id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
256692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korab%20%28mountain%29 | Korab (mountain) | Korab (, , Great Korab) is the highest peak of the eponymous mountain range and the fourth highest mountain entirely located in the Balkan Peninsula, standing at .
The summit of the Korab mountain range in the Albanian-Macedonian border, Korab is the highest peak of Albania and North Macedonia and also one of only two summits in Europe, which are the highest point for more than one country. Mount Korab is also the 18th most prominent mountain peak in the European continent and the third on the Balkan Peninsula.
Korab is situated within the Korab-Koritnik Nature Park. It is noted for its rich flora, including species such as Bosnian pine, European beech, Coppicing forest, and Alder forest.
The peak lies adjacent to the Šar Mountains. Mount Korab is also pictured in the national emblem of North Macedonia.
Geography
The Korab range stretches over in a north–south direction between the lower section of the Black Drin and its tributary Radika. It is located around the border triangle of Albania, North Macedonia and Kosovo, southwest of the Šar Mountains.
The peak is a very rugged mountain massif and consists mainly of shale and limestone of the Paleozoic period with block structures, as well as severely damaged gypsum rocks of Permo Triassic. On the west side, the mountain falls steeply over rock walls. The north side consists of craggy rocks. A kind of double peak, that of Korab II is about northwest of the peak within Albanian territory. On the same ridge are two other peaks rising over such as Shulani i Radomires and Korab III. The southeast, stretching from a few rock bands broken meadows to the summit is accessed very simply, and occasionally by shepherds with their flocks of sheep.
In addition to the Korab peak, there are several other, almost equally high elevations. North of the twin peaks are numerous other nameless, almost equally high rock towers. The peak located about southwest, Korab-gate (Albanian: Maja e Portës së Korabit; Macedonian: Korapska Mala vrata) reaches . A few hundred metres south is another peak, Maja e Moravës, which is only a little lower at .
The peaks are occasionally ruptured by radial tectonics in the shape of blocks that end in the Radika Valley on North Macedonia's side. These blocks occasionally have steep slopes that reach up to . In its highest part, above , the climate is alpine and includes some alpine flora elements.
The mountain is home to spectacular Korab Falls in the upper valley of the Dlaboka River. During spring time, the waterfall reaches a height of over 130 meters, which makes it the highest in North Macedonia. The state border intersects the higher peak, Great Korab.
Ascent from the Macedonian side involves entering the Macedonian-Albanian boundary area, for which a special permit is required from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Macedonia, although people regularly track on Korab without it.
The two main passes in the Korab ridge include the Little Korab Gate () and Big Korab Gate ().
The mountain has a number of sub-peaks that are higher than 2000 metres. These include Korab II (unnamed peak) , Korab III (unnamed peak) , Korab Gates (peak) , Maja e Moravës , Shulani i Radomirës and Small Korab .
Climbing
There are no formal restrictions on climbing the mountain from the Albanian side. The area is now safer and more stable than it has been in recent times. It is possible to drive as far as the local village of Radomira, but the local infrastructure is generally not good. A four-wheel drive vehicle with high clearance may be required. There are no accurate and up to date maps, local signposting is poor, and hikers may have to overcome the additional problem of aggressive dogs. An international expedition to climb Mount Korab is organised each September by the mountain club PSD "Korab" in Skopje.
See also
Korab-Koritnik Nature Park
Geography of Albania
Protected areas of Albania
Geography of North Macedonia
List of non-Alpine European Ultras
References
External links
Korab, Albania/North Macedonia
Mount Korab on SummitPost
Korab climb on YouTube
Mountains of Albania
Mountains of North Macedonia
Albania–North Macedonia border
International mountains of Europe
Two-thousanders of Albania
Two-thousanders of North Macedonia
Highest points of countries
Geography of Dibër County | [
-0.15107759833335876,
0.7030001282691956,
-0.024005217477679253,
-0.5647913813591003,
-0.25226032733917236,
0.39458462595939636,
0.8946791887283325,
-0.010030046105384827,
-0.135486900806427,
0.2565230429172516,
-0.12620683014392853,
0.17505307495594025,
-0.6118552684783936,
0.5521237850189209,
-0.6637791395187378,
0.7900344729423523,
0.8777308464050293,
0.35778912901878357,
0.14129169285297394,
-0.8437781929969788,
0.43333250284194946,
-0.1223524659872055,
0.09118486195802689,
-0.17835813760757446,
-0.024432556703686714,
0.29122665524482727,
-0.08726777136325836,
0.6533471345901489,
0.21664784848690033,
0.4147581458091736,
-0.48767489194869995,
0.4035443663597107,
-0.2973167300224304,
-0.41648179292678833,
0.3581717312335968,
0.2232767939567566,
0.8595415353775024,
-0.23813872039318085,
-0.2579093873500824,
-0.9523465037345886,
0.462907999753952,
-0.01722055673599243,
0.12135520577430725,
0.8107536435127258,
-0.0888727530837059,
-0.7585883736610413,
-0.2205045521259308,
0.5643824934959412,
-0.5038760304450989,
0.26780256628990173,
-0.3170575797557831,
0.38349100947380066,
-0.19359630346298218,
0.12411963939666748,
0.2896445691585541,
0.3322642147541046,
-0.5675336718559265,
0.10536954551935196,
0.46600341796875,
-0.11690656840801239,
-0.05198410898447037,
0.7032344341278076,
-0.2985157370567322,
-0.350163072347641,
0.34820857644081116,
0.5274695158004761,
-0.5045566558837891,
0.7236461639404297,
0.34672895073890686,
-0.12186594307422638,
-0.48228827118873596,
-0.07800271362066269,
-0.2965862452983856,
-0.1700606346130371,
-0.5055345296859741,
0.04063510149717331,
-0.43865859508514404,
-0.14303117990493774,
0.15687766671180725,
0.09241428971290588,
0.568716824054718,
-0.36901354789733887,
0.5605943202972412,
-0.15081237256526947,
-0.25545695424079895,
0.006471213418990374,
-0.13521364331245422,
-0.1793968677520752,
-0.47939470410346985,
0.1377953141927719,
0.211167573928833,
-0.43853995203971863,
0.6802841424942017,
0.3726879954338074,
0.010208366438746452,
-0.31157976388931274,
-0.39344486594200134,
0.03257280960679054,
-0.1214926466345787,
-0.27670252323150635,
-0.06067011505365372,
0.6620528101921082,
0.03410240635275841,
-0.3058927655220032,
-0.28611400723457336,
-0.04126500338315964,
-0.33860278129577637,
0.042007967829704285,
-0.2518174350261688,
-0.38788729906082153,
-1.324698805809021,
0.3913154900074005,
0.03112654760479927,
-0.1777881681919098,
-0.09905842691659927,
0.5088671445846558,
0.3511572480201721,
-0.1364062875509262,
-0.335397869348526,
-0.5111011862754822,
0.11851348727941513,
0.9842909574508667,
-0.6284812688827515,
0.28592583537101746,
0.33827534317970276,
-0.054208654910326004,
0.5882523655891418,
0.04299395531415939,
-0.3365858197212219,
0.7235376834869385,
-0.3051232397556305,
0.6913988590240479,
0.0726311057806015,
0.3912428319454193,
0.11457385867834091,
-0.33655932545661926,
-0.06943770498037338,
0.011053548194468021,
-0.1692046970129013,
0.6103752851486206,
-0.8846859335899353,
0.07853765785694122,
-0.6402413249015808,
0.09587255865335464,
0.6787511110305786,
-0.19553028047084808,
0.05802442505955696,
-0.49836480617523193,
0.2039729356765747,
-0.18110209703445435,
0.1618964970111847,
0.2431035339832306,
-0.2572309672832489,
0.1975763887166977,
-0.7408031225204468,
0.23833173513412476,
0.4864099621772766,
-0.07624664157629013,
0.3178233504295349,
-0.41560181975364685,
0.34941115975379944,
-0.4647757411003113,
0.7230769395828247,
0.22432062029838562,
0.351705402135849,
-0.1612972915172577,
0.9495400786399841,
-0.20361299812793732,
-0.21085147559642792,
0.20819996297359467,
-0.3180503845214844,
-0.35034945607185364,
-0.011662528850138187,
0.08520795404911041,
-0.6778783798217773,
-0.25961899757385254,
0.5408438444137573,
0.549177885055542,
-0.39329931139945984,
-0.0919007882475853,
-0.7574312090873718,
0.11662217974662781,
-0.6260349154472351,
-0.468700647354126,
0.472342848777771,
0.38289597630500793,
0.11703648418188095,
0.4002175033092499,
0.11250253766775131,
-0.6556404829025269,
0.43876364827156067,
-0.6441372036933899,
-0.24260376393795013,
-0.15575195848941803,
1.415502667427063,
-0.2040112316608429,
-0.5399709343910217,
-0.3577200472354889,
0.19555704295635223,
0.9632048606872559,
-0.3614053726196289,
-0.5174487233161926,
0.6530640125274658,
0.05598222091794014,
-0.36631911993026733,
0.4845903217792511,
0.04352419078350067,
-0.03446162864565849,
0.5250529050827026,
0.3037084937095642,
0.3276466727256775,
-0.029336564242839813,
-0.12833493947982788,
-0.2781258821487427,
0.042967788875103,
-0.2621912658214569,
0.34354281425476074,
0.7311267256736755,
0.28696736693382263,
0.11327822506427765,
0.9468295574188232,
-0.12219870090484619,
0.12846817076206207,
0.08704333007335663,
-0.15604707598686218,
0.007714312057942152,
0.331987202167511,
0.0838325247168541,
-0.23359999060630798,
-0.20274166762828827,
-0.31019458174705505,
0.18262358009815216,
0.3741826117038727,
0.012229378335177898,
-0.5713414549827576,
-0.16171830892562866,
-0.3721311688423157,
-0.46044668555259705,
1.0925242900848389,
-0.5693082809448242,
-0.15510518848896027,
0.44241392612457275,
-0.3571375906467438,
0.16754068434238434,
0.6205625534057617,
0.23736374080181122,
-0.0396951287984848,
0.2601575255393982,
-0.7396590113639832,
0.013871538452804089,
-0.46293914318084717,
-0.15863333642482758,
0.17435665428638458,
0.06542456895112991,
0.2426113486289978,
-0.49865907430648804,
0.6134886145591736,
-0.4134925901889801,
-0.07130032032728195,
-0.31934747099876404,
-0.12330590188503265,
0.06081821024417877,
0.3844735324382782,
0.3665391504764557,
0.04788834974169731,
0.4248562455177307,
-0.27328646183013916,
-0.6033754944801331,
0.6675676107406616,
0.004579360131174326,
0.38869452476501465,
-0.5270658135414124,
-0.38231509923934937,
0.4621032774448395,
0.405553936958313,
-0.2911963164806366,
-0.30656033754348755,
-0.2168170064687729,
-0.6893194913864136,
-0.16766110062599182,
0.10523486882448196,
0.4930327236652374,
0.6165745258331299,
0.49071526527404785,
-0.23298892378807068,
-0.3895634412765503,
0.42511895298957825,
-0.219864621758461,
0.11355800181627274,
-0.11218259483575821,
0.2645544111728668,
0.18553900718688965,
0.15006312727928162,
-0.08190041780471802,
-0.10798183083534241,
0.24637152254581451,
-0.22623024880886078,
0.203841894865036,
0.5528607964515686,
-0.5830622315406799,
-0.6240778565406799,
0.22573502361774445,
-0.41211894154548645,
-0.031825028359889984,
0.255852609872818,
0.030131744220852852,
-0.3507363498210907,
0.23568803071975708,
-5.479346752166748,
0.6958953142166138,
-0.5265331268310547,
-0.07211688905954361,
-0.20829756557941437,
-0.023168759420514107,
0.2347629964351654,
-0.38578009605407715,
-0.3998817503452301,
0.012731382623314857,
-0.3235234022140503,
-0.05959301441907883,
-0.3367158770561218,
0.6019623279571533,
0.39869263768196106,
0.5457032322883606,
0.32453790307044983,
0.7110446691513062,
0.09566647559404373,
0.2530538737773895,
0.5817258358001709,
0.44256412982940674,
-0.20719224214553833,
0.17461369931697845,
0.26012128591537476,
1.0991111993789673,
-0.03292739391326904,
0.46587714552879333,
-0.3626253008842468,
-0.5921956300735474,
-0.162227064371109,
-0.551262378692627,
0.23106032609939575,
-0.2242518961429596,
-0.05599834397435188,
0.16751304268836975,
0.5557464361190796,
0.26649704575538635,
0.7005634307861328,
-0.45808887481689453,
-0.03293125703930855,
0.13697510957717896,
0.3278007507324219,
0.15179966390132904,
0.6278708577156067,
-0.6422625184059143,
0.007083126809448004,
-0.0066407364793121815,
-0.4819963872432709,
0.5086234211921692,
0.38447514176368713,
-0.027810700237751007,
0.3223452866077423,
-0.07038822025060654,
-0.02162601239979267,
0.09197830408811569,
0.2629121243953705,
0.19854280352592468,
-0.03966720402240753,
1.2230087518692017,
0.2267616093158722,
-0.2751176059246063,
0.1277521550655365,
-0.9367126226425171,
0.4085273742675781,
-0.5497154593467712,
-0.06540798395872116,
0.17292512953281403,
-0.26845842599868774,
0.24321487545967102,
0.06140940636396408,
0.07326234877109528,
-0.4515487253665924,
-0.6021916270256042,
0.022764062508940697,
-0.9194103479385376,
-0.5868858695030212,
0.11690899729728699,
-0.18423359096050262,
0.3649793267250061,
-0.6288065910339355,
-0.3602880835533142,
-0.37819886207580566,
0.5832959413528442,
-0.2731364369392395,
-0.04390953853726387,
-0.40777862071990967,
0.0019251571502536535,
-0.049323853105306625,
-0.3751949369907379,
0.6428466439247131,
-0.7900172472000122,
0.47145652770996094,
0.6316559314727783,
-0.4610441327095032,
1.0422730445861816,
0.12487932294607162,
-0.2798178791999817,
0.6531386375427246,
0.01483806874603033,
0.5810403227806091,
-0.10193392634391785,
0.5094113945960999,
-0.18788659572601318,
-0.14548605680465698,
-0.6273465752601624,
-0.10111363977193832,
0.48478981852531433,
0.8052769303321838,
-0.24345818161964417,
-0.04194009676575661,
0.0013279191916808486,
-0.5730112195014954,
-1.1016979217529297,
0.4417169392108917,
-0.259928435087204,
-0.00046190322609618306,
0.5254232287406921,
0.32978639006614685,
-0.10797746479511261,
0.19095894694328308,
0.3067648410797119,
0.2472779005765915,
-0.2008567452430725,
-0.5439229607582092,
-0.03674111142754555,
-0.25150182843208313,
0.1658821403980255,
-0.66086345911026,
-0.06385836750268936,
0.09150493144989014,
-0.012398305349051952,
-0.14025460183620453,
0.0498802550137043,
0.2497853934764862,
0.17711713910102844,
-0.32472163438796997,
-0.6774901151657104,
0.5782989263534546,
-0.4354993999004364,
0.14202849566936493,
0.03148188069462776,
-0.5584675073623657,
0.719268798828125,
0.18177539110183716,
0.30549734830856323,
-0.2721411883831024,
0.16164860129356384,
-0.7352877855300903,
0.2728811800479889,
-0.2184305042028427,
0.02007066085934639,
-0.009714338928461075,
-0.5404840111732483,
-0.03960345312952995,
0.1740178018808365,
0.06812268495559692,
1.0882328748703003,
-0.3473398983478546,
-0.1387174427509308,
0.3574892282485962,
-0.5755720138549805,
-1.0643153190612793,
-0.19712701439857483,
0.09163740277290344,
-0.7670050263404846,
-0.6757404208183289,
-0.07283327728509903,
-0.18323759734630585,
0.7359701991081238,
0.4425029754638672,
-0.7029290795326233,
-0.8043058514595032,
-0.6202527284622192,
-0.1436993032693863,
-0.41582873463630676,
-0.6332687139511108,
0.3895445168018341,
-0.2120218724012375,
-0.09369515627622604,
-0.03446940332651138,
0.04943804815411568,
0.005660936236381531,
0.5923234224319458,
0.43916621804237366,
0.0037932267878204584,
-0.8759942650794983,
0.1355918049812317,
-0.02961883880198002,
-0.337288498878479,
0.10219297558069229,
-0.5207693576812744,
-0.04043065384030342,
-0.10833093523979187,
0.5090933442115784,
-1.0211455821990967,
0.1335684061050415,
0.2595587372779846,
-0.2266181856393814,
-0.38623079657554626,
-0.413880318403244,
0.020061304792761803,
-0.4778252840042114,
0.7859341502189636,
0.013102353550493717,
-0.4705026149749756,
1.1633052825927734,
0.5437421798706055,
-0.7037328481674194,
0.3267597258090973,
-0.44355911016464233,
-1.2976295948028564,
-0.14366042613983154,
0.5902756452560425,
-0.9481791853904724,
0.17168375849723816,
0.21855735778808594,
-0.22803929448127747,
-0.9598689079284668,
-0.5962828397750854,
0.5682904720306396,
-0.29524359107017517,
0.14869849383831024,
-0.16100843250751495,
-0.0634119063615799,
0.2703574299812317,
0.12792067229747772,
-0.041697435081005096,
0.12290988117456436,
-0.7764502763748169,
-0.05755671486258507,
0.06254573911428452,
0.3537761867046356,
-0.0026069197338074446,
0.20462730526924133,
-0.040401533246040344,
-0.18674421310424805,
-0.12754955887794495,
0.5484950542449951,
0.5725724697113037,
0.1836363524198532,
0.7227752804756165,
0.1466037631034851,
-0.356222540140152,
-0.009499459527432919,
0.4494228661060333,
-0.18628065288066864,
-0.46165046095848083,
-0.20198054611682892,
0.0025514487642794847,
0.27660447359085083,
0.09442618489265442,
-0.5938421487808228,
-0.4378630816936493,
0.7488198280334473,
0.13222338259220123,
0.2589738070964813,
-0.032071053981781006,
0.3093022406101227,
0.29198235273361206,
0.17612279951572418,
0.13589027523994446,
-0.017250120639801025,
0.4344523847103119,
0.19960664212703705,
-0.3299703299999237,
-0.6624889373779297,
0.14889919757843018,
0.07020933926105499,
-0.2941431701183319,
-0.236498162150383,
-0.9765136241912842,
0.2721155881881714,
0.017391597852110863,
-0.6913771629333496,
0.4361014664173126,
0.0018138204468414187,
-0.13314805924892426,
-0.09457064419984818,
0.3627587854862213,
-1.173863410949707,
0.16327950358390808,
0.3382926881313324,
0.08630137145519257,
-0.2519671618938446,
-0.18168911337852478,
-0.2020237296819687,
0.15478099882602692,
-0.3877798616886139,
0.3021586835384369,
-0.6252332925796509,
-0.3290805220603943,
-0.3160139322280884,
-0.16831782460212708,
0.699799656867981,
-0.21356552839279175,
-0.0811423510313034,
0.7188077569007874,
0.013111855834722519,
0.14584681391716003,
-1.1629563570022583,
0.708874523639679,
0.1032540500164032,
-0.1006225124001503,
0.07188806682825089,
0.4489190876483917,
0.1741737574338913,
-0.5480968356132507,
0.0024731908924877644,
-0.28788307309150696,
0.08903046697378159,
0.13731931149959564,
0.12350834161043167,
0.9407533407211304,
-0.768007218837738,
0.181650772690773,
0.8104589581489563,
-0.2792666554450989,
0.7534531354904175,
0.9517642259597778,
-0.037613026797771454,
-0.39334070682525635,
0.3726315498352051,
0.4866001009941101,
-0.45807865262031555,
0.5422751903533936,
-0.4029940962791443,
-0.43878915905952454,
0.29849809408187866,
0.2476709485054016,
0.4801656901836395,
-0.136180117726326,
-0.19260752201080322,
0.245515838265419,
-0.4679049253463745,
-0.48598626255989075,
-0.014165597036480904,
-0.2712973654270172,
-0.024070745334029198,
0.7348747849464417,
0.2893965542316437,
0.18764488399028778,
-0.34948936104774475,
0.1611814945936203,
-0.10838666558265686,
0.2734178602695465,
0.12067381292581558,
-0.054093338549137115,
0.039137162268161774,
-0.24888262152671814,
-0.19711916148662567,
0.01861674152314663,
0.18574541807174683,
-0.5309234261512756,
-0.4157433807849884,
0.6715116500854492,
0.07233412563800812,
0.01153385266661644,
-0.2848470211029053,
0.3700334131717682,
0.43512454628944397,
-0.4285818040370941,
0.013665979728102684,
0.13122038543224335,
-0.29977717995643616,
0.2773621678352356,
0.23081128299236298,
-0.8324959874153137,
0.04227820783853531,
0.5165911912918091,
0.36358267068862915,
0.5254409909248352,
-0.15857940912246704,
0.005660367663949728,
0.025849496945738792,
0.3168523907661438,
0.07175757735967636,
0.7439118027687073,
0.3922918140888214,
-0.43900173902511597,
-0.11241868138313293,
0.48438215255737305,
-0.1714906394481659,
-0.6046848297119141,
-0.3541097640991211,
-0.3055584728717804,
0.2501266896724701,
-0.28311222791671753,
-0.529540479183197,
0.17222309112548828,
-0.19889745116233826,
-0.3137941360473633,
-0.6088531017303467,
-0.35384783148765564,
-0.4932403862476349,
-0.81398606300354,
0.04411517083644867,
0.6619957685470581,
0.4477941691875458,
0.6220777630805969,
-0.11291782557964325,
-0.10218144208192825,
0.00691726291552186,
0.09551271796226501,
0.03775294870138168,
0.23596130311489105,
-0.48353439569473267,
-0.31478115916252136,
-0.26269716024398804,
-0.1152799054980278,
-0.20722389221191406,
-0.3415237069129944,
0.08083970099687576,
0.6303635239601135,
-0.06947217881679535,
0.02220997028052807,
0.12068518251180649,
-0.007816544733941555,
0.12939883768558502,
-0.5172293186187744,
-0.29725411534309387,
-0.46808749437332153,
0.25771838426589966,
0.4882652759552002,
0.07617945969104767,
-0.05178486183285713,
0.538273274898529,
0.15197144448757172,
-0.8451517224311829,
-0.20793963968753815,
0.07276413589715958,
-0.0065924422815442085,
-0.5108770132064819,
-0.19197149574756622,
-0.5412210822105408,
-0.32478901743888855,
0.49800437688827515,
0.538939893245697,
0.11427390575408936,
-0.4600536823272705,
0.06448975950479507,
-0.10007357597351074,
0.20256134867668152,
0.5685965418815613,
-0.25513193011283875,
0.4688708186149597,
-0.8259430527687073,
-0.5920571684837341,
-0.4489257335662842,
0.33035585284233093,
0.33834540843963623,
-0.4859141707420349,
0.613868236541748,
-0.5873656868934631,
0.1986026167869568,
-0.3984726071357727,
0.2322016805410385,
-0.7153514623641968,
0.36448410153388977,
-0.2224518358707428
] |
256695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee%20tail | Fee tail | In English common law, fee tail or entail is a form of trust established by deed or settlement which restricts the sale or inheritance of an estate in real property and prevents the property from being sold, devised by will, or otherwise alienated by the tenant-in-possession, and instead causes it to pass automatically by operation of law to an heir determined by the settlement deed. The term fee tail is from Medieval Latin , which means "cut(-short) fee" and is in contrast to "fee simple" where no such restriction exists and where the possessor has an absolute title (although subject to the allodial title of the monarch) in the property which he can bequeath or otherwise dispose of as he wishes. Equivalent legal concepts exist or formerly existed in many other European countries and elsewhere.
Purpose
The fee tail allowed a patriarch to perpetuate his blood-line, family-name, honour and armorials in the persons of a series of powerful and wealthy male descendants. By keeping his estate intact in the hands of one heir alone, in an ideally indefinite and pre-ordained chain of succession, his own wealth, power and family honour would not be dissipated amongst several male lines, as became the case for example in Napoleonic France by operation of the Napoleonic Code which gave each child the legal right to inherit an equal share of the patrimony, where a formerly great landowning family could be reduced in a few generations to a series of small-holders or peasant farmers. It therefore approaches the true corporation which is a legal body or person which does not die and continues in existence and can hold wealth indefinitely. Indeed, as a form of trust, whilst the individual trustees may die, replacements are appointed and the trust itself continues, ideally indefinitely. In England almost seamless successions were made from patriarch to patriarch, the smoothness of which were often enhanced by baptising the eldest son and heir with his father's Christian name for several generations, for example the FitzWarin family, all named Fulk. Such indefinite inalienable land-holdings were soon seen as restrictive on the optimum productive ability of land, which was often converted to deer-parks or pleasure grounds by the wealthy tenant-in-possession, which was damaging to the nation as a whole, and thus laws against perpetuities were enacted, which restricted entails to a maximum number of lives.
An entail also had the effect of disallowing illegitimate children from inheriting. It created complications for many propertied families, especially from about the late 17th to the early 19th century, leaving many individuals wealthy in land but heavily in debt, often due to annuities chargeable on the estate payable to the patriarch's widow and younger children, where the patriarch was swayed by sentiment not to establish a strict concentration of all his wealth in his heir leaving his other beloved relatives destitute. Frequently in such cases the generosity of the settlor left the entailed estate as an uneconomical enterprise, especially during times when the estate's fluctuating agricultural income had to provide for fixed sum annuities. Such impoverished tenants-in-possession were unable to realise in cash any part of their land or even to offer the property as security for a loan, to pay such annuities, unless sanctioned by private Act of Parliament allowing such sale, which expensive and time-consuming mechanism was frequently resorted to. The beneficial owner (or tenant-in-possession) of the property in fact had only a life interest in it, albeit an absolute right to the income it generated, the legal owners being the trustees of the settlement, with the remainder passing intact to the next successor or heir in law; any purported bequest of the land by the tenant-in-possession was ineffective.
History
Fee tail was established during feudal times by landed gentry to attempt to ensure that the high social standing of the family, as represented by a single patriarch, continued indefinitely. The concentration of the family's wealth into the hands of a single representative was essential to support this process. Unless the heir had himself inherited the personal and intellectual strengths of the original great patriarch, often a great warrior, which alone had brought him from obscurity to greatness, he would soon sink again into obscurity, and required wealth to maintain his social standing. This feature of English gentry and aristocracy differs from the aristocracy which existed in pre-Revolution France, where all sons of a nobleman inherited his title and were thus inescapably members of a separate noble caste in society. In England, primogeniture provided that an estate would be inherited entirely by the first-born legitimate son of a nobleman and that, accordingly, subsequent sons were born as mere gentlemen and commoners. Without the support of wealth, these younger sons might quickly descend into obscurity, and often did. On this eldest son was concentrated the honour of the family, and to him alone was granted all its wealth to support his role in that regard, by the process of the fee tail.
The effects of English primogeniture and entail have been significant plot details or themes in a number of notable works of English literature. (See some examples cited below.)
Statute of Westminster 1285
The Statute of Westminster II, passed in 1285, created and fixed the form of this estate. The new law was also formally called the statute De Donis Conditionalibus (Concerning Conditional Gifts).
Opponents
Fee tail was never popular with the monarchy, the merchant class and many holders of entailed estates themselves who wished to sell or divide their land.
Abolition
Fee tail as a legal estate in England was abolished by the Law of Property Act 1925.
Continuing use
A fee tail can still exist in England and Wales as an equitable interest, behind a strict settlement; the legal estate is vested in the current 'tenant for life' or other person immediately entitled to the income, but on the basis that any capital money arising must be paid to the settlement trustees. A tenant in tail in possession can bar his fee tail by a simple disentailing deed, which does not now have to be enrolled. A tenant in tail in reversion (i.e. a future interest where the property is subject to prior life interest) needs the consent of the life tenant and any 'special protectors' to vest a reversionary fee simple in himself. Otherwise he can only create a base fee; a base fee only confers a right to the property on its owner, when its creator would have become entitled to it; if its creator dies before he would have received it, the owner of the base fee gets nothing. No new "fees tail" can now be created following the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996.
In the US, conservation easements are a form of entail still in use.
Creation
Traditionally, a fee tail was created by a trust established in a deed, often a marriage settlement, or in a will "to A and the heirs of his body". The crucial difference between the words of conveyance and the words that created a fee simple ("to A and his heirs") is that the heirs "in tail" must be the children begotten by the landowner. It was also possible to have "fee tail male", which only sons could inherit, and "fee tail female", which only daughters could inherit; and "fee tail special", which had a further condition of inheritance, usually restricting succession to certain "heirs of the body" and excluding others. Land subject to these conditions was said to be "entailed" or "held in-tail", with the restrictions themselves known as entailments.
Breaking of fee tail
The breaking of a fee tail was simplified by the Fines and Recoveries Act 1833, which replaced the conveyance for making a tenant to the praecipe for suffering a common recovery. This was the usual preliminary to a recovery with a disentailing assurance, which had to be enrolled. The need for this to be followed by the fictitious proceeding of a common recovery was abolished.
The requirement that a disentailing assurance should be enrolled was abolished in 1926.
Mortgage of entailed lands
Lending upon security of a mortgage on land in fee tail was risky, since at the death of the tenant-in-possession, his personal estate ceased to have any right to the estate or to the income it generated. The absolute right to the income generated by the estate passed by operation of law to parties who had no legal obligation to the lender, who therefore could not enforce payment of interest on the new tenants-in-possession. The largest estate a possessor in fee tail could convey to someone else was an estate for the term of the grantor's own life. If all went as planned, it was therefore impossible for the succession of patriarchs to lose the land, which was the idea.
Failure of issue
Things did not always go as planned, however. Tenants-in-possession of entailed estates occasionally suffered "failure of issue" – that is, they had no legitimate children surviving them at the time of their deaths. In this situation the entailed land devolved to male cousins, i.e. back up and through the family tree to legitimate male descendants of former tenants-in-possession, or reverted to the last owner in fee simple, if still living. This situation produced complicated litigation and was an incentive for the production and maintenance of detailed and authoritative family pedigrees and supporting records of marriage, births, baptisms etc.
Depending on how the original deed or grant was worded, in the event of there being daughters but no sons, all the sisters might inherit jointly, it might pass to the eldest sister, it might be held in trust until one of them should produce a (legitimate) son, or it might pass to the next male-line relative (an uncle, say, or even a cousin, sometimes very distant) - this is the case on which Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is based; Mr. Collins, as a male line descendant is next to inherit Longbourne unless one of Mr. Bennet's daughters provides a legitimate son first.
Common recovery
In the 15th century, lawyers devised "common recovery", an elaborate legal procedure which used collaborative lawsuits and legal fictions to "bar" a fee tail, that is to say to remove the restrictions of fee tail from land and to enable its conveyance in fee simple. Biancalana's book The Fee Tail and the Common Recovery in Medieval England: 1176–1502 (2001) discusses the procedure and its history at length.
Resettlement
In the 17th and 18th centuries the practice arose whereby when the son came of age (at 21), he and his father acting together could bar the existing fee tail, and could then re-settle the land in fee tail, again on the father for life, then to the son for life and his heirs male successively, but at the same time making provision for annuities chargeable on the estate for the father's widow, daughters and younger sons, and most importantly, and as an incentive for the son to participate in the re-settlement, an income for the son during his father's lifetime. This process effectively evaded the law against perpetuities, as the entail in law had been terminated, but in practice continued. In this way an estate could stay in a family for many generations, yet emerged on re-settlement often fatally weakened, or much more susceptible to agricultural downturns, from the onerous annuities now chargeable on it.
Formedon
Formedon (or form down etc.) was a right of writ exercisable by a holder in fee for claiming property entailed by a lessee beyond the terms of his feoffment. A letter dated 1539 from the Lisle Letters describes the circumstances of its use:I received your ladyship's letter by which ye willed me to speak with my Lady Coffyn for her title in East Haggynton in the county of Devon who had one estate in tail to him and to his heirs of her body begotten; and now he is dead without issue of his body so that the reversion should revert to Mr John Basset and to his heirs so there be no let nor discontinuance of the same made by Sir William Coffyn in his life. Howbeit Mr Richard Coffyn, next heir to Sir William Coffyn, claimeth the same by his uncle's feoffment to him and to his heirs so that the law will put Mr John Basset from his entry and to compel him to take his action of form down which is much dilatory as Mr Basset knoweth
Historical examples
Marquess of Hertford
An English example of a fee tail may be the main estates of the wealthy art collector Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (d. 1870). His only child was his illegitimate son, Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet, to whom he left as much of his property as he could. The main land holdings and Ragley Hall were inherited by his distant cousin, Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford, descended from a younger son of the 1st Marquess who had died in 1794. Most of the 4th Marquess's art collection had been acquired by himself or his father, went to Wallace, and is now the Wallace Collection. Other works were covered by the fee tail, however, and passed to the 5th Marquess.
Earl of Pembroke
Another example was George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1827. He had quarreled with his eldest son, later the 12th Earl, and left his unentailed estate to Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea, his son by a second marriage.
Fees tail in fiction
Fees tail figure in the plots of several well known novels and stories, particularly in the 19th century, including:
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
Middlemarch by George Eliot
The Belton Estate (1866) and Ralph the Heir (1871) by Anthony Trollope
The Master of Ballantrae by Robert Louis Stevenson
Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson mentions it by implication in a dispute over the House of Shaws that drives the plot
The Adventure of the Priory School by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh
Wideacre by Philippa Gregory
The Quincunx by Charles Palliser (written in 1989, but it takes the form of a Dickensian mystery set in early-19th-century England)
Downton Abbey by Julian Fellowes (written in 2009–2015, but set in England in the period 1912–1927)
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (referred to as an "entailment")
Wives and Daughters by Elizabeth Gaskell
Pride and Prejudice
Pride and Prejudice contains a particularly thorny example of the kind of problems which could arise through the entailing of property. Mr. Bennet, the father of protagonist Elizabeth Bennet, had only a life interest in the Longbourn estate, the family's home and principal source of income. He had no authority to dictate to whom it should pass upon his death, as it was strictly arranged to be inherited by the next male heir. Had Mr. Bennet fathered a son it would have passed to him, but since he did not it could not pass to any of his five daughters. Instead, the next nearest male heir would inherit the property—Mr. Bennet's cousin, William Collins, a boorish minister in his mid-twenties. The inheritance of the Longbourn property completely excluded the five Bennet daughters, who were thus to lose their home and income upon their father's death. The need for the daughters to make a good marriage to ensure their future security is a key motivation for many episodes in the novel. Many fees tail arose from wills, rather than from marriage settlements which usually made some provision for daughters. Austen was very familiar with the law of entail; her brother, Edward, had inherited similarly entailed estates at Chawton, Godmersham and Winchester from distant cousins under the will of Elizabeth Knight, who died in 1737.
Law professor Maureen B. Collins (2017) cites several other authors debating the accuracy of Austen's depiction of the entailment, including Appel (2013), Treitel (1984), Redmond (1989), and Grover (2014).
Other countries
Scotland
In Scotland, the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (section 50) abolished all feudal tenures including the entail. Today, the doctrines of legitim and jus relictae restrict owners from willing property out of their family when they die with children or have a surviving partner.
A Scottish example of fee tail is the case of Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton, who in 1895 inherited from the 12th Duke, his fourth cousin, who had attempted to marry his daughter to the heir.
Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, Section 13 of the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009 largely abolished the fee tail and converted existing fees tail to fees simple. For constitutional reasons, this section is subject to a saving clause which prevents the conversion of fees tail to fees simple where the protector of the settlement is still alive. Therefore, some fees tail still exist in the state.
United States
The fee tail has been abolished in all but four states in the United States: Massachusetts, Maine, Delaware and Rhode Island. However, in the first three states, property can be sold or deeded as any other property would be, with the fee tail only applying in case of death without a will. In Rhode Island, a fee tail is treated as a life estate with remainder in the life tenant's children. New York abolished fee tail in 1782, while many other states within the U.S. never recognized it at all. In most states in the United States, an attempt to create a fee tail results in a fee simple; even in those four states that still allow fee tail, the estate holder may convert his fee tail to a fee simple during his lifetime by executing a deed.
In Louisiana, the common law concept of estates in land never existed. The concept of forced heirship and the marital portion protects force heirs and surviving spouses from total divestment of value of the estate of the decedent, who has a duty to provide for their care.
Fee tail-like restrictions still exist though contractual obligations. For example, owners of inholdings inside public lands may be prevented from selling or giving their land to non-family members. In this case, the restrictions result from an agreement between the government and the land owner, and is not a part of a deed or settlement.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, fee tail estates were called ordynacja (; landed property in fideicommis). Ordynacja was an economic institution for governing of landed property introduced in late 16th century by king Stefan Batory. Ordynacja was abolished by the agricultural reform in the People's Republic of Poland. Ordynat was the title of the principal heir of ordynacja.
According to the rules of ordynacja, which became a statute approved by the Sejm, the estate was not to be divided between the heirs but inherited in full by the eldest son (primogeniture). Women were excluded from inheritance (Salic Law). Ordynacja could not be sold or mortgaged.
Ordynacja was similar to the French law of majorat or German and Scandinavian fideicommis, and succession to such resembles that of British peerages.
