796509,
-0.22223566472530365,
0.15488924086093903,
0.16347888112068176,
0.9752317667007446,
0.0180679839104414,
0.6284173727035522,
0.43773239850997925,
-0.150819793343544,
-0.17252162098884583,
-0.1003454253077507,
0.09165456146001816,
0.015834778547286987,
-0.38775336742401123,
-0.5948140025138855,
0.053150709718465805,
0.01343743409961462,
-0.3940241038799286,
0.0953214094042778,
-0.09178660809993744,
-0.1836109757423401,
-0.19756488502025604,
-0.5508597493171692,
-0.322562038898468,
-0.1834014654159546,
-0.4682561159133911,
-0.2659795582294464,
-0.3674911856651306,
0.8028092980384827,
-0.04431717097759247,
-0.9840777516365051,
0.337528258562088,
-0.2531888484954834,
-0.050622887909412384,
0.000615392520558089,
0.9481722712516785,
0.2832980751991272,
-0.4128230810165405,
-0.41883373260498047,
0.2931985557079315,
0.32351604104042053,
0.3316669464111328,
0.35248687863349915,
-0.1143442764878273,
0.8153672814369202,
-0.2056896835565567,
-0.24006834626197815,
-0.19696497917175293,
0.40395262837409973,
0.13266268372535706,
-0.5738136768341064,
-0.4622975289821625,
0.4880646765232086,
0.2343388944864273,
-0.21722978353500366,
-0.3246697187423706,
-0.3917393386363983,
1.0375020503997803,
-0.4081307351589203,
0.1337447613477707,
1.1254684925079346,
0.5565203428268433,
-0.20575155317783356,
-0.8380575180053711,
0.12296893447637558,
0.02272403985261917,
-0.5039021372795105,
0.12600396573543549,
0.02126939408481121,
-1.0080465078353882,
-0.28854677081108093,
0.573011040687561,
0.08572349697351456,
-0.915907084941864,
-0.5852054357528687,
0.45895323157310486,
0.38966894149780273,
-0.21034424006938934,
0.013635382056236267,
-0.08042269945144653,
0.08837783336639404,
-0.07845672965049744,
0.34461453557014465,
-0.7474249601364136,
-0.07660068571567535,
-0.06564845889806747,
-0.36293330788612366,
0.3770560324192047,
-0.6625884175300598,
0.10599932819604874,
0.5582222938537598,
-0.3191083073616028,
-0.053113698959350586,
-0.10025620460510254,
-0.42647790908813477,
-0.4201624393463135,
-0.0008238556329160929,
-0.22755034267902374,
0.6572431325912476,
0.30925309658050537,
0.7611457109451294,
-0.11245466023683548,
-0.14012233912944794,
-0.8050569295883179,
0.01727316901087761,
0.43572676181793213,
-0.5440608263015747,
-0.1849222630262375,
-0.3416508436203003,
0.24270734190940857,
-0.5272979736328125,
-0.09571706503629684,
0.6155291795730591,
0.24688969552516937,
0.4886612892150879,
0.22287510335445404,
0.271916002035141,
-0.10776423662900925,
0.3064095675945282,
0.15073508024215698,
-0.8221808671951294,
-0.34985893964767456,
0.5475024580955505,
0.32437893748283386,
0.08965364843606949,
-0.22485075891017914,
0.6737958192825317,
-0.22797024250030518,
0.7177114486694336,
-0.16842234134674072,
-0.4490121603012085,
0.13689501583576202,
0.29394134879112244,
-0.05372662469744682,
-0.17649324238300323,
-0.6511530876159668,
0.39034363627433777,
-0.10199424624443054,
-0.33802929520606995,
0.3716078996658325,
-0.9607397317886353,
-0.23873157799243927,
0.44438740611076355,
0.8090648651123047,
0.5086444616317749,
-0.015733543783426285,
0.169195756316185,
0.14457114040851593,
-0.04845002293586731,
0.7723630666732788,
-0.10129750519990921,
0.2807093858718872,
-0.1548517495393753,
0.2774723768234253,
0.6169376373291016,
-0.25127822160720825,
-0.08986655622720718,
0.24428927898406982,
0.7144702076911926,
-0.32459089159965515,
-0.3995734751224518,
-0.05184784159064293,
-0.10752645879983902,
-0.17289425432682037,
0.12455877661705017,
-0.18938767910003662,
0.03878796100616455,
0.15654964745044708,
-0.12340496480464935,
0.4072757363319397,
-0.18085096776485443,
-0.4411826729774475,
0.6580905318260193,
-0.004983231890946627,
-0.08351774513721466,
0.0411185696721077,
-0.3966461420059204,
-0.5486395955085754,
0.22961930930614471,
-0.4549030661582947,
0.6838763952255249,
-0.46218493580818176,
-0.09457585960626602,
0.31679561734199524,
0.2047072798013687,
0.531829297542572,
-0.6307442784309387,
0.010051324032247066,
0.22311998903751373,
0.37637558579444885,
-0.0456475205719471,
0.254155695438385,
0.17088930308818817,
0.39035290479660034,
0.032970353960990906,
-0.4642685651779175,
-0.18640156090259552,
0.39917615056037903,
-0.3772999048233032,
-0.7151927351951599,
0.7879051566123962,
0.7676609754562378,
0.09241713583469391,
0.36063504219055176,
-0.3475153148174286,
0.06383316218852997,
0.602349042892456,
-0.12651042640209198,
0.3757505714893341,
-0.21082398295402527,
0.2884101867675781,
-0.5346092581748962,
0.21961168944835663,
0.4104617238044739,
0.008661141619086266,
0.06820686906576157,
0.36720359325408936,
-0.21257619559764862,
0.28275325894355774,
0.3831136226654053,
-0.9063737988471985,
0.1907368004322052,
-0.7540894746780396,
-0.2589714229106903,
-0.17416612803936005,
0.07816945016384125,
1.0935325622558594,
0.10985798388719559,
-0.676580548286438,
0.08575578778982162,
0.26801323890686035,
-0.5277705192565918,
0.7135609984397888,
-0.1389499008655548,
-0.39058995246887207,
-0.51619553565979,
-0.6779314875602722,
-0.024452412500977516,
-0.025000104680657387,
0.561977207660675,
0.84196937084198,
-0.08855538815259933,
0.3444398045539856,
-0.4165376126766205,
-0.07374446839094162,
0.3962687849998474,
0.4178697168827057,
0.45943427085876465,
0.03734883293509483,
-0.1538388431072235,
-0.22760102152824402,
-0.7375619411468506,
0.38249918818473816,
-0.27844202518463135,
-0.30114632844924927,
0.5826696753501892,
-0.04127593711018562,
-0.38352346420288086,
0.41335728764533997,
0.06673240661621094,
-0.42134055495262146,
0.21153753995895386,
0.22300398349761963
] |
232291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara%20Sangamam | Sagara Sangamam | Sagara Sangamam () is a 1983 Indian Telugu-language dance film written and directed by K. Viswanath and produced by Edida Nageswara Rao. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Jaya Prada, Sarath Babu, S. P. Sailaja and Chakri Toleti. Upon release, the film received positive reviews and became a box office hit. The film has received two National Film Awards, three Filmfare Awards South and the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Bronze). The film is listed among CNN-IBN's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time.
The film was dubbed into Tamil and Malayalam and released as Salangai Oli and Sagara Sangamam respectively. Kamal Haasan had lent his voice for all three versions. The film was screened at the International Film Festival of India in 1984, retrospective in 2011 and Celebrating Dance in Indian cinema section in 2014. The film was dubbed into Russian, and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival, Asia Pacific Film Festival and AISFM Film Festival. Salangai Oli was released on the same day as Sagara Sangamam.
Plot
Balakrishna (Kamal Haasan), fondly called Balu, is an economically disadvantaged but multi-talented dancer, adept at the Indian classical dances of Kuchipudi, Bharatanatyam, Kathak, etc. His simple and very honest soul does not permit him to attain professional success in the commercial world that requires a certain level of moral laxness. Madhavi (Jaya Prada), a wealthy young woman and a dance patron, notices his talent and acts as his benefactor, helping him secure an opportunity to participate in a high-level classical dance festival.
Balu's aging mother passes away from the afflictions of poverty two days before the performance. Balu, who was very attached to her, is emotionally devastated and fails to participate in the dance festival. Madhavi nevertheless, gives him support and encouragement and sets him on the mend. Balu gradually develops a fondness for Madhavi as their relationship grows. He hides his love for her but eventually picks up the courage to express it. Balu discovers that, while Madhavi shares his feelings, she is a married woman separated from her husband. The husband later returns to unite Madhavi and Balu, but Balu decides to sacrifice his love showing respect for the institution of marriage.
The years pass, and Balu, a disappointed man, has become an inconsolable alcoholic and a newspaper journalist/art critic. Once he critiques a dancer Sailaja (SP Sailaja) for her lack of concentration on the dance and more towards the audience, which results in them having a fight. This article is in-turn read by Madhavi who turns out to be Sailaja's mother, who has lost her husband in this time. She finds out about Balu, his medical condition and his never ending love for her and her family. In a bid to revive his will to live and his passion for his art, she tends to his medical needs through his friend Raghu (Sarath Babu) and solicits Balu to be the dance master for her daughter. And doesn't come in front of him worried that he wouldn't be able to cope up with the news of being a widow, but situation arises where she needs to save him from falling into a well, she comes in front of him wearing a bindi (similar to wearing a Sindhoor). Later he learns the truth about her and his condition deteriorates.
The film ends with Sailaja's stage performance with Balu watching her in a wheelchair, his health had completely deteriorated, and he dies. Raghu is seen taking him away quietly, without interrupting the performance. Madhavi follows him with an umbrella covering Balu from the rain.
Cast
Kamal Haasan as Balakrishna "Balu"
Jaya Prada as Madhavi
Sarath Babu as Ragupathy
S. P. Sailaja as Sailaja, Madhavi's daughter
Sakshi Ranga Rao as Balu's uncle
Dubbing Janaki as Balu's mother
Chakri Toleti as Teen photographer
Potti Prasad as Madhavi's servant
S. K. Misro as Film choreographer
Manju Bhargavi as Classical dancer
Geetha as Dance assistant
Mohan Sharma as Venugopalarathnam Madhavi's husband
Production
Kamal and R. C. Sakthi wanted to make a film on a subject, about a dancer who was an alcoholic, which they named "Anupallavi" when K. Viswanath approached him with a similar subject, Kamal felt he had to do the film. On the sets of the film, Gopi Krishna, one of the choreographers, insisted that Kamal should train for at least a month. Kamal was one of the top stars of the time, doing multiple shifts, and had to find the time. Kamal said it was the "greatest sacrifice from my side". Playback singer S. P. Sailaja was recruited to play a prominent role, thereby making her debut as an actress and it also remains the only film she had acted in so far. K. Viswanath who is related to Sailaja, decided that she would fit perfectly in the role of Kamal Haasan's pupil, after seeing the photos. Sailaja recalled: "I was reluctant as I was trained only in Bharatanatyam, but in the film I had to perform other dance forms like Kathak too. While shooting my introductory song "Om Namah Shivaya" at Ravindra Bharathi, I became nervous on the stage and refused to act". Chakri Toleti did the role of a photographer boy in the film. Thotta Tharani said that the budget was drastically cut for the song in which Kamal dances on the well.
Soundtrack
The film score and soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraja. The lyrics for the Telugu version were written by Veturi, while Vairamuthu has written the lyrics for the Tamil version and Sreekumaran Thampi for Malayalam version. The song "Vedam Anuvanavuna" is based on Hamsanandi Raga. The song "Om Nama Sivaya" is based on Hindolam Raga. The song "Naada Vinodam" is based on Sriranjini Raga. The song "Balakanakamaya" is based on a Thyagaraja kirtana and was composed on Atana Raga. The song "Thakita Thadimi" is based on Shanmughapriya Raga. Both "Mounamelanoyi Ee Marapurani Reyi" and "Vevela Gopemmala" are based on Mohana raga.
Sagara Sangamam (Original soundtrack)
Salangai Oli (Tamil soundtrack)
Sagara Sangamam (Malayalam soundtrack)
Release and reception
Sagara Sangamam was released on 3 June 1983. The film had a highly successful run in the theatres; it ultimately ended as a box-office success. It ran for 511 days at Pallavi Theatre in Bangalore. The Tamil version Salangai Oli was released on the same day as Sagara Sangamam and successful run in the theatres. This is the first film that ran more than 100 days in 4 Indian southern states of Andhra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala respectively. The film is listed among CNN-IBN's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time.
Awards and recognitions
The film was screened at the International Film Festival of India in 1984. The film was dubbed into Russian, and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival, Asia Pacific Film Festival and AISFM Film Festival.
References
External links
1983 films
Indian films
Films directed by K. Viswanath
1980s dance films
1983 romantic drama films
1980s romantic musical films
1980s Telugu-language films
Indian dance films
Films about the arts
Films about alcoholism
Films about social issues in India
Indian nonlinear narrative films
Films shot in Ooty
Indian romantic musical films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Films shot in Visakhapatnam
Indian romantic drama films
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
Films set in Andhra Pradesh
Films shot in Andhra Pradesh
Telugu-language films
Indian musical drama films
Indian musical films
Indian drama films | [
-0.5179065465927124,
0.28932255506515503,
-0.6033487915992737,
-0.5426089763641357,
-0.1193171814084053,
0.2228102684020996,
0.7731069922447205,
-0.3232536017894745,
-0.4737260043621063,
0.5608928799629211,
0.11300718039274216,
0.7178605198860168,
-0.23166263103485107,
0.2228257805109024,
0.08568368852138519,
0.28816670179367065,
0.7914719581604004,
0.027108779177069664,
0.2648605406284332,
-0.6054026484489441,
-0.05301608517765999,
0.5017465949058533,
0.705871045589447,
-0.013750644400715828,
-0.5684575438499451,
0.373329758644104,
0.4180464446544647,
1.167309045791626,
0.1715179681777954,
-0.36078912019729614,
-0.19223015010356903,
0.5711269974708557,
0.4094429910182953,
0.29483047127723694,
0.17340220510959625,
0.11303494870662689,
0.007200668565928936,
-0.158178448677063,
-0.4907779097557068,
-0.7438425421714783,
0.046748824417591095,
-0.4271257519721985,
0.23021721839904785,
-0.30633726716041565,
-0.028879420831799507,
-0.19961948692798615,
-1.0946060419082642,
-0.050622258335351944,
-0.9982343912124634,
-0.019741235300898552,
0.493207722902298,
1.1531264781951904,
0.37270039319992065,
-0.2619323134422302,
0.27374565601348877,
0.7156323194503784,
-0.7920950651168823,
0.17670002579689026,
-0.14234456419944763,
0.2565454840660095,
0.7034829258918762,
0.024041570723056793,
0.22278736531734467,
-0.12659883499145508,
-0.26276394724845886,
0.3370784819126129,
-0.22351711988449097,
-0.14326147735118866,
0.28020212054252625,
0.3819107115268707,
-0.03682355955243111,
0.23797886073589325,
-0.1245436817407608,
0.9329484701156616,
-0.052437674254179,
-0.21930958330631256,
0.2180960327386856,
-0.41993609070777893,
0.14520777761936188,
-0.6898657083511353,
0.19897474348545074,
0.13359852135181427,
0.966225802898407,
0.7714223861694336,
0.46635156869888306,
-0.621030330657959,
-0.23738916218280792,
0.4420931339263916,
-0.2982441782951355,
0.7851463556289673,
-0.7909241914749146,
-0.766348659992218,
0.17226287722587585,
0.7000464797019958,
-0.2717888355255127,
0.29159438610076904,
-0.6009546518325806,
0.25577354431152344,
0.711336076259613,
0.0011530173942446709,
0.6811266541481018,
0.5944055318832397,
-0.23056098818778992,
-0.06436259299516678,
-0.8169300556182861,
0.16507366299629211,
-0.23990127444267273,
-0.48342809081077576,
-0.15430937707424164,
0.05666303634643555,
-0.3499533236026764,
0.15490229427814484,
-0.5876892805099487,
-0.026965780183672905,
0.15230634808540344,
0.4120931029319763,
0.03848230838775635,
-0.4762304425239563,
-0.8531436324119568,
0.48335763812065125,
0.18166206777095795,
0.21391643583774567,
0.3109733760356903,
0.3258843421936035,
-0.004803992807865143,
0.45771753787994385,
0.2613263726234436,
0.2183862030506134,
-0.053707875311374664,
1.078414797782898,
-0.09961581230163574,
0.5032404065132141,
-0.4938235878944397,
-0.038162246346473694,
-0.34645724296569824,
-0.5636047720909119,
0.9550354480743408,
-0.20624075829982758,
-0.071338951587677,
0.011757857166230679,
-0.9707215428352356,
0.4022194743156433,
-0.6209074854850769,
-0.09443385899066925,
0.320076048374176,
0.07608513534069061,
0.48619604110717773,
-0.503890872001648,
-0.404265820980072,
-0.7473887205123901,
0.394517719745636,
0.4782853424549103,
-0.5220106244087219,
-0.43332627415657043,
-0.37297964096069336,
0.62959885597229,
-0.09854429960250854,
-0.019785266369581223,
0.26518285274505615,
0.0757746770977974,
0.03906002640724182,
-0.0057273972779512405,
-0.08768848329782486,
-0.2503882050514221,
-0.03156309574842453,
-0.12160290777683258,
-0.07218655198812485,
-0.2964088022708893,
0.25471171736717224,
-0.35827261209487915,
-0.42926618456840515,
0.04243306443095207,
-0.5283467769622803,
-0.2056128829717636,
0.15146037936210632,
-0.036626968532800674,
0.3320997953414917,
0.9757812023162842,
0.0062756589613854885,
-0.6938418745994568,
-0.6701900959014893,
0.43303364515304565,
0.1554086059331894,
0.6720612049102783,
0.32375943660736084,
0.41720855236053467,
0.13684017956256866,
-0.13690422475337982,
-0.0539301335811615,
-0.36906880140304565,
-0.5959557890892029,
-0.6158945560455322,
1.210925579071045,
0.3906930387020111,
1.2682275772094727,
0.8431775569915771,
-0.22773902118206024,
0.08998826146125793,
0.16437213122844696,
0.5575288534164429,
0.009848496876657009,
0.6528770327568054,
0.3182976245880127,
-0.4090979993343353,
-0.5137419700622559,
-0.16969574987888336,
-0.46584606170654297,
0.13089697062969208,
0.5276203751564026,
0.6152903437614441,
-0.1781233549118042,
-0.8368266820907593,
0.4788261950016022,
-0.06204953044652939,
0.04803686589002609,
-0.23350568115711212,
-0.9038318991661072,
0.22839470207691193,
-0.3508158028125763,
-0.022311467677354813,
0.10658517479896545,
-0.10981585830450058,
-0.12906846404075623,
0.25607365369796753,
0.1699955314397812,
1.2726961374282837,
0.11891710758209229,
-0.14916978776454926,
-0.08067697286605835,
-0.1333867758512497,
-0.3255739212036133,
0.08537770807743073,
-0.09505010396242142,
-0.21543028950691223,
0.13951218128204346,
0.05104168877005577,
0.17986297607421875,
-0.16704177856445312,
0.25386372208595276,
-0.20087285339832306,
0.3168981969356537,
0.39642730355262756,
-0.848164975643158,
0.02407807856798172,
0.24714286625385284,
0.13358549773693085,
-0.1761288344860077,
-0.7476353049278259,
-0.5217365622520447,
-0.09559579193592072,
0.4825268089771271,
0.20649021863937378,
-0.06257972866296768,
-0.16948041319847107,
-0.3755592405796051,
0.0946992039680481,
-0.3790470361709595,
-0.8400867581367493,
-0.16054631769657135,
-0.2461639642715454,
-0.31214579939842224,
-0.4402214586734772,
1.128180742263794,
0.12189558893442154,
-0.6322206854820251,
-0.42035722732543945,
0.0760737806558609,
-0.02608642540872097,
0.028980374336242676,
0.08756429702043533,
-0.22580429911613464,
-0.6557343602180481,
-0.3954641819000244,
0.6559107303619385,
-0.2723737955093384,
-0.29239994287490845,
-0.18673713505268097,
-0.6049426794052124,
-0.5986716151237488,
0.02545640617609024,
1.0025639533996582,
0.8817366361618042,
0.10907099395990372,
-0.3032558262348175,
-0.5397453308105469,
0.43366584181785583,
0.18105685710906982,
0.09064485877752304,
0.0016257595270872116,
-0.07074552774429321,
0.15972526371479034,
0.24907799065113068,
-0.3213895261287689,
-0.15841785073280334,
0.015960779041051865,
-0.015481811948120594,
-0.3171980082988739,
0.35021844506263733,
0.22021393477916718,
0.0737336203455925,
-0.3343223035335541,
0.8327823877334595,
-0.2223951369524002,
-0.13408200442790985,
-0.11611203849315643,
-0.017980502918362617,
-0.33683207631111145,
-0.4738479256629944,
-5.239160537719727,
0.1808510720729828,
-0.39529573917388916,
-0.28118452429771423,
0.4966365694999695,
0.22140803933143616,
0.32471686601638794,
-0.5233739614486694,
0.6107380390167236,
-0.3016746938228607,
-0.574655294418335,
-0.2030307799577713,
0.1363961100578308,
0.12214607745409012,
0.1144341379404068,
0.062376026064157486,
0.18944109976291656,
0.02421426959335804,
0.38512375950813293,
0.04939581826329231,
0.2348305583000183,
0.07047896087169647,
-0.1431681364774704,
0.256173312664032,
-0.005340180359780788,
0.3422456383705139,
0.16553650796413422,
-0.3936740756034851,
-0.9138473272323608,
0.054490625858306885,
-0.4074423611164093,
0.012066195718944073,
-0.07999075204133987,
0.05044972524046898,
-0.5915029644966125,
-0.06251309812068939,
0.16442878544330597,
0.21322497725486755,
0.6278775334358215,
-0.02142604999244213,
0.21149888634681702,
-0.03384460136294365,
-0.008299612440168858,
-0.3730713725090027,
0.7504419684410095,
-0.7269803881645203,
-0.6768632531166077,
-0.10829297453165054,
0.29996028542518616,
0.8471649289131165,
0.08212414383888245,
-0.5284203886985779,
0.2167675495147705,
-0.1249595582485199,
-0.16816575825214386,
0.21917419135570526,
0.07408783584833145,
-0.36617881059646606,
0.2334960252046585,
0.40316107869148254,
0.6873704791069031,
-0.632899820804596,
-0.11018184572458267,
-0.9867240786552429,
-0.36016467213630676,
0.3797147572040558,
0.3085281550884247,
-0.5706697106361389,
-0.3503613770008087,
0.3705255389213562,
-0.23298996686935425,
0.4684383273124695,
-0.2986961007118225,
-0.8985124230384827,
0.10642191767692566,
-0.030082983896136284,
-0.028873346745967865,
0.3143674433231354,
-0.6202227473258972,
0.3313101530075073,
0.13184784352779388,
-0.17468103766441345,
0.18544399738311768,
0.29556578397750854,
0.16068223118782043,
-0.12631869316101074,
-0.3159548044204712,
0.12786775827407837,
-0.6637006998062134,
-0.1466658115386963,
1.1220606565475464,
-0.4223819673061371,
-0.34192293882369995,
0.7007694840431213,
0.5743829011917114,
0.19112557172775269,
-0.08755940943956375,
0.2284226417541504,
0.49550771713256836,
-0.50471431016922,
-0.0807013139128685,
-0.11310569941997528,
0.5388566255569458,
-0.15523068606853485,
-0.23706252872943878,
-0.39692169427871704,
-0.2470370978116989,
-0.3376106023788452,
0.6408558487892151,
-0.49592918157577515,
-0.1428080052137375,
-1.0913059711456299,
0.19745028018951416,
0.2807055711746216,
1.0116466283798218,
-0.7518898248672485,
-0.44348686933517456,
0.9701997637748718,
0.25931400060653687,
0.15161782503128052,
0.2600960433483124,
0.15601897239685059,
0.2657434642314911,
-0.4573386013507843,
-0.5990474224090576,
-0.3354378640651703,
0.7053601145744324,
0.46001338958740234,
-0.4412730932235718,
0.18453235924243927,
0.14566238224506378,
-0.06234641745686531,
0.15815965831279755,
-0.5791420340538025,
-0.09590823203325272,
-0.7568264603614807,
-0.5424786806106567,
-0.14204002916812897,
-0.0796232745051384,
-0.13710011541843414,
0.26234278082847595,
-0.3763540983200073,
0.12037050724029541,
0.5234199166297913,
0.5237391591072083,
0.16247883439064026,
0.06302165985107422,
-0.26276764273643494,
-0.06978914886713028,
-0.11941809952259064,
-0.5102168321609497,
-0.6734896898269653,
0.739723801612854,
-0.657048225402832,
-0.4919499456882477,
-0.12972959876060486,
-0.5509793758392334,
-0.30147141218185425,
0.16770441830158234,
0.22487761080265045,
0.26391956210136414,
-0.31493812799453735,
-0.8523942232131958,
0.18412525951862335,
-0.6679277420043945,
0.20568455755710602,
-0.46885043382644653,
-0.8430554866790771,
-0.015601551160216331,
0.5979541540145874,
-0.022085631266236305,
0.5053958892822266,
0.27457037568092346,
0.13736344873905182,
-0.054541751742362976,
0.10156269371509552,
0.35066813230514526,
0.18348713219165802,
0.33031362295150757,
0.31831562519073486,
-0.2024230659008026,
-0.9669008851051331,
-0.38811540603637695,
0.8748534917831421,
0.21331264078617096,
-0.23522138595581055,
-0.242495596408844,
-0.33149755001068115,
-0.8199961185455322,
0.37582480907440186,
0.18569059669971466,
0.4290674924850464,
0.6591046452522278,
-0.23207101225852966,
-0.09851256012916565,
-1.059416651725769,
-0.10042627155780792,
-0.4111873507499695,
-0.5481456518173218,
-1.1577434539794922,
0.6562799215316772,
0.3867399990558624,
-0.036107178777456284,
0.7461516857147217,
0.3886203467845917,
-0.8710269331932068,
0.4378657937049866,
0.6965298652648926,
-0.728147566318512,
0.49486133456230164,
-0.08768833428621292,
-0.27087634801864624,
0.7798422574996948,
0.3371167778968811,
-0.016834069043397903,
0.0948428139090538,
0.01063230074942112,
-0.0011006644926965237,
0.049693696200847626,
-0.3008846640586853,
-0.5081003904342651,
-0.49455204606056213,
-0.4521329402923584,
-0.18178071081638336,
-1.863386869430542,
-0.14246897399425507,
0.8539116382598877,
-0.26344332098960876,
-0.10636476427316666,
0.04304635897278786,
-0.47925305366516113,
0.35786324739456177,
-0.05117408186197281,
-0.29010209441185,
-0.22668100893497467,
-0.4787658452987671,
-0.34815090894699097,
-0.1747955083847046,
0.5496717095375061,
0.8323291540145874,
-0.17709270119667053,
1.0077259540557861,
0.2502243220806122,
-0.2056085616350174,
-0.2739483118057251,
-0.36543604731559753,
0.032341811805963516,
-0.03465789556503296,
-0.5262773036956787,
0.4411729574203491,
0.6605901718139648,
0.11505967378616333,
-0.214304119348526,
-0.33158552646636963,
1.382156491279602,
-1.069183349609375,
-0.15968993306159973,
0.08105862140655518,
-0.0021654232405126095,
-0.09358460456132889,
-0.5162442326545715,
0.5597349405288696,
-0.512418806552887,
-0.46808284521102905,
0.08181025087833405,
0.1814814954996109,
0.4263400137424469,
-0.019210467115044594,
1.0203227996826172,
0.06296952813863754,
0.24086928367614746,
-0.8422327041625977,
0.21438896656036377,
-0.06366769969463348,
0.137639120221138,
0.07759566605091095,
-0.4420892000198364,
-0.9356774091720581,
0.7352679967880249,
0.11422764509916306,
-0.0641694888472557,
0.2195013016462326,
0.12743954360485077,
-0.02163749933242798,
0.43059056997299194,
-0.6475875973701477,
0.3062349259853363,
0.002138230949640274,
-0.13115143775939941,
0.11941546946763992,
-0.3281967043876648,
0.27634549140930176,
0.281002402305603,
0.2521231770515442,
-0.19425971806049347,
-0.37291449308395386,
0.5431374907493591,
0.6651785969734192,
-1.0948739051818848,
-0.08527558296918869,
-0.3808939754962921,
0.1371975988149643,
0.3942411541938782,
-0.445396363735199,
-0.30984559655189514,
0.3553672432899475,
0.2137894630432129,
-0.5253211259841919,
-0.22593803703784943,
-0.009950902312994003,
0.07020911574363708,
0.24046911299228668,
-0.0103085832670331,
0.6268572807312012,
-1.0390695333480835,
-0.6118228435516357,
0.21300378441810608,
-0.11872322857379913,
0.2378004938364029,
0.4756283760070801,
0.31700602173805237,
-0.635058581829071,
0.7414210438728333,
0.22617541253566742,
-0.1662408858537674,
0.39188793301582336,
-0.29530683159828186,
0.1440373808145523,
0.45253118872642517,
0.4046865701675415,
0.36352336406707764,
-0.6061795949935913,
-0.4371834993362427,
0.30406373739242554,
0.10534892231225967,
-0.16815435886383057,
0.15204206109046936,
-0.632990837097168,
-0.15452632308006287,
0.17326761782169342,
0.728624165058136,
0.048631664365530014,
0.002332305535674095,
0.05340566858649254,
0.136630579829216,
0.07206276059150696,
0.6509853601455688,
0.40166983008384705,
0.08917958289384842,
-0.41776174306869507,
-0.5884336829185486,
0.5931732654571533,
0.17509926855564117,
-0.291107177734375,
0.19815343618392944,
0.29377326369285583,
-0.08577168732881546,
0.22850732505321503,
0.6861327886581421,
0.3050890266895294,
-0.34394073486328125,
0.08726803958415985,
-0.03671986982226372,
0.3936420977115631,
0.01774873398244381,
-0.48423632979393005,
0.03231320157647133,
-0.4127046763896942,
0.6506822109222412,
0.02648790180683136,
-0.8240302205085754,
-0.05998829007148743,
-0.7741575837135315,
0.09839004278182983,
0.47337785363197327,
0.12205241620540619,
-0.44388583302497864,
-0.16103161871433258,
0.0486992709338665,
0.2590772211551666,
-0.7571433782577515,
0.7378655672073364,
-0.2976848781108856,
-0.43067002296447754,
0.23418112099170685,
0.3439249098300934,
-0.13542340695858002,
0.1194329783320427,
0.5153626799583435,
-0.4862813353538513,
0.0033437444362789392,
-0.3079197406768799,
-0.44254276156425476,
0.7532180547714233,
-0.47997671365737915,
-0.07550552487373352,
-0.6991932988166809,
0.8194442987442017,
0.760389506816864,
0.07104364037513733,
0.40184661746025085,
0.0887632668018341,
-0.17286761105060577,
0.8309021592140198,
0.005951333325356245,
0.3543626070022583,
-0.5925130844116211,
0.34043002128601074,
-1.2501968145370483,
0.17172183096408844,
-0.27771836519241333,
0.7057415246963501,
-0.3904821276664734,
0.3330898582935333,
-0.026139479130506516,
-0.3133411407470703,
0.7703643441200256,
-0.24572108685970306,
-0.21018844842910767,
-0.19173195958137512,
0.006471568252891302,
0.03172430023550987,
0.15400822460651398,
0.10060679912567139,
-0.027494657784700394,
-0.19665777683258057,
0.054612208157777786,
0.3004577159881592,
-0.08501426875591278,
-0.19341015815734863,
0.28625747561454773,
0.3691364824771881,
0.02237861417233944,
0.09897409379482269,
-0.09095902740955353,
0.595230221748352,
0.3070261776447296,
-0.000516762665938586,
0.23657256364822388,
-0.12670008838176727,
0.4164849519729614,
-0.44710251688957214,
0.40532582998275757,
-0.36983102560043335,
-0.3854706883430481,
-0.9159029126167297,
0.008982859551906586,
-0.15135063230991364,
-0.36881399154663086,
0.4472739100456238,
-0.06825240701436996,
-0.6671145558357239,
0.5084537267684937,
-0.21625539660453796,
-0.17532120645046234,
0.5168887376785278,
-0.19315020740032196,
-0.6294848322868347,
-0.059026606380939484,
-0.6563692092895508
] |
232296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal | Steal | Steal may refer to:
Theft, the illegal act of taking another person's property without that person's freely-given consent
The gaining of a stolen base in baseball
the 2004 ALCS stolen base in Game Four, see Dave Roberts (outfielder)
Steal (basketball), a situation when a defensive player actively takes possession of the ball from an offensive player
Steal (curling), score/win by a team that did not throw the last rock
Steal (film), a 2002 action film
Steal (game show), a Central Television game show
Steal (poker), a type of a bluff
The Steal, the British melodic hardcore punk band
The Steal (album), a 2006 album by The Steal
The Steal (film), a 1995 British comedy thriller film
a discount
Steal, a gameplay element in the reality franchise series The Voice
See also
Stole (disambiguation)
Stolen (disambiguation) | [
0.09048227220773697,
-0.2704712748527527,
-0.5946528315544128,
0.2258533537387848,
-0.0428621880710125,
-0.06973852962255478,
-0.04119789972901344,
0.07370340079069138,
-0.14789651334285736,
-0.035372860729694366,
0.05207086354494095,
0.959357500076294,
0.16186267137527466,
0.0018042747396975756,
-0.28696414828300476,
0.13693808019161224,
0.4827105402946472,
0.34878358244895935,
-0.15417073667049408,
-0.2265680432319641,
-0.441784530878067,
-0.07982536405324936,
0.08918752521276474,
-0.47599655389785767,
-0.10408572852611542,
0.14893357455730438,
-0.2649402618408203,
0.2521081566810608,
-0.540971577167511,
0.11589892953634262,
-0.22273634374141693,
0.07474233955144882,
0.3471585810184479,
0.11956463009119034,
-0.0651637390255928,
-0.4361129403114319,
-0.190129354596138,
-0.5623682737350464,
-0.3457697927951813,
-0.6988683938980103,
0.4684356153011322,
-0.31308695673942566,
0.26838749647140503,
0.4915807247161865,
-0.5342660546302795,
0.20714811980724335,
-1.1685031652450562,
0.1057150661945343,
-0.6448827981948853,
0.07774871587753296,
0.3319823741912842,
0.3442458212375641,
-0.5124135613441467,
0.20770664513111115,
0.3882752060890198,
0.07499527186155319,
-0.3444421589374542,
-0.5426362156867981,
0.018077412620186806,
-0.5099900364875793,
0.4310149550437927,
0.377006858587265,
0.315704882144928,
0.011832501739263535,
0.039242759346961975,
-0.0524834580719471,
0.3967345058917999,
0.4256657063961029,
-0.09478336572647095,
-0.9397627711296082,
0.14757342636585236,
-0.6161441802978516,
-0.559181809425354,
-0.023877708241343498,
0.01877666637301445,
-0.23717956244945526,
0.27111101150512695,
0.08435169607400894,
0.22447794675827026,
-0.12420722842216492,
0.04610532522201538,
-0.02230849117040634,
0.490678995847702,
0.14733262360095978,
0.42125213146209717,
-0.28172117471694946,
-0.26281702518463135,
0.21716523170471191,
-0.46152520179748535,
0.14900541305541992,
0.5358550548553467,
-0.43910208344459534,
0.4198230504989624,
0.11183074116706848,
-0.6128931641578674,
0.30955004692077637,
0.4431024193763733,
-0.061992451548576355,
0.5659899115562439,
-0.34628811478614807,
-0.42650336027145386,
-0.23663471639156342,
0.018182648345828056,
0.02554311603307724,
-0.20154161751270294,
0.36386752128601074,
0.48261553049087524,
-0.18589675426483154,
-0.2755182981491089,
-0.16318950057029724,
0.3765864074230194,
0.15065178275108337,
0.2300391048192978,
0.22285676002502441,
0.06126738712191582,
-0.38876667618751526,
0.21939612925052643,
-0.37697339057922363,
-0.5638097524642944,
0.16026341915130615,
-0.08494149148464203,
0.2938842177391052,
0.07253126055002213,
0.025281421840190887,
0.3262552320957184,
-0.17797254025936127,
0.4270130693912506,
0.8622888922691345,
0.14538997411727905,
-0.47110703587532043,
0.4581086337566376,
0.7711538076400757,
-0.43919795751571655,
0.31807297468185425,
-0.17390848696231842,
-0.19169576466083527,
-0.16698932647705078,
-0.43020525574684143,
0.16428382694721222,
-0.15646779537200928,
-0.5492425560951233,
-0.19475460052490234,
-0.4304312467575073,
0.08657058328390121,
0.2741445004940033,
-0.5184633731842041,
0.10559704154729843,
0.3667519986629486,
0.04987190291285515,
0.5893377065658569,
0.062323197722435,
-0.1086854487657547,
-0.1726900041103363,
-0.37769636511802673,
-0.15644988417625427,
0.18565838038921356,
-0.08820714801549911,
-0.46581733226776123,
-0.5606909990310669,
0.41123053431510925,
-0.050479706376791,
0.1914493590593338,
-0.39516451954841614,
-0.2405095249414444,
-0.1181739866733551,
-0.21977058053016663,
0.2803347408771515,
0.14677400887012482,
-0.09312436729669571,
0.08621921390295029,
-0.08086863905191422,
0.3641974627971649,
0.4057300090789795,
0.3444518744945526,
0.2737257778644562,
0.24260932207107544,
0.3254316449165344,
0.2721140384674072,
0.8368004560470581,
0.37781280279159546,
-0.5364060401916504,
-0.12701445817947388,
0.3778453767299652,
-0.1397995799779892,
-0.0034848309587687254,
0.2720683813095093,
-0.11097057163715363,
0.19837237894535065,
-0.0013437948655337095,
-0.3095018267631531,
-0.4555777311325073,
-0.08759228140115738,
-0.031651660799980164,
-0.6215062737464905,
0.9399998188018799,
-0.2635558545589447,
-0.26011303067207336,
0.42233458161354065,
0.38962531089782715,
-0.3079652488231659,
-0.3246476352214813,
0.024909475818276405,
0.4869190454483032,
0.11161067336797714,
-0.6605958342552185,
0.3152830898761749,
0.32260987162590027,
-0.2438669055700302,
-0.051768820732831955,
0.061441872268915176,
0.30110958218574524,
-0.015063800849020481,
-0.021103069186210632,
-0.3776833713054657,
-0.013926098123192787,
0.23047296702861786,
-0.7972404360771179,
0.5001106858253479,
0.21668726205825806,
-0.28402286767959595,
0.06345552206039429,
-0.1734376847743988,
0.10219843685626984,
0.23800309002399445,
-0.01442784070968628,
1.0464050769805908,
-0.048486124724149704,
0.08517858386039734,
0.7900189757347107,
-1.0170096158981323,
0.1358649581670761,
-0.010640697553753853,
-0.4415228068828583,
-0.39665544033050537,
0.15103405714035034,
0.2671354413032532,
0.41484972834587097,
0.18715687096118927,
0.3777368664741516,
0.3494027554988861,
0.04245618358254433,
-0.0976603627204895,
-0.1951640099287033,
0.3159192204475403,
0.1588667929172516,
0.03895414248108864,
0.08822154253721237,
0.32184386253356934,
-0.1319057047367096,
-0.18005961179733276,
0.09572380036115646,
0.5088449120521545,
0.03901645913720131,
-0.5007455945014954,
0.665133535861969,
0.325612872838974,
-0.15472036600112915,
-0.2149507850408554,
0.689547061920166,
-0.10077492147684097,
-0.3390617370605469,
0.20917265117168427,
-0.0734979659318924,
0.08121491968631744,
-0.2299024611711502,
0.11651520431041718,
-0.6895743608474731,
0.16237874329090118,
-0.028875751420855522,
-0.2714199721813202,
0.1538262516260147,
0.5950047373771667,
-0.5415894389152527,
0.16832740604877472,
-0.5765486359596252,
-0.2594205141067505,
0.0936727523803711,
0.3825610876083374,
-0.05239025503396988,
-0.7970216870307922,
-0.2518938183784485,
0.2842780351638794,
0.46490558981895447,
-0.11931287497282028,
0.16888822615146637,
-0.6120070219039917,
-0.12157978117465973,
-0.16354022920131683,
-0.13313622772693634,
-0.6709100604057312,
-0.08911232650279999,
0.760955810546875,
0.10875711590051651,
0.5451057553291321,
-0.06377306580543518,
0.42832452058792114,
-0.4329306483268738,
0.5142382979393005,
0.5656644701957703,
-0.2466665655374527,
-0.2361844778060913,
0.20111066102981567,
-0.2580750286579132,
-0.2481698840856552,
0.7626781463623047,
-0.2940681278705597,
-0.5079943537712097,
-0.1333276778459549,
-6.058132171630859,
0.32862287759780884,
-0.33556824922561646,
0.24778854846954346,
0.33072230219841003,
-0.0806550681591034,
0.46921899914741516,
-0.21258601546287537,
-0.10328506678342819,
0.09891501069068909,
0.1354352831840515,
-0.0037624030373990536,
0.19246353209018707,
0.08427346497774124,
0.5310218930244446,
0.1722058355808258,
0.5493112206459045,
-0.19713079929351807,
-0.2323409914970398,
-0.04547704756259918,
-0.3508295714855194,
0.4663589894771576,
-0.0759168267250061,
0.5391550064086914,
-0.13645724952220917,
0.7347389459609985,
-0.02112620882689953,
0.17988775670528412,
-0.24652336537837982,
-0.10629824548959732,
-0.17129038274288177,
0.09547453373670578,
0.012901803478598595,
0.2559126317501068,
-0.39424240589141846,
0.22763924300670624,
0.3442946672439575,
-0.43918970227241516,
-0.24976247549057007,
-0.42699235677719116,
-0.33583950996398926,
0.653329610824585,
-0.015421873889863491,
-0.2773628830909729,
0.7237422466278076,
-0.21339894831180573,
-0.10383909195661545,
-0.26825928688049316,
-0.18135547637939453,
-0.007423719856888056,
0.1590588241815567,
0.0729667916893959,
-0.3878069818019867,
0.4302162528038025,
0.5834067463874817,
-0.2505350112915039,
0.21508632600307465,
0.12330279499292374,
0.018793903291225433,
0.7213428616523743,
0.12974506616592407,
-0.6124500036239624,
0.23041360080242157,
-0.06630900502204895,
-0.17546862363815308,
-0.21616104245185852,
0.08700543642044067,
-0.37853893637657166,
0.5402746796607971,
0.5312908291816711,
-0.05482039973139763,
0.22269412875175476,
0.22921322286128998,
-0.8470942378044128,
0.03348042443394661,
0.17797820270061493,
0.020086390897631645,
0.3498096168041229,
0.039639826864004135,
0.5395505428314209,
0.016338646411895752,
-0.2946777641773224,
0.12176487594842911,
-0.08934076875448227,
-0.3859204947948456,
-0.6287278532981873,
0.2781985104084015,
0.7824151515960693,
-0.36569395661354065,
0.04599517211318016,
0.6908482909202576,
0.0786641389131546,
0.10995480418205261,
-0.038603007793426514,
-0.1941583901643753,
0.46544018387794495,
-0.3856807053089142,
0.014962430112063885,
-0.29457855224609375,
0.26137086749076843,
0.8669678568840027,
-0.1468747854232788,
0.16672150790691376,
-0.8464559316635132,
-0.5148879885673523,
-0.4165099263191223,
0.033503830432891846,
0.3361753821372986,
0.505425751209259,
0.02230505459010601,
0.5735850930213928,
0.24424141645431519,
-0.43402501940727234,
-0.2691742479801178,
0.760751485824585,
-0.10176743566989899,
-0.11921584606170654,
0.18661215901374817,
0.9786856174468994,
-0.295528382062912,
0.35617271065711975,
-0.04686989262700081,
-0.45841512084007263,
-0.5709652304649353,
-0.10013952106237411,
-0.40227001905441284,
0.44015997648239136,
0.28522220253944397,
0.1565970480442047,
0.0853792056441307,
0.2330792099237442,
0.5691195726394653,
0.1283228099346161,
0.03942621126770973,
0.11897885799407959,
-0.34089285135269165,
-0.3016858994960785,
0.15709370374679565,
-0.3401758074760437,
-0.38881438970565796,
-0.028751276433467865,
-0.6164225935935974,
0.04632765054702759,
0.2802121341228485,
0.03949229419231415,
-0.24126014113426208,
-0.0411958321928978,
0.19363923370838165,
0.20329159498214722,
0.5791866779327393,
-0.052528902888298035,
-0.08274998515844345,
0.9949539303779602,
-0.37198761105537415,
0.7215802669525146,
-0.2462645322084427,
0.1277657151222229,
-0.35764220356941223,
-0.05850115045905113,
-0.34974122047424316,
0.29340919852256775,
0.453899085521698,
-1.0405292510986328,
0.07911821454763412,
0.04142197594046593,
-0.29046714305877686,
-1.011643886566162,
-1.2138707637786865,
0.2451903223991394,
0.3452473282814026,
0.08576080948114395,
-0.7217415571212769,
-0.46531805396080017,
0.08486644178628922,
0.11304942518472672,
-0.056410059332847595,
0.20743635296821594,
-0.29557251930236816,
-0.3185414671897888,
-0.5131347179412842,
0.5617563128471375,
0.18906356394290924,
-0.09078343212604523,
0.3775058090686798,
0.8107140064239502,
-0.20854924619197845,
-0.12379845231771469,
0.4597702622413635,
-0.3261212706565857,
0.72677081823349,
-0.2950539290904999,
0.4103383719921112,
0.4684116840362549,
0.384800523519516,
0.12656064331531525,
0.17017841339111328,
0.20796392858028412,
0.752217710018158,
-0.7319660186767578,
0.14235903322696686,
0.41365087032318115,
-0.2948397696018219,
-0.13642342388629913,
-0.7052155137062073,
0.7119496464729309,
-0.3800128400325775,
0.4266505241394043,
-0.14178019762039185,
-0.2370496243238449,
0.1857621967792511,
-0.09408655762672424,
-0.1435663253068924,
-0.26088401675224304,
-0.2700367867946625,
-0.07136840373277664,
-0.28579339385032654,
-0.010613417252898216,
-0.48653164505958557,
-0.4564436078071594,
-0.3975633978843689,
0.27116525173187256,
-0.15594178438186646,
-0.5029342174530029,
0.08858750015497208,
-0.43542754650115967,
-0.11761604994535446,
0.14915627241134644,
-0.5572357177734375,
0.37972068786621094,
0.5346384644508362,
-0.10843472927808762,
-0.49312257766723633,
-0.1830766499042511,
0.43414005637168884,
0.12056729197502136,
0.3414614200592041,
0.3414953947067261,
0.09092070907354355,
-0.4244197905063629,
-0.38406288623809814,
0.346569299697876,
0.4530599117279053,
0.005249661859124899,
-0.31129172444343567,
-0.21498852968215942,
-0.1112305223941803,
0.00020597416732925922,
-0.3554511070251465,
-0.35101887583732605,
0.45871779322624207,
0.1391570121049881,
-0.1440352350473404,
-0.05267975479364395,
-0.2112419605255127,
0.232464000582695,
-0.7099349498748779,
0.08494281768798828,
-0.5253459811210632,
0.03442780300974846,
0.8213691115379333,
0.29816731810569763,
-0.31197524070739746,
-0.805333137512207,
-0.073235422372818,
-0.1439431756734848,
-0.07605519145727158,
-0.14835108816623688,
-0.30857887864112854,
-0.23122425377368927,
-0.49047189950942993,
-0.24681095778942108,
0.0262199267745018,
0.5203240513801575,
0.7961488366127014,
-0.1667552888393402,
-0.1368110328912735,
-0.4511990249156952,
-0.6427659392356873,
-0.3465833067893982,
-0.2517019510269165,
-0.6693649888038635,
-0.05740620195865631,
-0.2114899605512619,
-0.5086513757705688,
-0.3745030462741852,
-0.08684713393449783,
-0.06305421143770218,
-0.1244402527809143,
-0.0036075329408049583,
0.05712766945362091,
-0.12122991681098938,
-0.17098209261894226,
0.003608970670029521,
0.028656423091888428,
0.11650580912828445,
-0.10362479090690613,
0.16803936660289764,
0.009994122199714184,
0.2782842814922333,
0.39890772104263306,
-0.3898197114467621,
0.13309061527252197,
-0.21615545451641083,
-0.43980923295021057,
0.4993314743041992,
-0.09035500138998032,
-0.20485256612300873,
0.05600950866937637,
-0.3912714421749115,
-0.06909998506307602,
0.3170481026172638,
-0.3208894729614258,
-0.3813430964946747,
0.1409604698419571,
-0.13127262890338898,
-0.20191289484500885,
0.39865612983703613,
-0.6029213070869446,
-0.08977596461772919,
0.22304683923721313,
0.028685711324214935,
0.6211390495300293,
0.11848065257072449,
0.09862632304430008,
-0.18608956038951874,
-0.13994649052619934,
-0.5068447589874268,
0.02093794010579586,
0.8226190209388733,
-0.10372556746006012,
0.6093732714653015,
0.2126592993736267,
0.2105918675661087,
0.36480239033699036,
-0.049791209399700165,
-0.2993948757648468,
0.210126593708992,
-0.7925510406494141,
0.37858304381370544,
0.6287835836410522,
0.6000240445137024,
-0.03632156550884247,
-0.281767874956131,
-0.42938748002052307,
-0.37548884749412537,
0.5054646730422974,
0.43410375714302063,
-0.6488122940063477,
-0.15515784919261932,
0.5144911408424377,
0.13380058109760284,
-0.4063671827316284,
0.11517109721899033,
-0.8749703168869019,
0.3454984128475189,
-0.05333692207932472,
-0.016979634761810303,
-0.17265616357326508,
-0.5151403546333313,
-0.10198485106229782,
0.5050703883171082,
0.2868337631225586,
0.2960674464702606,
-0.17921102046966553,
-0.11806872487068176,
0.021090185269713402,
0.2706877589225769,
0.27233943343162537,
-0.04233444854617119,
0.10627005994319916,
0.31703799962997437,
0.43603330850601196,
-0.311754435300827,
-0.04924099147319794,
0.35532283782958984,
-0.1486411690711975,
0.7481756806373596,
0.45830291509628296,
0.09088557213544846,
-0.05486725643277168,
-0.011636034585535526,
-0.07774553447961807,
-0.4562087655067444,
-0.5301806926727295,
-0.022224294021725655,
0.22366051375865936,
0.11249655485153198,
0.5197662711143494,
-0.36506709456443787,
-0.3584533929824829,
-0.013408610597252846,
-0.600525975227356,
0.04891051724553108,
0.4009949862957001,
-0.2042449563741684,
-0.7014497518539429,
-0.3494913876056671,
0.6247664093971252,
-0.13307741284370422,
0.23293255269527435,
-0.025766927748918533,
-0.1680191606283188,
0.05020756274461746,
0.2186642438173294,
-0.4236290752887726,
0.05360144004225731,
-0.821302056312561,
-0.5418452024459839,
-0.4410712718963623,
0.3671272397041321,
0.8003607988357544,
-0.18961690366268158,
-0.1841123104095459,
-0.08035385608673096,
0.3869931399822235,
-0.33399465680122375,
0.9777342677116394,
-0.028639724478125572,
-0.3423263132572174,
-0.781110942363739,
-0.13493698835372925,
0.10707546770572662,
0.3649764657020569,
0.3626998960971832,
-0.20475004613399506,
0.34619128704071045,
0.4074658453464508,
-0.052733078598976135,
-0.42230233550071716,
0.5471096038818359,
-0.30473288893699646,
-0.3948017656803131,
-0.7068461179733276,
0.5179692506790161,
0.3019251227378845,
-0.5187843441963196,
0.6919808983802795,
0.5460819602012634,
0.45607876777648926,
-0.35161080956459045,
0.3519344627857208,
0.11385955661535263,
0.14694634079933167,
-0.30694547295570374,
-0.39362117648124695,
0.42632004618644714,
0.053087975829839706,
-0.28755125403404236,
-0.4445042610168457,
0.5624792575836182,
0.07533399760723114,
-0.07098549604415894,
0.2694264352321625,
0.32775282859802246,
-0.35709068179130554,
-0.11498673260211945,
-0.23044729232788086,
-0.27642878890037537,
-0.6918795108795166,
-0.09790381789207458
] |
232298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9nia | Dénia | Dénia () is a historical coastal city in the province of Alicante, Spain, on the Costa Blanca halfway between Alicante and Valencia, and the capital and judicial seat of the comarca of Marina Alta. Denia's historical heritage has been influenced by Iberian, Greek, Roman, Islamic, Napoleonic and Christian civilizations. , it had a population of 41,672, although this is more than doubled by tourism during the summer months.
History
There is evidence of human habitation in the area since prehistoric times and there are significant Iberian ruins on the hillsides nearby. In the 4th century BC it was a Greek colony of Marseille or Empúries, perhaps the one mentioned by Strabo as Hēmeroskopeion () (meaning "watchtower"). It was an ally of Rome during the Punic Wars, and later was absorbed into the Roman Empire under the name of Dianium (after their goddess Diana). In the 1st century BC Quintus Sertorius established a Roman naval base here.
In 636-696 AD, during the Visigothic Kingdom of Iberia, it was the seat of a bishop from Toledo. After the Muslim conquest of Iberia and the dissolution of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Dénia (known as Dāniyya or in Arabic) became the capital of a taifa kingdom that reigned over part of the Valencian coast and Ibiza. The Slavic Muslim slaves, saqālibah, led by Mujahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali their leader, who could take profit from the progressive crumbling of the Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the province of Dénia. The Saqaliba managed to free themselves and run the Taifa of Dénia which extended its reach as far as the islands of Majorca and its capital . The Saqaliba Taifa lost its independence in 1076, when it was captured by Ahmad al-Muqtadir, lord of Zaragoza, under which it remained until the Almoravid invasion in 1091. The Muslim Arabs originally built the castle fortress, and the French, who occupied the city for four years during the Peninsular War, re-built it in the early 19th century.
The town was reconquered by the Christians in 1244. This caused a decline for the city, which remained nearly uninhabited after the exile of most of the Muslim population. It was later repopulated by the Valencian government. Created a fief in 1298, it was held by the de Sandoval family from 1431, although the city itself was returned to Aragonese crown in 1455. A marquisate from 1487, Dénia gained many privileges thanks to Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, a favourite of Philip III of Spain. It suffered a further period of decay after the decree of Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609), by which 25,000 people left the marquisate, leaving the local economy in a dismal state.
During the War of the Spanish Succession Dénia was besieged by 9,000 French troops in June 1707, who broke down several sections of the town walls using cannon, but their attacks in July were repulsed by the small garrison with great loss of life to the attackers resulting in the siege being raised after 27 days. Dénia, however, fell to the French forces that November. In 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht recognised Louis XIV's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, as King of Spain (as Philip V), so returning Dénia to Spanish rule.
It was reacquired by the Spanish crown in 1803, after which Denia gained an increasingly important role as a trading port. A community of English raisin traders lived in Denia from 1800 until the time of the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s.
Main sights
Dénia is home to a large Moorish castle named Castle of Dénia on a rocky crag overlooking the city. It was built in the 11th and 12th century and offers views around the sea, the city and the surrounding area. Located in the castle is the Palau del Governador and its corresponding museum.
Dénia also has the Museu Etnològic with further details on the history and culture of the city.
Route of the Valencian classics
Climate
Dénia has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), with mild winters and hot summers. The average annual temperature surpasses and the rainfall amount is around . The mean temperature of the coldest month (January) is around , while the mean of the hottest month (August) is around . Autumn is by far the wettest season, receiving more than of rainfall, mostly falling in few days but with heavy rainfalls, a phenomenon called cold drop in Spain that is very common on the Valencian coast. Both September and October receive more than of rainfall while November receives close to 100mm as well. Summer is the driest season, but not rainless, as on average, it receives around although July is almost rainless as on average it receives under of rain, being the sunniest month as well. Storms are common in Autumn, averaging about 15 stormy days per year. The city enjoys around 2750 sunshine hours per year.
Transportation
The ferry to Ibiza and the other Balearic Islands departs daily. Until 2005, the city also served as the northern terminus for a railway line through the mountains from Alicante (popularly known as the Limón Express), run by FGV. This was not a specific tourist railway; it provided transport throughout the year and was geared to commuter use. Efforts have been made to re-open the line, so far without success.
Culture
The bonfire festival is celebrated each March. Huge papier-mâché statues called fallas are set up throughout the town, and then set ablaze.
The Bous a la Mar (meaning "Bulls at the Sea") is held in July. The highlight of this week-long festival is watching bulls run down the main street Marqués de Campo, only to be chased into the Mediterranean sea by those daring enough to enter a makeshift bull ring with them.
Since 1974 it has been home to painter and sculptor Joan Castejón. The town honored him as an Adoptive Son of Dénia in 1999.
Notable people
Abu al-Salt, Andalusian polymath
Joan Castejón, sculptor
Marta García, a racing driver who competes in the W Series
Sports
Dénia's local football team is called Club Deportivo Dénia, and plays in Spain's Third Division.
Twin towns
Cholet, France
See also
Taifa of Dénia
Notes
References
External links
Festivals
Municipalities in the Province of Alicante
Tourism in Spain
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain
Greek colonies in Iberia
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Spain | [
-0.05019528791308403,
0.029696239158511162,
0.12833638489246368,
-0.11939308047294617,
0.14367784559726715,
0.6048758625984192,
0.2351536750793457,
0.34459930658340454,
-0.09310691803693771,
-0.2869229018688202,
0.00006883149035274982,
0.4047818183898926,
-0.03292473778128624,
0.38531652092933655,
-0.5004695057868958,
0.6235218644142151,
0.4739653766155243,
0.024891916662454605,
0.7230614423751831,
-0.21853171288967133,
-0.23688958585262299,
-0.43949049711227417,
-0.44652092456817627,
0.113102488219738,
0.09534826874732971,
-0.1903516948223114,
0.08822056651115417,
0.5292590260505676,
0.27295663952827454,
0.28650298714637756,
-0.0016541858203709126,
0.09105294197797775,
-0.23230431973934174,
-0.4469628632068634,
-0.15135203301906586,
0.2148350328207016,
-0.213711678981781,
-0.6854607462882996,
-0.29378536343574524,
-0.07911061495542526,
-0.34334927797317505,
-0.3552941679954529,
0.38916510343551636,
0.25085878372192383,
-0.2025601714849472,
0.2583310306072235,
-0.8029596209526062,
0.7352539896965027,
-0.2529310882091522,
0.5128321051597595,
-0.8369278311729431,
0.13962949812412262,
-0.23822103440761566,
0.026425879448652267,
-0.07681170850992203,
-0.059870269149541855,
-0.6542255282402039,
-0.04524100199341774,
0.16628043353557587,
-0.05672541260719299,
-0.1913054883480072,
0.7782125473022461,
0.12606661021709442,
-0.26320940256118774,
0.4715538024902344,
-0.18631254136562347,
0.4493689239025116,
-0.1619253158569336,
-0.2929350733757019,
-0.5758888125419617,
-0.1396719068288803,
0.3032745122909546,
-0.349687397480011,
-0.18894559144973755,
-0.40998315811157227,
-0.10947038978338242,
-0.6616013646125793,
-0.040244389325380325,
0.3056775629520416,
0.7887884974479675,
0.5650975704193115,
-0.48219916224479675,
0.9859246611595154,
-0.6621512770652771,
0.9089569449424744,
0.06146327033638954,
-0.4356354773044586,
0.20028668642044067,
-0.7603583335876465,
0.17317919433116913,
-0.2699408233165741,
-0.18235832452774048,
0.3702443540096283,
-0.2608341872692108,
-0.12963639199733734,
0.4411304295063019,
0.1952085793018341,
0.4940579831600189,
-0.18519850075244904,
0.6926403045654297,
-0.49958330392837524,
0.1740601807832718,
0.030945712700486183,
-0.5175818204879761,
-0.22569356858730316,
-0.3356498181819916,
-0.6783142685890198,
-0.005195366684347391,
-0.2587027847766876,
-0.09595591574907303,
0.05153263360261917,
0.4422367215156555,
0.4266829490661621,
-0.05603259801864624,
0.08631160110235214,
0.08716915547847748,
0.33548495173454285,
0.16781221330165863,
0.11745281517505646,
-0.37870073318481445,
0.2753651738166809,
0.6747540235519409,
0.014607368037104607,
-0.0899522602558136,
0.10953748226165771,
0.1485070139169693,
0.18769125640392303,
0.21081598103046417,
-0.6904306411743164,
0.282105952501297,
0.3731718957424164,
-0.16968223452568054,
-0.22032758593559265,
0.6557890176773071,
0.38530245423316956,
-0.47789639234542847,
-0.7346885800361633,
0.09044861793518066,
0.9919067025184631,
-0.19012439250946045,
-0.9622753858566284,
0.5803605914115906,
-0.06111026555299759,
0.2282770425081253,
0.8838129639625549,
-0.04285888746380806,
0.819345235824585,
-0.6224061846733093,
-0.327491819858551,
-0.6170985698699951,
0.19392770528793335,
0.10153775662183762,
-0.04001353308558464,
-0.019566483795642853,
-0.6075224280357361,
-0.4923522472381592,
-0.20160335302352905,
-0.17689812183380127,
-0.13930557668209076,
0.24666105210781097,
-0.01271801721304655,
-0.38558515906333923,
0.38000088930130005,
0.6701341271400452,
0.429417222738266,
-0.5242051482200623,
0.14341236650943756,
0.49404728412628174,
0.39855000376701355,
0.32075101137161255,
-0.42472270131111145,
-0.03178859129548073,
0.797110378742218,
-0.6306480765342712,
-0.33199000358581543,
-0.06307248026132584,
0.17199625074863434,
-0.08088058978319168,
0.2391788363456726,
0.03256484866142273,
-0.4431713819503784,
0.19396845996379852,
0.07538527250289917,
0.31279826164245605,
-0.12738752365112305,
0.1431359052658081,
0.5051746964454651,
0.47046327590942383,
-0.11594843864440918,
-0.02476685307919979,
-0.4490366280078888,
-0.2610521614551544,
-0.061266206204891205,
-0.14128150045871735,
0.4420323669910431,
0.13015778362751007,
-0.5238410830497742,
0.9528684020042419,
0.14860694110393524,
0.5059422850608826,
-0.5551325082778931,
0.10361376404762268,
1.1324907541275024,
-0.33893463015556335,
-0.13888424634933472,
0.20263077318668365,
0.07683093845844269,
0.22206230461597443,
-0.3416341543197632,
0.7813698649406433,
-0.48622211813926697,
-0.20292025804519653,
0.2545664310455322,
0.4957005977630615,
-0.04144558310508728,
-0.501462996006012,
-0.23856119811534882,
-0.26063793897628784,
0.3003675937652588,
0.10854782909154892,
0.24316944181919098,
0.06817502528429031,
-0.18437233567237854,
-0.07576809078454971,
0.2715815007686615,
0.517261266708374,
0.7228530645370483,
0.2150019258260727,
0.6331963539123535,
-0.4612637162208557,
-0.10355724394321442,
0.42659369111061096,
0.0822746530175209,
-0.3144335448741913,
0.7467621564865112,
0.25793975591659546,
0.2734268009662628,
-0.06698722392320633,
0.5188714265823364,
-0.10226821899414062,
0.18280917406082153,
-0.3413369655609131,
0.23245953023433685,
0.21847566962242126,
0.7146615982055664,
1.022815465927124,
0.26484042406082153,
0.2604399025440216,
-0.11959286034107208,
-0.20311349630355835,
0.0985824465751648,
-0.11118592321872711,
0.22203296422958374,
0.0399739071726799,
0.4015764892101288,
-0.5094779133796692,
0.02646796591579914,
-0.13747906684875488,
0.17897507548332214,
0.0545211099088192,
-0.9161170721054077,
0.16607250273227692,
0.21894556283950806,
0.21766576170921326,
0.09723486751317978,
-0.41073110699653625,
-0.123722143471241,
-0.4663173258304596,
0.6356517672538757,
0.12379100173711777,
0.23131759464740753,
-0.30753833055496216,
-0.0029548879247158766,
-0.24245905876159668,
-0.15441596508026123,
-0.151548832654953,
-0.0628141313791275,
-0.02322208695113659,
-0.39011162519454956,
0.20474423468112946,
0.17429572343826294,
0.252504825592041,
-0.31006938219070435,
-0.6399478912353516,
-0.34317830204963684,
-0.4456159174442291,
0.5649440288543701,
-1.1201287508010864,
-0.6814117431640625,
0.06793814152479172,
0.2062932550907135,
-0.2316354662179947,
0.010917228646576405,
0.7394216656684875,
-0.4921487867832184,
-0.4362831115722656,
-0.19872227311134338,
-0.1664482206106186,
0.2703566253185272,
-0.5696281790733337,
-0.42304563522338867,
0.40118837356567383,
0.07237541675567627,
0.4419834613800049,
0.5119983553886414,
0.1649446040391922,
0.3429034352302551,
-0.23795732855796814,
-5.684131622314453,
0.33631619811058044,
-0.08596926927566528,
-0.04700996354222298,
-0.1674373298883438,
-0.650611400604248,
0.42112451791763306,
0.2463172823190689,
0.37971973419189453,
-0.17492890357971191,
-0.42036736011505127,
0.1115151047706604,
0.2845611274242401,
0.7004174590110779,
0.5314142107963562,
0.2706812024116516,
0.22783425450325012,
-0.18573617935180664,
-0.033615387976169586,
-0.21232032775878906,
-0.5937628746032715,
0.0009512862889096141,
-0.1350499987602234,
0.6943966746330261,
0.3763764798641205,
0.1964108794927597,
0.1516534984111786,
-0.29790860414505005,
-0.9554333090782166,
-0.5510278344154358,
0.0034659714438021183,
0.2168494462966919,
-0.37918150424957275,
0.33752790093421936,
0.003213610965758562,
0.8839470148086548,
0.5018655061721802,
-0.7490994334220886,
0.38027223944664,
-0.751214861869812,
0.32852688431739807,
0.2573477327823639,
-0.21778471767902374,
0.1309240311384201,
-0.12544257938861847,
-0.14826709032058716,
0.028750138357281685,
-0.11346930265426636,
0.30434179306030273,
0.4381091594696045,
0.42826148867607117,
-0.1356608271598816,
0.010066800750792027,
-0.03243538737297058,
0.020526651293039322,
-0.25033095479011536,
0.266171932220459,
-0.25632891058921814,
-0.21049189567565918,
1.3600280284881592,
0.5709863901138306,
-0.377850741147995,
-0.30773669481277466,
-0.3663868308067322,
0.1305043250322342,
0.09717821329832077,
0.4275060296058655,
-0.17434826493263245,
0.6775739192962646,
-0.09582722187042236,
-0.25045523047447205,
0.04037919268012047,
-0.33063462376594543,
-0.9290996789932251,
-0.0897093415260315,
-0.4563889503479004,
-0.739558756351471,
-0.27947327494621277,
-0.27948197722435,
0.10610884428024292,
-0.036519117653369904,
-0.31931668519973755,
0.044197484850883484,
0.09471818804740906,
-0.843230128288269,
-0.5429878234863281,
0.1181860864162445,
0.016193512827157974,
0.216217041015625,
-0.4895486533641815,
0.7112644910812378,
-0.2024737000465393,
0.4646255671977997,
-0.06214834004640579,
-0.5007834434509277,
0.5870068669319153,
-0.08066266775131226,
0.22026103734970093,
0.5844261050224304,
-0.07401841878890991,
0.4451117515563965,
0.04736386612057686,
0.6638430953025818,
0.3786472976207733,
-0.04004596546292305,
-0.07211283594369888,
-0.08390214294195175,
0.727808952331543,
0.473555326461792,
-0.5026898980140686,
0.2356179803609848,
0.631039559841156,
-0.36031123995780945,
-0.16565582156181335,
0.863798975944519,
-0.09833262860774994,
-0.0380205474793911,
0.494127482175827,
0.40058889985084534,
0.021465295925736427,
0.3328259587287903,
0.15451325476169586,
0.06962251663208008,
-0.18184047937393188,
-0.06752011924982071,
-0.34900450706481934,
-0.14475475251674652,
0.3539668917655945,
-0.16448256373405457,
0.03994501009583473,
0.14034895598888397,
0.3063901662826538,
0.28453636169433594,
-0.47590699791908264,
0.41860225796699524,
-0.5027961134910583,
-0.538813591003418,
-1.25413978099823,
0.5872084498405457,
0.5827807784080505,
0.20245371758937836,
-0.2182447910308838,
-0.12579713761806488,
-0.022097764536738396,
0.2495291382074356,
-0.10391158610582352,
-0.14457304775714874,
-0.6497536301612854,
-0.7005050778388977,
0.28137028217315674,
-0.28805407881736755,
-0.2640887498855591,
-0.3259710371494293,
-0.3015751242637634,
-0.3254527449607849,
-0.6031646132469177,
0.23688407242298126,
0.008540919050574303,
0.032610997557640076,
0.3146161735057831,
-0.12009897828102112,
-0.6180392503738403,
-0.7102138996124268,
0.11262685060501099,
0.3375098407268524,
0.021380720660090446,
-0.842108964920044,
-0.4825771749019623,
0.11902159452438354,
0.05843707546591759,
-0.27563178539276123,
-0.3660244941711426,
-0.4852086901664734,
-0.4679403305053711,
0.23340317606925964,
-0.392583966255188,
-0.21623823046684265,
0.3772866129875183,
-0.39920732378959656,
-0.2144755870103836,
0.184266597032547,
-0.1407388299703598,
0.036901433020830154,
0.09247565269470215,
0.32270100712776184,
-0.41140204668045044,
-0.7087018489837646,
-0.2089010328054428,
-0.41800951957702637,
-0.047068215906620026,
-0.04637736454606056,
-0.2019784301519394,
-0.0007256013923324645,
0.12846846878528595,
-0.537871241569519,
-0.7736478447914124,
0.4679798185825348,
-0.18556249141693115,
-0.22187356650829315,
0.32741478085517883,
-0.6507304310798645,
0.2725013792514801,
-1.0327439308166504,
0.261934369802475,
-0.5435187816619873,
-0.6068500876426697,
0.7048522233963013,
0.577365517616272,
-0.6879975199699402,
0.13509364426136017,
-0.8108364939689636,
-0.5803820490837097,
-0.27107852697372437,
0.8651282787322998,
-0.20357123017311096,
0.14458923041820526,
-0.1719972938299179,
-0.6257919073104858,
-0.6551112532615662,
-0.06630221754312515,
0.04543084278702736,
-0.5707701444625854,
0.3636603057384491,
0.18454906344413757,
-0.1545391082763672,
0.4498640298843384,
0.5808343291282654,
-0.7277086973190308,
0.7308155298233032,
0.232334703207016,
-0.1442905068397522,
0.22799284756183624,
0.3469969928264618,
0.24431946873664856,
-0.2947959005832672,
-0.24895893037319183,
0.1847851425409317,
0.02190001867711544,
0.08335275202989578,
0.2486771047115326,
0.327551931142807,
0.4464470148086548,
0.10036811232566833,
-0.288338840007782,
0.28211650252342224,
0.016759850084781647,
-0.1453796923160553,
-0.30603471398353577,
-0.6178269386291504,
0.052240412682294846,
-0.2581130862236023,
-0.5405209064483643,
-0.11484289169311523,
0.005932689644396305,
0.28944092988967896,
-0.08125096559524536,
0.13969777524471283,
0.2250957489013672,
-0.1205613911151886,
0.09219348430633545,
0.3744102418422699,
0.04581261798739433,
0.2942185401916504,
0.39060908555984497,
0.07910412549972534,
-0.48712965846061707,
-0.10298792272806168,
-0.5288856029510498,
0.8399394750595093,
-0.23225630819797516,
-0.08716929703950882,
-0.22469472885131836,
0.5888482928276062,
0.6211861968040466,
0.2865196466445923,
-0.01594618149101734,
0.10948382318019867,
-0.3396974802017212,
0.23850023746490479,
-0.24480466544628143,
-0.8743916749954224,
0.16564244031906128,
-0.21697290241718292,
-0.36088377237319946,
-0.5494897961616516,
-0.16036288440227509,
-0.31714925169944763,
-0.13752159476280212,
-0.36356300115585327,
0.3542271852493286,
0.1184968650341034,
-0.6312050223350525,
0.21763476729393005,
-0.06847711652517319,
0.2121749073266983,
0.23908787965774536,
-0.37681201100349426,
0.7740025520324707,
0.25489771366119385,
-0.31629058718681335,
-0.7530628442764282,
0.5660412907600403,
-0.20484353601932526,
-0.00140585086774081,
0.12093210965394974,
-0.2518780529499054,
0.5079784989356995,
-0.1533985137939453,
-0.06340620666742325,
0.16684481501579285,
-0.2423875778913498,
0.2897228002548218,
0.35194364190101624,
0.9540771245956421,
0.05658459663391113,
0.29483044147491455,
0.6785088181495667,
-0.5214551687240601,
-0.1695646047592163,
0.7135100364685059,
0.09097164124250412,
-0.5357272624969482,
0.14699625968933105,
0.12663671374320984,
0.2579284608364105,
0.8734995722770691,
-0.21717745065689087,
-0.28927838802337646,
0.32015153765678406,
0.880581796169281,
0.5018801093101501,
0.26682883501052856,
-0.4515630900859833,
0.5164327025413513,
-0.6140236854553223,
-0.428591787815094,
-0.15372343361377716,
-0.4274923503398895,
0.27990400791168213,
0.012456091120839119,
0.7798722386360168,
0.7997586131095886,
-0.013841415755450726,
0.24449533224105835,
0.15135815739631653,
-0.10491938889026642,
0.1894855946302414,
0.10135584324598312,
0.032957155257463455,
-0.20582839846611023,
0.23619574308395386,
-0.21040849387645721,
0.20170621573925018,
-0.15481756627559662,
-0.3187843859195709,
0.3357296288013458,
-0.16818194091320038,
-0.007818082347512245,
-0.8352305293083191,
0.023221474140882492,
-0.23927529156208038,
-0.4619194567203522,
-0.11858789622783661,
-0.32502180337905884,
-0.8448024988174438,
-0.36068883538246155,
0.3166392743587494,
0.1060631275177002,
0.04405203461647034,
0.05425368621945381,
-0.2357102334499359,
0.1613481640815735,
-0.2966490387916565,
-0.2596399784088135,
0.5102826952934265,
0.28950169682502747,
0.23177771270275116,
0.8733633756637573,
-0.31584692001342773,
0.19785624742507935,
-0.6961864233016968,
0.021666375920176506,
-0.04629288241267204,
-0.3258267343044281,
-0.44692403078079224,
-0.49174565076828003,
0.0032692409586161375,
0.1791025698184967,
-0.23320604860782623,
-0.03455579653382301,
-0.12819534540176392,
0.007113957777619362,
-0.0032783937640488148,
0.279375284910202,
-0.45021292567253113,
-0.07450390607118607,
0.21820329129695892,
0.7880522608757019,
0.6448166966438293,
-0.28571173548698425,
-0.2812647819519043,
0.5141134262084961,
-0.40807947516441345,
0.2506767809391022,
-0.1518932431936264,
0.2487628161907196,
-0.3420582711696625,
-0.6143752336502075,
-0.08301687985658646,
0.15421731770038605,
0.8519007563591003,
0.15174967050552368,
-0.11738932877779007,
0.47028848528862,
-1.1238831281661987,
0.26345500349998474,
0.5965762138366699,
0.07279770076274872,
0.12315574288368225,
-0.29387378692626953,
0.31237491965293884,
-0.17023128271102905,
-0.09702667593955994,
0.005414268933236599,
0.46063268184661865,
-0.4267255961894989,
0.11203077435493469,
0.228795126080513,
-0.8282793760299683,
0.2565402090549469,
0.14862863719463348,
0.047448690980672836,
-0.8587034940719604,
0.49180465936660767,
-1.0065816640853882,
-0.002787348348647356,
-0.12639962136745453,
-0.028151217848062515,
0.5645641684532166,
-0.2324240356683731,
-0.22589752078056335,
0.36635634303092957,
-0.12093941867351532,
-0.34513920545578003,
0.0938795655965805,
0.19148792326450348,
-0.7233056426048279,
-0.5353676676750183,
-0.33959105610847473,
0.04571210592985153,
0.051630839705467224,
0.012870286591351032,
0.15189604461193085,
0.35365399718284607,
-0.37060460448265076,
-0.34593716263771057,
0.41900497674942017,
-1.0343360900878906,
0.5620429515838623,
0.09533105045557022
] |
232299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20Saint%20Pius%20X | Society of Saint Pius X | The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), officially the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X (; FSSPX, is an international priestly fraternity founded in 1970 by Marcel Lefebvre, an Archbishop of the Catholic Church. Lefebvre, a Frenchman, was a leading traditionalist voice at the Second Vatican Council with the Coetus Internationalis Patrum and was also the Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers until 1968. The Society was initially established as a pious union of the Catholic Church with the permission of François Charrière the Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg in Switzerland.
The society is named after Pope Pius X, whose anti-Modernist stance the society stresses, retaining the Tridentine Mass and pre-Vatican II liturgical books in Latin for the other sacraments. The present Superior General of the society is the Reverend Davide Pagliarani, succeeding Bishop Bernard Fellay. There are a number of organisations derived from the SSPX; most notably the Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV), a sedevacantist group mostly in the United States, and the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP) which was made a society of apostolic life under Pope John Paul II in 1988.
Tensions between the society and the Holy See reached their height in 1988, when Archbishop Lefebvre consecrated four bishops without the Apostolic Mandate and against a personal warning by Pope John Paul II, known as the Écône consecrations, resulting in Rome declaring that the bishops who consecrated or were consecrated had incurred latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication. Though the priestly fraternity denied that the bishops incurred any penalty, claiming canon law in their defense, the declared excommunication of the surviving bishops was at their request removed in 2009 in the hope of speedily reaching "full reconciliation and complete communion".
The society has seen a growing recognition of its sacramental and pastoral activities by the Holy See, extending permanent canonical recognition to confessions heard by its priests and allowing local ordinaries to grant delegation to priests of the society for officially witnessing marriages. The significance of these recognitions is that, unlike the other sacraments of the Catholic Church, both confession and marriage require canonical jurisdiction for their validity. Critics of the society contended that such confessions could not be heard or marriages witnessed by a Society priest, due to a defect of form as a consequence of lacking jurisdiction. In addition, the Holy See named Bishop Bernard Fellay judge in a canonical trial against one of the society's priests. Nevertheless the Society, citing canon law in its defense, contends on its part that it possessed supplied jurisdiction for confessions due to a state of necessity.
History of the SSPX
Like Traditionalist Catholicism in general, the SSPX was born out of opposition to changes in the Catholic Church that followed the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). The founder and central figure of the society was the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, who had served the Catholic Church as Apostolic Delegate for French-speaking Africa, Archbishop of Dakar, and Superior General of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a missionary order of priests.
Foundation of the society
In May 1970, shortly after his retirement as Superior General of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, Lefebvre was approached by eleven members of the Pontifical French Seminary in Rome. They sought Lefebvre's advice on a conservative seminary where they could complete their studies. He directed them to the University of Fribourg, in Switzerland.
In late 1970, at age 65, urged by the abbot of Hauterive Abbey and the Dominican theologian Father Marie-Dominique Philippe to teach the seminarians personally, Lefebvre, feeling too old to undertake such a large project, told them he would visit François Charrière, Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, with a request to set up a religious society. He told them, if he said to go through with it, he would see in it a sign of Divine Providence. Charrière granted Lefebvre's request and, with a document predated by six days to 1 November 1970, he established the Society of St. Pius X as a pia unio (Latin, for "pious, or holy, union") on a provisional (ad experimentum) basis for six years. Pia unio status was the first stage through which a Catholic organisation passed prior to gaining official recognition as a religious institute or society of apostolic life. (Since 1983, the term "association of the faithful" has replaced "pia unio".) The Society of Saint Pius X was formally founded, adhering to all canonical norms, and receiving the episcopal blessing and encouragement of the local ordinary. Some Swiss laymen offered the International Seminary of Saint Pius X at Écône to the newly formed group, and in 1971 the first 24 candidates entered, followed by a further 32 in October 1972. Aside from Father Marie-Dominique Philippe, a fellow Dominican, Father Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers, one of the brightest theologians of that time, also taught in the Seminary. Guérard des Lauriers subsequently left the position of professor because Lefebvre is "acting like Pontius Pilate" by celebrating the 1965 Interim Mass.
Normally, after a suitable period of experience and consultation with the Holy See, a bishop would raise a pia unio to official status at diocesan level. Lefebvre attempted to bypass this stage, and contacted three different departments of the Holy See in order to secure early recognition for his society. He succeeded in obtaining a letter of encouragement from Cardinal John Wright, prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy, but there was no approval from the Holy See congregation responsible for raising an association to the level desired by Lefebvre. Cardinal Wright's letter, dated 18 February 1971, said with regard to the field of competence of Cardinal Wright's own Congregation, that the association "will be able to contribute much to accomplishing the plan drawn up by this Congregation for worldwide sharing of clergy." Cardinal Wright was still recommending prospective seminarians to apply to Écône as late as 1973.
The establishment of the SSPX was unwelcome to a number of churchmen, most notably to the French bishops, whose theological outlook was quite different from that of Lefebvre and who had important connections with the Holy See Cardinal Secretary of State, Jean-Marie Villot. According to one defender of Lefebvre, at the meeting of the French episcopal conference at Lourdes in 1972 the seminary at Écône acquired the nickname "le séminaire sauvage"—the "wildcat seminary". By November 1974 the French episcopate had indicated that they would not incardinate any of Lefebvre's priests in their dioceses which is the opposite of the desire to incardinate the priests of the Society by some Swiss bishops. They also publicly criticised Catholics who remained attached to the Tridentine Mass. By this time, the SSPX had opened additional seminaries in Armada, Michigan, (1973) and in Rome (1974).
Canonical visitation of seminary
The first sign of curial intervention was a Vatican meeting on 26 March 1974. By June 1974, a commission of cardinals had been formed to inquire into the SSPX, and decided on a canonical visitation of the seminary by two Belgian priests, held 11–13 November 1974. Franz Schmidberger, later superior general of the society, said that their report was favourable. However, the seminarians and staff at Écône were shocked by some liberal theological opinions expressed by the two priests. In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation", Lefebvre wrote a declaration denouncing what he considered liberal trends "clearly evident" in the council and in the subsequent reforms. This document was leaked and published in January 1975, in the French Traditionalist Catholic journal Itinéraires.
Lefebvre was in serious difficulties. In January 1975, Bishop Pierre Mamie of Fribourg wrote to Rome stating his intention to withdraw the pia unio status that his predecessor had granted. In the same month, Lefebvre was summoned to the Vatican, meeting with the cardinals on 13 February and 3 March. Lefebvre was surprised by their hostile tone: at one point a French cardinal, Gabriel-Marie Garrone, reportedly called him a "fool".
Growing tensions
On 6 May 1975, with the approval of the cardinals, Bishop Mamie withdrew the SSPX's pia unio status. Lefebvre instructed his lawyer to lodge appeals, and he ultimately petitioned the Holy See's supreme court, the Apostolic Signatura, which turned down the appeal. From this point onward, the SSPX was no longer recognised as a canonical organization.
Lefebvre and the leadership of the society have always maintained that he was treated unfairly by the Roman Curia, that the suppression of the SSPX was unjust, and that the procedures violated the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
The SSPX continued to operate in spite of its discountenance. In the consistory of 24 May 1976, Pope Paul VI rebuked Archbishop Lefebvre by name—reportedly the first time in 200 years that a pope had publicly reprimanded a Catholic bishop—and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.
Lefebvre announced that he intended to confer ordination on some of his students at the end of June 1976. On 12 June 1976, the Nuncio in Switzerland was given instructions to inform Lefebvre that, by special order of Pope Paul VI, he was forbidden to do so. On 25 June 1976, Archbishop Giovanni Benelli, the deputy Secretary of State, wrote directly to Lefebvre, confirming, by special mandate of the Pope, the prohibition to administer the holy orders, and warning him of the canonical penalties for Lefebvre himself and those whom he would ordain. Lefebvre ignored the warnings, and went ahead with the ordinations on 29 June 1976.
In the sermon on that occasion, Lefebvre explicitly recognized that he might be struck with suspension, and the new priests with an irregularity that could theoretically prevent them from saying Mass. On the next day, 1 July 1976, the Press Office of the Holy See declared that in accordance with canon 2373 of the then Code of Canon Law, Lefebvre was automatically suspended for one year from conferring ordination, and that those whom he had ordained were automatically suspended from the exercise of the order received. It was also announced that the Holy See was examining Lefebvre's disobedience to the orders of the Pope.
On 11 July 1976, Lefebvre signed a certificate of receipt of a letter from Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, intimating that further penalties would be imposed in accordance with canon 2331 §1 of the then Code of Canon Law concerning obstinate disobedience to legitimate precepts or prohibitions of the Roman Pontiff. He was enjoined, within ten days of receipt of the letter, to take steps "to repair the scandal caused." In a letter of 17 July to Pope Paul VI, Lefebvre declared that he judged his action of 29 June to be legitimate. The Pope considered this response inadequate, and on his instructions the Congregation for Bishops, on 22 July 1976, suspended Lefebvre for an indefinite time from all exercise of holy orders—he could not confer any of the Sacraments, save Reconciliation or Baptism in an emergency (suspension a divinis).
1988 Écône consecrations
A central controversy surrounding the SSPX concerns the consecration by Archbishop Lefebvre and Brazilian bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer of four SSPX priests as bishops in 1988, in violation of the orders of Pope John Paul II.
By 1987, Archbishop Lefebvre was 81. If he had died at that point, the SSPX could have their members ordained to the priesthood only at the hands of non-SSPX bishops, regarded by Lefebvre as unreliable and non-orthodox. In June 1987, Lefebvre announced his intention to consecrate a successor to the episcopacy. He implied that he intended to do this with or without the approval of the Holy See. In the Catholic Church, a bishop requires the mandate of the Pope if he is to consecrate a bishop, and an unauthorized consecration automatically incurs excommunication. Earlier, Pope Pius XII, in his encyclical Ad Apostolorum principis, had described the sacramental activity of bishops who had been consecrated without papal approval as "gravely illicit, that is, criminal and sacrilegious". The Roman authorities were grieved by Lefebvre's plan, but they began discussions with him and the SSPX, which led to the signing, on 5 May 1988, of a skeleton agreement between Lefebvre and Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the future Pope Benedict XVI.
On Pope John Paul II's instructions, Cardinal Ratzinger replied to Lefebvre on 30 May, insisting on observance of the agreement of 5 May and adding that, if Lefebvre carried out unauthorized consecrations on 30 June, the promised authorization for the ordination to the episcopacy would be withdrawn.
On 3 June, Lefebvre wrote that he intended to proceed. On 9 June, the Pope replied with a personal letter, appealing to him to abandon a design that "would be seen as nothing other than a schismatic act, the theological and canonical consequences of which are known to you." Lefebvre did not reply, and the letter was made public on 16 June.
On 30 June 1988, Archbishop Lefebvre proceeded to ordain to the episcopate four priests of the SSPX. Antônio de Castro Mayer, the retired Bishop of Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil, assisted in the ceremony. Those consecrated as Bishops were: Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Alfonso de Galarreta, and Richard Williamson.
The following day, the Congregation for Bishops issued a decree declaring that Archbishop Lefebvre and the four newly ordained bishops had incurred the automatic canonical penalty of excommunication reserved to the Holy See. On the following day, 2 July, Pope John Paul II issued an apostolic letter known as Ecclesia Dei in which he condemned the Archbishop's action. The Pope stated that, since schism is defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law as "withdrawal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff or from communion with the members of the Church subject to him" (canon 751), the consecration "constitute[d] a schismatic act", and that, by virtue of canon 1382 of the Code, it entailed ipso facto excommunication for all the bishops involved.
Lefebvre argued that his actions had been necessary because the traditional form of the Catholic faith and sacraments would become extinct without Traditionalist clergy to pass them on to the next generation. He called the ordinations "opération survie" ("Operation Survival"), citing in his defense canons 1323 and 1324 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the first of which says that "a person who acted coerced by grave fear, even if only relatively grave, or due to necessity or grave inconvenience unless the act is intrinsically evil or tends to the harm of souls" is not subject to penalty for violating a law or precept, while the other says "the perpetrator of a violation is not exempt from a penalty, but the penalty established by law or precept must be tempered or a penance employed in its place if the delict was committed [...] by a person who thought in culpable error that one of the circumstances mentioned in can. 1323, nn. 4 or 5 was present."
Some members of the SSPX disassociated themselves from the society as a result of Lefebvre's actions and, with the approval of the Holy See, formed a separate society called the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.
Discussions with the Holy See
Discussions between the Holy See and the Society of Saint Pius X towards an eventual reconciliation have been ongoing. For years after the 1988 consecrations, there was little if any dialogue between the SSPX and the Holy See. This state of affairs ended when the society led a large pilgrimage to Rome for the "Great Jubilee" of 2000.
Nine years later, on 21 January 2009 the Holy See remitted the excommunications of the society's bishops that it had declared at the time of the 1988 consecrations and expressed the hope that all members of the society would follow this up by speedily returning to full communion with the Church.
Discussions since then have been complex, stemming from the society's insistence that the teachings of the Second Vatican Council on ecumenism, religious liberty, and collegiality are inconsistent with Catholic teaching and doctrine, a claim that the Holy See views as unacceptable, but recent discussions have indicated the possibility of an understanding. In an interview on 4 March 2017 with DICI, the official news organ of the society, Bishop Bernard Fellay stated: "Whether it is a question of religious liberty, collegiality, ecumenism, the new Mass, or even the new rites of the sacraments.... [...] And now all of a sudden, on these points that have been stumbling blocks, the emissaries from Rome tell us that they are open questions." In the same month of March 2017, Archbishop Guido Pozzo, the prelate in charge of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei, the Roman Curia's organ for traditionalist societies, stated that the Holy See and the society were close to an agreement regularizing the society's status. In a letter of the same month it was announced that Pope Francis authorized diocesan bishops to grant to SSPX priests faculties to officiate at a marriage valid in the Catholic Church in cases where no priest in good standing could do so.
In July 2017 Bishop Fellay signed a document along with a number of other clergy and academics labeled as a "Filial Correction" of Pope Francis. In twenty-five page document, which was made public in September after receiving no reply from the Holy See, they criticized the Pope for allegedly promoting heresy through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.
Canonical situation
The canonical situation of the SSPX and of its clergy has been the subject of controversy since the 1988 Écône consecrations. While the society is not listed in Annuario Pontificio as a recognized society of apostolic life, it has nonetheless benefited from some significant allowances normally granted only to recognized orders and societies. A 1995 letter from the Pontifical Commission stated that there is "no doubt about the validity of the ordination of the priests of the Society of St. Pius X. They are, however, suspended a divinis." In the November–December 2017 edition of the society's publication The Angelus, Fr. Francois Knittel, SSPX, wrote: "The Church authorities have gradually recognized the liceity and the validity of the ministry performed by the priests of the SSPX."
Marriage
On 27 March 2017, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith communicated that Pope Francis had decided to grant local ordinaries the right to give to a priest in good standing the faculty to preside at the marriage of followers of the society, immediately after which they will participate in a Mass celebrated by an SSPX priest, or, if no priest in good standing can receive the consent of the couple, to give the faculty instead to an SSPX priest. Previously, in 2008, the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei had stated: "The priests of the Society of St. Pius X are ... prohibited from exercising their priestly functions," going on to conclude that, in the case of matrimony, "these sacraments are invalid," since a suspended priest lacks the proper delegation from the bishop.
Confession
On 20 November 2016, Pope Francis personally and indefinitely extended an allowance he created during the Holy Year of 2015, whereby penitents confessing to priests affiliated with the SSPX "shall validly and licitly receive the absolution of their sins."
Ordination and Holy Orders
During an interview with TV Libertes on 29 January 2017, Bishop Fellay announced that theological discussions with the Holy See had led to permission for the society to licitly ordain priests: "This summer it was confirmed that the Superior General can freely ordain the priests of the society without having to ask permission from the local bishop."
Mass
In 2020, Father Edward McNamara, professor of liturgy and dean of theology at the Regina Apostolorum university in Rome, reaffirmed the statement he made in 2011, before Pope Benedict granted certain faculties in favor of SSPX priests. After declaring that "the Masses celebrated by members of the Society of St. Pius X are valid but illicit, i.e., contrary to Canon Law", he said: "The mere fact of assisting at a Mass of this society is not a sin. It would only become so if a person attended this Mass with the deliberate intention of separating himself from communion with the Pope and those in communion with him. I would say, therefore, that a conscientious Catholic should not knowingly attend a Mass celebrated by a priest not in good standing with the Church." He added: "Only if there is objectively no alternative should one attend the Mass celebrated by a priest from the Society of St. Pius X. If one has to do so, then I would say that one may go in good conscience and receive Communion at such a Mass. It would also fulfill the Sunday obligation", and explained that "alternative" is not limited to "Mass in the extraordinary form": a Catholic who seeks this form but finds none available other than the SSPX celebration "should attend an ordinary form Mass or even any Eastern Catholic celebration so as to remain in full Catholic communion".
Jurisdiction
When told by a journalist of InfoVaticana, a provider of religious information founded in Madrid in October 2013, that what Pope Francis had decided in March 2017 was instead that, "from now on, the weddings celebrated by the priests from the FSSPX are going to be recognized," Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, who had not seen the actual document, remarked: "That is a very significant action of the Holy Father, and it also indicates that in some way there must be a reconciliation of the SSPX because basically what the Pope is saying is that the priests in this society, when they witness marriages, are exercising jurisdiction in the Roman Catholic Church." In reality, it is local ordinaries, not the society, that in the document are authorized, if they wish, to delegate jurisdiction to SSPX priests to assist canonically at some marriages.
The society's view is that, before Pope Francis's authorizations, their priests held "supplied" jurisdiction (power of governance) for confessions and marriages. They received this supplied jurisdiction by law and not "by delegation or by mandate of the Sovereign Pontiff or the diocesan bishops or of regularly appointed parish priests."
Since the grants by Pope Francis, the society says that its priests have or can have ordinary jurisdiction for the sacraments of confession and marriage. It adds that, in cases where a diocesan bishop refuses to grant delegation for a marriage, SSPX priests can still use extraordinary jurisdiction.
Allies And Supporters
The SSPX has received explicit support from the following diocesan bishops and cardinals:
Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani, Pre-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Rome (deceased)
Antonio Cardinal Bacci, Cardinal Protodeacon, Rome (deceased)
John Joseph Cardinal Wright, Bishop-Emeritus of Pittsburgh, Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy, Rome (deceased)
Albino Cardinal Luciani, Cardinal Patriarch of Venice, future Pope John Paul I, Italy (deceased)
Antônio de Castro Mayer, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Campos, Brazil (deceased)
Salvador Lazo Lazo, Bishop of San Fernando de La Unión, Philippines (deceased)
John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai, Bishop of Ratchaburi, Thailand (deceased)
Athanasius Schneider, auxiliary bishop of Mary Most Holy in Astana, Kazakhstan
Vitus Huonder, retired Bishop Emeritus of Chur, Switzerland
Carlo Maria Viganò, archbishop and former Secretary-General of Vatican City and Apostolic Nuncio to the United States.
Bishop De Castro-Mayer resigned canonically on 20 August 1981; he later participated in the 1988 Écône consecrations, declaring "my presence here at this ceremony is a matter of conscience: It is the duty of a profession of the Catholic Faith before the entire Church." After his retirement, Bishop Mayer founded the Priestly Union of St. Jean-Marie Vianney, which remained closely associated with the SSPX until 2001, when it reconciled with the Holy See.
The society now has close links with the Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat, led by Father Basil Kovpak, a priest formerly of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, who was definitively excommunicated from the Catholic Church in November 2007 after having Bishop Richard Williamson, then of the SSPX but expelled from the society five years later, illicitly ordain two priests and seven deacons for his society in violation of canons 1015 §1 and 1017 of the Code of Canon Law.
In May 2019, the SSPX announced that Vitus Huonder, Bishop of Chur, Switzerland, as per a long stated intention, had retired to one of the society's houses in order "to dedicate himself to prayer and silence, to celebrate the traditional Mass exclusively, and to work for Tradition, the only way of renewing the Church." He was warmly received by the SSPX: "The Society of Saint Pius X appreciates Bishop Huonder’s courageous decision and rejoices to be able to provide him with the spiritual and priestly surroundings that he desires so deeply. May this example be followed by others, so as to 'restore everything in Christ'."
In a letter addressed on 1 September 2020 to Catholic Family News Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, former Secretary-General of the Vatican City State and former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, said that the work of the SSPX "deserves recognition for not having allowed the flame of Tradition to be extinguished at a moment in which celebrating the ancient Mass was considered subversive and a reason for excommunication. [...] If their fidelity made disobedience to the pope inevitable with the episcopal consecrations, thanks to them the Society was able to protect herself from the furious attack of the Innovators and by its very existence it allowed the possibility of the liberalization of the Ancient Rite, which until then was prohibited. Its presence also allowed the contradictions and errors of the conciliar sect to emerge, always winking at heretics and idolaters but implacably rigid and intolerant towards Catholic Truth."
Several religious institutes, mostly based in France, are associated with the society. A specific article, SSPX-affiliated religious orders, is devoted to them.
SSPX today
As of 22 April 2018, the society had 637 priests present in 37 countries and active in 35 more, 772 Mass centers, 167 priories, 123 religious brothers, 200 religious sisters, 79 oblates, 204 seminarians in six seminaries, 56 pre-seminarians in three pre-seminaries, more than 100 schools, 7 nursing homes, 4 Carmelite convents, 19 Missionary Sisters of Kenya, and 2 university-level institutes. As of 2020, the society had 680 priests and 217 seminarians.
The society is divided into two classes of territorial units called districts and autonomous houses, each headed by a superior. An autonomous house may become a district after three priories have been established within its jurisdiction. The most recent organizational addition of the society is the Autonomous House of Central America and the Caribbean, formed from territory taken from the District of Mexico, erected on 1 October 2017. Over 120 (>20%) of the society's priests are stationed in the District of France.
The society expanded its mission in Asia and Poland, where the society managed to triple the number of chapels from 2019 to 2021.
Currently, the society is sub-divided into 14 districts, and 5 autonomous houses:
The first seminary founded by the society is the St. Pius X International Seminary located in Écône, Switzerland. Its largest is located in the United States: St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary, Dillwyn, VA, and having outgrown its previous facilities, relocated in 2016 from Winona, Minnesota; the former seminary complex continues to house the novitiate of the religious brothers. Other seminaries are located in France (Saint Curé d'Ars Seminary, Flavigny-sur-Ozerain), Germany (Sacred Heart of Jesus Seminary, Zaitzkofen), and Argentina (Seminario Nuestra Señora Corredentora, La Reja). However, due to the closure of Australia's international borders, and unprecedented lockdowns and constraints because of COVID-19, The society's Holy Cross Seminary (Golbourn) can no longer accept seminarians from nearby countries, thereby closing the seminary and moving their present seminarians to other seminaries of the SSPX. The society also runs pre-seminaries for prospective priestly vocations in Italy (Albano Laziale), Brazil (Santa Maria), and the Philippines (Santa Barbara, Iloilo).
If the society's canonical situation were to be regularized, it would be the Church's 4th largest society of apostolic life (similar to a religious order, but without vows), according to the three criteria published annually in Annuario Pontificio: number of erected houses (median 31; SSPX 167), number of members in the society (median 229; SSPX 1,124), and number of priests in the society (median 149; SSPX 693).