Many Polish magnates' fortunes were based on ordynacja, among them those of the Radziwiłłs, Zamoyskis, Czartoryskis, Potockis and Lubomirskis. Most important ordynacja were veritable little principalities. The earliest and most extensive ordynacjas include:
Ordynacje Radziwiłłów, created for Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł, Albrecht Radziwiłł and Stanisław Radziwiłł in 1589, centered on Olyka, Nesvizh, and Kletsk
, created for Janusz Ostrogski in 1609, later inherited by the Zaslawski, Lubomirski and Sanguszko families, centered on Ostroh
Ordynacja Zamojska, created for Jan Zamoyski in 1589, centered on Zamość
Ordynacja Jarosławska, created for Rafał Jarosławski in 1470, centered on Jarosław
Ordynacja Pińczowska, created for Piotr and Zygmunt Myszkowski in 1601, later inherited by the Wielopolski family, centered on Pińczów
Other
Other European legal systems had comparable devices to keep estates together, especially in Spain and Northern European countries like Prussia. They are derived from fideicommissum, a legal institution in Roman law. Unlike most of the English aristocracy, the Prussian junkers supported fees tail, and succeeded in reinstating them in 1853, after they had been abolished in a recent Constitution. In Germany and Austria the Familienfideikommiss was only abolished in 1938, and in Scandinavia they persisted even later – a few old Swedish fees tail still remain in force, though no new ones may be established. For the law of German and Austrian fideicommissa in particular, an 862-page manual by the German legal scholar Philipp Knipschildt, entitled Tractatus de fideicommissis nobilium familiarum – von Stammgütern (), was the standard reference work. First published in 1654, this grand systematization of existing legal opinion was frequently reprinted and continued to be consulted until well into the 19th century.
See also
Fee simple
Majorat
Primogeniture
Reichserbhofgesetz
Rule in Wild's Case
Tailzie (Scots law)
Taltarum's Case
Easement
References
Further reading
The Fee Tail and the Common Recovery in Medieval England 1176–1502, by: Joseph Biancalana, University of Cincinnati
Inheritance
Legal history
Real property law
Scots law legal terminology
Land tenure | [
0.3236291706562042,
-0.6204400062561035,
0.4265468716621399,
0.014895295724272728,
0.13711926341056824,
-0.5478397011756897,
0.11501961946487427,
-0.1475982517004013,
0.27413395047187805,
0.27812451124191284,
-0.9218148589134216,
0.5399601459503174,
-0.021932898089289665,
0.3981543183326721,
-1.0795296430587769,
0.19077269732952118,
0.770301342010498,
0.35087326169013977,
-0.21794234216213226,
-0.43007051944732666,
-0.19249063730239868,
0.05461948364973068,
-0.2559148967266083,
-0.26485690474510193,
0.6237446069717407,
0.34522080421447754,
0.3001255393028259,
-0.09330660104751587,
-0.8694350719451904,
-0.3436937928199768,
0.4820634424686432,
0.06825069338083267,
-0.11127109825611115,
-0.018632322549819946,
-0.012342486530542374,
0.15756694972515106,
-0.06734084337949753,
-0.3521733582019806,
-0.8415578603744507,
-0.8271545171737671,
0.1588049978017807,
0.13198088109493256,
-0.05017721280455589,
0.16968324780464172,
-0.7768989205360413,
-0.4547317922115326,
-1.3604190349578857,
0.049124207347631454,
-0.7731892466545105,
0.29006466269493103,
-0.3031618595123291,
0.087245412170887,
-0.5830632448196411,
0.26456716656684875,
0.33209121227264404,
0.024357959628105164,
-0.7592042684555054,
-0.7351050972938538,
0.279950350522995,
-0.8292086124420166,
1.0230993032455444,
-0.09024829417467117,
0.2271420657634735,
0.6256029009819031,
0.19768407940864563,
-0.0943303182721138,
-0.022594459354877472,
0.16629253327846527,
-0.6336971521377563,
-1.013514518737793,
-0.13059101998806,
-0.01247352920472622,
0.03894365206360817,
0.46777093410491943,
-0.5901907682418823,
0.44246795773506165,
-0.2709536552429199,
-0.1023564413189888,
0.4383481740951538,
0.28849121928215027,
0.26666244864463806,
0.15443062782287598,
0.25790640711784363,
0.2237815409898758,
0.2453838735818863,
-0.046093303710222244,
-0.22889100015163422,
0.5193710923194885,
-0.23421742022037506,
0.9052934050559998,
0.6248290538787842,
0.3068847358226776,
0.07034173607826233,
-0.016335511580109596,
-0.16538208723068237,
0.16077712178230286,
0.5002050399780273,
-0.389265775680542,
0.4445260167121887,
0.0929914191365242,
-0.38970738649368286,
-0.5223018527030945,
0.1617969274520874,
-0.43607306480407715,
-0.5035150051116943,
0.08033432811498642,
-0.2904306650161743,
-0.3605365455150604,
0.11285877227783203,
-0.10886243730783463,
-0.37955859303474426,
0.07176083326339722,
0.4717002511024475,
0.3519130349159241,
-0.41548454761505127,
0.03216242790222168,
0.08241789042949677,
0.5435487031936646,
-0.34656038880348206,
0.1826545149087906,
0.5238718390464783,
0.22078804671764374,
-0.13834181427955627,
-0.2987614572048187,
0.7674489617347717,
-0.5477640628814697,
0.16804350912570953,
0.7616414427757263,
-0.7314497232437134,
-0.21286895871162415,
0.7605469822883606,
0.025395262986421585,
-0.1869962215423584,
0.2023020088672638,
-0.6671167612075806,
0.12769831717014313,
0.7136090993881226,
-0.3776017725467682,
0.8715354204177856,
-0.0768832191824913,
-1.1520127058029175,
-0.01664917729794979,
-0.614766538143158,
0.13648466765880585,
0.12236599624156952,
-0.3325421214103699,
-0.08841720968484879,
-0.31423595547676086,
-0.597882091999054,
0.3694046437740326,
-0.20885862410068512,
0.028376013040542603,
0.05828980728983879,
-0.09329505264759064,
-0.11317785084247589,
0.20567113161087036,
0.5535557270050049,
0.03680282458662987,
-0.5868489742279053,
0.49282434582710266,
-0.046138375997543335,
-0.24249529838562012,
0.07846274226903915,
-0.1600927710533142,
0.7326084971427917,
-0.0889243558049202,
0.14048923552036285,
0.4013998806476593,
-0.32802802324295044,
0.3524264395236969,
-0.40169933438301086,
-0.12018917500972748,
0.5716657638549805,
-0.4865514934062958,
-0.06609980762004852,
0.4963582158088684,
-0.3701768219470978,
-0.25797533988952637,
1.1753768920898438,
0.13744528591632843,
-0.6541275978088379,
0.7521365284919739,
0.5722407102584839,
-0.10899478197097778,
-0.19030773639678955,
0.3551608920097351,
-0.03310461342334747,
-0.06310513615608215,
0.000020096802472835407,
-0.3455008566379547,
-0.6229140162467957,
-0.13738547265529633,
0.022803250700235367,
-0.8108928799629211,
0.6611428260803223,
-0.3230852782726288,
0.08536975085735321,
1.0717923641204834,
-0.049358706921339035,
0.36728647351264954,
-0.2658248245716095,
0.17972946166992188,
0.2445526272058487,
-0.13083089888095856,
-0.35160893201828003,
0.43628638982772827,
-0.0030685460660606623,
0.5524777770042419,
0.16548457741737366,
-0.05594947934150696,
0.2386336624622345,
-0.4393634498119354,
0.628625750541687,
-0.2785155475139618,
0.4073019325733185,
-0.16184400022029877,
-0.42617228627204895,
-0.036547791212797165,
0.45138803124427795,
-0.32455071806907654,
0.25969964265823364,
0.04903654009103775,
-0.08048638701438904,
0.08583882451057434,
-0.2595146596431732,
0.3600464463233948,
-0.03489513322710991,
0.16030718386173248,
0.25937241315841675,
-0.4229067265987396,
-0.14232712984085083,
0.16863514482975006,
0.6182823777198792,
-0.35192400217056274,
0.14790840446949005,
-0.058093488216400146,
0.2006434202194214,
-0.10562104731798172,
0.028788255527615547,
0.10834059119224548,
0.038719095289707184,
0.263386070728302,
-0.11826631426811218,
0.04707075655460358,
0.21071183681488037,
0.26814505457878113,
0.1309930831193924,
0.5437754988670349,
0.1774882674217224,
-0.012600932270288467,
0.8829511404037476,
0.5718234181404114,
0.09067191183567047,
-0.45169347524642944,
0.2366340160369873,
-0.14705444872379303,
-0.8630653619766235,
0.4310876429080963,
-0.0223491620272398,
-0.3996804356575012,
-0.468266099691391,
0.6127499341964722,
0.08189711719751358,
-0.03183243051171303,
0.26066160202026367,
-0.10226617008447647,
-0.4142428934574127,
-0.04151201993227005,
0.440166175365448,
0.21782861649990082,
0.5470738410949707,
-0.4791851043701172,
-0.5855709910392761,
0.0021705967374145985,
-0.8293218612670898,
-0.26948046684265137,
0.6720336079597473,
-0.06701724231243134,
-0.19156897068023682,
-0.6189471483230591,
-0.11086597293615341,
0.1343524158000946,
-0.01231652032583952,
-0.9209991693496704,
0.015409300103783607,
-0.5609421133995056,
0.27974027395248413,
-0.4055371582508087,
-0.03623387590050697,
0.6274526715278625,
0.17004677653312683,
-0.07709503918886185,
-0.34935516119003296,
0.03367098420858383,
0.12361907213926315,
0.6905518174171448,
-0.40210166573524475,
0.4952298104763031,
0.3021976053714752,
-0.5407935380935669,
0.0016374916303902864,
-0.49629542231559753,
-0.2175971120595932,
-0.36340823769569397,
0.266908198595047,
-0.07433187961578369,
-0.3257591128349304,
0.05818815156817436,
-5.72295618057251,
0.14587408304214478,
-0.2476995438337326,
0.07695674151182175,
0.22947461903095245,
0.2930965721607208,
0.7577513456344604,
0.3297268748283386,
-0.2960299253463745,
0.0763138085603714,
0.2906259000301361,
-0.8312234878540039,
0.4579794406890869,
-0.09718303382396698,
0.37759238481521606,
-0.09780853241682053,
0.3153625428676605,
0.02655160054564476,
-0.3631856441497803,
0.06681815534830093,
-0.4163047671318054,
0.011726882308721542,
0.32096561789512634,
0.8349668979644775,
-0.46597063541412354,
0.06600698083639145,
-0.2200523465871811,
-0.3297489881515503,
-0.7600523829460144,
-0.19037534296512604,
-0.2804427146911621,
-0.1490827053785324,
-0.04922781512141228,
0.06341693550348282,
-0.559217631816864,
0.19930630922317505,
0.5440244078636169,
0.23936769366264343,
0.0871674194931984,
-0.41780027747154236,
0.1113380715250969,
0.1170370876789093,
0.022465692833065987,
0.41456300020217896,
-0.19886775314807892,
-0.6294956803321838,
-0.21468864381313324,
-0.1357467770576477,
-0.30583474040031433,
0.32690057158470154,
-0.29759809374809265,
0.3007254898548126,
-0.09993963688611984,
-0.5532230734825134,
-0.1590258628129959,
-0.07495161145925522,
-0.07027113437652588,
-0.32761892676353455,
-0.7409549355506897,
0.687308132648468,
0.2173565775156021,
-0.712692379951477,
0.5205717086791992,
-0.05198092758655548,
0.23351892828941345,
0.18722018599510193,
-0.3646722733974457,
-0.49190154671669006,
0.4600626826286316,
0.3817652463912964,
-0.3669978678226471,
0.5118293166160583,
0.2605554759502411,
-1.2849884033203125,
0.34590792655944824,
-0.35009127855300903,
0.5387995839118958,
0.21369870007038116,
0.32645753026008606,
-0.12999583780765533,
0.5806513428688049,
0.3449035584926605,
-0.2292489856481552,
-0.20305022597312927,
-0.2979276180267334,
-0.7728949189186096,
-0.13087335228919983,
0.3404559791088104,
-0.31148287653923035,
0.19194310903549194,
0.6328914165496826,
0.2923066020011902,
-0.22105178236961365,
0.19149483740329742,
0.15347985923290253,
0.3436766564846039,
-0.3513381779193878,
-0.5095174312591553,
-0.1533249020576477,
0.31319278478622437,
0.338380366563797,
0.00953270960599184,
-0.033830754458904266,
-0.44710490107536316,
-0.19644251465797424,
-0.4849883019924164,
-0.509402871131897,
0.7053271532058716,
0.3850744068622589,
-0.06525500863790512,
0.24495890736579895,
0.5854672789573669,
-0.014107020571827888,
-0.38600561022758484,
0.2009129524230957,
-0.15353848040103912,
-0.4717048108577728,
0.09920231997966766,
-0.08626698702573776,
-0.34685075283050537,
0.2554744482040405,
-0.13948211073875427,
-0.6978451013565063,
-0.3358554542064667,
-0.7571489214897156,
-0.29093536734580994,
0.06079871207475662,
0.3610132932662964,
0.4191991686820984,
0.10276060551404953,
0.25310635566711426,
0.0634908527135849,
-0.18846453726291656,
-0.16071777045726776,
-0.29791611433029175,
-0.4874936640262604,
0.1375424712896347,
0.2562527060508728,
-0.48694896697998047,
-0.6620505452156067,
0.25965768098831177,
-0.786079466342926,
-0.1429266482591629,
0.19109132885932922,
0.8294165134429932,
-0.20687071979045868,
-0.21851658821105957,
0.26048314571380615,
-0.17620432376861572,
0.639887273311615,
-0.15451477468013763,
-0.20367620885372162,
0.4649598002433777,
-0.6342008113861084,
0.05681639909744263,
-0.573366641998291,
0.030328230932354927,
0.027106700465083122,
0.24357952177524567,
-0.21995259821414948,
-0.2549859285354614,
0.10229495167732239,
-1.1756459474563599,
-0.22469863295555115,
-0.1055464968085289,
0.08852624148130417,
-0.8826161026954651,
-0.059055790305137634,
-0.5865257978439331,
0.3534592390060425,
-0.28950631618499756,
-0.728792667388916,
-0.22151680290699005,
-0.4060083031654358,
0.36976370215415955,
-0.18363571166992188,
-0.12035951018333435,
0.0584554523229599,
0.15527574717998505,
-0.053185902535915375,
0.4201247990131378,
-0.19815954566001892,
-0.464987188577652,
0.6158088445663452,
0.7765091061592102,
-0.9641661047935486,
0.09205615520477295,
0.445901483297348,
-0.6766517162322998,
0.08240050822496414,
-0.2875353693962097,
0.17962628602981567,
0.7880489230155945,
0.45247751474380493,
-0.12002845108509064,
0.09694062173366547,
0.3200451731681824,
0.42792996764183044,
-0.34267693758010864,
0.02742639370262623,
0.5071969628334045,
0.25442445278167725,
-0.13117413222789764,
0.15338900685310364,
-0.006608371157199144,
-0.3535808324813843,
0.23940293490886688,
-0.15032534301280975,
-0.35638415813446045,
0.7010223269462585,
-0.3415986895561218,
-0.778085470199585,
-0.07542748749256134,
0.7525518536567688,
0.057517159730196,
-0.6826793551445007,
0.29563456773757935,
-0.3302156925201416,
-0.05174421891570091,
-0.597624659538269,
0.9105241298675537,
-0.1798250377178192,
-0.1245911568403244,
0.37296077609062195,
-0.1402311772108078,
0.46756812930107117,
-0.07584474235773087,
-0.5422261953353882,
0.6822137832641602,
-0.02289273403584957,
-0.06682934612035751,
-0.30375659465789795,
-0.48981916904449463,
0.19926293194293976,
-0.2551644444465637,
-0.014018423855304718,
0.03023216687142849,
0.39624089002609253,
0.11132838577032089,
-0.13279016315937042,
0.36708444356918335,
1.3210117816925049,
0.4660087823867798,
-0.6168479323387146,
0.5177353620529175,
0.6764297485351562,
-0.08112087100744247,
-1.199020266532898,
-0.2978299856185913,
0.7276704907417297,
0.27254241704940796,
0.2691507935523987,
0.04399414360523224,
0.5130334496498108,
0.24699591100215912,
-0.536311686038971,
0.35036423802375793,
-0.26530739665031433,
0.21743212640285492,
1.1701385974884033,
0.26016631722450256,
0.007111183367669582,
-0.1469087153673172,
-0.4025612473487854,
0.25659650564193726,
-0.09133226424455643,
-0.4049161672592163,
0.37439680099487305,
0.4707178771495819,
-0.6054522395133972,
0.3757939636707306,
-0.5923409461975098,
0.3860555589199066,
0.07738705724477768,
0.737169086933136,
-0.20021449029445648,
0.34620529413223267,
-0.5430300831794739,
-0.14766840636730194,
0.056107088923454285,
-0.5434384942054749,
-0.39685332775115967,
0.1266108602285385,
-0.33289772272109985,
-0.26802635192871094,
-0.230526402592659,
0.33521541953086853,
0.3177982270717621,
-0.4458931088447571,
-0.21361717581748962,
-0.9430608749389648,
0.03381216898560524,
-0.22414767742156982,
0.30204692482948303,
-0.42280200123786926,
0.2704412341117859,
0.23961642384529114,
0.2190239280462265,
0.24736542999744415,
0.10457796603441238,
-0.34982985258102417,
-0.09363636374473572,
0.2918209731578827,
-0.4453420042991638,
-0.11783198267221451,
0.16928577423095703,
-0.011820854619145393,
-0.7132061123847961,
0.17060041427612305,
0.10036314278841019,
0.19426725804805756,
0.010030222125351429,
0.010577667504549026,
0.5029064416885376,
0.5138424634933472,
-0.18426679074764252,
-0.11633962392807007,
-0.2604624629020691,
-0.26992979645729065,
0.15627668797969818,
-0.026884159073233604,
-0.278866708278656,
0.18700742721557617,
-0.2122214287519455,
0.10890702903270721,
-0.2383584827184677,
-0.11471892893314362,
0.18516449630260468,
0.16456589102745056,
0.41373392939567566,
0.6119941473007202,
0.2173423320055008,
0.23171313107013702,
0.46777796745300293,
0.014346963725984097,
-0.36231178045272827,
0.0651315450668335,
-0.8562139868736267,
0.28964194655418396,
0.4745555520057678,
0.24051876366138458,
0.06435252726078033,
0.12354430556297302,
-0.5846563577651978,
-0.3751009404659271,
0.21449008584022522,
0.5259078741073608,
-0.34294620156288147,
0.28564661741256714,
0.434004008769989,
0.7584949135780334,
-0.2907727360725403,
0.5794821977615356,
-0.5806893706321716,
0.31900399923324585,
0.3425979018211365,
0.3288477659225464,
-0.21623294055461884,
0.16076168417930603,
-0.10363148897886276,
-0.16809643805027008,
0.19041578471660614,
-0.23901717364788055,
0.30289435386657715,
0.15876179933547974,
-0.3379863500595093,
0.7003410458564758,
-0.3311719298362732,
0.1425848752260208,
0.11584551632404327,
0.4506707489490509,
0.356960266828537,
-0.049385566264390945,
0.26985862851142883,
0.6292675733566284,
0.24422632157802582,
0.81475830078125,
0.6178942918777466,
0.14798618853092194,
-0.1316344439983368,
0.17169827222824097,
-0.5004504323005676,
-0.05222698301076889,
-0.38534030318260193,
-0.08093465864658356,
-0.9536282420158386,
0.04562612622976303,
0.20516753196716309,
-0.2609744668006897,
0.1497967541217804,
-0.30563074350357056,
-0.3365893065929413,
0.17058493196964264,
0.4588237404823303,
0.16150255501270294,
0.29751962423324585,
-0.45897194743156433,
0.6927193403244019,
0.3241567015647888,
-0.03381381928920746,
-0.5355570316314697,
0.4388582110404968,
-0.02705405093729496,
-0.42145732045173645,
0.08245398849248886,
0.20819345116615295,
-0.04278329387307167,
0.1514066457748413,
-0.22600314021110535,
0.1393766850233078,
0.7332614660263062,
-0.5844830274581909,
0.32000330090522766,
0.05428862199187279,
0.31047970056533813,
-0.23403207957744598,
0.426164835691452,
0.024750132113695145,
0.015496882610023022,
-0.3529072403907776,
-0.1325404942035675,
0.22112587094306946,
0.1340346783399582,
-0.36168813705444336,
-0.05153125897049904,
0.012722814455628395,
0.23798158764839172,
-0.10885744541883469,
-1.1958860158920288,
1.1316717863082886,
-0.29371434450149536,
0.21705661714076996,
-0.6213556528091431,
0.21265530586242676,
0.10355931520462036,
0.015842672437429428,
-0.1501641571521759,
0.299578458070755,
0.049242857843637466,
-0.1500954031944275,
0.25638869404792786,
-0.17196956276893616,
-0.28074613213539124,
-0.11685386300086975,
0.17154183983802795,
0.16845470666885376,
-0.15081791579723358,
0.05691855028271675,
-0.5389646291732788,
-0.14849825203418732,
0.5254706740379333,
-0.07592274248600006,
0.36822718381881714,
-0.23095294833183289,
-0.15892431139945984,
-0.2618406414985657,
0.1255332976579666,
-0.4941525459289551,
-0.5995280146598816,
0.47655922174453735
] |
256696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20for%20the%20Abolition%20of%20Involuntary%20Mental%20Hospitalization | American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization | The American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization (AAAIMH) was an organization founded in 1970 by Thomas Szasz, George Alexander, and Erving Goffman for the purpose of abolishing involuntary psychiatric intervention, particularly involuntary commitment. The founding of the AAAIMH was announced by Szasz in 1971 on the American Journal of Public Health and American Journal of Psychiatry. In the Platform Statement of the association, one can read:
Board chairman of the association was Thomas Szasz. The association provided legal help to psychiatric patients and published a journal, The Abolitionist. The organisation was dissolved in 1980.
See also
Thomas Szasz
Wrongful involuntary commitment
References
Organizations established in 1970
1970 establishments in New York (state)
Organizations disestablished in 1980
1980 disestablishments in New York (state)
Organizations based in Syracuse, New York
Mental health organizations in New York (state)
Human rights organizations based in the United States
Anti-psychiatry
Defunct organizations based in New York (state) | [
0.04254094138741493,
0.41152408719062805,
-0.6280959248542786,
-0.38129809498786926,
-0.2413017749786377,
0.05635157227516174,
0.3890107572078705,
-0.6293298602104187,
-0.13513880968093872,
0.1833256185054779,
0.2273598164319992,
0.411760538816452,
-0.8078500628471375,
0.5290551781654358,
-0.3482118844985962,
0.38342219591140747,
0.28947320580482483,
0.03635986149311066,
-0.5884775519371033,
-0.04391070082783699,
-0.15582579374313354,
-0.19995851814746857,
0.329245924949646,
-0.20352055132389069,
-0.36489632725715637,
-0.2866939902305603,
0.40339338779449463,
-0.47137272357940674,
0.0003809050831478089,
-0.09544187039136887,
0.4460035264492035,
0.23844243586063385,
0.20667485892772675,
-0.4753943383693695,
-0.17936624586582184,
0.6205823421478271,
0.015572928823530674,
0.02847529575228691,
0.19456636905670166,
0.04522007703781128,
-0.22363929450511932,
0.4086095690727234,
-0.06148365139961243,
0.33553346991539,
0.1442354917526245,
-0.17167170345783234,
-1.5059340000152588,
-0.28205621242523193,
-0.5842257738113403,
-0.17532610893249512,
-0.26448360085487366,
0.36162620782852173,
0.5772965550422668,
0.4476117193698883,
0.24063152074813843,
-0.044083718210458755,
-0.8438214063644409,
-0.5594357848167419,
-0.06406926363706589,
-0.6909316182136536,
0.40094873309135437,
0.3474620580673218,
0.34909871220588684,
-0.020618777722120285,
-0.25611963868141174,
0.5223753452301025,
-0.032490432262420654,
0.7092432379722595,
-0.37894347310066223,
-0.46844470500946045,
-0.17841482162475586,
-0.6128793954849243,
-0.4266798496246338,
-0.04621969908475876,
0.35782262682914734,
-0.6016460657119751,
0.26955217123031616,
-0.3223291337490082,
0.3393162190914154,
-0.06262077391147614,
0.029792509973049164,
0.6073030829429626,
0.682104229927063,
-0.05179144814610481,
0.44278237223625183,
0.09997230768203735,
-0.31309816241264343,
0.47057095170021057,
-0.28025323152542114,
0.2560622990131378,
-0.06243206188082695,
0.3749918043613434,
0.5243247151374817,
0.3080132305622101,
0.013529523275792599,
0.10254939645528793,
0.7823817729949951,
-0.13764461874961853,
-0.18849045038223267,
0.5922731161117554,
0.6113758087158203,
0.02592986263334751,
0.1066439151763916,
-0.3061380088329315,
-0.06190513074398041,
-0.20150849223136902,
0.11391321569681168,
-0.4268339276313782,
-0.0014913848135620356,
-0.11753663420677185,
-0.964131236076355,
0.6325368285179138,
-0.048655666410923004,
-0.39347708225250244,
-0.3291618525981903,
0.42938461899757385,
0.08741940557956696,
-0.6970450282096863,
-0.11830705404281616,
0.02316870354115963,
0.46948865056037903,
1.1212530136108398,
-0.22009003162384033,
0.5004944205284119,
-0.24041451513767242,
0.2978447377681732,
0.41924941539764404,
0.7245895862579346,
-1.101000189781189,
0.46577566862106323,
0.14387249946594238,
0.16258667409420013,
-0.07189301401376724,
-0.14085990190505981,
-0.10304497927427292,
-0.16498243808746338,
0.7512268424034119,
0.08098583668470383,
0.5592629313468933,
0.3195125460624695,
-0.49273109436035156,
-0.5998803377151489,
-0.8046746850013733,
-0.7782609462738037,
0.3516319692134857,
-0.3678629696369171,
-0.14850671589374542,
0.5567728281021118,
-0.3339100182056427,
-0.20428051054477692,
0.032379232347011566,
-0.5488561391830444,
-0.36410778760910034,
0.4201793372631073,
-0.035969432443380356,
0.3305473327636719,
0.23460975289344788,
-0.30080920457839966,
0.4031442105770111,
0.3684033155441284,
0.2721942663192749,
0.0022451451513916254,
-0.5008330345153809,
-0.006593639031052589,
0.05359271168708801,
-0.061607394367456436,
-0.6775516867637634,
0.15356376767158508,
0.1762992888689041,
-0.003948150668293238,
-0.40539419651031494,
-0.03160057216882706,
0.36320623755455017,
-0.4879792630672455,
0.10363983362913132,
0.27030685544013977,
0.9759805202484131,
0.06090088561177254,
0.009242929518222809,
0.3416936695575714,
-0.8521534204483032,
0.08804413676261902,
0.18127235770225525,
-0.2280418574810028,
0.4398636519908905,
-0.4727601706981659,
0.21443189680576324,
-0.0718725249171257,
0.16025428473949432,
-0.06592076271772385,
-0.18217259645462036,
-0.43561986088752747,
0.5283697843551636,
-0.2965146601200104,
1.309760570526123,
0.2168714702129364,
-0.6164807081222534,
1.2946314811706543,
-0.27841535210609436,
0.3049153685569763,
0.28967055678367615,
0.015895923599600792,
0.2651004493236542,
0.29028382897377014,
-0.5179265737533569,
0.4874875545501709,
-0.09391289949417114,
0.08501414954662323,
-0.5517350435256958,
0.7642603516578674,
0.44737476110458374,
-0.7602484822273254,
-0.03599996119737625,
-0.3550805151462555,
0.547536313533783,
-0.4215131103992462,
-0.04105738550424576,
0.4134449362754822,
-0.1344091147184372,
-0.2442261427640915,
0.6067214608192444,
-0.25700345635414124,
-0.01697155460715294,
0.4743598997592926,
0.3011164367198944,
0.36448928713798523,
0.11405304819345474,
0.2557366192340851,
0.48226726055145264,
0.07730071246623993,
0.9469778537750244,
0.07906346023082733,
0.7326616644859314,
-0.7050992250442505,
0.2161439210176468,
0.25140902400016785,
-0.4175216555595398,
-0.9424500465393066,
-0.2493075430393219,
-0.16396909952163696,
0.38204658031463623,
-0.20131954550743103,
-0.05979803577065468,
0.34110522270202637,
-0.17137041687965393,
-0.3514077663421631,
-0.19306589663028717,
0.3075896203517914,
-0.3352917432785034,
0.8339509963989258,
0.10259431600570679,
0.6663416624069214,
0.3203760087490082,
-0.21644476056098938,
0.1248064637184143,
0.42567458748817444,
-0.18340936303138733,
0.21346256136894226,
0.11513733863830566,
-0.2777218520641327,
0.10748468339443207,
0.06429702043533325,
0.013513773679733276,
-0.2530269920825958,
0.4260166883468628,
-0.8339452147483826,
-0.2045600712299347,
-0.27227699756622314,
-0.028413686901330948,
-0.1336784064769745,
0.963510274887085,
-0.08487515151500702,
-0.5110865831375122,
0.2075115144252777,
-0.6069754362106323,
-0.4881739616394043,
-0.12161198258399963,
0.7570341229438782,
-1.033618450164795,
-0.01522289589047432,
0.07862349599599838,
0.5777432322502136,
0.3006591796875,
-0.3052051365375519,
-0.03713902831077576,
0.2893683910369873,
0.20556791126728058,
-0.6632474660873413,
-0.2066534012556076,
0.4997931718826294,
-0.07935211062431335,
0.2525005340576172,
0.05930576100945473,
-0.7495267391204834,
0.06704308092594147,
0.1356663554906845,
-0.192818745970726,
0.49298223853111267,
0.05364788696169853,
-0.03932534530758858,
-0.6170461773872375,
-0.06194500997662544,
-0.4407702386379242,
-0.12035142630338669,
0.2684605121612549,
-0.22676311433315277,
-0.096502386033535,
-0.47563859820365906,
-5.574304580688477,
0.04400918632745743,
-0.386060893535614,
0.04635236784815788,
-0.10622784495353699,
0.4726707935333252,
0.5741235017776489,
-0.4801674485206604,
-0.4670642018318176,
-0.2884458303451538,
-0.02422652207314968,
0.0889379233121872,
0.464883416891098,
0.7126879692077637,
-0.04127977788448334,
0.3796140253543854,
0.020762119442224503,
-0.33219483494758606,
0.2516065835952759,
0.07924807816743851,
0.2925368845462799,
-0.3866954743862152,
0.04025277867913246,
0.9021898508071899,
0.2084067165851593,
0.7272663116455078,
-0.15574121475219727,
0.8408047556877136,
-0.2187807708978653,
0.05077394098043442,
0.2460484653711319,
0.011503144167363644,
-0.3369559645652771,
-0.5475046038627625,
-0.16947633028030396,
0.4724586009979248,
0.5437373518943787,
0.31592676043510437,
-0.06207869201898575,
-0.5209388136863708,
-0.2929973602294922,
0.012709739618003368,
-0.36974436044692993,
-0.13315007090568542,
0.1072874516248703,
0.1188143864274025,
-0.44326314330101013,
0.08335399627685547,
-0.4686899185180664,
0.49660393595695496,
-0.30447399616241455,
0.36956271529197693,
0.4449617564678192,
0.4286224842071533,
-0.22649726271629333,
-0.4720298647880554,
-0.2913583815097809,
-0.0405062697827816,
0.0768861323595047,
0.05693626403808594,
0.22730666399002075,
-0.0572965145111084,
-0.21812745928764343,
-0.32694557309150696,
-0.528127908706665,
-0.4011474847793579,
-0.15073519945144653,
-0.19359683990478516,
0.6210828423500061,
0.38502925634384155,
-0.42060258984565735,
0.9231632351875305,
-0.1843027025461197,
-1.066699743270874,
0.32039180397987366,
-0.3201156556606293,
0.3491915166378021,
-0.33505669236183167,
-0.1908353567123413,
0.3746890723705292,
0.3017844557762146,
0.013860461302101612,
-0.02340792678296566,
0.5906498432159424,
-0.020297568291425705,
0.005749283358454704,
0.22468118369579315,
0.5477645397186279,
-1.0135502815246582,
0.22484032809734344,
-0.4581487476825714,
0.39423149824142456,
-0.07684504985809326,
0.1335659623146057,
-0.05647458881139755,
0.5337998270988464,
-0.3501386046409607,
0.20453986525535583,
0.5256716012954712,
0.1893487572669983,
0.12182167917490005,
-0.2689612805843353,
0.21099764108657837,
-0.8250600695610046,
0.1754997819662094,
-0.18030406534671783,
-0.271916002035141,
-0.25598207116127014,
0.5405061841011047,
-0.1471387892961502,
-0.8538318276405334,
0.15059031546115875,
0.2431541085243225,
-0.388494610786438,
0.21274502575397491,
0.10364944487810135,
-0.04525873064994812,
-0.019656633958220482,
-0.17977821826934814,
0.2706791162490845,
0.07131682336330414,
0.24060119688510895,
0.2702951431274414,
-0.2089601308107376,
0.5226946473121643,
0.005571629852056503,
0.3431537449359894,
0.7649045586585999,
0.21661527454853058,
0.27142152190208435,
0.269144743680954,
0.4218250513076782,
-0.26017746329307556,
0.3551598787307739,
0.1406717449426651,
-0.2368144392967224,
-0.574072003364563,
0.1331033706665039,
-0.08933267742395401,
0.4528181254863739,
0.621623158454895,
-0.27448397874832153,
-0.38396352529525757,
0.19475717842578888,
0.37642544507980347,
0.14003482460975647,
0.4717341363430023,
-0.5154012441635132,
-0.27822667360305786,
0.8007633686065674,
0.16435635089874268,
-0.6117058396339417,
0.3444106876850128,
-0.1525537520647049,
-0.03783725947141647,
0.03206609934568405,
0.806100070476532,
0.037219833582639694,
-0.5782070159912109,
-0.6817688941955566,
-0.31714218854904175,
0.08175916224718094,
-1.1393638849258423,
-0.6791892647743225,
0.3342304229736328,
-0.18313433229923248,
-0.44317227602005005,
-0.5310121178627014,
-0.33203205466270447,
0.157468780875206,
-0.03105679340660572,
0.044772449880838394,
-0.07036145776510239,
0.3883435130119324,
0.4424680769443512,
0.23976603150367737,
-0.07544419169425964,
0.018608415499329567,
-0.4749942421913147,
-0.3245397210121155,
0.7439968585968018,
-0.5778970122337341,
-0.848785936832428,
-0.23023462295532227,
0.24615642428398132,
-0.8658357858657837,
0.14684340357780457,
-0.21600441634655,
-0.18647603690624237,
-0.23387020826339722,
0.4588181972503662,
-0.13119611144065857,
0.4988026022911072,
-0.0027510877698659897,
-0.4417625665664673,
-0.2916175127029419,
-0.6058447957038879,
0.05587191879749298,
0.1706215739250183,
-0.4786139130592346,
1.0077828168869019,
0.40574023127555847,
-0.33444514870643616,
0.5411698818206787,
-0.2337355613708496,
-0.7974448204040527,
0.04981560260057449,
-0.20379087328910828,
-0.25912901759147644,
0.9728783965110779,
-0.07761684060096741,
-0.4163132905960083,
-0.04642438888549805,
0.7560778260231018,
-0.3024599850177765,
0.12486115843057632,
-0.12483131140470505,
-0.4161352813243866,
-0.6736432909965515,
0.031569115817546844,
0.12655121088027954,
-0.16228964924812317,
-0.08133052289485931,
-0.01083825621753931,
-0.8873448371887207,
0.6935727596282959,
0.3991694152355194,
-0.3302399814128876,
0.10988890379667282,
-0.19720767438411713,
-0.6889453530311584,
0.049931757152080536,
-0.03344230726361275,
0.41266393661499023,
-0.4882853925228119,
-0.26900818943977356,
0.20807357132434845,
0.22096671164035797,
-0.27704524993896484,
0.21362537145614624,
-0.3519909381866455,
1.0107358694076538,
0.33753201365470886,
-0.8092060685157776,
0.040190935134887695,
0.28814569115638733,
0.15958482027053833,
-0.649283766746521,
0.02383614331483841,
0.42194706201553345,
-0.11758225411176682,
-0.6096553802490234,
-0.7033052444458008,
-0.6764213442802429,
0.36464422941207886,
0.018624598160386086,
-0.40600693225860596,
0.26470187306404114,
0.032680582255125046,
-0.5511099100112915,
-0.16239097714424133,
-0.29453158378601074,
-0.8185662627220154,
-0.051287028938531876,
-0.3091617226600647,
-0.09088346362113953,
0.2994876205921173,
-0.434976726770401,
0.20365110039710999,
-1.2822540998458862,
0.31288743019104004,
-0.13724325597286224,
0.19276070594787598,
0.6784510016441345,
-0.055093154311180115,
-0.36979854106903076,
0.09585804492235184,
-0.9344733357429504,
0.03747720643877983,
-0.07599101215600967,
-0.28707778453826904,
-0.3177397847175598,
-0.0953817218542099,
-0.23672257363796234,
0.5802047848701477,
-1.1228702068328857,
0.21951676905155182,
-0.18357200920581818,
-0.5262936949729919,
-0.8997962474822998,
-0.6081523299217224,
0.02508523501455784,
0.31863483786582947,
0.01844717189669609,
-0.8143497109413147,
0.2795945405960083,
0.13985808193683624,
0.2615632712841034,
0.06816300749778748,
-0.7992584109306335,
-0.6655845642089844,
0.3178715705871582,
0.12496300041675568,
-0.06916242092847824,
-0.6912662982940674,
-0.2942614257335663,
0.03083423525094986,
0.1404915302991867,
-0.37543824315071106,
0.6993683576583862,
0.014128770679235458,
-0.4887118637561798,
0.23372754454612732,
0.8627512454986572,
-0.2987911105155945,
-0.11893139779567719,
-0.036429617553949356,
-0.3666720688343048,
0.5356253385543823,
0.14807982742786407,
-0.43021589517593384,
0.7181545495986938,
0.2885042726993561,
-0.49676311016082764,
0.4181516468524933,
0.38004356622695923,
0.2754030227661133,
0.8222310543060303,
-0.2283811718225479,
0.458466112613678,
0.9081720113754272,
0.06932645291090012,
0.26617270708084106,
0.28918787837028503,
0.09780927002429962,
0.12916125357151031,
0.3624926209449768,
-0.7348390221595764,
-0.6033633947372437,
0.39667022228240967,
0.6892743706703186,
0.578586220741272,
-0.18561632931232452,
-0.11472281068563461,
-0.08111358433961868,
0.15469972789287567,
0.08690669387578964,
0.31037577986717224,
0.4042265713214874,
-0.03046407364308834,
0.7786044478416443,
0.11631719022989273,
0.36905568838119507,
-0.41565224528312683,
0.3296010494232178,
-0.16997148096561432,
0.6053551435470581,
-0.18523044884204865,
-0.07035001367330551,
0.07308879494667053,
-0.29464447498321533,
0.24482031166553497,
0.08100324124097824,
0.2137719988822937,
0.2588738799095154,
0.14161981642246246,
0.24235132336616516,
-0.7770183682441711,
0.15992052853107452,
0.24826596677303314,
0.40424269437789917,
-0.1561322659254074,
-0.08666958659887314,
0.6346997022628784,
0.5260342359542847,
-0.08786685764789581,
0.5878025889396667,
0.0029613059014081955,
0.24548088014125824,
0.34430763125419617,
0.12254072725772858,
-0.303438276052475,
0.06564062088727951,
-0.4054953157901764,
0.2528638243675232,
-0.05687635391950607,
-0.02082769013941288,
0.14894390106201172,
0.3084506690502167,
-0.37994617223739624,
-0.30327722430229187,
-0.09163045138120651,
-0.0109466053545475,
0.20120574533939362,
0.034845028072595596,
0.2242295891046524,
-0.04332956671714783,
0.5072221159934998,
0.0018250537104904652,
-0.19018812477588654,
-0.7038969993591309,
0.5983166694641113,
0.15430256724357605,
-0.09176726639270782,
-0.3406389355659485,
0.2510823905467987,
-0.3658672869205475,
0.04488946869969368,
-0.46356943249702454,
0.5122260451316833,
-0.19603237509727478,
0.426903635263443,
-0.18556423485279083,
0.6861751079559326,
-0.02104969695210457,
0.023615378886461258,
0.6005139946937561,
-0.5310367345809937,
-0.7593144774436951,
-0.1774679720401764,
-0.07096502184867859,
-0.2992730438709259,
-0.6599236130714417,
-0.27856290340423584,
-0.4685339331626892,
-0.30580955743789673,
0.34940779209136963,
-0.3972652852535248,
0.46081364154815674,
0.3622225522994995,
-0.10198507457971573,
-0.3645203411579132,
-0.42665430903434753,
-0.17085981369018555,
-0.25647667050361633,
-0.0664505586028099,
0.2930222749710083,
0.835536777973175,
0.4050051271915436,
-0.3591042459011078,
0.28178444504737854,
0.10419346392154694,
-0.22241106629371643,
-0.14369866251945496,
0.5283789038658142,
0.13132888078689575,
-0.09232478588819504,
-1.061005711555481,
0.4729083776473999,
0.2645541727542877,
-0.3556349277496338,
-0.2753564119338989,
-0.6213998198509216,
-0.49000754952430725,
0.1136903241276741,
-0.40690770745277405,
0.10807834565639496,
-0.10092310607433319,
0.2376544177532196,
-0.17942802608013153
] |
256698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20estate | Life estate | In common law and statutory law, a life estate (or life tenancy) is the ownership of immovable property for the duration of a person's life. In legal terms, it is an estate in real property that ends at death when ownership of the property may revert to the original owner, or it may pass to another person. The owner of a life estate is called a "life tenant".