Notable groups that have split from the SSPX
There have been two major kinds of splits from the SSPX. Two notable splits of the first kind involved priests who viewed the SSPX as too liberal and who use the form that the Mass had before Pope John XXIII. The other kind involved groups who have reconciled with the Holy See and who, like the SSPX, use the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal.
Groups which broke with the SSPX and are not recognized by the Holy See include:
Society of Saint Pius VIn 1983, nine U.S. SSPX priests broke with or were forced to leave the SSPX's Northeast USA District partly because they were opposed to Lefebvre's instructions that Mass be celebrated according to the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal issued by Pope John XXIII. Those in SSPX circles refer to these priests as "the nine". They began their organization by refusing to complete a transaction of a church that the SSPX was attempting to purchase, using one of the nine priests as the buyer. The founding priests took the money intended for the purchase of the church and kept the church for themselves. A number of the SSPV's priests and the lay people who go to their Masses are openly sedevacantist, a thesis rejected by the SSPX. Other issues occasioning the split were: Lefebvre's order that Society priests must accept the decrees of nullity handed down by diocesan marriage tribunals; the insistence that all Society Masses be celebrated according to the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal; the acceptance of new members into the group who had been ordained to the priesthood according to the revised sacramental rites of Pope Paul VI.
Istituto Mater Boni Consilii – (English: "Institute of the Mother of Good Counsel") is a traditionalist congregation of priests that follows the sedeprivationist school of thought. The founders of the institute seceded in 1985 from the Society of St. Pius X under the leadership of Fr. Francesco Ricossa, onetime faculty member of the seminary at Écône. In contrast to the North American-based SSPV, this Institute is based in Europe.
Groups which broke with the SSPX and reconciled with Rome include:
Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP)It was established in 1988 after the Écône consecrations. Responding to the Holy See's declaration that these constituted a schismatic act and that those involved were thereby automatically excommunicated, twelve priests left the society and established the Fraternity, in full communion with the Holy See.
Institute of the Good Shepherd(Institut du Bon-Pasteur, IBP) was established as a papally-recognized society of apostolic life on 8 September 2006 for a group of SSPX members who maintained it was time for the society to accept reconciliation with Pope Benedict XVI.
Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (Filii Sanctissimi Redemptoris, FSSR) also known Transalpine Redemptorists, founded as a religious community affiliated with the SSPX in 1988. In 2008 the community petitioned to be reconciled with the Holy See, which was accepted by then Pope Benedict XVI.
Lifestyle and clothing amongst adherents
In the Society of Saint Piux X, a complementarian position with respect to gender roles is upheld; "few married women work, especially once they have children."
Richard Williamson, a former bishop of the SSPX who now aligns with the SSPX Resistance, wrote a pastoral letter, in which he stated that "women's trousers, as worn today, short or long, modest or immodest, tight or loose, open or disguised (like the "culottes"), are an assault upon woman's womanhood and so they represent a deep-lying revolt against the order willed by God." The Atlantic, in covering SSPX, thus stated described their female adherents as being "Women in long, modest skirts [who were loading] vans that had enough seats to accommodate eight or nine kids".
Controversies
Political
After Bishop Richard Williamson, the subject of the complaint by the Anti-Defamation League, denied the use of Nazi gas chambers to massacre Jews in a 2009 interview, the superior general of the society said that, if he repeated his denial, he would be expelled. His actual expulsion in 2012 was for refusing to show due respect and obedience to the SSPX authorities and calling on the superior general to resign. Williamson was later convicted of Holocaust denial by a German court. The society condemns Nazism, following the principles in Pope Pius XI's 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge, which explicitly denounces Nazi principles and policies and "condemns racial theories and the mistreatment of people because of their race or nationality but does not refer to Hitler or the Nazis by name".
The society publishes in its magazine The Angelus a collection of quotations praising Pius XII for his work in saving Jews from Nazi persecution and in condemning Nazi principles.
French Nazi collaborator and war criminal Paul Touvier was arrested in an SSPX priory. The superiors of the priory had granted him asylum as "an act of charity to a homeless man". They had no knowledge about the man's background when he first appeared in the priory, and Touvier was indeed homeless at the time. On his death, in 1996, an SSPX Requiem Mass was offered for his soul, upon his request.
On 16 October 2013, the society offered to perform a funeral for Nazi war criminal Erich Priebke. Priebke had been baptized in a Protestant denomination, but in post-war years he converted to a form of Catholicism with his wife and had his children baptized. He rejected the cult of race as a "mistake that led down a path of no return." Despite all of that the ceremony did not take place due to protests by some 500 people, mostly unaware of the circumstances of his personal life, outside the society's Italian district house in Albano, near Rome. The local authorities of the Catholic Church had refused him a public funeral, citing a rule of canon law that, unless they gave some signs of repentance before death, a public funeral must be refused to manifest sinners to whom it cannot be granted without public scandal of the faithful.
In spite of controversies surrounding Nazism, the society mentioned that Archbishop Lefebvre's own father, René Lefebvre, met his death in the concentration camp at Sonnenburg in February 1944, three years after his arrest by the Gestapo; he died, "his rosary in hand, a victim of Nazi insanity."
The society is also known for supporting the far-right, extremist, nationalist, ultra-conservative political party, Civitas in France. Since then, under the new leadership of the said movement, the Civitas is no longer under the auspice of the society and the "chaplaincy" is now held by the Franciscan Capuchin Friars of Morgon, a religious community affiliated to the SSPX. However, Civitas still holds rallies, conferences, and meetings in SSPX chapels and still get endorsements from their priests and the French District itself.
Alleged cover-up of abuse
On 5 April 2017, Uppdrag granskning, a Swedish television program focused on investigative journalism, alleged that four members of the SSPX—three priests and a former seminarian—had molested at least a dozen young people in several countries. The program also stated that evidence of abuse was kept secret by the SSPX and that the priests were allowed to continue in ministry. Nonetheless, three of the four had been expelled from the society by the time that the program was aired.
Kevin Gerard Sloniker, the former seminarian and the only person accused by name in the program, was expelled from the Society's St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary in 2005, and began serving a life-sentence in 2015. The remaining three accusations regard priests whose names have been withheld (referred to in the program as Fathers P, S, and M); their accusers have likewise remained anonymous. Nonetheless, P was the subject of a canonical trial presided over by Bishop Fellay, authorized by the Holy See in 2013; he was found guilty, and subsequently ordered to retire to a monastery. Crux reports "P refused to go and, according to officials of the SSPX, joined [Bishop] Williamson's Resistance." He along with "Father S" were expelled from the society, and are now affiliated with Williamson's group. "Father M" is currently serving in France, though no criminal charges have been brought against him and the society denies that they are aware of any credible accusations of abuse against the priest.
In May 2020, the Kansas Bureau of Investigation stated that, as part of its investigation into the four Catholic dioceses in the state, it was also investigating accusations that SSPX members were either perpetrating or covering up clerical sex abuse in the state. The SSPX St. Mary's Rectory in Kansas faced sex abuse allegations. Although the U.S. district of the society, as well as the St. Mary's Rectory denied the said allegations.
Priests sentenced for abuse
Mexican SSPX priest and former headmaster Father Uribe Silviano Bernabé was sentenced in September 2004 by a Bordeaux criminal court to one year for sexual assaults on an adult woman and a 13-year-old girl. He appealed the sentence and lost on 17 March 2005. He then brought the case to the Court of Cassation in Paris, which upheld the sentence on 26 April 2006.
On 13 December 2017, Father Frédéric Abbet was sentenced to 5 years by a Brussels appeal court for sexual abuse on a young boy in an SSPX boarding school. He had already faced accusations in his native Switzerland in 2005 but had been acquitted by an unofficial SSPX tribunal. Father Abbet was to serve the prison sentence in his native Switzerland; where it was later discovered he never did serve his prison sentence but instead lived freely in the community.
On 16 February 2018, former school headmaster Father Christophe Roisnel was sentenced to 19 years by the Nanterre criminal court of appeal for multiple counts of rape and acts of torture on female school teachers.
See also
SSPX-affiliated religious orders
Controversies surrounding the Society of Saint Pius X
Institute of consecrated life
Minaret controversy in Switzerland
Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat, a related group in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Society of St Pius X in New Zealand
St. Mary's College, Kansas
St. Dominic's College, Wanganui
The International Seminary of Saint Pius X
References
External links
Website of district of the USA
Official French website
Traditionalist Catholicism
Christian organizations established in 1970
Second Vatican Council
Pius X
Traditionalist Catholics
Communities using the Tridentine Mass | [
0.18311573565006256,
0.33461087942123413,
0.029729558154940605,
0.031214114278554916,
-0.41397061944007874,
0.33918100595474243,
0.49076002836227417,
0.5741181969642639,
-0.4868750274181366,
-0.5664272308349609,
-0.2413230687379837,
-0.18492047488689423,
-0.36267632246017456,
0.15373753011226654,
0.1915883719921112,
-0.3250828981399536,
0.42699289321899414,
0.5061666965484619,
-0.6775491833686829,
-0.17127689719200134,
-0.7246605157852173,
0.23106272518634796,
0.2990969717502594,
-0.17383398115634918,
0.21699649095535278,
-0.10404018312692642,
-0.15111367404460907,
-0.2340814471244812,
0.653002142906189,
0.031970877200365067,
0.9529887437820435,
0.22474397718906403,
0.2814026474952698,
-0.730115532875061,
-0.6843639612197876,
-0.3722772002220154,
0.17484532296657562,
-0.18931326270103455,
0.028474150225520134,
-0.01339229941368103,
0.28786298632621765,
-0.54802405834198,
0.07150633633136749,
-0.08844000846147537,
0.21559253334999084,
-0.5347967743873596,
-1.0426830053329468,
0.6896544694900513,
-0.381881445646286,
-0.02578587271273136,
0.1776314228773117,
0.12386394292116165,
-0.13080765306949615,
0.726010799407959,
-0.270923912525177,
0.5536680817604065,
-1.1274155378341675,
0.5181344747543335,
-0.34843578934669495,
-1.0995426177978516,
-0.22251243889331818,
0.41320136189460754,
0.8079849481582642,
-0.051788635551929474,
-0.5506080985069275,
0.07198290526866913,
0.45506998896598816,
0.42580685019493103,
-0.2100464403629303,
-0.6085239052772522,
0.2627507746219635,
-0.5455789566040039,
-0.21919365227222443,
0.6282141208648682,
0.18521438539028168,
-1.2666664123535156,
-0.18121466040611267,
0.09273530542850494,
0.3501129448413849,
0.2869116961956024,
0.07888517528772354,
0.11220119893550873,
0.5237740874290466,
0.5992992520332336,
0.22157277166843414,
0.8077184557914734,
-0.33505672216415405,
0.24670326709747314,
-0.29228684306144714,
0.0653141587972641,
-0.4112202227115631,
-0.19245857000350952,
0.9409201741218567,
-0.7998092174530029,
0.6432546377182007,
0.24989649653434753,
0.368373304605484,
-0.12563905119895935,
0.37930354475975037,
0.18261125683784485,
-0.7507873177528381,
0.1159619390964508,
-0.29830896854400635,
-0.27400389313697815,
-0.11818776279687881,
0.15677215158939362,
0.5664485096931458,
-0.33261868357658386,
0.21553683280944824,
-0.34020790457725525,
-0.48298266530036926,
-0.4606742560863495,
-0.5057268142700195,
0.1617429405450821,
-0.15952791273593903,
0.18019631505012512,
0.09256069362163544,
-1.1527239084243774,
-0.1900462508201599,
-0.351728230714798,
-0.4045405387878418,
0.3421006202697754,
0.3040226697921753,
0.08171826601028442,
0.05327901989221573,
0.3492995500564575,
1.2287068367004395,
0.8733346462249756,
-0.22511924803256989,
0.20159658789634705,
-0.11124982684850693,
0.7423038482666016,
0.4860924780368805,
-0.45868727564811707,
0.29703614115715027,
-0.2356375902891159,
-0.021638663485646248,
-0.06831146776676178,
-0.8587135672569275,
0.18046191334724426,
-0.5594444870948792,
-0.43913882970809937,
-0.38693153858184814,
-0.12349971383810043,
0.5770673155784607,
-0.018708933144807816,
-0.003577414434403181,
-0.03421240299940109,
0.1516481190919876,
-0.6629049181938171,
0.3192157745361328,
-0.4007607698440552,
-0.3718046545982361,
0.17834526300430298,
0.1788836270570755,
0.1059056967496872,
0.8105637431144714,
0.09505264461040497,
0.3629159927368164,
0.2685614228248596,
-0.04116266965866089,
0.025089891627430916,
-0.5006240010261536,
-0.10359618067741394,
0.14897729456424713,
0.20314744114875793,
0.21322861313819885,
0.16205047070980072,
-0.2840877175331116,
0.17645350098609924,
-0.4039781391620636,
-0.3114384114742279,
-0.35275301337242126,
-0.5148836374282837,
-0.3712216913700104,
0.4622958302497864,
0.9405050873756409,
-0.10881452262401581,
0.1077125295996666,
-0.6162115335464478,
-0.4478321373462677,
-0.0017414026660844684,
-0.143066868185997,
0.22854942083358765,
0.06490924209356308,
-0.030503258109092712,
-0.0492069311439991,
0.4725440442562103,
-0.30205586552619934,
0.019425896927714348,
-0.624266505241394,
-0.20655831694602966,
0.3450703024864197,
-0.36115315556526184,
1.6617162227630615,
0.109317347407341,
-0.24358415603637695,
0.48566368222236633,
-0.1446867287158966,
0.3413683772087097,
-0.38136547803878784,
-0.2565651834011078,
0.19966688752174377,
0.2031182199716568,
-1.5383834838867188,
0.45401298999786377,
0.3474532961845398,
0.1423823982477188,
0.19189804792404175,
0.049518387764692307,
0.15129375457763672,
-0.39933082461357117,
0.6240349411964417,
0.14236076176166534,
-0.543448269367218,
0.021781422197818756,
-0.6964804530143738,
-0.02572350949048996,
0.16102111339569092,
-0.3165781497955322,
0.7231447100639343,
-0.24390766024589539,
0.23303616046905518,
0.4189857840538025,
-0.1995023787021637,
0.3616853952407837,
0.43588247895240784,
0.11110368371009827,
0.26684096455574036,
-0.07466651499271393,
0.4009929597377777,
-0.19688154757022858,
0.7092677354812622,
-0.4413894712924957,
-0.32887282967567444,
0.14962226152420044,
0.08313681930303574,
-0.7600908279418945,
-0.30441388487815857,
0.2178022861480713,
0.543213963508606,
0.38408899307250977,
-0.315224289894104,
0.12289643287658691,
-0.23260363936424255,
0.5314201712608337,
0.31818926334381104,
0.18633334338665009,
-0.026709849014878273,
0.3338477909564972,
-0.43025892972946167,
0.32418107986450195,
0.37147071957588196,
-0.1423507183790207,
-0.20330817997455597,
0.2772079110145569,
0.3302631378173828,
0.40617501735687256,
-0.29334399104118347,
-0.13018342852592468,
0.2991137206554413,
-0.6895224452018738,
0.09116858243942261,
0.758974015712738,
-0.09606043249368668,
-0.9303997159004211,
0.36726877093315125,
-0.4997025430202484,
0.6011620759963989,
0.33680620789527893,
0.6337931752204895,
-0.08751717954874039,
-0.8586288094520569,
0.31122708320617676,
-0.2205371856689453,
-0.2842167317867279,
-0.49465423822402954,
0.5847664475440979,
-0.2204735279083252,
-0.46924492716789246,
-0.5890321135520935,
0.34840813279151917,
0.000926226086448878,
-0.024782348424196243,
-0.08797095715999603,
0.10706594586372375,
-0.14155782759189606,
-0.49931180477142334,
0.069678895175457,
-0.19416444003582,
0.031084617599844933,
0.319502055644989,
0.0019789435900747776,
-0.3312479555606842,
0.09949250519275665,
-0.040661461651325226,
0.10765523463487625,
-0.06472765654325485,
-0.2182890772819519,
-0.1758890599012375,
-0.7361880540847778,
0.016707323491573334,
0.24775996804237366,
-0.15839791297912598,
0.43134355545043945,
0.3454921543598175,
-0.09692942351102829,
0.13288180530071259,
-5.773395538330078,
0.03527688607573509,
0.062192339450120926,
0.15252026915550232,
-0.2283955216407776,
0.3736741542816162,
0.2814636826515198,
-0.37271401286125183,
-0.17165490984916687,
-0.5252155661582947,
0.15726310014724731,
0.40033161640167236,
0.15338170528411865,
0.3099352717399597,
-0.3415111005306244,
0.668220043182373,
-0.5708127617835999,
-0.4451068639755249,
0.3013705015182495,
-0.14344662427902222,
-0.28239962458610535,
-0.3388267159461975,
0.42167773842811584,
0.5856673717498779,
0.4051945209503174,
0.9763714671134949,
-0.6414659023284912,
0.36515098810195923,
-0.4668808579444885,
0.30706796050071716,
0.17996878921985626,
0.07819809019565582,
0.413924902677536,
-0.35287797451019287,
-0.5939041972160339,
-0.10476323962211609,
0.959144651889801,
-0.08926427364349365,
-0.29785215854644775,
-0.0685202032327652,
-0.18907302618026733,
0.24075615406036377,
-0.5454967021942139,
-0.3325667977333069,
0.07968336343765259,
-0.043707434087991714,
-0.7224434018135071,
0.5266420841217041,
-0.17327962815761566,
0.43658164143562317,
-0.4653247892856598,
-0.3684009313583374,
-0.7153728008270264,
-0.16200202703475952,
-0.06133319437503815,
-0.05953569337725639,
0.2991648018360138,
0.17683444917201996,
-0.4071348011493683,
-0.2882108688354492,
0.40352964401245117,
0.10742780566215515,
0.263453871011734,
-0.025544192641973495,
-0.19778543710708618,
0.049031808972358704,
-0.7468357086181641,
0.19524167478084564,
-0.10813737660646439,
0.14471639692783356,
0.1342243254184723,
0.47277966141700745,
0.07215862721204758,
-0.8721178770065308,
-0.4895499050617218,
-0.5377200841903687,
-0.13880953192710876,
-0.39036136865615845,
-0.1603965014219284,
0.3445701599121094,
0.02624189481139183,
-0.24674534797668457,
-0.5209540724754333,
0.5450798869132996,
0.18231478333473206,
0.3610576093196869,
0.06887627393007278,
-0.015317477285861969,
-0.35280224680900574,
-0.015968050807714462,
0.38730505108833313,
-0.17690864205360413,
0.27449560165405273,
0.6625927686691284,
-0.19322054088115692,
0.416970819234848,
-0.32327911257743835,
0.24420903623104095,
0.013605600222945213,
0.10899380594491959,
0.21819448471069336,
-0.03671212121844292,
-0.023162392899394035,
-0.299256831407547,
0.054159630089998245,
-0.17159198224544525,
-0.45436617732048035,
0.4710145890712738,
0.6294211745262146,
0.17973412573337555,
-0.23972859978675842,
-0.44492340087890625,
-0.818064272403717,
-0.24876458942890167,
0.15850670635700226,
-0.020193131640553474,
-0.23627978563308716,
-0.1352078765630722,
0.3679729402065277,
0.5028291344642639,
-0.08597496896982193,
0.26480576395988464,
-0.032695598900318146,
0.10040908306837082,
-0.5641167759895325,
-0.16823525726795197,
-0.17839638888835907,
0.14066529273986816,
0.4618741273880005,
0.15135395526885986,
0.1444416493177414,
0.8634163737297058,
0.10396912693977356,
0.18746048212051392,
0.34197938442230225,
0.024842506274580956,
-0.30083635449409485,
-0.43204742670059204,
0.05050981044769287,
0.035587456077337265,
0.17168550193309784,
-0.04489721730351448,
-0.598696768283844,
0.5779644250869751,
0.35206618905067444,
0.6439744830131531,
-0.15213792026042938,
0.19618578255176544,
0.38276928663253784,
0.891603946685791,
-0.1496122032403946,
-0.2133655697107315,
0.4502497613430023,
0.5014812350273132,
-0.523009717464447,
0.4278375208377838,
0.5109701752662659,
0.31192055344581604,
-0.6983083486557007,
0.10491827875375748,
-0.23499731719493866,
-0.6636543869972229,
-0.7027232646942139,
-0.4790075719356537,
0.297624409198761,
-0.2207067310810089,
0.006203765515238047,
-0.8559507131576538,
-0.8574159145355225,
0.056548696011304855,
0.17872492969036102,
0.14880746603012085,
-0.22977876663208008,
-0.4654545783996582,
-0.16085496544837952,
-0.04615357145667076,
-0.2815943658351898,
0.0017119641415774822,
-0.32776641845703125,
-0.0428510420024395,
0.27284830808639526,
-0.4098423421382904,
-0.03448692336678505,
-0.14654132723808289,
0.47825631499290466,
-0.24565453827381134,
0.15432287752628326,
-0.4537312388420105,
0.022443236783146858,
0.5096899271011353,
-0.18576590716838837,
-0.2536078095436096,
-0.010561161674559116,
0.720941424369812,
0.08138161897659302,
-0.5061649680137634,
-0.7277958393096924,
0.020224394276738167,
0.2148720622062683,
-0.2905168831348419,
-0.021381182596087456,
0.05537454038858414,
-0.272806316614151,
0.07928498089313507,
0.1371893733739853,
-0.36383435130119324,
0.00760462274774909,
-0.24317973852157593,
0.10311852395534515,
0.1876513510942459,
-0.001987720374017954,
-0.08925750106573105,
-0.07904302328824997,
0.5224210023880005,
-0.23020027577877045,
0.4845432639122009,
-0.1339644342660904,
-0.031396929174661636,
-0.30930936336517334,
-0.32315441966056824,
0.1714501678943634,
0.40736809372901917,
-0.21818332374095917,
-0.41555655002593994,
-0.02230432629585266,
0.7818465828895569,
0.8778167366981506,
-0.6563317179679871,
0.5478590726852417,
-0.043110623955726624,
0.29310914874076843,
-0.07354549318552017,
-0.0002107129112118855,
-0.3281816244125366,
-0.45325544476509094,
-0.1131988987326622,
0.37718042731285095,
-0.1481519639492035,
-0.36915749311447144,
-0.013462202623486519,
-0.35894882678985596,
0.6996141672134399,
-0.2625243067741394,
-0.8768638372421265,
0.2885429263114929,
-0.03724663332104683,
0.6033865809440613,
-0.07768837362527847,
0.1755930334329605,
0.02406303398311138,
-0.463858425617218,
-0.3014688193798065,
-0.19013072550296783,
-0.30781641602516174,
-0.06502308696508408,
0.11998561024665833,
-0.48636186122894287,
-0.24408702552318573,
0.02850908413529396,
-0.30433282256126404,
0.15999525785446167,
-0.15269891917705536,
-0.4579782783985138,
0.13458381593227386,
-0.29639312624931335,
0.12141112238168716,
0.4142618775367737,
-0.31837597489356995,
-0.0812285766005516,
-0.23006121814250946,
0.2511221170425415,
-0.33667540550231934,
0.024644754827022552,
0.2689365744590759,
-0.5622469782829285,
0.2103297859430313,
-0.06463181972503662,
0.2620999217033386,
-0.15652649104595184,
0.064322829246521,
-0.5636612772941589,
0.28871145844459534,
0.28032711148262024,
0.07994529604911804,
-0.010052002035081387,
-1.0500775575637817,
0.34422385692596436,
0.07372956722974777,
-0.08721400052309036,
0.4899882972240448,
-0.6471479535102844,
-0.08862601965665817,
-0.10401591658592224,
0.4996432662010193,
-0.1820313036441803,
-0.13912710547447205,
-0.001820206525735557,
-0.028398975729942322,
-0.2140098661184311,
-0.24151921272277832,
-0.22478343546390533,
-0.2056543529033661,
0.2747536897659302,
-0.5837786197662354,
-0.06733081489801407,
-0.05255862697958946,
0.06687834113836288,
0.3151107430458069,
-0.7860202789306641,
0.4515174627304077,
0.5134510397911072,
-0.579718291759491,
-0.22308336198329926,
0.060621801763772964,
-1.034726858139038,
0.37533313035964966,
-0.10114767402410507,
-0.35650476813316345,
-0.34784629940986633,
-0.026747463271021843,
0.015276234596967697,
0.9463862776756287,
0.43838590383529663,
-0.02529888041317463,
-0.4299399256706238,
0.3847449719905853,
-0.4075596332550049,
0.5123603343963623,
0.05026433616876602,
0.27398884296417236,
0.18430130183696747,
-0.03690827265381813,
-0.5283318758010864,
0.546000599861145,
-0.2237410545349121,
-0.40823739767074585,
0.11811013519763947,
-0.6108434796333313,
-0.503987729549408,
0.31289756298065186,
0.35232624411582947,
0.6874065399169922,
-0.31828799843788147,
0.06771548837423325,
-0.6112831830978394,
0.2867177128791809,
-0.45504656434059143,
0.2450762689113617,
0.2812558710575104,
0.3124796152114868,
0.26485833525657654,
0.277556836605072,
-0.258240282535553,
0.4885474741458893,
0.47195175290107727,
0.08026126027107239,
-0.1408892571926117,
-0.29503318667411804,
-0.2203643023967743,
-0.5822466015815735,
-0.2553117275238037,
0.1649075746536255,
0.9648503661155701,
0.3082123398780823,
0.026409197598695755,
0.6539395451545715,
0.16348645091056824,
-0.5688502788543701,
0.20192064344882965,
-0.2194782793521881,
0.3404357433319092,
-0.013588475063443184,
0.33890828490257263,
0.4626877009868622,
0.08006973564624786,
0.4238167405128479,
0.06657642126083374,
0.5567997694015503,
0.3637133836746216,
-0.19019044935703278,
-0.5788002014160156,
-0.14872397482395172,
-0.23307733237743378,
-0.34031981229782104,
-0.06437306106090546,
-0.18545998632907867,
0.1297496259212494,
0.26006239652633667,
0.09394877403974533,
0.04545173794031143,
0.0001234476367244497,
-0.5664203763008118,
0.4654148519039154,
-0.16340354084968567,
0.24655072391033173,
0.42285916209220886,
0.32352712750434875,
0.3581821620464325,
0.48930513858795166,
0.12627974152565002,
-0.47798678278923035,
-0.4792580306529999,
0.6028953194618225,
-0.5108358263969421,
-0.00041243559098802507,
0.048345308750867844,
0.08254939317703247,
-0.5111280679702759,
-0.5851601362228394,
0.19100594520568848,
-0.03404317796230316,
-0.02608906291425228,
-0.47386810183525085,
0.7168394327163696,
-0.08539088070392609,
0.5361136198043823,
-0.0029331534169614315,
-0.11534998565912247,
-0.10886232554912567,
-0.3224291503429413,
-0.2453944832086563,
-0.006297835614532232,
0.125238835811615,
0.736800491809845,
-0.04159284383058548,
0.07975184917449951,
0.07866611331701279,
0.28717389702796936,
0.20910945534706116,
0.2875881493091583,
-0.06871483474969864,
0.1417625993490219,
-0.18849536776542664,
0.5122284889221191,
-0.46126505732536316,
-0.3303036093711853,
0.6093524694442749,
0.053492676466703415,
-0.15663421154022217,
-0.5697457790374756,
0.2945559620857239,
0.29722368717193604,
0.2421126365661621,
-0.04964401572942734,
0.8654463887214661,
0.3814302980899811,
-0.2831827402114868,
-0.5237639546394348,
-0.6944937109947205,
0.2305898815393448,
0.3247390389442444,
-0.06529752910137177,
0.4533649981021881,
-0.7077977657318115,
0.35538798570632935,
0.20959562063217163,
0.347888320684433,
-0.06284899264574051,
0.5783562660217285,
0.6939703822135925
] |
232301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swathi%20Muthyam | Swathi Muthyam | Swathi Muthyam () is a 1986 Indian Telugu-language drama film written and directed by K. Viswanath and produced by Edida Nageswara Rao. The film stars Kamal Haasan and Raadhika, while Gollapudi Maruti Rao, J. V. Somayajulu, Nirmalamma, Sarath Babu, and Y. Vijaya play supporting roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Swathi Muthyam depicts the plight of a young widow who is rescued by an autistic man.
Swathi Muthyam was a box office success. The film was screened at the Moscow Film Festival, the Asian and African film festival in Tashkent, the 11th International Film Festival of India in the inaugural mainstream section. The film received the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu, three Nandi Awards and the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu. The film was selected by India as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1986, but was not nominated.
The film was later dubbed into Tamil as Sippikkul Muthu, released on October 2, 1986.Upon its success, the film was later remade in Hindi as Eeshwar and in Kannada as Swathi Muthu.
Plot
Shivaiah (Kamal Haasan) is an innocent orphan with a brain injury resulting in low intellectual function. He lives along with his grandmother (Nirmalamma) in a village. In that village, Lalitha (Raadhika), a young widow with a five-year-old son, lives along with her brother Chalapati's (Sarath Babu) family. She and her son often get abused by her sister-in-law (Y. Vijaya), but Lalitha, having nowhere to go, bears it all.
Shivaiah often encounters Lalitha and gets appalled by her condition. One day, during Sri Rama Navami festival, Shivaiah marries Lalitha, shocking all the villagers. His grandmother (Nirmalamma) approves of his marriage as she also has much sympathy and regard for Lalitha, but his uncle and Orthodox villagers oppose that marriage as they consider remarriage of a widow as a sin. In that brawl, Shivaiah's grandmother dies, leaving innocent Shivaiah in the hands of Lalitha. Lalitha moves in with her husband with the blessings of her brother.
Some of the villagers help them to build a new life. Gradually, Lalitha makes Shivaiah understand the household duties and responsibilities of a man. Shivaiah finds work and starts to support his wife and stepson. Later they have a son and live happily for a long time. Years pass, and Lalitha becomes ill and dies in her husband's arms. In the climax, Shivaiah walks out of his house surrounded by his children and grandchildren. He carries a tulsi plant, which was his memory of Lalitha's love.
Cast
Kamal Haasan as Sivayya
Raadhika as Lalitha
Gollapudi Maruthi Rao as Landlord
J. V. Somayajulu as Lalita's guru
Nirmalamma as Sivayya's grandmother
Master Karthik as Bala Subrahmanyam, Lalita's first son, whom later adopted or accepted by Sivayya after their marriage
Sarath Babu as Chalapati, Lalita's brother
Y. Vijaya as Lalita's sister-in-law
Allu Arjun (child artist) as Sivayya's grandson
Niharika as Sivayya's granddaughter
Major Sundarrajan
Deepa
Dubbing Janaki
Mallikarjuna Rao
Suthi Veerabhadra Rao
Edida Sriram
Production
Arun Kumar and Venkatesh were the production designers for the film.
The film was shot for nearly 70 days near the shores of Rajahmundry, Torredu, Tadikonda, Pattiseema, Chennai, and Mysore. Allu Arjun did a small role as one of the grandsons of Kamal Haasan.
The scene where Haasan dances like someone who cannot dance took so many days to get it "rightly wrong," as Haasan is a seasoned dancer.
Soundtrack
Reception
Baradwaj Rangan said in 2017, "K Viswanath, this year's recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, made three films with Kamal Haasan. Sagara Sangamam is the best, Subha Sankalpam the weakest – and between these two films, chronologically and quality-wise, lies Swathi Muthyam (White Pearl)."
Awards
Remakes
References
External links
1986 films
Telugu-language films
1980s Telugu-language films
Indian films
Films about autism
1986 romantic drama films
Indian nonlinear narrative films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian romantic drama films
Films directed by K. Viswanath
Fictional characters with disability
Telugu films remade in other languages
Films about widowhood in India
Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners | [
-0.2698724865913391,
0.08263606578111649,
-0.5267043113708496,
-0.5198795795440674,
0.039096198976039886,
0.5411183834075928,
0.8637760281562805,
-0.5168076157569885,
-0.6157730221748352,
0.6443606615066528,
0.24370785057544708,
0.5091103911399841,
-0.6716126203536987,
0.30090200901031494,
0.077627032995224,
0.034925930202007294,
0.8697345852851868,
0.18446682393550873,
-0.22703854739665985,
-0.340260773897171,
0.0654943436384201,
0.08805761486291885,
0.9711150527000427,
0.03194696456193924,
-0.6697028279304504,
0.2726353704929352,
0.7883932590484619,
0.7805267572402954,
-0.07956209033727646,
-0.4129776656627655,
-0.062068816274404526,
-0.35699155926704407,
0.5043991208076477,
-0.15431341528892517,
0.3916076123714447,
0.09391182661056519,
-0.1531427800655365,
0.5228409171104431,
-0.18004044890403748,
-0.6295732855796814,
0.06326988339424133,
-0.43059393763542175,
-0.05469513684511185,
-0.364920049905777,
-0.15890391170978546,
-0.49260157346725464,
-1.3609085083007812,
-0.14328838884830475,
-1.0062439441680908,
-0.4267083704471588,
0.8956300616264343,
0.9528530836105347,
0.6821865439414978,
-0.08800176531076431,
0.271932989358902,
0.582594633102417,
-0.635608434677124,
0.07929738610982895,
0.006515271496027708,
0.16673019528388977,
0.48636889457702637,
0.31430333852767944,
0.5015831589698792,
0.18406295776367188,
-0.2897656261920929,
0.40248215198516846,
-0.3378368616104126,
0.1619097888469696,
-0.04884521663188934,
0.10289092361927032,
0.42691782116889954,
-0.18490251898765564,
0.2031477987766266,
0.7582252621650696,
-0.01700001396238804,
-0.46192702651023865,
0.14750412106513977,
-0.3382905125617981,
0.45763617753982544,
-0.16315796971321106,
0.00628451444208622,
0.3328975737094879,
0.7689979076385498,
0.9509605169296265,
0.6853170990943909,
-0.3452298641204834,
0.037801727652549744,
0.3443198800086975,
-0.14246605336666107,
0.5588038563728333,
-0.2909761071205139,
-0.2940922677516937,
-0.012690737843513489,
0.37581342458724976,
-0.2621796727180481,
-0.06482923030853271,
-0.8796958923339844,
-0.03979659080505371,
0.5762932300567627,
-0.23963794112205505,
0.24575506150722504,
0.5396396517753601,
-0.5779123306274414,
0.020299600437283516,
-0.6202499270439148,
-0.0763491839170456,
-0.052194662392139435,
-0.60636305809021,
-0.4339737892150879,
0.12284848839044571,
-0.3767254650592804,
0.38642552495002747,
-0.09947364032268524,
-0.17920483648777008,
-0.09202935546636581,
0.6116839647293091,
0.24856236577033997,
-0.43108847737312317,
-0.7018715143203735,
0.4525587260723114,
-0.43881815671920776,
0.08180662989616394,
0.2611267566680908,
0.42271485924720764,
0.01899908110499382,
0.4902699589729309,
0.13147228956222534,
0.29301151633262634,
0.07151859253644943,
0.9139995574951172,
0.5648422837257385,
0.8272079825401306,
-0.6301900744438171,
-0.41375672817230225,
-0.16195639967918396,
-0.5154784321784973,
0.3856189250946045,
0.10455388575792313,
0.08869961649179459,
-0.5678576231002808,
-0.26894742250442505,
0.7150970697402954,
-0.2582467794418335,
-0.1700218766927719,
-0.06750377267599106,
-0.07899995148181915,
0.5219213962554932,
0.10710904747247696,
-0.8644418120384216,
-0.8390341997146606,
0.3962551951408386,
0.7680884599685669,
-0.3507612347602844,
-0.539638340473175,
-0.24491585791110992,
0.5100365281105042,
0.06000024825334549,
-0.02183619886636734,
-0.33583366870880127,
0.32335081696510315,
-0.08277575671672821,
0.1268080621957779,
-0.03552473336458206,
-0.5081207752227783,
-0.14023007452487946,
-0.33393704891204834,
0.12070584297180176,
-0.5565837025642395,
0.340036004781723,
0.1756630688905716,
-0.4765952527523041,
0.3803063929080963,
-0.12493553757667542,
-0.14670363068580627,
0.5417123436927795,
0.022748470306396484,
0.6121271252632141,
0.9042922854423523,
0.36925065517425537,
-0.834550142288208,
-0.4432099163532257,
0.2931517958641052,
-0.05024553835391998,
-0.16263636946678162,
0.5446742177009583,
0.18817546963691711,
0.5998532176017761,
0.15437132120132446,
0.053668852895498276,
-0.13107790052890778,
-0.33684787154197693,
-0.4197239875793457,
0.3269541561603546,
0.26883256435394287,
1.4245895147323608,
0.4220306873321533,
-0.7758635878562927,
0.30826401710510254,
0.6630604863166809,
0.4078355133533478,
-0.2168126255273819,
0.7545472979545593,
0.08342505991458893,
-0.41266798973083496,
-0.6934840083122253,
-0.47823789715766907,
-0.2817046344280243,
0.4525143802165985,
-0.009165081195533276,
0.7769505977630615,
0.17484460771083832,
-0.8709589242935181,
0.23814550042152405,
-0.5524185299873352,
-0.0757671371102333,
-0.39529404044151306,
-0.7632877826690674,
0.3162149488925934,
-0.004121467005461454,
0.32771018147468567,
0.5369000434875488,
-0.339315265417099,
-0.3092769384384155,
0.6413243412971497,
-0.061763085424900055,
0.9457891583442688,
0.04534155875444412,
-0.44427570700645447,
0.31534343957901,
-0.15593314170837402,
-0.22692786157131195,
-0.015318633057177067,
-0.403080552816391,
0.03965871036052704,
-0.29962676763534546,
0.22416068613529205,
-0.061514075845479965,
-0.26382991671562195,
0.3390899896621704,
-0.19658337533473969,
0.3846118450164795,
0.9134514331817627,
-0.7539862990379333,
-0.08560611307621002,
0.22446094453334808,
-0.12516526877880096,
-0.22651758790016174,
-0.6405187249183655,
-0.3978120982646942,
0.10381585359573364,
0.468384712934494,
0.32430216670036316,
0.06217409297823906,
-0.6423695683479309,
-0.2480473667383194,
0.027586789801716805,
-0.7759986519813538,
-0.4945219159126282,
-0.233076810836792,
-0.010673708282411098,
-0.6937763690948486,
-0.31163907051086426,
0.5040786266326904,
0.24154990911483765,
-0.56390780210495,
-0.29832038283348083,
0.1558464914560318,
0.09215950220823288,
0.13962700963020325,
0.3524031937122345,
-0.17752927541732788,
-0.37568652629852295,
-0.20163494348526,
0.638487696647644,
0.14991609752178192,
-0.3319450318813324,
0.44584736227989197,
0.3041938245296478,
-0.6033740043640137,
-0.6833263635635376,
0.8754189610481262,
0.795577347278595,
0.21433183550834656,
-0.46135812997817993,
-0.056997742503881454,
0.3516334891319275,
0.0015887378249317408,
-0.1266557276248932,
-0.6379576921463013,
0.18700957298278809,
0.1313392072916031,
-0.3547113835811615,
-0.4033213257789612,
-0.11637352406978607,
-0.2722313702106476,
-0.07418687641620636,
-0.5270182490348816,
0.41930481791496277,
0.11113753169775009,
0.14999628067016602,
-0.14989756047725677,
1.059353232383728,
-0.7169010043144226,
0.2075866013765335,
0.2535174787044525,
-0.05557728558778763,
-0.07357249408960342,
-0.3285651206970215,
-5.185669898986816,
0.2794533967971802,
-0.41600537300109863,
-0.08471030741930008,
0.8713131546974182,
0.18236638605594635,
0.28847429156303406,
-0.17909640073776245,
0.3205067813396454,
0.10100582987070084,
-0.689476728439331,
0.17170631885528564,
0.525508463382721,
-0.021729828789830208,
0.14444077014923096,
-0.1789136528968811,
0.6634532809257507,
0.1473192572593689,
0.527557909488678,
0.08580739796161652,
0.4762435555458069,
0.16071723401546478,
0.04707203805446625,
0.1836453676223755,
0.027269555255770683,
0.14907972514629364,
0.08063559234142303,
0.19341693818569183,
-1.3204306364059448,
-0.42700913548469543,
-0.6033798456192017,
0.050790466368198395,
-0.17445050179958344,
-0.6024348139762878,
-0.8458125591278076,
0.13986246287822723,
0.11702074110507965,
-0.06960190832614899,
0.3748685419559479,
-0.018946949392557144,
0.06626109778881073,
-0.3723633289337158,
-0.16281837224960327,
-0.9202665090560913,
0.6963494420051575,
-0.5387681126594543,
-1.0399460792541504,
-0.5851640105247498,
0.066147580742836,
0.5206349492073059,
-0.07180692255496979,
-0.05623748525977135,
0.3619628846645355,
0.25977593660354614,
0.27210935950279236,
-0.24503374099731445,
-0.1730644851922989,
0.14606642723083496,
0.13288062810897827,
0.5269619226455688,
0.5892686247825623,
-0.253548800945282,
-0.38751065731048584,
-0.5438336730003357,
-0.0057454523630440235,
0.17233659327030182,
-0.07015689462423325,
-0.6209604740142822,
-0.6383223533630371,
0.3057868778705597,
-0.6151478290557861,
-0.04058919847011566,
-0.10271386057138443,
-1.2283753156661987,
0.34147581458091736,
0.08073130995035172,
-0.411906361579895,
0.21306808292865753,
-0.7881633639335632,
-0.017545301467180252,
-0.1297568827867508,
-0.3001452088356018,
0.3506251871585846,
0.27473175525665283,
0.09571760147809982,
-0.3485788404941559,
-0.4198995530605316,
-0.2819397449493408,
-0.6526480317115784,
-0.17952534556388855,
0.4739610552787781,
-0.20933541655540466,
-0.26830700039863586,
0.3515569865703583,
0.6081379055976868,
0.2846776247024536,
-0.31201592087745667,
0.6511052250862122,
0.3822908103466034,
-0.8224924206733704,
0.10735400021076202,
-0.37674596905708313,
0.26820439100265503,
-0.3189034163951874,
0.2106904238462448,
-0.8031165599822998,
0.14099059998989105,
-0.21746036410331726,
0.6229372620582581,
-0.24153760075569153,
-0.2955571413040161,
-1.048512578010559,
0.2320534586906433,
0.0858871191740036,
0.8619107007980347,
-0.41665366291999817,
-0.30964311957359314,
0.5570056438446045,
0.08351825177669525,
0.03431009501218796,
-0.14811451733112335,
0.5045744180679321,
0.05117380619049072,
-0.24673128128051758,
-0.11100796610116959,
-0.4345398545265198,
0.5150715112686157,
0.4225074350833893,
-0.48826926946640015,
0.27767521142959595,
0.2383865863084793,
0.12314266711473465,
0.17315728962421417,
-0.8556784987449646,
-0.06195911020040512,
-0.9153375029563904,
-0.2442435771226883,
0.1313515603542328,
-0.17220892012119293,
0.2153092473745346,
-0.31013843417167664,
0.09868849813938141,
-0.2754342555999756,
0.33375808596611023,
0.36374586820602417,
-0.014769178815186024,
0.11361262947320938,
-0.12649014592170715,
-0.22266453504562378,
-0.09265708178281784,
-0.6252193450927734,
-1.3027877807617188,
0.7562253475189209,
-0.945527195930481,
-0.03550650179386139,
-0.19875416159629822,
-0.27607399225234985,
0.07047158479690552,
0.1749477982521057,
0.2750958502292633,
-0.040931425988674164,
-0.4973345100879669,
-1.0949456691741943,
0.1617220938205719,
-0.3512849509716034,
0.2707551121711731,
-0.4939155876636505,
-1.1629871129989624,
-0.04522990435361862,
0.4456562101840973,
0.04988369718194008,
0.8475448489189148,
-0.16400858759880066,
0.1755303144454956,
-0.08670344948768616,
0.3054673373699188,
0.0668456181883812,
0.08985558897256851,
0.040138185024261475,
0.6523528695106506,
-0.0637766644358635,
-0.9965771436691284,
-0.18340933322906494,
0.7849971652030945,
0.5469056963920593,
-0.40844666957855225,
-0.17373278737068176,
-0.5097349882125854,
-0.9264999032020569,
0.2501068413257599,
0.08327904343605042,
0.6639572381973267,
0.3606293797492981,
-0.27946946024894714,
-0.1184510588645935,
-0.8162862658500671,
0.010444778017699718,
0.3648768365383148,
-0.6367325782775879,
-0.9393306970596313,
0.28773224353790283,
0.6834807991981506,
0.10652685165405273,
0.9698895215988159,
0.23157314956188202,
-0.9254709482192993,
0.3445146381855011,
0.7217522263526917,
-0.15907062590122223,
0.5408324003219604,
0.027739474549889565,
0.27938318252563477,
0.7296223640441895,
0.20461802184581757,
-0.24190102517604828,
0.5403005480766296,
0.2321510910987854,
-0.6832548975944519,
0.1715250164270401,
-0.7072968482971191,
-0.8418523073196411,
-0.5701262354850769,
-0.26129260659217834,
-0.3634820282459259,
-1.3930977582931519,
-0.17749178409576416,
1.0165964365005493,
-0.5409060716629028,
0.022237608209252357,
0.22123342752456665,
-0.17706887423992157,
0.3294672667980194,
0.0032809381373226643,
-0.25438326597213745,
-0.22095054388046265,
-0.5130786299705505,
-0.017061863094568253,
-0.30194228887557983,
0.48513445258140564,
0.3800439238548279,
-0.3813540041446686,
1.0241215229034424,
0.47359225153923035,
-0.278581440448761,
0.17927661538124084,
0.0617750808596611,
0.3951032757759094,
-0.21876537799835205,
-0.5577832460403442,
0.42272430658340454,
0.4402965009212494,
0.18213297426700592,
-0.22004611790180206,
-0.6800013780593872,
0.8921207785606384,
-0.6926822662353516,
-0.1133187934756279,
-0.49818095564842224,
0.22417093813419342,
0.18760116398334503,
-0.3586390018463135,
0.587476372718811,
-0.3987061083316803,
-0.13606978952884674,
0.2169187366962433,
-0.27379244565963745,
0.013704024255275726,
0.0868106335401535,
0.9148547053337097,
-0.8458694219589233,
-0.12326899915933609,
-0.5376579761505127,
0.16319741308689117,
-0.21267008781433105,
0.35878613591194153,
0.5157701969146729,
-0.10366508364677429,
-1.1440879106521606,
0.8192766308784485,
-0.12103762477636337,
-0.228017657995224,
0.49462369084358215,
-0.11686830222606659,
-0.1922345608472824,
-0.12588612735271454,
-0.526095449924469,
0.4195128083229065,
-0.0941176787018776,
-0.1502334326505661,
0.19242414832115173,
-0.30010607838630676,
0.05816713720560074,
-0.08359461277723312,
0.12549974024295807,
-0.1760420799255371,
0.09018582105636597,
0.25966987013816833,
0.5870122909545898,
-0.5643551349639893,
-0.4169914424419403,
-0.5153904557228088,
-0.21028505265712738,
0.22996972501277924,
-0.2024831920862198,
-0.465857595205307,
0.1825910210609436,
0.4898149371147156,
-0.47643956542015076,
0.018912101164460182,
0.37574103474617004,
0.10009757429361343,
-0.020534949377179146,
0.41642624139785767,
0.5395704507827759,
-0.39505529403686523,
-0.4259927272796631,
0.7044528126716614,
-0.019188158214092255,
0.17529132962226868,
0.24678660929203033,
0.3213483989238739,
-0.37278440594673157,
0.26553815603256226,
-0.17107263207435608,
-0.1127566546201706,
0.6101498603820801,
-0.5114005208015442,
0.26663273572921753,
0.38252365589141846,
0.5315841436386108,
0.27300140261650085,
-0.658552885055542,
-0.4250812828540802,
0.06487102806568146,
0.5288251042366028,
0.060114916414022446,
0.34942588210105896,
-0.3292067348957062,
-0.07180924713611603,
0.0747421383857727,
0.672343909740448,
0.2509298324584961,
0.0913192629814148,
0.06752000749111176,
0.2787350118160248,
0.7015727162361145,
0.7514894008636475,
0.06082713603973389,
-0.0727861225605011,
0.22395111620426178,
-0.19972342252731323,
0.8020056486129761,
0.22661185264587402,
-0.3750011622905731,
0.3182878792285919,
0.06718286871910095,
0.24255923926830292,
-0.1332383006811142,
0.33947300910949707,
-0.03124150075018406,
-0.17992252111434937,
-0.0033242367208003998,
-0.47573041915893555,
0.7501158714294434,
0.015976667404174805,
-0.33882102370262146,
0.3441300690174103,
-0.437843382358551,
0.4851122200489044,
-0.089757539331913,
-0.47065454721450806,
0.0686609223484993,
-0.7752930521965027,
0.5218961834907532,
0.485070139169693,
-0.028272761031985283,
-0.03419948369264603,
-0.022521520033478737,
-0.37364479899406433,
0.04634592682123184,
-0.14999867975711823,
0.49846968054771423,
-0.21786119043827057,
-0.2827993929386139,
0.670904815196991,
0.3938555419445038,
-0.11587246507406235,
0.25800660252571106,
0.15350569784641266,
-0.35915765166282654,
0.11658407002687454,
-0.3944741189479828,
-1.1235474348068237,
0.9939740896224976,
-0.8339298367500305,
0.02230924926698208,
-0.5896632671356201,
0.9744911193847656,
0.4805985987186432,
0.24897894263267517,
0.5525991916656494,
0.3119245767593384,
-0.2890430688858032,
1.1226211786270142,
0.20679418742656708,
-0.15180464088916779,
-0.7863256931304932,
-0.17194490134716034,
-1.4124869108200073,
-0.26235368847846985,
0.04328508302569389,
0.8129470944404602,
-0.10916577279567719,
0.35238251090049744,
0.3245778977870941,
-0.46268102526664734,
0.996509313583374,
-0.5479961037635803,
0.06572701781988144,
-0.2168094366788864,
-0.059219758957624435,
-0.22579626739025116,
0.2689228951931,
0.44900989532470703,
-0.28323137760162354,
-0.5695955753326416,
0.24028943479061127,
0.09801151603460312,
-0.08608151972293854,
-0.003322770819067955,
-0.03239300847053528,
0.5648009777069092,
0.013243025168776512,
0.387058287858963,
0.23237916827201843,
0.48022422194480896,
0.6846132278442383,
0.29106301069259644,
0.17450618743896484,
-0.05450264364480972,
-0.1556294858455658,
-0.32665368914604187,
0.3037220239639282,
-0.2608144283294678,
-0.44177064299583435,
-0.4917772114276886,
0.17708171904087067,
-0.10313000530004501,
-0.06532121449708939,
0.14656315743923187,
-0.314691424369812,
-0.44609335064888,
-0.20560456812381744,
-0.19710618257522583,
-0.37867408990859985,
0.6946815848350525,
-0.021993620321154594,
-0.6832346320152283,
-0.3833129107952118,
-0.2015002965927124
] |
232303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Galatea | HMS Galatea | HMS Galatea, after the Galatea of mythology, has been the name of eight ships in the British Royal Navy.
was a 20-gun sixth-rate post-ship launched in 1776 and broken up in 1783.
was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1794 and broken up 1809.
was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1810, a coal hulk after 1836, and broken up 1849.
was a wooden screw frigate launched in 1859 and broken up 1883. In 1866 she went on a world cruise, under the command of the Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
was an first-class cruiser built in Glasgow, and launched on 10 March 1887 and sold for scrapping on 5 April 1905.
was an light cruiser launched on 14 May 1914 at William Beardmore and Company shipyard and sold 1921.
was a light cruiser of (another) , launched on 9 August 1934 at Scotts shipyard in Greenock, Scotland, torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean on 14 December 1941 with the loss of most of her crew.
was a RNVR stone frigate in Kingston upon Hull decommissioned in 1958.
was a built in 1963 and expended as a target in 1988.
References
Royal Navy ship names | [
-0.13376718759536743,
-0.42329680919647217,
-0.1915947049856186,
-0.5309042930603027,
-0.27194011211395264,
1.0336798429489136,
0.21837475895881653,
-0.12079042941331863,
-0.5304055213928223,
0.5373957753181458,
-0.257556676864624,
0.0773092582821846,
-0.14317679405212402,
0.6908615827560425,
0.19837039709091187,
0.35456711053848267,
0.08515816926956177,
0.7932589650154114,
-0.5177331566810608,
-0.3400416374206543,
0.02328818291425705,
0.15199606120586395,
0.6476290225982666,
-0.017119325697422028,
0.1639295369386673,
0.058141350746154785,
0.5519691109657288,
0.23688822984695435,
0.5840170979499817,
-0.24373117089271545,
0.4748651683330536,
0.5817826390266418,
-0.5252175331115723,
0.3916515111923218,
0.0210846159607172,
-0.2975718677043915,
-0.21343043446540833,
0.15708990395069122,
-0.5465220808982849,
-0.6204470992088318,
-0.5007917881011963,
-0.5063728094100952,
0.6878247261047363,
0.09502057731151581,
-0.32109779119491577,
-0.0633145272731781,
-1.0700548887252808,
0.38954800367355347,
0.35659316182136536,
0.03692995756864548,
-0.3929312825202942,
-0.09560191631317139,
0.4680386483669281,
0.2761409282684326,
0.10559860616922379,
0.8220800757408142,
-0.8909230828285217,
0.11806097626686096,
-0.07123776525259018,
-0.5249550342559814,
0.6817951202392578,
0.6019566655158997,
0.660820484161377,
-0.026399942114949226,
0.23049646615982056,
-0.09712076187133789,
0.044332873076200485,
0.3581208288669586,
-0.45828792452812195,
-0.3086642622947693,
0.40738800168037415,
0.009993691928684711,
-0.3932037055492401,
0.5220351219177246,
-0.819964587688446,
-0.28662875294685364,
0.1477484405040741,
-0.7027040719985962,
0.7434688806533813,
-0.05308396369218826,
0.7123399972915649,
0.07837855070829391,
0.6530974507331848,
0.8507006168365479,
-0.6746094226837158,
-0.04785120487213135,
-0.33919286727905273,
0.24072030186653137,
-0.5220199823379517,
0.9747822284698486,
-0.4476128816604614,
-0.48649898171424866,
1.010151982307434,
0.4953889548778534,
-0.1644231230020523,
-0.25311267375946045,
-0.2103702872991562,
0.15728692710399628,
0.1127457544207573,
0.429438978433609,
-0.002614712342619896,
0.19656172394752502,
0.27984923124313354,
-0.5614984631538391,
-0.3907766044139862,
-0.05172136053442955,
-0.624342679977417,
-0.25658920407295227,
-0.5407288670539856,
-0.1954885721206665,
-0.23734979331493378,
-0.3638961613178253,
-0.08834224939346313,
0.48264291882514954,
-0.37275969982147217,
-0.2724412679672241,
0.16534599661827087,
-0.38923102617263794,
-0.5333361029624939,
-0.7218307852745056,
0.6090845465660095,
0.6143702268600464,
0.04000522568821907,
-0.1782098114490509,
0.20375452935695648,
0.4390833079814911,
0.393766850233078,
0.11426977813243866,
-0.8332543969154358,
-0.4556370675563812,
0.17087703943252563,
0.7729899287223816,
-0.8815746903419495,
0.09495864808559418,
-0.7153176069259644,
-0.28805774450302124,
-0.37292608618736267,
0.6084700226783752,
0.4871010482311249,
1.027645230293274,
-0.9216416478157043,
-0.3411095440387726,
0.004658073652535677,
0.07401971518993378,
1.1430124044418335,
-0.5336453914642334,
0.1404709815979004,
0.1246245801448822,
-0.5613734126091003,
-0.05528620257973671,
-0.4996582865715027,
-0.25533032417297363,
-0.07316179573535919,
0.08868042379617691,
-0.5017740726470947,
-0.5959855914115906,
0.6602388620376587,
-0.51746666431427,
0.4277573525905609,
-0.08094990253448486,
-0.45490729808807373,
0.06723295897245407,
-0.07288940995931625,
0.07958075404167175,
0.8134423494338989,
0.1862042099237442,
0.15177014470100403,
0.250436007976532,
-0.06568174064159393,
-0.5614024996757507,
-0.3143514394760132,
0.3531363606452942,
1.0484117269515991,
0.14123250544071198,
-0.253741592168808,
0.03930326923727989,
0.3889983594417572,
0.16124287247657776,
0.5205860137939453,
-1.0905225276947021,
-0.6077131628990173,
0.08262348920106888,
0.27785325050354004,
-0.022558771073818207,
0.24896235764026642,
-0.10209350287914276,
0.026310095563530922,
0.07430648058652878,
0.08241540193557739,
0.024663083255290985,
-0.28195908665657043,
-0.06464684754610062,
0.42707493901252747,
0.40534508228302,
1.1661102771759033,
-0.22590981423854828,
-0.7933506369590759,
0.3277778625488281,
0.2839146554470062,
0.04983773082494736,
0.24872168898582458,
0.20690488815307617,
-0.17813947796821594,
-0.4233211576938629,
-0.6966879963874817,
-0.20925304293632507,
0.14124250411987305,
0.5227208137512207,
0.09172438085079193,
0.5404538512229919,
-0.5467782020568848,
-0.8235836625099182,
0.5943223237991333,
0.6078399419784546,
0.07637999951839447,
-0.052861616015434265,
-0.6575940251350403,
0.16654938459396362,
-0.004013129509985447,
-0.5395343899726868,
0.5760727524757385,
0.2930111289024353,
-0.8144707679748535,
-0.15162011981010437,
0.012245959602296352,
0.32181763648986816,
-0.46541696786880493,
0.017380395904183388,
-0.29123756289482117,
-0.30464571714401245,
0.23974360525608063,
0.24780088663101196,
-0.2787158787250519,
0.09667579084634781,
0.18145452439785004,
-0.25841981172561646,
-0.17713546752929688,
-0.04920169338583946,
0.3043859302997589,
-0.33192384243011475,
0.49307283759117126,
0.3110881745815277,
-0.39101576805114746,
0.5606979131698608,
0.6608346104621887,
-0.004842868074774742,
0.4566636383533478,
-0.4158428907394409,
0.06671106070280075,
-0.6167976260185242,
0.1558021605014801,
-0.2194334715604782,
0.05501645430922508,
-0.17085981369018555,
-0.36827975511550903,
-0.3785805404186249,
0.272124707698822,
0.1145331859588623,
-0.15548095107078552,
0.3331296443939209,
-0.3443557918071747,
0.28177177906036377,
0.16002920269966125,
0.23964083194732666,
0.7268691062927246,
-0.30545079708099365,
0.17173171043395996,
-0.6241375803947449,
0.978221595287323,
-0.2713264226913452,
0.3434174358844757,
0.09573186188936234,
-0.20921184122562408,
-0.4653816223144531,
0.44418251514434814,
-0.40682750940322876,
0.10079900920391083,
0.17538008093833923,
-0.40855520963668823,
-0.5028245449066162,
0.24265779554843903,
0.7916352152824402,
-0.49969202280044556,
-0.8279854655265808,
-0.08580520749092102,
-0.10874645411968231,
0.3042739927768707,
-0.5727023482322693,
-0.056186966598033905,
-0.03366571664810181,
-0.08976352959871292,
-0.7007036805152893,
-0.16024689376354218,
0.036125026643276215,
-0.33177047967910767,
0.1900606006383896,
-0.05779954791069031,
-0.1597803235054016,
-0.09371630847454071,
-0.19826021790504456,
-0.6508309245109558,
0.35882699489593506,
-0.28370925784111023,
0.2374090552330017,
-0.0691291093826294,
-0.4542825222015381,
-0.20177026093006134,
0.5655087232589722,
-5.200380325317383,
-0.7146444320678711,
0.040774259716272354,
0.3659153878688812,
-0.04894191026687622,
0.5113334059715271,
0.16801424324512482,
-0.2180326282978058,
0.024813102558255196,
-0.6208706498146057,
1.1283047199249268,
0.35115864872932434,
-0.13273650407791138,
0.21512554585933685,
0.7364017367362976,
0.6672619581222534,
0.7724267840385437,
-0.23779967427253723,
0.8705344796180725,
-0.1328519731760025,
0.5343917012214661,
0.13375988602638245,
0.005307652056217194,
0.6833223700523376,
-0.2874493896961212,
0.17943847179412842,
-0.17938020825386047,
-0.38042643666267395,
-0.6985176801681519,
-0.05770755186676979,
0.43356022238731384,
-0.43227338790893555,
-0.5075738430023193,
-0.22270701825618744,
-0.4313877820968628,
-0.3774011433124542,
0.27835017442703247,
0.43297073245048523,
0.08178181946277618,
-0.8502790927886963,
-0.396999329328537,
0.34704720973968506,
0.22691436111927032,
-0.4395907521247864,
0.2914904057979584,
-0.40653249621391296,
-0.4106879234313965,
0.6948094964027405,
0.12322982400655746,
1.0599545240402222,
0.05990903079509735,
0.23214079439640045,
0.22973814606666565,
0.14346377551555634,
0.31890881061553955,
0.10334783047437668,
-0.6544668078422546,
0.21806563436985016,
0.003964892588555813,
0.2534060776233673,
0.03585922718048096,
-0.26664698123931885,
0.14259926974773407,
-0.197660893201828,
0.13633377850055695,
-0.22848773002624512,
-0.24161085486412048,
-0.15736643970012665,
-0.11447519809007645,
0.14786432683467865,
-0.21702319383621216,
0.6237337589263916,
-0.35402005910873413,
-0.5562426447868347,
-0.14194269478321075,
-0.5131521224975586,
0.5400679111480713,
0.48512592911720276,
-0.036892086267471313,
0.16266721487045288,
-0.36347532272338867,
-0.32536742091178894,
-0.5130038261413574,
0.3201347589492798,
-0.028168493881821632,
-1.159363031387329,
-0.39347973465919495,
0.07531960308551788,
0.097244493663311,
-0.7847257256507874,
0.3400503695011139,
-0.6277440190315247,
0.4114110469818115,
0.876740038394928,
0.762236475944519,
-0.12536439299583435,
-0.5075206160545349,
0.0611993782222271,
1.0440906286239624,
-0.292247474193573,
0.2391996830701828,
-0.4055372178554535,
0.5745235085487366,
-0.2591477334499359,
-0.16358430683612823,
-0.5589936375617981,
-0.10593736171722412,
-0.6739199757575989,
0.45520657300949097,
-0.5599991083145142,
-0.03295464441180229,
-0.5583996772766113,
-0.0344623364508152,
-0.4103214740753174,
0.31072157621383667,
-0.2562867999076843,
0.3863835632801056,
0.8290042877197266,
0.4338494539260864,
0.5587179064750671,
-0.7213274836540222,
0.43301698565483093,
-0.37144508957862854,
-0.025271311402320862,
-0.16811582446098328,
-0.5666176676750183,
0.36766356229782104,
-0.7372542023658752,
-0.33791783452033997,
0.1975456327199936,
0.3247799873352051,
-0.20527033507823944,
-0.09068112075328827,
0.3860570788383484,
0.34036463499069214,
-0.40664738416671753,
-0.18836714327335358,
-0.5950558185577393,
-0.10184694826602936,
0.20433223247528076,
-0.47406578063964844,
0.0905425027012825,
-0.5996228456497192,
0.5890340209007263,
1.3098615407943726,
0.36949774622917175,
0.5982868671417236,
-0.26509496569633484,
0.46495816111564636,
0.9942941665649414,
-0.7432789206504822,
-0.22920344769954681,
0.5303330421447754,
-0.6970528960227966,
-0.0627579614520073,
0.01103154569864273,
0.3468800485134125,
0.28679078817367554,
-0.641393780708313,
0.19810283184051514,
-0.17568010091781616,
-0.3315744996070862,
-0.6121659278869629,
-0.6331194043159485,
0.2883448302745819,
0.05962187796831131,
-0.7415114045143127,
-0.7275122404098511,
0.46873727440834045,
0.002922606887295842,
0.2956928610801697,
-0.49622172117233276,
-0.5276917815208435,
-0.16603831946849823,
-0.1542641669511795,
0.20989996194839478,
-0.8333027362823486,
-0.3790613114833832,
-0.39308348298072815,
0.001274068490602076,
-0.3587035834789276,
0.16147291660308838,
-0.2411760836839676,
0.5778525471687317,
0.20452536642551422,
0.3644271790981293,
-0.7674722075462341,
-0.032810840755701065,
0.018431685864925385,
0.036229852586984634,
-0.07439327985048294,
-0.19103415310382843,
0.1494237184524536,
0.019126035273075104,
-1.1055285930633545,
0.6549965143203735,
-0.2527344524860382,
0.5206196904182434,
0.74234938621521,
-0.944443941116333,
0.2988235056400299,
0.5132057070732117,
-0.995008647441864,
-0.1462426632642746,
0.3147071301937103,
-0.7034958004951477,
0.1682870239019394,
-0.3652939796447754,
0.3581390380859375,
0.7605084180831909,
-0.32385775446891785,
-1.0159085988998413,
0.4068887531757355,
0.9258960485458374,
-0.07404998689889908,
-0.12409083545207977,
-0.3927416503429413,
-0.2040022760629654,
-0.11770668625831604,
-0.846544086933136,
-0.6145743727684021,
-0.3570290803909302,
0.131423220038414,
-0.2980527877807617,
-0.7524604797363281,
0.5115980505943298,
0.49421584606170654,
-0.29029494524002075,
0.15810735523700714,
-0.296040415763855,
-0.4008459746837616,
0.1839424967765808,
-0.7303557991981506,
-0.16006509959697723,
0.6677639484405518,
0.028367705643177032,
-0.4983043968677521,
-0.08386728912591934,
0.2483786642551422,
0.7846636176109314,
0.47023147344589233,
0.552783727645874,
0.3216523826122284,
-0.37153857946395874,
0.1335768699645996,
0.1229729875922203,
0.611579954624176,
-0.23440955579280853,
-0.3111399710178375,
-0.12091957032680511,
-0.0950440913438797,
-0.7418243885040283,
-0.7777295112609863,
-0.7402108907699585,
0.9814297556877136,
-0.5221177339553833,
0.7581827640533447,
-0.377607136964798,
0.25124484300613403,
0.013480423018336296,
0.21597285568714142,
0.18307434022426605,
-1.0379332304000854,
-0.1007448062300682,
0.7674788236618042,
0.4739634692668915,
-0.6614755988121033,
-0.28369975090026855,
0.448251873254776,
0.6215050220489502,
-0.02693938836455345,
0.17596037685871124,
0.4369554817676544,
0.13866101205348969,
-0.1057116761803627,
0.35686546564102173,
0.11755217611789703,
-0.4737281799316406,
1.0696653127670288,
0.39052674174308777,
-0.7305898666381836,
0.5953161120414734,
-0.283466100692749,
-0.7235556840896606,
-0.03763280063867569,
-0.8694576025009155,
-0.053185902535915375,
-0.7311347723007202,
0.18370257318019867,
0.10849647969007492,
0.18119022250175476,
-0.15541279315948486,
0.4519678056240082,
0.21035422384738922,
0.09696155041456223,
0.18445120751857758,
0.14935794472694397,
0.074187733232975,
0.010357818566262722,
0.6648575663566589,
-0.2898328900337219,
0.6670099496841431,
-0.5615062117576599,
0.14978894591331482,
0.12101450562477112,
0.40169551968574524,
0.19098438322544098,
-0.1467290073633194,
-0.05334329232573509,
0.18745380640029907,
-0.057048771530389786,
-0.8714179992675781,
0.5427268743515015,
0.34398090839385986,
-0.2924145758152008,
0.0722336545586586,
0.7877676486968994,
-0.5123378038406372,
0.089539535343647,
0.0046607558615505695,
-0.04126260429620743,
-0.08914685994386673,
0.41790905594825745,
0.21523375809192657,
-0.2936888635158539,
0.34577593207359314,
-0.41924619674682617,
-0.2396828532218933,
-0.15658500790596008,
1.014641523361206,
0.06893424689769745,
-0.3127416968345642,
-0.4621056914329529,
0.851101815700531,
-0.6925593018531799,
-0.1600290834903717,
0.8957022428512573,
-0.35672420263290405,
-0.3081415891647339,
0.8693521022796631,
0.5978785157203674,
-0.05528324097394943,
-0.5273178815841675,
-0.776164710521698,
-0.07121605426073074,
0.4623419940471649,
-0.052548717707395554,
0.12980394065380096,
0.2746085524559021,
0.20512622594833374,
0.559424102306366,
0.2347617894411087,
0.35774746537208557,
-0.416343629360199,
0.3000674545764923,
0.6672870516777039,
0.7814176678657532,
-0.09944789856672287,
0.2973563075065613,
-0.27740025520324707,
0.08254072815179825,
0.14653614163398743,
0.11122353374958038,
0.01009304914623499,
-0.820117175579071,
0.29830873012542725,
0.025928035378456116,
0.21450664103031158,
0.4149322211742401,
-0.26196587085723877,
0.31044861674308777,
0.4140767455101013,
-0.43468785285949707,
-0.30924171209335327,
-0.05010385066270828,
0.056884728372097015,
0.1038835346698761,
0.1945299506187439,
0.43837788701057434,
-0.27041131258010864,
-0.8327013254165649,
0.08903805166482925,
-0.3203619122505188,
-0.5387279987335205,
0.04842827096581459,
0.22748492658138275,
-0.3657971918582916,
0.34406548738479614,
-0.18665795028209686,
0.578411340713501,
0.6737743020057678,
0.09861643612384796,
-0.483788400888443,
-0.40567705035209656,
-0.2679435908794403,
-0.42895936965942383,
0.16851526498794556,
0.3538181185722351,
0.010498697869479656,
-0.335155725479126,
-0.13624583184719086,
0.6078191995620728,
0.02254630997776985,
0.4959515929222107,
0.03707089647650719,
0.04418530687689781,
-0.24710893630981445,
0.24292683601379395,
-0.4671422243118286,
-0.646091639995575,
0.525894820690155,
-0.6826622486114502,
-0.5632825493812561,
-0.3924172818660736,
-0.40663471817970276,
0.05059143528342247,
0.12564623355865479,
-0.747802734375,
-0.2619944214820862,
-0.16951973736286163,
0.30818501114845276,
-0.0142200393602252,
-0.23785610496997833,
0.21806879341602325,
-0.8630088567733765,
0.12686631083488464,
-0.35413217544555664,
-0.31617751717567444,
-0.519088625907898,
0.6912512183189392,
0.10405883193016052,
0.20206649601459503,
-0.3467525541782379,
0.5114989876747131,
-0.04584280773997307,
-0.2091023474931717,
-0.16563302278518677,
0.11242379248142242,
0.14858849346637726,
-0.09273204952478409,
-0.22789382934570312,
0.19517332315444946,
0.6718806028366089,
-0.22536498308181763,
0.7159121036529541,
0.23807913064956665,
-0.3265470564365387,
-0.27840790152549744,
-0.16232384741306305,
0.6790356636047363,
0.4174700081348419,
-0.3152826428413391,
0.4407086968421936,
0.21167239546775818,
0.5327774286270142,
-0.3688654601573944,
0.6778688430786133,
-0.48658937215805054,
0.3672133684158325,
0.14512549340724945
] |
232314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounging | Lounging | Lounging or Loungin' may refer to:
"Loungin'", a song from Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 1
"Loungin", a song by LL Cool J
"Loungin'", a song by Aim from his album FabricLive.17
See also
Lounge (disambiguation) | [
0.60463947057724,
0.27158981561660767,
-0.44011691212654114,
-0.10850992053747177,
0.15914727747440338,
0.17260052263736725,
-0.16398929059505463,
0.32174426317214966,
-0.47333642840385437,
-0.6259288787841797,
0.07383808493614197,
0.5791473388671875,
-0.373390793800354,
-0.16035722196102142,
-0.6385712027549744,
0.8074387311935425,
0.43541476130485535,
0.11194552481174469,
0.0069110761396586895,
-0.6020715236663818,
-0.07957889884710312,
0.4295841455459595,
-0.06797035783529282,
-0.3215130865573883,
-0.2187936007976532,
0.09538751095533371,
-0.07400194555521011,
0.18626625835895538,
-0.4478588402271271,
-0.02183721959590912,
0.12258127331733704,
0.8585643172264099,
0.4570229947566986,
-0.3722260296344757,
0.2853621542453766,
-0.07430509477853775,
0.4852851629257202,
-0.46509990096092224,
0.3131848871707916,
-0.6719256043434143,
0.3924427926540375,
-0.41277047991752625,
0.5085583925247192,
0.3142754137516022,
-0.00724556390196085,
-0.261007696390152,
-1.422352910041809,
0.15499846637248993,
-0.3981267511844635,
-0.24318400025367737,
-0.1989859938621521,
0.5986317992210388,
0.2977831959724426,
0.5718996524810791,
0.12418528646230698,
0.487630158662796,
-0.22009339928627014,
0.1774541437625885,
0.07665744423866272,
-0.26531970500946045,
0.7325270175933838,
0.3914044499397278,
-0.2834021747112274,
-0.3261469304561615,
-0.09096328914165497,
0.2167140394449234,
0.013391592539846897,
0.25482532382011414,
0.2772602438926697,
-0.5790594220161438,
-0.7238022089004517,
-0.36963963508605957,
-0.2223471850156784,
-0.29186689853668213,
0.15791583061218262,
0.16953681409358978,
0.33548450469970703,
-0.16630621254444122,
0.42636555433273315,
0.1075708270072937,
-0.05919107794761658,
0.5171987414360046,
0.9815523028373718,
0.4755311608314514,
0.41058218479156494,
-0.006530007813125849,
-0.5817244052886963,
0.11277423799037933,
-0.14642219245433807,
0.34109461307525635,
0.15980052947998047,
-0.372039794921875,
0.2102779597043991,
0.7515571117401123,
-0.3470611572265625,
-0.03466681391000748,
0.4178432524204254,
-0.054308947175741196,
0.3768375813961029,
0.3102518916130066,
-0.12738701701164246,
-0.42085403203964233,
0.5044026970863342,
0.4667587876319885,
-0.19496439397335052,
-0.08811651170253754,
-0.09417437016963959,
-0.5030733346939087,
0.5906208753585815,
-0.3705779016017914,
-0.22647584974765778,
0.4843236207962036,
0.40811610221862793,
-0.4009588956832886,
0.09582332521677017,
-0.15418007969856262,
-0.22824765741825104,
-0.38187065720558167,
-0.727813720703125,
0.2820965647697449,
0.1115846335887909,
0.2718699872493744,
0.4897747039794922,
-0.10733963549137115,
-0.1226176992058754,
-0.029453624039888382,
0.5197380781173706,
0.6600748896598816,
-0.3524749279022217,
0.18921276926994324,
0.5252806544303894,
0.4606786370277405,
0.38516080379486084,
-0.12169913202524185,
-0.16767659783363342,
-0.05286223441362381,
0.7020629048347473,
0.11504168808460236,
0.4743143320083618,
0.23927615582942963,
-0.7066742181777954,
-0.3665706515312195,
-0.8201096057891846,
-0.6347891688346863,
0.47784921526908875,
-0.3660084009170532,
0.42352914810180664,
-0.08716496080160141,
0.059755995869636536,
-0.16222617030143738,
0.5578174591064453,
0.01105067040771246,
-0.24557174742221832,
0.04543166235089302,
-0.2012861669063568,
-0.02607952244579792,
0.07459412515163422,
-0.7499792575836182,
-0.05303116515278816,
-0.039135005325078964,
-0.17570577561855316,
0.32121166586875916,
-0.8471952080726624,
-0.4727855324745178,
-0.267706960439682,
-0.23805221915245056,
-0.16202950477600098,
0.2542863190174103,
-0.22445744276046753,
0.5157382488250732,
-0.4712284803390503,
0.6705787181854248,
-0.25720152258872986,
-0.5063927173614502,
-0.34352001547813416,
0.5145266056060791,
0.786014974117279,
0.2350768744945526,
0.37984949350357056,
0.3824065327644348,
-0.3540021479129791,
0.008738916367292404,
0.5799232125282288,
-0.07205336540937424,
0.1702200174331665,
-0.33993616700172424,
0.33723562955856323,
-0.2178432047367096,
0.11318043619394302,
-0.1391705721616745,
-0.7814260721206665,
-0.6939021944999695,
0.46642082929611206,
-0.1836550533771515,
1.0040478706359863,
0.1836528331041336,
-0.5263819098472595,
0.5745136141777039,
0.24159349501132965,
0.13627636432647705,
-0.26898154616355896,
0.051453977823257446,
0.3768649101257324,
0.028514597564935684,
-1.0898144245147705,
0.806712806224823,
-0.01647794619202614,
-0.20824983716011047,
-0.32545605301856995,
0.24819569289684296,
0.6152772307395935,
-0.23672835528850555,
-0.04091935604810715,
-0.303046852350235,
-0.3176802396774292,
-0.1288091093301773,
-0.37463244795799255,
0.4503847360610962,
-0.4755253493785858,
-0.516679048538208,
0.15668420493602753,
0.06697487831115723,
-0.03381344676017761,
0.31286004185676575,
0.1756679117679596,
0.9266984462738037,
-0.36339637637138367,
0.4229379892349243,
0.4570046663284302,
-0.41640934348106384,
-0.025854770094156265,
0.0006434718961827457,
-0.03806038945913315,
-0.18913906812667847,
-0.4157557785511017,
0.5213349461555481,
0.5481244921684265,
-0.26996198296546936,
0.05816943943500519,
-0.23767903447151184,
-0.3394272029399872,
0.41649097204208374,
-0.49541574716567993,
0.052950140088796616,
-0.2911803126335144,
-0.2841183543205261,
-0.7909794449806213,
0.06861591339111328,
-0.2157665491104126,
0.04311366006731987,
0.6116102337837219,
0.4872875213623047,
0.23698841035366058,
0.15247195959091187,
0.06049162149429321,
0.30882424116134644,
-0.5054342746734619,
0.21543937921524048,
0.19288893043994904,
-0.3147869110107422,
-0.43476244807243347,
-0.1955603063106537,
0.5080791711807251,
-0.08501771837472916,
-0.4532517194747925,
-0.5566064715385437,
-0.4400039613246918,
-0.04718076065182686,
0.2011469304561615,
0.4666948616504669,
-0.004328788723796606,
0.48472610116004944,
-0.6425977945327759,
-0.05346935987472534,
-0.4823280870914459,
-0.3880976736545563,
0.424167662858963,
-0.06811510771512985,
-0.2135837972164154,
-0.664803147315979,
0.21811425685882568,
0.4730687439441681,
0.755497932434082,
-0.4866843521595001,
-0.576039731502533,
-0.1992335319519043,
0.42087212204933167,
0.20507307350635529,
0.31497299671173096,
-0.3634355664253235,
0.3774411976337433,
0.4457250237464905,
0.31664207577705383,
0.3155722916126251,
0.7266099452972412,
0.4175872206687927,
0.1942977011203766,
0.30518391728401184,
0.2961520552635193,
-0.6378718614578247,
-0.11483168601989746,
-0.30490151047706604,
0.1808091104030609,
-0.19113044440746307,
0.2530527412891388,
-0.45820197463035583,
-0.37145355343818665,
-0.6535274982452393,
-5.759665012359619,
0.4853772222995758,
-0.46883973479270935,
-0.12553873658180237,
0.07789744436740875,
0.021843379363417625,
0.45921090245246887,
-0.7217041850090027,
-0.4782213270664215,
0.048153672367334366,
-0.6470942497253418,
0.05501687899231911,
0.27115651965141296,
-0.10869741439819336,
0.4915119409561157,
0.3520297408103943,
0.42360737919807434,
-0.13445280492305756,
-0.11532916873693466,
0.20855329930782318,
0.2064034640789032,
0.25864434242248535,
-0.14193683862686157,
0.7390782833099365,
0.19894473254680634,
0.7287423014640808,
-0.5067844986915588,
0.026512155309319496,
-0.22056570649147034,
-0.03737258166074753,
0.16751407086849213,
0.1791200190782547,
0.06809859722852707,
-0.4234844744205475,
0.2182127833366394,
0.4499675929546356,
0.5131824016571045,
0.0767599418759346,
0.6291126012802124,
0.17874565720558167,
-0.3117145001888275,
0.32510727643966675,
0.4694105088710785,
-0.3307761251926422,
0.3191388249397278,
0.12156324088573456,
-0.31466910243034363,
-0.21197813749313354,
-0.20916402339935303,
0.3394421637058258,
0.09129984676837921,
-0.5890296697616577,
0.18068355321884155,
0.3353721499443054,
0.24989823997020721,
-0.9482913017272949,
0.13578347861766815,
0.2618682086467743,
0.03693367913365364,
0.024958761408925056,
0.5172640085220337,
-0.8987616300582886,
-0.008671593852341175,
-0.5798199772834778,
-0.059413015842437744,
-0.36311009526252747,
-0.32700106501579285,
-0.1918344646692276,
0.7269760370254517,
0.9364973902702332,
-0.014491716399788857,
0.089347243309021,
0.5450777411460876,
-0.9841315150260925,
0.2455427348613739,
-0.08209674805402756,
-0.49230828881263733,
0.3345968723297119,
-0.08427228033542633,
0.3984310030937195,
0.3607669770717621,
-0.19278717041015625,
-0.43686702847480774,
0.205893874168396,
-0.061114601790905,
-0.47119009494781494,
-0.8341338634490967,
0.25176024436950684,
-0.7738429307937622,
0.04267890751361847,
0.6106698513031006,
0.08957166224718094,
-0.023579176515340805,
0.1878499686717987,
0.31394508481025696,
0.8920288681983948,
0.2453830987215042,
-0.04522572457790375,
0.24710330367088318,
-0.17689891159534454,
0.7094907760620117,
-0.3760351836681366,
0.5577777028083801,
-0.32312220335006714,
-0.1267523169517517,
-0.19364123046398163,
-0.24069249629974365,
0.15897510945796967,
1.112473726272583,
0.18493187427520752,
-0.20620517432689667,
0.024195997044444084,
-0.2875235080718994,
-0.47432318329811096,
0.3854292035102844,
-0.12393869459629059,
-0.2591190040111542,
-0.187047079205513,
0.10184644907712936,
-0.16816803812980652,
0.4130460321903229,
-0.4151371419429779,
-0.09181292355060577,
-0.5133125185966492,
-0.7394953966140747,
-0.07190405577421188,
0.43013256788253784,
-0.2741614580154419,
0.07821165025234222,
0.28868556022644043,
0.07269958406686783,
0.14317092299461365,
0.1818481832742691,
0.2072755992412567,
-0.3616008460521698,
-0.535159707069397,
-0.371557354927063,
0.16175271570682526,
-0.002426680875942111,
-0.8034049272537231,
-0.04799685999751091,
-0.6031376123428345,
0.05997910350561142,
-0.10746029764413834,
0.6458851099014282,
0.8588389754295349,
-0.09873656928539276,
-0.5378099679946899,
-0.4214397668838501,
0.6401242613792419,
-0.07325631380081177,
-0.020777646452188492,
0.010223961435258389,
-0.5776334404945374,
-0.1485481858253479,
-0.13319911062717438,
-0.24681687355041504,
0.060968052595853806,
0.37388038635253906,
-0.5337292551994324,
0.23761795461177826,
-0.2420009821653366,
-1.1043449640274048,
0.006335476879030466,
-0.875105619430542,
0.32223331928253174,
0.2336035817861557,
-1.014706015586853,
-0.3901803493499756,
0.7770845293998718,
-0.0685347244143486,
-0.006407407112419605,
-0.24471890926361084,
-0.29939886927604675,
0.40373730659484863,
-0.26628515124320984,
0.2824823558330536,
0.13579018414020538,
0.05430805683135986,
-0.40592262148857117,
-0.4317264258861542,
-0.3311399221420288,
0.05704347789287567,
-0.21468596160411835,
0.2040421962738037,
-0.585154116153717,
0.004478404298424721,
0.29385510087013245,
-0.4397450387477875,
-0.16142122447490692,
-0.23514987528324127,
0.23249129951000214,
0.6857663989067078,
-0.30239781737327576,
-0.05647140368819237,
-0.2890758216381073,
-0.31538957357406616,
0.4375109374523163,
-0.7412281632423401,
-0.3876769244670868,
0.32086825370788574,
0.08573757112026215,
-0.2642156779766083,
0.36585965752601624,
0.2878439426422119,
-0.6010703444480896,
0.20961400866508484,
-0.3667987883090973,
-1.1615655422210693,
0.3136436343193054,
-0.5268011093139648,
-0.2572213113307953,
0.32370758056640625,
0.13817685842514038,
-0.27646318078041077,
0.09049689024686813,
0.2759163975715637,
-0.1183370053768158,
-0.2935481369495392,
-0.5644219517707825,
0.29406189918518066,
0.08219659328460693,
-0.7518112063407898,
0.2777816653251648,
-0.7390831708908081,
-0.0343719981610775,
-0.01567733660340309,
-0.8548493385314941,
0.41776224970817566,
-0.3506433367729187,
-0.31286734342575073,
-0.020599037408828735,
0.28358712792396545,
0.04543468728661537,
-0.5002317428588867,
0.13646456599235535,
0.027554035186767578,
0.27738338708877563,
0.2935558259487152,
0.03216007351875305,
0.4190749526023865,
0.922679603099823,
0.06688247621059418,
-0.42548301815986633,
-0.3694913387298584,
0.19927170872688293,
0.2726256847381592,
-0.34297773241996765,
-0.5317150950431824,
0.30903851985931396,
0.20160411298274994,
-0.9355707168579102,
-0.18939712643623352,
-0.03910944238305092,
0.554124116897583,
-0.6998342871665955,
-0.3982899487018585,
-0.035359255969524384,
0.6153560280799866,
0.8294338583946228,
0.30123040080070496,
0.1358320415019989,
-0.5516379475593567,
0.002356594195589423,
-0.1346694380044937,
0.037195898592472076,
0.5642288327217102,
0.38708773255348206,
0.39812755584716797,
-0.3568195700645447,
0.06267905235290527,
0.1533009558916092,
0.36072129011154175,
0.1537596583366394,
0.49031391739845276,
-0.33189693093299866,
-0.0876120999455452,
-0.5533589124679565,
0.10124807059764862,
0.13985612988471985,
-0.05111805722117424,
-0.056279636919498444,
-0.00812871940433979,
-0.3559775650501251,
0.19783370196819305,
-0.22118525207042694,
0.06302759051322937,
-0.005578435491770506,
-0.27792641520500183,
-0.2960761487483978,
-0.27810993790626526,
0.42570188641548157,
0.5342985391616821,
0.6350739002227783,
-0.09172001481056213,
0.26879066228866577,
0.5146463513374329,
-0.11694514751434326,
-0.16387371718883514,
-0.22631222009658813,
-0.6816046833992004,
0.4649219512939453,
-0.34521862864494324,
-0.5101726651191711,
0.2365829199552536,
-0.38069432973861694,
0.3278041481971741,
-0.36028674244880676,
-0.39225390553474426,
0.1299937218427658,
0.4348033666610718,
0.25337889790534973,
-0.0863700807094574,
0.9222978353500366,
-0.14496640861034393,
-0.39201149344444275,
0.23088985681533813,
0.180069699883461,
-0.011591731570661068,
0.715785562992096,
-0.06813009083271027,
-0.38874661922454834,
0.982830286026001,
0.07298015803098679,
0.1939913034439087,
-0.08511320501565933,
0.04867441579699516,
-0.24394507706165314,
0.9357733130455017,
0.33553174138069153,
0.3036642372608185,
0.025663157925009727,
-0.03935831040143967,
0.5577681064605713,
0.10411914438009262,
-0.2748079299926758,
0.16372448205947876,
-0.5658387541770935,
-0.7559176683425903,
0.19420014321804047,
0.26917964220046997,
-0.1125979945063591,
-0.257322758436203,
0.3383767604827881,
0.21896053850650787,
-0.27386319637298584,
0.10795764625072479,
-0.26973196864128113,
-0.15732444822788239,
-0.4680382311344147,
-0.2134677767753601,
0.10731691867113113,
0.18618446588516235,
-0.38678881525993347,
0.44096437096595764,
-0.6889216899871826,
0.3433021008968353,
-0.2030613124370575,
-0.6660783886909485,
-0.13518381118774414,
0.2787131071090698,
-0.00011008757428498939,
0.17531998455524445,
-0.6474235653877258,
0.30220139026641846,
-0.31748685240745544,
0.19038572907447815,
-0.20744985342025757,
-0.20185790956020355,
0.26636719703674316,
0.31108832359313965,
0.7493630051612854,
-0.11530731618404388,
0.4200272560119629,
0.4407093822956085,
-0.2592325210571289,
0.07244454324245453,
0.5776412487030029,
0.24196065962314606,
0.14324048161506653,
0.39244505763053894,
0.09111335873603821,
-0.14327919483184814,
-0.3952076733112335,
0.4177383780479431,
-0.20484867691993713,
0.37684303522109985,
0.1726614236831665,
-0.10555598884820938,
-0.41854819655418396,
0.16692042350769043,
-0.690700352191925,
-0.6692807078361511,
-0.2058989703655243,
0.041890643537044525,
-0.6744203567504883,
-0.27555814385414124,
1.1247823238372803,
0.42518991231918335,
-0.2034369260072708,
0.011249830946326256,
-0.06375551968812943,
0.06359632313251495,
0.17790450155735016,
-0.4733145236968994,
0.018485678359866142,
-0.40629875659942627,
-0.20140670239925385,
-0.3402369022369385,
1.058312177658081,
0.33443188667297363,
-0.30310848355293274,
0.06249670311808586,
0.20856493711471558,
0.08916913717985153,
0.08490394055843353,
0.48608511686325073,
-0.9107435941696167,
-0.10797302424907684,
-0.2623595595359802,
0.3163410425186157,
0.8026202917098999,
0.22975264489650726,
0.3298169672489166,
-0.02130907215178013,
-0.20185154676437378,
-0.15222379565238953,
-0.3793283998966217,
-0.08944859355688095,
0.6479792594909668,
-0.42280831933021545,
0.39619266986846924,
-0.8390522599220276,
-0.029642455279827118,
0.05430348217487335,
-0.37570732831954956,
0.307932049036026,
0.03279733657836914,
0.3186955451965332,
0.13870364427566528,
0.42701324820518494,
-0.3598763942718506,
-0.3369365930557251,
0.24957260489463806,
-1.28043532371521,
-0.14479267597198486,
0.07397373765707016,
0.04728134348988533,
0.01728283241391182,
0.5206531882286072,
-0.009467002935707569,
-0.311755508184433,
-0.01750231347978115,
-0.12241832166910172,
0.07786981016397476,
-0.1524641215801239,
-0.003966388758271933,
-0.25288334488868713,
-0.29707029461860657,
-0.03516006097197533
] |
232315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerically-controlled%20oscillator | Numerically-controlled oscillator | A numerically-controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which creates a synchronous (i.e. clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a waveform, usually sinusoidal. NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synthesizer (DDS).
Numerically-controlled oscillators offer several advantages over other types of oscillators in terms of agility, accuracy, stability and reliability. NCOs are used in many communications systems including digital up/down converters used in 3G wireless and software radio systems, digital phase-locked loops, radar systems, drivers for optical or acoustic transmissions, and multilevel FSK/PSK modulators/demodulators.
Operation
An NCO generally consists of two parts:
A phase accumulator (PA), which adds to the value held at its output a frequency control value at each clock sample.
A phase-to-amplitude converter (PAC), which uses the phase accumulator output word (phase word) usually as an index into a waveform look-up table (LUT) to provide a corresponding amplitude sample. Sometimes interpolation is used with the look-up table to provide better accuracy and reduce phase error noise. Other methods of converting phase to amplitude, including mathematical algorithms such as power series can be used, particularly in a software NCO.
When clocked, the phase accumulator (PA) creates a modulo-2N sawtooth waveform which is then converted by the phase-to-amplitude converter (PAC) to a sampled sinusoid, where N is the number of bits carried in the phase accumulator. N sets the NCO frequency resolution and is normally much larger than the number of bits defining the memory space of the PAC look-up table. If the PAC capacity is 2M, the PA output word must be truncated to M bits as shown in Figure 1. However, the truncated bits can be used for interpolation. The truncation of the phase output word does not affect the frequency accuracy but produces a time-varying periodic phase error which is a primary source of spurious products. Another spurious product generation mechanism is finite word length effects of the PAC output (amplitude) word.
The frequency accuracy relative to the clock frequency is limited only by the precision of the arithmetic used to compute the phase. NCOs are phase- and frequency-agile, and can be trivially modified to produce a phase-modulated or frequency-modulated output by summation at the appropriate node, or provide quadrature outputs as shown in the figure.
Phase accumulator
A binary phase accumulator consists of an N-bit binary adder and a register configured as shown in Figure 1. Each clock cycle produces a new N-bit output consisting of the previous output obtained from the register summed with the frequency control word (FCW) which is constant for a given output frequency. The resulting output waveform is a staircase with step size , the integer value of the FCW. In some configurations, the phase output is taken from the output of the register which introduces a one clock cycle latency but allows the adder to operate at a higher clock rate.
The adder is designed to overflow when the sum of the absolute value of its operands exceeds its capacity (2N−1). The overflow bit is discarded so the output word width is always equal to its input word width. The remainder , called the residual, is stored in the register and the cycle repeats, starting this time from (see figure 2). Since a phase accumulator is a finite state machine, eventually the residual at some sample K must return to the initial value . The interval K is referred to as the grand repetition rate (GRR) given by
where GCD is the greatest common divisor function. The GRR represents the true periodicity for a given which for a high resolution NCO can be very long. Usually we are more interested in the operating frequency determined by the average overflow rate, given by
(1)
The frequency resolution, defined as the smallest possible incremental change in frequency, is given by
(2)
Equation (1) shows that the phase accumulator can be thought of as a programmable non-integer frequency divider of divide ratio .
Phase-to-amplitude converter
The phase-amplitude converter creates the sample-domain waveform from the truncated phase output word received from the PA. The PAC can be a simple read only memory containing 2M contiguous samples of the desired output waveform which typically is a sinusoid. Often though, various tricks are employed to reduce the amount of memory required. This include various trigonometric expansions, trigonometric approximations and methods which take advantage of the quadrature symmetry exhibited by sinusoids. Alternatively, the PAC may consist of random access memory which can be filled as desired to create an arbitrary waveform generator.
Spurious products
Spurious products are the result of harmonic or non-harmonic distortion in the creation of the output waveform due to non-linear numerical effects in the signal processing chain. Only numerical errors are covered here. For other distortion mechanisms created in the digital-to-analog converter see the corresponding section in the direct-digital synthesizer article.
Phase truncation spurs
The number of phase accumulator bits of an NCO (N) is usually between 16 and 64. If the PA output word were used directly to index the PAC look-up table an untenably high storage capacity in the ROM would be required. As such, the PA output word must be truncated to span a reasonable memory space. Truncation of the phase word causes phase modulation of the output sinusoid which introduces non-harmonic distortion in proportion to the number of bits truncated. The number of spurious products created by this distortion is given by:
(3)
where W is the number of bits truncated.
In calculating the spurious-free dynamic range, we are interested in the spurious product with the largest amplitude relative to the carrier output level given by:
where P is the size of the phase-to-amplitude converter's lookup table in bits, i.e., M in Figure 1. For W >4,
Another related spurious generation method is the slight modulation due to the GRR outlined above. The amplitude of these spurs is low for large N and their frequency is generally too low to be detectable but they may cause issues for some applications.
One way to reduce the truncation in the address lookup is to have several smaller lookup tables in parallel and use the upper bits to index into the tables and the lower bits to weigh them for linear or quadratic interpolation. Ie use a 24-bit phase accumulator to look up into two 16-bit LUTS. Address into the truncated 16 MSBs, and that plus 1. Linearly interpolate using the 8 LSBs as weights. (One could instead use 3 LUTs instead and quadratically interpolate). This can result in decreased distortion for the same amount of memory at the cost of some multipliers.
Amplitude truncation spurs
Another source of spurious products is the amplitude quantization of the sampled waveform contained in the PAC look up table(s). If the number of DAC bits is P, the
AM spur level is approximately equal to −6.02 P − 1.76 dBc.
Mitigation techniques
Phase truncation spurs can be reduced substantially by the introduction of white gaussian noise prior to truncation. The so-called dither noise is summed into the lower W+1 bits of the PA output word to linearize the truncation operation. Often the improvement can be achieved without penalty because the DAC noise floor tends to dominate system performance. Amplitude truncation spurs can not be mitigated in this fashion. Introduction of noise into the static values held in the PAC ROMs would not eliminate the cyclicality of the truncation error terms and thus would not achieve the desired effect.