In the combined jurisdiction of England and Wales since 1925 a freehold estate intended to be 'held' as a life interest takes effect only as an interest enjoyed in equity, specifically as an interest in possession trust. The other type of land ownership is leasehold and although most long leases are for a period of between 99 and 999 years 'leases for life' will be interpreted in often unpredictable ways as either as a licence or a lease.
Principles
The ownership of a life estate is of limited duration because it ends at the death of a person. Its owner is the life tenant (typically also the 'measuring life') and it carries with it right to enjoy certain benefits of ownership of the property, chiefly income derived from rent or other uses of the property and the right of occupation, during his or her possession. Because a life estate ceases to exist at the death of the measuring person's life, the life tenant, a temporary owner, may short-term let but cannot sell, give or bequeath the property indefinitely (including assuming it could pass to heirs (intestate)) or creating a purported document leaving it to devisees (testate).
A life estate pur autre vie (Law French, "for the life of another") is held for the rest of the lifetime of a person who does not hold the estate, known as the cestui que vie (Law French, "the person who lives"). This form of life estate arises where a life tenant has disposed of the property, assuming such a disposal does not trigger any special forfeiture under the life interest instrument. It also arises where the grantor chooses to make the measuring life that of someone other than the life tenant's life. A life estate pur autre vie is most commonly created in one of two circumstances.
First, when the owner of property conveys his interest in that property to another person, for the life of a third person. For example, if A conveys land to B during the life of C, then B owns the land for as long as C lives; if B dies before C, B's heirs will inherit the land, and will continue to own it for as long as C lives.
Second, if A conveys land to C for life, C can then sell the life estate to B. Again, B and B's heirs will own the land for as long as C lives.
In either scenario, once C dies, the ownership of the land will revert to A. If A has died, ownership will revert to A's heirs. The right to succeed to ownership of the property upon the expiration of the life estate is called a reversion. However, the remainder interest granted to a third party (A to B for life, with a remainder interest in C), is called "remainder".
A clear distinction should be made with an estate for (a) term of years, interpreted as lease or licence.
At death, assuming no mis-dealings to certain innocent purchasers, the property involved in a life estate falls into the ownership of the remainderman ( remaindermen) or reverts to its grantor (all of which confusingly can be called 'reversions' and 'reversioners'). There is a small market for reversions in real estate, which necessitates a buyer to carry out enhanced documentary due diligence and physical checks.
A land owner of an estate cannot give a "greater interest" in the estate than he or she owns. That is, a life estate owner cannot give complete and indefinite ownership (fee simple) to another person because the life tenant's ownership in the property ends when the person who is the measuring life dies. For instance, if Ashley conveyed to Bob for the life of Bob, and Bob conveys a life estate to another person, Charlie, for Charlie's life [an embedded life estate], then Charlie's life estate interest would last only until Charlie or Bob dies. Charlie's life interest or pur autre vie interest (interest for the life of another, whichever has applied) and most often the remaining rights of ownership in the property (the 'reversionary interest') devolve to the persons under the terms of the will/rules of intestacy/declaration of trust/trust deed (UK) or will/rules of intestacy/'grant or deed of life interest' (or similar) (U.S.) in remainder or revert to the original grantee, depending on terms of Ashley. Such a life estate in the U.S. can also be conveyed for the life of the grantor, such as "A conveys X to B until A dies" and in the UK by trust transferring upon trust or assigning rather than conveying X.
If a life tenant purports to transfer the underlying 'reversionary' interest, which a life tenant never has, this constitutes an actionable breach of trust for damages and may constitute criminal fraud however may not entitle the ultimate reversioner (or substituted beneficiaries) to be able to obtain a court declaration that the property is their own if that property is in the hands of an innocent purchaser for value without notice (bona fide purchaser).
Financial and physical responsibility falls to the life tenant under the legal doctrine of waste, which prohibits life tenants from damaging or devaluing the asset. In short, as the life tenant's ownership is temporary, failing to maintain or reasonably protect the asset resulting in its diminution in value, or indeed, destruction constitutes a cause of action for the reversioner.
A further limitation is the rule against perpetuities in many states and countries which prohibits long-running pre-19th-century style successions of life tenancies and may result in the premature and compensation-entitling termination of such successive life interests. In England and Wales this is fixed at one lifetime, or 80 years whichever is longer.
Selling property while keeping a life estate is commonly known in France as "viager" where it is used more often than elsewhere, most famously in the case of Jeanne Calment, the longest lived human ever recorded.
Uses of a life estate
In the United States, a life estate is typically used as a tool of an estate planning. A life estate can avoid probate and ensure that an intended heir will receive title to real property. For example, Al owns a home and desires that Bill inherit it after Al's death. Al can effectuate that desire by transferring title to the home to Bill and retaining a life estate in the home. Al keeps a life estate and Bill receives a vested fee simple remainder. As soon as Al dies, the life estate interest merges with Bill's remainder, and Bill has a fee simple title. An advantage of such a transfer is that it makes the use of a will unnecessary and eliminates the need to probate the asset. A disadvantage is the small risk of a fraud on the part of beneficiary Bill, if he could easily show in a particular jurisdiction an unfettered fee simple, he could sell the estate prematurely to an innocent purchaser such as when Al is on vacation. A second disadvantage to the grantor is that provision for any remainderman (or men) (party C) is irrevocable without the remainderman's consent. "Beneficiary deeds" have been statutorily created in some states to address this issue.
The intestacy laws of certain American states, such as Arkansas Delaware, and Rhode Island limit the surviving spouse's rights (inheritance) to the deceased spouse's real estate to a life estate. Louisiana, applying civil law, has a similar default provision in intestate successions called a usufruct, which is only over community property and ends with the earlier of death or remarriage.
Some American states allow for an enhanced life estate deed, in which the grantor retains the ability to transfer to property to a third party without the consent of the remainderman. With this tool, a grantor can use a life estate to avoid probate without giving up the right to sell the real property.
The intestacy laws of England and Wales from 1 October 2014 provide for £250,000 (or the whole non-joint estate if less) and 50% of any excess to the spouse, remainder to adult children. This abolished the remaining 50% being enjoyed as a life interest which had applied from the 1920s.
The surviving spouse (and rarely, others) benefit from survivorship of any joint property.
The arrangement in the first paragraph would in the UK be interpreted as an interest in possession trust and is usually avoided as for inheritance tax is considered 'reservation of benefit' requiring fully backdated sums of annual income tax on whatever market rent ought to have been paid to the legal owner, in England and Wales for continued enjoyment of the asset.
Valuation of a life estate
A valuation is typically derived from the present value of the net benefit derived by the life (or lives) over the residual term of the interest. Where these valuations are based on a single life, reference can be made to tables such as life tenant factors by gender and age. These factors are prepared taking into account life expectancies and prevailing interest rates for a specific jurisdiction or purpose. An example is a table of life tenancy factors that is used to determine the proportion of a property attributable to a particular life tenant for any stamp duty payable upon its transfer. More complicated examples can involve impaired or joint lives and specialist advice is usually required such as that provided by an actuary.
Duration of a life estate
Life estates are measured either by the life of the property recipient (pur sa vie), or by the life of some other person (pur autre vie).
Validity of a life estate
At law and in equity (US)
Life estates in real estate are still created today. The life estate is more commonly used in trust instruments, typically in an attempt to minimize the effect of the inheritance tax or other taxes on transfers of wealth. A prospective reduction in tax for the creator ('settlor') often follows if the settlor has parted with all current and future interest. However many tax codes transfer the burden of estate taxes to the holder of the interest in possession (life tenant) and may treat that person or the remaindermen as owning a second/surplus property.
Formally where a system is derived from English law, the law divides into common law and equitable law — at their cores the formal title and further overarching rules (especially as to trust interests such as this). The latter cannot usually defeat a claim to title from a bona fide purchaser for value without notice, as such a person has reasonably researched the ownership position based upon the legal title (common law) position. As the owner of a legal interest, in the US, further embedded or legal interests consistent with the form of ownership can be created from life estates.
Accordingly, due to their potential versatility and complexity in the U.S., common law seldom recognizes a life estate in personal property (tangible items and livestock other than land including buildings) but such interests are recognized at equity where of adequate form — statutes and regulations impose formalities on the creation of lifetime interests in personalty.
At equity (England and Wales)
Since 1925 registered titles in England and Wales preferably should, but mostly do not, reveal an 'interest for life', 'life estate' or 'life tenancy' in the form of a restriction on the register. Instead the registered legal owner may hold various degrees of leasehold or freehold interest, but usually absolute interest. This provides a reliable 'mirror of title' which can only be subjected to a very few overriding interests. A maxim of equity is 'Where equities are equal, the law will prevail'. Equity defers to the position at law of a bona fide purchaser for value without notice (including any tenant or mortgagee), and as 'equity will not suffer a wrong to be without remedy,' where there is such, will be limited to in personam remedies against the settlor or life tenant where it confirms life estates, upon trust, to have been validly created:
for the life tenant(s); and thereafter
for remainderman, remaindermen or the reversionary settlor.
Life tenants are never recorded as proprietors at the Land Registry as they are temporary, equitable owners and are not entitled to have the a transfer of the land effected. If the proprietor has died, executors of the will, administrators or beneficiaries all have the right to apply for the standard form A restriction and are encouraged by the official guidance to do so.
If a lease is for more than seven years, the lease must be registered. Most long leases are for a period of between 99 and 999 years, and 'leases for life' will be interpreted either as a licence or a lease.
Torrens title jurisdictions
In most Torrens Title jurisdictions a life tenant has, like in UK and US, the right to possession and enjoyment of the property, but once the tenant dies the property will return to the remainderman. The main difference is that, the life estate will be registered by the Registrar general of that jurisdiction, and will appear on the registered title. This has the effect of making them one of the 9 types of recognised interest in land, and one of the four that confirm possession. The registration process in Torrens title systems usually confers indefeasibility on the life estate.
A holder of a life estate can alienate his rights, but they will still expire on his death, regardless of whom he alienates it to. At that point, that buyer will have to forfeit the land.
Life tenancy investments
It is becoming increasingly popular for private investors to place funds into a life tenancy investment. This type of investment is being offered as an alternative to traditional buy to let and is becoming increasingly popular in the United Kingdom with over £30 million worth of Life Tenancies being delivered in 2018.
References
See also
Interest in possession trust
Life annuity
Reverse mortgage
Tontine
Real property law
Wills and trusts
Land tenure | [
0.4739663004875183,
-0.34157904982566833,
0.3029259741306305,
-0.20087772607803345,
0.3967193067073822,
-0.13888362050056458,
0.11803709715604782,
0.07778249680995941,
-0.05554603412747383,
-0.03089093789458275,
-0.9865678548812866,
0.4726622700691223,
0.07152502238750458,
0.3172275722026825,
-0.43011271953582764,
0.3124786913394928,
0.5262317061424255,
0.4889613687992096,
0.0578063502907753,
-0.4840516746044159,
-0.22631394863128662,
0.16966447234153748,
0.020442426204681396,
-0.3214733302593231,
0.32643574476242065,
-0.354566365480423,
0.3860010802745819,
-0.029254674911499023,
-0.3736705482006073,
-0.06752163171768188,
0.09075389802455902,
-0.34506601095199585,
0.03332121670246124,
-0.07177955657243729,
0.3495503067970276,
-0.2994515597820282,
-0.4547504186630249,
-0.3526947498321533,
-0.9611184597015381,
-1.0805952548980713,
0.23809900879859924,
0.02277301624417305,
0.15220656991004944,
0.3575364351272583,
-0.9018940329551697,
-0.17995712161064148,
-1.1291106939315796,
0.09718338400125504,
-0.684684157371521,
0.49886855483055115,
0.18755778670310974,
0.23726409673690796,
-0.13028717041015625,
0.16983354091644287,
0.2763896882534027,
0.6231701970100403,
-0.40861719846725464,
-0.45266541838645935,
0.18822665512561798,
-0.5239221453666687,
0.6292752623558044,
-0.2872772812843323,
0.208356574177742,
0.4728296995162964,
0.32394278049468994,
-0.36607104539871216,
-0.004962803330272436,
-0.42909449338912964,
-0.34710606932640076,
-0.21206970512866974,
-0.5001509189605713,
-0.3471226096153259,
0.2714191675186157,
0.370392382144928,
-0.672024130821228,
0.07623665779829025,
-0.14737656712532043,
-0.41918107867240906,
0.23839370906352997,
0.25501367449760437,
0.07320686429738998,
0.40862807631492615,
0.06556437164545059,
0.14327885210514069,
0.1652158498764038,
0.22347044944763184,
-0.4500286877155304,
0.26840299367904663,
-0.5608312487602234,
0.8539607524871826,
0.6212520599365234,
0.40703266859054565,
0.5458738207817078,
-0.13694730401039124,
0.07443063706159592,
0.19083017110824585,
0.3838931918144226,
-0.21893703937530518,
-0.27723684906959534,
0.19887948036193848,
-0.3359805941581726,
-0.21891586482524872,
-0.07754981517791748,
-0.3381299078464508,
0.04392353072762489,
0.12027764320373535,
-0.34876760840415955,
-0.29347604513168335,
0.4163895547389984,
-0.21452341973781586,
-0.5348166823387146,
0.3470908999443054,
0.020124051719903946,
0.563214898109436,
-0.7388508319854736,
0.19781239330768585,
-0.1949566751718521,
0.05804232880473137,
-0.043642204254865646,
0.0008839051588438451,
-0.14447657763957977,
-0.38088318705558777,
-0.10493369400501251,
-0.3259603977203369,
0.17226749658584595,
-0.2695423662662506,
0.19090217351913452,
0.518561840057373,
-0.5640353560447693,
-0.74945467710495,
0.16791309416294098,
0.04932214692234993,
-0.4399382770061493,
0.3567057251930237,
-0.0024786870926618576,
0.3194916546344757,
0.1826990246772766,
-0.4423188865184784,
0.6133749485015869,
0.1142859235405922,
-1.0455892086029053,
-0.53165203332901,
-0.2769416868686676,
0.07103559374809265,
-0.08121684938669205,
-0.5708160400390625,
0.15986891090869904,
-0.29502391815185547,
-0.677689254283905,
-0.04423084482550621,
-0.4476012885570526,
0.009671617299318314,
0.05110841989517212,
-0.109390988945961,
-0.11280214786529541,
-0.07988087832927704,
0.5513277053833008,
0.13294453918933868,
-0.5929068326950073,
-0.17687611281871796,
-0.08246530592441559,
0.15197686851024628,
0.292433500289917,
-0.34987303614616394,
0.338932603597641,
0.21835504472255707,
-0.17213062942028046,
0.404811829328537,
-0.2748236656188965,
0.02954493835568428,
-0.45069706439971924,
0.23837746679782867,
0.5556086897850037,
-0.467324823141098,
-0.7824106812477112,
0.5822736620903015,
0.11290575563907623,
-0.07778304815292358,
0.8191773891448975,
-0.09275654703378677,
-0.25331413745880127,
0.40675079822540283,
0.5611189007759094,
0.16884127259254456,
0.1341048628091812,
-0.19686536490917206,
-0.06199020519852638,
0.2896935045719147,
0.36476463079452515,
0.011478503234684467,
-0.48268622159957886,
0.157470703125,
0.21579736471176147,
-1.2195929288864136,
0.43032732605934143,
-0.3901807367801666,
-0.3731953501701355,
1.2232439517974854,
-0.23089717328548431,
0.5883687138557434,
-0.6187829375267029,
0.4510510265827179,
0.07642912119626999,
-0.4087086617946625,
-0.20947757363319397,
0.3758261203765869,
-0.03496876358985901,
0.48728761076927185,
0.27465030550956726,
0.05782269686460495,
0.42873308062553406,
0.2244897037744522,
1.0317867994308472,
-0.25274139642715454,
0.12290410697460175,
-0.4180653691291809,
-0.5402073264122009,
0.14680571854114532,
-0.2741231322288513,
-0.2615911662578583,
0.5644704103469849,
0.3110711872577667,
0.15257519483566284,
0.33606383204460144,
-0.5474227666854858,
0.254229873418808,
-0.5700300931930542,
-0.12017758935689926,
0.5953452587127686,
-0.672362208366394,
-0.1249413788318634,
-0.04312761500477791,
0.2550646960735321,
-0.07592542469501495,
0.27682095766067505,
0.6058741211891174,
-0.12180095911026001,
0.27413254976272583,
0.18777413666248322,
0.31606045365333557,
-0.10253509134054184,
-0.27099281549453735,
0.038540858775377274,
-0.06011916324496269,
0.08911842107772827,
0.441196084022522,
-0.03824211284518242,
0.6550431251525879,
-0.6910417675971985,
-0.032598644495010376,
0.8186706304550171,
-0.06649860739707947,
0.35375821590423584,
0.223557710647583,
0.18722257018089294,
-0.6660401225090027,
-0.7914008498191833,
0.4417022466659546,
-0.29862964153289795,
0.003444309113547206,
-0.44901758432388306,
0.41580525040626526,
0.328799843788147,
-0.07987107336521149,
0.04154149815440178,
0.03320469334721565,
-0.2727966606616974,
-0.23362819850444794,
0.14029625058174133,
0.4679241478443146,
0.3892747461795807,
-0.273223340511322,
-0.6629221439361572,
0.04559973627328873,
-0.11097614467144012,
-0.09235359728336334,
1.1253122091293335,
-0.1929442584514618,
-0.0074694473296403885,
0.29179513454437256,
0.03853108733892441,
0.005674505140632391,
0.22729246318340302,
-1.2123175859451294,
0.15063396096229553,
-0.49221646785736084,
0.21818901598453522,
-0.048422180116176605,
-0.1455560028553009,
0.5620793700218201,
-0.07406383007764816,
-0.13856586813926697,
-0.12951739132404327,
-0.10544764995574951,
0.8448780179023743,
0.4455842971801758,
-0.01132996566593647,
-0.16155682504177094,
-0.16309213638305664,
-0.4883110821247101,
-0.14091520011425018,
-0.39575710892677307,
-0.7025702595710754,
-0.0644196942448616,
0.3547244369983673,
0.21962371468544006,
-0.1539629101753235,
-0.3863828182220459,
-5.791257381439209,
0.12402628362178802,
-0.7086032032966614,
-0.19432282447814941,
0.2506471872329712,
0.08753301948308945,
0.9615455269813538,
0.10489002615213394,
-0.9190368056297302,
0.07994000613689423,
0.1355631798505783,
-0.8260279893875122,
0.9105053544044495,
0.6806403398513794,
0.7278719544410706,
0.11816059052944183,
0.029498569667339325,
0.13626408576965332,
-0.6352786421775818,
0.07441148161888123,
0.0021966358181089163,
-0.056139346212148666,
-0.019963117316365242,
0.4746217727661133,
0.09691797941923141,
-0.2368907332420349,
-0.2934604585170746,
-0.35993367433547974,
-0.7807276248931885,
-0.10515754669904709,
-0.21853919327259064,
0.11758282780647278,
0.23281995952129364,
-0.5260480046272278,
0.08715451508760452,
0.19418837130069733,
-0.07546541839838028,
0.5441706776618958,
0.18944045901298523,
-0.4539564251899719,
0.14811943471431732,
0.3152371644973755,
-0.0221071969717741,
0.06425967067480087,
-0.5213185548782349,
-0.39479300379753113,
-0.40831878781318665,
0.16253139078617096,
-0.20795582234859467,
0.3451708257198334,
-0.33687180280685425,
1.0677399635314941,
0.530388355255127,
-0.43026524782180786,
-0.19585862755775452,
-0.08550583571195602,
0.2176406979560852,
-0.14145320653915405,
-0.7228067517280579,
0.2670641839504242,
0.16884054243564606,
-0.6150420308113098,
0.5235650539398193,
0.0701354593038559,
-0.07910299301147461,
0.019288428127765656,
-0.6907352209091187,
-0.450714111328125,
0.6963555812835693,
0.1307065188884735,
-0.15450239181518555,
-0.09440174698829651,
0.41662004590034485,
-1.0315358638763428,
-0.28603482246398926,
-0.42194992303848267,
0.25369566679000854,
-0.06919656693935394,
0.08688899874687195,
-0.18089479207992554,
0.5030856728553772,
-0.044441044330596924,
-0.6335384845733643,
-0.03254754841327667,
-0.04684508964419365,
-0.695870578289032,
-0.03781196475028992,
0.40019068121910095,
-0.4912901222705841,
-0.14472472667694092,
0.5367709994316101,
-0.32014572620391846,
0.1710357666015625,
-0.09695254266262054,
-0.015581464394927025,
0.1717408299446106,
-0.18823891878128052,
-0.35534152388572693,
0.1599072962999344,
0.049648769199848175,
0.5300742387771606,
0.14688639342784882,
0.2764051556587219,
-0.5451473593711853,
-0.23535847663879395,
-0.4708172678947449,
-0.5335495471954346,
0.28045132756233215,
0.5053593516349792,
0.10772138088941574,
0.15871524810791016,
0.5811705589294434,
0.051940564066171646,
-0.5528964996337891,
-0.25476452708244324,
-0.1583465337753296,
-0.6797528266906738,
0.6334963440895081,
0.3291967213153839,
-0.23330511152744293,
0.21207202970981598,
-0.31892549991607666,
-0.07399716973304749,
-0.5148779153823853,
-0.9728013277053833,
0.016127482056617737,
0.27295130491256714,
0.29790955781936646,
0.05207781493663788,
-0.06144042685627937,
0.473081111907959,
0.5218204855918884,
-0.2688535749912262,
0.13515235483646393,
-0.14990708231925964,
-0.12521541118621826,
0.43238365650177,
-0.11770692467689514,
-0.3263959586620331,
-0.719512403011322,
0.20656752586364746,
-0.7923171520233154,
0.3300228416919708,
0.11864788830280304,
0.357948362827301,
0.07881074398756027,
-0.23540310561656952,
0.258104532957077,
0.16638238728046417,
0.5202118158340454,
-0.17580275237560272,
-0.032886311411857605,
0.40060317516326904,
-0.2827984690666199,
-0.25248709321022034,
-0.8935656547546387,
-0.02181955985724926,
-0.08206185698509216,
0.03234409913420677,
-0.3966236412525177,
-0.04380626231431961,
-0.1832725703716278,
-0.9092432856559753,
-0.31551387906074524,
-0.11904148012399673,
0.5010749697685242,
-0.76698237657547,
0.15484654903411865,
-0.6295333504676819,
1.0417718887329102,
-0.01439464371651411,
-0.3879486918449402,
-0.18443822860717773,
-0.7817361354827881,
0.4739491939544678,
0.021124839782714844,
0.27664077281951904,
0.3373783230781555,
0.24800372123718262,
-0.08372171968221664,
0.6732275485992432,
-0.1049824059009552,
-0.3864346742630005,
0.26197147369384766,
0.7530403733253479,
-0.5723060369491577,
0.18592002987861633,
0.203191876411438,
-0.6226435899734497,
-0.3245212137699127,
0.21353571116924286,
-0.2694465219974518,
0.14833374321460724,
0.15283265709877014,
-0.2238459289073944,
-0.21140295267105103,
0.058600857853889465,
0.33465179800987244,
-0.39205119013786316,
0.37058377265930176,
0.18793849647045135,
0.0923047736287117,
-0.3361240029335022,
0.26184821128845215,
0.3657950162887573,
-0.4334415793418884,
0.12403904646635056,
-0.17104266583919525,
-0.05427312105894089,
1.0163419246673584,
-0.6228474378585815,
-0.5774654746055603,
-0.2007240653038025,
0.38803642988204956,
0.019383924081921577,
0.05894249677658081,
0.1407654881477356,
-0.3392232060432434,
-0.2845531702041626,
-1.0099977254867554,
0.7559477686882019,
0.16045229136943817,
0.2639167606830597,
0.3124181032180786,
-0.13102960586547852,
0.3922763466835022,
0.2913590371608734,
-0.09198310226202011,
0.3068322241306305,
-0.17755043506622314,
0.16949938237667084,
-0.251615434885025,
0.13785777986049652,
-0.41746124625205994,
-0.14608563482761383,
-0.41314050555229187,
0.31605836749076843,
-0.5504539012908936,
-0.36054518818855286,
-0.19033043086528778,
0.17000812292099,
1.1946467161178589,
0.11249633133411407,
-0.9966766834259033,
0.08014154434204102,
0.30700790882110596,
0.28683799505233765,
-0.47124379873275757,
-0.12710650265216827,
0.49527573585510254,
-0.057372864335775375,
-0.14784546196460724,
-0.3373030424118042,
0.377185583114624,
0.25871098041534424,
-0.40211498737335205,
0.4039289057254791,
-0.13005664944648743,
0.5329518914222717,
0.5345744490623474,
0.2497919201850891,
-0.044088494032621384,
-0.09576661139726639,
-0.28749415278434753,
0.926176905632019,
-0.10609816759824753,
-0.08956018090248108,
0.316314160823822,
0.254393607378006,
-0.31814438104629517,
0.738692581653595,
0.19631235301494598,
0.41130518913269043,
0.28206172585487366,
0.9502834677696228,
0.025022193789482117,
0.1587371528148651,
-0.4092080593109131,
-0.14935292303562164,
-0.10646077990531921,
-0.12909488379955292,
-0.3043588399887085,
-0.3682871460914612,
0.03916420415043831,
-0.006533697247505188,
-0.4276145398616791,
0.34408068656921387,
0.014680672436952591,
-0.7746084332466125,
-0.17356084287166595,
-0.6070476174354553,
-0.07849124073982239,
-0.2850911021232605,
0.663992166519165,
-0.23530986905097961,
0.11724505573511124,
0.38153740763664246,
0.12133157253265381,
0.5487204790115356,
0.1206744909286499,
-0.3484970033168793,
0.17160551249980927,
0.19043052196502686,
-0.5716618895530701,
0.15895846486091614,
-0.07188443839550018,
0.26795732975006104,
-0.3116304576396942,
-0.024638371542096138,
0.14107993245124817,
0.418333500623703,
0.3515058159828186,
0.36069929599761963,
0.5094588398933411,
0.2998250424861908,
-0.30757957696914673,
0.18221645057201385,
-0.23397444188594818,
-0.18563252687454224,
-0.08459115028381348,
0.12130854278802872,
-0.3818122148513794,
0.21121135354042053,
-0.5638120174407959,
0.34825992584228516,
0.23837488889694214,
-0.48963141441345215,
0.16425561904907227,
-0.2276144176721573,
0.374552458524704,
0.9357097148895264,
0.20081596076488495,
-0.250684916973114,
0.4845553934574127,
-0.24313262104988098,
-0.3523764908313751,
-0.22905002534389496,
-0.402790904045105,
-0.40511929988861084,
0.9662854075431824,
1.1381651163101196,
-0.10161127895116806,
0.11994629353284836,
-0.040735065937042236,
-0.33373376727104187,
0.5773087739944458,
0.4092714488506317,
0.051594339311122894,
0.33563390374183655,
0.16331449151039124,
0.9214788675308228,
-0.14725260436534882,
0.9873312711715698,
-0.24419747292995453,
0.040474727749824524,
-0.10005154460668564,
0.6660237312316895,
-0.28541234135627747,
0.08799219876527786,
-0.15475782752037048,
-0.24639469385147095,
0.4615209400653839,
-0.035434164106845856,
-0.13393908739089966,
0.19822165369987488,
-0.6207185387611389,
0.5791866183280945,
-0.09339321404695511,
-0.06644581258296967,
0.3015337288379669,
0.6056023240089417,
0.44163525104522705,
-0.5176084041595459,
-0.160567507147789,
0.3006838262081146,
0.11851447820663452,
0.42653560638427734,
0.7998338341712952,
-0.23801778256893158,
-0.480425089597702,
0.11896412074565887,
-0.15975983440876007,
-0.19127129018306732,
-0.6860408782958984,
-0.3562749922275543,
-0.48522794246673584,
0.2613612711429596,
0.07892611622810364,
-0.2270319014787674,
0.16261805593967438,
0.517423152923584,
-0.4890260100364685,
-0.06015152484178543,
0.19921395182609558,
-0.26547667384147644,
0.04996247589588165,
-0.3918250501155853,
0.4215366840362549,
0.67555832862854,
-0.11532240360975266,
-0.247621551156044,
0.48232564330101013,
0.1573379784822464,
-0.555837094783783,
-0.6621516942977905,
0.41150686144828796,
-0.116978719830513,
-0.16194112598896027,
-0.3428896963596344,
0.32885751128196716,
0.836355447769165,
-0.5188378095626831,
0.07892739027738571,
0.19232147932052612,
0.1295533925294876,
0.2237703800201416,
0.5369462370872498,
0.025166666135191917,
0.12709297239780426,
-0.4117225110530853,
0.5177314877510071,
0.3642602562904358,
0.0013606201391667128,
-0.6150732636451721,
-0.32883593440055847,
-0.04090746492147446,
-0.08019410818815231,
-0.01425643265247345,
-0.24871575832366943,
0.80606609582901,
-0.3068252205848694,
0.5210441946983337,
-0.3308078646659851,
0.5259823203086853,
-0.20030276477336884,
0.19797195494174957,
0.2006378173828125,
-0.08843791484832764,
-0.30938583612442017,
-0.05889781564474106,
-0.20980215072631836,
-0.05268280208110809,
0.2481696456670761,
-0.16597887873649597,
-0.022441700100898743,
0.3060949742794037,
-0.04211900383234024,
-0.00319144269451499,
-0.7905587553977966,
-0.5265085101127625,
0.20374228060245514,
-0.18716847896575928,
0.6673113703727722,
0.008392087183892727,
-0.12289091944694519,
-0.26922065019607544,
0.010240750387310982,
-0.4521919786930084,
-0.44779646396636963,
0.4881867468357086
] |
256700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20problem | Mathematical problem | A mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems. It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell's Paradox.
Real-world problems
Informal "real-world" mathematical problems are questions related to a concrete setting, such as "Adam has five apples and gives John three. How many has he left?". Such questions are usually more difficult to solve than regular mathematical exercises like "5 − 3", even if one knows the mathematics required to solve the problem. Known as word problems, they are used in mathematics education to teach students to connect real-world situations to the abstract language of mathematics.
In general, to use mathematics for solving a real-world problem, the first step is to construct a mathematical model of the problem. This involves abstraction from the details of the problem, and the modeller has to be careful not to lose essential aspects in translating the original problem into a mathematical one. After the problem has been solved in the world of mathematics, the solution must be translated back into the context of the original problem.
Abstract problems
Abstract mathematical problems arise in all fields of mathematics. While mathematicians usually study them for their own sake, by doing so, results may be obtained that find application outside the realm of mathematics. Theoretical physics has historically been a rich source of inspiration.
Some abstract problems have been rigorously proved to be unsolvable, such as squaring the circle and trisecting the angle using only the compass and straightedge constructions of classical geometry, and solving the general quintic equation algebraically. Also provably unsolvable are so-called undecidable problems, such as the halting problem for Turing machines.
Some well-known difficult abstract problems that have been solved relatively recently are the four-colour theorem, Fermat's Last Theorem, and the Poincaré conjecture.
Computers do not need to have a sense of the motivations of mathematicians in order to do what they do.Formal definitions and computer-checkable deductions are absolutely central to mathematical science.
Degradation of problems to exercises
Mathematics educators using problem solving for evaluation have an issue phrased by Alan H. Schoenfeld:
How can one compare test scores from year to year, when very different problems are used? (If similar problems are used year after year, teachers and students will learn what they are, students will practice them: problems become exercises, and the test no longer assesses problem solving).
The same issue was faced by Sylvestre Lacroix almost two centuries earlier:
... it is necessary to vary the questions that students might communicate with each other. Though they may fail the exam, they might pass later. Thus distribution of questions, the variety of topics, or the answers, risks losing the opportunity to compare, with precision, the candidates one-to-another.
Such degradation of problems into exercises is characteristic of mathematics in history. For example, describing the preparations for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos in the 19th century, Andrew Warwick wrote:
... many families of the then standard problems had originally taxed the abilities of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century.
See also
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
Problem solving
Mathematical game
References
, translated from
Mathematics education
Elementary mathematics | [
-0.5039594769477844,
0.2856585383415222,
-0.2400667369365692,
0.4471699595451355,
-0.2065178006887436,
0.4741976857185364,
0.16475127637386322,
-0.08000025153160095,
-0.41558554768562317,
-0.7343602180480957,
-0.4659898281097412,
0.2813951075077057,
-0.21598482131958008,
-0.03198036551475525,
-0.08672024309635162,
0.23468981683254242,
0.6218392252922058,
-0.20752832293510437,
-0.16025593876838684,
-0.22586652636528015,
-0.4092893898487091,
0.24969762563705444,
0.05569852888584137,
-0.3656710982322693,
-0.049291178584098816,
-0.42368489503860474,
-0.10916087031364441,
0.4394245743751526,
-0.08201363682746887,
0.2683974504470825,
-0.44922155141830444,
0.6926538348197937,
-0.006785333622246981,
-0.21932853758335114,
-0.309336394071579,
0.2664256989955902,
0.13640032708644867,
0.21489833295345306,
-0.10473427921533585,
-0.26477450132369995,
0.8071721792221069,
0.14588138461112976,
-0.0914839431643486,
0.047416578978300095,
-0.5836343169212341,
-0.38805723190307617,
-1.1863903999328613,
-0.01991381123661995,
-0.20633438229560852,
-0.37950238585472107,
-0.16539734601974487,
0.45832884311676025,
0.30908307433128357,
0.6251611709594727,
-0.2885574698448181,
0.6691380143165588,
0.18665467202663422,
-0.16778048872947693,
0.03992127999663353,
-0.1779167801141739,
-0.027631735429167747,
0.07132472097873688,
0.03768571838736534,
-0.3134083151817322,
0.004501156508922577,
0.6734330654144287,
0.06362617015838623,
-0.24714918434619904,
-0.43769776821136475,
-0.4701617956161499,
-0.08979299664497375,
-0.6561774611473083,
-0.688558042049408,
0.32468798756599426,
-0.4093092381954193,
-0.24824795126914978,
0.5887565016746521,
0.09216563403606415,
-0.4103551208972931,
0.1837015450000763,
-0.33696648478507996,
0.8395592570304871,
0.5367305874824524,
-0.08315117657184601,
0.288392037153244,
0.012649016454815865,
-0.4640701711177826,
0.6159944534301758,
-0.3915509879589081,
0.0158082265406847,
0.1826321929693222,
-0.19696839153766632,
0.19529041647911072,
-0.28016477823257446,
0.25703826546669006,
0.36017099022865295,
0.6362132430076599,
-0.007560482248663902,
0.47162267565727234,
0.20126162469387054,
0.11682074517011642,
-0.32258597016334534,
0.44300225377082825,
-0.13432686030864716,
-0.2920242249965668,
-0.5880634188652039,
0.2453330159187317,
-0.5436111688613892,
-0.40890151262283325,
0.2138705849647522,
-0.7184832096099854,
0.22437140345573425,
0.4398081302642822,
-0.13054011762142181,
-0.35600101947784424,
0.3765566945075989,
0.44186246395111084,
0.5824150443077087,
-0.3413199782371521,
0.5375730395317078,
-0.3663533627986908,
0.10100660473108292,
0.1136070266366005,
0.43325603008270264,
0.16741333901882172,
0.16155019402503967,
0.6379606127738953,
1.0676366090774536,
-0.3525658845901489,
-0.23424206674098969,
-0.0321921668946743,
0.5768036246299744,
0.2874833047389984,
0.045715123414993286,
0.33659201860427856,
-0.4243476986885071,
-0.2497618943452835,
-0.3702540993690491,
-0.3272213041782379,
0.23622934520244598,
-0.9171068072319031,
-0.339963436126709,
-0.027362816035747528,
-0.08382602781057358,
0.08284034579992294,
-0.3738936185836792,
0.035739388316869736,
-0.6055832505226135,
-0.0144652696326375,
0.13167452812194824,
-0.02297607623040676,
-0.041592787951231,
-0.6798312664031982,
0.013037299737334251,
-0.2605183720588684,
0.44618019461631775,
-0.017640039324760437,
0.13855068385601044,
-0.31029388308525085,
0.3186139762401581,
0.0001933410530909896,
0.1766566038131714,
-0.35474371910095215,
-0.7749883532524109,
-0.27254587411880493,
-0.6401000022888184,
0.7880669832229614,
0.24867385625839233,
0.17948731780052185,
0.266372412443161,
-0.4274636209011078,
-0.4907730221748352,
0.2004261016845703,
0.10482875257730484,
0.04053284227848053,
-0.4458473026752472,
0.6307106018066406,
-0.40521782636642456,
0.736427366733551,
-0.02389952354133129,
-0.7765109539031982,
0.0666578859090805,
0.35738512873649597,
-0.4034131169319153,
0.45774325728416443,
-0.059624381363391876,
0.2932107150554657,
-0.4559006094932556,
0.21637505292892456,
-0.12190602719783783,
-0.3128344714641571,
0.1524583250284195,
0.3963366448879242,
-0.4558630585670471,
1.2606719732284546,
0.16239851713180542,
-0.926960825920105,
0.49830541014671326,
-0.5987913608551025,
0.3207707703113556,
0.03299107775092125,
-0.22249536216259003,
0.39397841691970825,
0.09490567445755005,
-0.7681801319122314,
0.4190503656864166,
0.0342726930975914,
0.12754598259925842,
-0.746520459651947,
0.5650956034660339,
0.13759355247020721,
-0.1712763011455536,
0.08917858451604843,
-0.37559571862220764,
0.10161256045103073,
0.3495813012123108,
-0.6283528208732605,
0.2131546586751938,
-0.34762224555015564,
-0.023699529469013214,
1.0841678380966187,
-0.17561164498329163,
0.14541912078857422,
0.5770052671432495,
-0.1300102323293686,
0.5120859742164612,
0.7360918521881104,
0.43476957082748413,
0.44516512751579285,
-0.5818020701408386,
-0.1860668659210205,
-0.010951275937259197,
0.5103365778923035,
-0.4775485396385193,
-0.32526493072509766,
0.5262794494628906,
0.41797012090682983,
-0.4731196463108063,
0.0784234032034874,
-0.30854544043540955,
-0.02183876372873783,
0.4315625727176666,
-0.31903573870658875,
0.20658856630325317,
0.06857895851135254,
-0.12512408196926117,
-0.8963451385498047,
-0.0466720312833786,
-0.015343244187533855,
-0.4107074439525604,
-0.6092509031295776,
0.5543975234031677,
0.11200273782014847,
-0.3095560669898987,
-0.4985170364379883,
-0.22943440079689026,
0.02431439980864525,
-0.3618237376213074,
0.4835885465145111,
0.5235525965690613,
-0.6853083372116089,
-0.15575051307678223,
0.14336664974689484,
-0.4887644648551941,
-0.32952880859375,
-0.1652621328830719,
-0.3981270492076874,
-0.5777258276939392,
0.32165178656578064,
0.5952233076095581,
0.30351534485816956,
-0.38025954365730286,
-0.4254585802555084,
0.16141818463802338,
-0.13824114203453064,
-0.6319988965988159,
-0.08452104777097702,
-0.18902669847011566,
-1.339563012123108,
-0.4992462694644928,
0.34977221488952637,
0.5137653946876526,
0.4828731417655945,
-0.05813854560256004,
-0.3283845782279968,
-0.05534156411886215,
-0.008887522853910923,
-0.0753835067152977,
0.1541663259267807,
-0.1407482922077179,
-0.3485868275165558,
-0.010837181471288204,
-0.51087886095047,
-0.35011401772499084,
1.2981724739074707,
0.4357244074344635,
0.05203365162014961,
-0.1996598243713379,
0.2305338978767395,
0.04446656256914139,
-0.12918317317962646,
0.38746270537376404,
-0.24562188982963562,
-0.24743348360061646,
-0.17216981947422028,
-0.23814286291599274,
-0.3130829334259033,
0.6061096787452698,
-5.795358657836914,
-0.46925878524780273,
-0.3215690851211548,
-0.06855268031358719,
-0.7386892437934875,
0.44597581028938293,
0.30335500836372375,
0.13029076159000397,
0.03140688315033913,
-0.16519410908222198,
-0.0956636294722557,
0.0902247205376625,
-0.3640979528427124,
0.6540958881378174,
0.45499053597450256,
0.1607266515493393,
0.5778645873069763,
-0.18435057997703552,
-0.049220629036426544,
0.35976189374923706,
0.22367897629737854,
-0.04127652198076248,
-0.14652450382709503,
0.4088723063468933,
-0.04840879887342453,
0.5080469250679016,
-0.11406394839286804,
0.36306363344192505,
-0.19886521995067596,
0.21480081975460052,
-0.163452610373497,
-0.2793079614639282,
-0.33504998683929443,
-0.5348883867263794,
0.183730348944664,
0.3692854344844818,
0.6322987675666809,
0.14393456280231476,
0.28111156821250916,
-0.002740396186709404,
-0.2991763651371002,
0.5209167003631592,
0.19687968492507935,
0.18175627291202545,
0.24695715308189392,
-0.35935983061790466,
-0.24076837301254272,
-0.1831432431936264,
-0.7744609117507935,
0.3333894908428192,
-0.23740938305854797,
0.284635990858078,
0.4365446865558624,
-0.08571140468120575,
0.14945998787879944,
0.14860457181930542,
0.3994251787662506,
-0.4985179901123047,
-0.5725710988044739,
0.07103554159402847,
0.4982150197029114,
-0.6142085790634155,
0.22583039104938507,
-0.6000300645828247,
-0.6774084568023682,
0.17306829988956451,
-0.5697246193885803,
-0.3925058841705322,
0.24521605670452118,
0.28005027770996094,
-0.24317288398742676,
0.34336787462234497,
0.06789704412221909,
-0.39488422870635986,
0.09938690066337585,
-0.1554306298494339,
-0.08985280245542526,
0.17360219359397888,
0.5691976547241211,
0.2792099118232727,
-0.25245201587677,
-0.5415281653404236,
-0.33665990829467773,
0.07880975306034088,
0.06415757536888123,
0.12539255619049072,
-0.4394652843475342,
-0.2611123025417328,
-0.34858429431915283,
-0.0355222225189209,
1.139870285987854,
-0.31915801763534546,
0.8259149789810181,
0.6364401578903198,
0.8603358864784241,
0.6730855107307434,
0.7555838823318481,
-0.12076413631439209,
0.4411507844924927,
-0.45172351598739624,
0.3432043194770813,
-0.18017232418060303,
0.04832449555397034,
-0.05394308269023895,
-0.14454668760299683,
-0.0720309466123581,
-0.7383312582969666,
0.867749810218811,
0.918854832649231,
-0.025426868349313736,
0.027013834565877914,
-0.01409813854843378,
-0.4380823075771332,
-0.10210353136062622,
0.3412954807281494,
0.3782500624656677,
-0.5911204814910889,
0.5670720338821411,
0.5086208581924438,
-0.28751417994499207,
0.008571840822696686,
-0.1499200016260147,
0.37824147939682007,
-0.24388283491134644,
-0.3976195454597473,
-0.15324659645557404,
0.022733943536877632,
0.03599674627184868,
-0.2360963076353073,
0.24696718156337738,
0.01358124241232872,
0.7535927295684814,
0.3544899523258209,
0.1648637354373932,
0.28565433621406555,
-0.30111491680145264,
0.15657031536102295,
0.2027929127216339,
0.03847940266132355,
-0.7667414546012878,
1.0315755605697632,
-0.051505379378795624,
-0.036087214946746826,
-0.4470329284667969,
0.3370581269264221,
-0.08350381255149841,
-0.4434562921524048,
-0.023350948467850685,
-0.2554143965244293,
0.41942715644836426,
-0.2571597397327423,
-0.689182698726654,
0.5793482065200806,
-0.07411115616559982,
0.1677071452140808,
0.15917673707008362,
-0.1490967720746994,
0.19146645069122314,
0.3120071589946747,
-0.11977814882993698,
0.47366955876350403,
-0.2078351229429245,
-0.9635569453239441,
-0.644291877746582,
-0.10713031142950058,
0.4071027636528015,
-0.6589383482933044,
-0.07171507179737091,
0.13090626895427704,
0.6018041968345642,
0.436408668756485,
-0.4619643986225128,
0.2205898016691208,
-0.6988245844841003,
0.15104301273822784,
-0.10082253068685532,
0.32204756140708923,
-0.054766979068517685,
-0.32924073934555054,
-0.43561187386512756,
0.28818145394325256,
-0.8571649789810181,
0.04506317526102066,
0.8626874089241028,
0.8064091801643372,
-0.21542201936244965,
0.48738330602645874,
0.23870597779750824,
-0.3047063946723938,
-0.04450477659702301,
0.05713754892349243,
-0.09753362834453583,
0.2291616052389145,
-0.1637372076511383,
-0.06684701889753342,
-0.06018625944852829,
0.2985318601131439,
0.3569057881832123,
-0.3976210355758667,
-0.3050694763660431,
-0.11197712272405624,
0.39279183745384216,
-0.13125629723072052,
-0.0976426899433136,
0.7697088122367859,
-0.8092617392539978,
-0.018859047442674637,
-0.5604563355445862,
-0.41610702872276306,
0.11469672620296478,
-0.5995709896087646,
-0.09821047633886337,
-0.22400116920471191,
-0.5449993014335632,
-0.7023051977157593,
0.13104374706745148,
0.41267210245132446,
-0.05695945769548416,
-0.5006590485572815,
0.033068910241127014,
-0.1735244244337082,
-0.29273462295532227,
-0.7380403280258179,
-0.10643850266933441,
0.18364183604717255,
0.046562403440475464,
0.18404227495193481,
-0.6139070987701416,
0.4673420190811157,
0.15143945813179016,
-0.14984391629695892,
-0.36843225359916687,
-0.43156927824020386,
0.005197423510253429,
-0.001920901471748948,
-0.7011780142784119,
-0.13980980217456818,
0.4882473945617676,
-0.404173344373703,
-0.342337042093277,
0.08037792891263962,
0.25482919812202454,
-0.11839468032121658,
-0.12002670764923096,
0.250962495803833,
0.08599715679883957,
0.4869000017642975,
-0.35692402720451355,
-0.29036638140678406,
0.3653332591056824,
0.43442055583000183,
0.09826479852199554,
-0.41067951917648315,
-0.3171708285808563,
0.33984440565109253,
0.5837461948394775,
-0.0034360974095761776,
-0.5553597211837769,
0.37284260988235474,
0.4179386794567108,
0.004932272247970104,
-0.6431323885917664,
-0.5876485109329224,
-0.335222452878952,
0.25908830761909485,
-0.1422288864850998,
0.17361369729042053,
-0.10141494870185852,
0.804053783416748,
-0.11334863305091858,
-0.028779957443475723,
-0.37601202726364136,
0.11845574527978897,
0.3463779389858246,
-0.09503293037414551,
-0.13340052962303162,
-0.053950436413288116,
0.4112054407596588,
-0.12120134383440018,
0.18381449580192566,
-0.5461281538009644,
0.1736574023962021,
0.26371273398399353,
-0.30931606888771057,
0.4430221915245056,
-0.11379434168338776,
0.3240318298339844,
0.45636484026908875,
-0.2331051379442215,
0.377522349357605,
-0.6542909741401672,
-0.2861124575138092,
-0.1908920556306839,
-0.024349907413125038,
0.04075652360916138,
0.28402552008628845,
0.2040998488664627,
0.16388031840324402,
0.10689140111207962,
-0.2977482080459595,
-0.3792915642261505,
0.5692335367202759,
0.06941564381122589,
-0.5374816656112671,
0.41946420073509216,
0.41964462399482727,
0.22206838428974152,
-0.40731433033943176,
-0.18588986992835999,
-0.18525953590869904,
0.08688133955001831,
0.3395370543003082,
0.07186046987771988,
0.654801070690155,
-0.20135678350925446,
0.17198331654071808,
0.5249271988868713,
-0.542719841003418,
0.2653456926345825,
0.31625133752822876,
0.06974469870328903,
-0.1794058382511139,
0.5456417798995972,
-0.6184604167938232,
-0.7104828357696533,
0.41116195917129517,
-0.333778977394104,
0.1252765953540802,
0.06674528867006302,
0.20848605036735535,
0.6288135647773743,
0.37878522276878357,
-0.18144935369491577,
0.1645445078611374,
-0.04685492441058159,
-0.15171949565410614,
0.26672476530075073,
-0.9546521902084351,
-0.2844564616680145,
0.15211306512355804,
0.8396860957145691,
0.2911115884780884,
-0.1285778135061264,
0.5085079073905945,
-0.4707662761211395,
0.48194774985313416,
0.24548669159412384,
-0.15954531729221344,
-0.8477930426597595,
0.29789096117019653,
0.5015196800231934,
0.13966037333011627,
0.11426665633916855,
-0.11001316457986832,
0.09991423040628433,
-0.3062989413738251,
-0.0020996013190597296,
-0.27719786763191223,
0.3219003677368164,
0.4150993525981903,
0.34080103039741516,
0.5072210431098938,
0.07465454936027527,
0.02662254497408867,
-0.1999114602804184,
0.5552917122840881,
0.48433759808540344,
-0.19677026569843292,
0.3410210609436035,
-0.3881528079509735,
-0.47042718529701233,
0.4756872057914734,
-0.3797060549259186,
0.7384309768676758,
-0.3652782142162323,
-0.5625054836273193,
-0.07352397590875626,
0.1945972740650177,
0.19242675602436066,
-0.3068962097167969,
0.4706242084503174,
-0.2340342253446579,
-0.3894438147544861,
-0.4700818955898285,
-0.11283483356237411,
-0.27067822217941284,
0.14956845343112946,
0.2639116048812866,
-0.08859273791313171,
0.16600839793682098,
0.2031780183315277,
-0.5196943283081055,
0.06294497847557068,
0.3310917913913727,
0.11394146084785461,
0.09399644285440445,
-0.5371437072753906,
1.1229863166809082,
0.3154340982437134,
0.17030318081378937,
0.08473257720470428,
-0.8198937177658081,
0.3436475694179535,
0.0911654606461525,
-0.6578434109687805,
-0.3978908956050873,
-0.1105579361319542,
0.357819527387619,
-0.9175426959991455,
0.24516084790229797,
0.0749402642250061,
-0.13130001723766327,
0.021165456622838974,
0.10330173373222351,
0.22695918381214142,
0.007934113964438438,
0.35255807638168335,
-0.13323362171649933,
0.17275701463222504,
-0.36001351475715637,
-0.1648414134979248,
-0.2995678782463074,
0.30991560220718384,
0.4648289680480957,
0.09634000062942505,
-0.44661736488342285,
-0.1308211237192154,
-0.36612483859062195,
0.20128771662712097,
-0.10984119027853012,
-0.040975138545036316,
0.4489154815673828,
-0.2768011689186096,
0.7356380820274353,
0.12061087787151337,
-0.37137657403945923,
0.715835452079773,
-0.08502865582704544,
0.0055464450269937515,
-0.5428483486175537,
-0.3844822943210602,
0.14773517847061157,
-0.34465739130973816,
0.7882174253463745,
-0.3987889587879181,
0.5126701593399048,
-0.496782124042511,
-0.5089921355247498,
-0.42602381110191345,
0.26402992010116577,
0.3480280041694641,
0.015176608227193356,
0.35242539644241333,
-0.20580509305000305,
-0.35055994987487793,
0.22516384720802307,
0.4219827651977539,
-0.6968010663986206,
-0.5426726937294006,
0.7635462880134583
] |
256702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com | Salon.com | Salon is an American politically progressive/liberal news and opinion website created in 1995. It publishes articles on U.S. politics, culture, and current events.
Content and coverage
Salon covers a variety of topics, including reviews and articles about books, films, and music; articles about "modern life", including friendships, human sexual behavior, and relationships; and reviews and articles about technology, with a particular focus on the free and open-source software (FOSS) movement.
According to the senior contributing writer for the American Journalism Review, Paul Farhi, Salon offers "provocative (if predictably liberal) political commentary and lots of sex."
In 2008, Salon launched the interactive initiative Open Salon, a social content site/blog network for its readers. Originally a curated site with some of its content being featured on Salon, it fell into editorial neglect and was closed in March 2015.
Responding to the question, "How far do you go with the tabloid sensibility to get readers?," former Salon.com editor-in-chief David Talbot said:
Staff and contributors
Salon.com, originally salon1999.com, was founded in 1995 by David Talbot, Gary Kamiya, Andrew Ross, Mignon Khargie, Scott Rosenberg, and Laura Miller.
Regular contributors have included the political-opinion writers Amanda Marcotte, Scott Eric Kaufman, Heather Digby Parton and Sean Illing, critic Andrew O'Hehir and pop-culture columnist Mary Elizabeth Williams.
David Talbot, founder and original editor-in-chief, also served several stints as CEO, most recently replacing Richard Gingras, who left to join Google as head of news products in July 2011. Joan Walsh was the second editor-in-chief, serving in that role starting in 2005. She stepped down as editor-in-chief in November 2010 and was replaced by Kerry Lauerman. David Daley took over the editor-in-chief position in June 2013.
Jordan Hoffner took over as CEO in May 2016, also serving as editor-in-chief. He resigned in May 2019, and was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Erin Keane.
As of September 2021, Salon's CEO was Chris Richmond, and its editor-in-chief was Erin Keane.
History
Salon was created in the wake of the San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994, by former San Francisco Examiner arts and features editor David Talbot who wished to explore the potential of Web. It launched as salonmag.com in November 1995. In its early days, readers noticed a specifically Northern California flavor. In 1996, Talbot agreed: "We swim in the soup of San Francisco. There are a lot of odd fish we've plucked out of the bay here and it gives us some of that Left Coast, Weird Coast style." Time magazine named it one of the Best Web Sites of 1996.
Salon purchased the virtual community The WELL in April 1999 (switching to its current URL, salon.com, at roughly that time), and made its initial public offering (IPO) of Salon.com on the NASDAQ stock exchange on June 22 of that year. Subsequently, for the month of October 1999, Nielsen/NetRatings reported that Salon had over 2 million users.
Salon Premium, a pay-to-view (online) content subscription was introduced on April 25, 2001. The service signed up 130,000 subscribers and staved off discontinuation of services. However, in November 2002, the company announced it had accumulated cash and non-cash losses of $80 million, and by February 2003 it was having difficulty paying its rent and made an appeal for donations to keep the company running.
On October 9, 2003, Michael O'Donnell, the chief executive and president of Salon Media Group, said he was leaving the company after seven years because it was "time for a change." When he left, Salon.com had accrued $83.6 million in losses since its inception, and its stock traded for 5¢ on the OTC Bulletin Board. David Talbot, Salon's chairman and editor-in-chief at the time, became the new chief executive. Elizabeth "Betsy" Hambrecht, then Salon's chief financial officer, became the president.
In July 2008, Salon launched Open Salon, a "social content site" and "curated blog network." It was nominated for a 2009 National Magazine Award in the category "best interactive feature." On March 9, 2015, Salon announced it would be closing Open Salon after six years of hosting a community of writers and bloggers.
Salon closed its online chat board "Table Talk" on June 10, 2011, without stating an official reason for ending that section of the site.
On July 16, 2012, Salon announced that it would be featuring content from Mondoweiss.
Salon Media Group sold The WELL to the group of members in September 2012.
Business model and operations
Salon has been unprofitable through its entire history. Since 2007, the company has been dependent upon repeated cash injections from board Chairman John Warnock and William Hambrecht, father of former Salon CEO Elizabeth Hambrecht. During the nine months ending on December 31, 2012, these cash contributions amounted to $3.4 million, compared to revenue in the same period of $2.7 million. In December 2016 and January 2017, the company was evicted from its New York offices at 132 West 31st Street, a block from Madison Square Garden, for non-payment of $90,000 in back rent. In February 2017, Spear Point Capital invested $1 million into Salon, taking a 29% equity stake and three seats on the company's board. On August 30, 2019, Salon.com was sold for $5 million by Salon Media Group () to privately held Salon.com, LLC, which is owned by Chris Richmond and Drew Schoentrup.
Aspects of the Salon.com site offerings, ordered by advancing date:
Free content: around 15 new articles posted per-day, revenues wholly derived from in-page advertisements.
Per-day new content was reduced for a time.
Salon Premium subscription: Approximately 20 percent of new content was made available to subscribers only. Other subscription benefits included free magazines and ad-free viewing. Larger, more conspicuous ad units were introduced for non-subscribers.
A hybrid subscription model: Readers can now read content by viewing a 15-second full screen advertisement to earn a "day pass" or gain access by subscribing to Salon Premium.
Salon Core: After Salon Premium subscriptions declined from about 100,000 to 10,000, it was rebranded in 2011 as Salon Core subscriptions featuring a different mix of benefits.
In 2018, Salon launched a beta program allowing customers to opt out of advertising in exchange for mining cryptocurrency.
Controversies
Retracted article on vaccine conference
An article called "Deadly Immunity" written by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. appeared on the Salon and simultaneously in the July 14, 2005 issue of Rolling Stone. The article focused on the 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference and claimed that thimerosal-containing vaccines caused autism, as well as the conspiracy theory that government health agencies have "colluded with Big Pharma to hide the risks of thimerosal from the public." The article was retracted by Salon on January 16, 2011, in response to criticisms of the article as inaccurate.
Otto Warmbier
In March 2016, while American tourist Otto Warmbier was imprisoned in North Korea for allegedly trying to steal a propaganda poster there, the site posted an article about him headed: "This might be America's biggest idiot frat boy: Meet the UVa student who thought he could pull a prank in North Korea." After Warmbier's death, the article was removed. Andrew O'Hehir, the executive editor of Salon, said the article was a summary of the opinions of television comedian Larry Wilmore.
Todd Nickerson
In September 2015, Salon published an article written by Todd Nickerson, moderator of Virtuous Pedophiles, about his experiences with being a non-offending pedophile, titled: "I'm a pedophile, but not a monster." This caused controversy at the time, with some commentators considering it "pro-pedophile" and Nickerson himself subject to a "backlash." This article, along with an accompanying video and a follow-up article, was deleted in February 2017, supposedly to protect Salon from accusations of hypocrisy when covering Milo Yiannopoulos's alleged support for pedophilia, although Salon Media Group CEO and Salon acting editor-in-chief Jordan Hoffner told New York magazine it was due to unspecified "new editorial policies."
Cryptocurrency mining
In February 2018, it was noted that Salon was preventing readers using ad blockers from seeing its content. Such users are offered a choice of disabling their blocker, or allowing Salon to run an in-browser script, using the user's resources, to mine Monero, a form of cryptocurrency.
References
External links
1995 establishments in California
Internet properties established in 1995
American news websites
Online magazines published in the United States
American political websites
Webby Award winners
Companies based in San Francisco
Liberalism in the United States | [
0.35282447934150696,
-0.18089152872562408,
0.2035086452960968,
0.23190924525260925,
-0.14772546291351318,
-0.0655093640089035,
-0.06307945400476456,
0.40739256143569946,
-0.26799193024635315,
0.10783403366804123,
0.12374287098646164,
0.27171796560287476,
0.07511738687753677,
0.18840037286281586,
-0.4062418043613434,
-0.45344772934913635,
-0.6216102838516235,
0.2525160312652588,
0.3337377607822418,
-0.12879376113414764,
-0.07489573210477829,
-0.443577378988266,
0.16691645979881287,
-0.2098054438829422,
0.10892539471387863,
0.21434731781482697,
0.27925294637680054,
-0.49751177430152893,
-0.2627063989639282,
0.37231069803237915,
-0.12228330969810486,
0.11561649292707443,
0.383881539106369,
-0.15664027631282806,
-0.35950547456741333,
-0.14642386138439178,
-0.09237325191497803,
0.12414508312940598,
-0.25591841340065,
0.2143385112285614,
-0.10551054775714874,
-0.3862956762313843,
0.4789442718029022,
0.8212243914604187,
-0.0023726969957351685,
-0.21530403196811676,
-1.8165686130523682,
0.5293143391609192,
-0.696188747882843,
0.23716309666633606,
-0.7070690989494324,
0.5474401712417603,
0.755085289478302,
0.4892585575580597,
0.11877258121967316,
0.7632701992988586,
-0.22842875123023987,
0.08846550434827805,
-0.5992717742919922,
-0.18396608531475067,
-0.10490703582763672,
0.23458097875118256,
0.8758412599563599,
-0.08061891049146652,
0.3354850113391876,
0.26330438256263733,
-0.10128245502710342,
0.3506551682949066,
-0.06386992335319519,
-0.2202628254890442,
0.22058641910552979,
-0.5589695572853088,
-0.10093455761671066,
0.41172558069229126,
-0.23542161285877228,
0.13572067022323608,
-0.0046213241294026375,
0.06554090231657028,
0.883007287979126,
-0.06972087919712067,
0.041208185255527496,
0.0861404687166214,
0.8277371525764465,
0.20322361588478088,
0.4209797978401184,
-0.012087959796190262,
-0.6245172619819641,
-0.16068650782108307,
0.20927557349205017,
0.341172456741333,
-0.1785774528980255,
0.06223871931433678,
0.9781306385993958,
0.24536094069480896,
0.11132997274398804,
-0.2504235804080963,
0.6202029585838318,
-0.0028151122387498617,
-0.16223086416721344,
0.28509652614593506,
0.0706835463643074,
0.2932521104812622,
-0.05731943994760513,
-0.26949939131736755,
-0.4146340489387512,
-0.27578863501548767,
-0.14638552069664001,
-0.7526872158050537,
0.7128157019615173,
0.701876163482666,
-0.08567950874567032,
0.5180056691169739,
0.1253630518913269,
0.0634007453918457,
-0.007318173069506884,
0.6040611863136292,
-0.08238183706998825,
-0.06666580587625504,
0.23903676867485046,
-0.23513662815093994,
0.12325290590524673,
1.1609506607055664,
0.12019500136375427,
-0.3171955943107605,
0.021143458783626556,
0.6848762631416321,
0.7622742652893066,
0.22416885197162628,
0.11363308131694794,
0.2990438938140869,
-0.0088784359395504,
0.11697518080472946,
0.1184203028678894,
-0.4067642092704773,
0.27868887782096863,
-0.33447444438934326,
0.4792807996273041,
-0.18971207737922668,
0.6733871102333069,
0.27574601769447327,
-0.03812800347805023,
-0.57307368516922,
-0.680827796459198,
-0.8448312878608704,
0.28620144724845886,
-0.5893509387969971,
0.2631034851074219,
-0.4946778118610382,
-0.14650167524814606,
-0.47847509384155273,
-0.2663504481315613,
-0.08307776600122452,
-0.04067809879779816,
-0.35994893312454224,
0.024717140942811966,
0.06952822208404541,
0.3866618573665619,
-0.15511693060398102,
0.6027228236198425,
0.2869149446487427,
0.4415454566478729,
0.23371638357639313,
-0.2365175485610962,
-0.23680827021598816,
-0.15409545600414276,
-0.16844244301319122,
-0.14467836916446686,
0.2793980538845062,
0.5868436694145203,
0.08593316376209259,
-0.6944506764411926,
0.0891285091638565,
0.6485446095466614,
0.3427693843841553,
0.5689364671707153,
0.289156973361969,
0.5733513236045837,
-0.373928427696228,
0.025836462154984474,
0.3318523168563843,
-0.7071456909179688,
0.15294517576694489,
0.14133800566196442,
-0.31610772013664246,
0.3730163872241974,
-0.43442484736442566,
0.5433041453361511,
0.05748305469751358,
0.4121401011943817,
0.27242591977119446,
-0.510364294052124,
-0.2927130162715912,
0.06488391011953354,
-0.29316094517707825,
1.176662802696228,
-0.12171250581741333,
-0.7517582774162292,
1.3248339891433716,
0.08828909695148468,
0.41608327627182007,
-0.047904159873723984,
0.1934012621641159,
0.42336323857307434,
0.008745411410927773,
-0.297414630651474,
-0.12377394735813141,
-0.02433018758893013,
0.27495425939559937,
0.3616454005241394,
0.3856991231441498,
-0.07469211518764496,
-0.4631023108959198,
0.3822517395019531,
0.25507500767707825,
-0.4256671667098999,
-0.14994266629219055,
-0.3728455901145935,
0.653930127620697,
-0.11329463124275208,
-0.2578608989715576,
1.4375358819961548,
-0.16442249715328217,
-0.1867230385541916,
0.23073068261146545,
-0.45974329113960266,
0.381446897983551,
0.014854525215923786,
0.13259172439575195,
0.39771875739097595,
-0.18013806641101837,
0.42316699028015137,
0.5435011386871338,
0.0938752219080925,
-1.1502519845962524,
0.1800043135881424,
0.020486965775489807,
0.024515267461538315,
-0.17143693566322327,
0.5255106091499329,
0.2074718326330185,
0.22531245648860931,
0.09683193266391754,
-0.10830698907375336,
0.5129054188728333,
-0.14383302628993988,
0.06194273382425308,
-0.15087182819843292,
0.3664417266845703,
-0.3460586667060852,
0.3753555119037628,
0.6667917966842651,
0.12624981999397278,
-0.1731838583946228,
-0.18179894983768463,
-0.20679889619350433,
-0.027303915470838547,
-0.13017353415489197,
-0.15307779610157013,
0.4302395284175873,
0.5247324109077454,
0.2633819580078125,
-0.34418871998786926,
-0.15934720635414124,
0.11089849472045898,
0.3480395972728729,
-0.49864980578422546,
0.02839822694659233,
-0.48715564608573914,
0.16942493617534637,
0.2670731544494629,
0.06344981491565704,
0.09892825782299042,
-0.09171084314584732,
0.16494324803352356,
0.30415719747543335,
-0.13562096655368805,
-0.09912019222974777,
0.39200904965400696,
-0.22060398757457733,
-0.691265344619751,
-0.4196332097053528,
0.5386178493499756,
0.45871585607528687,
-0.3085973262786865,
-0.2824399173259735,
-0.060990311205387115,
0.15035384893417358,
-0.6572622656822205,
-0.5650867819786072,
0.4338962435722351,
-0.0815645158290863,
-0.13830271363258362,
0.001118171843700111,
0.12329219281673431,
0.6895634531974792,
-0.12091290205717087,
0.21507078409194946,
0.14409254491329193,
-0.6710903644561768,
0.10921810567378998,
-0.27987197041511536,
0.580342710018158,
-0.2802986800670624,
-0.23145993053913116,
0.1577264964580536,
-0.38981443643569946,
0.09265756607055664,
-1.0081666707992554,
-5.940728664398193,
-0.27751773595809937,
-0.3635135889053345,
-0.9926087260246277,
-0.18512144684791565,
-0.21559947729110718,
0.5061559081077576,
-0.15947479009628296,
-0.05070215463638306,
0.3791687488555908,
0.11498080939054489,
0.1310519427061081,
-0.29420265555381775,
0.2994268834590912,
0.12595337629318237,
0.5335935950279236,
-0.19948914647102356,
0.23049262166023254,
-0.012523757293820381,
0.11826780438423157,
-0.4791580140590668,
-0.13463634252548218,
0.2351481318473816,
0.7009209990501404,
0.2588896155357361,
0.3410780429840088,
-0.43206560611724854,
0.005062994547188282,
-0.27333304286003113,
-0.3178134858608246,
0.17160846292972565,
0.2708572745323181,
-0.3630162477493286,
-0.021668707951903343,
0.37799355387687683,
-0.09401081502437592,
0.594768762588501,
-0.39835840463638306,
0.06822948157787323,
-0.30908259749412537,
0.01607566326856613,
0.6796299815177917,
0.20616979897022247,
-0.3972100615501404,
0.9324261546134949,
-0.5871020555496216,
-0.519930899143219,
0.058892831206321716,
-0.9061699509620667,
0.3637646436691284,
0.22094352543354034,
-0.20793291926383972,
0.1718146950006485,
0.20625001192092896,
-0.4508194923400879,
-0.606600821018219,
0.31478351354599,
-0.5662962198257446,
-0.7158163785934448,
-0.3482961058616638,
-0.28336718678474426,
0.04652455449104309,
0.7021666169166565,
-0.38467341661453247,
-0.34009474515914917,
-0.4186657667160034,
-0.45941683650016785,
-0.2894785404205322,
0.3321881890296936,
0.0348033532500267,
-0.10094313323497772,
0.7561259865760803,
-0.05698283389210701,
-0.722632884979248,
0.24660035967826843,
-0.4593837857246399,
0.3154010772705078,
-0.09218315780162811,
0.0931263267993927,
-0.03627494350075722,
0.01597556285560131,
0.21588414907455444,
0.0687803104519844,
-0.1601044088602066,
-0.4366089999675751,
-0.9399705529212952,
0.07173606753349304,
0.156655952334404,
-0.7486905455589294,
0.003031443804502487,
0.7650666236877441,
-0.2581910789012909,
0.3624974191188812,
0.08956638723611832,
-0.24449586868286133,
0.46378034353256226,
0.48018595576286316,
0.344420462846756,
0.14610855281352997,
-0.18627069890499115,
0.2724304497241974,
0.07464959472417831,
-0.004405529238283634,
-0.7810717225074768,
-0.26721352338790894,
-0.24819736182689667,
-0.2820286452770233,
-0.4572417140007019,
0.8407347798347473,
-0.8040051460266113,
-0.5774375796318054,
-0.2301119714975357,
-0.8939652442932129,
-0.09083365648984909,
-0.007844513282179832,
-0.05314508453011513,
-0.5136379599571228,
0.0455784872174263,
-0.08863303065299988,
0.2965202033519745,
-0.08732379227876663,
-0.11272541433572769,
-0.11392568051815033,
-0.021860584616661072,
-0.06448650360107422,
-0.2860002815723419,
-0.09745202958583832,
-0.32054388523101807,
0.044807035475969315,
0.29518604278564453,
0.001685424824245274,
0.20856600999832153,
0.050112899392843246,
-0.03640758991241455,
0.32186535000801086,
-0.3216228485107422,
-0.09689389914274216,
-0.19446322321891785,
-0.07770507037639618,
0.22496968507766724,
-0.10318151861429214,
0.5863541960716248,
-0.05157938227057457,
0.37792083621025085,
0.783577024936676,
0.5250980854034424,
-0.11653780192136765,
0.3976762592792511,
-0.4572405517101288,
0.6226755976676941,
-0.31168311834335327,
-0.24573783576488495,
0.4075361490249634,
-0.2682879567146301,
-0.00989108718931675,
0.18164484202861786,
0.21122924983501434,
0.6866748929023743,
-0.846927285194397,
-0.43071088194847107,
-0.44702327251434326,
-0.43646156787872314,
-0.41021528840065,
0.0748361200094223,
0.22827528417110443,
-0.3525043725967407,
-0.4130411744117737,
-0.03823453560471535,
-0.47175532579421997,
0.052865009754896164,
0.4495347738265991,
0.4160204827785492,
-0.1777753382921219,
-0.5401549339294434,
0.20976969599723816,
0.19897525012493134,
0.1978958547115326,
-0.1082376092672348,
-0.06570935994386673,
0.03486316651105881,
0.2703380286693573,
-0.40757548809051514,
-0.2996588945388794,
0.17793944478034973,
0.8425591588020325,
-0.10705585777759552,
-0.34098488092422485,
-0.19228610396385193,
0.11188826709985733,
0.4335368871688843,
0.05595071241259575,
0.06613820046186447,
0.061032045632600784,
-0.21046985685825348,
-0.1030481830239296,
-0.2850184440612793,
0.5808824300765991,
0.0872214064002037,
-0.5800476670265198,
-0.5133463740348816,
-0.23327146470546722,
0.5845068097114563,
-1.0580711364746094,
0.2338257133960724,
0.11033876240253448,
-0.6553643941879272,
0.33389848470687866,
0.24360108375549316,
-0.21495786309242249,
0.44542205333709717,
-0.21818779408931732,
-0.06504788249731064,
0.44397324323654175,
-0.38370856642723083,
-0.11037512123584747,
0.04825771972537041,
-0.09723728150129318,
-0.01605902425944805,
-0.3218523859977722,
-0.028240254148840904,
-0.15593557059764862,
-0.5393121838569641,
-0.6085134148597717,
0.02869565598666668,
-0.5114128589630127,
0.5951905846595764,
0.4416333734989166,
-0.23602449893951416,
0.22891268134117126,
-0.5165821313858032,
0.1595229059457779,
0.35003742575645447,
-0.26578015089035034,
0.13002710044384003,
0.2133750468492508,
-0.46094992756843567,
-0.39291369915008545,
0.4137434959411621,
0.32799479365348816,
0.3278859257698059,
0.09458450973033905,
-0.034072477370500565,
-0.0852498933672905,
-0.08163610100746155,
0.3707151710987091,
0.22785639762878418,
-0.33252057433128357,
-0.045179158449172974,
-0.786328136920929,
-0.04251369088888168,
0.2093278020620346,
-0.7313704490661621,
-0.4566691219806671,
-0.33265992999076843,
0.31185951828956604,
-0.49869468808174133,
0.23967573046684265,
0.3450954258441925,
-0.42359229922294617,
-0.17499208450317383,
-0.5511255264282227,
0.14159154891967773,
-0.32530179619789124,
0.31728431582450867,
0.19321681559085846,
0.5798470377922058,
0.2765972912311554,
-0.8336520195007324,
-0.1920570582151413,
-0.7656264901161194,
0.01223223377019167,
0.0010341100860387087,
0.23493823409080505,
0.608661413192749,
-0.09466760605573654,
-0.0816054716706276,
-0.03499186411499977,
-0.5753251314163208,
-0.039642419666051865,
-0.20382057130336761,
-0.37117645144462585,
-0.1439632773399353,
0.04361726716160774,
-0.11783438175916672,
0.4850754141807556,
-0.7945808172225952,
0.11856792122125626,
0.23700670897960663,
-0.566635251045227,
-0.06035483255982399,
0.13360297679901123,
0.44258496165275574,
0.23233532905578613,
0.17243994772434235,
-0.16848644614219666,
0.22817471623420715,
0.5921261310577393,
-0.06261670589447021,
-0.15237878262996674,
0.20537318289279938,
-0.2825980484485626,
0.017452048137784004,
0.06751658767461777,
-0.08692741394042969,
-0.07805868983268738,
-0.0840749591588974,
-0.2932395040988922,
0.0902995616197586,
-0.09804005920886993,
-0.0010805563069880009,
0.010953718796372414,
-0.315561443567276,
0.3798271119594574,
0.32819363474845886,
-0.863338053226471,
0.19356416165828705,
-0.418213427066803,
-0.6445812582969666,
0.3381537199020386,
-0.25608667731285095,
-0.2986115515232086,
0.4545460641384125,
0.2674019932746887,
0.11270494759082794,
0.10757992416620255,
0.3551660180091858,
-0.5506994724273682,
0.5462296605110168,
0.018145032227039337,
-0.16593106091022491,
0.23997275531291962,
0.26897329092025757,
-0.3221254348754883,
-0.06445205211639404,
-0.03578748553991318,
-0.925447404384613,
-0.11587604135274887,
-0.192606121301651,
-0.37884077429771423,
0.2583198547363281,
0.3351072371006012,
0.20808768272399902,
0.13833582401275635,
-0.009271643124520779,
-0.12097658216953278,
0.29294776916503906,
0.20760886371135712,
0.5947098731994629,
-0.21426895260810852,
0.03848494589328766,
-0.20218873023986816,
-0.0145195871591568,
-0.23159296810626984,
-0.6134767532348633,
0.31218186020851135,
-0.6945732235908508,
0.03633394092321396,
-0.036034367978572845,
0.2552286386489868,
0.24370215833187103,
-0.038134731352329254,
0.008771970868110657,
0.06997537612915039,
0.2359447330236435,
-0.4009758532047272,
0.2449113428592682,
0.5232404470443726,
-0.4543851613998413,
0.35573771595954895,
0.3429349958896637,
0.14255739748477936,
0.2372307926416397,
-0.09639867395162582,
0.13279542326927185,
-0.3209594488143921,
0.007569835986942053,
0.6676104664802551,
0.09722200036048889,
0.044207360595464706,
0.01229348499327898,
-0.33966362476348877,
0.09555478394031525,
-0.5179958939552307,
0.2155456840991974,
-0.10204438865184784,
0.17803087830543518,
-0.3374210000038147,
0.3176289200782776,
-0.16521643102169037,
-0.672030508518219,
-0.0491022951900959,
-0.34639009833335876,
0.2649017572402954,
0.25826266407966614,
-0.3833378553390503,
0.20832942426204681,
-0.32068222761154175,
0.6810754537582397,
-0.14453785121440887,
0.12017443031072617,
-0.25486600399017334,
0.3514968454837799,
0.433432012796402,
0.03965681791305542,
-0.46654564142227173,
0.32997870445251465,
-0.5509538054466248,
-1.0295541286468506,
-0.2874149978160858,
0.04571915045380592,
-0.28277355432510376,
0.08730169385671616,
0.1586158722639084,
0.6223909854888916,
0.011477832682430744,
0.5143893361091614,
0.6830376386642456,
0.0008946788730099797,
-0.27360299229621887,
-0.1196436733007431,
0.07306291162967682,
0.1273055076599121,
0.0460672602057457,
0.3026682436466217,
0.34719085693359375,
-0.15369579195976257,
0.13152459263801575,
0.01264982856810093,
0.23100602626800537,
0.11483772099018097,
-0.4361608624458313,
-0.511536717414856,
-0.31271326541900635,
0.30879417061805725,
-0.27841678261756897,
0.07106903195381165,
0.054485127329826355,
0.89106684923172,
0.6046185493469238,
-0.32071468234062195,
0.18387441337108612,
-0.20772205293178558,
-0.4464333653450012,
-0.6773773431777954,
0.041978929191827774,
0.30820730328559875,
-0.1408253163099289,
-0.12188847362995148,
-0.6961404085159302,
0.3733687698841095,
-0.44881805777549744,
-0.02372610569000244,
-0.1799495965242386,
-0.25756263732910156,
0.3073523938655853,
-0.15065766870975494,
0.007997745648026466,
-0.4562413990497589,
0.4501395523548126,
0.003715338185429573
] |
256703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Baekeland | Leo Baekeland | Leo Hendrik Baekeland
(November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-American chemist. He is best known for the inventions of Velox photographic paper in 1893, and Bakelite in 1907. He has been called "The Father of the Plastics Industry" for his invention of Bakelite, an inexpensive, non-flammable and versatile plastic, which marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry.