See also
Digital-to-analog converter (DAC)
Digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)
Direct digital synthesis (DDS)
References
Digital signal processing
Synthesizers
Electronic oscillators
Digital electronics | [
-0.05095011368393898,
0.3244534730911255,
-0.004701822996139526,
0.4015716016292572,
-0.32172882556915283,
0.2036755084991455,
-0.17140302062034607,
0.22050507366657257,
-0.36436304450035095,
0.21649211645126343,
-0.4408780038356781,
0.5969468951225281,
-0.43416595458984375,
0.4863210916519165,
-0.01567559503018856,
0.10881036520004272,
0.5885419845581055,
-0.1451982706785202,
-0.2710311710834503,
-0.4532005488872528,
0.16739629209041595,
0.12565453350543976,
0.05779103934764862,
-0.20972898602485657,
0.01606091298162937,
0.024455757811665535,
-0.31237101554870605,
-0.1889456957578659,
0.028082657605409622,
0.1166764348745346,
0.074591726064682,
1.059989333152771,
0.2299889177083969,
-0.2574121654033661,
0.14409179985523224,
0.46683186292648315,
-0.11758465319871902,
-0.02044898271560669,
-0.1492440551519394,
-0.5003013610839844,
0.6364375948905945,
-0.2722233235836029,
0.04776766896247864,
0.20647764205932617,
-0.815361499786377,
-0.2618113160133362,
-1.020381212234497,
-0.012383234687149525,
-0.5577976703643799,
-0.4656401574611664,
-0.5557264685630798,
0.20914815366268158,
0.22102342545986176,
0.5896872282028198,
0.1529441922903061,
-0.03789403289556503,
-0.4958454370498657,
-0.35332053899765015,
0.30769774317741394,
-0.18257658183574677,
-0.08511126041412354,
-0.4742313027381897,
-0.6488161683082581,
-0.19203639030456543,
0.21674491465091705,
-0.003907079808413982,
0.15811075270175934,
0.018100911751389503,
-0.5621844530105591,
-0.11154430359601974,
-0.3566669821739197,
0.01930423639714718,
0.006156868301331997,
-0.2548401355743408,
-0.528517484664917,
-0.11402773857116699,
0.7593778967857361,
-0.154778853058815,
-0.02459740824997425,
0.09329894930124283,
0.13343331217765808,
0.6405928134918213,
1.123073697090149,
-0.4937591552734375,
0.3873851001262665,
0.16313329339027405,
-0.920865535736084,
0.6095249652862549,
-0.7186554074287415,
0.23108017444610596,
-0.3431463837623596,
-0.11230091750621796,
0.24061241745948792,
0.09803260117769241,
-0.1288425624370575,
0.48927006125450134,
0.3463417887687683,
-0.0021561230532824993,
0.47956573963165283,
0.2887647747993469,
0.4407145380973816,
-0.041329290717840195,
0.40022897720336914,
-0.28051021695137024,
0.05997937172651291,
-0.4619081914424896,
-0.3732795715332031,
-0.19895604252815247,
-0.3075226843357086,
-0.011571161448955536,
-0.41191360354423523,
0.21392245590686798,
0.15903836488723755,
-0.2322123497724533,
-0.10842788219451904,
-0.08510210365056992,
0.23279191553592682,
0.7292988896369934,
0.1192847490310669,
0.48313504457473755,
0.5290848016738892,
0.7421709299087524,
-0.06104295328259468,
-0.10923926532268524,
-0.26703572273254395,
0.6632391810417175,
0.24872693419456482,
0.8208621740341187,
-0.4543306231498718,
-0.3429635465145111,
-0.18765412271022797,
1.0668796300888062,
0.10467575490474701,
0.2950544059276581,
-0.07877812534570694,
-0.5196514129638672,
0.1014891117811203,
-0.18147090077400208,
0.12671664357185364,
0.4909844398498535,
-0.1719478815793991,
-0.3670220673084259,
-0.47375452518463135,
-0.36326032876968384,
0.026469094678759575,
-0.017321577295660973,
-0.3984583020210266,
-0.22265158593654633,
0.19835036993026733,
0.1075238510966301,
-0.05250056833028793,
-0.09380695223808289,
-0.9049067497253418,
-0.0637168139219284,
-0.2937758266925812,
-0.6507841348648071,
-0.10933928191661835,
0.29071781039237976,
-0.24353718757629395,
0.2961057722568512,
-0.05527781322598457,
0.07306594401597977,
-0.3332996070384979,
0.13787367939949036,
-0.05635138228535652,
-0.3894627094268799,
0.6814988851547241,
0.388337641954422,
-0.26557913422584534,
0.07748985290527344,
-0.008793162181973457,
-0.07345301657915115,
-0.17831407487392426,
0.2211959958076477,
-0.16465270519256592,
-0.1396365761756897,
0.30394068360328674,
0.4464612603187561,
0.7132453918457031,
-0.027924606576561928,
-0.8758152723312378,
0.11411242932081223,
0.4466365873813629,
-0.32310113310813904,
0.3450469970703125,
0.10315737128257751,
0.03597111999988556,
-0.4329055845737457,
-0.1833866536617279,
-0.27816957235336304,
-0.25986865162849426,
0.12829014658927917,
0.08980213105678558,
-0.3720196485519409,
0.7053990364074707,
0.2421482801437378,
-0.46054312586784363,
0.3570482134819031,
-0.03454850986599922,
0.25897523760795593,
0.1845150887966156,
-0.14895719289779663,
0.29975059628486633,
-0.24438592791557312,
-0.26824796199798584,
0.4733380377292633,
0.6416717171669006,
-0.040538083761930466,
-0.03068970888853073,
-0.47449180483818054,
0.30800867080688477,
-0.4970942735671997,
0.5988690257072449,
-0.06524258852005005,
-0.3374018967151642,
-0.10974830389022827,
-0.7503403425216675,
0.5115640163421631,
-0.14409591257572174,
-0.1426306813955307,
0.39389532804489136,
0.039906106889247894,
-0.21412581205368042,
0.8470706939697266,
-0.6702777147293091,
0.7681679725646973,
0.3237941861152649,
0.17871344089508057,
0.7354541420936584,
-0.4948066174983978,
0.148342564702034,
-0.2160571813583374,
0.04179094731807709,
-0.3573155105113983,
-0.06191505491733551,
0.5099446773529053,
-0.1280289888381958,
-0.4267289638519287,
-0.08205020427703857,
-0.10137329250574112,
0.045432452112436295,
0.21780039370059967,
-0.7748661041259766,
0.05636056885123253,
0.2675994038581848,
-0.0345027819275856,
-0.013120435178279877,
-0.03093015030026436,
-0.02840239182114601,
0.3504446744918823,
-0.12146589159965515,
0.4051103889942169,
0.6442060470581055,
-0.5579237937927246,
-0.28558287024497986,
-0.050781309604644775,
-0.16513106226921082,
-0.24782097339630127,
0.2096104621887207,
0.4335156977176666,
-0.12608478963375092,
-0.24596191942691803,
0.4073488116264343,
-0.6225243210792542,
-0.6415731310844421,
-0.82681804895401,
0.018973901867866516,
0.22020787000656128,
0.17820985615253448,
0.12934119999408722,
0.11584711074829102,
0.16498908400535583,
-0.13499878346920013,
-0.23144198954105377,
-0.8248836398124695,
-0.827296257019043,
-0.3751547634601593,
0.09853187203407288,
-0.5418329834938049,
-0.5238853693008423,
0.7059056758880615,
0.42041900753974915,
-0.1153765320777893,
-0.3066648244857788,
-0.6232978105545044,
-0.25796937942504883,
0.04009660705924034,
-0.1606089025735855,
-0.06971727311611176,
-0.8990771770477295,
-1.037100076675415,
-0.059749212116003036,
-0.3458051383495331,
0.06262146681547165,
0.3834204077720642,
0.697814404964447,
0.06120825931429863,
-0.4375321567058563,
0.40599438548088074,
-0.3572845160961151,
-0.33376413583755493,
0.39469054341316223,
-0.08527365326881409,
0.19900433719158173,
-0.33398279547691345,
-0.14199334383010864,
0.06233721226453781,
0.09440556168556213,
-5.809065341949463,
0.4631316661834717,
-0.27555105090141296,
-0.5734615325927734,
0.016606103628873825,
0.4880078136920929,
0.7365442514419556,
0.16708868741989136,
-0.4067286550998688,
0.40246057510375977,
-0.4813985526561737,
0.06342412531375885,
-0.5244089961051941,
0.5213793516159058,
0.6035355925559998,
-0.032353006303310394,
0.27669626474380493,
-0.308145135641098,
-0.040516238659620285,
0.05625937506556511,
0.06087111309170723,
0.05706605687737465,
0.33055028319358826,
0.0305516105145216,
-0.1608400046825409,
-0.16850346326828003,
-0.34557709097862244,
-0.04207037389278412,
-0.520761251449585,
-0.20725561678409576,
0.06065875664353371,
-0.23419292271137238,
-0.2361229956150055,
-0.4282313585281372,
0.028097687289118767,
0.34435439109802246,
0.5620025396347046,
0.5192040801048279,
0.05485547333955765,
-0.4756709635257721,
-0.06999935954809189,
0.5258551836013794,
0.361430287361145,
0.4341198801994324,
0.5044230818748474,
0.4602701961994171,
-0.032484762370586395,
-0.15536625683307648,
-0.7115010619163513,
0.7852891683578491,
-0.5956147909164429,
-0.03198142349720001,
0.30001240968704224,
-0.29332083463668823,
-0.3982076942920685,
-0.09932128340005875,
0.25077998638153076,
0.1637508124113083,
-0.3052908480167389,
0.5882476568222046,
0.22962142527103424,
-0.21431738138198853,
-0.2062317132949829,
-0.4985669255256653,
-0.6020223498344421,
0.04948633164167404,
-0.9778480529785156,
-0.1411239355802536,
0.9293051362037659,
0.6341008543968201,
0.2514496445655823,
0.26309260725975037,
0.13732416927814484,
-0.566598653793335,
0.43949830532073975,
-0.26466110348701477,
0.5339414477348328,
-0.02375056780874729,
0.35371237993240356,
0.6491560339927673,
-0.275631308555603,
0.029016317799687386,
0.013236479833722115,
0.20089076459407806,
-0.17887325584888458,
0.23085801303386688,
-0.40285784006118774,
0.14678119122982025,
-0.12015779316425323,
-0.26721012592315674,
0.8679057359695435,
0.38134199380874634,
0.40004289150238037,
0.07613038271665573,
0.575126588344574,
0.06157452613115311,
0.5638625025749207,
0.4647400677204132,
0.5812785625457764,
-0.5212095379829407,
0.5081391930580139,
-0.47955507040023804,
0.18114988505840302,
-0.45328548550605774,
-0.019009437412023544,
-0.3078807592391968,
-0.5469508767127991,
0.03736419975757599,
0.5011712908744812,
0.17688816785812378,
-0.18981720507144928,
0.25129780173301697,
-0.26767727732658386,
-0.3542485237121582,
0.027883315458893776,
-0.12899605929851532,
-0.06072856858372688,
0.6591787934303284,
0.6115825772285461,
-0.6166868805885315,
0.2733486592769623,
0.20197629928588867,
0.5713366866111755,
-0.48712825775146484,
-0.22472384572029114,
-0.360263854265213,
-0.35052138566970825,
0.33112356066703796,
-0.1419941931962967,
-0.4045982360839844,
0.42359524965286255,
0.41941171884536743,
-0.26379114389419556,
0.33589401841163635,
0.02417583018541336,
-0.6062074899673462,
-0.7277440428733826,
0.5103504061698914,
0.2648816704750061,
-0.11022985726594925,
0.7642734050750732,
-0.381198525428772,
0.014927998185157776,
-0.3697044551372528,
0.46049028635025024,
0.313513845205307,
-0.07180419564247131,
-0.2994629442691803,
0.13746309280395508,
0.290580689907074,
0.2798347771167755,
-0.6182305216789246,
0.030522726476192474,
-0.39095714688301086,
0.10776425153017044,
0.5245723128318787,
0.1981198936700821,
0.04804978147149086,
0.14526961743831635,
-0.5912602543830872,
0.4835748076438904,
0.2075762003660202,
-0.8449901938438416,
-0.2055329531431198,
0.19768215715885162,
0.4324193596839905,
-1.2005794048309326,
-0.1521354466676712,
0.32921797037124634,
0.750410795211792,
-0.06755556166172028,
-0.48453080654144287,
-0.2708660364151001,
-0.6118903756141663,
0.5547131299972534,
0.17456021904945374,
0.48631516098976135,
0.22376665472984314,
-0.095976322889328,
-0.61673903465271,
0.05803300812840462,
-0.27050328254699707,
-0.5414527058601379,
0.35703209042549133,
0.14303550124168396,
-0.30066585540771484,
0.03490900993347168,
0.500826358795166,
-0.15935879945755005,
-0.1680523008108139,
0.1472197324037552,
-0.12935112416744232,
-0.011130494996905327,
-0.152155801653862,
-0.040045078843832016,
-0.5635882616043091,
-0.15229107439517975,
0.752785861492157,
-0.12947173416614532,
-1.1450400352478027,
-0.017821818590164185,
0.45899465680122375,
-0.18861183524131775,
0.17568166553974152,
0.06073586270213127,
-0.3038022220134735,
0.06980633735656738,
-0.32873326539993286,
-0.45386025309562683,
0.19356681406497955,
-0.1817532628774643,
-0.5012911558151245,
-0.24508552253246307,
0.07649175077676773,
-0.5629658102989197,
0.06319683790206909,
0.3407401144504547,
-0.6188641786575317,
-0.2750818729400635,
0.1674768626689911,
-0.2626095116138458,
0.2166520059108734,
-0.10493253916501999,
0.493796169757843,
-0.1912776529788971,
0.42382240295410156,
-0.19519583880901337,
-0.12131918966770172,
0.7370460629463196,
0.03279024735093117,
-0.6444353461265564,
0.09224385768175125,
-0.1868153214454651,
-0.1252957433462143,
-0.3913430869579315,
-0.12334362417459488,
-0.5958553552627563,
0.1678936779499054,
-0.691451907157898,
0.30687010288238525,
0.5517866611480713,
0.3539244830608368,
-0.022528020665049553,
-0.4107053279876709,
-0.2652449905872345,
0.058058809489011765,
0.371047705411911,
-0.27369511127471924,
-0.5311713814735413,
0.18293698132038116,
0.3241495192050934,
0.045582059770822525,
-0.8081513047218323,
-0.21479134261608124,
0.8662022948265076,
0.3529960811138153,
0.24977782368659973,
-0.4778892695903778,
0.2944033145904541,
-0.041435547173023224,
-0.1237572729587555,
-0.2984077036380768,
-0.17073343694210052,
-0.1629733294248581,
0.20706766843795776,
0.5265659093856812,
-0.35529834032058716,
-0.3435094654560089,
0.6467098593711853,
-0.5080265998840332,
0.5232454538345337,
-0.6083500385284424,
1.1454579830169678,
0.7514650821685791,
0.6012270450592041,
0.17329759895801544,
0.4021880626678467,
-0.05612120032310486,
0.048748988658189774,
-0.09911064058542252,
0.0003059664450120181,
0.14074410498142242,
0.47544944286346436,
-0.44779080152511597,
0.6850142478942871,
-0.10600420832633972,
-0.012187115848064423,
-0.3436621427536011,
-0.1394677460193634,
-0.26167669892311096,
-0.3849000930786133,
0.2813543379306793,
0.030538376420736313,
0.7314890027046204,
-0.055767349898815155,
0.08854523301124573,
0.14900612831115723,
0.18246319890022278,
-0.053582921624183655,
-0.07704766094684601,
-0.49423858523368835,
0.4577500820159912,
0.2642908990383148,
-0.5574847459793091,
0.6520105600357056,
0.014472727663815022,
0.425115704536438,
-0.26079294085502625,
-0.5532203912734985,
-0.466467022895813,
-0.11365750432014465,
-0.09139946103096008,
-0.03386547788977623,
0.5987558960914612,
-0.3766523599624634,
-0.17894241213798523,
0.6583482027053833,
-0.2870507538318634,
0.7000812292098999,
0.5507923364639282,
0.18246670067310333,
-0.038577597588300705,
0.6054825782775879,
0.17905418574810028,
-0.2610054612159729,
0.08596102148294449,
-0.07139819115400314,
-0.4331572949886322,
0.1593567281961441,
-0.2821323275566101,
0.5311432480812073,
0.2440665364265442,
-0.17470446228981018,
0.5195013880729675,
-0.33181801438331604,
-0.28801509737968445,
0.127975195646286,
-0.4522663652896881,
-0.953829288482666,
0.5035529136657715,
0.3235415816307068,
0.44513946771621704,
-0.22793781757354736,
0.3428117334842682,
-0.05855941027402878,
0.07020151615142822,
0.22860687971115112,
0.44030818343162537,
-0.7289831042289734,
0.050934355705976486,
0.10614661127328873,
0.352235347032547,
0.530911386013031,
-0.5292930603027344,
-0.11554242670536041,
0.025758355855941772,
0.4627557098865509,
-0.24032117426395416,
0.660720705986023,
-0.05400810390710831,
-0.08930159360170364,
0.8592480421066284,
0.6786872744560242,
-0.13892324268817902,
0.13353590667247772,
0.05588630214333534,
0.3214763402938843,
-0.3939747214317322,
0.07027782499790192,
0.04965808615088463,
0.40666094422340393,
0.32968980073928833,
-0.5361538529396057,
0.7773138284683228,
-0.13131289184093475,
-0.5956112742424011,
0.029596421867609024,
0.6119343638420105,
-0.2031370997428894,
-0.4979195296764374,
-0.07073555886745453,
0.13461919128894806,
-0.13164345920085907,
-0.913484513759613,
0.10176049917936325,
-0.2787209153175354,
-0.13056384027004242,
-0.00766426045447588,
0.3273848295211792,
0.17520083487033844,
0.28328272700309753,
-0.6428812742233276,
-0.2841021418571472,
-0.599646270275116,
0.014514544047415257,
-0.06214582175016403,
0.2845732271671295,
0.6028735637664795,
0.021275930106639862,
0.13369132578372955,
0.5367757081985474,
0.09742783010005951,
0.214762881398201,
-0.5254821181297302,
-0.31126999855041504,
0.6108585000038147,
0.04827388375997543,
0.5917240977287292,
-0.4402313828468323,
0.15302634239196777,
0.27304932475090027,
-0.3656803369522095,
0.08293073624372482,
0.42315250635147095,
0.016205789521336555,
0.1384488046169281,
0.5106440186500549,
-0.2024172693490982,
0.044585615396499634,
-0.6065702438354492,
-0.4376571476459503,
0.04532087966799736,
0.2973511815071106,
0.4602132737636566,
-0.2258131206035614,
-0.24098801612854004,
0.7163644433021545,
-0.46602532267570496,
-0.3683159053325653,
-0.12429347634315491,
-0.40279421210289,
0.09221433103084564,
-0.33565837144851685,
0.15956301987171173,
-0.6888608336448669,
-0.3824693262577057,
-0.1177092120051384,
0.3651612102985382,
0.1067042127251625,
-0.2391069531440735,
-0.023271232843399048,
0.3447721004486084,
-0.22415275871753693,
0.0642058402299881,
-0.4115508496761322,
0.1652359664440155,
-0.5103545784950256,
-0.5141898989677429,
-0.26733362674713135,
0.31359854340553284,
0.06809333711862564,
-0.7210041880607605,
-0.378327876329422,
0.0956837609410286,
-0.522938072681427,
0.3542054295539856,
0.4478308856487274,
-0.7122487425804138,
-0.4844530522823334,
0.4454546570777893
] |
232317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge | Lounge | Lounge may refer to:
Architecture
Lounge, the living room of a dwelling
Lounge, a public waiting area in a hotel's lobby
Lounge, a style of commercial alcohol-bar
Airport lounge, or train lounge (e.g., AMTRAK's Acela Lounge), a premium waiting area for passengers
Dome lounge, a type of domed railroad passenger car that includes lounge, cafe, dining or other space on the upper level
Arts, entertainment, and media
Book cafe, or lounge
Piano bar, or lounge
Lounge music, type of easy listening music popular in the 1950s and 1960s
Fashion
Lounge jacket, also called a suit jacket or suit coat, is a jacket in classic menswear that is part of a lounge suit
Lounge suit, style of suit (clothing)
Other uses
Chaise lounge, an English language derivative of the French term chaise longue ("long chair")
Lounge car, a railroad car selling food and beverages
See also
Lounge lizard (disambiguation)
Lounging (disambiguation) | [
0.8129937052726746,
-0.018019061535596848,
0.046787675470113754,
0.47413915395736694,
0.4175637364387512,
-0.21026046574115753,
0.06626344472169876,
-0.15949015319347382,
-0.21483035385608673,
-0.7594588994979858,
-0.6892211437225342,
0.2910389006137848,
-0.2678548991680145,
0.17581357061862946,
0.027503186836838722,
0.06567312777042389,
0.43963101506233215,
0.412926584482193,
0.029060035943984985,
-0.3497302830219269,
-0.31398680806159973,
0.05857555940747261,
0.24221676588058472,
-0.13192805647850037,
-0.06244269013404846,
-0.20697914063930511,
0.06268854439258575,
0.03423555940389633,
-0.24157056212425232,
0.07341590523719788,
0.4843762516975403,
0.23053278028964996,
0.04060272499918938,
-0.21041660010814667,
0.35960882902145386,
-0.20856334269046783,
0.22334881126880646,
-0.3744129538536072,
-0.022931676357984543,
-0.739646852016449,
-0.23415838181972504,
-0.24656525254249573,
1.1583306789398193,
0.42854365706443787,
-0.315332293510437,
-0.44857436418533325,
-1.4897866249084473,
-0.022139498963952065,
-0.41770580410957336,
0.15437349677085876,
0.10087224096059799,
0.6364383101463318,
0.3533286154270172,
0.34868890047073364,
0.1748543232679367,
0.7127647399902344,
-0.35418787598609924,
-0.04775914549827576,
0.33919426798820496,
-1.015170693397522,
1.0306360721588135,
0.41815266013145447,
0.06340225785970688,
0.1074233204126358,
0.5993852615356445,
0.18444402515888214,
0.22656817734241486,
-0.6959963440895081,
0.1260591596364975,
-0.34549057483673096,
-0.3507567346096039,
-0.19813722372055054,
0.22693759202957153,
-0.03540889173746109,
-0.19060508906841278,
0.027913622558116913,
0.04696796089410782,
-0.2135869860649109,
-0.25973275303840637,
0.1765812486410141,
-0.2856411635875702,
0.47341427206993103,
0.2612079977989197,
0.32163089513778687,
0.27251648902893066,
0.14299163222312927,
-0.6635967493057251,
0.2728506326675415,
0.028307614848017693,
-0.019442714750766754,
0.14487072825431824,
-0.3631612956523895,
0.820793092250824,
0.5222921371459961,
-0.03377288952469826,
0.31374409794807434,
0.3102985918521881,
0.19830556213855743,
0.13019779324531555,
0.19042052328586578,
-0.17461177706718445,
-0.07530929148197174,
0.021307721734046936,
-0.13166137039661407,
-0.03403613716363907,
-0.20745965838432312,
-0.6922345161437988,
-0.2444787174463272,
0.32712799310684204,
0.303316593170166,
-0.4711522161960602,
0.06799519062042236,
-0.3085987865924835,
0.27527478337287903,
-0.18739545345306396,
-0.22308209538459778,
-0.3299970328807831,
0.05560727044939995,
-0.22215788066387177,
-0.14334997534751892,
0.2473561018705368,
0.20880989730358124,
0.23210091888904572,
-0.040037501603364944,
-0.1204589307308197,
-0.009044322185218334,
0.4543956518173218,
0.4833907186985016,
-0.44897517561912537,
-0.14417356252670288,
0.24004514515399933,
0.4312552809715271,
0.1448480784893036,
0.4991297721862793,
-0.3853606879711151,
0.12153077870607376,
0.4777744710445404,
-0.1488860845565796,
0.4561084806919098,
0.4338149428367615,
-0.7345408201217651,
-0.8382273316383362,
-0.026613710448145866,
-0.6283710598945618,
-0.17697615921497345,
-0.587356686592102,
0.6173313856124878,
-0.3503151535987854,
-0.19620877504348755,
-0.33752667903900146,
0.12296721339225769,
-0.01716947928071022,
-0.322966605424881,
-0.3534105718135834,
-0.11085826903581619,
-0.03921474516391754,
0.6932898163795471,
-0.7614790797233582,
0.2786251902580261,
-0.3890846073627472,
0.10099706053733826,
0.19417275488376617,
-0.6615888476371765,
0.01667388342320919,
0.5080885887145996,
0.2778874337673187,
-0.3230937421321869,
0.28610843420028687,
0.04766208305954933,
0.5654973983764648,
-0.09371041506528854,
0.11110645532608032,
-0.2167341113090515,
-0.014387992210686207,
-0.5653846859931946,
0.21737517416477203,
0.23609977960586548,
0.004395974334329367,
0.7480499148368835,
0.27838554978370667,
-0.6917397975921631,
-0.17873430252075195,
-0.048685792833566666,
-0.2918159067630768,
0.31480082869529724,
-0.33925625681877136,
0.258627712726593,
0.179262176156044,
-0.3954637050628662,
-0.2147369235754013,
-0.42038124799728394,
-0.9038621783256531,
-0.05430711433291435,
-0.4830767512321472,
0.8488060832023621,
-0.6043455600738525,
-0.3566434979438782,
1.1609710454940796,
-0.3919026255607605,
-0.07996838539838791,
0.2600672245025635,
0.5537610054016113,
0.19543303549289703,
-0.1769176423549652,
-0.5545120239257812,
0.22418545186519623,
0.26894044876098633,
0.43915003538131714,
-0.3979639410972595,
-0.20663855969905853,
0.5180279016494751,
-0.5487778186798096,
0.40420567989349365,
-0.14555595815181732,
0.7553744912147522,
-0.10818839073181152,
-0.8459974527359009,
0.22043095529079437,
-0.37524107098579407,
-0.20414061844348907,
1.1304011344909668,
0.11284752190113068,
-0.27575376629829407,
0.7023416757583618,
-0.11420033872127533,
0.0906999260187149,
0.26143762469291687,
0.060709770768880844,
0.7504216432571411,
-0.35032227635383606,
0.324478417634964,
-0.45581623911857605,
-0.1443614959716797,
-0.10801547765731812,
-0.14617690443992615,
0.27654364705085754,
0.3438072204589844,
-0.10384887456893921,
0.3510196805000305,
-0.1188342422246933,
-0.4791184961795807,
-0.23539748787879944,
-0.4406101405620575,
-0.18262894451618195,
0.5934557914733887,
-0.3553827702999115,
-0.2601725459098816,
0.06331704556941986,
-0.13905273377895355,
0.22198526561260223,
0.2781715989112854,
0.3514310121536255,
0.05926097556948662,
-0.2025005966424942,
0.05139322206377983,
0.047423023730516434,
-0.1019250676035881,
0.05319203808903694,
-0.2512604296207428,
-0.18809914588928223,
-0.3371472954750061,
0.02327324077486992,
0.03533787652850151,
0.1931292563676834,
-0.12941697239875793,
-0.11758013814687729,
-0.1930675357580185,
-0.5900754928588867,
0.5468518733978271,
1.0518763065338135,
0.07592607289552689,
0.2884935438632965,
-0.8403959274291992,
0.3470374643802643,
-0.6360048651695251,
-0.33760881423950195,
0.25927650928497314,
0.02108272910118103,
0.03672248125076294,
-0.19477105140686035,
0.11916054785251617,
-0.07850654423236847,
0.789361834526062,
-0.35682982206344604,
0.31335705518722534,
-0.40849438309669495,
0.20517192780971527,
-0.07001782208681107,
-0.47799596190452576,
-0.6328096389770508,
0.10087858140468597,
0.14239293336868286,
0.2946992516517639,
0.3124278783798218,
0.8695839047431946,
0.1589505672454834,
-0.0858885645866394,
0.4275626540184021,
0.2372930347919464,
-0.14984065294265747,
0.01634826511144638,
0.23678341507911682,
-0.10730352252721786,
-0.4080493450164795,
0.40282660722732544,
-0.22957894206047058,
0.05610283836722374,
-0.40823808312416077,
-5.984443664550781,
0.23906393349170685,
-0.19567392766475677,
-0.3576756715774536,
-0.2083863914012909,
-0.10061382502317429,
0.3787676990032196,
-0.16294345259666443,
-0.43354561924934387,
-0.12838537991046906,
-0.28202956914901733,
0.047829385846853256,
0.4682849645614624,
0.3530556261539459,
0.14834174513816833,
0.658564031124115,
0.48091453313827515,
-0.14564229547977448,
-0.20415788888931274,
-0.22042685747146606,
-0.31109023094177246,
0.20257282257080078,
0.24992625415325165,
0.9604783654212952,
0.31519511342048645,
-0.39162859320640564,
-0.4412249028682709,
-0.05138373747467995,
-0.2030976265668869,
0.039744969457387924,
0.0314960852265358,
0.35235461592674255,
-0.4134477376937866,
0.18934966623783112,
0.34519389271736145,
0.23734158277511597,
0.42233237624168396,
-0.020301155745983124,
0.35099291801452637,
0.1001056507229805,
-0.1282874494791031,
1.0257927179336548,
-0.11060434579849243,
-0.31748488545417786,
0.21419309079647064,
-0.401272714138031,
-0.2963586151599884,
-0.22784273326396942,
-0.510032057762146,
0.4078446328639984,
-0.09529899060726166,
0.2989412248134613,
0.5552440285682678,
0.5634258389472961,
0.15776807069778442,
0.3440386950969696,
0.23385609686374664,
0.46116772294044495,
-0.40453580021858215,
-0.1427188366651535,
-0.2622905373573303,
-0.5567718148231506,
0.003938395995646715,
-0.7791403532028198,
0.10929456353187561,
-0.16304169595241547,
-0.5172682404518127,
-0.3997710347175598,
0.5683292150497437,
0.5767707824707031,
-0.5021231770515442,
-0.18369866907596588,
0.731558620929718,
-0.8617594242095947,
0.27739033102989197,
-0.5972622036933899,
-0.08852922916412354,
-0.30196353793144226,
0.5679375529289246,
0.006959923077374697,
0.11858999729156494,
0.10112572461366653,
-0.5896371006965637,
-0.23482608795166016,
-0.004682597704231739,
-0.6261586546897888,
-0.05920569226145744,
0.19378815591335297,
-0.026972852647304535,
0.04039905592799187,
0.6860042810440063,
0.014289025217294693,
-0.024729669094085693,
0.05752971023321152,
0.3226572871208191,
0.445451021194458,
-0.01865147240459919,
-0.3936426639556885,
0.6674368381500244,
-0.3618888556957245,
0.4837583303451538,
-0.47766995429992676,
-0.33178314566612244,
-0.1561497300863266,
0.34121429920196533,
-0.2689480185508728,
-0.14733733236789703,
0.16677145659923553,
0.602956235408783,
-0.026683028787374496,
-0.20059573650360107,
0.0158623568713665,
-0.7937528491020203,
-0.5217843651771545,
0.4170331358909607,
-0.1894112080335617,
-0.6542199850082397,
0.48109978437423706,
0.19943299889564514,
-0.0008113660151138902,
-0.15754956007003784,
-0.12483255565166473,
-0.2628607153892517,
0.1091274842619896,
-0.7998281717300415,
-0.06150994822382927,
0.017782583832740784,
-0.1958599090576172,
-0.024813499301671982,
-0.0514969564974308,
0.5004819631576538,
0.25000518560409546,
0.012079291045665741,
-0.03457185626029968,
0.09759906679391861,
-0.14401958882808685,
0.10079691559076309,
-0.039231304079294205,
0.10451582819223404,
-0.27872323989868164,
-0.04834041744470596,
-0.25908929109573364,
-0.0850500836968422,
-0.07436690479516983,
0.6264865398406982,
0.6834142208099365,
-0.6280397772789001,
0.2527845799922943,
0.26416048407554626,
0.140792116522789,
-0.5614121556282043,
-0.18746954202651978,
0.26059025526046753,
-0.21207968890666962,
-0.006778951268643141,
-0.29424601793289185,
0.19336071610450745,
0.15078535676002502,
-0.05099795013666153,
-0.048071518540382385,
0.447336345911026,
-0.0828646793961525,
-0.9531111717224121,
0.04697747901082039,
-0.46300289034843445,
0.025713592767715454,
-0.5682276487350464,
-0.22971434891223907,
-0.27824151515960693,
0.7029319405555725,
-0.030974524095654488,
-0.2791791558265686,
-0.15882480144500732,
-0.22776149213314056,
0.1348610371351242,
0.13025203347206116,
0.10734392702579498,
0.10429036617279053,
0.16637353599071503,
-0.08633878082036972,
0.003589476691558957,
-0.5092101097106934,
-0.03734719008207321,
0.2739371061325073,
0.18358346819877625,
0.13870517909526825,
-0.04225683584809303,
0.26600223779678345,
0.14364221692085266,
-0.31780806183815,
-0.05271637812256813,
0.026754897087812424,
0.4647708535194397,
-0.21553251147270203,
0.011600230820477009,
-0.48737677931785583,
0.2147083878517151,
0.2834334969520569,
-0.4264976382255554,
-0.33343395590782166,
0.11728361994028091,
0.07035576552152634,
-0.9545518755912781,
0.12118905037641525,
0.1893610805273056,
-0.26090171933174133,
0.6670128703117371,
-0.2070186287164688,
-0.3754650950431824,
0.18744216859340668,
-0.7422576546669006,
-0.20743410289287567,
0.45308858156204224,
0.10978111624717712,
-0.3485186994075775,
0.22054509818553925,
-0.10619909316301346,
0.06896856427192688,
-0.5195911526679993,
-0.0383845679461956,
0.6268444657325745,
-0.04390104487538338,
-0.479827880859375,
-0.4367206394672394,
-0.8038506507873535,
0.005148488562554121,
0.3489794135093689,
-0.25861427187919617,
0.08411514759063721,
0.042010217905044556,
-0.20454661548137665,
0.013008804060518742,
0.14026577770709991,
-0.35971787571907043,
0.01584281027317047,
-0.18014125525951385,
-0.3469446003437042,
-0.37393200397491455,
0.6514955759048462,
-0.16348835825920105,
0.04089970886707306,
0.9493309855461121,
-0.010675059631466866,
-0.7469061613082886,
-0.2535432279109955,
0.6414376497268677,
0.15840093791484833,
-0.5135836601257324,
-0.32043612003326416,
-0.0845177173614502,
0.491062730550766,
-0.7122887372970581,
-0.06713420897722244,
-0.16400781273841858,
0.3304610550403595,
-0.1738956868648529,
0.3805796205997467,
0.5012857913970947,
0.06868664175271988,
0.8596754670143127,
-0.32016968727111816,
-0.013607134111225605,
-0.4101676642894745,
0.14620032906532288,
0.3989717364311218,
0.2322176992893219,
0.19685319066047668,
0.028000077232718468,
-0.09500427544116974,
-0.7350586652755737,
0.5843408107757568,
0.6124566197395325,
0.5490045547485352,
0.21162912249565125,
0.8034747838973999,
-0.2931249439716339,
-0.3375058174133301,
-0.7305858731269836,
0.030978454276919365,
0.2218085378408432,
-0.388163298368454,
-0.6854942440986633,
-0.1624346822500229,
-0.41612526774406433,
0.1767951399087906,
-0.34172171354293823,
0.011605402454733849,
-0.02759610302746296,
-0.7433295249938965,
-0.30600506067276,
0.13025186955928802,
-0.23530267179012299,
0.12853212654590607,
0.67979496717453,
-0.06601472944021225,
0.16192635893821716,
0.3673243820667267,
0.02540217526257038,
0.4270257353782654,
0.24478672444820404,
-0.8081305027008057,
0.4330980181694031,
-0.488948792219162,
-0.3088015913963318,
0.6783781051635742,
0.10072766244411469,
-0.04776821658015251,
-0.803902268409729,
-0.1450374573469162,
-0.3136041462421417,
0.3051505386829376,
-0.3779689073562622,
0.1975204348564148,
0.5351970791816711,
0.22918012738227844,
-0.11052025854587555,
0.19380198419094086,
-0.119050033390522,
0.26196980476379395,
0.20400115847587585,
0.4108624756336212,
-0.05257550626993179,
0.8444154262542725,
0.011680220253765583,
-0.01596636325120926,
-0.09668056666851044,
-0.13992509245872498,
-0.18545463681221008,
0.16404275596141815,
0.5078963041305542,
0.9396462440490723,
0.4821966886520386,
0.272470086812973,
0.21844223141670227,
-0.12302854657173157,
-0.45553717017173767,
-0.29215314984321594,
-0.5071857571601868,
-0.6727311015129089,
-0.11864914000034332,
0.28529465198516846,
0.21686163544654846,
-0.33556535840034485,
0.1841423213481903,
0.24006345868110657,
0.3647450804710388,
0.33998143672943115,
0.47755172848701477,
-0.6855877041816711,
0.42704567313194275,
-0.14614292979240417,
0.03859540820121765,
-0.009400314651429653,
-0.1720762699842453,
0.1746598333120346,
-0.24021942913532257,
0.21517743170261383,
-0.20269770920276642,
-0.12125665694475174,
0.05123787373304367,
0.02350221388041973,
0.3064298629760742,
0.23183543980121613,
-0.1408386379480362,
-0.650912344455719,
-0.1796099841594696,
-0.1228506863117218,
-0.2800835967063904,
0.3743298053741455,
-0.3954695761203766,
0.2029709666967392,
0.7351705431938171,
-0.7680417895317078,
0.006036113481968641,
0.2922630310058594,
-0.23854371905326843,
0.460157185792923,
0.1627388894557953,
0.4365170896053314,
0.1577581763267517,
0.06395740061998367,
0.16748276352882385,
-0.5171604752540588,
-0.577344536781311,
0.34255629777908325,
-0.1457286775112152,
0.12494577467441559,
0.3251405656337738,
0.05119979754090309,
0.23768290877342224,
0.1275181919336319,
-0.3628913462162018,
0.20963241159915924,
0.00006488571671070531,
0.09109935909509659,
-0.17405082285404205,
-0.5140323042869568,
0.39684823155403137,
0.32256197929382324,
-0.33180391788482666,
-0.31190672516822815,
0.306273877620697,
0.438803106546402,
-0.28397899866104126,
-0.48209160566329956,
0.14880089461803436,
-0.42082679271698,
-0.4431157112121582,
-0.7092958092689514,
0.3333849608898163,
0.27660319209098816,
-0.3388082683086395,
0.009948906488716602,
0.328129380941391,
0.4946247339248657,
0.5333119630813599,
0.21509230136871338,
-0.016259009018540382,
0.21585802733898163,
-0.27104032039642334,
-0.19935725629329681,
0.17966605722904205,
0.8951849937438965,
-0.406179279088974,
0.031874023377895355,
-0.10875056684017181,
0.0039027396123856306,
-0.2007308453321457,
0.5386696457862854,
0.7300801277160645,
-0.5081326961517334,
-0.5132907032966614,
-0.6186171770095825,
0.6673000454902649,
-0.37696006894111633,
0.17806711792945862,
-0.11828851699829102,
0.3001464903354645,
0.3318764865398407,
-0.08224348723888397,
0.10434865951538086,
-0.2256598025560379,
-0.010517999529838562,
-0.21522440016269684,
-0.2100229561328888,
-0.15877805650234222,
-0.5036789178848267,
-0.5686235427856445,
-0.257242351770401,
-0.2383391559123993,
0.45056983828544617,
-0.7673681974411011,
0.28427091240882874,
0.4433795213699341,
-0.0436859130859375,
0.2474779486656189,
0.0430607870221138,
-0.7253246903419495,
0.05066526308655739,
0.0751214250922203
] |
232319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20Egypt-related%20articles | Index of Egypt-related articles | Articles related to Egypt include:
0-9
First Dynasty of Egypt through the Achaemenid Empire (Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt)
A
Aaru - Ababda - Abaza Family - Abbas I of Egypt - Abbas II of Egypt - Abbasid Caliphate - Fifi Abdou - Pope Abraham of Alexandria - Abu Gorab - Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades - Abu Qir - Abu Qir Bay - Abu Simbel - Abusir - Abydos, Egypt - Abyssinian (cat) - Achaemenid Empire - Adze - Aegyptus - Africa - African Union - Muhammad Ahmad - Ahmes - Queen Ahmose - Ahmose-Nefertari - Ahmose, son of Ebana - Aker (god) - Akhenaten - Akhnaten (opera) - Al-Ahram - Al-Azhar University - Alexander the Great - Alexander Helios - Alexandria - Alexandria Regional Center for Women's Health and Development - Alexandrian text-type - Mohamed Al-Fayed - Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya - Alhazen - Hassan Allam - Al-Qurn - Amarna - Amarna art - Amarna letters - Amasis II - Ambrose of Alexandria - Amduat - Ammit - Ammon - Amr Diab - Amr Moussa - Amun - Amunet - 'Anat in Egypt - Ancient Egypt - Ancient Egyptian astronomy - Ancient Egyptian funerary texts - Ancient Egyptian royal titulary - Ancient Egyptian medicine - Ancient Egyptian religion - Ancient Near East - Andjety - Ankh -Ankhesenamen - Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit - Ankt - Anti (mythology) - Mark Antony - Antony and Cleopatra - Anubis - Anuket - Apep - Apis (Egyptian mythology) - Apries - ArabDev - Arish - Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez) - Arsinoe I of Egypt - Arsinoe II of Egypt - Arsinoe III of Egypt - Arsinoe IV of Egypt - Arsinoe of Macedonia - Ash (god) - Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt - Aswan - Aswan Dam - Asyut - Aten - Atenism - Athanasius of Alexandria - Atum - Avaris
B
Babi (mythology) - Badari - Baggush Box - Bahariya Oasis - Bakenranef - Ba-Pef - Sidi Barrani - Bastet (mythology) - Bat (goddess) - Bata (god) - Battle of Actium - Battle of Alexandria (1801) - Battle of Kadesh - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC) - Battle of Navarino - Battle of the Nile - Seuserenre Bebiankh - Bedouin - Benben - Beni Hasan - Bennu - Bent Pyramid - Berenice I of Egypt - Berenice II - Berenice III of Egypt - Bes - Bibliotheca Alexandrina - Bintanath - Block statue (Egyptian) - Book of the Dead - Book of Gates - Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten - James Henry Breasted - Brook of Egypt - Bubastis - Buhen - List of burials in the Valley of the Kings - Busiris (Lower Egypt) - Buto
C
Caesarion - Cairo - Cairo Geniza - Cairo Metro - Cairo Tower - Cambyses II of Persia - Camp David Accords - Canopic jar - Canopus, Egypt - Decree of Canopus - Howard Carter (archaeologist) - Cartouche - Cataracts of the Nile - Youssef Chahine - Jean-François Champollion - Chancellor Bay - Chapelle Rouge - Chariot - Chem - Chensit - Chenti-cheti - Children of Gebelawi - Cinema of Egypt - Cleitarchus - Clement of Alexandria - Cleopatra (1934 film) - Cleopatra (1963 film) - Cleopatra (1999 film) - Cleopatra I of Egypt - Cleopatra II of Egypt - Cleopatra III of Egypt - Cleopatra IV of Egypt - Cleopatra V of Egypt - Cleopatra VI of Egypt - Cleopatra VII - Cleopatra Selene of Syria - Cleopatra Selene II - Cleopatra Thea - Climate of Egypt - Codex Sinaiticus - Coffin Texts - Colossi of Memnon - Communications in Egypt - Constantin-François Chassebœuf - Conventional Egyptian chronology - Coptic alphabet - Coptic architecture - Coptic art - Coptic Cairo - Coptic language - Coptic literature - Coptic monasticism - Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria - Coptic placenames - Corniche - Corvée - Crocodilopolis - Culture of Egypt - Cusae - Cyrenaica - Cyril of Alexandria
D
Dahshur - Dahshur boats - François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers - Dakhla Oasis - Dalida - Damnatio memoriae - Danaus chrysippus - Darius I of Persia - Darius II of Persia - Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions - DB320 - Dedun - Deir el-Bahri - Deir el-Medina - Demographics of Egypt - Demotic (Egyptian) - Den (Pharaoh) - Divine Adoratrice of Amun - Djed - Djedefptah - Djedefre - Djediufankh - Djedkare Isesi - Djedptahiufankh - Djehuti - Djer - Djet - Djoser - Pyramid of Djoser - Bernardino Drovetti - Duat - Dudimose
E
Earl of Carnarvon - Early Dynastic Period of Egypt - Georg Ebers - Ebers Papyrus - Economy of Egypt - Edfu - Eftekasat - Egypt - Egypt–Ethiopia relations - Egypt (Roman province) - The Egyptian - Egyptian Arabic - Egyptian astrology (disambiguation) - Egyptian astronomy - Egyptian calendar - Egyptian chronology - Egyptian Civil Code - Egyptian cuisine - Egyptian diaspora - Egyptian faience - Egyptian Fourth Dynasty family tree - Egyptian hieroglyphs - Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty - Egyptian language - Egyptian mathematics - Egyptian Museum - Egyptian numerals - Egyptian pyramids - Egyptian Revival architecture - Egyptian Sand Sea - Egyptian soul - Egyptians - List of Egyptologists - Egyptology - Eighth Dynasty of Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt - El Alamein - Mohamed ElBaradei - El Hiba - El Kab - El-Lahun - El-Mahalla El-Kubra - Elephantine - Elephantine papyri - Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt - Embalming - Ennead - Eratosthenes - Esna - Euclid - Exodus - Exodus Decoded - Eye of Horus
F
Faience - Faiyum - Family tree of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Farafra, Egypt - Farouk of Egypt - Fatimid Caliphate - Dodi Fayed - Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Fifth Dynasty of Egypt - First Battle of El Alamein - First Dynasty of Egypt - First Intermediate Period of Egypt - Foreign relations of Egypt - Four sons of Horus - Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt - Fuad I of Egypt - Fuad II of Egypt - Fustat
G
Gabal Edmonstone - Gamal Abdel Nasser - Gates of Cairo - Geb - Geography of Egypt - Geriatric medicine in Egypt - Gerzeh - Gilukhipa - Giza - Giza Necropolis - God's Wife of Amun - Land of Goshen - Governorates of Egypt - Great Hymn to the Aten - Great Pyramid of Giza - Great Sphinx of Giza
H
Mamdouh Habib - Hapy - Harsiese A - Harsiese B - Hathor - Hatmehit - Hatshepsut - Hawara - Zahi Hawass - Hedetet - Heqet - Heka (god) - Heliopolis (ancient and modern) - Hemen - Hemiunu - Hemsut - Herakleopolis Magna - Herihor - Hermanubis - Hesat - Hetepheres II - Hieratic - History of ancient Egypt - History of Arab Egypt - History of Egypt - History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty - History of modern Egypt - History of Ottoman Egypt - History of Persian Egypt - History of the Middle East - Horemheb - Horus - Soad Hosny - Huh (god) - Huni - Hurghada - Hyksos - Hypatia of Alexandria
I
Salima Ikram - Imhotep - Imiut fetish - Imyremeshaw - Ineni - Intef I - Intef II - Intef III - Intef VI - Intef VII - Ipuwer Papyrus - Iry-Hor - Isetnofret - Ishara - Isis - Islamic Cairo - Itjtawy - ITWorx - Iunit - Iuput I - Iuput II
J
Jebel Barkal
K
Ka - Karnak - Kashta - Kebechet - Khafre - Pyramid of Khafre - Kharga Oasis - Kemet - Khentkaus II - Khepri - Khnum - Khonsu - Kiya - Kneph - Kohl (cosmetics) - Kom Ombo - Temple of Kom Ombo - Umm Kulthum - Kingdom of Kush - Valley of the Kings - KV1 - KV2 -KV3 - KV4 - KV5 - KV6 - KV7 - KV9 - KV14 - KV17 - KV20 - KV34 - KV35 - KV39 - KV42 - KV43 - KV46 - KV55 - KV60 - KV62
L
Lake Mariout - Lake Nasser - Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn - Land of Goshen - Land of Punt - Late Egyptian - Late Period of ancient Egypt - S. H. Leeder - Leonardo da Vinci Art Institute - Leontopolis - Karl Richard Lepsius - LGBT rights in Egypt (Gay rights) - Library of Alexandria - Libyan Desert - Lisht - List of ancient Egyptian sites - List of cities in Egypt - List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria - List of ancient Egyptian dynasties - List of Egyptians - List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria - List of pharaohs - List of solar deities - Long Range Desert Group - Luxor - Luxor Museum - Luxor Temple
M
Maahes - Ma'at - Maat Kheru - Mafdet - Naguib Mahfouz - Étienne-Louis Malus - Mamluk - Manetho - Auguste Mariette - Mark the Evangelist - Gaston Maspero - Mastaba - Pope Matthew I of Alexandria - Medinet Habu (location) - Medinet Habu (temple) - Mediterranean Sea - Meidum - Memphis, Egypt - Mendes - Menes - Menhit - Menkaura - Pyramid of Menkaure - Meret - Meretseger - Meritamen - Meritaten - Merneferre Ay - Merneith - Merneptah - Merneptah Stele - Mersa Matruh - Meshwesh - Meskhenet - Middle East - Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Milan Papyrus - Military history of Egypt during World War II - Military of Egypt - Min (god) - Minya, Egypt - Mizraim - Mnewer - Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim - Monthu - Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III - Moses - Mouled Sidi El-Latini - Mount Sinai - Gamal Mubarak - Hosni Mubarak - Mummification Museum - Mummy - Muslim Brotherhood - Mut - Myth of Osiris and Isis
N
Nabta Playa - Nag Hammadi - Nag Hammadi library - Muhammad Naguib - Mustafa el-Nahhas - Napata - Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt - Naqada - Narmer - Gamal Abdel Nasser - Nebiriau II - Necho I - Necho II - List of necropoleis - Nectanebo I - Nectanebo II - Neferefre - Neferhotep I - Neferhotep III - Neferirkare Kakai - Neferkare, ninth dynasty - Nefertari - Nefertem - Nefertiti - Nehebkau - Neith - Nekhbet - Nekhen - Neper (mythology) - Nephthys - Neter-khertet - New Kingdom - Nile - Nile crocodile - Nile Delta - Nile Level Texts - Nile perch - Nilometer - Nilo-Saharan languages - Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree - Ninth Dynasty of Egypt - Nitocris - Nomarch - Nome (Egypt) - North Africa - Nu (mythology) -Nubia - Nubian languages - Nut (goddess) - Nymphaea - Nymphaea caerulea - Nymphaea lotus - Nynetjer - Nyuserre Ini
O
Obelisk - Richard O'Connor - Ogdoad - Old Kingdom - Old Winter Palace Hotel, Luxor - Opening of the mouth ceremony - Operation Compass - Opet Festival - Origen - Osiris - Osiris-Dionysus - Osorkon the Elder - Osorkon I - Osorkon II - Osorkon III - Osorkon IV - Ostracon - Oxyrhynchus - Oxyrhynchus Gospels - Ozymandias