Early life
Leo Baekeland was born in Ghent, Belgium, on November 14, 1863, the son of a cobbler, Charles Baekeland, and a house maid, Rosalia Merchie. His siblings were: Elodia Maria Baekeland; Melonia Leonia Baekeland; Edmundus Baekeland; Rachel Helena Baekeland and Delphina Baekeland.
He told The Literary Digest: "The name is a Dutch word meaning 'Land of Beacons.'" He spent much of his early life in Ghent, Belgium. Proudly, he graduated with honours from the Ghent Municipal Technical School and was awarded a scholarship by the City of Ghent to study chemistry at the Ghent University, which he entered in 1880. He acquired a PhD summa cum laude at the age of 21. After a brief appointment as Professor of Physics and Chemistry at the Government Higher Normal School in Bruges (1887–1889), he was appointed associate professor of chemistry at Ghent University in 1889.
Personal life
Baekeland married (1868–1944) on August 8, 1889, and they had two children. One of their grandsons, Brooks (whose father was George Washington Baekeland) married the model Barbara Daly a.k.a. Barbara Daly Baekeland in 1942 and had one child, a boy named Anthony "Tony" Baekeland.
Career
In 1889, Baekeland and his wife Céline took advantage of a travel scholarship to visit universities in England and the United States. They visited New York City, where he met Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University and Richard Anthony, of the E. and H.T. Anthony photographic company. Professor Chandler was influential in convincing Baekeland to stay in the United States. Baekeland had already invented a process to develop photographic plates using water instead of other chemicals, which he had patented in Belgium in 1887. Although this method was unreliable, Anthony saw potential in the young chemist and offered him a job.
Baekeland worked for the Anthony company for two years, and in 1891, set up in business for himself working as a consulting chemist. However, a spell of illness and disappearing funds made him rethink his actions and he decided to return to his old interest of producing a photographic paper that would allow enlargements to be printed by artificial light. After two years of intensive effort, he perfected the process to produce the paper, which he named "Velox"; it was the first commercially successful photographic paper. At the time, the US was suffering a recession and there were no investors or buyers for his proposed new product, so Baekeland became partners with Leonard Jacobi and established the Nepera Chemical Company in Nepera Park, Yonkers, New York.
In 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, and Albert Hahn, a further associate, sold Nepera to George Eastman of the Eastman Kodak Co. for $750,000. Baekeland earned approximately $215,000 net through the transaction.
With a portion of the money he purchased "Snug Rock", a house in Yonkers, New York, where he set up his own well-equipped laboratory. There, he later said, "in comfortable financial circumstances, a free man, ready to devote myself again to my favorite studies... I enjoyed for several years that great blessing, the luxury of not being interrupted in one's favorite work."
One of the requirements of the Nepera sale was, in effect, a non-compete clause: Baekeland agreed not to do research in photography for at least 20 years. He would have to find a new area of research. His first step was to go to Germany in 1900, for a "refresher in electrochemistry" at the Technical Institute at Charlottenburg.
Upon returning to the United States, Baekeland was involved briefly but successfully in helping Clinton Paul Townsend and Elon Huntington Hooker to develop a production-quality electrolytic cell. Baekeland was hired as an independent consultant, with the responsibility of constructing and operating a pilot plant. Baekeland developed a stronger diaphragm cell for the chloralkali process, using woven asbestos cloth filled with a mixture of iron oxide, asbestos fibre, and iron hydroxide. Baekeland's improvements were important to the founding of Hooker Chemical Company and the construction of one of the world's largest electrochemical plants, at Niagara Falls.
Invention of Bakelite
Having been successful with Velox, Baekeland set out to find another promising area for chemical development. As he had done with Velox, he looked for a problem that offered "the best chance for the quickest possible results". Asked why he entered the field of synthetic resins, Baekeland answered that his intention was to make money. By the 1900s, chemists had begun to recognize that many of the natural resins and fibers were polymeric, a term introduced in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with phenols and formaldehydes in 1872, particularly Pyrogallol and benzaldehyde. He created a "black guck" which he considered useless and irrelevant to his search for synthetic dyes. Baeyer's student, Werner Kleeberg, experimented with phenol and formaldehyde in 1891, but as Baekeland noted "could not crystallize this mess, nor purify it to constant composition, nor in fact do anything with it once produced".
Baekeland began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. He familiarized himself with previous work and approached the field systematically, carefully controlling and examining the effects of temperature, pressure, and the types and proportions of materials used.
The first application that appeared promising was the development of a synthetic replacement for shellac (made from the secretion of lac beetles). Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called "Novolak" but concluded that its properties were inferior. It never became a big market success, but still exists as Novolac.
Baekeland continued to explore possible combinations of phenol and formaldehyde, intrigued by the possibility that such materials could be used in molding. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, he produced his dreamed-of hard moldable plastic: Bakelite. Bakelite was made from phenol, then known as carbolic acid, and formaldehyde. The chemical name of Bakelite is polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. In compression molding, the resin is generally combined with fillers such as wood or asbestos, before pressing it directly into the final shape of the product. Baekeland's process patent for making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed in July 1907, and granted on December 7, 1909. In February 1909, Baekeland officially announced his achievement at a meeting of the New York section of the American Chemical Society.
In 1917, Baekeland became a professor by special appointment at Columbia University. The Smithsonian contains documents from the County of Westchester Courthouse in White Plains, New York, indicating that he was admitted to U. S. Citizenship on December 16, 1919.
In 1922, after patent litigation favorable to Baekeland, the General Bakelite Co., which he had founded in 1910, along with the Condensite Co. founded by Aylesworth, and the Redmanol Chemical Products Company founded by Lawrence V. Redman, were merged into the Bakelite Corporation.
The invention of Bakelite marks the beginning of the age of plastics. Bakelite was the first plastic invented that retained its shape after being heated. Radios, telephones and electrical insulators were made of Bakelite because of its excellent electrical insulation and heat-resistance. Soon, its applications spread to most branches of industry.
Baekeland received many awards and honors, including the Perkin Medal in 1916 and the Franklin Medal in 1940. In 1978, he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame at Akron, Ohio.
At the time of Baekeland's death in 1944, the world production of Bakelite was ca. 175,000 tons, and it was used in over 15,000 different products. He held more than 100 patents, including processes for the separation of copper and cadmium, and for the impregnation of wood.
Decline and death
As Baekeland grew older he became more eccentric, entering fierce battles with his son and presumptive heir over salary and other issues. He sold the General Bakelite Company to Union Carbide in 1939 and, at his son's prompting, he retired. He became a recluse, eating all of his meals from cans and becoming obsessed with developing an immense tropical garden on his winter estate in Coconut Grove, Florida. He died of a stroke in a sanatorium in Beacon, New York, in 1944. Baekeland is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.
See also
Bakelite Museum
Barbara Daly Baekeland
List of people from Ghent
References
Further reading
Mercelis, Joris. (2020) Beyond Bakelite: Leo Baekeland and the Business of Science and Invention (MIT Press, 2020) online review
External links
Amsterdam Bakelite Collection Foundation
The Baekeland fund
A virtual Bakelite museum with a short biography of Leo Baekeland
Virtual Bakelite Museum of Ghent 1907–2007
Time, Mar. 29, 1999, Chemist LEO BAEKELAND
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
NPR. Oil #4: How Oil Got Into Everything Retrieved August 19, 2016.
1863 births
1944 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Columbia University faculty
20th-century Belgian inventors
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Belgian chemists
American chemists
People from Miami
Scientists from Ghent
People from Yonkers, New York
American people of Flemish descent
Polymer scientists and engineers
Ghent University alumni
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
People from Beacon, New York
Scientists from New York (state) | [
0.06912017613649368,
0.7731924057006836,
-0.8545874953269958,
-0.010343446396291256,
-0.04734204337000847,
0.6141677498817444,
1.0129761695861816,
-0.3894640803337097,
0.16710466146469116,
-0.2986209988594055,
-0.0815645158290863,
0.3251280188560486,
-0.06817171722650528,
0.7313469052314758,
-0.07902168482542038,
0.04069483280181885,
-0.2966617941856384,
-0.167050302028656,
-0.2620584964752197,
0.2022654116153717,
-0.4629689157009125,
-0.582478404045105,
0.4562223553657532,
0.14160023629665375,
-0.27577757835388184,
-0.10155092924833298,
0.08117172122001648,
-0.45774850249290466,
0.3466885983943939,
0.12224508076906204,
0.11296042799949646,
0.7981836199760437,
0.6064985394477844,
-0.1983448714017868,
-0.5354926586151123,
0.5726110935211182,
-0.5876061320304871,
0.08818285167217255,
0.17345134913921356,
0.2752126157283783,
-0.3643054664134979,
0.46085646748542786,
0.17153380811214447,
0.2718004286289215,
-0.23644417524337769,
-0.32862523198127747,
-2.2346177101135254,
0.2913590669631958,
-0.8267937302589417,
-0.5709586143493652,
-0.14847558736801147,
-0.1013893112540245,
0.7824534177780151,
0.5083535313606262,
-0.14140723645687103,
0.17202401161193848,
-0.7369495034217834,
-0.18355019390583038,
0.1535990685224533,
-0.1241200789809227,
0.4588720202445984,
-0.22094197571277618,
0.47389310598373413,
0.01317638996988535,
0.6379345059394836,
0.2665737271308899,
-0.3041340410709381,
0.3075641691684723,
-0.06888038665056229,
0.26666903495788574,
-0.07890740782022476,
0.1689901053905487,
0.4933053255081177,
-0.2454225867986679,
0.6658952832221985,
-0.309920996427536,
0.0407387912273407,
-0.10193108767271042,
-0.049947045743465424,
0.29721954464912415,
-0.2997116446495056,
-0.24053239822387695,
0.5082352161407471,
0.0320640504360199,
0.04365304112434387,
0.2066466063261032,
-0.6614952087402344,
0.17997732758522034,
-0.8439832329750061,
0.06901615113019943,
-0.01843298226594925,
-0.265008807182312,
0.16332969069480896,
-0.20147675275802612,
0.22831182181835175,
-0.21451762318611145,
0.2187461256980896,
0.35985836386680603,
-0.7663796544075012,
0.24849888682365417,
0.13995696604251862,
-0.06815038621425629,
0.30674004554748535,
-0.1536262035369873,
0.11355234682559967,
-0.0986647829413414,
-0.15748727321624756,
-0.49084028601646423,
0.11326861381530762,
-0.8707957863807678,
-0.42585283517837524,
0.0816946029663086,
-0.4443070590496063,
0.16494491696357727,
-0.2809213101863861,
0.8242546916007996,
0.017950501292943954,
-0.5284087657928467,
-0.4584161341190338,
-0.19726276397705078,
-0.6411158442497253,
0.9460093379020691,
-0.12677322328090668,
0.13724689185619354,
-0.8240852355957031,
0.2463301718235016,
-0.24353404343128204,
0.27710407972335815,
0.01232526358217001,
0.3846017122268677,
0.5616850852966309,
0.9272485375404358,
0.2856096625328064,
-0.12399975210428238,
-0.6358476877212524,
-0.09614863991737366,
0.5500072836875916,
0.2743646502494812,
-0.3444509208202362,
0.431242972612381,
-0.25998732447624207,
-0.30482685565948486,
-1.0212838649749756,
0.14379817247390747,
0.3465699851512909,
-0.0015261720400303602,
-0.044052306562662125,
0.055863168090581894,
-0.14576910436153412,
0.15334592759609222,
-0.3576149046421051,
0.11267514526844025,
-0.15640875697135925,
-0.13129262626171112,
0.012426846660673618,
0.8388742804527283,
0.017992816865444183,
0.4139631688594818,
0.31264930963516235,
-0.09886352717876434,
-0.06623837351799011,
-0.012848877348005772,
-0.13866326212882996,
0.6750316619873047,
0.42181912064552307,
-0.402008056640625,
0.023727357387542725,
0.21447192132472992,
-0.39508917927742004,
0.20476117730140686,
-0.31549179553985596,
-0.3857819736003876,
0.029609346762299538,
-0.16108234226703644,
0.385122150182724,
0.5745416283607483,
0.10076480358839035,
0.20113088190555573,
0.50360107421875,
-0.5439075231552124,
-0.6327836513519287,
-0.41915225982666016,
-0.055750902742147446,
0.027230216190218925,
0.14088879525661469,
0.17513686418533325,
0.8147515058517456,
-0.3678693473339081,
0.1748076230287552,
-0.36778390407562256,
-0.42685946822166443,
-0.4872796833515167,
0.5076194405555725,
0.22346685826778412,
1.101475477218628,
0.4542917013168335,
-0.2092859297990799,
0.6408688426017761,
-0.3280985355377197,
0.09543321281671524,
-0.4937817454338074,
-0.23761877417564392,
-0.3147556185722351,
-0.1851792186498642,
-0.22475406527519226,
1.1754651069641113,
0.5563609600067139,
-0.3165241777896881,
0.24667751789093018,
0.9747574329376221,
0.44267091155052185,
-0.4019099771976471,
0.028443144634366035,
0.3263830840587616,
-0.3449637293815613,
-0.4736992418766022,
-0.4756416380405426,
-0.03487372398376465,
0.6611450910568237,
-0.16248442232608795,
0.2086288183927536,
0.481224924325943,
-0.11040208488702774,
0.8207591772079468,
0.4792793095111847,
0.9937410354614258,
0.11286888271570206,
0.15553949773311615,
-0.07017634063959122,
-0.5721818804740906,
0.6563665866851807,
-0.11025314033031464,
0.40580177307128906,
-0.6514207720756531,
0.38191044330596924,
-0.06045610085129738,
-0.20807114243507385,
0.05048555135726929,
0.002529118675738573,
-0.5907392501831055,
0.1182868555188179,
0.5280365943908691,
-0.4770910441875458,
0.2668324112892151,
-0.17215846478939056,
0.3722110092639923,
0.2764377295970917,
-0.061309847980737686,
-0.2839072644710541,
0.26601943373680115,
0.2027762085199356,
0.8035582304000854,
-0.12383247911930084,
-0.1239607185125351,
-0.033562708646059036,
-0.12159696966409683,
0.20252153277397156,
0.15681277215480804,
0.4424511790275574,
0.37941843271255493,
0.3611268699169159,
-0.29961028695106506,
-0.07119190692901611,
0.12346143275499344,
0.07274362444877625,
-0.30385997891426086,
-0.10760694742202759,
-0.5688782334327698,
0.09175488352775574,
-0.27040642499923706,
0.3349510133266449,
-0.5036237239837646,
0.11692685633897781,
-0.5208221077919006,
-0.2919203042984009,
-0.5854442119598389,
-0.3424029052257538,
0.10839419811964035,
-0.6913682818412781,
-0.2509625256061554,
0.35948190093040466,
1.050480842590332,
-0.5255152583122253,
0.19568470120429993,
0.004888708703219891,
-0.07434450089931488,
-0.18612363934516907,
-0.29618093371391296,
0.9536429643630981,
-0.20027616620063782,
-0.3725694715976715,
0.9385738968849182,
-0.5562828779220581,
-0.21821998059749603,
-0.22924935817718506,
0.224187433719635,
-0.48533451557159424,
-0.955571174621582,
0.12592272460460663,
0.054527509957551956,
-0.8912889957427979,
0.15702208876609802,
-0.2952025830745697,
0.0856243297457695,
0.454854279756546,
-0.04481210559606552,
-0.05251012369990349,
0.19058024883270264,
-5.33320426940918,
-0.06865032762289047,
-0.11021918803453445,
-0.34733617305755615,
0.30056264996528625,
0.2996367812156677,
0.4337367117404938,
-0.4592033922672272,
-0.06428767740726471,
-0.35904648900032043,
0.34790393710136414,
-0.23266930878162384,
-0.018206452950835228,
0.6666867136955261,
0.6701536178588867,
0.6565334796905518,
0.39949721097946167,
-0.09765569120645523,
0.4354388415813446,
0.3666156232357025,
0.009347385726869106,
0.010340350680053234,
-0.15105068683624268,
0.2558768093585968,
-0.10354778170585632,
-0.4606472849845886,
0.3171178102493286,
0.12918666005134583,
-0.7989237308502197,
-0.1537824124097824,
0.13921156525611877,
-0.1687742918729782,
-0.10268420726060867,
-0.12236859649419785,
0.19912447035312653,
-0.18782085180282593,
0.5396053194999695,
0.9651071429252625,
0.006053240038454533,
0.34192949533462524,
0.02194514125585556,
0.05342939868569374,
-0.5238110423088074,
0.15165714919567108,
-0.0741056278347969,
-0.330637663602829,
-0.48930680751800537,
0.416837602853775,
-0.698979377746582,
0.42713645100593567,
0.7766374349594116,
-0.0809606984257698,
0.4265991747379303,
-0.2401103377342224,
-0.013909827917814255,
-0.14037412405014038,
0.15418747067451477,
-0.002669347682967782,
-0.9439483880996704,
-0.1161949634552002,
0.41109204292297363,
-0.33717790246009827,
0.2983546257019043,
-0.002150739310309291,
-0.16177016496658325,
-0.4373904764652252,
0.15345057845115662,
-0.509168267250061,
-0.13813506066799164,
-0.6854028701782227,
0.00019096974574495107,
1.2364667654037476,
0.07738769799470901,
-1.1956783533096313,
-0.4940750300884247,
-0.43195417523384094,
-0.33748307824134827,
-0.7260978817939758,
-0.3585691750049591,
0.09353780746459961,
-0.1176312118768692,
-0.45483526587486267,
-0.21661068499088287,
1.126686692237854,
1.2887424230575562,
0.12352031469345093,
-0.5623120069503784,
0.23469972610473633,
-0.8121452927589417,
-0.06178071349859238,
-0.5123777389526367,
-0.17171791195869446,
0.5364775061607361,
0.1954549103975296,
-0.10438143461942673,
0.23166579008102417,
-0.11897696554660797,
0.11709782481193542,
0.47659221291542053,
0.3126050531864166,
-0.3861905634403229,
0.07669684290885925,
-0.20222947001457214,
-0.23508556187152863,
0.4137488305568695,
-0.30267685651779175,
0.018319720402359962,
0.3048561215400696,
0.6554194092750549,
0.45267030596733093,
-0.17749148607254028,
1.048485517501831,
-0.09266769886016846,
0.11162955313920975,
0.6820357441902161,
-0.14905346930027008,
-0.2805100083351135,
0.18898113071918488,
0.5447044372558594,
-0.07620421797037125,
-0.3690405786037445,
0.39790061116218567,
0.21218091249465942,
-0.07810995727777481,
0.9768832921981812,
-0.3929001986980438,
0.09417224675416946,
-0.039786871522665024,
-0.7643366456031799,
0.31038475036621094,
-0.46288466453552246,
0.890493631362915,
0.1425866037607193,
0.06814808398485184,
-0.02032398246228695,
-0.49888643622398376,
-0.8763294816017151,
-0.2869112491607666,
-0.21115624904632568,
-0.5743803381919861,
0.2573883533477783,
-0.3297952711582184,
-0.0887984186410904,
0.3381504416465759,
0.5106114745140076,
0.11635405570268631,
0.4754721224308014,
0.12104247510433197,
-0.5924403071403503,
0.27587074041366577,
0.016116494312882423,
-0.3142896592617035,
0.22911304235458374,
-0.13052856922149658,
-0.20868267118930817,
0.09043075144290924,
-0.3105900287628174,
0.26443248987197876,
0.0009696761262603104,
0.1313663274049759,
0.026266736909747124,
0.1054510772228241,
-1.24547278881073,
-0.4107719659805298,
-0.011384966783225536,
0.2326439917087555,
-0.3123853802680969,
0.13371658325195312,
-0.699565589427948,
0.5324065089225769,
-0.29859957098960876,
-0.45723557472229004,
-0.5858825445175171,
-0.022422069683670998,
-0.0037038696464151144,
0.3436993360519409,
0.5740575790405273,
0.0098877539858222,
-0.1477050632238388,
-0.6458373665809631,
0.5011972188949585,
0.005393743049353361,
-0.8977807760238647,
0.2893316447734833,
0.43343469500541687,
0.21755339205265045,
-0.5597296953201294,
-0.6471275091171265,
-0.2596740424633026,
-0.26693785190582275,
0.5554320216178894,
-0.2790929675102234,
0.28724557161331177,
0.802150309085846,
0.04725448414683342,
-0.49492335319519043,
-0.08196261525154114,
-0.04475627467036247,
-0.0031978331971913576,
-0.6170915365219116,
0.1497909426689148,
0.29413729906082153,
-0.20652925968170166,
-0.10510637611150742,
0.1477133333683014,
-1.1864010095596313,
-0.11415046453475952,
0.7251031994819641,
-0.5018162131309509,
0.5421497821807861,
-0.19073374569416046,
-0.8141558170318604,
-0.12320010364055634,
0.46039703488349915,
-0.4532993733882904,
0.41855672001838684,
0.9033690094947815,
0.3218781054019928,
-0.7937447428703308,
-0.31027647852897644,
-0.4937022626399994,
0.4714885652065277,
-0.22118835151195526,
-0.32321590185165405,
-0.1273922473192215,
0.06271965801715851,
0.157522052526474,
0.6083629727363586,
0.8016226887702942,
0.13412952423095703,
-0.4534339904785156,
-0.08421248197555542,
-0.016238858923316002,
-0.2959354817867279,
-0.0821288526058197,
-0.1658085137605667,
0.6111136078834534,
0.7417842149734497,
-0.4735614061355591,
-0.48269522190093994,
-0.0020640415605157614,
0.6827404499053955,
0.2283925712108612,
-0.01592474803328514,
-0.08816637843847275,
-0.05884508416056633,
0.44465821981430054,
-0.13418151438236237,
-0.11442387104034424,
0.09488501399755478,
-0.029292849823832512,
0.27770596742630005,
-0.8260753750801086,
-0.0969584733247757,
1.0832493305206299,
0.22863903641700745,
-0.04263456165790558,
0.3410429358482361,
0.21926002204418182,
0.001749023562297225,
-0.393589049577713,
0.5410987734794617,
0.16707490384578705,
0.16245251893997192,
0.30374059081077576,
0.2091246247291565,
-0.5269750952720642,
-0.25439539551734924,
0.2290351390838623,
-0.1797078549861908,
-0.383187860250473,
-0.5805103778839111,
-0.4084665775299072,
0.7099887132644653,
-0.23762249946594238,
0.6290484070777893,
0.46165910363197327,
-0.4792236387729645,
-0.22047288715839386,
-0.19781407713890076,
-0.6766391396522522,
-0.27619674801826477,
0.1044592633843422,
-0.17492452263832092,
-0.5500422716140747,
-0.4139392673969269,
-0.7317085862159729,
-0.542653501033783,
-0.23470279574394226,
-0.27350181341171265,
-0.7915767431259155,
0.2551749646663666,
-0.4913519620895386,
-0.03354731202125549,
-0.1772807240486145,
0.4037799537181854,
-0.21593092381954193,
1.0750055313110352,
-0.19181813299655914,
-0.3017445504665375,
-0.1999908685684204,
0.5002672672271729,
0.8060926795005798,
-0.3955380618572235,
0.7523333430290222,
0.14304113388061523,
0.3114137351512909,
0.3359379470348358,
-0.4075728952884674,
0.0582733228802681,
0.7037948369979858,
-0.08501801639795303,
-0.4136137366294861,
-0.0032644225284457207,
-0.8773083090782166,
-0.38458049297332764,
0.7954890131950378,
-0.6908584237098694,
-0.3897709846496582,
0.40347734093666077,
0.06196006387472153,
-0.18456484377384186,
0.31815773248672485,
-0.3780958354473114,
0.11447075754404068,
0.7691349387168884,
0.8513638973236084,
-0.2652221918106079,
-0.46251916885375977,
-0.1098083034157753,
0.32405802607536316,
-0.2922092378139496,
-0.3084937334060669,
0.6689544320106506,
-0.060412801802158356,
0.18049751222133636,
-0.14133618772029877,
-0.5159355998039246,
-0.5276764631271362,
0.3451853096485138,
-0.1731085330247879,
1.3917137384414673,
0.0036700968630611897,
-0.001444122288376093,
-0.2875598669052124,
0.07371609658002853,
-0.1441250741481781,
0.33540114760398865,
-0.20436371862888336,
0.11627844721078873,
0.7495304942131042,
-0.07064665853977203,
-0.00789380818605423,
-0.2477005124092102,
-0.2626765966415405,
-0.11348526179790497,
0.6042388677597046,
-0.2573254108428955,
-0.2230159491300583,
-0.3615909218788147,
-0.0428013801574707,
-0.017400197684764862,
1.064321756362915,
0.07581250369548798,
0.11862025409936905,
-0.07997329533100128,
-0.25229090452194214,
-1.049537181854248,
-0.14142180979251862,
0.24328944087028503,
-0.21144446730613708,
-0.6904004216194153,
-0.149766206741333,
0.7100972533226013,
0.07466470450162888,
-0.0829225555062294,
0.5711092948913574,
-0.21496213972568512,
-0.23294030129909515,
0.24915850162506104,
-0.830453097820282,
0.29259032011032104,
-0.4334977865219116,
0.1366841346025467,
-0.1053423136472702,
-0.12108298391103745,
-0.3543176054954529,
0.3366255462169647,
0.2211761772632599,
-0.5229268670082092,
0.49926578998565674,
-0.3746302127838135,
0.0708266943693161,
0.5221278071403503,
-0.5652950406074524,
0.278703898191452,
-0.0609544962644577,
0.6195067763328552,
-0.04625498503446579,
-0.48903414607048035,
-0.6396641731262207,
0.20848463475704193,
0.11290930956602097,
-0.36545851826667786,
-0.05229020491242409,
0.3549950420856476,
-0.4073951840400696,
0.8835712671279907,
-0.5445922017097473,
1.058214545249939,
-0.024358270689845085,
0.028845716267824173,
-0.671719491481781,
0.315531849861145,
-0.0810592770576477,
-0.13030368089675903,
0.06810388714075089,
-0.04951038211584091,
-0.23231032490730286,
-0.1762898564338684,
0.4462934136390686,
-0.153018981218338,
-0.25342288613319397,
-0.16453954577445984,
-0.39913830161094666,
0.2226586937904358,
0.22528134286403656,
-0.14679919183254242,
-0.015467011369764805,
0.015192816033959389,
0.214004248380661,
-0.13769353926181793,
-0.886513888835907,
-0.3035772442817688,
-0.3131401240825653,
-0.5148141384124756,
0.3170270323753357,
0.6246590614318848,
0.11832370609045029,
-0.30726879835128784,
0.5093517303466797,
0.3375076353549957,
-0.02008937858045101,
0.014813150279223919,
-1.0531748533248901,
0.3527475893497467,
-0.1918923407793045,
-0.2080683559179306,
0.2806762158870697,
0.4469376802444458,
-0.1912461817264557,
-0.3842974603176117,
0.2417299896478653,
-0.6525559425354004,
0.35629549622535706,
-0.07762498408555984,
0.12807129323482513,
-0.30482158064842224,
0.8162306547164917,
0.1210431307554245
] |
256706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%20Riperton | Minnie Riperton | Minnie Julia Riperton Rudolph (November 8, 1947 – July 12, 1979) was an American singer-songwriter best known for her 1975 single "Lovin' You" and her four octave D3 to F7 coloratura soprano range. She is also widely known for her use of the whistle register and has been referred to by the media as the "Queen of the Whistle Register."
Born in 1947, Riperton grew up in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood on the South Side. As a child, she studied music, drama and dance at Chicago's Lincoln Center. In her teen years, she sang lead vocals for the Chicago-based girl group the Gems. Her early affiliation with the Chicago-based Chess Records afforded her the opportunity to sing backing vocals for various established artists such as Etta James, Fontella Bass, Ramsey Lewis, Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters. While at Chess, Riperton also sang lead for the experimental rock/soul group Rotary Connection, from 1967 to 1971.
On April 5, 1975, Riperton reached the apex of her career with her No. 1 single "Lovin' You". The single was the last release from her 1974 gold album titled Perfect Angel. In January 1976, Riperton was diagnosed with breast cancer, and in April, she underwent a radical mastectomy. By the time of diagnosis, the cancer had metastasized and she was given about six months to live. Despite the grim prognosis, she continued recording and touring. She was one of the first celebrities to go public with a breast cancer diagnosis, but she did not disclose that she was terminally ill. In 1977, she became a spokesperson for the American Cancer Society. In 1978, she received the American Cancer Society's Courage Award, which was presented to her at the White House by President Jimmy Carter. Riperton died of breast cancer on July 12, 1979, at the age of 31.
Early life
Riperton was born in Chicago, the daughter of Thelma Inez (née Matthews) (1911–2005) and Daniel Webster Riperton (1898–1991), a Pullman porter. The youngest of eight children in a musical family, she embraced the arts early. Although she began with ballet and modern dance, her parents recognized her vocal and musical abilities and encouraged her to pursue music and voice. At Chicago's Lincoln Center, she received operatic vocal training from Marion Jeffery. She practiced breathing and phrasing, with particular emphasis on diction. Jeffery also trained Riperton to use her full range. While studying under Jeffery, she sang operettas and show tunes, in preparation for a career in opera. Jeffery was so convinced of her pupil's abilities that she strongly pushed her to further study the classics at Chicago's Junior Lyric Opera. The young Riperton was, however, becoming interested in soul, rhythm and blues, and rock. After graduating from Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Academy High School), she enrolled at Loop College and became a member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority. She dropped out of college to pursue her music career.
Career
Early career
Riperton's first professional singing engagement was with The Gems, when she was 15. Raynard Miner, a blind pianist, heard her singing during her stint with Hyde Park's A Cappella Choir and became her musical patron. The Gems had relatively limited commercial success, but proved to be a good outlet for Riperton's talent. Eventually the group became a session group known as Studio Three and it was during this period that they provided the backing vocals on the classic 1965 Fontella Bass hit "Rescue Me". In 1964, The Gems released a local hit, I Can't Help Myself, and their last single, He Makes Me Feel So Good, was released in 1965. The Gems later released records under numerous names—most notably 1966's Baby I Want You by the Girls Three and 1967's My Baby's Real by the Starlets. The latter has achieved cult status with northern soul fans and remains a favorite. It was a Motown-style song reminiscent of Tammi Terrell. In 1968, Watered Down was released as a follow-up, under the name The Starlets. It was the last release of Riperton's former girl group. While a part of Studio Three, Riperton met her mentor, producer Billy Davis, who wrote her first local hit, "Lonely Girl", as well as "You Gave Me Soul". In honor of Davis, she used the pseudonym Andrea Davis for the release of those two singles.
Rotary Connection
In 1966, some months after her Andrea Davis singles hit the radio, Riperton joined Rotary Connection, a funky rock-soul group creation of Marshall Chess, the son of Chess Records founder Leonard Chess. Rotary Connection consisted of Riperton, Chess, Judy Hauff, Sidney Barnes, and Charles Stepney. They released their debut album Rotary Connection in 1967 and, subsequently, five more albums: 1968's Aladdin and Christmas album Peace, Songs (1969), Dinner Music (1970), and Hey Love (1971).
In 1969 Riperton, along with Rotary Connection, played in the first Catholic Rock Mass at the Liturgical Conference National Convention, Milwaukee Arena, Milwaukee, WI, produced by James F. Colaianni.
Come to My Garden
Riperton's debut solo album entitled Come to My Garden was produced, arranged, as well as orchestrated by her Rotary Connection band mate Charles Stepney and released in 1970 by GRT Records. Several of the songs were co-written by Stepney and Richard Rudolph, who married Riperton in August 1970. She was presented as a solo artist by Ramsey Lewis on Saturday, December 26, 1970 at Chicago's famed London House. Riperton went on to perform several numbers from the album while accompanied by Stepney. Although commercially unsuccessful, Come to My Garden is now considered a masterpiece by music critics and many others in the music industry.
Perfect Angel and "Lovin' You"
In 1973, a college intern for Epic Records found Riperton in semi-retirement. She had become a homemaker and a mother of two in Gainesville, Florida. After he heard a demo of the song "Seeing You This Way", the rep took the tape to Don Ellis, VP of A&R for Epic. Riperton signed with Epic Records, and the family moved to Los Angeles, California. The subsequent record, Perfect Angel, turned out to be one of Riperton's best-selling albums. Included were the rock-soul anthem "Reasons"; the second single, "Take a Little Trip" (written by Stevie Wonder, who also coproduced the album); and the third single, "Seeing You This Way".
Sales of the album started out slow. Epic was ready to move on to the next record, but Rudolph convinced them to release another single. With the fourth single, "Lovin' You", the album caught on, and in April 1975, the song went to the top of the charts in the U.S. and 24 other countries. The song reached no. 2 in the UK Singles Chart, and number three on the U.S. R&B charts. It sold more than one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in April 1975. Perfect Angel went gold and Riperton was finally revered as the "lady with the high voice and flowers in her hair." The album also featured the song "Every Time He Comes Around", with Deniece Williams singing the background vocals.
Later career
After Perfect Angel, Riperton and her husband, songwriter and music producer Richard Rudolph started on Riperton's third album, Adventures in Paradise (1975). Joe Sample of The Crusaders cowrote the title song, "Adventures in Paradise", and Crusaders producer Stewart Levine co-produced the album. While shooting a promotional clip for the album, she was attacked by a lion, but was not seriously injured. During an appearance on The Sammy Davis, Jr. Show, she played the footage of the incident for Sammy and her fellow guests, including Richard Pryor. The album was a modest success. Despite the R&B hit "Inside My Love" (a no. 5 U.S. R&B hit, later covered by Trina Broussard, Chanté Moore, and Delilah), the album did not match the success of Perfect Angel. Some radio stations refused to play "Inside My Love" due to the lyrics: "Will you come inside me?"
Her fourth album for Epic Records, titled Stay in Love (1977), featured another collaboration with Stevie Wonder in the funky disco tune "Stick Together".
In 1978, Richard Rudolph and Riperton's attorney Mike Rosenfeld orchestrated a move to Capitol Records for Riperton and her CBS Records catalog. In April 1979, Riperton released her fifth and final album, Minnie. "Memory Lane" was a hit from the album.
Collaborations
Riperton provided backing vocals on Stevie Wonder's songs "Creepin'" from 1974's Fulfillingness' First Finale and "Ordinary Pain" from 1976's Songs in the Key of Life. In 1977, she lent her vocal abilities to a track named "Yesterday and Karma", on Osamu Kitajima's album, Osamu.
Personal life
Riperton was married to songwriter and music producer Richard Rudolph from August 1970 until her death in July 1979. Together, Riperton and Rudolph had two children; music engineer Marc Rudolph (born 1968) and actress/comedian Maya Rudolph (born 1972). Maya Rudolph was a child when "Lovin' You" was recorded. According to the liner notes from Riperton's Petals compilation CD, the melody to "Lovin' You" was created as a distraction for Maya when she was a baby so Riperton and Richard Rudolph could spend time together. Near the end of the unedited "Lovin' You", Riperton sings "Maya, Maya, Maya".
Illness and death
On August 24, 1976, Riperton revealed on The Tonight Show that she had undergone a mastectomy due to breast cancer. At the time of her diagnosis, Riperton found out her cancer had already spread to the lymphatic system, and she was given about six months to live. She continued touring in 1977 and 1978, and she became the national spokeswoman for the American Cancer Society's 1978–79 campaign. During the recording of her final album, Minnie, her cancer progressed to the point that she was in a great deal of pain. Extreme lymphedema immobilized her right arm in early 1979. In her final singing appearances on television (most notably on the Mike Douglas Show), her right arm remained in a fixed position during her performances. Near her death, in concert, she changed the end of "Lovin' You", "Maya, Maya, Maya" to "Maya, Maya, Ringo, Maya." Ringo was her nickname for her son, Marc.
By mid-June, Riperton was confined to bed. She entered Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on July 10. On Thursday, July 12 at 10:00 am, she died in the arms of her husband. That Sunday, following a funeral service attended by more than five hundred mourners, Riperton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Her epitaph is the opening line of her most famous song: "Lovin' you is easy 'cause you're beautiful".
Posthumous releases
After Riperton died, several artists contributed vocals to tracks she had recorded before her death, to help compile Richard Rudolph's final tribute to his wife, Love Lives Forever. Included, among others, were Peabo Bryson, Michael Jackson, and Stevie Wonder. Riperton's last single, "Give Me Time," was released in 1980. Richard Rudolph wrote the song, "Now That I Have You" for her, but she never got the chance to record it; he gave the song to Teena Marie, who recorded it (and co-produced it with Rudolph) on Marie's second LP, Lady T. Finally, in 1981, Capitol Records released The Best of Minnie Riperton, a greatest hits collection. The "new" song on the album was a remake of Joni Mitchell's "A Woman of Heart and Mind," which was a holdover from the Minnie sessions. Also included were an alternate mix of "Memory Lane"; live versions of "Can You Feel What I'm Saying," "Lover And Friend," and "Young, Willing, and Able"; and two "Moments with Minnie." It also included the hits "Perfect Angel," "Lovin' You," "Inside My Love," "Adventures In Paradise," and two tracks from Love Lives Forever: the single "Here We Go" (a duet with Peabo Bryson), and the song "You Take My Breath Away."
During the 1990s, Riperton's music was sampled by many rap and hip-hop artists, including Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, A Tribe Called Quest, Blumentopf, The Orb and Tragedy Khadafi.
Vocal ability
Riperton had a coloratura soprano vocal range. Aside from her various hits, she is perhaps best remembered today for her ability to sing in high head voice (occasionally the whistle register which is often mistakenly confused with the former), in which she had rare facility. She is known as The Nightingale, and a Songbird. Her rare ability to enunciate in the high registers set her apart from most other whistle-register singers. This feature is most notably heard in the song "Here We Go" (a duet with Peabo Bryson), where she sings "here we go" in the whistle register. Whistle-register enunciation can also be heard in songs such as "Inside My Love", "Adventures in Paradise", "Expecting", "Only When I'm Dreaming", and also in "Teach Me How to Fly" and "Like a Rolling Stone" with the Rotary Connection.
Riperton was also noted for her ability to sound almost mechanical or instrumental in the high head voice and whistle. In "You Take My Breath Away", she sang a portamento ending two octaves above the staff. She has also been credited for her ability to sustain notes in the sixth and seventh octave for long periods, as in "Reasons", "Could It Be I'm in Love", "Adventures in Paradise", and "Inside My Love", and also "Love Me Now" with the Rotary Connection. Having an innate ability to imitate many instruments helped lead to Riperton's discovery while she was a secretary at Chess Records.
In her recordings, Riperton's highest recorded note reached in the whistle register was F7 on the third scale of "You Take My Breath Away". Riperton reached this extremely high note before on an early recording of "Teach Me How to Fly" and "Could It Be I'm in Love". Also in a live performance of the song "Ruby Tuesday" from Rotary Connection, she sang an F7. In the song "Lovin' You" she sings a walkdown on the A major scale from F6 to A5. Mariah Carey cited Riperton as an influence on her.
Documentary and tributes
Stevie Wonder paid tribute to Riperton during an episode of the TV show Soul Train, which aired shortly after her death in September 1979. She was also mentioned prominently in his song "Positivity" on A Time to Love (2005).
On June 7, 2009, TV One (US TV network's) Unsung series premièred a one-hour documentary on Riperton's career and life. It included interviews with her husband Richard, son Marc, daughter Maya, sister Sandra Riperton, and many others who worked with her.
Singer Julia Fordham's song 'Roadside Angel' is a biographical tribute to Riperton.
Singer Kate Bush referenced Riperton ("Hello Minnie") in a lyric of "Blow Away", a track on her 1980 album Never for Ever. The song also references several other musicians who had recently died.
Hip-hop trio Salt-N-Pepa included an illustration of a spiritual Riperton alongside Billie Holiday, Jimi Hendrix, and Louis Armstrong on the cover of their 1990 album Blacks' Magic.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Accolades
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Riperton received a sum of two Grammy nominations.
Tours
George & Minnie Live! (1976–77)
Riperton joined with established jazz guitarist George Benson, to kick-off a co-headlining North American concert tour. The tour ran from 1976 through the fall of 1977.
Set list
Notes
On select dates during the tour, Riperton's performance of her hit song "Lovin' You" included a reprise version that featured George Benson.
Riperton performed "Can You Feel What I'm Saying?" only at select dates during the tour.
Dates
Not all North American dates are listed.
References
External links
1947 births
1979 deaths
20th-century African-American women singers
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American sopranos
American soul singers
Ballad musicians
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in California
Capitol Records artists
Deaths from breast cancer
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
Epic Records artists
Singers from Chicago
Singers from Los Angeles
Singers with a four-octave vocal range
Vocal jazz musicians
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
African-American songwriters
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Illinois
The Raelettes members | [
-0.08502352982759476,
0.13021709024906158,
-0.2752663195133209,
-0.2089173048734665,
0.5084007978439331,
0.7325957417488098,
0.6282432079315186,
0.21146152913570404,
0.030066058039665222,
0.1656099408864975,
-0.007254713214933872,
1.1793160438537598,
-0.3020283281803131,
0.19831328094005585,
-0.562767744064331,
0.37467268109321594,
0.7397750616073608,
-0.15246020257472992,
0.27019038796424866,
-0.597798764705658,
-0.0032868192065507174,
-0.37014296650886536,
0.10139460861682892,
0.15049076080322266,
-0.4111705720424652,
0.0703703910112381,
-0.7164549827575684,
-0.02963121421635151,
0.4511362612247467,
-0.27462083101272583,
0.053707681596279144,
0.281428724527359,
1.1204556226730347,
0.01842794008553028,
-0.1926894336938858,
0.6428535580635071,
-0.09569434821605682,
-0.17203493416309357,
-0.6211739778518677,
0.11344178020954132,
-0.10627865791320801,
-0.5265496969223022,
0.7070574164390564,
-0.42026379704475403,
-0.6474267244338989,
-0.29837650060653687,
-1.7783960103988647,
0.49904096126556396,
0.2383699119091034,
-0.8832548260688782,
0.06803224980831146,
1.1701762676239014,
-0.13396215438842773,
0.5904117226600647,
0.22932033240795135,
0.26300016045570374,
-0.16417691111564636,
-0.022079145535826683,
-0.30347585678100586,
-0.30341818928718567,
-0.04034779965877533,
-0.21433387696743011,
0.24555154144763947,
-0.8138012290000916,
-0.32026058435440063,
-0.16502104699611664,
-0.1183910071849823,
0.5730991959571838,
-0.3901984393596649,
-0.7290011048316956,
0.08743062615394592,
0.30275970697402954,
0.5621641278266907,
-0.7834509015083313,
-0.31229349970817566,
-0.047742947936058044,
0.34788215160369873,
-0.472484827041626,
0.4786956310272217,
0.2333410233259201,
-0.37784668803215027,
0.35925590991973877,
0.39142078161239624,
0.3041505217552185,
-0.25661054253578186,
0.17811837792396545,
-0.09324289113283157,
0.9106167554855347,
-0.45067453384399414,
0.0591341070830822,
-0.4786039888858795,
-0.7441891431808472,
0.5520575642585754,
0.01015581376850605,
-0.48346146941185,
-0.6299989223480225,
0.3421618938446045,
0.39858123660087585,
0.07516899704933167,
-0.17669200897216797,
-0.0942755788564682,
-0.09155351668596268,
0.1485471874475479,
0.20316578447818756,
-1.1214230060577393,
0.5771031975746155,
-0.1214977577328682,
-0.550290048122406,
0.15068022906780243,
0.06901447474956512,
0.07446480542421341,
-0.4290814995765686,
-0.3615289330482483,
0.17113468050956726,
-0.14012198150157928,
0.12605294585227966,
-0.2870819568634033,
0.28640231490135193,
-0.8163219690322876,
-0.11342096328735352,
0.47061318159103394,
-0.24885162711143494,
0.48935064673423767,
0.31083545088768005,
-0.35313186049461365,
0.3846530020236969,
-0.13913053274154663,
0.6856006979942322,
0.0032714165281504393,
0.13709187507629395,
0.0611482709646225,
0.23881614208221436,
-0.21135202050209045,
-0.12461309880018234,
0.09699459373950958,
-0.3034975528717041,
0.14339575171470642,
-0.2907688319683075,
0.07053365558385849,
0.06308014690876007,
-0.6387213468551636,
-0.014276313595473766,
-0.8537917733192444,
0.059271834790706635,
0.7764108777046204,
0.08123967051506042,
-0.3098759949207306,
0.5627824068069458,
-0.3254018723964691,
-0.5166513323783875,
0.4862333834171295,
-0.0004489334241952747,
0.2149094045162201,
-0.43349480628967285,
-0.2619866132736206,
0.5939416289329529,
-0.1528521180152893,
0.17600814998149872,
-0.3119076192378998,
-0.07812187075614929,
-0.3489122688770294,
0.433059960603714,
0.145944282412529,
0.5399817824363708,
0.01990005373954773,
-0.48107630014419556,
0.4119017720222473,
0.6255468130111694,
-0.8080373406410217,
0.4550928771495819,
0.09841397404670715,
-0.002192170126363635,
-0.12919501960277557,
0.34884634613990784,
-0.9424610137939453,
0.22402110695838928,
0.738530158996582,
0.323180615901947,
0.2598198354244232,
-0.5665696263313293,
-0.548715353012085,
0.39801594614982605,
0.38140615820884705,
-0.18640685081481934,
-0.19578734040260315,
0.16153056919574738,
0.3686858117580414,
0.3015258014202118,
0.6418357491493225,
-0.4243561625480652,
-0.36657026410102844,
-0.4566878080368042,
0.45766323804855347,
0.023655811324715614,
0.202021986246109,
0.35299453139305115,
-0.06392825394868851,
0.03303256258368492,
0.40539786219596863,
0.08795017749071121,
0.200200617313385,
-0.46506771445274353,
0.152565136551857,
-0.8298606872558594,
-0.10883616656064987,
0.437254935503006,
0.2950436472892761,
-0.2759171426296234,
0.3573026955127716,
0.7689744234085083,
-0.3702661395072937,
-0.03041876293718815,
0.6329630017280579,
0.4852338433265686,
-0.2954426407814026,
-0.5217212438583374,
-0.7751957178115845,
0.33457857370376587,
0.2863816022872925,
-0.7587013840675354,
0.11222462356090546,
0.7600745558738708,
-0.40622061491012573,
0.22549857199192047,
0.2742301821708679,
0.6771475672721863,
-0.06107223033905029,
-0.15556120872497559,
0.1466846764087677,
0.6090638041496277,
-0.1474635750055313,
-0.09367328137159348,
0.5917161107063293,
-0.1967902034521103,
0.3205310106277466,
0.6651408672332764,
0.1801496297121048,
0.3623087704181671,
0.04293306916952133,
-0.5291970372200012,
0.14182883501052856,
-0.38388970494270325,
-0.5386551022529602,
0.10468491911888123,
-0.8168448209762573,
0.15335385501384735,
-0.2876827120780945,
-0.26789605617523193,
-0.2854495942592621,
0.30467304587364197,
-0.11110194027423859,
0.5222839713096619,
0.27679091691970825,
0.9451350569725037,
-0.00364729855209589,
0.2648542523384094,
0.03329164534807205,
0.02526657097041607,
1.0060209035873413,
0.40108931064605713,
0.316031277179718,
-0.17379646003246307,
0.7517531514167786,
0.065182626247406,
-0.056680966168642044,
-0.25348973274230957,
-0.32290053367614746,
-0.06975305080413818,
0.8150184750556946,
-0.22329284250736237,
-0.7394019365310669,
0.33777230978012085,
-0.18768571317195892,
0.9917877912521362,
0.17654092609882355,
0.06858304142951965,
-0.04708649963140488,
-0.017254240810871124,
-0.5434550046920776,
-0.9859422445297241,
0.5300125479698181,
0.31503477692604065,
-0.12737144529819489,
-0.7931827306747437,
-0.1473778337240219,
-0.059937670826911926,
-0.046537552028894424,
-0.3241994380950928,
-0.11711407452821732,
-0.7334151268005371,
-0.6976707577705383,
0.3708769381046295,
-0.28068020939826965,
-0.6314274072647095,
0.26875820755958557,
0.2608318626880646,
0.2778567969799042,
0.06060558930039406,
0.1542384922504425,
0.49099722504615784,
-0.24294321238994598,
-0.10564804077148438,
0.3505929708480835,
-0.05284750834107399,
0.6090837121009827,
0.8646982908248901,
0.17966215312480927,
0.1007998138666153,
-5.250335216522217,
0.6605736017227173,
0.03333194553852081,
-0.9159262180328369,
0.5350093245506287,
-0.38673755526542664,
-0.052368879318237305,
-0.5878944396972656,
0.31888699531555176,
-0.34053340554237366,
-0.1778787225484848,
0.01024535670876503,
-0.44664910435676575,
0.3881159722805023,
0.2594488859176636,
-0.25042369961738586,
0.3506244122982025,
-0.9155939221382141,
-0.06708938628435135,
0.8475416898727417,
0.5898700952529907,
-0.5376042127609253,
0.3040904700756073,
0.620514988899231,
-0.5021394491195679,
0.45806631445884705,
-0.031851500272750854,
0.019694965332746506,
-0.2950422465801239,
0.24920973181724548,
-0.0806659609079361,
-0.5184317827224731,
-0.23404677212238312,
-0.4542727470397949,
-0.20625267922878265,
0.3677908778190613,
0.2299749255180359,
-0.07031020522117615,
0.6103342175483704,
0.040380965918302536,
0.46025729179382324,
-0.2809436321258545,
0.013677038252353668,
-0.42587465047836304,
-0.03397304564714432,
-0.5508118867874146,
-0.3748035728931427,
-0.5097327828407288,
-0.3214090168476105,
1.1259351968765259,
0.7268677949905396,
-0.11052685230970383,
0.387911856174469,
-0.8496110439300537,
0.417571485042572,
0.07695116847753525,
0.43220341205596924,
0.3053598701953888,
-0.355523020029068,
0.4459386169910431,
0.38137102127075195,
0.20515768229961395,
-0.4133944809436798,
-0.34176743030548096,
-0.24581269919872284,
-0.24255074560642242,
-0.24852842092514038,
0.4517596960067749,
0.21911031007766724,
0.4750971794128418,
1.0235488414764404,
0.40830716490745544,
0.687018096446991,
-1.1608139276504517,
-0.1940840631723404,
-0.3457019031047821,
-0.26158392429351807,
-0.20329220592975616,
-1.0356251001358032,
0.47315648198127747,
0.37379005551338196,
-0.13089758157730103,
0.6168250441551208,
0.1358976513147354,
-0.2547207772731781,
-0.35660219192504883,
-0.4035075306892395,
0.4892061948776245,
-0.4639400243759155,
-0.5118783712387085,
-0.03551860153675079,
0.11636000871658325,
-0.03512929007411003,
0.2304864376783371,
0.2522551417350769,
0.096405528485775,
0.5495262145996094,
0.8420484066009521,
0.2032831460237503,
0.2217276245355606,
-0.11084844172000885,
-0.29924067854881287,
0.8867219686508179,
-0.5087706446647644,
-0.07672332972288132,
-0.7456830143928528,
-0.009176592342555523,
-0.668034017086029,
0.6853430867195129,
-0.48269912600517273,
-0.05961364135146141,
0.7820066809654236,
-0.07937220484018326,
-0.2467261403799057,
0.10504032671451569,
-1.0045554637908936,
-0.005902566015720367,
0.2681168019771576,
0.3047812581062317,
-0.6287440061569214,
0.6942002177238464,
0.595787763595581,
-0.07729576528072357,
-0.5795267820358276,
-0.608185887336731,
-0.1580486297607422,
0.0597512312233448,
-0.0720270499587059,
-0.7491162419319153,
0.3568921983242035,
-0.38756272196769714,
-0.05939853563904762,
0.12184891104698181,
0.5577325224876404,
0.1722443699836731,
-0.04840638488531113,
-0.19409099221229553,
-0.22621598839759827,
-0.6658017039299011,
-0.30891409516334534,
0.3325207233428955,
-0.3415965735912323,
-0.5878695249557495,
0.3490670621395111,
0.6305096745491028,
0.5850739479064941,
-0.47290804982185364,
-0.7824552655220032,
0.21482549607753754,
-0.38882678747177124,
0.10520453006029129,
0.13838064670562744,
-0.11777187138795853,
-0.5005978345870972,
-0.5066257119178772,
0.4548400044441223,
-0.553384006023407,
-0.24694785475730896,
-0.18482275307178497,
-0.1957298368215561,
0.23948296904563904,
-0.20761540532112122,
-0.8936105370521545,
0.05877108499407768,
-0.19616273045539856,
0.37183696031570435,
-0.05627762898802757,
-0.6023585796356201,
-0.21969780325889587,
0.8081825375556946,
0.14095064997673035,
-0.1611870378255844,
0.03343779221177101,
-0.21277159452438354,
0.19832922518253326,
0.3042396306991577,
0.259453147649765,
-0.6828111410140991,
0.19025960564613342,
-0.028687838464975357,
-0.3245256245136261,
-1.1200071573257446,
-0.03718201816082001,
-0.40813103318214417,
-0.12142513692378998,
-0.09799862653017044,
-0.304625928401947,
-0.46442940831184387,
-0.4255672097206116,
0.22868655622005463,
-0.9028318524360657,
-0.46889159083366394,
0.08767089247703552,
0.701543927192688,
-0.5021727085113525,
-0.406057208776474,
-0.25926655530929565,
0.12633152306079865,
-0.2579668462276459,
0.07785061001777649,
-0.5290086269378662,
-0.35042262077331543,
-0.4033946096897125,
-0.48872900009155273,
0.7242371439933777,
-1.1295846700668335,
0.3615671396255493,
0.1863907128572464,
-0.4907853901386261,
0.8424748182296753,
-0.3104332685470581,
-0.2867436110973358,
0.4813942611217499,
0.1162978932261467,
0.6220160722732544,
-0.05337793752551079,
0.07247147709131241,
0.1779041290283203,
-0.6587715744972229,
-0.7597401142120361,
-0.4754282534122467,
0.11926770210266113,
-0.35658419132232666,
0.1318509429693222,
-0.5182633399963379,
0.10293824225664139,
-0.566970944404602,
-0.0408761128783226,
0.6795530915260315,
-0.43847694993019104,
-0.21086232364177704,
-0.003975709900259972,
-0.04238831251859665,
0.5114861726760864,
-0.4364793598651886,
-0.44583532214164734,
0.30251064896583557,
0.6202005743980408,
0.14040370285511017,
0.23915278911590576,
0.6175966262817383,
0.28876373171806335,
-0.2646801173686981,
0.36589983105659485,
-0.20848500728607178,
0.12313243001699448,
-0.009231542237102985,
-0.271505206823349,
-0.5238935947418213,
0.0703703835606575,
-0.09980931878089905,
0.0605037622153759,
-0.43459823727607727,
0.04101797193288803,
0.388427197933197,
-0.6257842183113098,
-0.515502393245697,
-0.4492889940738678,
-0.19822244346141815,
0.44049152731895447,
0.3740294575691223,
0.0996750146150589,
0.032651081681251526,
-0.0401538610458374,
0.597750186920166,
0.06923797726631165,
0.07769675552845001,
0.43765589594841003,
-0.151714488863945,
0.14389777183532715,
0.5019252300262451,
0.6100131273269653,
-0.34862321615219116,
0.5442094802856445,
-0.08424583822488785,
0.26960039138793945,
0.43143314123153687,
-0.8023238778114319,
0.35757318139076233,
-0.1649588793516159,
-0.8285582661628723,
-0.15399236977100372,
-0.7000250220298767,
-0.3978990614414215,
-0.22498950362205505,
-0.6624261736869812,
-0.29347607493400574,
-0.29746150970458984,
-0.44665148854255676,
-0.0786413624882698,
-0.44838765263557434,
0.9711065292358398,
-0.17137455940246582,
-0.5762503743171692,
-0.2888367176055908,
0.13488662242889404,
-0.2817244827747345,
0.5513944625854492,
-0.13465461134910583,
-0.20802517235279083,
0.34385690093040466,
0.4228877127170563,
0.2398999184370041,
0.18239851295948029,
0.022856222465634346,
-0.05837652459740639,
0.3363617956638336,
-0.3008039891719818,
-0.40042373538017273,
0.2254488617181778,
-0.442947119474411,
0.5268820524215698,
-0.05362250283360481,
0.8082374334335327,
-0.4463036060333252,
-0.13865181803703308,
0.6525447964668274,
-0.11757634580135345,
-0.010782073251903057,
0.33762326836586,
-0.28347358107566833,
-0.27626681327819824,
0.3001108169555664,
0.30486592650413513,
0.06976307183504105,
0.35779985785484314,
-0.4252850413322449,
0.005800371523946524,
0.4099206328392029,
0.596843421459198,
0.3995645046234131,
-0.605597972869873,
0.28175392746925354,
0.7674578428268433,
0.051089003682136536,
-0.4643647372722626,
-0.1319808065891266,
-0.8143967986106873,
-0.20566385984420776,
0.2183944582939148,
0.04920484498143196,
0.431258887052536,
0.2848653793334961,
-0.1708618551492691,
0.2551231384277344,
0.47764119505882263,
0.03219646215438843,
0.37498989701271057,
-0.8081779479980469,
-0.8715916872024536,
0.3928315341472626,
0.16674593091011047,
0.1408524215221405,
-0.5757811069488525,
0.59192955493927,
-0.04265722259879112,
0.5491507649421692,
-0.32274988293647766,
-0.12089499086141586,
0.016179343685507774,
-0.5436521172523499,
-0.14840194582939148,
1.253645420074463,
0.07301977276802063,
-0.010274463333189487,
-0.13022176921367645,
0.1998213678598404,
0.10129380226135254,
0.03014141507446766,
0.43148142099380493,
0.01947997696697712,
0.4371459186077118,
-0.13307707011699677,
0.09931059926748276,
0.20950500667095184,
0.5372270941734314,
-0.42930662631988525,
0.267926424741745,
-0.08365356177091599,
-0.3975691497325897,
-0.6419404745101929,
-0.4049067199230194,
-0.3112373650074005,
-0.031232735142111778,
0.03187740966677666,
-0.5646705627441406,
0.1550561934709549,
-0.3630703389644623,
0.5143888592720032,
-0.39332130551338196,
0.8681570887565613,
-0.9013266563415527,
-0.6828848123550415,
0.12002486735582352,
-0.054769717156887054,
0.31853795051574707,
0.5681800246238708,
0.937397837638855,
0.7687143683433533,
0.8313353061676025,
0.22570174932479858,
0.45584118366241455,
0.20208509266376495,
0.02301451377570629,
-0.5163599252700806,
0.007593188900500536,
-0.02761777490377426,
0.3485412299633026,
-0.10489144176244736,
0.26979944109916687,
-0.17074885964393616,
0.06864478439092636,
-0.24157015979290009,
0.06366164982318878,
-0.3080027103424072,
0.39948907494544983,
1.3535711765289307,
0.6816667914390564,
0.04299752786755562,
-0.6519572734832764,
0.493943989276886,
0.4329894483089447,
-0.03847696632146835,
0.2652888000011444,
0.22275076806545258,
0.6512340307235718,
-0.6130386590957642,
-0.3762975037097931,
-0.28081610798835754,
0.27847641706466675,
-0.1913163959980011,
0.13629050552845,
-0.020960500463843346,
-0.1524723321199417,
-0.3236275017261505,
-0.4589030146598816,
0.35878628492355347,
-0.12428339570760727,
-0.13547587394714355,
-0.7813521027565002,
0.35382330417633057,
-0.12561753392219543,
-0.5474861860275269,
0.17210404574871063,
-0.4452155530452728,
-0.3982178270816803,
0.4522804915904999,
0.1623724400997162,
0.1768646389245987,
0.31817373633384705,
-0.3225424289703369,
-0.4126494228839874,
0.023183289915323257,
-0.7656256556510925,
-0.23162111639976501,
-0.626951277256012,
0.6999448537826538,
0.016601895913481712,
0.11454558372497559,
-0.09531253576278687
] |
256708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage%20law | Mortgage law | A mortgage is a legal instrument which is used to create a security interest in real property held by a lender as a security for a debt, usually a loan of money. A mortgage in itself is not a debt, it is the lender's security for a debt. It is a transfer of an interest in land (or the equivalent) from the owner to the mortgage lender, on the condition that this interest will be returned to the owner when the terms of the mortgage have been satisfied or performed. In other words, the mortgage is a security for the loan that the lender makes to the borrower.
The word is a Law French term meaning "dead pledge," originally only referring to the Welsh mortgage (see below), but in the later Middle Ages was applied to all gages and reinterpreted by folk etymology to mean that the pledge ends (dies) either when the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure.
In most jurisdictions mortgages are strongly associated with loans secured on real estate rather than on other property (such as ships) and in some jurisdictions only land may be mortgaged. A mortgage is the standard method by which individuals and businesses can purchase real estate without the need to pay the full value immediately from their own resources. See mortgage loan for residential mortgage lending, and commercial mortgage for lending against commercial property.
Participants and variant terminology
Legal systems in different countries, while having some concepts in common, employ different terminology. However, in general, a mortgage of property involves the following parties. The borrower, known as the mortgagor, gives the mortgage to the lender, known as the mortgagee.
Lender/mortgagee
A mortgage lender is an investor that lends money secured by a mortgage on real estate. In today's world, most lenders sell the loans they write on the secondary mortgage market. When they sell the mortgage, they earn revenue called Service Release Premium. Typically, the purpose of the loan is for the borrower to purchase that same real estate. As the mortgagee, the lender has the right to sell the property to pay off the loan if the borrower fails to pay.
The mortgage runs with the land, so even if the borrower transfers the property to someone else, the mortgagee still has the right to sell it if the borrower fails to pay off the loan.
So that a buyer cannot unwittingly buy property subject to a mortgage, mortgages are registered or recorded against the title with a government office, as a public record. The borrower has the right to have the mortgage discharged from the title once the debt is paid.
Borrower/mortgagor
A mortgagor is the borrower in a mortgage—he or she owes the obligation secured by the mortgage. Generally, the borrower must meet the conditions of the underlying loan or other obligation in order to redeem the mortgage. If the borrower fails to meet these conditions, the mortgagee may foreclose to recover the outstanding loan. Typically the borrowers will be the individual homeowners, landlords, or businesses who are purchasing their property by way of a loan.
Other participants
Because of the complicated legal exchange, or conveyance, of the property, one or both of the main participants are likely to require legal representation. The agent used for conveyancing varies based on the jurisdiction. In the English-speaking world this means either a general legal practitioner, i.e., an attorney or solicitor, or in jurisdictions influenced by English law, including South Africa, a (licensed) conveyancer. In the United States, real estate agents are the most common. In civil law jurisdictions conveyancing is handled by civil law notaries.
Because of the complex nature of many markets the borrower may approach a mortgage broker or financial adviser to help him or her source an appropriate lender, typically by finding the most competitive loan.
The debt instrument is, in civil law jurisdictions, referred to by some form of Latin hypotheca (e.g., Sp hipoteca, Fr hypothèque, Germ Hypothek), and the parties are known as hypothecator (borrower) and hypothecatee (lender). A civil-law hypotheca is exactly equivalent to an English mortgage by legal charge or American lien-theory mortgage.
History
Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman law
In Anglo-Saxon England, when interest loans were illegal, the main method of securing realty was by wadset (ME wedset). A wadset was a loan masked as a sale of land under right of reversion. The borrower (reverser) conveyed by charter a fee simple estate, in consideration of a loan, to the lender (wadsetter) who on redemption would reconvey the estate to the reverser by a second charter. The difficulty with this arrangement was that the wadsetter was absolute owner of the property and could sell it to a third party or refuse to reconvey it to the reverser, who was also stripped of his principal means of repayment and therefore in a weak position. In later years the practice—especially in Scotland and on the continent—was to execute together the wadset and a separate back-bond according the reverser an in personam right of reverter.
An alternative practice imported from Norman law was the usufructory pledge of real property known as a gage of land. Under a gage the borrower (gagor) conveyed possession but not ownership to the lender (gagee) for an unlimited term until redemption. The gage came in two forms:
the living gage (Norman vif gage, Welsh prid), whereby the estate's accruing rents, profits, and crops went toward reducing the debt (that is, the debt was self-redeeming);
the dead gage (Norman mort gage, Scots deid wad), whereby the rents and profits were taken in lieu of interest but did not reduce the debt.
The gage was unattractive for lenders because the gagor could easily eject the gage using novel disseisin, and the gagee—merely seized ut de vadio “as of gage”—could not bring a freeholder's remedies to recover possession. Thus, the unprofitable living gage fell out of use, but the dead gage continued as the Welsh mortgage until abolished in 1922.
Late Middle Ages
By the 13th century—in England and on the continent—the gage was limited to a term of years and contained a forfeiture proviso (pactum commissorium) providing that if after the term the debt was not repaid, title was forfeited to the lender, i.e., the term of years would expand automatically into a fee simple. This is known as a shifting fee and was sufficient after 1199 to entitle the gagee to bring an action for recovery. However, the royal courts increasingly did not respect shifting fees since there was no livery of seisin (i.e., no formal conveyance), nor did they recognize that tenure could be enlarged, so by the 14th century the simple gage for years was invalid in England (and Scotland and the near continent).
The solution was to merge the latter-day wadset and gage for years into a single transaction embodied in two instruments: (1) the absolute conveyance (the charter) in fee or for years to the lender; (2) an indenture or bond (the defeasance) reciting the loan and providing that if it was repaid the land would reinvest in the borrower, but if not the lender would retain title. If repaid on time, the lender would reinvest title using a reconveyance deed. This was the mortgage by conveyance (aka mortgage in fee) or, when written, the mortgage by charter and reconveyance and took the form of a feoffment, bargain and sale, or lease and release. Since the lender did not necessarily enter into possession, had rights of action, and covenanted a right of reversion on the borrower, the mortgage was a proper collateral security. Thus, a mortgage was on its face an absolute conveyance of a fee simple estate, but was in fact conditional, and would be of no effect if certain conditions were met.
The debt was absolute in form, and unlike a gage was not conditionally dependent on its repayment solely from raising and selling crops or livestock or simply giving the crops and livestock raised on the gaged land. The mortgage debt remained in effect whether or not the land could successfully produce enough income to repay the debt. In theory, a mortgage required no further steps to be taken by the lender, such as acceptance of crops and livestock in repayment.
Renaissance and after
However, if the borrower was a single day late in repaying the debt, he forfeited his land to the lender while still remaining liable for the debt. Increasingly the courts of equity began to protect the borrower's interests, so that a borrower came to have under Sir Francis Bacon (1617–21) an absolute right to insist on reconveyance on redemption even if past due. This right of the borrower is known as the equity of redemption.
This arrangement, whereby the lender was in theory the absolute owner, but in practice had few of the practical rights of ownership, was seen in many jurisdictions as being awkwardly artificial. By statute the common law's position was altered so that the mortgagor (borrower) would retain ownership, but the mortgagee's (lender's) rights, such as foreclosure, the power of sale, and the right to take possession, would be protected. In the United States, those states that have reformed the nature of mortgages in this way are known as lien states. A similar effect was achieved in England and Wales by the Law of Property Act 1925, which abolished mortgages by the conveyance of a fee simple.
Since the 17th century, lenders have not been allowed to carry interest in the property beyond the underlying debt under the equity of redemption principle. Attempts by the lender to carry an equity interest in the property in a manner similar to convertible bonds through contract have been therefore struck down by courts as "clogs", but developments in the 1980s and 1990s have led to less rigid enforcement of this principle, particularly due to interest among theorists in returning to a freedom of contract regime.
Mortgage Law and Colonization Practices
Mortgage and foreclosure were used as a means by the Dutch and other colonists to acquire land from native peoples in North America. This was a successful endeavor partially due to cultural differences in the understanding of land ownership. The practice followed a series of steps. Colonists would draw native peoples into their debts through credit that the natives would then need to create mortgages to repay. The debt would generally be one that the natives would be unable to pay in a reasonable time frame and thus foreclosure would be enforced, and the land acquired by the colonists.
Default on divided property
When a tract of land is purchased with a mortgage and then split up and sold, the "inverse order of alienation rule" applies to decide parties liable for the unpaid debt.
When a mortgaged tract of land is split up and sold, upon default, the mortgagee first forecloses on lands still owned by the mortgagor and proceeds against other owners in an 'inverse order' in which they were sold. For example, Alice acquires a lot by mortgage then splits up the lot into three lots (X, Y, and Z), and sells lot Y to Bob, and then lot Z to Charlie, retaining lot X for herself. Upon default, the mortgagee proceeds against lot X first, the mortgagor. If foreclosure or repossession of lot X does not fully satisfy the debt, the mortgagee proceeds against lot Z (Charlie), then lot Y (Bob). The rationale is that the first purchaser should have more equity and subsequent purchasers receive a diluted share.