P
Pachomius - Pakhet - Palestine - Pami - Pantheon (gods) - Papyrus - Papyrus Harris I - Papyrus of Ani - Tewfik Pasha - Passage of the Red Sea - Pedubast I - Pelusium - Pepi I Meryre - Pepi II Neferkare - Petbe - Pope Peter I of Alexandria - Flinders Petrie - Pharaoh - Philae - Philip III of Macedon - Phoenix (mythology) - Piankh - Pi-hahiroth - Pinedjem I - Piye - Politics of Egypt - Polybus (King of Thebes) - Port Safaga - Port Said - Precinct of Amun-Re - Precinct of Mut - Predynastic Egypt - Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt - Protodynastic Period of Egypt - Psammuthes - Psamtik I - Psamtik II - Psamtik III - Pschent - Psusennes I - Psusennes II - Psusennes III - Ptah - Ptahhotep - Ptolemaic dynasty - History of Ptolemaic Egypt - Ptolemy - Ptolemy I Soter - Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Ptolemy III Euergetes - Ptolemy IV Philopator - Decree of Memphis (Ptolemy IV) - Ptolemy V Epiphanes - Ptolemy VI Philometor - Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator - Ptolemy VIII Physcon - Ptolemy IX Lathyros - Ptolemy X Alexander I - Ptolemy XI Alexander II - Ptolemy XII Auletes - Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator - Ptolemy XIV of Egypt - Land of Punt - Pylon (architecture) - Pyramid - Bent Pyramid - Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid of Djoser - Pyramid of Khafre - Pyramid of Menkaure - Red Pyramid - Step pyramid - Pyramid of Unas - Pyramid Texts - Pyramidion - Pyramidology
Q
Qa'a - Qakare Ibi - Qattara Depression - Qetesh - Qubbet el-Hawa - Queen Ahmose - Queen consort - Valley of the Queens - QV44 - QV66
R
Ra - Rahab - Ramesses II - Ramesses III - Ramesses IV - Ramesses V - Ramesses VI - Ramesses VII - Ramesses VIII - Ramesses IX - Ramesses X - Ramesses XI - Ramesseum - Raneb - Ras Muhammad National Park - Red Pyramid - Red Sea - Reformed Egyptian - Relief - Religion in Egypt - Renenutet - Renpet - Renseneb - Resheph - Rhind Mathematical Papyrus - Rhinocorura - River delta - David Rohl - Erwin Rommel - Rosetta - Rosetta Stone - Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum - Royal Wadi and tombs - Rudamun - Rylands Library Papyrus P52
S
Mohamed Saad (actor) - Anwar El Sadat - Sahara - Sahure - Saint Catherine's Monastery - Sais, Egypt - Salec - Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri - Saqqara - Sarcophagus - Satet - Scarabaeidae - Scaraboid seal - Scribe - Season of the Emergence - Season of the Harvest - Season of the Inundation - Second Battle of El Alamein - Second Dynasty of Egypt - Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - Sed festival - Sehel Island - Seked - Seker - Sekhmet - Senenmut - Senet - Serabit el-Khadim - Serapeum - Serekh - Serket - Set (mythology) - Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt - Seventh Dynasty of Egypt - Shai - Omar Sharif - Sharm el-Sheikh - Shasu - Shen ring - Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria - Sherden - Shezmu - Shittah-tree - Shoshenq I - Shu (Egyptian deity) - Sia (god) - Sinai Peninsula - Sistrum - Siwa Oasis - Siwi language - Six-Day War - Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Sixth Dynasty of Egypt - Smenkhkare - Edwin Smith Papyrus - Sneferu - Sobek - Sobekneferu - Solar deity - Sopdet - Sopdu - Southern Tomb 25 - Speos Artemidos - Sphinx - Stargate - Stele - Stella (beer) - Step pyramid - Story of Sinuhe - Story of Wenamun - Strabo - Suez - Suez Canal - Suez Crisis - Syenite - Syriac language
T
Taba, Egypt - Tadukhipa - Taharqa - Tahpanhes - Takelot I - Takelot II - Takelot III - Talatat - Tamer Hosny - Tanis, Egypt - Tantamani - Senakhtenre Tao I - Seqenenre Tao II - Taweret - Tefnakht - Tefnut - Temple of Kom Ombo - Tenenet - Tenth Dynasty of Egypt - Teti - Mohammed Ali Tewfik - Tewfik Pasha - Tey - The Egyptian - The Ten Commandments (1956 film) - Theban Mapping Project - Theban Necropolis - Thebes, Egypt - Thesh - Third Dynasty of Egypt - Third Intermediate Period of Egypt - Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt - Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt - Thoth - Thutmose (prince) - Thutmose (18th-dynasty vizier) - Thutmose (19th-dynasty vizier) - Tuthmose (Viceroy of Kush) - Thutmose (sculptor) - Thutmose I - Thutmose II - Thutmose III - Thutmose IV - Tiye - Tjuyu - Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna) - Tombs of the Nobles (Luxor) - Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian - Transport in Egypt - TT71 - Turin King List - Tutankhamun - Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra - Tutkheperre Shoshenq - Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt - Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt - Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt family tree - Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt - Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt - Twosret
U
Umm Kulthum - Umm el-Qa'ab - Unas - Pyramid of Unas - Unfinished obelisk - United Arab Republic - Unut - Upper and Lower Egypt - Uraeus - Userkaf - Userkare - Ushabti
V
Valley of the Kings - Valley of the Queens - Via della Vittoria - Via Maris - Vizier (Ancient Egypt)
W
Wadjet - Wagh El-Birket - Wahibre Ibiau - Wahkare Khety I - Wazner - Waste Management in Egypt - Water resources management in modern Egypt - Water supply and sanitation in Egypt - Kent R. Weeks - Wegaf - Story of Wenamun - Weneg (Egyptian deity) - Weneg (pharaoh) - Wepwawet - Werethekau - West Nile virus - Westcar Papyrus - Western Desert Force - Old Winter Palace Hotel, Luxor - Women in Ancient Egypt - Workmen's Village, Amarna - Wosret - WV22 - WV23 - WV25
X
Xerxes I of Persia - Xerxes II of Persia
Y
Yaqub-Har - Yom Kippur War - Thomas Young (scientist) - Yuya
Z
Zagazig - Zahi Hawass - Zawyet el'Aryan - Ahmed Zewail
See also
:Category:Egypt-related lists
Egypt | [
0.010228718630969524,
0.6842373013496399,
-0.06192914396524429,
0.3580353856086731,
-0.393877774477005,
0.2864181101322174,
-0.10158853232860565,
0.44274985790252686,
-0.4497092366218567,
-0.5988004207611084,
-0.09853445738554001,
-0.0035216277465224266,
-0.14431241154670715,
0.6951159834861755,
0.08476521819829941,
0.5548495650291443,
-0.023887142539024353,
0.5944112539291382,
-0.888371467590332,
-0.1747409701347351,
0.29109787940979004,
0.0582381971180439,
0.6249104142189026,
-0.44603535532951355,
0.149607315659523,
-0.20303945243358612,
0.4742027819156647,
-0.13332368433475494,
-0.007638403680175543,
-0.22127296030521393,
-0.2633199393749237,
0.40896475315093994,
0.061970870941877365,
0.1842590868473053,
-0.5978666543960571,
-0.1685343086719513,
-0.2775508761405945,
0.18065445125102997,
0.5387606024742126,
-0.4650129973888397,
0.12540149688720703,
-0.6355345249176025,
-0.05695367977023125,
0.6751506924629211,
-0.6610985398292542,
-0.4955849051475525,
-1.7380821704864502,
0.798761248588562,
-0.5833884477615356,
0.37553974986076355,
0.04146101698279381,
0.21420274674892426,
0.3683987557888031,
0.4737696051597595,
-0.01866145245730877,
0.9776886701583862,
-0.3629942536354065,
-0.29060447216033936,
0.32359200716018677,
0.26571112871170044,
1.1040154695510864,
0.3330599367618561,
0.10032184422016144,
0.42835187911987305,
0.02146417647600174,
0.47342050075531006,
-0.05420787259936333,
0.38544774055480957,
-0.6860121488571167,
0.03502226993441582,
-0.011441642418503761,
-0.4382709860801697,
-0.1361026018857956,
0.15732833743095398,
-0.061860501766204834,
-0.34220606088638306,
-0.13609525561332703,
0.02035386674106121,
0.20212316513061523,
-0.3874112367630005,
-0.061866629868745804,
-0.14801160991191864,
0.6947081089019775,
0.003939238376915455,
0.20409131050109863,
0.0647389143705368,
-0.1808588057756424,
-0.409206748008728,
-0.5332109332084656,
-0.197929248213768,
-0.09651075303554535,
-0.15451547503471375,
0.6741963028907776,
0.2620251476764679,
-0.04079365357756615,
0.14854083955287933,
-0.14133982360363007,
-0.041719675064086914,
0.20467200875282288,
-0.00014392717275768518,
-0.23260875046253204,
0.04623444005846977,
-0.2507622241973877,
0.07066818326711655,
-0.9040748476982117,
-0.06363984197378159,
0.20946332812309265,
0.2593170404434204,
-0.08608390390872955,
0.26785606145858765,
-0.6109982132911682,
0.3756324052810669,
-0.015023126266896725,
-0.07446195930242538,
0.23978674411773682,
-0.016509143635630608,
0.0879942998290062,
-0.5257222056388855,
-0.2421601265668869,
0.16436107456684113,
0.0573977530002594,
0.5857094526290894,
0.30247440934181213,
-0.10721579194068909,
-0.03715943545103073,
0.4666620194911957,
0.4238990545272827,
0.2244739532470703,
-0.17397759854793549,
0.4249959886074066,
0.5748503804206848,
0.2595152258872986,
-0.4400099217891693,
-0.17269152402877808,
0.061976559460163116,
-0.8023691177368164,
-0.09984379261732101,
0.48334842920303345,
0.3009893000125885,
0.4158933162689209,
-0.6885398030281067,
-0.7255068421363831,
-0.8508239388465881,
0.07935742288827896,
0.021754052489995956,
-0.7511938214302063,
-0.013537744991481304,
0.2333766520023346,
0.11713408678770065,
-0.13962304592132568,
-0.15184266865253448,
-0.7058805823326111,
-0.24439218640327454,
0.13480301201343536,
-0.04022650048136711,
0.1339099109172821,
0.7838327288627625,
-0.3504703938961029,
0.7849742770195007,
0.38029369711875916,
0.37701359391212463,
0.17460405826568604,
-0.08928751945495605,
-0.03707461804151535,
-0.15588238835334778,
-0.0840468481183052,
0.3468751013278961,
0.10342440009117126,
0.31471627950668335,
0.13390357792377472,
-0.6076074242591858,
0.08407076448202133,
0.5166661143302917,
-0.014666943810880184,
0.0706702247262001,
0.34829309582710266,
1.0564738512039185,
0.2261483371257782,
0.03667091205716133,
0.0006786386366002262,
-0.7189303040504456,
-0.2334516942501068,
-0.42456239461898804,
-0.34424474835395813,
0.3415643870830536,
0.3653567135334015,
0.678215742111206,
0.018226437270641327,
0.4085177183151245,
-0.18963931500911713,
-0.19199945032596588,
-0.29292523860931396,
0.36229246854782104,
-0.41405224800109863,
1.2857753038406372,
-0.17249909043312073,
-0.4559028744697571,
0.9611861705780029,
-0.4029562473297119,
0.36387690901756287,
0.04096456244587898,
0.0591144934296608,
0.6243710517883301,
0.3566575050354004,
-0.4154086410999298,
0.32836687564849854,
-0.40417101979255676,
0.147452250123024,
-0.1730269342660904,
0.6669675707817078,
0.44992324709892273,
-0.2101300209760666,
0.05621541664004326,
-0.3547011911869049,
0.3748791813850403,
0.3063797354698181,
-0.05875316262245178,
0.1253373771905899,
-0.4050586223602295,
-0.18114055693149567,
0.98992520570755,
-0.38072338700294495,
0.3532741665840149,
0.24865445494651794,
-0.5913048386573792,
-0.020011724904179573,
0.25175073742866516,
0.17869703471660614,
0.11169200390577316,
-0.6863908767700195,
0.12321954220533371,
0.1494349241256714,
0.8141412734985352,
-0.8108667135238647,
-0.17167195677757263,
-0.11218373477458954,
-0.08834683895111084,
-0.011881411075592041,
0.34557944536209106,
0.13054108619689941,
-0.11018791794776917,
0.4791324734687805,
-0.19502213597297668,
0.11088444292545319,
0.32517191767692566,
-0.5246701836585999,
-0.4356192946434021,
-0.1955651342868805,
-0.4066963791847229,
-0.18707329034805298,
0.42154359817504883,
0.35840705037117004,
-0.03604640066623688,
-0.4448281228542328,
-0.20759217441082,
0.21266882121562958,
-0.10588841885328293,
0.144564688205719,
0.23929326236248016,
0.08258074522018433,
-0.6216439604759216,
0.005528589710593224,
-0.24857822060585022,
-0.3311285674571991,
0.4156503975391388,
-0.11487958580255508,
-0.28397104144096375,
-1.1603997945785522,
0.31453168392181396,
0.2316485494375229,
0.6876360177993774,
0.36257508397102356,
-0.3936680257320404,
0.266671359539032,
0.3638848662376404,
-0.17547616362571716,
0.055682651698589325,
0.339824914932251,
-0.274394154548645,
-0.8266040086746216,
-0.3710474967956543,
0.3942330777645111,
0.4707012474536896,
-0.3541237413883209,
-0.3236815333366394,
-0.27774763107299805,
-0.09132205694913864,
-0.40957972407341003,
0.06275440752506256,
-0.21572382748126984,
0.008081315085291862,
0.2903960347175598,
-0.22540521621704102,
-0.4954874515533447,
0.6640558838844299,
0.5683265924453735,
-0.22573769092559814,
0.12713205814361572,
-0.022159775719046593,
-0.5972321033477783,
-0.22488009929656982,
0.3422628939151764,
-0.20039163529872894,
-0.07146154344081879,
0.33809617161750793,
-0.046180360019207,
-0.30908745527267456,
0.36861398816108704,
-5.940673351287842,
-0.15555042028427124,
-0.3969420790672302,
0.08245046436786652,
0.018474142998456955,
0.05816373601555824,
0.8744955658912659,
0.36916646361351013,
-0.010331806726753712,
-0.4656065106391907,
0.6872292757034302,
0.10317935049533844,
0.20032401382923126,
0.5620927810668945,
-0.1705101728439331,
0.9148187637329102,
0.23750101029872894,
0.1312182992696762,
-0.2413230985403061,
-0.010683754459023476,
0.10079094022512436,
0.08000805974006653,
0.0006527732475660741,
0.4050285220146179,
0.6885656118392944,
0.18970051407814026,
-0.7379311323165894,
0.5287472009658813,
-0.3847332000732422,
-0.029085079208016396,
0.07310804724693298,
-0.3326762914657593,
-0.08747610449790955,
-0.22702521085739136,
0.1682519167661667,
-0.15118755400180817,
0.5599101185798645,
0.2770138382911682,
-0.08109822869300842,
-0.32960861921310425,
-0.3135840594768524,
0.1326063573360443,
-0.3467251658439636,
-0.17544907331466675,
-0.05443333461880684,
-0.35299667716026306,
-0.49715524911880493,
0.023340141400694847,
-0.36304593086242676,
0.3142291009426117,
-0.28784552216529846,
-0.14026020467281342,
-0.10623559355735779,
0.6108391284942627,
-0.15072032809257507,
-0.49947690963745117,
0.1762332171201706,
0.13493576645851135,
-0.3302360475063324,
0.06421550363302231,
0.2595627009868622,
-0.1268942505121231,
0.5427549481391907,
-0.5434256792068481,
-0.01660887338221073,
-0.10988166183233261,
-0.5099252462387085,
-0.4782337546348572,
0.07250919193029404,
-0.0658327266573906,
-0.7261869311332703,
0.4429340660572052,
-0.29777777194976807,
-0.6676948666572571,
0.05985238030552864,
-0.37068378925323486,
0.3295888900756836,
0.6398354172706604,
-0.40636900067329407,
-0.12952877581119537,
-0.5185420513153076,
-0.2540549635887146,
-0.04800717532634735,
0.541601300239563,
-0.26079070568084717,
-0.38176125288009644,
-0.04005010798573494,
-0.2419959157705307,
-0.5860426425933838,
0.009617611765861511,
0.9927147030830383,
-0.6608694195747375,
0.5078151226043701,
0.528043806552887,
0.20834402740001678,
0.7556647658348083,
0.42696815729141235,
0.16691701114177704,
0.5806736350059509,
-0.044999729841947556,
0.3097032904624939,
-0.38023021817207336,
-0.2182532548904419,
-0.60411536693573,
-0.15323330461978912,
-0.1064862385392189,
-0.2645988464355469,
0.13707390427589417,
0.7527316212654114,
-0.9754953384399414,
-0.39069679379463196,
0.07718032598495483,
-0.771833062171936,
-0.21984712779521942,
0.543901264667511,
-0.37191981077194214,
0.37602245807647705,
0.41897982358932495,
0.4053981304168701,
0.19385555386543274,
-0.5783359408378601,
0.151984304189682,
-0.22384220361709595,
-0.1682039201259613,
-0.050640642642974854,
-0.1953168362379074,
-0.05700970068573952,
0.16917216777801514,
0.06480700522661209,
0.10299857705831528,
-0.09362519532442093,
0.18314234912395477,
-0.20575763285160065,
-0.18327035009860992,
0.5485711693763733,
-0.2912338376045227,
0.042219776660203934,
0.010793482884764671,
-0.135112464427948,
-0.22825880348682404,
0.16351668536663055,
-0.45055970549583435,
-0.5330981612205505,
0.17107462882995605,
0.29209551215171814,
0.4027840197086334,
-0.1458764672279358,
0.049292027950286865,
-0.14607731997966766,
0.6065616011619568,
-0.4671531021595001,
-0.09984631091356277,
0.6197310090065002,
0.05811877176165581,
-0.4731009304523468,
0.23663440346717834,
0.452465683221817,
0.6316447854042053,
-0.907952606678009,
-0.5652151107788086,
-0.05635993927717209,
-0.4678301215171814,
-0.9096854329109192,
0.38761451840400696,
0.32504576444625854,
-0.5438085794448853,
-0.23400989174842834,
-0.198104128241539,
-0.1320515275001526,
0.5803765654563904,
0.6963524222373962,
0.26898542046546936,
-0.5951383113861084,
-0.2762414813041687,
0.22330646216869354,
-0.26551228761672974,
0.032960452139377594,
0.515336275100708,
0.0009900626027956605,
-0.2140619456768036,
0.0074889142997562885,
-0.18215349316596985,
0.2973891496658325,
0.5546233057975769,
0.6493852138519287,
0.34008118510246277,
-0.1671132892370224,
-0.3091321587562561,
-0.506024181842804,
-0.02462569624185562,
-0.14831961691379547,
0.10974937677383423,
0.1783108413219452,
0.005209776107221842,
0.03794005885720253,
-0.22108884155750275,
0.34666013717651367,
0.06150813400745392,
-0.09447019547224045,
-0.18701207637786865,
0.3163999319076538,
0.5793032050132751,
-0.1616857647895813,
0.4728834927082062,
-0.2374148815870285,
-0.3087669610977173,
0.3799517750740051,
-0.2270696610212326,
-0.4238651394844055,
0.06294620782136917,
0.08245494216680527,
-0.31528428196907043,
-0.1846027970314026,
0.6093290448188782,
-0.16394579410552979,
-0.08794805407524109,
0.357562392950058,
0.11298546940088272,
-0.1678602397441864,
-0.1434052437543869,
0.35083630681037903,
-0.04839971289038658,
-0.27121299505233765,
0.22731119394302368,
0.1755611151456833,
0.584205687046051,
0.9224567413330078,
-0.38309428095817566,
0.02824920043349266,
0.019623029977083206,
0.32005253434181213,
0.1991434395313263,
-0.03521537780761719,
0.23445984721183777,
-0.4202585518360138,
-0.41166365146636963,
-0.043439559638500214,
0.014302260242402554,
-0.18967169523239136,
-0.044242069125175476,
-0.023283330723643303,
-0.4186139404773712,
0.12949234247207642,
-0.7095494270324707,
-0.05758993327617645,
0.4065428674221039,
0.28268909454345703,
-0.3495306372642517,
-0.3560830056667328,
0.11797761917114258,
0.3009457290172577,
-0.4046174883842468,
-0.46947038173675537,
-0.8351545929908752,
0.43765896558761597,
-0.1897733360528946,
0.10078421980142593,
-0.20609447360038757,
-0.07964622229337692,
0.6293498277664185,
-0.33564165234565735,
0.17497819662094116,
-0.23104707896709442,
-0.10015387088060379,
0.06365643441677094,
-0.013202901929616928,
-0.19283951818943024,
-0.27558785676956177,
0.3611573874950409,
-0.35385948419570923,
-0.603386640548706,
-0.3564279079437256,
0.36747726798057556,
0.617635190486908,
0.08426176756620407,
-0.171229749917984,
-0.5599026083946228,
-0.2795468270778656,
-0.08190987259149551,
0.017024794593453407,
-1.022415280342102,
-0.5342470407485962,
0.1313600242137909,
-0.2683888077735901,
0.5187820792198181,
-0.6584277153015137,
-0.13884159922599792,
0.6644223928451538,
0.21594157814979553,
-0.12327244877815247,
-0.021691111847758293,
-0.006482759490609169,
-0.8305926322937012,
0.054816827178001404,
-0.17488138377666473,
0.11615488678216934,
0.4191986620426178,
0.39651694893836975,
0.2731395661830902,
0.127816841006279,
-0.5496416091918945,
0.4009857773780823,
0.2171812355518341,
0.09048185497522354,
0.29471805691719055,
0.37125933170318604,
-0.07072499394416809,
0.030722692608833313,
-0.06202242523431778,
0.10343671590089798,
0.5199540853500366,
-0.3430555462837219,
0.3449140787124634,
0.46764177083969116,
-0.24259963631629944,
-0.22987675666809082,
0.031483009457588196,
-0.08790495246648788,
-0.0811472237110138,
-0.02622123621404171,
-0.00467465166002512,
0.8535098433494568,
0.24197331070899963,
0.1132325530052185,
-0.6672019362449646,
0.18019017577171326,
-0.06688272953033447,
-0.03865070268511772,
0.29340916872024536,
0.12629440426826477,
0.6199948191642761,
0.8104172945022583,
-0.5719245672225952,
-0.03088117390871048,
0.33737629652023315,
-0.2784077227115631,
-0.4665655791759491,
-0.602573037147522,
0.19160974025726318,
0.6575452089309692,
0.3572027385234833,
0.10222258418798447,
-0.33743566274642944,
-0.36106255650520325,
-0.20400598645210266,
0.4717349410057068,
-0.8940157890319824,
-0.6144004464149475,
0.09783998876810074,
-0.14279891550540924,
-0.22443954646587372,
-0.006394972093403339,
-0.3603573739528656,
-0.39532792568206787,
-0.291084885597229,
0.22358562052249908,
0.1185465157032013,
-0.06146001070737839,
-0.11113853007555008,
0.1197698712348938,
0.08502627164125443,
0.15463052690029144,
-0.11000734567642212,
0.21922223269939423,
-0.3531675934791565,
0.2933385670185089,
0.27299734950065613,
-0.26970571279525757,
-0.11107214540243149,
-0.21898826956748962,
-0.16235017776489258,
-0.30273565649986267,
-0.15970204770565033,
0.37683409452438354,
0.2391362190246582,
0.15512019395828247,
0.7303463816642761,
0.13298623263835907,
0.0774327963590622,
-0.023207256570458412,
0.05662335455417633,
-0.25115227699279785,
-0.04097410663962364,
-0.5184628963470459,
-0.15669143199920654,
0.16281627118587494,
0.04405011609196663,
0.02498795837163925,
-0.05313924700021744,
-0.2531414330005646,
-0.2213028222322464,
-0.6288819313049316,
0.17982421815395355,
0.039241161197423935,
-0.5537217259407043,
-0.2035232037305832,
-0.8127442598342896,
0.9921393394470215,
-0.058887969702482224,
0.11413238942623138,
-0.20542311668395996,
-0.24365587532520294,
0.48965075612068176,
0.22600680589675903,
-0.38044923543930054,
-0.07568570226430893,
-0.17161865532398224,
0.05286344885826111,
-0.32282111048698425,
0.31514301896095276,
-0.10827354341745377,
0.09599854052066803,
0.011195876635611057,
-0.0606125146150589,
0.26682817935943604,
-0.47153353691101074,
0.1392747014760971,
-0.4299216866493225,
-0.04572714865207672,
-0.21847517788410187,
-0.0020039614755660295,
-0.41569972038269043,
-0.2774738073348999,
0.16579408943653107,
-0.2370910793542862,
-0.2505774199962616,
0.033285800367593765,
0.4784238040447235,
0.19875513017177582,
0.3323732912540436,
-0.29980921745300293,
-0.38423627614974976,
-0.5306724905967712,
0.0602339506149292,
-0.5714954137802124,
0.7574464082717896,
0.5735889077186584,
0.7494696378707886,
0.025471895933151245,
-0.6952431201934814,
-0.2963862717151642,
-0.06205195188522339,
0.14116013050079346,
0.05463980510830879,
0.03325207531452179,
0.5947628617286682,
-0.27859410643577576,
-0.2585936486721039,
-0.23636727035045624,
0.9799094200134277,
0.3619215488433838,
0.07147374749183655,
0.021754512563347816,
0.08714275807142258,
0.41700729727745056,
-0.4239078164100647,
0.16332398355007172,
-0.9297590255737305,
0.7532903552055359,
-0.07268291711807251
] |
232320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCO | DCO | DCO may refer to: Diploma in Community Ophthalmology
Astronomy
Dark compact object, a dark compact star
Technology
Device configuration overlay, of a computer hard disk drive
Digitally controlled oscillator, in electronics
Siemens DCO, a telephone switch
Drift City Online, a game
Domain controller, on Microsoft Servers
Developer Certificate of Origin, used in open source software projects to verify individual contributions
Other
Deep Carbon Observatory
Dimension Century Orguss, anime series
Direct commission officer, a military rank
Disney Channel Original (disambiguation)
District coordination officer, a civil service position in Pakistan
The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own), a regiment of the Canadian Forces
Duke of Cambridge's Own, aka Middlesex Regiment
Dynamic Creative Optimization, a term used in Programmatic marketing
D.Co., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado
Docket Control Order, a legal document used to confirm court deadlines.
Document Control Officer controls access to documents that are restricted to certain people | [
0.3240121901035309,
0.14330148696899414,
0.14809803664684296,
0.41422027349472046,
0.15984249114990234,
-0.2595992684364319,
0.262660413980484,
0.4758841097354889,
-0.21619251370429993,
-0.22705760598182678,
-1.1020921468734741,
-0.012686733156442642,
0.377933531999588,
0.5462225675582886,
0.46862977743148804,
0.27569758892059326,
0.4063762426376343,
0.25020602345466614,
-0.45216354727745056,
-0.42291831970214844,
-0.3852440416812897,
-0.16976694762706757,
-0.07769089192152023,
-0.29217103123664856,
0.06558820605278015,
0.46225884556770325,
0.47261372208595276,
0.26632311940193176,
-0.3150053024291992,
-0.11533895134925842,
0.400439977645874,
-0.29687440395355225,
0.47785642743110657,
-0.31993940472602844,
0.36377134919166565,
0.15966640412807465,
-0.3039161264896393,
-0.14449220895767212,
-0.25694364309310913,
-1.1112151145935059,
0.1769452691078186,
-0.25873714685440063,
0.40272361040115356,
-0.008796429261565208,
-0.649554431438446,
-0.5292744040489197,
-1.2056195735931396,
0.6563597321510315,
-0.245009183883667,
0.24771007895469666,
0.17575176060199738,
0.421531617641449,
0.26824137568473816,
-0.22042697668075562,
0.03665498271584511,
0.4989372789859772,
-0.1666162610054016,
-0.11808352917432785,
0.21738150715827942,
-0.7162208557128906,
0.449776828289032,
0.21576490998268127,
-0.20933441817760468,
0.7194749712944031,
0.29599106311798096,
-0.04446844011545181,
0.18292264640331268,
0.24667905271053314,
-0.7508857250213623,
-0.542624831199646,
0.5357593894004822,
-0.02628900296986103,
0.32084885239601135,
0.17620863020420074,
-0.887209415435791,
-0.2910137474536896,
0.41554728150367737,
-0.1208304911851883,
-0.09898858517408371,
-0.4162660837173462,
0.0962083488702774,
0.20045842230319977,
0.5960022211074829,
-0.20419417321681976,
0.3879162669181824,
0.36978116631507874,
-0.8019258379936218,
-0.30429714918136597,
-0.642262876033783,
0.3558554947376251,
-0.01065322756767273,
-0.12530013918876648,
0.3595418334007263,
0.2000720500946045,
0.47766977548599243,
0.41682153940200806,
-0.0248790942132473,
-0.13616694509983063,
0.3563765287399292,
-0.44578275084495544,
-0.32549166679382324,
-0.16717980802059174,
-0.00483832648023963,
0.006862602662295103,
-0.5801539421081543,
0.23804396390914917,
-0.3421340584754944,
-0.48941630125045776,
-0.5095741748809814,
0.3406732678413391,
-0.45824551582336426,
-0.40649986267089844,
-0.27330446243286133,
0.08992309868335724,
-0.023761438205838203,
-0.3058866858482361,
0.25985008478164673,
0.2670954763889313,
-0.03991018980741501,
0.24163559079170227,
-0.10283864289522171,
0.7955305576324463,
-0.22502684593200684,
0.09970898181200027,
-0.1144113838672638,
0.3967568874359131,
0.5479338765144348,
0.43096017837524414,
-0.5826624035835266,
-0.1634611189365387,
0.45740360021591187,
0.6710239052772522,
-0.16134794056415558,
0.11719774454832077,
-0.056557320058345795,
-0.5019620060920715,
0.026782525703310966,
-0.5035632848739624,
-0.07883299142122269,
0.43836551904678345,
-0.9621907472610474,
-0.3950729966163635,
-0.3002052307128906,
-0.4576095640659332,
-0.37570661306381226,
-0.5268280506134033,
-0.058998316526412964,
0.3792344331741333,
-0.16750109195709229,
0.12473899871110916,
0.0584302693605423,
-0.26568159461021423,
-0.24922852218151093,
-0.12541484832763672,
-0.046278100460767746,
0.21843643486499786,
0.13347062468528748,
0.0284318458288908,
0.23651784658432007,
0.1559135466814041,
0.1407644897699356,
0.23770324885845184,
-0.2765175700187683,
0.01541401818394661,
-0.000639704056084156,
-0.10867374390363693,
0.254413902759552,
-0.18433433771133423,
-0.5590379238128662,
0.1966077983379364,
-0.3435839116573334,
0.10286197811365128,
-0.19735945761203766,
-0.0003490894741844386,
0.02556665986776352,
0.40113699436187744,
-0.08955740183591843,
0.33342939615249634,
0.2949425280094147,
-0.16533945500850677,
-0.6391957998275757,
0.3313131630420685,
-0.2664525508880615,
-0.46830543875694275,
-0.09901624917984009,
0.018576983362436295,
0.15463995933532715,
0.10602566599845886,
0.053679678589105606,
0.3746330440044403,
-0.5493230819702148,
-0.02893666923046112,
-0.2178882360458374,
-0.9024444818496704,
1.2139897346496582,
-0.5339338779449463,
-0.2586631774902344,
1.1198855638504028,
-0.36351636052131653,
0.5711207389831543,
0.14675092697143555,
0.07813034951686859,
0.7971718311309814,
-0.6854923367500305,
-0.309442400932312,
0.45952409505844116,
0.5716017484664917,
0.455087810754776,
0.20213349163532257,
-0.45991840958595276,
0.49649277329444885,
-0.6906133890151978,
0.025827571749687195,
0.041644029319286346,
0.41227132081985474,
0.06516851484775543,
-0.6448342800140381,
-0.229607954621315,
-0.2038254737854004,
-0.2837204337120056,
0.702092170715332,
-0.4394621253013611,
-0.022174092009663582,
0.7804682850837708,
-0.14402513206005096,
0.40481358766555786,
0.3814184367656708,
0.3135702908039093,
0.4699425995349884,
-0.7487776875495911,
0.33376723527908325,
-0.45601150393486023,
-0.1251588761806488,
-0.2544621527194977,
-0.18753376603126526,
-0.03525015711784363,
0.03798013925552368,
-0.1873069554567337,
0.6772721409797668,
0.12798726558685303,
-0.315744549036026,
-0.27703380584716797,
-0.23437774181365967,
0.334987998008728,
0.47590142488479614,
0.020833736285567284,
0.05306844040751457,
0.07686442881822586,
0.07642019540071487,
0.14090149104595184,
0.10696692764759064,
0.48879194259643555,
0.27846580743789673,
-0.2517887353897095,
0.5678266882896423,
0.06747302412986755,
0.27635523676872253,
-0.15145549178123474,
-0.32918083667755127,
-0.33911359310150146,
-0.4480191171169281,
0.2680370509624481,
-0.031168196350336075,
-0.004858708940446377,
-0.03737720847129822,
-0.4575413763523102,
-0.29160550236701965,
-0.28165093064308167,
0.7505421042442322,
0.34708601236343384,
-0.1742449849843979,
0.37710651755332947,
0.05173492804169655,
-0.3730681836605072,
-0.5293228626251221,
-0.7978949546813965,
0.4614465832710266,
0.3302755057811737,
-0.07197930663824081,
-0.592430055141449,
-0.06463910639286041,
-0.1766902059316635,
0.029146019369363785,
0.03362036496400833,
-0.33653247356414795,
0.08049080520868301,
-0.02684028446674347,
0.20786020159721375,
-0.7420869469642639,
-0.16230839490890503,
-0.35455507040023804,
-0.1717769056558609,
0.1312553584575653,
0.5259843468666077,
0.056491170078516006,
-0.08559732139110565,
-0.23089022934436798,
-0.24557512998580933,
0.19127413630485535,
-0.2920529246330261,
-0.1538964807987213,
0.5756434798240662,
0.14003072679042816,
0.16847310960292816,
0.21108317375183105,
-0.29070520401000977,
-0.3141975700855255,
0.08108223229646683,
-5.956793308258057,
-0.018083197996020317,
-0.4817677140235901,
0.16176842153072357,
0.06035604700446129,
-0.2703952193260193,
0.7496086955070496,
-0.0186093058437109,
-0.11755591630935669,
-0.42744681239128113,
0.11152168363332748,
0.4701589047908783,
0.2724049687385559,
0.19627420604228973,
0.38179752230644226,
0.5090426206588745,
0.3000377118587494,
-0.17436164617538452,
-0.07093536108732224,
0.23441700637340546,
-0.007926066406071186,
0.30760616064071655,
0.3877551853656769,
0.458484023809433,
0.010465230792760849,
-0.008969437330961227,
-1.0561397075653076,
0.25438082218170166,
-0.20847781002521515,
-0.4041287302970886,
0.5342580080032349,
0.012213988229632378,
-0.08201490342617035,
0.16667209565639496,
-0.11747989058494568,
-0.02951028384268284,
0.5348235368728638,
0.18841928243637085,
0.10898884385824203,
-0.36080849170684814,
0.11914630979299545,
-0.029473204165697098,
-0.33735957741737366,
0.08062999695539474,
0.3150365352630615,
-0.14165188372135162,
0.09995891153812408,
0.5655273199081421,
-0.44635406136512756,
0.7006957530975342,
-0.6544880270957947,
0.15348322689533234,
0.1694135218858719,
0.38524115085601807,
-0.30561017990112305,
-0.05437534675002098,
0.35146862268447876,
0.4569280445575714,
-0.49819910526275635,
0.12633410096168518,
-0.18112687766551971,
-0.3535785675048828,
0.03644006326794624,
-0.7106046676635742,
-0.24557644128799438,
0.28953468799591064,
-0.7630168795585632,
-0.5267816781997681,
0.4488632082939148,
0.3020161986351013,
-0.20923511683940887,
0.21660180389881134,
-0.05502450838685036,
-0.7171834111213684,
-0.02665627934038639,
-0.8576173186302185,
0.48669812083244324,
0.28756076097488403,
0.18683920800685883,
0.16956135630607605,
0.14085881412029266,
0.24702052772045135,
-0.008791080676019192,
0.13072380423545837,
-0.4191487431526184,
-0.7009510397911072,
0.14781644940376282,
0.23392507433891296,
0.4799656569957733,
-0.018305983394384384,
0.7475507259368896,
0.26564186811447144,
0.30799275636672974,
0.457423597574234,
0.47148892283439636,
-0.13010433316230774,
0.0850946381688118,
0.26905664801597595,
-0.006974457763135433,
-0.9390760660171509,
0.5050110220909119,
-0.393964558839798,
-0.15360933542251587,
-0.9235870838165283,
-0.5555734038352966,
-0.6470552682876587,
-0.370807409286499,
-0.17567867040634155,
0.23721943795681,
-0.21888330578804016,
-0.08599472790956497,
-0.11842799186706543,
-0.4466722011566162,
-0.21453259885311127,
0.214036226272583,
-0.08414321392774582,
-0.023092662915587425,
0.3763592839241028,
0.39587000012397766,
-0.03954153135418892,
0.046817597001791,
0.3023664653301239,
-0.0509563684463501,
0.03270300477743149,
-0.1064399778842926,
-0.25238683819770813,
-0.07109710574150085,
0.14143438637256622,
0.17875979840755463,
0.18649694323539734,
0.36421364545822144,
0.3780193626880646,
-0.17574290931224823,
0.22812986373901367,
-0.10796872526407242,
-0.39753258228302,
-0.6149522662162781,
0.3067929744720459,
0.2539016902446747,
0.19592975080013275,
0.30008482933044434,
0.09975782781839371,
-0.13969124853610992,
0.4842197895050049,
0.611699640750885,
0.21104945242404938,
-0.4738898277282715,
0.4691751003265381,
0.09523577988147736,
0.44883716106414795,
0.14144685864448547,
-0.49129152297973633,
0.4542277455329895,
-0.3609521985054016,
0.17688068747520447,
0.07992975413799286,
-0.3857802450656891,
0.24822771549224854,
0.35087937116622925,
-0.37895283102989197,
0.46030810475349426,
-0.05747253820300102,
-1.080227017402649,
-0.09068655967712402,
0.6694439649581909,
0.1890687197446823,
-1.031838059425354,
-0.28859764337539673,
-0.00867986399680376,
0.08195861428976059,
-0.05750998109579086,
-0.21219320595264435,
-1.0355963706970215,
-0.27936220169067383,
0.43366503715515137,
0.3579258918762207,
0.35559093952178955,
0.3438333570957184,
0.19283121824264526,
-0.20277760922908783,
0.5390408635139465,
-0.4896894097328186,
0.12585799396038055,
0.13860772550106049,
0.5836280584335327,
-0.07533997297286987,
-0.08004877716302872,
-0.22037285566329956,
0.1380990892648697,
0.2999086081981659,
0.35255736112594604,
0.07804252207279205,
0.44937166571617126,
0.2775612771511078,
-0.0894864946603775,
0.1064634621143341,
-0.09519905596971512,
0.6570165753364563,
-0.11322466284036636,
-0.3685668110847473,
-0.006842132657766342,
0.40471383929252625,
-0.5771252512931824,
0.351677805185318,
0.11262213438749313,
0.1840563267469406,
0.24564558267593384,
-0.2438475638628006,
-0.1805526465177536,
-0.3588835299015045,
-0.44626662135124207,
-0.04181935638189316,
0.2787837088108063,
0.10159800946712494,
-0.6452430486679077,
-0.0007216345984488726,
0.033232681453228,
-0.40366625785827637,
-0.26748576760292053,
-0.24312323331832886,
-0.09188137203454971,
0.15599548816680908,
0.09903515130281448,
0.01867813616991043,
0.05871513858437538,
-0.29292866587638855,
0.5214585065841675,
-0.9509764909744263,
0.3638648986816406,
0.08681385219097137,
-0.5465293526649475,
0.21493308246135712,
-0.18677911162376404,
-0.6386470794677734,
-0.11557964235544205,
0.08380408585071564,
-0.05840093642473221,
0.09205210953950882,
-0.18166455626487732,
-0.008283484727144241,
0.11163759231567383,
0.29415592551231384,
0.18784697353839874,
-1.0155384540557861,
-0.19383811950683594,
0.6292477250099182,
0.6166636943817139,
-0.3039752244949341,
-0.8033472299575806,
0.09127193689346313,
0.7508434653282166,
-0.5601142644882202,
-0.07094661146402359,
-0.4803456962108612,
0.4684810936450958,
-0.055088479071855545,
-0.05625999718904495,
-0.2448011189699173,
0.1167224794626236,
0.2263002097606659,
-0.1590965837240219,
-0.08675535768270493,
-0.3596356213092804,
0.11544710397720337,
-0.32589101791381836,
0.14769123494625092,
-0.5786149501800537,
-0.8688860535621643,
-0.07332894206047058,
-0.6697677969932556,
0.41727471351623535,
0.02190222777426243,
1.143696665763855,
0.9100683927536011,
0.6099186539649963,
0.09975764900445938,
-0.09046230465173721,
-0.0765693187713623,
0.17558720707893372,
-0.29615986347198486,
-0.08344539999961853,
0.4320800006389618,
0.12425500154495239,
-0.17867644131183624,
0.4784168601036072,
-0.5024469494819641,
0.2814239263534546,
0.5301066040992737,
-0.3588230311870575,
0.12214920669794083,
0.13177944719791412,
-0.20918329060077667,
-0.3985894024372101,
0.3331826329231262,
-0.32896801829338074,
0.012714793905615807,
0.07390929013490677,
-0.14126653969287872,
0.3478469252586365,
0.3641881048679352,
-0.4719155728816986,
0.8013161420822144,
0.4635692536830902,
-0.7816741466522217,
0.4901331961154938,
0.5767857432365417,
0.1443300098180771,
-0.2243596762418747,
-0.04804733768105507,
-0.7429845929145813,
0.23112869262695312,
-0.4998478591442108,
0.2413000613451004,
0.5800195932388306,
0.28615856170654297,
-0.269273579120636,
0.29530608654022217,
-0.28930649161338806,
0.23322881758213043,
0.14368590712547302,
0.2210666835308075,
0.679969847202301,
0.6897101998329163,
0.19285427033901215,
-0.32538577914237976,
0.21285244822502136,
0.08764190226793289,
-0.47501805424690247,
0.5381185412406921,
0.16754361987113953,
0.015222815796732903,
0.3474425673484802,
-0.5328378677368164,
0.8048576712608337,
-0.5079697966575623,
-0.010724182240664959,
0.17335805296897888,
-0.09636592119932175,
-0.4040476083755493,
0.5254649519920349,
0.1582476645708084,
0.8163962960243225,
0.09605930000543594,
0.23082013428211212,
-0.16707743704319,
0.5586541295051575,
0.45860621333122253,
0.13892711699008942,
-0.009694783948361874,
-0.07600373029708862,
0.16830545663833618,
-0.09630676358938217,
0.1578005850315094,
0.060618236660957336,
-0.15051011741161346,
-0.08828607201576233,
-0.09618214517831802,
-0.23292112350463867,
0.47730693221092224,
-0.33430346846580505,
-0.5068857073783875,
-0.05596744269132614,
0.41826361417770386,
-0.2870981991291046,
-0.5467271208763123,
-0.3524548411369324,
0.4186549186706543,
-0.4607566297054291,
0.12773267924785614,
0.05088595300912857,
0.3617238998413086,
0.4882863461971283,
-0.5303261280059814,
0.14845801889896393,
0.027615729719400406,
-0.7175793647766113,
0.10538636147975922,
0.48699599504470825,
0.184052973985672,
0.0871029943227768,
-0.2910538613796234,
-0.16737765073776245,
-0.2043142467737198,
-0.7247442603111267,
0.6558768153190613,
-0.050920408219099045,
-0.566882312297821,
0.2822413146495819,
-0.49716266989707947,
0.32880860567092896,
0.27979132533073425,
-0.46005678176879883,
-0.20581172406673431,
-0.1061548963189125,
0.034351374953985214,
-0.06681011617183685,
0.14195659756660461,
0.0821344256401062,
0.07972601056098938,
-0.013970859348773956,
-0.384306937456131,
-0.13138563930988312,
0.17070747911930084,
-0.13480718433856964,
-0.44242897629737854,
0.015690550208091736,
-0.2741096019744873,
0.23252102732658386,
-0.6627869009971619,
0.09814383089542389,
0.12961502373218536,
-0.2615342140197754,
-0.2995728850364685,
0.4599294662475586,
0.1940130591392517,
0.2723471522331238,
0.9233713150024414,
-0.15502893924713135,
0.13121403753757477,
-0.254282683134079,
-0.5121786594390869,
-0.2070230394601822,
0.7349396347999573,
0.48685896396636963,
-0.2849186658859253,
-0.33446791768074036,
0.278867244720459,
0.6222947835922241,
-0.4022376537322998,
0.7297501564025879,
-0.42058441042900085,
-0.2619367241859436,
-0.4117867350578308,
0.707740068435669,
-0.5060433149337769,
-0.4258524775505066,
0.035219110548496246,
0.8337869644165039,
0.08627741783857346,
-0.4293622076511383,
-0.15379874408245087,
-0.4401898980140686,
-0.2227633148431778,
-0.285422146320343,
-0.6006324291229248,
0.2935658097267151,
-0.24070753157138824,
-0.10052626579999924,
-0.6435689926147461,
-0.032445892691612244,
0.33652761578559875,
-0.7410823702812195,
0.41589054465293884,
-0.17742891609668732,
0.051245979964733124,
-0.15731021761894226,
-0.25243276357650757,
-0.23005366325378418,
-0.21760620176792145,
0.2856992781162262
] |
232321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitally%20controlled%20oscillator | Digitally controlled oscillator | A digitally controlled oscillator or DCO is used in synthesizers, microcontrollers, and software-defined radios. The name is analogous with "voltage-controlled oscillator." DCOs were designed to overcome the tuning stability limitations of early VCO designs.
Confusion over terminology
The term "digitally controlled oscillator" has been used to describe the combination of a voltage-controlled oscillator driven by a control signal from a digital-to-analog converter, and is also sometimes used to describe numerically controlled oscillators.
This article refers specifically to the DCOs used in many synthesizers of the 1980s . These include the Roland Juno-6, Juno-60, Juno-106, JX-3P, JX-8P, and JX-10, the Elka Synthex, the Korg Poly-61, the Oberheim Matrix-6, some instruments by Akai and Kawai, and the recent Prophet '08 and its successor Rev2 by Dave Smith Instruments.
Relation to earlier VCO designs
Many voltage-controlled oscillators for electronic music are based on a capacitor charging linearly in an op-amp integrator configuration. When the capacitor charge reaches a certain level, a comparator generates a reset pulse, which discharges the capacitor and the cycle begins again. This produces a rising ramp (or sawtooth) waveform, and this type of oscillator core is known as a ramp core.
A common DCO design uses a programmable counter IC such as the 8253 instead of a comparator.
This provides stable digital pitch generation by using the leading edge of a square wave to derive a reset pulse to discharge the capacitor in the oscillator's ramp core.
Historical context
In the early 1980s, many manufacturers were beginning to produce polyphonic synthesizers. The VCO designs of the time still left something to be desired in terms of tuning stability. Whilst this was an issue for monophonic synthesizers, the limited number of oscillators (typically 3 or fewer) meant that keeping instruments tuned was a manageable task, often performed using dedicated front panel controls. With the advent of polyphony, tuning problems became worse and costs went up, due to the much larger number of oscillators involved (often 16 in an 8-voice instrument like the Yamaha CS-80 from 1977 or Roland Jupiter-8 from 1981). This created a need for a cheap, reliable, and stable oscillator design. Engineers working on the problem looked to the frequency division technology used in electronic organs of the time and the microprocessors and associated chips that were starting to appear, and developed the DCO.
The DCO was seen at the time as an improvement over the unstable tuning of VCOs. However, it shared the same ramp core, and the same limited range of waveforms. Although sophisticated analogue waveshaping is possible, the greater simplicity and arbitrary waveforms of digital systems like direct digital synthesis led to most later instruments adopting entirely digital oscillator designs.
Operation
A DCO can be considered as a VCO that is synchronised to an external frequency reference. The reference in this case is the reset pulses. These are produced by a digital counter such as the 8253 chip. The counter acts as a frequency divider, counting pulses from a high frequency master clock (typically several MHz) and toggling the state of its output when the count reaches some predetermined value. The frequency of the counter's output can thus be defined by the number of pulses counted, and this generates a square wave at the required frequency.
The leading edge of this square wave is used to derive a reset pulse to discharge the capacitor in the oscillator's ramp core. This ensures that the ramp waveform produced is of the same frequency as the counter output.
Problems with the design
For a given capacitor charging current, the amplitude of the output waveform will decrease linearly with frequency. In musical terms, this means a waveform an octave higher in pitch is of half the amplitude. In order to produce a constant amplitude over the full range of the oscillator, some compensation scheme must be employed. This is often done by controlling the charging current from the same microprocessor that controls the counter reset value.
See also
Voltage-controlled oscillator
Numerically controlled oscillator
Direct digital synthesizer
References
Electronic oscillators
Synthesizer electronics
nl:DCO (oscillator) | [
0.3702598810195923,
0.3066967725753784,
-0.14013859629631042,
0.38641518354415894,
-0.27288734912872314,
-0.1255834996700287,
-0.15016838908195496,
0.180801123380661,
-0.21272316575050354,
0.03603897616267204,
-0.5505368709564209,
0.8659114837646484,
-0.3509683310985565,
0.559297502040863,
-0.2190878540277481,
0.25005942583084106,
0.591817319393158,
0.21346086263656616,
-0.1827927678823471,
-0.424836128950119,
0.185813769698143,
-0.1650352030992508,
0.34195804595947266,
-0.2443695068359375,
-0.21085898578166962,
-0.03203373774886131,
-0.056528132408857346,
0.002302889246493578,
-0.24670791625976562,
0.13435116410255432,
0.197706937789917,
0.8065639138221741,
0.3428049087524414,
-0.5957479476928711,
0.15487396717071533,
0.5492980480194092,
-0.1564783900976181,
-0.22409717738628387,
-0.1054522693157196,
-0.6945644617080688,
0.24055089056491852,
-0.13689371943473816,
0.35332050919532776,
0.4643740653991699,
-0.6671298146247864,
-0.18402408063411713,
-0.9485523104667664,
0.022757042199373245,
-0.6014467477798462,
-0.21499387919902802,
-0.7185434103012085,
-0.10411002486944199,
0.6022977828979492,
0.7080425024032593,
0.34751448035240173,
-0.07976256310939789,
-0.5643774271011353,
-0.4285595715045929,
0.267337828874588,
0.11490919440984726,
-0.0441458523273468,
-0.3395932614803314,
-0.7452033162117004,
-0.2690907120704651,
0.43135887384414673,
-0.18319465219974518,
-0.10537169873714447,
-0.1892472505569458,
-0.8106467127799988,
-0.16827327013015747,
-0.38807907700538635,
0.045500773936510086,
0.15821370482444763,
-0.3836650848388672,
-0.45753157138824463,
-0.012171556241810322,
0.6492481231689453,
-0.01639603078365326,
0.08042466640472412,
0.07919006794691086,
0.21301700174808502,
0.8089503645896912,
0.9954215288162231,
-0.43485063314437866,
0.21927376091480255,
0.14248204231262207,
-1.0313084125518799,
0.31817254424095154,
-0.6094867587089539,
0.13402074575424194,
-0.3533117473125458,
-0.1486782282590866,
0.44585052132606506,
0.4741710424423218,
0.08901318162679672,
0.10799534618854523,
0.3186570107936859,
0.06690070033073425,
0.14336711168289185,
0.3518110513687134,
0.5517588257789612,
0.46034497022628784,
0.5912523865699768,
-0.28808656334877014,
0.1817648708820343,
-0.3707716763019562,
-0.8799583315849304,
-0.03528213128447533,
-0.6235484480857849,
0.10712502151727676,
-0.49197956919670105,
0.2791685163974762,
0.3487236797809601,
-0.16562685370445251,
-0.4266479015350342,
0.17048487067222595,
0.5824854373931885,
0.8259717226028442,
0.1749792844057083,
0.39392411708831787,
0.6973297595977783,
1.0104893445968628,
-0.2161460667848587,
-0.3033747971057892,
-0.6437733769416809,
0.4582389295101166,
0.39492666721343994,
0.6527498364448547,
-0.3162432610988617,
-0.09992778301239014,
-0.1720617711544037,
1.1935806274414062,
0.15237993001937866,
0.05976896733045578,
0.006690276321023703,
-0.6097171902656555,
0.3866036534309387,
-0.0665898472070694,
0.2550892233848572,
0.17403504252433777,
-0.33832401037216187,
-0.478341281414032,
-0.5627609491348267,
-0.6015764474868774,
-0.26071810722351074,
-0.21887217462062836,
-0.35715824365615845,
-0.14595842361450195,
-0.16434845328330994,
0.1499737948179245,
0.09768988192081451,
-0.17211678624153137,
-0.5538533329963684,
-0.3646027445793152,
-0.23948074877262115,
-0.6669366955757141,
0.09544925391674042,
-0.35159653425216675,
-0.10658689588308334,
0.0334196537733078,
-0.13747017085552216,
-0.20740704238414764,
-0.19639843702316284,
0.025801589712500572,
0.0685235857963562,
-0.18129156529903412,
0.5242483019828796,
0.34894952178001404,
-0.11140167713165283,
0.2365175038576126,
-0.023778997361660004,
0.007806646171957254,
-0.2543482780456543,
-0.43478673696517944,
0.12583905458450317,
-0.333974689245224,
0.2777160406112671,
0.3848353326320648,
0.2691996097564697,
0.1383625864982605,
-0.9689303636550903,
0.40366217494010925,
0.20175647735595703,
-0.31876909732818604,
0.3730824291706085,
0.13222338259220123,
0.49555712938308716,
-0.26873183250427246,
-0.35636207461357117,
-0.19330473244190216,
-0.35360094904899597,
-0.438778817653656,
0.04670490697026253,
-0.17254863679409027,
0.44809412956237793,
0.33333948254585266,
-0.6708458662033081,
0.34065818786621094,
0.12345526367425919,
0.3735387325286865,
0.20438559353351593,
-0.03248830512166023,
0.34594354033470154,
-0.4389145076274872,
-0.3610324263572693,
0.2597090005874634,
0.6696122884750366,
-0.04712681099772453,
0.24776120483875275,
-0.4387059509754181,
0.6076978445053101,
-0.5276924967765808,
0.5742196440696716,
-0.10387536883354187,
-0.07501566410064697,
-0.39397019147872925,
-0.6581778526306152,
0.3665050268173218,
-0.26756080985069275,
-0.14465101063251495,
0.28319504857063293,
0.11940919607877731,
-0.39646437764167786,
0.9884456992149353,
-0.6572544574737549,
0.7388609647750854,
0.03702501207590103,
0.17588570713996887,
0.5440100431442261,
-0.42293962836265564,
0.13409343361854553,
-0.21098381280899048,
-0.34082984924316406,
-0.48642662167549133,
-0.2951364815235138,
0.30667105317115784,
-0.16256581246852875,
-0.29234617948532104,
0.17599309980869293,
-0.027339186519384384,
0.2355778068304062,
-0.11037582904100418,
-0.8022590279579163,
0.018559260293841362,
0.3163083791732788,
-0.0790100246667862,
0.01734236441552639,
-0.0444650873541832,
-0.054448362439870834,
0.2317596971988678,
-0.03104681335389614,
0.42174986004829407,
0.7559800148010254,
-0.5841763019561768,
0.07091682404279709,
0.11158466339111328,
-0.38675859570503235,
-0.00864195916801691,
0.06916753202676773,
0.316204696893692,
-0.14062456786632538,
0.3938790559768677,
0.32609230279922485,
-0.6235175728797913,
-0.7389945983886719,
-0.9964269399642944,
-0.04760119318962097,
0.3628791570663452,
0.3439181447029114,
-0.15905064344406128,
-0.08732593804597855,
0.21292656660079956,
-0.18655912578105927,
-0.3504520356655121,
-0.6515360474586487,
-0.6537070274353027,
-0.4512743651866913,
0.055182281881570816,
-0.17406634986400604,
-0.6188064217567444,
0.842359185218811,
0.5849568843841553,
0.270455926656723,
-0.4719887971878052,
-1.0232387781143188,
-0.1883234679698944,
0.4221448004245758,
-0.17509740591049194,
-0.07186306267976761,
-0.6328465342521667,
-0.9207007884979248,
-0.18538835644721985,
-0.16239289939403534,
0.6823791265487671,
0.1803044080734253,
0.5586825013160706,
0.18838828802108765,
-0.28186917304992676,
0.34713903069496155,
-0.5523197054862976,
-0.38205769658088684,
0.3695299029350281,
-0.33810728788375854,
-0.1218942403793335,
-0.5254290103912354,
0.16227003931999207,
-0.000647707493044436,
-0.16813234984874725,
-5.520660400390625,
0.44216838479042053,
-0.47929102182388306,
-0.639918863773346,
-0.09261714667081833,
0.4463246166706085,
0.6347008347511292,
-0.29932457208633423,
-0.36531028151512146,
0.4144843518733978,
-0.6198703646659851,
0.046514131128787994,
-0.17112033069133759,
0.5013449788093567,
0.46281346678733826,
-0.11858780682086945,
0.28573882579803467,
-0.31399741768836975,
0.05238225683569908,
0.198023721575737,
0.21760712563991547,
-0.032201338559389114,
0.32040661573410034,
0.04567809775471687,
-0.024225344881415367,
-0.03595619276165962,
-0.1644725650548935,
0.041320305317640305,
-0.6050931215286255,
-0.4557168185710907,
0.09878376871347427,
0.06497637182474136,
-0.04651131480932236,
-0.16685563325881958,
0.02417263761162758,
0.3064285218715668,
0.40871620178222656,
0.31391215324401855,
0.21200411021709442,
-0.5430298447608948,
0.038058873265981674,
0.1764068603515625,
0.4621520936489105,
0.26106417179107666,
0.46830612421035767,
0.6101230382919312,
-0.13572697341442108,
-0.49980080127716064,
-0.3743429481983185,
0.9837091565132141,
-0.24391180276870728,
-0.01532818004488945,
0.41338035464286804,
-0.1426496058702469,
-0.11192069947719574,
-0.061575621366500854,
0.7241325378417969,
0.19405846297740936,
-0.2171400785446167,
0.5509418249130249,
0.19279813766479492,
-0.26269766688346863,
-0.49589183926582336,
-0.7165766358375549,
-0.3375367522239685,
0.1413697898387909,
-0.9219740033149719,
-0.2948060929775238,
0.9368401169776917,
0.7723681330680847,
0.32907527685165405,
0.01875077746808529,
-0.16611111164093018,
-0.567658543586731,
0.6258803606033325,
-0.4738120138645172,
0.5486517548561096,
-0.18826526403427124,
0.16662541031837463,
0.5732311606407166,
-0.3076997399330139,
-0.04155733436346054,
-0.16338633000850677,
0.25257188081741333,
-0.44729340076446533,
-0.0778052881360054,
-0.5029211044311523,
0.33184510469436646,
-0.17227143049240112,
-0.16311226785182953,
0.6729402542114258,
0.3012935221195221,
-0.10611680895090103,
-0.01815195381641388,
0.10610773414373398,
-0.14819656312465668,
0.5325609445571899,
0.5577620267868042,
0.7805824279785156,
-0.45337820053100586,
0.413274347782135,
-0.3398573696613312,
-0.24040278792381287,
-0.6120890378952026,
-0.048021044582128525,
-0.45277658104896545,
-0.7339460849761963,
-0.23394343256950378,
0.48255476355552673,
0.06274955719709396,
-0.06058310344815254,
0.0771111473441124,
-0.3569600284099579,
-0.5835359692573547,
0.32450807094573975,
-0.12518824636936188,
0.1255536824464798,
0.7192545533180237,
0.34695762395858765,
-0.5218856334686279,
0.402572363615036,
0.1986968070268631,
0.4000890254974365,
-0.23826977610588074,
-0.25609204173088074,
-0.05750422552227974,
-0.24668076634407043,
0.6188986897468567,
-0.5109144449234009,
-0.32546135783195496,
0.45163482427597046,
0.23829206824302673,
-0.14010469615459442,
0.3315916657447815,
-0.10871775448322296,
-0.48262301087379456,
-1.0408248901367188,
0.6753538846969604,
0.27986466884613037,
-0.37234777212142944,
0.5613698363304138,
-0.372664213180542,
0.3607214391231537,
-0.23392216861248016,
0.8021832704544067,
0.5362493395805359,
0.2763224244117737,
-0.296133816242218,
-0.013543597422540188,
0.4083828330039978,
0.2964147627353668,
-0.315707266330719,
-0.0997479036450386,
-0.510585367679596,
-0.037626512348651886,
0.13762983679771423,
0.2576303482055664,
0.08931031078100204,
0.1284799873828888,
-0.7945072650909424,
0.640877902507782,
0.25223293900489807,
-0.662681519985199,
0.15905773639678955,
0.29054415225982666,
0.44837048649787903,
-1.1193288564682007,
-0.2936185300350189,
0.18441306054592133,
0.5421099662780762,
-0.4313521683216095,
-0.4981078803539276,
-0.5661293864250183,
-0.5793718099594116,
0.7613995671272278,
0.1477895975112915,
0.5366665720939636,
0.18583814799785614,
-0.008874310180544853,
-0.6724128127098083,
-0.17992916703224182,
-0.2119164913892746,
-0.5888544917106628,
0.27553650736808777,
0.09298178553581238,
-0.4944489896297455,
-0.4752327501773834,
0.32925179600715637,
-0.4129754900932312,
-0.2752666175365448,
0.24556925892829895,
0.341237872838974,
-0.09232545644044876,
-0.012846406549215317,
-0.4973727762699127,
-0.5669925212860107,
0.014356087893247604,
0.8108659982681274,
0.0014754108851775527,
-1.2648253440856934,
0.2936946153640747,
0.3097844123840332,
-0.10555096715688705,
0.4285721778869629,
0.23027482628822327,
-0.16384021937847137,
0.24317917227745056,
0.2216707020998001,
-0.75423264503479,
0.2638666033744812,
-0.11609999090433121,
-0.7988615036010742,
0.0627804845571518,
0.0724441409111023,
-0.7167142629623413,
0.19703927636146545,
0.5261844992637634,
-0.8320158123970032,
-0.3763671815395355,
-0.05039128288626671,
-0.049606483429670334,
0.004061325453221798,
0.18589900434017181,
0.5133539438247681,
-0.5160992741584778,
0.28068020939826965,
-0.47316107153892517,
-0.12039151787757874,
0.822513222694397,
-0.1992412805557251,
-0.665136992931366,
0.09923560172319412,
0.1320720911026001,
-0.18642528355121613,
-0.41892385482788086,
-0.14221443235874176,
-1.0251672267913818,
0.33325129747390747,
-0.6740421652793884,
0.4323563873767853,
0.6485245823860168,
0.5517591238021851,
-0.11284878104925156,
-0.3831060826778412,
-0.5415632128715515,
0.36984795331954956,
0.43842220306396484,
-0.3412649929523468,
-0.6393764615058899,
0.20930874347686768,
0.4295864403247833,
-0.12898679077625275,
-1.1222772598266602,
-0.14704589545726776,
0.9366052150726318,
0.26638561487197876,
0.011006509885191917,
-0.35559165477752686,
0.2044396698474884,
-0.01891108602285385,
-0.039741307497024536,
0.1027759239077568,
-0.24077321588993073,
0.2611333131790161,
0.45100343227386475,
0.3053520917892456,
-0.353733628988266,
-0.3804020285606384,
0.5344477295875549,
-0.3596823811531067,
0.4298653304576874,
-0.39505651593208313,
1.2549375295639038,
0.7114677429199219,
0.5180431604385376,
0.2409273386001587,
0.4015938937664032,
-0.31366580724716187,
0.07012591511011124,
-0.2550417184829712,
0.2569557726383209,
0.3037509322166443,
0.3982626497745514,
-0.4915778636932373,
0.5535925626754761,
0.049128610640764236,
-0.26959389448165894,
-0.40403446555137634,
-0.16192932426929474,
-0.523922324180603,
-0.24600733816623688,
0.2554153501987457,
0.3026692569255829,
1.082319736480713,
-0.19551478326320648,
0.1449545919895172,
0.16712002456188202,
0.3328537344932556,
0.03691764175891876,
-0.37311387062072754,
-0.36182650923728943,
0.7773683071136475,
0.32530996203422546,
-0.5450451374053955,
0.7465509176254272,
-0.03902754560112953,
0.49898234009742737,
-0.381632536649704,
-0.4652475118637085,
-0.38455212116241455,
-0.1757206916809082,
-0.016484055668115616,
-0.2808481454849243,
0.8972482681274414,
-0.19767342507839203,
0.09137263894081116,
0.7207801938056946,
-0.026815077289938927,
0.7371830940246582,
0.7069029211997986,
0.07320177555084229,
-0.5137646198272705,
0.6023679375648499,
0.43382418155670166,
-0.2870886027812958,
0.390424519777298,
0.10733343660831451,
-0.831061065196991,
0.6224759221076965,
-0.20539215207099915,
0.7873020172119141,
0.6309415698051453,
-0.27159711718559265,
0.753945529460907,
-0.5925664901733398,
-0.535292387008667,
-0.017105627804994583,
-0.07479143887758255,
-1.0267709493637085,
0.4282398223876953,
0.05778675898909569,
0.5547911524772644,
-0.12972846627235413,
0.37997227907180786,
0.29594460129737854,
0.3614800274372101,
0.4304601848125458,
0.444054514169693,
-0.19613246619701385,
-0.0450633279979229,
0.1291290670633316,
0.2889373004436493,
0.7755933403968811,
-0.15299533307552338,
0.03226389363408089,
-0.2907947301864624,
0.4428842067718506,
-0.13320539891719818,
0.4339717626571655,
-0.10004402697086334,
-0.22680656611919403,
0.6704274415969849,
0.6930117011070251,
-0.04783177003264427,
0.11930757015943527,
-0.19827672839164734,
0.16309282183647156,
-0.349479079246521,
-0.1636781394481659,
-0.02334209717810154,
0.5913580060005188,
0.5725295543670654,
-0.6144502758979797,
0.7168747782707214,
-0.013527900911867619,
-0.6876094937324524,
0.18757963180541992,
0.2909211814403534,
0.024709219112992287,
-0.3446979522705078,
-0.17939192056655884,
0.20432321727275848,
-0.16874149441719055,
-0.9391283988952637,
0.15094305574893951,
0.10267101973295212,
-0.5732021331787109,
0.23873616755008698,
0.39837706089019775,
-0.057639263570308685,
0.16974592208862305,
-0.6856891512870789,
-0.4001534879207611,
-0.6018210649490356,
-0.28802621364593506,
-0.21404895186424255,
0.29255980253219604,
0.13647139072418213,
-0.07074787467718124,
0.02555036172270775,
0.5528029203414917,
0.5920932292938232,
0.1440575271844864,
-0.3312835395336151,
-0.4809850752353668,
0.7349122166633606,
-0.1915857493877411,
0.3527641296386719,
-0.5873919725418091,
0.7165501713752747,
-0.04558098688721657,
-0.12467995285987854,
0.14867421984672546,
0.2903967499732971,
-0.025601036846637726,
0.2915795147418976,
0.49957287311553955,
-0.44049787521362305,
0.24454069137573242,
-0.6785168647766113,
-0.06977605074644089,
0.11839748919010162,
0.04231240972876549,
0.4056026339530945,
-0.06624622642993927,
-0.2529270052909851,
0.6807135343551636,
-0.15158401429653168,
-0.6476176381111145,
-0.24788756668567657,
-0.10953681915998459,
0.357564240694046,
-0.2003493309020996,
-0.03897368162870407,
-0.728203296661377,
-0.46868348121643066,
-0.2965933382511139,
0.6105811595916748,
0.14400418102741241,
-0.27367913722991943,
0.25917771458625793,
0.015241412445902824,
-0.11051368713378906,
0.0699206218123436,
-0.4470503628253937,
-0.18280497193336487,
-0.29948729276657104,
-0.37963858246803284,
-0.459732323884964,
0.2145712971687317,
0.10014334321022034,
-0.8720539212226868,
-0.3949800133705139,
0.07626686990261078,
-0.37670615315437317,
0.2506572902202606,
0.4306241571903229,
-0.5091853737831116,
-0.3778967261314392,
0.1771143078804016
] |
232323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene | Pseudogene | Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences needed for transcription or translation, or whose coding sequences are obviously defective due to frameshifts or premature stop codons.
Most non-bacterial genomes contain many pseudogenes, often as many as functional genes. This is not surprising, since various biological processes are expected to accidentally create pseudogenes, and there are no specialized mechanisms to remove them from genomes. Eventually pseudogenes may be deleted from their genomes by chance DNA replication or DNA repair errors, or they may accumulate so many mutational changes that they are no longer recognizable as former genes. Analysis of these degeneration events helps clarify the effects of non-selective processes in genomes.
Pseudogene sequences may be transcribed into RNA at low levels, due to promoter elements inherited from the ancestral gene or arising by new mutations. Although most of these transcripts will have no more functional significance than chance transcripts from other parts of the genome, some have given rise to beneficial regulatory RNAs and new proteins.
Properties
Pseudogenes are usually characterized by a combination of homology to a known gene and loss of some functionality. That is, although every pseudogene has a DNA sequence that is similar to some functional gene, they are usually unable to produce functional final protein products. Pseudogenes are sometimes difficult to identify and characterize in genomes, because the two requirements of homology and loss of functionality are usually implied through sequence alignments rather than biologically proven.
Homology is implied by sequence identity between the DNA sequences of the pseudogene and parent gene. After aligning the two sequences, the percentage of identical base pairs is computed. A high sequence identity means that it is highly likely that these two sequences diverged from a common ancestral sequence (are homologous), and highly unlikely that these two sequences have evolved independently (see Convergent evolution).
Nonfunctionality can manifest itself in many ways. Normally, a gene must go through several steps to a fully functional protein: Transcription, pre-mRNA processing, translation, and protein folding are all required parts of this process. If any of these steps fails, then the sequence may be considered nonfunctional. In high-throughput pseudogene identification, the most commonly identified disablements are premature stop codons and frameshifts, which almost universally prevent the translation of a functional protein product.
Pseudogenes for RNA genes are usually more difficult to discover as they do not need to be translated and thus do not have "reading frames".
Pseudogenes can complicate molecular genetic studies. For example, amplification of a gene by PCR may simultaneously amplify a pseudogene that shares similar sequences. This is known as PCR bias or amplification bias. Similarly, pseudogenes are sometimes annotated as genes in genome sequences.
Processed pseudogenes often pose a problem for gene prediction programs, often being misidentified as real genes or exons. It has been proposed that identification of processed pseudogenes can help improve the accuracy of gene prediction methods.
Recently 140 human pseudogenes have been shown to be translated. However, the function, if any, of the protein products is unknown.
Types and origin
There are four main types of pseudogenes, all with distinct mechanisms of origin and characteristic features. The classifications of pseudogenes are as follows:
Processed
In higher eukaryotes, particularly mammals, retrotransposition is a fairly common event that has had a huge impact on the composition of the genome. For example, somewhere between 30 and 44% of the human genome consists of repetitive elements such as SINEs and LINEs (see retrotransposons). In the process of retrotransposition, a portion of the mRNA or hnRNA transcript of a gene is spontaneously reverse transcribed back into DNA and inserted into chromosomal DNA. Although retrotransposons usually create copies of themselves, it has been shown in an in vitro system that they can create retrotransposed copies of random genes, too. Once these pseudogenes are inserted back into the genome, they usually contain a poly-A tail, and usually have had their introns spliced out; these are both hallmark features of cDNAs. However, because they are derived from an RNA product, processed pseudogenes also lack the upstream promoters of normal genes; thus, they are considered "dead on arrival", becoming non-functional pseudogenes immediately upon the retrotransposition event. However, these insertions occasionally contribute exons to existing genes, usually via alternatively spliced transcripts. A further characteristic of processed pseudogenes is common truncation of the 5' end relative to the parent sequence, which is a result of the relatively non-processive retrotransposition mechanism that creates processed pseudogenes. Processed pseudogenes are continually being created in primates. Human populations, for example, have distinct sets of processed pseudogenes across its individuals.
Non-processed
Non-processed (or duplicated) pseudogenes. Gene duplication is another common and important process in the evolution of genomes. A copy of a functional gene may arise as a result of a gene duplication event caused by homologous recombination at, for example, repetitive sine sequences on misaligned chromosomes and subsequently acquire mutations that cause the copy to lose the original gene's function. Duplicated pseudogenes usually have all the same characteristics as genes, including an intact exon-intron structure and regulatory sequences. The loss of a duplicated gene's functionality usually has little effect on an organism's fitness, since an intact functional copy still exists. According to some evolutionary models, shared duplicated pseudogenes indicate the evolutionary relatedness of humans and the other primates. If pseudogenization is due to gene duplication, it usually occurs in the first few million years after the gene duplication, provided the gene has not been subjected to any selection pressure. Gene duplication generates functional redundancy and it is not normally advantageous to carry two identical genes. Mutations that disrupt either the structure or the function of either of the two genes are not deleterious and will not be removed through the selection process. As a result, the gene that has been mutated gradually becomes a pseudogene and will be either unexpressed or functionless. This kind of evolutionary fate is shown by population genetic modeling and also by genome analysis. According to evolutionary context, these pseudogenes will either be deleted or become so distinct from the parental genes so that they will no longer be identifiable. Relatively young pseudogenes can be recognized due to their sequence similarity.
Unitary pseudogenes
Various mutations (such as indels and nonsense mutations) can prevent a gene from being normally transcribed or translated, and thus the gene may become less- or non-functional or "deactivated". These are the same mechanisms by which non-processed genes become pseudogenes, but the difference in this case is that the gene was not duplicated before pseudogenization. Normally, such a pseudogene would be unlikely to become fixed in a population, but various population effects, such as genetic drift, a population bottleneck, or, in some cases, natural selection, can lead to fixation. The classic example of a unitary pseudogene is the gene that presumably coded the enzyme L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GULO) in primates. In all mammals studied besides primates (except guinea pigs), GULO aids in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), but it exists as a disabled gene (GULOP) in humans and other primates. Another more recent example of a disabled gene links the deactivation of the caspase 12 gene (through a nonsense mutation) to positive selection in humans.
It has been shown that processed pseudogenes accumulate mutations faster than non-processed pseudogenes.
Pseudo-pseudogenes
The rapid proliferation of DNA sequencing technologies has led to the identification of many apparent pseudogenes using gene prediction techniques. Pseudogenes are often identified by the appearance of a premature stop codon in a predicted mRNA sequence, which would, in theory, prevent synthesis (translation) of the normal protein product of the original gene. There have been some reports of translational readthrough of such premature stop codons in mammals. As alluded to in the figure above, a small amount of the protein product of such readthrough may still be recognizable and function at some level. If so, the pseudogene can be subject to natural selection. That appears to have happened during the evolution of Drosophila species.
In 2016 it was reported that 4 predicted pseudogenes in multiple Drosophila species actually encode proteins with biologically important functions, "suggesting that such 'pseudo-pseudogenes' could represent a widespread phenomenon". For example, the functional protein (an olfactory receptor) is found only in neurons. This finding of tissue-specific biologically-functional genes that could have been classified as pseudogenes by in silico analysis complicates the analysis of sequence data. In the human genome, a number of examples have been identified that were originally classified as pseudogenes but later discovered to have a functional, although not necessarily protein-coding, role. As of 2012, it appeared that there are approximately 12,000–14,000 pseudogenes in the human genome, A 2016 proteogenomics analysis using mass spectrometry of peptides identified at least 19,262 human proteins produced from 16,271 genes or clusters of genes, with 8 new protein-coding genes identified that were previously considered pseudogenes.
Examples of pseudogene function
While the vast majority of pseudogenes have lost their function, some cases have emerged in which a pseudogene either re-gained its original or a similar function or evolved a new function. Examples include the following.
Drosophila glutamate receptor. The term "pseudo-pseudogene" was coined for the gene encoding the chemosensory ionotropic glutamate receptor Ir75a of Drosophila sechellia, which bears a premature termination codon (PTC) and was thus classified as a pseudogene. However, in vivo the D. sechellia Ir75a locus produces a functional receptor, owing to translational read-through of the PTC. Read-through is detected only in neurons and depends on the nucleotide sequence downstream of the PTC.siRNAs. Some endogenous siRNAs appear to be derived from pseudogenes, and thus some pseudogenes play a role in regulating protein-coding transcripts, as reviewed. One of the many examples is psiPPM1K. Processing of RNAs transcribed from psiPPM1K yield siRNAs that can act to suppress the most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. This and much other research has led to considerable excitement about the possibility of targeting pseudogenes with/as therapeutic agentspiRNAs. Some piRNAs are derived from pseudogenes located in piRNA clusters. Those piRNAs regulate genes via the piRNA pathway in mammalian testes and are crucial for limiting transposable element damage to the genome.microRNAs. There are many reports of pseudogene transcripts acting as microRNA decoys. Perhaps the earliest definitive example of such a pseudogene involved in cancer is the pseudogene of BRAF. The BRAF gene is a proto-oncogene that, when mutated, is associated with many cancers. Normally, the amount of BRAF protein is kept under control in cells through the action of miRNA. In normal situations, the amount of RNA from BRAF and the pseudogene BRAFP1 compete for miRNA, but the balance of the 2 RNAs is such that cells grow normally. However, when BRAFP1 RNA expression is increased (either experimentally or by natural mutations), less miRNA is available to control the expression of BRAF, and the increased amount of BRAF protein causes cancer. This sort of competition for regulatory elements by RNAs that are endogenous to the genome has given rise to the term ceRNA.PTEN. The PTEN gene is a known tumor suppressor gene. The PTEN pseudogene, PTENP1 is a processed pseudogene that is very similar in its genetic sequence to the wild-type gene. However, PTENP1 has a missense mutation which eliminates the codon for the initiating methionine and thus prevents translation of the normal PTEN protein. In spite of that, PTENP1 appears to play a role in oncogenesis. The 3' UTR of PTENP1 mRNA functions as a decoy of PTEN mRNA by targeting micro RNAs due to its similarity to the PTEN gene, and overexpression of the 3' UTR resulted in an increase of PTEN protein level. That is, overexpression of the PTENP1 3' UTR leads to increased regulation and suppression of cancerous tumors. The biology of this system is basically the inverse of the BRAF system described above.Potogenes. Pseudogenes can, over evolutionary time scales, participate in gene conversion and other mutational events that may give rise to new or newly functional genes. This has led to the concept that pseudogenes could be viewed as potogenes: potential genes for evolutionary diversification.
Misidentified pseudogenes
Sometimes genes are thought to be pseudogenes, usually based on bioinformatic analysis, but then turn out to be functional genes. Examples include the Drosophila jingwei gene which encodes a functional alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in vivo.
Another example is the human gene encoding phosphoglycerate mutase which was thought to be a pseudogene but which turned out to be a functional gene, now named . Mutations in it cause infertility.
Bacterial pseudogenes
Pseudogenes are found in bacteria. Most are found in bacteria that are not free-living; that is, they are either symbionts or obligate intracellular parasites. Thus, they do not require many genes that are needed by free-living bacteria, such as gene associated with metabolism and DNA repair. However, there is not an order to which functional genes are lost first. For example, the oldest pseudogenes in Mycobacterium leprae are in RNA polymerases and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites while the oldest ones in Shigella flexneri and Shigella typhi are in DNA replication, recombination, and repair.
Since most bacteria that carry pseudogenes are either symbionts or obligate intracellular parasites, genome size eventually reduces. An extreme example is the genome of Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate parasite and the causative agent of leprosy. It has been reported to have 1,133 pseudogenes which give rise to approximately 50% of its transcriptome. The effect of pseudogenes and genome reduction can be further seen when compared to Mycobacterium marinum, a pathogen from the same family. Mycobacteirum marinum has a larger genome compared to Mycobacterium leprae because it can survive outside the host, therefore, the genome must contain the genes needed to do so.
Although genome reduction focuses on what genes are not needed by getting rid of pseudogenes, selective pressures from the host can sway what is kept. In the case of a symbiont from the Verrucomicrobia phylum, there are seven additional copies of the gene coding the mandelalide pathway. The host, species from Lissoclinum, use mandelalides as part of its defense mechanism.
The relationship between epistasis and the domino theory of gene loss was observed in Buchnera aphidicola. The domino theory suggests that if one gene of a cellular process becomes inactivated, then selection in other genes involved relaxes, leading to gene loss. When comparing Buchnera aphidicola and Escherichia coli, it was found that positive epistasis furthers gene loss while negative epistasis hinders it.
See also
Molecular evolution
Molecular paleontology
Pseudogene (database)
Retroposon
Retrotransposon
References
Further reading
External links
Pseudogene interaction database, miRNA-pseudogene and protein-pseudogene interaction maps database
Yale University pseudogene database
Hoppsigen database (homologous processed pseudogenes)
RCPedia - Processed Pseudogene database
Non-coding DNA | [
0.4532555639743805,
-0.01916467398405075,
-0.6404310464859009,
0.27661776542663574,
0.051620449870824814,
-0.095549575984478,
0.15419462323188782,
0.5847703814506531,
0.368962824344635,
-0.6430681347846985,
-0.1823095828294754,
-0.14943741261959076,
-0.7391201257705688,
0.7401741147041321,
-0.7408691048622131,
0.34939131140708923,
-0.19708317518234253,
0.7359108328819275,
-0.003207904053851962,
-0.17194120585918427,
-0.4195689857006073,
-0.27038976550102234,
-0.12010098993778229,
-0.16468538343906403,
-0.09587960690259933,
0.03989380598068237,
0.31213557720184326,
-0.04096866771578789,
0.45975983142852783,
-0.02150065079331398,
-0.0025655878707766533,
0.5960245132446289,
0.44205862283706665,
0.30465981364250183,
-0.1571739912033081,
-0.2842395007610321,
-0.3838125169277191,
-0.021093906834721565,
0.1494545042514801,
0.0020324885845184326,
0.4235098659992218,
-0.32830914855003357,
-0.17029114067554474,
0.4355381727218628,
-0.7111726403236389,
-0.2509196102619171,
-2.3279078006744385,
0.6937153339385986,
-0.7259129881858826,
0.0658465102314949,
-0.2088790386915207,
-0.15765467286109924,
0.26428356766700745,
0.40097957849502563,
-0.07006000727415085,
1.0423762798309326,
-0.5031421780586243,
-0.6789452433586121,
0.5378501415252686,
-0.47890767455101013,
-0.08565741032361984,
0.01917332597076893,
-0.19103004038333893,
0.1658804714679718,
0.643465518951416,
0.5131630897521973,
0.01936587505042553,
0.07800862193107605,
-0.8899895548820496,
-0.7774036526679993,
-0.11634526401758194,
0.27508169412612915,
0.36791399121284485,
0.5887655019760132,
-0.26283857226371765,
-0.26962509751319885,
-0.16972202062606812,
-0.03419084474444389,
0.5899920463562012,
-0.3916330337524414,
-0.42000529170036316,
0.4184974730014801,
-0.33945560455322266,
0.11010917276144028,
0.32823657989501953,
0.21131379902362823,
-0.6383771300315857,
0.10803966224193573,
-0.8148261308670044,
0.2997059226036072,
0.328584223985672,
-0.02017974480986595,
0.32250773906707764,
-0.0007506543770432472,
-0.04137420281767845,
0.1469075083732605,
0.11060097813606262,
-0.18872284889221191,
-0.0017933222698047757,
0.2507365942001343,
-0.45861294865608215,
0.0870351493358612,
0.08280078321695328,
-1.0306919813156128,
-0.5658557415008545,
-0.3509739935398102,
0.4350794851779938,
-0.41148099303245544,
-0.019327308982610703,
-0.15606984496116638,
-0.7523424029350281,
0.3288837969303131,
-0.31256699562072754,
0.5582538843154907,
-0.7890496850013733,
0.500805675983429,
0.19575409591197968,
-0.233707457780838,
0.07367309927940369,
-0.24278227984905243,
-0.6269586086273193,
0.958074152469635,
-0.493136465549469,
-0.07661764323711395,
-0.1409323662519455,
0.34654027223587036,
-0.36113861203193665,
0.24377430975437164,
-0.4725145399570465,
-0.09184657782316208,
0.3487405478954315,
1.0808120965957642,
-0.12382239103317261,
0.05642424523830414,
0.491068571805954,
-0.4712684154510498,
0.390012264251709,
0.2637084126472473,
0.45143789052963257,
0.09500254690647125,
-0.6389265656471252,
-0.35543808341026306,
-0.15865543484687805,
-0.09510565549135208,
0.42591285705566406,
0.023141957819461823,
-0.15255337953567505,
-0.49539482593536377,
-0.1337895393371582,
-0.14135733246803284,
-0.21554535627365112,
-0.5767170786857605,
-0.2883922755718231,
-0.3095603883266449,
0.01686783879995346,
-0.11664175242185593,
0.09538185596466064,
0.08079083263874054,
-0.13775719702243805,
0.6114184260368347,
0.09109865128993988,
-0.2170257270336151,
-0.6300072073936462,
-0.7285488247871399,
0.37236571311950684,
-0.411201536655426,
1.0458518266677856,
0.7573608756065369,
-0.44207099080085754,
0.3419345021247864,
-0.28944021463394165,
-0.8638019561767578,
0.4899006485939026,
-0.4774487316608429,
-0.1702067255973816,
-0.020182782784104347,
-0.07964352518320084,
-0.4964330196380615,
0.5249424576759338,
-0.07525969296693802,
-0.877697229385376,
0.29099541902542114,
0.5909794569015503,
-0.04057271406054497,
0.14088694751262665,
-0.04982244223356247,
0.05602599307894707,
-0.12108468264341354,
-0.21795451641082764,
-0.07748539745807648,
-0.48631852865219116,
-0.4109167456626892,
-0.08624698221683502,
-0.39574265480041504,
1.203750729560852,
0.15604814887046814,
0.11135599762201309,
0.8704911470413208,
-0.11462503671646118,
0.15065999329090118,
-0.2542853355407715,
-0.21206001937389374,
0.4330723285675049,
-0.1524154543876648,
0.16853317618370056,
0.4574248790740967,
0.4739566445350647,
-0.1765342801809311,
0.310691237449646,
-0.15320941805839539,
0.4294411242008209,
0.15970630943775177,
0.20078471302986145,
-0.07859426736831665,
-0.09361988306045532,
0.0663399025797844,
-0.3065270483493805,
-0.18999460339546204,
-0.7695026993751526,
-0.3908294141292572,
0.45391783118247986,
-0.7990090250968933,
0.41570383310317993,
0.46215498447418213,
-0.1315758377313614,
0.929561972618103,
0.8153950572013855,
0.02969265729188919,
0.7275287508964539,
-0.2247416079044342,
0.5419251918792725,
-0.6084146499633789,
0.1165609061717987,
-0.3705449104309082,
0.05005861446261406,
0.32033172249794006,
0.23186340928077698,
-0.20919755101203918,
0.18825672566890717,
0.1083933413028717,
-0.27994757890701294,
0.4883976876735687,
-1.0989303588867188,
-0.37470605969429016,
0.16979719698429108,
-0.3980308771133423,
-0.24844908714294434,
0.2565833628177643,
-0.5277841091156006,
-0.22433191537857056,
-0.29649490118026733,
0.20975884795188904,
0.6688737273216248,
-0.5789690613746643,
0.525215744972229,
-0.1736988127231598,
0.2202267348766327,
-0.0019806839991360903,
-0.049270063638687134,
-0.09596865624189377,
-0.2664461135864258,
0.11380716413259506,
0.05276451259851456,
-0.4428919553756714,
-0.2546386122703552,
-0.3361265957355499,
-0.28994908928871155,
0.07046794146299362,
0.8888362050056458,
0.43950778245925903,
0.5071393847465515,
0.24608105421066284,
-0.7101812362670898,
-0.296665757894516,
-0.5256593823432922,
-0.7373198866844177,
-0.020365390926599503,
0.42876219749450684,
0.1059056743979454,
-0.12070289999246597,
-0.09136905521154404,
-0.04487866908311844,
-0.347501665353775,
-0.8617344498634338,
-0.12882085144519806,
-0.09040884673595428,
-0.0516296811401844,
-0.15028069913387299,
-0.0018221888458356261,
-0.06296134740114212,
-0.3337600827217102,
0.4242488443851471,
-0.48968082666397095,
0.2814777195453644,
0.48470833897590637,
-0.0247187577188015,
0.05354117602109909,
-0.29914867877960205,
0.1509045660495758,
-0.0009207213297486305,
-0.4733828604221344,
0.6124674081802368,
0.07522184401750565,
-0.20826628804206848,
0.04295799881219864,
0.4841395616531372,
0.18959836661815643,
0.08981083333492279,
-5.729485988616943,
0.38120782375335693,
-0.1644311547279358,
-0.1807655394077301,
0.05836918205022812,
-0.0013580855447798967,
0.4892755448818207,
0.3492336571216583,
0.1795027256011963,
0.11043602228164673,
-0.14250674843788147,
-0.15228523313999176,
-0.5864474773406982,
0.16077996790409088,
0.3704677224159241,
0.12680387496948242,
0.11696286499500275,
0.3296591341495514,
0.34995728731155396,
0.1140611320734024,
-0.6811408996582031,
0.15859343111515045,
0.16840298473834991,
0.28685978055000305,
-0.4160161316394806,
-0.4078514277935028,
-0.527199923992157,
-0.044966019690036774,
-0.40793347358703613,
-0.16053463518619537,
0.03375842422246933,
-0.016124894842505455,
0.13055384159088135,
-0.15323400497436523,
-0.4772892892360687,
0.157465860247612,
0.04739806056022644,
-0.02735242247581482,
-0.07613110542297363,
0.06113869324326515,
-0.056928593665361404,
0.2992890775203705,
0.4402368366718292,
-0.2640790343284607,
0.10260403156280518,
-0.022777089849114418,
0.22520047426223755,
-0.21682856976985931,
-0.3680891990661621,
0.6084614992141724,
-0.5785474181175232,
0.05755065008997917,
0.7657104730606079,
-0.12555910646915436,
0.6721405982971191,
0.09934637695550919,
0.5505034923553467,
-0.5340870022773743,
-0.5066977143287659,
-0.45418381690979004,
0.34443944692611694,
-0.3092097342014313,
0.042084746062755585,
-0.7475973963737488,
-0.10381396859884262,
-0.4576320946216583,
-0.9365378022193909,
-0.32960814237594604,
0.5898247957229614,
0.32485389709472656,
-0.79798823595047,
0.4416577219963074,
0.20509913563728333,
-0.39439135789871216,
0.10286019742488861,
0.00597470672801137,
-0.47641831636428833,
0.1902233064174652,
0.04474625363945961,
0.0500180758535862,
-0.23032233119010925,
-0.05683594569563866,
-0.5818350911140442,
0.24583210051059723,
0.45978525280952454,
-0.6972640156745911,
-0.5765841007232666,
0.11440035700798035,
-0.34685492515563965,
0.474249929189682,
0.398700475692749,
-0.016312049701809883,
0.3427601158618927,
0.01008243951946497,
0.14829692244529724,
0.1254882961511612,
0.09517855197191238,
1.0220708847045898,
0.2971380352973938,
-0.27055785059928894,
0.4314727783203125,
-0.40098458528518677,
-0.4939257502555847,
-0.2007736712694168,
0.06291993707418442,
-0.5521316528320312,
-0.7391840815544128,
0.6187615394592285,
-0.05935267359018326,
-0.06365437060594559,
0.34893253445625305,
0.28341564536094666,
0.1534900665283203,
-0.3551831841468811,
0.011690017767250538,
0.07248598337173462,
0.060959719121456146,
0.478774756193161,
0.7510591745376587,
-0.1979757845401764,
-0.11591672897338867,
0.9549083113670349,
-0.5026237368583679,
0.2693887948989868,
-0.27354544401168823,
-0.5272834897041321,
0.26124778389930725,
0.007117365952581167,
-0.26056814193725586,
-0.19429418444633484,
0.314619779586792,
0.47908663749694824,
-0.006262347102165222,
-0.49941813945770264,
0.24300742149353027,
-0.22274690866470337,
-0.4935929477214813,
0.37651506066322327,
-0.6000490188598633,
-0.4726082384586334,
0.6026517152786255,
-0.6556816101074219,
0.27047204971313477,
0.3733510673046112,
0.19387024641036987,
0.19717398285865784,
0.16384389996528625,
0.015397023409605026,
0.046328235417604446,
0.24263738095760345,
0.0892227366566658,
-0.682858943939209,
0.6300894021987915,
-0.4052000045776367,
0.05595458298921585,
0.6080417037010193,
0.39476415514945984,
0.35840821266174316,
0.020462872460484505,
-0.7530560493469238,
-0.23316487669944763,
0.3676202893257141,
-0.45824435353279114,
-0.2539210319519043,
-0.19825556874275208,
-0.0605822429060936,
-0.38593700528144836,
-0.2161097377538681,
-0.6410385966300964,
0.3832852840423584,
-0.5542982220649719,
0.1365881860256195,
-0.06631968170404434,
-0.6496408581733704,
0.12034213542938232,
0.25575488805770874,
0.263144850730896,
0.28109821677207947,
-0.365313857793808,
0.16108955442905426,
0.09667974710464478,
-0.08438476920127869,
0.3997003138065338,
0.5473469495773315,
1.069749355316162,
0.36808356642723083,
0.1789124310016632,
0.12000466138124466,
-0.8764521479606628,
0.03179290518164635,
-0.08463150262832642,
-0.133677139878273,
0.7139492630958557,
-0.18998225033283234,
0.14150090515613556,
0.09601663798093796,
-0.006092945579439402,
0.26748064160346985,
0.24403859674930573,
-0.652512788772583,
0.20996037125587463,
0.955112636089325,
-0.2550784647464752,
0.24380327761173248,
0.9501574635505676,
-0.24797818064689636,
-0.1168348491191864,
-0.2757929265499115,
-0.2070024460554123,
0.22412432730197906,
-0.31468525528907776,
-1.083295226097107,
-0.09696812927722931,
-0.19816283881664276,
-0.11161690205335617,
-0.02226180024445057,
0.18576258420944214,
-0.1314994990825653,
-0.08488433063030243,
-0.20038343966007233,
0.26887327432632446,
0.15027712285518646,
0.11398985236883163,
-0.27942872047424316,
0.16051551699638367,
0.2260952740907669,
-0.10079670697450638,
-0.3154703378677368,
0.7795753479003906,
-0.31696200370788574,
-0.02881745807826519,
-0.7600260376930237,
0.19047795236110687,
-0.24803072214126587,
-0.31577715277671814,
-0.7735012173652649,
-0.050104595720767975,
0.4719434380531311,
0.45794621109962463,
-0.30754709243774414,
0.7213979363441467,
0.3287915587425232,
0.09253663569688797,
0.16686837375164032,
-0.5678250193595886,
0.4894324243068695,
0.14123879373073578,
-0.6158086657524109,
-0.45721518993377686,
0.26047825813293457,
0.11926522105932236,
-0.23897096514701843,
-0.5192137360572815,
0.42768269777297974,
0.748612642288208,
0.6751748323440552,
0.08037776499986649,
-0.5038676857948303,
-0.217206209897995,
-0.06416977196931839,
-0.1548314392566681,
-0.3569695055484772,
-0.25748559832572937,
0.19614700973033905,
0.25594404339790344,
0.15992486476898193,
-0.2967776656150818,
0.08426640927791595,
0.4336121678352356,
0.1575520783662796,
0.19136245548725128,
-0.060185328125953674,
0.8773235082626343,
0.636923611164093,
-0.12102185934782028,
0.4865800440311432,
0.09477323293685913,
0.15722881257534027,
-0.4004075825214386,
-0.05273175984621048,
-0.020440174266695976,
-0.03722222521901131,
0.6667184829711914,
-0.3607335388660431,
-0.005496124736964703,
-0.2876010239124298,
-0.003824800718575716,
-0.3710901141166687,
0.08957543969154358,
-0.23280222713947296,
-0.501727283000946,
-0.18953068554401398,
-0.15440906584262848,
-0.11165402084589005,
0.4285068213939667,
0.07520092278718948,
-0.14812850952148438,
0.33144739270210266,
-0.09802339971065521,
0.014938309788703918,
-0.7039015293121338,
0.3727457523345947,
0.5496305227279663,
-0.8270866274833679,
0.22034400701522827,
0.6312397122383118,
-0.06092079356312752,
-0.32896000146865845,
0.12809941172599792,
-0.3886405825614929,
0.22888097167015076,
0.4159632623195648,
0.2575024962425232,
0.02831006795167923,
-0.2689543068408966,
-0.10339366644620895,
-0.07245761901140213,
-0.7948192954063416,
0.18132077157497406,
0.02926020696759224,
0.5487990379333496,
0.29139891266822815,
0.19533826410770416,
-0.1500673145055771,
-0.37098512053489685,
0.3368466794490814,
0.0896364226937294,
-0.2545713484287262,
-0.46281537413597107,
1.0989739894866943,
0.6396845579147339,
0.02584964968264103,
-0.15599949657917023,
0.37674832344055176,
-0.014944749884307384,
-0.3767031729221344,
-0.05089640989899635,
-0.2703477740287781,
0.20949973165988922,
0.8583294749259949,
0.028349140658974648,
0.7545084953308105,
-0.10806761682033539,
0.20119264721870422,
-0.10558294504880905,
0.19676248729228973,
-0.15119867026805878,
0.3987756669521332,
0.3184724748134613,
0.29240426421165466,
0.40517285466194153,
-0.4521285891532898,
0.0008327034302055836,
-0.130327507853508,
0.08568263053894043,
-0.4644116163253784,
0.33637091517448425,
-0.36484062671661377,
-0.2097368687391281,
-0.06515233963727951,
-0.16301988065242767,
0.3231143355369568,
-0.10285834223031998,
0.557283341884613,
0.07326515763998032,
0.0034059903118759394,
0.7369018197059631,
0.22230876982212067,
0.08367408066987991,
0.1381850391626358,
0.11484526097774506,
0.12488851696252823,
0.30431151390075684,
0.4458092153072357,
0.1765814572572708,
-0.056000690907239914,
0.2321798950433731,
0.2802058160305023,
-0.5080833435058594,
-0.5972838997840881,
-0.2525172829627991,
-0.13124677538871765,
0.07413490861654282,
-0.37959030270576477,
-0.03505769744515419,
-0.04867890477180481,
-0.1307808756828308,
-0.02123407833278179,
-0.31157973408699036,
0.6561526656150818,
0.6267866492271423,
-1.18759024143219,
0.6136130690574646,
-0.343036025762558,
-0.3263879418373108,
-0.23898999392986298,
-0.2781752943992615,
0.3958422839641571,
0.3312772214412689,
-0.2868983745574951,
-0.3922593295574188,
0.16934555768966675,
0.3998458683490753,
0.1708124727010727,
-0.6743158102035522,
0.23154452443122864,
-0.10044253617525101,
-0.0092381052672863,
-0.4945152997970581,
0.25235649943351746,
0.9043338894844055,
0.08721750229597092,
-0.17066606879234314,
0.5751500129699707,
0.37421107292175293,
-0.32105666399002075,
0.3821045756340027,
-0.6586688756942749,
-0.04769876226782799,
-0.4512384235858917,
0.5705917477607727,
-0.3066149950027466,
0.18731065094470978,
0.02516961842775345,
-0.38265174627304077,
0.050165727734565735,
0.22803297638893127,
0.37932324409484863,
-0.3270595073699951,
0.35715195536613464,
-0.4326359033584595,
0.7720174193382263,
-0.02469496987760067,
-0.14831115305423737,
-0.2696208357810974,
-0.3831719160079956,
0.18054528534412384,
0.4787454903125763,
0.04125559702515602,
0.06646279245615005,
-0.0946657657623291,
-0.2487802356481552,
-0.14071546494960785,
-0.05839436873793602,
-0.05781557038426399,
0.34356945753097534,
-0.0030612570699304342,
-0.07198990136384964,
-0.694986879825592,
-0.29512956738471985,
0.3240523040294647,
0.1571805626153946,
-0.01564103178679943,
0.2707212567329407,
-0.3419760465621948,
0.01069020014256239,
0.03185420110821724,
-0.6973286867141724,
0.055219866335392,
0.7804071307182312
] |
232324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison%20%28trade%20union%29 | Unison (trade union) | Unison, stylised as UNISON, is the largest trade union in the United Kingdom. UNISON's members work predominantly in public services, including local government, education, health and outsourced services.
The union was formed in 1993 when three public sector trade unions, the National and Local Government Officers Association (NALGO), the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and the Confederation of Health Service Employees (COHSE) merged. UNISON's current general secretary is Christina McAnea, who replaced Dave Prentis in 2021.
Members and organisation
Members of UNISON are typically from industries within the public sector and generally cover both full-time and part-time support and administrative staff. The majority of people joining UNISON are workers within sectors such as local government, education, the National Health Service Registered Nurses, NHS Managers and Clinical Support Workers. The union also admits ancillary staff such as Health Care Assistants and Assistant Practitioners, including Allied Health Professionals. Probation services, police services, utilities (such as gas, electricity and water), and transport. These 'Service Groups' all have their own national and regional democratic structures within UNISON's constitution.