Legal aspects
Mortgages may be legal or equitable. Furthermore, a mortgage may take one of a number of different legal structures, the availability of which will depend on the jurisdiction under which the mortgage is made. Common law jurisdictions have evolved two main forms of mortgage: the mortgage by demise and the mortgage by legal charge.
Mortgage by demise
In a mortgage by demise, the mortgagee (the lender) becomes the owner of the mortgaged property until the loan is repaid or other mortgage obligation fulfilled in full, a process known as "redemption". This kind of mortgage takes the form of a conveyance of the property to the creditor, with a condition that the property will be returned on redemption.
Mortgages by demise were the original form of mortgage, and continue to be used in many jurisdictions, and in a small minority of states in the United States. Many other common law jurisdictions have either abolished or minimised the use of the mortgage by demise. For example, in England and Wales this type of mortgage is no longer available in relation to registered interests in land, by virtue of section 23 of the Land Registration Act 2002 (though it continues to be available for unregistered interests).
Mortgage by legal charge
In a mortgage by legal charge or technically "a charge by deed expressed to be by way of legal mortgage", the debtor remains the legal owner of the property, but the creditor gains sufficient rights over it to enable them to enforce their security, such as a right to take possession of the property or sell it.
To protect the lender, a mortgage by legal charge is usually recorded in a public register. Since mortgage debt is often the largest debt owed by the debtor, banks and other mortgage lenders run title searches of the real estate property to make certain that there are no mortgages already registered on the debtor's property which might have higher priority. Tax liens, in some cases, will come ahead of mortgages. For this reason, if a borrower has delinquent property taxes, the bank will often pay them to prevent the lienholder from foreclosing and wiping out the mortgage.
This type of mortgage is most common in the United States and, since the Law of Property Act 1925, it has been the usual form of mortgage in England and Wales (it is now the only form for registered interests in landsee above).
In Scotland, the mortgage by legal charge is also known as Standard Security.
In Pakistan, the mortgage by legal charge is most common way used by banks to secure the financing. It is also known as registered mortgage. After registration of legal charge, the bank's lien is recorded in the land register stating that the property is under mortgage and cannot be sold without obtaining an NOC (No Objection Certificate) from the bank.
Equitable mortgage
Equitable mortgages originate in English Common Law and may lack some legal formalities.
In an equitable mortgage the lender is secured by taking possession of all the original title documents of the property and by borrower's signing a Memorandum of Deposit of Title Deed (MODTD). This document is an undertaking by the borrower that he/she has deposited the title documents with the bank with his own wish and will, in order to secure the financing obtained from the bank.
Certain transactions are recognized therefore as mortgages by equity, which are not so recognized by common law.
Foreclosure and non-recourse lending
In most jurisdictions, a lender may foreclose on the mortgaged property if certain conditions—principally, non-payment of the mortgage loanapply. A foreclosure will be either judicial or extrajudicial (non-judicial), depending upon whether the jurisdiction within which the property to be foreclosed interprets mortgages according to title theory or lien theory, and further depending upon the type of security instrument used to secure the loan. Subject to local legal requirements, the property may then be sold. Any amounts received from the sale (net of costs) are applied to the original debt.
In some jurisdictions mainly in the United States, mortgage loans are non-recourse loans: if the funds recouped from sale of the mortgaged property are insufficient to cover the outstanding debt, the lender may not have recourse to the borrower after foreclosure. In other jurisdictions, the borrower remains responsible for any remaining debt, through a deficiency judgment. In some jurisdictions, first mortgages are non-recourse loans, but second and subsequent ones are recourse loans.
Specific procedures for foreclosure and sale of the mortgaged property almost always apply, and may be tightly regulated by the relevant government. In some jurisdictions, foreclosure and sale can occur quite rapidly, while in others, foreclosure may take many months or even years. In many countries, the ability of lenders to foreclose is extremely limited, and mortgage market development has been notably slower. The relatively slow, expensive and cumbersome process of judicial foreclosure is a primary motivation for the use of deeds of trust, because of their provisions for non-judicial foreclosures by trustees through "power of sale" clauses.
Mortgages in the United States
The Three Theories of Mortgages
There are three legal theories pertaining to mortgages: Title Theory, Lien Theory, and Intermediate Theory. These three theories pertain particularly to the operation of mortgages, and so provide the key to understanding the differences which exist in the operation of mortgages across jurisdictions.
Title Theory
Title theory is "the idea that a mortgage transfers legal title of the mortgaged property from the mortgagor to the mortgagee, which retains it until the mortgage has been satisfied or foreclosed. Only a few American States...have adopted this theory." Under title theory, a mortgage has the effect of a deed passing legal title, though conditionally, of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee (the lender in a loan agreement being secured by the mortgage), with so-called "equitable title" (which is really equity of redemption) being retained by the mortgagor (the borrower in the loan). The fact of the mortgagor's retaining of the "equity of redemption" is the fact which renders the passing of title under title theory conditional. Mortgages within title theory jurisdictions, then, may be viewed as having the action of what might be called "conditional deeds". Though legal title is passed pursuant to a mortgage therein, the arrangement is generally construed by courts to recognize the mortgagor as "owner" of the mortgaged property within title theory jurisdictions. Even so, foreclosure of the property as a remedy for default under title theory is most often extrajudicial (non-judicial).
Lien Theory
Lien theory is "the idea that a mortgage resembles a lien, so that...", pursuant to a mortgage, "...the mortgagee acquires only a lien on the property and the mortgagor retains both legal and equitable title unless a valid foreclosure occurs. Most American states...have adopted this theory." Sometimes this theory is referred to as the "Equitable Theory of Mortgages". Under lien theory. a mortgage acts to place a lien on the mortgaged property in favor of the mortgagee, and legal title is retained by the mortgagor. Judicial foreclosure is most often necessary as a remedy to default pursuant to mortgages within lien theory jurisdictions, and this process has been found to be cumbersome, time-consuming and costly. Resultantly, lenders within lien theory jurisdictions most often have recourse to non-mortgage instruments for the securement of loans, which instruments usually take the form of trust deeds or, within the State of Georgia, the security deed. Deeds always act to convey legal title to a parcel of real property, and the ubiquitous usage of such deeds within lien theory jurisdictions has generally served to subvert the action of mortgages therein.
Intermediate Theory, and general considerations
Under what has come to be called the "intermediate theory" of mortgages, a mortgage is viewed as creating a lien on the mortgaged property until such a time as an event of default occurs pursuant to the loan contract. After such a time, the same mortgage is construed under title theory. This is accomplished by the inclusion of a stipulation within the loan contract to the effect that the borrower is allowed to retain legal title to the collateralized property with the express agreement that the lender may foreclose in a non- or extrajudicial manner if the borrower defaults on the loan.
In the United States, more states are lien-theory states than are title-theory or intermediate- theory states. In title-theory states, a mortgage continues to be a conveyance of legal title to secure a debt, while the mortgagor still retains equitable title. In lien-theory states, mortgages and deeds of trust have been redesigned so that they now impose a nonpossessory lien on the title to the mortgaged property, while the mortgagor still holds both legal and equitable title.
Types of security interests in realty
Four types of security over real property are commonly used in the United States: the title mortgage, the lien mortgage, the deed of trust, and particularly within the State of Georgia, the security deed. In the United States, these security instruments proceed off of debt instruments drawn up in the form of promissory notes and which are known variously as mortgage notes, lender's notes, or real estate lien notes.
The mortgage
A mortgage operates to collateralize real property by means of lien or through conditional conveyance of title, depending upon jurisdiction. A mortgage creates a security interest in realty created by a written instrument (traditionally a deed) that either conveys legal title (according to the "title theory of mortgages") or hypothecates title by way of a nonpossessory lien (according to the "lien theory of mortgages") to a lender for the performance under the terms of a mortgage note. In slightly less than half of states, a mortgage creates a lien on the title to the mortgaged property. Foreclosure of that lien almost always requires a judicial proceeding declaring the debt to be due and in default and ordering a sale of the property to pay the debt. Many mortgages contain a power of sale clause, also known as nonjudicial foreclosure clause, making them equivalent to a deed of trust. Most "mortgages" in California are actually deeds of trust. The effective difference is that the foreclosure process can be much faster for a deed of trust than for a mortgage, on the order of 3 months rather than a year. Because this foreclosure does not require actions by the court, the transaction costs can be quite a bit less.
The deed of trust
The deed of trust is a conveyance of title made by the borrower to a third party trustee (not the lender) for the purposes of securing a debt. In lien-theory states, it is reinterpreted as merely imposing a lien on the title and not a title transfer, regardless of its terms. It differs from a mortgage in that, in many states, it can be foreclosed by a nonjudicial sale held by the trustee through a power of sale. It is also possible to foreclose them through a judicial proceeding.
Deeds of trust to secure repayments of debts should not be confused with trust instruments that are sometimes called deeds of trust but that are used to create trusts for other purposes, such as estate planning. Though there are superficial similarities in the form, many states hold deeds of trust to secure repayment of debts do not create true trust arrangements.
The Security Deed: a State of Georgia specialty
Georgia is often stated to be a title theory state, but such is not the case. Note O.C.G.A. §44-14-30, which states clearly that "A mortgage in this state is only security for a debt and passes no title." Also note O.C.G.A. §44-14-31, which states that "No particular form is necessary to constitute a mortgage. However, a mortgage must clearly indicate the creation of a lien and must specify the debt for which it is given and the property upon which it is to take effect." It is clear, then, that mortgages are construed within the Official Georgia Code and by the Courts of the State of Georgia as placing a lien upon a mortgaged property in favor of the mortgagee, while the mortgagor retains both legal and equitable title to that property. It is equally clear, then, that Georgia is, by virtue of the foregoing facts, a lien theory state. Even so, the Georgia Legislature has formally provided for a lender being able to secure its loan by means of having legal title to a collateralized property conveyed to it.
The so-called "Deed to Secure Debt" is a security instrument used in the state of Georgia to accomplish securing of a debt by means of the passing of legal title to real property. Though it is characterized within the Official Code of Georgia (the "O.C.G.A.") to be an "absolute conveyance" of title, it is, in fact, not, for the grantor of the deed in this scheme does retain the "equity of redemption", otherwise known as "equitable title". The nature of the Georgia "Deed to Secure Debt" is set forth in O.C.G.A. §44-14-60, within which (somewhat oxymoronically) it is stated that: "Such conveyance shall be held by the courts to be an absolute conveyance,..." (assumedly meaning an actual conveyance of "absolute" or "perfect" title to the grantee) "...with the right reserved by the grantor to have the property reconveyed to him upon the payment of the debt or debts intended to be secured agreeably to the terms of the contract,..." (in other words, the grantor retains "equitable title", a.k.a. the equity of redemption, which appears to contradict the preceding phrase within the same sentence) "...and shall not be held to be a mortgage." (which is true, but only within a "lien theory" jurisdiction). Despite the assertion within the O.C.G.A. of "absolute conveyance", the fact that the grantor of a security deed retains equitable title to the deeded property, means that the conveyance of title effected by said security deed is, in fact, not absolute, but is conditional, and the security deed effectively functions as a mortgage construed under title theory.
Upon the execution of such a deed, "legal title" passes to the grantee or beneficiary (usually lender), while the grantor (borrower) maintains "equitable title" to use and enjoy the conveyed land subject to compliance with debt obligations. In this, the security deed in Georgia operates no differently than does a mortgage within "title theory" jurisdictions. Hypothetically, if "absolute" or "perfect" title were held by a grantee such that the grantor did not retain the equity of redemption, then the grantee/lender would theoretically not have need to foreclose upon the grantor/borrower, but rather might cure a default by simple means of eviction or "summary reposession". However, foreclosure, albeit extrajudicial, is found to be necessary in Georgia to cure a default. Because of the apparently self-contradictory nature of the Georgia statute, the Courts within Georgia have construed the operation of security deeds to mean that the grantor retains the equity of redemption, such that non- or extrajudicial foreclosure is necessary as a remedy for default on a loan.
In order to be effectual, security deeds must be recorded in the county of Georgia within which the land is located. Although there is no specific time within which such deeds must be filed, the failure to timely record the deed to secure debt may affect priority and therefore the ability to enforce the debt against the subject property.
Priority
The lien is said to attach to the title when the mortgage is signed by the mortgagor and delivered to the mortgagee and the mortgagor receives the funds whose repayment the mortgage secures. Subject to the requirements of the recording laws of the state in which the mortgaged property is located, this attachment establishes the priority of the mortgage lien with respect to most other liens on the property's title. Liens that have attached to the title before the mortgage lien are said to be senior to, or prior to, the mortgage lien. Those attaching afterward are said to be junior or subordinate. The purpose of this priority is to establish the order in which lienholders are entitled to foreclose their liens in order to recover their debts. If a property's title has multiple mortgage liens and the loan secured by a first mortgage is paid off, the second mortgage lien will move up in priority and become the new first mortgage lien on the title. Documenting this new priority arrangement will require the release of the mortgage securing the paid-off loan.
Assignment
Mortgages, along with the Mortgage note, may be assigned to other parties. Some jurisdictions hold that the assignment of the note implies the assignment of the mortgage, while others contend it only creates an equitable right.
See also
References
External links | [
0.5986467003822327,
0.24840617179870605,
0.358299195766449,
-0.12343315780162811,
0.7826375365257263,
-0.034793153405189514,
-0.14885295927524567,
-0.17431557178497314,
0.02149484120309353,
-0.15741479396820068,
-0.4418509304523468,
1.1883400678634644,
0.06536884605884552,
0.3885017931461334,
-0.35240742564201355,
0.5848109722137451,
0.35571232438087463,
0.4041622579097748,
0.01714574173092842,
-0.5295518040657043,
-0.7572543025016785,
-0.1654719114303589,
0.36399367451667786,
-0.1617504209280014,
0.0689602643251419,
-0.25388655066490173,
0.19722989201545715,
0.2995235025882721,
-0.884067714214325,
0.09181883186101913,
0.48761892318725586,
0.14586776494979858,
-0.17593951523303986,
0.16399474442005157,
0.36192649602890015,
0.03898466378450394,
-0.3019088804721832,
-0.2427784651517868,
-0.6257240176200867,
-0.8529011607170105,
0.5204294323921204,
0.13125914335250854,
0.10835733264684677,
0.37545523047447205,
-0.5455361008644104,
-0.28477850556373596,
-1.5928139686584473,
0.018908167257905006,
-0.5737274289131165,
-0.1451054960489273,
0.26039066910743713,
0.06347287446260452,
-0.09118912369012833,
0.0449189767241478,
0.18673868477344513,
0.7502537965774536,
-0.6459202170372009,
-0.6381094455718994,
0.4117446541786194,
-0.2965032756328583,
0.9661745429039001,
0.026155225932598114,
0.1320790946483612,
0.05220139026641846,
0.1124664694070816,
-0.1400081068277359,
-0.19987846910953522,
-0.04990267753601074,
-0.593238890171051,
-0.4628472626209259,
-0.4765656590461731,
0.12376521527767181,
-0.1443733423948288,
-0.26051709055900574,
-0.6602032780647278,
0.43888580799102783,
0.21864859759807587,
-0.11192963272333145,
-0.11009299755096436,
-0.02655690722167492,
0.06604017317295074,
0.5513980984687805,
0.1336050182580948,
-0.23163919150829315,
0.21921759843826294,
-0.1576661616563797,
-0.614054799079895,
0.5150700807571411,
0.08753404766321182,
0.6572927832603455,
0.4727666974067688,
0.4782260060310364,
-0.1001778095960617,
0.1294557750225067,
-0.37197345495224,
0.002760696690529585,
0.19007360935211182,
-0.11416856199502945,
0.3201789855957031,
0.5323888659477234,
-0.1343359351158142,
-0.19436833262443542,
0.3144463300704956,
0.04076645150780678,
0.2378503531217575,
0.049458377063274384,
-0.23378276824951172,
-0.3617633581161499,
-0.16934658586978912,
-0.30005571246147156,
-0.18513688445091248,
0.12625257670879364,
0.039747454226017,
0.23484176397323608,
-0.39862480759620667,
0.16679108142852783,
0.12875618040561676,
0.29241618514060974,
-0.3948538303375244,
0.15296684205532074,
-0.157827228307724,
-0.3608585000038147,
-0.2900752127170563,
-0.05026162415742874,
0.4049229323863983,
-0.20946955680847168,
0.22524352371692657,
0.6039294600486755,
-0.9819093942642212,
-0.7470053434371948,
0.2987629473209381,
0.3553425371646881,
-0.15615370869636536,
0.3211885392665863,
-0.11151452362537384,
0.24868014454841614,
0.4642964005470276,
-0.41638678312301636,
0.8095893263816833,
-0.23280975222587585,
-0.662547767162323,
-0.5145981311798096,
-0.39013493061065674,
-0.3591347932815552,
-0.08955907821655273,
-0.7954549789428711,
0.3022785186767578,
-0.3245377838611603,
-0.5956006646156311,
0.5409929156303406,
0.14896248281002045,
0.5336339473724365,
-0.4272163212299347,
0.33045196533203125,
0.03878739848732948,
-0.019232312217354774,
0.5616199374198914,
-0.13678927719593048,
-0.5300284624099731,
0.17236632108688354,
-0.39785894751548767,
0.08992031961679459,
-0.18964461982250214,
-0.08302503824234009,
0.18128849565982819,
-0.34987226128578186,
0.1755920648574829,
0.17662334442138672,
-0.08580806106328964,
0.32273560762405396,
-0.617824375629425,
0.04744843766093254,
0.18990767002105713,
-0.5520779490470886,
-0.11309248208999634,
0.6166688203811646,
-0.04290049895644188,
-0.1607590615749359,
1.0066195726394653,
0.11400917172431946,
-0.4336605668067932,
0.29497230052948,
0.6275257468223572,
-0.0682268813252449,
0.3288639485836029,
0.009482125751674175,
0.07572021335363388,
-0.3524552881717682,
0.1574292778968811,
-0.407219797372818,
-0.3543457090854645,
-0.41427186131477356,
0.5319910049438477,
-0.5158749222755432,
0.6557632684707642,
0.016849158331751823,
-0.32163357734680176,
0.8267877101898193,
-0.5610650777816772,
0.22988136112689972,
-0.2817215621471405,
0.23770704865455627,
0.2627350091934204,
-0.31173911690711975,
-0.5218423008918762,
0.12207592278718948,
0.16018055379390717,
0.02500726655125618,
-0.26831817626953125,
0.10538358986377716,
0.852563202381134,
0.0213985163718462,
0.07287883758544922,
-0.4656592607498169,
0.28758952021598816,
-0.07582039386034012,
-0.6354749202728271,
0.5147450566291809,
-0.10632646083831787,
-0.03668535500764847,
0.7225541472434998,
-0.08241543173789978,
-0.11128588765859604,
0.7597180604934692,
-0.43513694405555725,
0.2034885436296463,
-0.5206243395805359,
0.38190731406211853,
0.29849424958229065,
-0.4077727794647217,
0.23162977397441864,
0.04681246727705002,
0.22903507947921753,
-0.8227077722549438,
0.04098924621939659,
0.044028546661138535,
-0.08571355789899826,
0.29199904203414917,
-0.3075341284275055,
0.4213290810585022,
0.151017963886261,
-0.2788013517856598,
-0.44339096546173096,
0.011341441422700882,
-0.010599704459309578,
-0.040677525103092194,
-0.36739984154701233,
0.15244688093662262,
-0.1599358767271042,
0.11492860317230225,
0.1496201604604721,
0.03412841632962227,
0.39021027088165283,
-0.07739340513944626,
-0.1144324317574501,
-0.5278459191322327,
-0.5422134399414062,
0.29988983273506165,
-0.05649782344698906,
-0.3884843587875366,
-0.35006606578826904,
0.27756085991859436,
-0.00817931815981865,
-0.32874369621276855,
-0.04450718313455582,
-0.12627597153186798,
-0.3662152588367462,
0.11258894205093384,
-0.1711312085390091,
0.3724306523799896,
0.7128692269325256,
0.07554611563682556,
-0.5431495904922485,
-0.2293226271867752,
-0.48825836181640625,
-0.4184020757675171,
0.6485229134559631,
0.10059169679880142,
-0.39656227827072144,
-0.380010724067688,
0.15180428326129913,
0.19446682929992676,
0.29104238748550415,
-1.103238582611084,
-0.19942042231559753,
-0.4712701439857483,
0.3505745232105255,
-0.4559723734855652,
-0.20966200530529022,
0.5055502653121948,
-0.05702010914683342,
0.08368638157844543,
-0.2625861167907715,
-0.0835525393486023,
0.4713144302368164,
0.823199987411499,
0.04530560225248337,
0.3702021539211273,
0.08365246653556824,
-0.3685726523399353,
0.06984604150056839,
-0.12684054672718048,
-0.19603069126605988,
-0.10273220390081406,
0.3699338436126709,
-0.3927787244319916,
-0.48890963196754456,
0.15651026368141174,
-5.856166839599609,
-0.18731577694416046,
-0.9096980690956116,
-0.49509596824645996,
0.23997242748737335,
0.11576193571090698,
0.9443765878677368,
-0.012090527452528477,
-0.05982360243797302,
-0.22686603665351868,
-0.2523125112056732,
-0.5493865609169006,
0.451252818107605,
0.05634531378746033,
0.5400903820991516,
-0.06227367743849754,
0.49292224645614624,
-0.08989561349153519,
-0.2329065203666687,
0.5178616642951965,
0.34097132086753845,
-0.2672780156135559,
0.14692798256874084,
0.27993032336235046,
-0.28748393058776855,
-0.011466766707599163,
-0.1712726205587387,
0.079267218708992,
-0.45390358567237854,
-0.06306266784667969,
-0.03360113874077797,
0.11048509180545807,
-0.08963382989168167,
-0.21318984031677246,
-0.08978402614593506,
0.24820035696029663,
0.1866692751646042,
-0.015459704212844372,
-0.2829197347164154,
0.023516064509749413,
0.2583230137825012,
0.2862054109573364,
0.21125999093055725,
0.20846058428287506,
-0.09239839017391205,
-0.6253767609596252,
-0.2536088824272156,
-0.4433846175670624,
-0.4381936490535736,
0.5595478415489197,
-0.5226683616638184,
0.5995180606842041,
0.37485772371292114,
-0.16841021180152893,
-0.16473262012004852,
-0.07065681368112564,
0.21312513947486877,
-0.5626636743545532,
-0.32414406538009644,
0.6017332673072815,
0.19374310970306396,
-1.0536983013153076,
0.5484415888786316,
-0.4803236424922943,
-0.04791032522916794,
-0.2625364363193512,
-0.6685400605201721,
-0.8684723377227783,
0.7188442945480347,
0.7932475209236145,
-0.05359743535518646,
0.4561964273452759,
0.1533956378698349,
-1.046472191810608,
-0.21479591727256775,
-0.5233006477355957,
0.33755624294281006,
-0.19400958716869354,
0.15719078481197357,
-0.026685846969485283,
0.4358832538127899,
0.20988431572914124,
-0.6028625965118408,
-0.06837812811136246,
-0.21692658960819244,
-0.5177497863769531,
-0.031743962317705154,
0.41119080781936646,
-0.8358312845230103,
-0.3671869933605194,
0.3930780291557312,
-0.02379714511334896,
0.2673557698726654,
-0.18319179117679596,
0.10305555909872055,
0.3086676001548767,
-0.3697032928466797,
-0.21319061517715454,
0.18272104859352112,
-0.37566471099853516,
0.9357169270515442,
-0.11811424046754837,
0.18111789226531982,
-0.5843237042427063,
0.19983486831188202,
-0.5027685761451721,
0.12369509786367416,
0.3759295642375946,
0.4429815411567688,
0.2979978024959564,
-0.247988760471344,
0.44638216495513916,
0.011229480616748333,
-0.4551762044429779,
-0.18129487335681915,
-0.22479785978794098,
-0.4471456706523895,
0.18143634498119354,
0.38128921389579773,
-0.22635646164417267,
0.18518923223018646,
0.1452225297689438,
0.20567913353443146,
-0.5805841088294983,
-0.5106949210166931,
-0.5882372260093689,
0.3476085960865021,
0.2897953391075134,
-0.12964707612991333,
0.4174506366252899,
0.26599496603012085,
0.5089757442474365,
-0.08617128431797028,
0.13000597059726715,
-0.16008460521697998,
0.08013955503702164,
0.38856855034828186,
0.05561402067542076,
-0.364912211894989,
-0.5826801061630249,
0.30158618092536926,
-0.569668173789978,
0.29814499616622925,
-0.11362849920988083,
0.840538501739502,
-0.24244017899036407,
-0.14313438534736633,
0.5642451643943787,
0.27816686034202576,
0.43465399742126465,
-0.22045113146305084,
-0.20150582492351532,
0.3074406087398529,
-0.25627321004867554,
-0.042348768562078476,
-0.40004780888557434,
0.30388832092285156,
0.11292295902967453,
0.012377806007862091,
-0.4963681697845459,
0.3794274926185608,
0.275897741317749,
-0.8144381046295166,
-0.29710841178894043,
0.015340959653258324,
0.22756662964820862,
-1.210208773612976,
0.04469384625554085,
-0.5084026455879211,
0.9792682528495789,
-0.01163298636674881,
-0.5518946051597595,
-0.6143392324447632,
-0.3483172655105591,
0.10599226504564285,
0.22190441191196442,
0.3568136394023895,
0.5246432423591614,
-0.31465384364128113,
-0.2584381401538849,
0.38807928562164307,
-0.22077959775924683,
-0.4577019512653351,
0.5920118093490601,
0.697648286819458,
-0.45831334590911865,
0.1456640213727951,
0.309366911649704,
-0.5256748795509338,
-0.214262917637825,
0.39143866300582886,
-0.4801148772239685,
0.4439362585544586,
-0.20123103260993958,
0.24308767914772034,
-0.14716783165931702,
-0.08611205220222473,
0.465166836977005,
-0.30965426564216614,
-0.0599663108587265,
0.3476635217666626,
0.8914645314216614,
-0.5120733380317688,
0.33130696415901184,
-0.1716146320104599,
-0.36581718921661377,
0.3332454264163971,
-0.28498783707618713,
-0.41882142424583435,
0.9519550800323486,
-0.11225375533103943,
-0.07406055927276611,
-0.2883184552192688,
0.30798137187957764,
-0.33155515789985657,
-0.3887472152709961,
0.3461818993091583,
0.004720698110759258,
-0.3683364689350128,
-0.6161129474639893,
0.6807084083557129,
-0.42020532488822937,
0.04096125811338425,
0.3187219500541687,
-0.4141336679458618,
0.445687472820282,
-0.2339080423116684,
0.09965629130601883,
0.25807029008865356,
0.2897070050239563,
-0.2075285166501999,
-0.5897232294082642,
0.23444661498069763,
-0.06351565569639206,
-0.16481778025627136,
-0.18147216737270355,
-0.025065207853913307,
0.09583606570959091,
-0.23044586181640625,
0.028085561469197273,
0.23848402500152588,
0.9273878931999207,
0.1833558827638626,
-0.674885630607605,
0.20355793833732605,
0.5189323425292969,
0.743980348110199,
-0.4000466763973236,
-0.5996167063713074,
0.6852879524230957,
0.01697414368391037,
0.053511399775743484,
-0.5463371872901917,
0.06470659375190735,
0.13826030492782593,
0.10640398412942886,
0.06626489758491516,
-0.01608564518392086,
0.3125810921192169,
0.6573089361190796,
0.009213000535964966,
-0.48643431067466736,
-0.518879234790802,
-0.570353090763092,
0.6764391660690308,
-0.04532821476459503,
-0.5935474038124084,
0.07381737977266312,
0.36769604682922363,
-0.10166767239570618,
0.06974852830171585,
-0.5438850522041321,
0.663421094417572,
0.8316462635993958,
0.8504799008369446,
0.2424376904964447,
0.21819382905960083,
-0.4163363575935364,
0.03185182064771652,
0.322035551071167,
-0.35526546835899353,
-0.30275958776474,
0.09907840937376022,
-0.44306594133377075,
0.1528898924589157,
-0.377369225025177,
0.16227194666862488,
0.49024516344070435,
-0.59441739320755,
-0.7190761566162109,
-0.7707577347755432,
0.03667710721492767,
-0.2786202132701874,
0.5225855112075806,
-0.48213908076286316,
0.19943946599960327,
0.5394665598869324,
0.3136562705039978,
0.23762255907058716,
-0.08380208909511566,
-0.22417369484901428,
0.6267516016960144,
0.09082771837711334,
-0.756580650806427,
0.7604809403419495,
-0.07937177270650864,
0.04599028453230858,
-0.04912758991122246,
0.1339471936225891,
-0.2888563871383667,
0.07041708379983902,
-0.056542299687862396,
0.26630955934524536,
0.7992532253265381,
0.13340765237808228,
-0.08279208093881607,
0.3809109330177307,
-0.37763920426368713,
-0.20561932027339935,
0.10410914570093155,
0.20144520699977875,
0.0022787710186094046,
0.3028212785720825,
-0.6515130996704102,
0.6027565598487854,
0.25358015298843384,
-0.5473291277885437,
0.020529435947537422,
0.19650807976722717,
0.1493823379278183,
0.5640065670013428,
0.18241886794567108,
0.2267729490995407,
0.3397287428379059,
0.054210420697927475,
-0.2512896656990051,
0.019581064581871033,
-0.7225438952445984,
-0.2756030857563019,
0.6832722425460815,
0.5801005959510803,
0.028809286653995514,
-0.08158903568983078,
0.3200552463531494,
-0.32836833596229553,
0.3130340874195099,
0.6042062044143677,
0.2860409617424011,
-0.09571462869644165,
0.2727823555469513,
0.48352235555648804,
-0.14896665513515472,
0.7188040018081665,
-0.22708760201931,
0.05329058691859245,
-0.06805846095085144,
0.4892967939376831,
-0.08329489827156067,
0.11097179353237152,
-0.3557191491127014,
-0.05212361738085747,
0.6726085543632507,
0.6387061476707458,
-0.1850256621837616,
0.1340789496898651,
0.09424761682748795,
0.6567468643188477,
-0.36703982949256897,
0.06040763854980469,
0.05580824241042137,
-0.23282098770141602,
0.23645006120204926,
-0.416452020406723,
0.4937160313129425,
0.28445830941200256,
-0.6146923303604126,
0.49735307693481445,
0.4376966953277588,
-0.2416241317987442,
-0.3994022309780121,
0.11520805209875107,
-0.3364942967891693,
-0.25956201553344727,
-0.500400722026825,
-0.103714719414711,
-0.23019880056381226,
0.007735372055321932,
0.49791863560676575,
-0.2685723900794983,
-0.22396758198738098,
0.014225109480321407,
-0.6291521191596985,
-0.0904550850391388,
0.20688748359680176,
-0.2488749772310257,
0.15747901797294617,
-0.26523086428642273,
0.9562221169471741,
0.07484516501426697,
-0.2079606056213379,
-0.06481444835662842,
0.09065774083137512,
-0.10221721976995468,
-0.3259626030921936,
-0.33033934235572815,
-0.13799743354320526,
-0.0502999909222126,
0.6019290685653687,
-0.35408705472946167,
0.30415669083595276,
0.396958589553833,
-0.45033207535743713,
0.10621096193790436,
0.22480976581573486,
0.2058948576450348,
0.25029072165489197,
0.8945564031600952,
-0.38704437017440796,
0.20993225276470184,
-0.38246676325798035,
0.3048480451107025,
0.5273366570472717,
0.30609217286109924,
-0.24108245968818665,
-0.2001059502363205,
0.06652170419692993,
0.26280486583709717,
0.3196186125278473,
-0.28091323375701904,
0.692383348941803,
0.03514692187309265,
0.10241097956895828,
-0.47562989592552185,
1.0912227630615234,
0.18441186845302582,
-0.05036341771483421,
0.2766326367855072,
0.3663440942764282,
0.0016727842157706618,
-0.4064917266368866,
0.025519277900457382,
-0.4260193407535553,
-0.2536226212978363,
-0.3288828432559967,
-0.6271791458129883,
-0.18500365316867828,
-0.05217570438981056,
-0.07498904317617416,
-0.39660415053367615,
-0.26599302887916565,
-0.02497895061969757,
-0.4465358853340149,
0.17450514435768127,
0.21437735855579376,
-0.22001610696315765,
0.04427507147192955,
-0.16449600458145142,
-0.46255579590797424,
-0.27557021379470825,
0.23807181417942047
] |
256711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Pineo%20Gesner | Abraham Pineo Gesner | Abraham Pineo Gesner, ONB (; May 2, 1797 – April 29, 1864) was a Canadian physician and geologist who invented kerosene. Gesner was born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia (now called Chipmans Corner) and lived much of his life in Saint John, New Brunswick. He died in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was an influential figure in the development of the study of Canadian geology and natural history.
Biography
Early life
Abraham Pineo Gesner was born on May 2, 1797, in Cornwallis, King's County, Nova Scotia. He was one of 12 children raised by Henry Gesner and Sarah Pineo, His father was a Loyalist, who emigrated to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. Gesner was noted to be a great reader and a diligent student.
In his early twenties, Gesner began a venture selling horses to plantations in the Caribbean and the United States, but this enterprise failed after he lost most of his horses in two shipwrecks. Financially drained, Gesner returned to the family farm and married Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Reportedly, Webster offered to take care of Gesner's debts if he would study medicine and secure a steady income for his family. In 1825, Gesner travelled to London to study medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital under Sir Astley Paston Cooper, and surgery at Guy's Hospital under John Abernethy. While primarily a medical student, Gesner developed an interest in the earth sciences and took lectures in mineralogy and geology. Gesner also established a lifelong relationship with Charles Lyell.
Early career
Gesner qualified as a doctor of medicine and settled in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia in 1827 as a travelling physician. Gesner also continued to pursue his passion for geology, reading the writings of notable geologists and developing a habit of picking up mineral specimens that caught his attention while making his rounds on horseback. In 1836, Gesner published his first book, Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. The book expanded on an earlier geological study by Charles T. Jackson and displayed Gesner's ability to express complicated concepts in simple language. Following the publication of Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, Gesner focused his efforts on studying geology and the sciences connected to it.
In 1838, the government of New Brunswick appointed Gesner Provincial Geologist, and he moved to Saint John to conduct a geological survey of the province. For five years, Gesner spent his summers on geological fieldwork and his winters classifying specimens and writing reports. Although Gesner's geological studies were of high quality by the standards of the 1840s, he had no experience in mining and failed to make a realistic appraisal of the province's mineral reserves. Following the publication of Gesner's geological surveys, local entrepreneurs opened coal and iron mines in Queens County and were quickly disappointed by the extent and quality of the ore. Unhappy investors questioned the validity of Gesner's surveys and the provincial government terminated his employment in 1843.
During the first summer of his geological surveys, Gesner found a bituminous substance on the Petitcodiac River in Albert County, which he named albertite to differentiate it from coal or asphalt.
While in St. John, Gesner amassed an extensive collection of minerals and wildlife specimens, which he assembled into a museum in 1842. Gesner's museum was one of its first of its kind in Canada and had 2173 items in its catalogue. The museum was a financial failure, and when Gesner left New Brunswick, the Saint John Mechanics’ Institute acquired the objects. In 1890, the Natural History Society of New Brunswick took over the collection, which is today apart of the New Brunswick Museum.
Following the termination of his geological appointment in 1843, Gesner returned to his family homestead at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in order to be with his father who was then 87 years old. While working on the family farm, Gesner also continued to practice medicine, write books, give public lectures and conduct experiments. He published notes for emigrants to New Brunswick, outlined the industrial resources of Nova Scotia, and built an electrical motor driven by a voltaic battery. In 1846, the government of Nova Scotia appointed Gesner Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the following year he submitted a report on the living conditions of the Miꞌkmaq population. While visiting Mi'kmaq habitations across the province for his report, Gesner was known to donate his own money to assist impoverished families.
In 1842, looking for coal, Gesner travelled to Quebec, where he discovered the first of the great fossil deposits of the future Miguasha National Park. However, little notice was taken of his report until the fossils were rediscovered in 1879.
Discovery of kerosene
Gesner likely began experimenting with hydrocarbons in the 1840s. Utilizing a sample of bitumen from Trinidad's Pitch Lake that he collected while shipping horses across the Atlantic, Gesner developed a method of extracting oils and gas from bituminous substances. Gesner found that the first product was not satisfactory, as it had an offensive odour, the raw material was expensive to obtain, and his experiments suggested that one ton of Trinidad bitumen would produce only 42 gallons of oil. Switching his experiments from Trinidad's bitumen to albertite, Gesner found that the burning oil extracted from the substance produced a brighter and cleaner flame compared to lamps using whale oil or coal oil. While undertaking a series of public lectures in Charlottetown, Gesner reportedly gave the first public demonstration of the preparation and use of the new lamp fuel in August 1846. Gesner first called his product "keroselain" from two Greek words, κηρός (wax) and λάδι (oil), but later contracted the name to kerosene.
Shortly after Gesner's father passed away on October 13, 1850, he moved his family to Sackville, a small town near Halifax, and in 1852 to Halifax. In Halifax, Gesner made the acquaintance of Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald. The pair planned to set up a company that would illuminate Halifax by using albertite from Albert County, New Brunswick, and bitumen from Trinidad's pitch lake. However, Cochrane's terms of service expired in April 1851, and he returned to England before the pair could bring the project to fruition. Gesner attempted to continue the project on his own, but Halifax's city council awarded the gas license to a rival group, the Halifax Gas Company. Moreover, although Gesner attempted to receive a lease to mine bitumen in Albert County, another entrepreneur, William Cairns, had already purchased the rights to mine coal in the area. After Cairns had Gesner's men forcibly expelled from the site of the bitumen deposit, Gesner brought suit against Cairns for trespassing. The trial centered on whether the albertite deposit was coal or asphalt. The jury, told by the judge that Cairn's license to mine coal included "other mines and minerals," ultimately sided against Gesner, resulting in albertite's misidentification as "Albert Coal" for the next 30 years. In early 1853, following the outcome of the trial, Gesner and his family moved to New York City, where he had earlier exhibited his kerosene and amassed significant publicity.