As a trade union, UNISON provides support to members on work related issues, including protection and representation at work, help with pay and conditions of service and legal advice. Each company or organisation will usually be represented by a particular UNISON branch and members within that organisation elect volunteer stewards to represent them. The stewards receive training in workplace issues and are then able to co-ordinate and represent members both on an individual basis and collectively.
Each branch is run by an annually elected committee of members which holds regular meetings, including an annual general meeting for all members to attend. Branches elect delegates to the union's annual National Delegate Conference (held in June every year), the supreme body within the union's constitution with responsibility for setting the union's policies for the forthcoming year.
UNISON own and operate a holiday resort, UNISON Croyde Bay Resort, in North Devon. Members receive a 15% discount as well as have access to a 50% low paid member discount scheme.
To encourage all voices to be heard UNISON has "self organised groups" of Black members, women members, lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender plus members, and disabled members. Young members and retired members also have their own sections within the union.
Membership numbers
Membership numbers have remained relatively stable at between 1.2 and 1.4 million over the past 17 years.
Membership fees
The levels of subscription are determined by the National Delegate Conference and are recorded as a Schedule in the union rules. The National Delegate Conference has the power to vary the subscriptions levied after a majority vote, although the subscription rates do not change frequently.
Local branches may also, after a majority vote of members, impose an additional 'Local Levy' as long as the levy does not exceed one sixth of the subscription payable. This is in addition to the standard rate, and must be used for local branch purposes.
Membership fees vary depending on how frequently members are paid and the level of their current salary. Subscriptions are generally paid by what is commonly known as "check-off" or DOCAS (Deduction of Contributions at Source). This is where the employer deducts the contribution from the employee's salary on behalf of the union. Payment is taken by Direct Debit if the member joins online, if the member specifically requests it, or if there is no DOCAS arrangement with the employer.
Student members in full-time education (including student nurses or Modern Apprentices) have a fixed rate subscription of £10 per year.
Members who have had continuous membership for at least two years may opt to pay a one-off fee of £15 upon retirement from paid employment. This allows them to retain the benefits of being a union member for life. They are then classed as 'Retired Members'.
Members who are dismissed or made redundant from employment may retain their membership for £4 per year for a period of up to two years whilst they remain unemployed.
Membership campaigns
Various local campaigns are run by the union. Much of the recruitment within organisations takes place at a local level, with stewards and branches directly engaging with the staff within their remit.
The national organisation also engages in publicity such as the "Ants and Bear", which was used at the formation of the new amalgamated union. This advertising campaign showed an ant trying to get past a large bear by shouting "Excuse Me", however the bear did not pay attention. The next scene showed the ant being joined by many thousands more, and them all saying "Get out of the way!" together, which does get the bear's attention and makes him move out of the way.
The General Political Fund funded a TV recruitment advert "You're one in a million" launched in October 2004.
Political work
UNISON has a political fund which uses money from members for political and social campaigning. Members have the choice of paying into either a fund which supports the Labour Party, a non-affiliated General Political Fund or to opt out of contributing to a political fund at all. UNISON also carries out research and campaigns on public service issues, such as the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). It has also voted (at its 2005 annual conference) to oppose the Government's proposals for a British national identity card.
The union's links to Labour and its moderate policies has caused some conflict and criticism of action taken against left-wing activists.
In April 2009 a UNISON conference voted unanimously to request that the British Department of Health ban members of the British National Party from working as nurses in the National Health Service, describing the party as racist.
Political campaigns
UNISON runs a range of national campaigns, such as 'Positively Public', the campaign to keep public services public and well-funded. Campaigns cover a broad area from pay and pensions to sector-specific initiatives focusing on a variety of issues from cleaner hospitals to opposing the sell-off of public housing.
They are affiliated to Abortion Rights which campaigns "to defend and extend women's rights and access to safe, legal abortion".
There have also been high-profile regional and local campaigns, such as that against the controversial and unpopular 'SouthWest One' private/public partnership.
The General Political Fund has also funded:
Anti-racist events
Local campaigns against privatisation/marketisation
UNISON presence at various national and regional events
Campaigns against council housing sell-off
In the run-up to general or local elections, the fund has been used for advertising campaigns to ensure that issues of importance to UNISON are high on the agenda. Its 2010 campaign is titled "Million Voices for Public Services".
The GPF is not affiliated to any political party, but the money in the fund is used to support local campaigns and to pay for political advertising.
In February 2013, UNISON was among other organizations and individuals who gave their support to the People's Assembly in a letter published by The Guardian newspaper. UNISON Delegates and representatives attended the People's Assembly Conference held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013.
In July 2015, UNISON endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.
In August 2016 UNISON endorsed Corbyn once again.
In the 2020 Labour leadership and deputy leadership elections, UNISON endorsed Keir Starmer for leader and Angela Rayner for deputy.
Internal elections
2015 General Secretary election
Dave Prentis was re-elected in an election with 49.4% of the vote with a 9.8% turnout of members.
2020 General Secretary election
General Secretary Dave Prentis stood down in December 2020, having held the post since 1 January 2001. Four candidates received enough nominations to be on the ballot: Paul Holmes, Christina McAnea, Roger McKenzie and Hugo Pierre. Peter Sharma and Margaret Greer stood and did not get onto the ballot, Voting for the General Secretary election took place from 18 October to 27 November, with the results announced on 11 January 2021.
Holmes was endorsed by UNISON's left-wing faction "UNISON Action Broad Left" and was employed by Kirklees Council. During the campaign he was suspended from his role and investigated for reasons deemed "serious and confidential" by the council. McAnea was an Assistant General Secretary for UNISON and previously the head of its NHS division. She was considered "closely aligned" to Prentis and his leadership.
458 of 834 branches participated in nominating candidates for the election, higher than the 2015 General Secretary election which saw 373 participate.
Christina McAnea was elected with 47.7% of the total votes cast.
Of the 1,278,971 UNISON members at the time of election 134,082 votes were cast, a turnout of 10.5%.
2021-22 National Elections
On 11 June 2021 the National Executive Committee (NEC) elections took place. A slate represented the left-wing of the union 'Time For Real Change' stood and won 40 of the 68 seats. Paul Holmes was selected as union president by the new NEC. In November 2021, the Labour Link Committee was elected. The left-wing 'Time For Real Change' slate won a slim majority on the committee, with 6 of the 11 seats.
In 2022 the 11 Service Executive Committees will be elected.
In February 2022 the new union president, Paul Holmes, was dismissed as an employee of Kirklees Council after a disciplinary action of over two years. A campaign alleging he had been the victim of anti-union discrimination began. Details of the council investigation had been leaked to the media in December 2021.
General Secretaries
1993–1996: Alan Jinkinson
1996–2001: Rodney Bickerstaffe
2001–2021: Dave Prentis
2021-: Christina McAnea
Deputy General Secretaries
1993: Colm O'Kane, Dave Prentis and Tom Sawyer
1994: Dave Prentis
2001–2012: Keith Sonnet
See also
UIA Mutual
Notes
External links
UNISON UK website
UNISON Scotland website
UNISON Northern Ireland's Lifelong Learning Website
Catalogue of the UNISON archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of Rodney Bickerstaffe's papers concerning UNISON, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Public sector trade unions
Public Services International
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1993
Trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party (UK)
Healthcare trade unions in the United Kingdom
Trade unions based in London
Trade unions affiliated with the Trades Union Congress | [
0.73931884765625,
-0.4818892776966095,
0.26621249318122864,
-1.0609657764434814,
-0.7060534358024597,
0.5816860795021057,
-0.019593888893723488,
0.550207257270813,
-0.6843758225440979,
0.07377646863460541,
-0.4301223158836365,
0.1632041484117508,
-0.1964922398328781,
0.009830822236835957,
-0.5708451271057129,
0.2486744523048401,
0.24525673687458038,
0.6271708011627197,
-0.5458580255508423,
0.1359705626964569,
0.09323201328516006,
0.12007463723421097,
0.8508227467536926,
-0.1465500295162201,
-0.08550608903169632,
0.12466278672218323,
0.42313942313194275,
-0.1852099448442459,
0.0010419281898066401,
0.21791233122348785,
0.5875559449195862,
0.5940067768096924,
0.30390632152557373,
-0.3834035396575928,
0.4725594222545624,
-0.2440582811832428,
0.07482834905385971,
0.031008940190076828,
0.1065000668168068,
-0.8682016730308533,
0.006079538259655237,
-0.4764373004436493,
0.019693054258823395,
0.40958958864212036,
-0.011207702569663525,
-0.25772327184677124,
-1.078539252281189,
0.013189717195928097,
-0.6270403265953064,
0.09558679163455963,
-0.8508038520812988,
0.21899643540382385,
0.05096513405442238,
0.26530495285987854,
0.15574021637439728,
0.24293252825737,
-0.5570305585861206,
-0.29946833848953247,
-0.041292455047369,
-0.6739894151687622,
0.33394864201545715,
0.4982926845550537,
-0.038472265005111694,
0.4941723942756653,
0.41023585200309753,
-0.438147634267807,
0.20401574671268463,
0.9203217029571533,
-0.6061373353004456,
-0.5024252533912659,
-0.5675132274627686,
0.02506430260837078,
-0.015214238315820694,
-0.14681082963943481,
-0.6138721704483032,
-0.2954309582710266,
-0.3507259488105774,
-0.14822262525558472,
0.5442647933959961,
0.06042848899960518,
0.6861734390258789,
0.8636366128921509,
0.39458099007606506,
0.45727860927581787,
0.5766015648841858,
-0.05685371160507202,
-0.39481836557388306,
-0.0013435486471280456,
0.21307647228240967,
1.2689440250396729,
0.08948324620723724,
-0.08233083039522171,
0.5986643433570862,
0.37454596161842346,
-0.06921029090881348,
0.17196819186210632,
-0.14382624626159668,
0.12003058940172195,
-0.16012729704380035,
-0.4525550305843353,
0.20302267372608185,
0.21837016940116882,
0.11338101327419281,
-0.38047587871551514,
-0.16287975013256073,
-0.31781789660453796,
-0.34362947940826416,
-0.6618133187294006,
0.25046348571777344,
-0.026677345857024193,
-0.30973976850509644,
-0.2842296361923218,
-0.02411154843866825,
0.23648449778556824,
0.7097097635269165,
0.3438606560230255,
0.1427752524614334,
-0.42556875944137573,
-0.18124322593212128,
-0.38898995518684387,
-0.030483905225992203,
0.41919898986816406,
-0.25689730048179626,
0.07262890785932541,
0.23858003318309784,
0.5609281063079834,
0.09834183752536774,
0.38028866052627563,
-0.5508419275283813,
-0.5499107837677002,
0.2212504744529724,
0.759259819984436,
-0.6387741565704346,
-0.31773534417152405,
0.04353664815425873,
-0.10190881788730621,
0.3966374099254608,
0.29670730233192444,
0.31569257378578186,
0.36471596360206604,
-0.5547804236412048,
0.282118558883667,
-0.14066730439662933,
0.024795444682240486,
0.48002949357032776,
-0.5077222585678101,
-0.1817627251148224,
-0.17959730327129364,
-0.5615255832672119,
-0.3184454143047333,
0.15576738119125366,
-0.21961642801761627,
-0.179701030254364,
-0.13056540489196777,
0.22277149558067322,
0.2789486050605774,
1.0628585815429688,
-0.5005130171775818,
-0.06381634622812271,
0.1272161602973938,
0.16337715089321136,
-0.24650488793849945,
0.08887813985347748,
0.3349759578704834,
-0.34160029888153076,
-0.11414002627134323,
-0.12163295596837997,
-0.3574557304382324,
0.1942603588104248,
0.08969563990831375,
-0.3327438235282898,
-0.39885714650154114,
0.6362667083740234,
0.1393054723739624,
0.0986824706196785,
-0.6956761479377747,
0.11069859564304352,
0.6074957251548767,
0.4977702796459198,
-0.1395452320575714,
-0.6308590173721313,
0.2441357672214508,
0.7679500579833984,
0.23360680043697357,
0.8240741491317749,
-0.1015978679060936,
0.4398120045661926,
-0.05301505699753761,
-0.6059392690658569,
0.27386167645454407,
0.20010533928871155,
-0.41045626997947693,
0.47208261489868164,
-0.247370645403862,
0.6294301152229309,
-0.12051201611757278,
-0.42405185103416443,
0.48063457012176514,
-0.19338497519493103,
0.44287264347076416,
-0.14866232872009277,
0.09526317566633224,
-0.40012598037719727,
-0.6291406750679016,
-0.32511088252067566,
0.20235580205917358,
0.41660362482070923,
0.11653206497430801,
-0.003072679042816162,
0.053994324058294296,
0.07889721542596817,
-1.1280266046524048,
0.2802232801914215,
-0.03697121515870094,
-0.22746051847934723,
-0.3410182297229767,
0.0742555558681488,
0.22233152389526367,
0.28631308674812317,
0.03693821653723717,
1.176426649093628,
0.24049338698387146,
0.2193024903535843,
-0.24583400785923004,
0.4113295376300812,
0.19471728801727295,
0.17336077988147736,
0.3142774701118469,
0.13375446200370789,
-0.2011825293302536,
0.496508926153183,
-0.09891484677791595,
-0.5780723690986633,
0.19105897843837738,
-0.21057796478271484,
-0.6631229519844055,
-0.5232011079788208,
-0.14100223779678345,
0.615930438041687,
-0.5118449926376343,
0.5554659962654114,
0.33353641629219055,
-0.7879279851913452,
0.11954039335250854,
0.07652644068002701,
0.07418087869882584,
-0.018955811858177185,
0.19211001694202423,
0.5459169745445251,
0.6509308815002441,
0.4549124240875244,
-0.1943836808204651,
-0.16802451014518738,
-0.34114816784858704,
0.49970072507858276,
-0.23810218274593353,
0.3411419987678528,
-0.32744085788726807,
0.13935299217700958,
0.3589777648448944,
-0.36427780985832214,
-0.5724457502365112,
-0.15685489773750305,
0.0808342769742012,
-0.11024792492389679,
-0.7229838967323303,
-1.0516067743301392,
-0.2632400393486023,
0.33440127968788147,
-0.6250787377357483,
0.63961261510849,
0.32727763056755066,
-0.23018160462379456,
-0.21703486144542694,
0.16052494943141937,
0.34645310044288635,
0.30817994475364685,
0.0942966565489769,
0.0859108418226242,
-0.8462157845497131,
0.12644240260124207,
0.5878401398658752,
0.010095629841089249,
-0.9063609838485718,
-0.010510808788239956,
0.36186307668685913,
0.002965542720630765,
-0.22428596019744873,
-0.44171133637428284,
-0.632415771484375,
-0.1662950962781906,
0.07813068479299545,
-0.10967724025249481,
-0.05006030574440956,
0.22027406096458435,
0.22761231660842896,
0.12961186468601227,
0.37604057788848877,
0.1338365226984024,
-0.40156638622283936,
0.133834570646286,
0.8555359840393066,
-0.03513607010245323,
-0.40095052123069763,
0.5307930111885071,
-0.7786806225776672,
-0.05965447798371315,
-0.45587167143821716,
-5.5276031494140625,
0.07753938436508179,
-0.6030935049057007,
0.39685824513435364,
0.8197298645973206,
-0.3878536522388458,
0.4959753751754761,
-0.29038751125335693,
-0.3248586654663086,
-0.49545401334762573,
-0.2503056526184082,
-0.026502735912799835,
-0.2580164074897766,
0.5747724771499634,
-0.02998458407819271,
0.7973819375038147,
0.8540181517601013,
0.37830090522766113,
0.9478420615196228,
-0.041176240891218185,
0.06738878786563873,
-0.6561837792396545,
-0.02817094698548317,
0.6587996482849121,
0.1601455807685852,
0.21047627925872803,
-0.05930527299642563,
-0.42485007643699646,
-0.4328870475292206,
-0.4450879395008087,
-0.030036402866244316,
0.004397397395223379,
-0.5728298425674438,
-0.08132205158472061,
0.3111484944820404,
-0.5656790137290955,
0.5017794370651245,
-0.0010023274226114154,
0.190635547041893,
-0.9604619145393372,
0.08779995143413544,
0.5415299534797668,
0.22867293655872345,
-0.32672861218452454,
0.6216572523117065,
-0.09440182894468307,
-0.4854735732078552,
-0.32882159948349,
-0.8503087759017944,
0.6647599339485168,
-0.09349947422742844,
0.2199183851480484,
0.6110416650772095,
-0.7070789933204651,
-0.046999480575323105,
-0.21947455406188965,
0.09401018172502518,
0.44892361760139465,
0.7367511987686157,
0.31639793515205383,
-0.3091321587562561,
-0.1605704426765442,
0.06186095252633095,
-1.0227559804916382,
-0.7393851280212402,
0.4058096408843994,
-0.44981738924980164,
-0.2761472761631012,
0.9033429622650146,
-0.34382638335227966,
-0.3705792725086212,
0.24558405578136444,
-0.6847792267799377,
-0.8797869086265564,
-0.21975378692150116,
-0.5963166952133179,
0.3248678147792816,
0.20463421940803528,
0.4574175477027893,
0.41718846559524536,
-0.5502282381057739,
-0.6235532760620117,
-0.05675482749938965,
0.29015395045280457,
-0.2719169557094574,
-0.39908382296562195,
-0.09720402210950851,
0.6708602905273438,
-0.07767398655414581,
0.05432271212339401,
0.25160425901412964,
-0.11120248585939407,
-0.022499501705169678,
0.4401654005050659,
0.7605857253074646,
0.11615946143865585,
-0.0763525664806366,
0.2348354160785675,
-0.11362836509943008,
-0.8177511096000671,
-0.014802870340645313,
-0.34341955184936523,
-0.8290719389915466,
-0.4767451882362366,
0.27733686566352844,
-0.17854230105876923,
-0.32360246777534485,
-0.005162354558706284,
0.27606460452079773,
-0.28966692090034485,
0.17986272275447845,
-0.5704911947250366,
-0.6582584381103516,
-0.06665313988924026,
0.021676011383533478,
-0.15971271693706512,
-0.42826178669929504,
0.3310410678386688,
0.3221668303012848,
0.29738324880599976,
-0.33184319734573364,
0.726545512676239,
-0.8512232899665833,
-0.3110060691833496,
-0.29959356784820557,
-0.4687517285346985,
0.09982667118310928,
0.039706550538539886,
0.4237384796142578,
-0.290729284286499,
0.20258067548274994,
0.2265632599592209,
0.36218398809432983,
0.17250549793243408,
-0.20474962890148163,
-0.39854365587234497,
-0.15377292037010193,
0.5733888149261475,
-0.23535442352294922,
0.27228718996047974,
0.11214795708656311,
0.4892024099826813,
0.06215064972639084,
0.45231571793556213,
1.050323486328125,
0.7607071995735168,
-0.11402309685945511,
0.22265870869159698,
-0.39307886362075806,
0.8146541714668274,
0.6360255479812622,
-0.6561574935913086,
-0.020912637934088707,
-0.3600529432296753,
0.7213057279586792,
0.1797998547554016,
-0.20498499274253845,
0.4517335891723633,
-0.0783018171787262,
-0.2511361837387085,
-0.23712113499641418,
-0.07185379415750504,
-0.42607420682907104,
-0.23965409398078918,
0.9664118885993958,
-0.3489953875541687,
-0.13387727737426758,
-0.39804819226264954,
0.0057739377953112125,
0.8155323266983032,
-0.19538593292236328,
-0.03427170217037201,
-0.3547247350215912,
-0.3138197362422943,
0.4150872528553009,
0.3909010887145996,
0.39161011576652527,
-0.09760403633117676,
-0.37666046619415283,
0.004678492434322834,
0.12385886162519455,
0.5069800019264221,
-0.40699687600135803,
0.6240168809890747,
0.036597639322280884,
-0.3190336227416992,
-0.41025981307029724,
0.20077106356620789,
0.08558523654937744,
-0.20229235291481018,
0.4519297778606415,
0.16658347845077515,
-0.06732645630836487,
0.13604016602039337,
-0.5221273899078369,
-0.2149205058813095,
-0.009991999715566635,
0.5241667628288269,
0.003244986291974783,
-0.6143351197242737,
0.27731841802597046,
0.9028818011283875,
-0.727445125579834,
-0.2439827173948288,
-0.2601558268070221,
-0.5362682938575745,
0.5966091156005859,
0.02508530765771866,
-0.6581595540046692,
0.2975934147834778,
-0.4536726176738739,
-0.20992927253246307,
-0.11795645207166672,
0.1930352747440338,
-1.0529277324676514,
-0.5587484240531921,
-0.040246568620204926,
-0.3789730966091156,
-0.2361709475517273,
-1.0456628799438477,
-0.51369708776474,
-0.13275891542434692,
-0.4086379408836365,
0.234510600566864,
-0.13707953691482544,
0.5684115886688232,
0.2174757421016693,
-0.31212297081947327,
0.5506171584129333,
-0.5199998617172241,
-0.7235721349716187,
0.010570112615823746,
-0.185636505484581,
0.20180006325244904,
0.34890756011009216,
0.35968726873397827,
-0.22469381988048553,
-0.166683167219162,
0.1523016095161438,
-0.06974330544471741,
-0.138363778591156,
0.9266090989112854,
-0.03128683939576149,
-0.6056407690048218,
-0.08245567232370377,
0.258789598941803,
0.8197623491287231,
0.11000411212444305,
-0.5826685428619385,
0.09425334632396698,
0.5141077041625977,
-0.19313663244247437,
-0.7132602334022522,
-0.5163427591323853,
0.1839229166507721,
-0.6393831968307495,
0.35638490319252014,
-0.5390452742576599,
0.03068464621901512,
-0.44062480330467224,
0.24418939650058746,
-0.010686562396585941,
-0.42445483803749084,
0.18898482620716095,
0.34840571880340576,
0.6413085460662842,
-0.4686097502708435,
-0.4494931101799011,
0.016021816059947014,
-0.5265362858772278,
0.040339045226573944,
-0.05853937938809395,
0.00760287418961525,
0.7399227619171143,
0.4290427267551422,
-0.3083759546279907,
0.19705818593502045,
-0.7065165638923645,
0.5013815760612488,
0.24286410212516785,
0.0038217392284423113,
0.5450522899627686,
0.25986844301223755,
-0.19214670360088348,
0.22037866711616516,
-0.6393680572509766,
-0.09731587767601013,
-0.295722633600235,
-0.8954628705978394,
0.03437308222055435,
0.12226390093564987,
-0.4898076355457306,
0.15118148922920227,
0.08869502693414688,
-0.6852986812591553,
0.3483894169330597,
0.3772059679031372,
-0.05317166820168495,
-0.06516911089420319,
0.4831082820892334,
-0.7415636777877808,
0.6860750913619995,
0.051833126693964005,
-0.26289817690849304,
0.21337412297725677,
0.13781467080116272,
-0.5002363324165344,
-0.6309769749641418,
0.44166481494903564,
-0.49860885739326477,
0.23871996998786926,
-0.5707376003265381,
0.0943988710641861,
1.238669991493225,
-0.8080280423164368,
-0.02644900418817997,
0.6543246507644653,
-0.7099133133888245,
-0.1289404332637787,
0.5143395662307739,
0.11529859900474548,
0.1360022872686386,
0.174847811460495,
0.22489669919013977,
0.2439444661140442,
0.21091172099113464,
-0.24556447565555573,
-0.12684853374958038,
0.4330885410308838,
0.34944480657577515,
-0.13103143870830536,
-0.0748736560344696,
-0.24058538675308228,
0.7056456804275513,
-0.1935444474220276,
-0.9169611930847168,
0.4291774034500122,
-0.19005286693572998,
-0.5425196290016174,
0.8360357880592346,
0.3653935194015503,
0.09409115463495255,
0.15309520065784454,
0.06550100445747375,
0.043334245681762695,
-0.01846109889447689,
0.008027591742575169,
-0.09867937862873077,
0.17626123130321503,
0.7124863266944885,
0.7652630805969238,
-0.7006403207778931,
-0.08137207478284836,
-0.09162069112062454,
0.22377903759479523,
-0.4508731961250305,
0.4114352762699127,
0.06606832146644592,
0.16839760541915894,
-0.21228542923927307,
-0.12083189189434052,
0.37942227721214294,
0.24735911190509796,
-0.24395635724067688,
-0.4863032102584839,
-0.15919606387615204,
0.6354986429214478,
-0.38037586212158203,
-0.0009838547557592392,
0.7679009437561035,
0.5348070859909058,
0.11016257107257843,
-0.3306165039539337,
0.16552457213401794,
0.33678847551345825,
-0.010541478171944618,
0.17904676496982574,
0.2896740436553955,
-0.15690462291240692,
-0.021353065967559814,
-0.19362802803516388,
0.7464603781700134,
-0.5595157742500305,
-0.8293161988258362,
0.35821646451950073,
0.5424832105636597,
-0.48355162143707275,
0.29177331924438477,
-0.43073034286499023,
0.43748781085014343,
-0.16072826087474823,
-0.15893186628818512,
-0.12924784421920776,
-0.14526249468326569,
-0.4160583019256592,
-0.5345451831817627,
-0.5253673791885376,
0.7055771350860596,
0.16541051864624023,
0.052722811698913574,
0.5392320156097412,
0.2654210925102234,
0.29335105419158936,
0.3351733684539795,
0.38345733284950256,
0.004757169168442488,
-0.5008100867271423,
-0.19711674749851227,
-0.2624794542789459,
0.16917559504508972,
0.7800376415252686,
0.06538326293230057,
-0.03130754455924034,
0.5904529690742493,
-0.3311760127544403,
0.7365261316299438,
1.1309630870819092,
-0.518283486366272,
-0.10823266953229904,
-0.26396337151527405,
-0.285839706659317,
0.030855817720294,
0.5272377729415894,
0.23044569790363312,
0.09553126245737076,
-0.1483026146888733,
0.5331845283508301,
0.08239126950502396,
-0.7027407884597778,
0.849762499332428,
-0.902311384677887,
0.18037621676921844,
-0.5420794486999512,
-0.44856905937194824,
-0.608180820941925,
0.21894365549087524,
0.11231289803981781,
0.1700637936592102,
-0.21329618990421295,
-0.45972102880477905,
0.07266340404748917,
-0.3992115259170532,
0.3244679272174835,
-0.09375006705522537,
0.0015059239231050014,
-0.0994025468826294,
-0.06690853834152222,
-0.08578084409236908,
-0.5817611813545227,
0.10353147238492966,
0.3848611116409302,
-0.42576003074645996,
0.0898425281047821,
-0.4234749674797058,
0.4236821234226227,
-0.10977032780647278,
0.09360159188508987,
-0.48864510655403137,
-0.01511230506002903,
0.3962254524230957
] |
232325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swathi%20Kiranam | Swathi Kiranam | Swathi Kiranam () is a 1992 Telugu-language musical drama film directed by K. Viswanath. Produced by V. Madhusudhan Rao, the film starred Mammootty in his Telugu debut, Master Manjunath and Raadhika. The film is about an egotistical music teacher envious of the extraordinary talent of his prodigious young disciple. It is loosely based on the English language film Amadeus. The film was showcased among the Indian panorama section, at the 1992 International Film Festival of India, the Asia Pacific Film Festival, the Moscow Film Festival and the AISFM Film Festival. The film has garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction and the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer. The film was dubbed into Malayalam as Pranavam.
Plot
The film starts with a shabby old man living as a recluse near a famous temple. When he ventures out into the village, he is beaten by the shepherds who believe that he is a thief. When they hand him over to the police, the officer in charge identifies him as a once-famous musician, Anantha Rama Sharma (Mammooty), hailed as Sangeeta Samrat (Emperor of music), who has been missing for four years. The inspector Radhakrishna (Achyuth) informs his aunt (Jayanthi), who teaches music in his native village, of this and the past of Anantha Sharma is narrated through flashback.
Flashback begins
Anantha Rama Sharma is a widely respected Carnatic singer with a big ego. This is established when he rejects the Padma Shri bestowed upon him by the Government of India, as he believes that the other awardees are not worthy to be mentioned alongside him.
Gangadhar (Master Manjunath) lives in the same village. He rejects the society's norms (taking music classes and going to school) and spends his time sitting by the riverside. The river inspires him to sing many songs in different tunes. His music teacher, also the policeman's aunt, recognizes his talent and tries to nurture it. His school teacher (the music teacher's brother) is also fond of Gangadhar.
Gangadhar wants to become a great singer, like Ananta Sharma, and his father (Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam) encourages him. His day comes when Anantha Sharma is honored in an auditorium. Gangadhar sings a song ("Aanathi Neeyara") in honor of Anantha Sharma, which many consider to be much better than any of Anantha Sharma's works. The boy is hailed as a child prodigy by everyone including Anantha Sharma's wife.
Anantha Sharma wants to imprison Gangadhar's talents. So he asks Gangadhar to stay in his house and learn music as one must be well-experienced to sing on stage. Anantha Sharma makes Gangadhar create songs (which is required by him for a temple), but always acts unimpressed when Ganghadhar creates tunes for the songs. He copies one of Gangadhar's tunes and sings it on stage thinking Gangadhar is absent but Ganga comes to the show. Ananta's wife also finds the hidden stash of all the tunes composed by Gangadhar. He now feels guilty and defends himself by saying that he did it as he was afraid this child would destroy his name and fame.
In this emotional moment, he suffers a heart-attack. To show his gratitude towards his adopted mother, Gangadhar kills himself so that there is no competition for Anantha Sharma. The incident shocks the villagers and they call Anantha Sharma a murderer. To escape their wrath and insults, he runs away and becomes a recluse.
Flashback ends
Ananta Sharma is still unconscious while in the police station. When he awakes, he finds himself in the house of Gangadhar's music teacher. The music teacher's husband tells him that they have forgiven him and asks him to return to his house. At his house, he finds his wife giving music classes (an institute named "Gangadhar Music Academy") for young children.
He sits down amongst the children learning the music basics from his wife. The movie ends with a scene when a young girl next to him chides him gently by correcting his way of singing a basic song note.
Cast
Mammootty as Anantha Rama Sharma
Master Manjunath as Gangadhar
Raadhika as Sarada
Achyuth as Inspector Radhakrishna
Jayanthi as Radhakrishna's aunt
Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as Gangadhar's father
Sakshi Ranga Rao
Dubbing Janaki
Ananth Babu
Soundtrack
Awards
|-
| 1992
| Vani Jayaram (for song "Aanathi Neeyara")
| National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer
|
|-
|1992
| K. V. Mahadevan
|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu
|
|-
|1991
| V. Madhusudhan Rao
|Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film
|
|}
References
External links
1992 films
Indian films
Telugu-language films
Films directed by K. Viswanath
Indian nonlinear narrative films
Films about the arts
1990s musical drama films
Films about classical music and musicians
Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan
Indian musical drama films
Telugu films remade in other languages
Films about teacher–student relationships
1992 drama films | [
-0.3597462475299835,
-0.07667756080627441,
-1.1463185548782349,
-0.4274512827396393,
-0.041345201432704926,
0.6262195706367493,
0.8704037666320801,
-0.6457932591438293,
-0.5419284701347351,
0.7254484295845032,
0.22682218253612518,
0.5239896178245544,
-0.23142153024673462,
0.12091049551963806,
-0.04539868235588074,
-0.021954208612442017,
0.6803933382034302,
0.10597537457942963,
0.08156144618988037,
-0.3769345283508301,
0.08774743229150772,
0.1046469509601593,
0.7264050245285034,
0.283254474401474,
-0.5247424840927124,
0.5608022212982178,
0.6103156805038452,
0.5376051068305969,
-0.07143077999353409,
-0.32830241322517395,
-0.44805267453193665,
-0.3061886131763458,
0.18729136884212494,
0.08274859189987183,
0.2575644552707672,
0.3285955488681793,
-0.25127238035202026,
0.5236685872077942,
-0.24737481772899628,
-0.8829737901687622,
0.12161549180746078,
-0.7174033522605896,
0.019807232543826103,
-0.46246206760406494,
-0.4239153563976288,
-0.5890299081802368,
-1.383462905883789,
-0.16357986629009247,
-0.8437201380729675,
-0.5613512396812439,
0.6464687585830688,
0.9073364734649658,
0.6087312698364258,
0.11511857062578201,
0.29667767882347107,
0.6733971238136292,
-0.8151745200157166,
-0.0441313199698925,
-0.10429258644580841,
0.07350484281778336,
0.5169298648834229,
0.3058246672153473,
0.2637596130371094,
0.028156781569123268,
-0.20363672077655792,
0.41530290246009827,
-0.12541408836841583,
0.0831204503774643,
0.04728163778781891,
-0.18672899901866913,
0.16787007451057434,
-0.07385014742612839,
0.19278816878795624,
0.6269654035568237,
-0.3817964494228363,
-0.7552825808525085,
0.14041392505168915,
-0.42249301075935364,
0.26732686161994934,
0.047236744314432144,
0.1652376651763916,
0.1375839114189148,
0.9647679328918457,
0.6702951788902283,
0.7185221910476685,
-0.4607611894607544,
-0.035455960780382156,
0.21939748525619507,
-0.2867175340652466,
0.451285183429718,
-0.33726465702056885,
-0.3771505355834961,
0.025888847187161446,
0.470298171043396,
-0.41833481192588806,
0.2237142026424408,
-1.0482386350631714,
-0.01701534166932106,
0.8218545317649841,
-0.30710774660110474,
0.2544170916080475,
0.1041949987411499,
-0.5387079119682312,
-0.18317323923110962,
-0.8799899816513062,
-0.05649510398507118,
-0.07996176928281784,
-0.34458574652671814,
-0.6188573837280273,
0.15829426050186157,
-0.2605923116207123,
0.4593828320503235,
-0.11034058779478073,
-0.03978242725133896,
0.0034069025423377752,
0.42509186267852783,
0.17111775279045105,
-0.20600466430187225,
-0.7192734479904175,
0.626358687877655,
-0.009675148874521255,
0.4039151966571808,
0.25662970542907715,
0.5701345801353455,
-0.0154958451166749,
0.860967218875885,
0.2278069257736206,
0.414164274930954,
0.17226186394691467,
0.6538469195365906,
0.5211042165756226,
1.0275663137435913,
-0.77747642993927,
-0.24206723272800446,
-0.1586351990699768,
-0.5161809921264648,
0.5057445764541626,
-0.12830644845962524,
-0.013688191771507263,
-0.30985432863235474,
-0.29200875759124756,
0.8430126905441284,
0.052182480692863464,
0.05552124232053757,
-0.0522121787071228,
-0.3578411638736725,
0.5002238154411316,
0.19899427890777588,
-0.5473921895027161,
-0.535119891166687,
0.5011526942253113,
0.7682610750198364,
-0.4736335575580597,
-0.5462615489959717,
-0.45645788311958313,
0.5594913363456726,
-0.054562900215387344,
0.045482855290174484,
-0.05744766443967819,
0.5312975645065308,
-0.0672868937253952,
0.06129326671361923,
0.06541239470243454,
-0.09071719646453857,
-0.1679382473230362,
-0.2711952030658722,
0.24751828610897064,
-0.43334102630615234,
0.5018579959869385,
-0.21610426902770996,
-0.6745498776435852,
0.0829283818602562,
-0.39197713136672974,
0.13431580364704132,
0.09517493098974228,
-0.20689594745635986,
0.3654829263687134,
0.8391476273536682,
0.505569577217102,
-0.5691256523132324,
-0.4968586266040802,
0.5038332343101501,
-0.25425630807876587,
-0.20363634824752808,
0.5462606549263,
0.5460326075553894,
0.24954098463058472,
0.35068580508232117,
-0.008600334636867046,
-0.2530522346496582,
-0.609830379486084,
-0.15598973631858826,
0.25070711970329285,
0.1153925284743309,
1.6334421634674072,
0.24419564008712769,
-0.9117729663848877,
0.6614123582839966,
0.503611147403717,
0.5027496814727783,
0.08297891169786453,
0.6363019943237305,
0.40152236819267273,
-0.5550549626350403,
-0.12472955137491226,
-0.33503293991088867,
-0.3650955557823181,
0.6686937212944031,
0.15364986658096313,
0.5961663126945496,
0.16040454804897308,
-0.5789748430252075,
0.3020557761192322,
0.07594724744558334,
0.07682427763938904,
-0.23633036017417908,
-0.8074460625648499,
0.649819016456604,
0.19648805260658264,
0.32470694184303284,
0.7534745931625366,
-0.37583139538764954,
-0.19949452579021454,
0.48785877227783203,
0.3030238151550293,
0.948358952999115,
0.029778864234685898,
-0.6705366969108582,
0.37054264545440674,
-0.26102012395858765,
-0.3504575788974762,
0.013284427113831043,
-0.36299145221710205,
0.008186491206288338,
-0.27153733372688293,
0.06651805341243744,
-0.10930857062339783,
-0.24545469880104065,
0.3537008464336395,
-0.16933606564998627,
0.17039424180984497,
0.9651854634284973,
-0.6696112751960754,
-0.008208929561078548,
0.14989417791366577,
0.01833883672952652,
-0.2580355405807495,
-0.6152358651161194,
-0.3674299120903015,
-0.07633324712514877,
0.03901916369795799,
0.42790669202804565,
0.12233611941337585,
-0.3866143822669983,
-0.2990051507949829,
0.3475167453289032,
-0.7327153086662292,
-0.5393399596214294,
-0.1507529616355896,
-0.029840264469385147,
-0.3187256157398224,
-0.48558366298675537,
0.5666962265968323,
0.24337294697761536,
-0.647631824016571,
-0.30710339546203613,
0.10325253009796143,
0.3152802586555481,
0.19177861511707306,
0.46336475014686584,
-0.02500123716890812,
-0.6819124817848206,
-0.17481321096420288,
0.8811746835708618,
0.20343837141990662,
-0.6097193956375122,
0.08493500202894211,
0.4311152696609497,
-0.8647172451019287,
-0.6323902606964111,
0.7511889934539795,
0.5819991827011108,
0.19784903526306152,
-0.49300286173820496,
-0.005881343502551317,
0.2957570254802704,
0.2015167772769928,
-0.351711630821228,
-0.6188823580741882,
0.16537988185882568,
0.15659663081169128,
-0.15550996363162994,
-0.23100687563419342,
-0.2999957501888275,
-0.008877864107489586,
-0.19458025693893433,
-0.4089602530002594,
0.3990851044654846,
0.21732531487941742,
0.18650484085083008,
-0.21491913497447968,
1.2847726345062256,
-0.7972410321235657,
0.10980122536420822,
0.4462910294532776,
-0.1744646579027176,
0.13436922430992126,
-0.44231218099594116,
-5.118241786956787,
0.4706244170665741,
-0.25528600811958313,
-0.2486727088689804,
0.7212725281715393,
0.16160377860069275,
0.20823253691196442,
0.10375245660543442,
0.23048000037670135,
0.08740498870611191,
-0.4414140284061432,
0.0034548318944871426,
0.42549335956573486,
0.22074177861213684,
0.21309174597263336,
-0.03587476909160614,
1.0914428234100342,
0.28386276960372925,
0.5040879845619202,
0.10942206531763077,
0.3294369578361511,
0.08294235914945602,
0.03249259293079376,
0.4478902220726013,
-0.12985865771770477,
0.14320813119411469,
0.4048584997653961,
-0.03003690578043461,
-1.1771903038024902,
-0.45449599623680115,
-0.13081352412700653,
0.12312877923250198,
-0.09250035881996155,
-0.5006183981895447,
-0.8629450798034668,
0.04814388230443001,
0.2562367022037506,
-0.1465170979499817,
0.6028345227241516,
-0.17242559790611267,
0.06239297613501549,
-0.4048249125480652,
-0.11335816979408264,
-0.8201239705085754,
0.3664611876010895,
-0.7308224439620972,
-0.7195613980293274,
-0.6559538245201111,
0.05826864391565323,
0.5735203623771667,
-0.17076808214187622,
-0.13555258512496948,
0.1251457780599594,
0.1582994908094406,
0.18356764316558838,
-0.41506195068359375,
-0.291806161403656,
0.30101436376571655,
-0.16018126904964447,
0.9453802704811096,
0.45147281885147095,
-0.3463398516178131,
-0.4591673016548157,
-0.8564509749412537,
-0.117922842502594,
-0.023527519777417183,
-0.28660422563552856,
-0.9956664443016052,
-0.5206001996994019,
0.22107557952404022,
-0.5455150008201599,
-0.4627382755279541,
-0.057144731283187866,
-1.1668592691421509,
0.45200100541114807,
0.060681261122226715,
-0.3898671865463257,
0.23683734238147736,
-0.8670777082443237,
0.09938188642263412,
-0.13827872276306152,
-0.46056392788887024,
0.2780446708202362,
0.3352310061454773,
0.2495991438627243,
-0.04561271145939827,
-0.383605420589447,
-0.24010856449604034,
-0.5500820875167847,
-0.03605911135673523,
0.997979998588562,
-0.2519916892051697,
-0.3192394971847534,
0.3652859330177307,
0.3358857333660126,
0.21381068229675293,
-0.32425856590270996,
0.2999071776866913,
0.3427623510360718,
-0.8146262764930725,
0.14905942976474762,
-0.21515120565891266,
0.508599042892456,
-0.3942119777202606,
-0.024718306958675385,
-0.9994136691093445,
0.18548837304115295,
-0.267522394657135,
0.8191496729850769,
-0.34580060839653015,
-0.18819396197795868,
-1.1279585361480713,
0.17963576316833496,
0.10792716592550278,
0.7678911685943604,
-0.5072205066680908,
-0.05516219511628151,
0.7022241353988647,
0.12746268510818481,
0.033931370824575424,
0.05577654764056206,
0.33662697672843933,
0.03211107477545738,
-0.3025922179222107,
-0.09518633782863617,
-0.3506487011909485,
0.4638640284538269,
0.3339627683162689,
-0.6074852347373962,
-0.11579518020153046,
0.2674773633480072,
-0.2292969524860382,
-0.010729148983955383,
-0.7064077258110046,
-0.22569547593593597,
-0.48868054151535034,
-0.4067375063896179,
0.27397939562797546,
0.14181791245937347,
0.27229827642440796,
-0.2638833224773407,
-0.07985005527734756,
-0.052749644964933395,
0.5074205994606018,
0.08620310574769974,
-0.14745409786701202,
0.05806111916899681,
-0.3983990550041199,
-0.3120167553424835,
-0.23004920780658722,
-0.42015644907951355,
-0.9257129430770874,
0.7354171872138977,
-0.7895899415016174,
-0.07033228129148483,
0.22077371180057526,
0.11590283364057541,
0.024159854277968407,
0.09244317561388016,
0.23606038093566895,
0.0660310611128807,
-0.558354377746582,
-1.0025155544281006,
0.21411795914173126,
-0.20498596131801605,
0.04065859690308571,
-0.6124086976051331,
-0.9952279329299927,
0.20628675818443298,
0.6304274797439575,
0.19457079470157623,
0.6740431189537048,
-0.033664919435977936,
0.23314809799194336,
-0.1380765587091446,
0.3072723150253296,
0.056117769330739975,
-0.0762716755270958,
0.04342067241668701,
0.5465949773788452,
-0.06984343379735947,
-0.9408193230628967,
-0.0698782429099083,
0.6655656695365906,
0.6265990138053894,
-0.33542105555534363,
-0.30658653378486633,
-0.13568304479122162,
-0.874536395072937,
0.19429734349250793,
-0.09171400964260101,
0.5305641889572144,
0.6479375958442688,
-0.11940130591392517,
0.008773177862167358,
-0.8609819412231445,
-0.14994321763515472,
0.46795985102653503,
-0.6125367879867554,
-0.9081122279167175,
0.07343776524066925,
0.5810453295707703,
0.26449477672576904,
0.7976351976394653,
0.1512674242258072,
-0.9200520515441895,
0.26500242948532104,
0.7560567855834961,
-0.1948285847902298,
0.324087530374527,
-0.11421317607164383,
0.23096081614494324,
0.7619526982307434,
0.07101764529943466,
-0.19522035121917725,
0.5715073943138123,
0.2764262557029724,
-0.7004445195198059,
0.023623984307050705,
-0.425536185503006,
-1.0204322338104248,
-0.3140638768672943,
-0.04115965589880943,
-0.38833311200141907,
-1.4105565547943115,
-0.4359002113342285,
0.7438818216323853,
-0.5565260052680969,
-0.09928987920284271,
0.13467852771282196,
-0.13326184451580048,
0.23393003642559052,
0.12581853568553925,
-0.2898004949092865,
-0.2606166899204254,
-0.3089783787727356,
0.02327747456729412,
-0.2047479748725891,
0.487725168466568,
0.4196852147579193,
-0.38615909218788147,
0.6687948703765869,
0.5497394800186157,
-0.4654753506183624,
0.09979536384344101,
0.27468886971473694,
0.3472197949886322,
0.14774367213249207,
-0.5365147590637207,
0.48142802715301514,
0.4166446328163147,
0.3138824999332428,
-0.2362287938594818,
-0.6585245728492737,
1.082895040512085,
-0.8681524991989136,
-0.11256244778633118,
-0.28993475437164307,
0.0035862389486283064,
0.0398956760764122,
-0.3329032361507416,
0.43485027551651,
-0.2822275161743164,
-0.3169216811656952,
0.25397762656211853,
-0.12229444831609726,
0.13945530354976654,
-0.020803898572921753,
1.0019935369491577,
-0.7514335513114929,
-0.12468794733285904,
-0.5006641745567322,
0.2839987576007843,
0.06217942386865616,
0.5120931267738342,
0.3247985243797302,
-0.0593469962477684,
-1.243748426437378,
0.7674738168716431,
-0.3299025297164917,
-0.07732140272855759,
0.2988548278808594,
0.009914263151586056,
-0.29207879304885864,
-0.19161930680274963,
-0.7440310120582581,
0.4373075067996979,
-0.27381595969200134,
0.053972478955984116,
-0.010081702843308449,
-0.3016355335712433,
0.018365491181612015,
-0.07385598868131638,
-0.060353074222803116,
-0.3178268373012543,
0.3192034065723419,
0.24887897074222565,
0.6392551064491272,
-0.7051559090614319,
-0.44212889671325684,
-0.6073600649833679,
-0.1792808324098587,
0.0019185952842235565,
-0.207768976688385,
-0.7475284934043884,
0.5760167837142944,
0.6674433350563049,
-0.27563413977622986,
0.011881878599524498,
0.32394179701805115,
-0.13943883776664734,
-0.30593791604042053,
0.4641028046607971,
0.32065314054489136,
-0.5536473989486694,
-0.19280476868152618,
0.9281027913093567,
-0.39832305908203125,
0.16928192973136902,
0.2958822548389435,
0.49821993708610535,
-0.500980019569397,
0.5960826277732849,
-0.005478900391608477,
-0.04329210892319679,
0.8501762747764587,
-0.8220232725143433,
0.2573855519294739,
0.3808096945285797,
0.33648553490638733,
0.24847471714019775,
-0.4842013716697693,
-0.2469739317893982,
-0.036549560725688934,
0.43254080414772034,
0.1126459613442421,
0.36847078800201416,
-0.3329981863498688,
-0.019430050626397133,
0.1580335646867752,
0.7324205636978149,
0.2068042755126953,
0.10937623679637909,
-0.13774798810482025,
0.16462942957878113,
0.41596946120262146,
1.0676233768463135,
0.3454829752445221,
-0.2983928620815277,
0.11996081471443176,
-0.33484455943107605,
0.9187706112861633,
0.15208901464939117,
-0.2441762089729309,
0.2709508538246155,
-0.12998639047145844,
0.1637861132621765,
-0.13830405473709106,
0.4907996654510498,
-0.11739625036716461,
-0.03182387351989746,
-0.20751029253005981,
0.04056752100586891,
0.6992668509483337,
-0.14219200611114502,
-0.21483345329761505,
0.20794959366321564,
-0.009522943757474422,
0.3406541645526886,
-0.010145865380764008,
-0.5108047127723694,
-0.001698311883956194,
-0.9014791250228882,
0.3853546977043152,
0.3869369626045227,
-0.20827016234397888,
0.018208559602499008,
-0.16090546548366547,
-0.6188814043998718,
-0.08639848977327347,
-0.360660195350647,
0.28359779715538025,
-0.4338083565235138,
-0.2990882098674774,
0.5720328092575073,
0.01131362933665514,
-0.2272355854511261,
0.12401583045721054,
0.08837365359067917,
-0.40056049823760986,
0.4402405619621277,
-0.32757821679115295,
-1.1443591117858887,
1.0943257808685303,
-0.6909778118133545,
-0.056560713797807693,
-0.6012447476387024,
0.8348517417907715,
0.3563399910926819,
0.4674147367477417,
0.6408063769340515,
0.4694940745830536,
-0.03763184696435928,
1.1443363428115845,
0.10283446311950684,
-0.17378182709217072,
-0.7921459078788757,
0.16759786009788513,
-1.476854681968689,
-0.5796849131584167,
-0.11641784757375717,
0.9140192270278931,
-0.03085934929549694,
0.20678073167800903,
0.14787399768829346,
-0.4763084650039673,
1.1493176221847534,
-0.2246972918510437,
-0.029695522040128708,
0.005233024712651968,
-0.09002881497144699,
-0.38737884163856506,
0.31593871116638184,
0.14380434155464172,
-0.24542094767093658,
-0.5480407476425171,
0.26920396089553833,
-0.012142441235482693,
-0.39020898938179016,
-0.1581573635339737,
0.18398472666740417,
0.13516221940517426,
-0.0006233305321075022,
0.5370215773582458,
-0.2810421586036682,
0.36599382758140564,
0.528157114982605,
0.32845184206962585,
0.1784629076719284,
0.0018868888728320599,
-0.20156477391719818,
-0.16967223584651947,
0.520729660987854,
-0.02583474852144718,
-0.37859100103378296,
-0.39342430233955383,
0.028057925403118134,
-0.23032870888710022,
-0.11572180688381195,
0.18719200789928436,
-0.37749242782592773,
-0.4149746298789978,
0.11854173988103867,
0.0986790880560875,
-0.29075735807418823,
0.8878492712974548,
0.09039100259542465,
-0.8650780320167542,
-0.32844364643096924,
-0.327443927526474
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.