The North American Kerosene Company
After arriving in New York, Gesner focused on finding financial backing for his kerosene venture. In March 1853, Gesner partnered with shipbroker Horatio Eagle, who issued an eight-page circular entitled, Project for the Formation of a Company to Work the Combined Patent Rights of Dr. Abraham Gesner, Nova Scotia, and the Right Hon. the Earl of Dundonald of Middlesex, England. The pamphlet offered for sale $100,000 in shares of a new company called the Asphalt Mining and Kerosene Company, later renamed the North American Kerosene Company. The pamphlet outlined the numerous uses for kerosene oils and noted that Gesner was the company's chief chemist, hired on for a "moderate salary." On June 27, 1854, Gesner obtained U.S patents 11,203, 11,204, and 11,205 for "Improvement in kerosene burning fluids," but he transferred patent rights to the North American Kerosene Company. In the patents, Gesner described three distinct types of kerosene, which he labelled kerosenes A, B and C. Kerosene A was the most volatile fraction, known today as gasoline. Kerosene B was slightly less volatile and was intended mainly for mixing with the other grades. Kerosene C was the lamp fuel, which came to be known as "coal-oil" or "carbon-oil."
Under Gesner's guidance, the North American Kerosene Company began constructing a coal oil refinery on a seven-acre tract at Newtown Creek, Long Island, the first of its kind in North America. By 1856, the firm was selling kerosene for use as lamp fuel. According to an article in the New York Commercial Advertiser in August 1859, the plant cost $1.25 million to build, employed 200 men, used 30,000 tons of coal per year, and exported 5,000 gallons of kerosene per day. Modern engineers have praised Gesner's efficient design of the factory, differing very little from manufactories built as late as 1914. While the enterprise had not made Gesner extremely wealthy, he lived comfortably in Brooklyn, New York, where he was a prominent figure in the local church and community.
By the late 1850s, the North American Kerosene Company began to face increased competition as various coal oil competitors entered the scene. In response to the increased competition, the North American Kerosene Company published a pamphlet on March 28, 1859, that advised customers that kerosene is their registered trademark and that oils made by others can not use the name. One prominent rival manufacturer, Samuel Downer of Boston, Massachusetts, made an agreement in early 1859 to license the name and Gesner's refinement process. When James Young, a Scottish chemist, who had independently developed a process of distilling a petroleum fuel into a product he named "paraffin oil," became aware of the North American Kerosene Company's claims, he filed for patent infringement and won. Although Young only began his distillation experiments in 1848, two years after Gesner's first public demonstration of Kerosene, he was first to file an American patent for his process in 1852. Thereafter, the North American Kerosene Company had to pay royalties to Young.
Following the discovery of oil in Enniskillen Township and Pennsylvania, the North American Kerosene Company began using petroleum to produce kerosene instead of coal at about one third the cost. Sometime after the trial, the company replaced Gesner with Luther Atwood as chief chemist. The Newton Creek plant eventually passed into the hands of Charles Pratt and Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil, and continued to operate until May 1951. In 1952, a junk dealer bought the refinery and sold the equipment for scrap.
Marriage and children
Gesner married Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Together, they had seven sons and three daughters, but three children died in infancy. Three of his sons, Brower (1834–1873), John Frederick (1839–1899), and George Weltden (1829–1904), pursued careers in geology and chemistry.
Later life and death
For a time, Gesner remained in New York, practising medicine and continuing his research into hydrocarbons. In 1861, Gesner published A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum and Other Distilled Oils, which was extremely influential in the future development of the petroleum industry and remarkable for the accuracy of his predictions on the future course the refining business would take. Gesner was humble about his contribution to the development of the petroleum industry, writing in A Practical Treatise on Coal that "The progress of discovery in this case, as in others, has been slow and gradual. It has been carried on by the labors, not of one mind, but of many, so as to render it difficult to discover to whom the greatest credit is due."
After the publication of A Practical Treatise on Coal, Gesner became a distillation consultant, visiting the oil fields in Enniskillen Township sometime around 1860. Gesner might have helped James Miller Williams in the development of his petroleum refinery in Hamilton in 1861.
In 1863, Gesner returned to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was offered the chair of Natural History at Dalhousie University, but he died on April 29, 1864, before he could take up the position. Gesner was buried in an unmarked grave at Halifax's Camp Hill Cemetery.
Legacy
In 1933, Imperial Oil Ltd., then a Standard Oil subsidiary, erected a memorial at Gesner's grave in Camp Hill Cemetery to pay tribute to his contribution to the petroleum industry. The monument reads "His treatise on the geology and mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1836, was one of the earliest works dealing with those subjects in this province and about 1852 he was the American inventor of the process of kerosene oil. Erected by Imperial Oil Ltd. as a token of appreciation and for his important contribution to the oil industry."
In 2007, Gesner was inducted into the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame for his contributions to the petroleum industry.
The City of Halifax renamed a street at the west end of Fairview between Melrose and Adelaide in honor of Gesner. Formerly a part of Dunbrack Street, the construction of the Dunbrack Street/North West Arm Drive connector during the 1980s prompted the renaming of this segment.
There is a street named for Gesner in the west part of Ottawa's Katimavik-Hazeldean neighbourhood, where the residential streets are named for Canadian inventors. Whether by plan or by coincidence, it dead-ends at an Esso (Imperial Oil) gas station.
In 2000, he was honored by the placement of his image on a postage stamp by Canada Post. In 2016, Gesner was posthumously awarded the Order of New Brunswick by the province of his longtime residence.
Starting in 1998, the Fundy Geological Museum in Parrsboro Nova Scotia, a former residence of Gesner, has awarded an "Abraham Gesner Work Scholarship" to a local student who shows keen interest in the sciences.
Written works
References
External links
Abraham Gesner's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography
Ab raham Gesner's entry in the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame
Abraham Gesner's entry in the Canadian Encyclopedia
Abraham Gesner monument at Chipman Corner (in former Cornwallis Township), Nova Scotia
Abraham Gesner, by Nova Scotia Museum
Abraham Gesner saved more whales than Green Peace ever will, by James S. Robbins
Abraham Gesner by Industry Canada
Abraham Gesner by the Nova Scotia Museum
Abraham Gesner Petroleum History Society
Abraham Gesner by New Brunswick Community College, Saint John
Abraham Gesner by National Chemistry Week
Foulis - Gesner Conflict
Abraham Gesner University of New Brunswick
1797 births
1864 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
Canadian geologists
Canadian inventors
19th-century Canadian physicians
Dalhousie University faculty
Founders of the petroleum industry
Canadian people of German descent
People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
Colony of Nova Scotia people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Colony of New Brunswick people
Physicians of Guy's Hospital | [
0.42527464032173157,
0.8912367224693298,
-1.128914475440979,
0.25777724385261536,
0.13455161452293396,
0.42425644397735596,
0.6785814762115479,
-0.28162509202957153,
0.40483763813972473,
-0.2549753189086914,
-0.37691694498062134,
0.047022342681884766,
-0.10646404325962067,
0.8384036421775818,
0.09946376085281372,
0.40219396352767944,
-0.18445985019207,
0.13577476143836975,
0.12572218477725983,
0.28178542852401733,
-0.6793985366821289,
-0.4488092362880707,
0.4532684087753296,
0.2362859845161438,
-0.38690921664237976,
0.285489946603775,
-0.09928788989782333,
0.007768330629914999,
0.1889122724533081,
0.2877686023712158,
0.10335885733366013,
0.6133454442024231,
0.6635644435882568,
-0.588599681854248,
-0.38170376420021057,
0.5933653116226196,
-0.5807557106018066,
-0.32586801052093506,
0.5077016949653625,
-0.10600099712610245,
-0.2547110617160797,
-0.07032156735658646,
0.7005080580711365,
-0.09257330000400543,
-0.09211993217468262,
-0.2254049926996231,
-1.5830485820770264,
0.17464739084243774,
-0.6266523003578186,
0.23157253861427307,
0.1074107214808464,
-0.07831490784883499,
0.3428920805454254,
0.24640944600105286,
-0.6306135654449463,
0.5636990666389465,
-0.3796125650405884,
0.22761234641075134,
0.3755088150501251,
-0.2708093523979187,
0.1515335589647293,
0.13920864462852478,
0.44271770119667053,
-0.0014266464859247208,
0.6193252205848694,
0.3109370172023773,
-0.2315254956483841,
0.38908886909484863,
-0.05582272633910179,
0.5829201936721802,
-0.08012107014656067,
0.2448822259902954,
0.07664135843515396,
0.4509238600730896,
0.9083190560340881,
0.006794398650527,
0.10597652196884155,
0.009944552555680275,
-0.05116994306445122,
0.7390507459640503,
-0.15806733071804047,
-0.009895246475934982,
0.6681118011474609,
0.06569822877645493,
-0.1573725789785385,
0.47584378719329834,
-0.43991991877555847,
0.5800411701202393,
-0.6117985248565674,
0.03747662529349327,
-0.3021166920661926,
-0.3461257815361023,
0.4481860101222992,
-0.07841909676790237,
-0.4119183123111725,
0.3630477488040924,
0.5416962504386902,
0.07162877172231674,
-0.3923104405403137,
-0.20901009440422058,
0.38783058524131775,
0.02322222664952278,
0.537988543510437,
0.40153735876083374,
-0.06542465090751648,
0.53062504529953,
-0.45363980531692505,
-0.5866098999977112,
-0.32929733395576477,
-0.17791466414928436,
0.12304288148880005,
0.02465437911450863,
-0.4423154592514038,
0.1019875630736351,
-0.49974673986434937,
0.2918744385242462,
0.4549252688884735,
-0.5783419609069824,
-0.28363505005836487,
-0.3428342640399933,
-0.03884556144475937,
0.7767148613929749,
-0.0757746547460556,
0.2578461766242981,
-0.8659806847572327,
0.16886603832244873,
-0.24107934534549713,
0.20566971600055695,
-0.3389701545238495,
0.2947830557823181,
0.35461968183517456,
0.7785025835037231,
0.48752591013908386,
-0.4682302176952362,
-0.3306233584880829,
-0.21548300981521606,
-0.17074258625507355,
-0.11856991052627563,
-0.1254265308380127,
0.35128670930862427,
-0.7529621720314026,
-0.08182396739721298,
-0.4602719247341156,
0.16271720826625824,
0.232685387134552,
0.49146321415901184,
-0.3516836166381836,
0.047822725027799606,
-0.4930601119995117,
0.22290381789207458,
0.044000811874866486,
-0.38553348183631897,
-0.08075643330812454,
-0.34453174471855164,
-0.251776784658432,
0.41589149832725525,
-0.22473812103271484,
0.30982789397239685,
0.21641479432582855,
-0.05601281300187111,
0.007464637514203787,
-0.09540745615959167,
0.24248075485229492,
0.49382901191711426,
-0.04468487203121185,
-0.493703693151474,
0.48921552300453186,
-0.0423472635447979,
0.07560864835977554,
0.10301841050386429,
0.19483765959739685,
-0.6035818457603455,
0.15621605515480042,
-0.7550817728042603,
-0.20883409678936005,
0.6681775450706482,
0.23021209239959717,
0.27094218134880066,
0.5935806035995483,
-0.3903951048851013,
-0.48329514265060425,
0.1509619504213333,
0.16221003234386444,
-0.16452127695083618,
0.061713047325611115,
-0.3360508978366852,
0.6699637174606323,
-0.3238353133201599,
0.4483628273010254,
0.01826224848628044,
-0.5842808485031128,
-0.6790764927864075,
0.42615067958831787,
-0.30022963881492615,
1.0812114477157593,
0.38309165835380554,
-0.06779886037111282,
0.4626801609992981,
0.4148929715156555,
0.026361599564552307,
-0.38547128438949585,
0.26185962557792664,
0.4518161714076996,
-0.5439767241477966,
-0.7455419898033142,
0.3671560287475586,
0.6343496441841125,
-0.24152006208896637,
0.2359297126531601,
-0.0437789112329483,
0.3032340705394745,
-0.3179295063018799,
0.8734033107757568,
-0.39729422330856323,
-0.32275813817977905,
-0.39886853098869324,
-0.3577283024787903,
-0.22070349752902985,
0.17497265338897705,
-0.21449537575244904,
-0.25074127316474915,
0.014883246272802353,
-0.36270660161972046,
0.82387375831604,
0.867247462272644,
0.9315688014030457,
0.46015694737434387,
-0.4773034155368805,
0.006893386598676443,
0.007901660166680813,
0.432719886302948,
-0.4001412093639374,
0.6608573794364929,
-0.48758000135421753,
-0.015762148424983025,
-0.18144170939922333,
-0.35164862871170044,
-0.018056463450193405,
-0.00422937236726284,
-0.22884099185466766,
0.627751350402832,
0.5135145783424377,
-0.5852329134941101,
0.16692830622196198,
0.2933362126350403,
0.17781032621860504,
-0.20418040454387665,
-0.12188522517681122,
0.31395620107650757,
0.2290101945400238,
-0.021151036024093628,
0.28603294491767883,
0.10317061841487885,
0.21974797546863556,
0.42438891530036926,
-0.5728203058242798,
0.0837487131357193,
0.2177954465150833,
0.2598924934864044,
-0.07588838040828705,
0.28357744216918945,
-0.32164087891578674,
0.0866113156080246,
0.28110548853874207,
0.1263505071401596,
-0.16911739110946655,
-0.05574888363480568,
-0.05162562429904938,
-0.09511222690343857,
-0.07131277024745941,
0.7225235104560852,
-0.2305571734905243,
0.45359450578689575,
0.2634254992008209,
0.07794291526079178,
-0.45832008123397827,
-0.14666786789894104,
0.6730900406837463,
-1.0076055526733398,
-0.6739358305931091,
0.5409933924674988,
0.4878813922405243,
-0.7487165927886963,
-0.2910694181919098,
0.10468458384275436,
0.1597517430782318,
-0.13782577216625214,
-0.2002905011177063,
0.6525630950927734,
-0.2978864014148712,
-0.40001097321510315,
0.4860607981681824,
-0.41849520802497864,
0.3421643078327179,
-0.027608433738350868,
0.09317450225353241,
-0.1538127064704895,
-0.444109708070755,
0.41449815034866333,
-0.46308550238609314,
-0.6807680130004883,
-0.50270676612854,
-0.4898606836795807,
0.06631211191415787,
0.03997138887643814,
0.3254365921020508,
0.38850849866867065,
0.09669032692909241,
-5.3330888748168945,
-0.07246793061494827,
-0.10145482420921326,
-0.49564534425735474,
0.6468350291252136,
0.20307235419750214,
0.236958310008049,
-0.47380346059799194,
0.6433972716331482,
-0.039892617613077164,
-0.03849271684885025,
0.13721898198127747,
0.1335478127002716,
0.20443576574325562,
0.2436235100030899,
0.172127828001976,
0.4249301850795746,
0.01077271532267332,
0.5997685194015503,
0.1974194198846817,
0.45171058177948,
0.23574073612689972,
-0.4332256317138672,
0.3184036612510681,
0.4568081200122833,
-0.2746123969554901,
-0.14929167926311493,
0.633217453956604,
-0.7970830798149109,
-0.3173558712005615,
-0.06849198788404465,
-0.32930973172187805,
-0.10806864500045776,
0.019480260089039803,
-0.14286744594573975,
-0.1937670260667801,
0.23662294447422028,
0.006303547415882349,
0.05560806766152382,
-0.010197355411946774,
-0.5151709318161011,
-0.5682207942008972,
-0.36329033970832825,
0.34758713841438293,
0.18338844180107117,
-0.5606231093406677,
-0.5285332798957825,
0.4371296167373657,
0.3917272984981537,
0.5782350301742554,
0.6334154009819031,
0.2948489785194397,
0.6433753371238708,
-0.3256879448890686,
-0.008283473551273346,
0.31160968542099,
0.12879648804664612,
-0.05514712259173393,
-0.6847016215324402,
-0.3713639974594116,
0.37993472814559937,
-0.11908573657274246,
-0.3898831307888031,
-0.026378877460956573,
-0.1087738499045372,
-0.6656073927879333,
0.6161102652549744,
-0.4619944095611572,
0.0007470279815606773,
-0.212514728307724,
-0.21196848154067993,
1.4348467588424683,
0.1804853081703186,
-1.0471254587173462,
-0.33582428097724915,
-0.49624326825141907,
0.036512378603219986,
-0.20369791984558105,
-0.7963930368423462,
0.2616962492465973,
-0.667568027973175,
-0.3015003502368927,
-0.4688864052295685,
1.1219253540039062,
0.7942668795585632,
0.47525614500045776,
-0.5396471619606018,
-0.13038092851638794,
-0.2896614968776703,
0.11156032234430313,
0.1881495714187622,
0.19414417445659637,
0.10975075513124466,
0.36172083020210266,
-0.13856878876686096,
0.3716069161891937,
-0.6244773864746094,
0.8853631615638733,
0.5569421648979187,
-0.004360897466540337,
-0.5348054766654968,
0.44076529145240784,
0.053519461303949356,
-0.6055349707603455,
-0.07444938272237778,
-0.5676447749137878,
0.026493588462471962,
0.06513100862503052,
0.28889966011047363,
0.2224532663822174,
-0.236027330160141,
1.029634714126587,
-0.29052969813346863,
-0.036458294838666916,
0.6636860370635986,
0.08637813478708267,
-0.030631644651293755,
0.5432624220848083,
1.220231056213379,
0.029190771281719208,
0.20415280759334564,
0.38594597578048706,
0.08161383122205734,
-0.764115571975708,
0.05840863659977913,
-0.2706384062767029,
0.47240710258483887,
-0.17845430970191956,
-0.14033101499080658,
-0.24287208914756775,
-0.15799885988235474,
0.6132364273071289,
-0.17052336037158966,
0.3980261981487274,
-0.002300997730344534,
-0.6517217755317688,
-1.085150957107544,
-0.6215264201164246,
-0.31367939710617065,
0.2545747458934784,
0.09520282596349716,
-0.3685610890388489,
-0.11830117553472519,
-0.07655958831310272,
0.5596827268600464,
0.2262791395187378,
0.21626979112625122,
-0.046258844435214996,
-0.39601755142211914,
0.8142482042312622,
0.0392911471426487,
-0.6272944211959839,
0.3462860584259033,
-0.4839728772640228,
-0.4122055768966675,
0.3321117162704468,
-0.40046265721321106,
0.011322149075567722,
-0.34066036343574524,
-0.1672150045633316,
0.33257633447647095,
0.4062408208847046,
-1.2467763423919678,
-0.36758604645729065,
-0.0450335331261158,
0.24066346883773804,
-0.23417671024799347,
0.1067332923412323,
-0.5573070645332336,
0.5183534622192383,
-0.34295782446861267,
-0.6312063932418823,
-0.7428491115570068,
-0.020074903964996338,
0.7449621558189392,
0.21106000244617462,
0.055868059396743774,
0.16860884428024292,
-0.02020648494362831,
-0.6639910340309143,
0.41574716567993164,
0.10511396080255508,
-0.6955235600471497,
0.04178815335035324,
0.20631521940231323,
-0.48709502816200256,
-0.518984317779541,
-0.732067346572876,
-0.4854981303215027,
0.08694838732481003,
0.10960888117551804,
-0.4516431987285614,
0.19238442182540894,
0.4928397834300995,
-0.35674524307250977,
-0.3205051124095917,
-0.3290383219718933,
0.24539603292942047,
0.055040910840034485,
-0.28492191433906555,
-0.0744413435459137,
-0.20606333017349243,
-0.3718605935573578,
-0.07161266356706619,
0.2826039493083954,
-1.2986446619033813,
-0.46186938881874084,
0.6308881640434265,
-0.5830714106559753,
0.9159231185913086,
0.11659273505210876,
-0.7452324032783508,
-0.04350129887461662,
0.4134242534637451,
0.07410978525876999,
-0.08017481863498688,
0.6941942572593689,
0.4469675123691559,
0.02532239444553852,
-1.047282099723816,
-0.36418554186820984,
-0.059082433581352234,
0.28519782423973083,
-0.44650939106941223,
-0.12167230248451233,
0.2951788306236267,
0.4227973520755768,
0.6323362588882446,
0.3735279440879822,
-0.5497040152549744,
-0.7772231101989746,
-0.04937664791941643,
0.4132680892944336,
0.3794824779033661,
-0.21460704505443573,
0.1326807290315628,
0.5021843314170837,
0.37685713171958923,
-0.43172335624694824,
-0.1156354621052742,
0.4178914725780487,
0.29410430788993835,
0.19508178532123566,
-0.31000322103500366,
-0.4701249301433563,
-0.04433402791619301,
0.6569896340370178,
0.08278001099824905,
-0.4424319565296173,
0.3532208800315857,
0.23621866106987,
-0.11431368440389633,
-0.9955745339393616,
-0.10821876674890518,
0.899168848991394,
-0.6802287697792053,
-0.018554845824837685,
0.08375252783298492,
-0.2906995415687561,
-0.14945633709430695,
-0.26381784677505493,
0.2662835419178009,
0.006977390497922897,
0.18679861724376678,
-0.16414274275302887,
0.23870693147182465,
-0.9017509818077087,
-0.5468029379844666,
0.17785345017910004,
-0.6758257150650024,
-0.3442455232143402,
-0.22486107051372528,
-0.46055862307548523,
0.8088305592536926,
0.13134700059890747,
0.3962786793708801,
0.19893251359462738,
-0.18697360157966614,
-0.20309090614318848,
-0.5990437865257263,
-0.83545982837677,
0.2359108328819275,
0.22584845125675201,
0.025836780667304993,
-0.10412965714931488,
-0.4868616461753845,
-0.5424947142601013,
-0.38608741760253906,
-0.11720428615808487,
-0.2063121646642685,
-0.5731272101402283,
0.36138033866882324,
-0.4342135488986969,
-0.1617918610572815,
-0.2773009240627289,
0.1283690333366394,
-0.25885194540023804,
0.8669506311416626,
-0.12416117638349533,
0.05152818188071251,
-0.4802038073539734,
1.154830813407898,
1.087241530418396,
-0.31246402859687805,
0.13486012816429138,
0.04024377837777138,
0.08375489711761475,
0.1063065379858017,
-0.4342319667339325,
-0.1447364091873169,
0.6996861100196838,
0.32447293400764465,
-0.6153097152709961,
0.33699673414230347,
-0.993954598903656,
-0.5863035917282104,
0.5322093367576599,
-0.49484944343566895,
-0.5297455191612244,
0.49263644218444824,
0.22940142452716827,
-0.4063047468662262,
0.6767299771308899,
-0.6527834534645081,
0.10355886816978455,
0.7919307351112366,
0.1827901303768158,
-0.003766989568248391,
-0.5103194117546082,
0.18260882794857025,
0.08248394727706909,
-0.3315078318119049,
-0.6911071538925171,
0.5341648459434509,
-0.19975703954696655,
0.224695086479187,
-0.4389234781265259,
-0.5253609418869019,
-0.3018321096897125,
0.06297049671411514,
-0.16821248829364777,
0.945884108543396,
0.0762280598282814,
-0.11810383945703506,
0.03178413584828377,
0.47115638852119446,
-0.14614851772785187,
0.019993474707007408,
0.027753345668315887,
-0.053382985293865204,
0.17993322014808655,
-0.17188690602779388,
0.5709502696990967,
-0.11492665112018585,
0.03776511922478676,
0.032040711492300034,
0.48019546270370483,
-0.07989910244941711,
-0.1176990419626236,
0.969757616519928,
-0.25275182723999023,
-0.4306573271751404,
0.8227434158325195,
-0.19750754535198212,
0.30517956614494324,
-0.14748305082321167,
-0.11421135812997818,
-1.5337460041046143,
0.17421269416809082,
-0.030309414491057396,
0.049378979951143265,
-0.6095486283302307,
-0.5325857400894165,
0.38744887709617615,
-0.01024722121655941,
0.2584029734134674,
0.2753308117389679,
-0.2165578156709671,
0.1023939773440361,
0.5367487668991089,
-0.28332382440567017,
0.04476737231016159,
-0.6933320164680481,
-0.30302971601486206,
0.127066507935524,
0.16328129172325134,
-0.24553728103637695,
0.4895140528678894,
0.003370707156136632,
0.006920765154063702,
0.17272838950157166,
-0.47798898816108704,
-0.27511173486709595,
0.188206285238266,
-0.40667998790740967,
0.5328546166419983,
0.14721639454364777,
0.0780000388622284,
-0.10951778292655945,
-0.28288665413856506,
-0.35134023427963257,
0.6513826251029968,
0.5187629461288452,
-0.34335941076278687,
-0.13037225604057312,
0.5160234570503235,
-0.3516691029071808,
0.9201719760894775,
-0.8703391551971436,
0.7235620021820068,
-0.06158175319433212,
0.19140560925006866,
-0.6415786743164062,
0.10400895029306412,
-0.7734247446060181,
-0.3148477375507355,
0.5122399926185608,
-0.05210599675774574,
0.08204509317874908,
-0.3346480429172516,
0.19768126308918,
0.023165546357631683,
-0.28603583574295044,
-0.40655291080474854,
-0.8464464545249939,
-0.052874114364385605,
0.40495994687080383,
-0.418570876121521,
-0.10174192488193512,
0.031999651342630386,
0.07251453399658203,
0.05138981714844704,
-1.0683504343032837,
0.04441114887595177,
-0.6365843415260315,
-1.052405834197998,
-0.20364053547382355,
0.6674587726593018,
0.24532940983772278,
-0.5556638240814209,
0.8362680077552795,
0.07445654273033142,
-0.23071788251399994,
0.25640812516212463,
0.3322298228740692,
0.138279527425766,
-0.6213529706001282,
-0.33273351192474365,
0.40957170724868774,
0.5783821940422058,
-0.10812866687774658,
-0.1222759485244751,
0.11429443955421448,
-0.8734098076820374,
0.312751442193985,
-0.5018993020057678,
0.4746035039424896,
-0.07081213593482971,
0.9528583288192749,
-0.11042904108762741
] |
256713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer%20in%20the%20Dark | Dancer in the Dark | Dancer in the Dark is a 2000 musical drama film written and directed by Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier. It stars Icelandic musician Björk as a factory worker who suffers from a degenerative eye condition and is saving for an operation to prevent her young son from suffering the same fate. Catherine Deneuve, David Morse, Cara Seymour, Peter Stormare, Siobhan Fallon Hogan and Joel Grey also star. The soundtrack for the film, Selmasongs, was written mainly by Björk, but a number of songs featured contributions from Mark Bell and some of the lyrics were written by von Trier and Sjón.
Dancer in the Dark is the third film in von Trier's "Golden Heart Trilogy", following Breaking the Waves (1996) and The Idiots (1998). It was an international co-production among companies based in thirteen European and North American countries and regions. It was shot with a handheld camera, and inspired by a Dogme 95 look.
Dancer in the Dark premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival to standing ovations and controversy, but was nonetheless awarded the Palme d'Or, along with the Best Actress award for Björk. The song "I've Seen It All", with Thom Yorke, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "Things Have Changed" by Bob Dylan from Wonder Boys. The film appeared on multiple lists of the best films of the 21st century and the best films of all time.
Plot
In Washington state in 1964, Selma Ježková, a Czech immigrant, has moved to the United States with her 12-year-old son, Gene Ježek. They live a life of poverty as Selma works at a factory with her good friend Kathy, whom she nicknames Cvalda. She rents a trailer home on the property of town policeman Bill Houston and his wife, Linda. She is also pursued by the shy but persistent Jeff, who also works at the factory.
Selma is gradually losing her vision due to a degenerative eye condition, but is saving money to pay for an operation that will prevent Gene from sharing her fate. She also takes part in rehearsals for a production of The Sound of Music and accompanies Kathy to the local cinema, where together they watch Hollywood musicals, as Kathy describes them to her.
In her day-to-day life, Selma slips into daydreams, imagining herself in a musical. Jeff and Kathy begin to realize that Selma's vision is worse than they thought, and that she has been memorizing eye charts in order to pass vision tests and keep her job. Bill reveals to Selma that Linda's excessive spending has put the couple's house in danger of foreclosure by their bank. He has contemplated suicide, but cannot bring himself to carry out the act. Selma promises to keep his secret and confides in him about her advancing vision loss. Bill pretends to leave the trailer but stays, knowing that Selma cannot see him, and watches her hide her money in a tin.
The next day, Selma accidentally breaks a machine at the factory and is fired from her job. She returns home to add her last wages to the tin, but discovers it to be empty. Realizing that Bill has robbed her, she goes to his house to confront him. Linda accuses Selma of trying to seduce her husband, explaining that Bill told her Selma wanted him for his money. Not wanting to reveal her knowledge of the impending foreclosure, Selma ignores Linda and confronts Bill about the theft. They fight over the money, with Bill drawing a gun only to be accidentally shot by Selma.
Bill yells for Linda to call the police, saying that Selma has tried to rob him, then begs Selma to kill him; he claims that it is the only way she will ever reclaim her stolen money. Selma shoots Bill several times, but only wounds him further due to her poor vision, and finally beats him to death with a safe deposit box once the gun runs out of ammunition. She slips into a trance and imagines that Bill's corpse stands up and slow dances with her. Taking her money back, she flees the house and pays for Gene's operation.
Not knowing about the murder, Jeff takes Selma to rehearsal, where her director calls the police to have her arrested. In court, she is accused of being a Communist sympathizer and of pretending to be blind to exploit the American healthcare system. Although she tells as much truth about the situation as she can, she refuses to reveal Bill's secret, saying that she had promised not to. When her claim of sending all her money to her father in Czechoslovakia is proven false, she is convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Kathy and Jeff eventually figure out what happened and get back Selma's money, using it instead to pay for a trial lawyer who can free her. Selma refuses the lawyer, opting to face execution by hanging rather than let her son go blind, but she is deeply distraught as she awaits her death. As Selma begins crying, Kathy runs in to tell her that the operation was successful and that Gene will see. Relieved, Selma sings the final song on the gallows with no musical accompaniment. The trap door opens and she is hanged before she can finish the last verse, whose lines are displayed as the proceedings conclude.
Cast
Style
Much of the film has a similar look to von Trier's earlier Dogme 95-influenced films: it is filmed on low-end, hand-held digital cameras to create a documentary-style appearance. It is not a true Dogme 95 film, however, because the Dogme rules stipulate that violence, non-diegetic music, and period pieces are not permitted. Trier differentiates the musical sequences from the rest of the film by using static cameras and by brightening the colours.
Production
The film's title suggests the Fred Astaire/Cyd Charisse duet "Dancing in the Dark" from the 1953 film The Band Wagon, which ties in with the film's musical theatre theme.
Actress Björk, who is known primarily as a contemporary musician, had rarely acted before, and described the process of making this film as so emotionally taxing that she would not act in any film ever again (although she appeared in Matthew Barney's film installation Drawing Restraint 9 in 2005, and in Robert Eggers' The Northman). Trier and others have described her performance as feeling rather than acting. Björk has said that it is a misunderstanding that she was put off acting by this film; rather, she never wanted to act but made an exception for Lars von Trier.
The musical sequences were filmed simultaneously with over 100 digital cameras so that multiple angles of the performance could be captured and cut together later, thus shortening the filming schedule.
Björk lies down on a stack of birch logs during the "Scatterheart" sequence. In Icelandic and Swedish, "björk" means "birch".
A Danish MY class locomotive (owned by Swedish train operator TÅGAB) was painted in the American Great Northern scheme for the movie, and not repainted afterward. A T43 class locomotive was repainted too, though never used in the film.
Music
Original music: Björk
Singers: Björk, Catherine Deneuve, Siobhan Fallon, David Morse, Cara Seymour, Edward Ross (for Vladica Kostic), Joel Grey, Peter Stormare (In the soundtrack Selmasongs, Thom Yorke sings instead of Stormare)
Lyrics: Björk, Lars von Trier and Sjón
Non-original music: Richard Rodgers (from The Sound of Music)
Non-original lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (from The Sound of Music)
Choreographer: Vincent Paterson
Controversy
In October 2017, Björk posted on her Facebook page that she had been sexually harassed by a "Danish film director she worked with". She commented:
The Los Angeles Times found evidence identifying him as Lars von Trier. Von Trier has rejected Björk's allegation that he sexually harassed her during the making of the film Dancer in the Dark, and said "That was not the case. But that we were definitely not friends, that's a fact," to Danish daily Jyllands-Posten in its online edition. Peter Aalbæk Jensen, the producer of Dancer in the Dark, told Jyllands-Posten that "As far as I remember we [Lars von Trier and I] were the victims. That woman was stronger than both Lars von Trier and me and our company put together. She dictated everything and was about to close a movie of 100m kroner [$16m]."
After von Trier's statement, Björk explained the details about this incident, saying:
Björk's manager, Derek Birkett, has also accused von Trier's actions in the past, stating:
The Guardian later found that Jensen's studio, Zentropa, with which von Trier frequently collaborated, had an endemic culture of sexual harassment. Jensen stepped down from CEO position of Zentropa as further harassment allegations came to light in 2017.
Reception
Critical response
At the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Dancer in the Dark earned positive reviews from 69% of 121 critics, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The critics consensus on the website reads, "Dancer in Dark can be grim, dull, and difficult to watch, but even so, it has a powerful and moving performance from Björk and is something quite new and visionary." According to Metacritic, which assigned the film a weighted average score of 61/100 based on 33 critic reviews, the film received "generally favorable reviews".
On The Movie Show, Margaret Pomeranz gave it five stars while David Stratton gave it a zero, a score shared only by Geoffrey Wright's Romper Stomper (1992). Stratton later described it as his "favourite horror film". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian dubbed Dancer in the Dark the "most shallow and crudely manipulative" film of 2000, and in 2009 he described it as "one of the worst films, one of the worst artworks and perhaps one of the worst things in the history of the world".
The film was praised for its stylistic innovations. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated: "It smashes down the walls of habit that surround so many movies. It returns to the wellsprings. It is a bold, reckless gesture." Edward Guthmann from the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "It's great to see a movie so courageous and affecting, so committed to its own differentness." However, criticism was directed at its storyline. Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post described the film as "meretricious fakery" and called it "so unrelenting in its manipulative sentimentality that, if it had been made by an American and shot in a more conventional manner, it would be seen as a bad joke".
In 2016, David Ehrlich ranked Dancer in the Dark as one of the best films of the 21st century, hailing Björk's performance as the "single greatest feat of film acting" since 2000. Björk's performance is also ranked in the "25 Best Performances Not Nominated for an Oscar of the 21st Century" list.
Box office
It grossed $45.6 million worldwide, including $4.2 million in the United States and Canada. It was number one at the Japanese box office for three weeks.
Accolades
Dancer in the Dark premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival and was awarded the Palme d'Or, along with the Best Actress award for Björk. The song "I've Seen It All" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, at the performance of which Björk wore her famous swan dress.
Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to find out the Ten Greatest Films of All Time. This poll has been going since 1952, and has become the most recognised poll of its kind in the world. In 2012, Cyrus Frisch was one of the four directors who voted for Dancer in the Dark. Frisch commented: "A superbly imaginative film that leaves conformity in shambles." Director Oliver Schmitz also lauded the work as "relentless, claustrophobic, the best movie about capital punishment as far as I'm concerned".
See also
The opera Selma Ježková by Poul Ruders, which is based on the film.
References
Bibliography
Georg Tiefenbach: Drama und Regie (Writing and Directing): Lars von Trier's Breaking the Waves, Dancer in the Dark, Dogville. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann 2010. .
External links
Review by Sian Kirwan – BBC
Review at The Film Experience
2000 crime drama films
2000 drama films
2000 films
2000s avant-garde and experimental films
2000s musical drama films
Constantin Film films
Courtroom films
Danish avant-garde and experimental films
Danish crime films
Danish films
Danish musical drama films
English-language films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Italian films
English-language Danish films
European Film Awards winners (films)
Film4 Productions films
Films about blind people
Films about capital punishment
Films about immigration to the United States
Films adapted into operas
Films directed by Lars von Trier
Films set in 1964
Films set in Washington (state)
Films shot in Denmark
French avant-garde and experimental films
French films
French musical drama films
German avant-garde and experimental films
German films
German musical drama films
Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film winners
Italian avant-garde and experimental films
Italian films
Italian musical drama films
Palme d'Or winners
Swedish avant-garde and experimental films
Swedish films
Swedish musical drama films
Zentropa films | [
-0.27405017614364624,
0.2898114323616028,
-0.11438842117786407,
-0.006496595684438944,
0.19354405999183655,
0.14492641389369965,
0.5421416163444519,
-0.5034736394882202,
-0.3171583414077759,
0.06049536168575287,
0.06094648316502571,
0.003754217876121402,
-0.39595499634742737,
-0.006639842409640551,
-0.1008584275841713,
0.05421165004372597,
0.48674994707107544,
-0.08373959362506866,
0.676062822341919,
-0.7355103492736816,
-0.34024277329444885,
-0.5533931851387024,
0.21182627975940704,
-0.40048748254776,
-0.5845873355865479,
0.2632874548435211,
-0.2867009937763214,
0.348933607339859,
0.34871017932891846,
0.11509592086076736,
0.28813058137893677,
-0.020050102844834328,
0.009469687007367611,
-0.490028977394104,
0.7835796475410461,
0.2969088554382324,
-0.1738482117652893,
-0.005833378992974758,
-0.37074849009513855,
-0.36575764417648315,
-0.42892172932624817,
0.003764768596738577,
-0.2068827599287033,
0.023771271109580994,
-0.3798925280570984,
-0.3827518820762634,
-0.893822968006134,
0.07504305988550186,
-0.4741685688495636,
-0.4017217457294464,
-0.40756794810295105,
-0.06253232806921005,
1.077223777770996,
0.5380129218101501,
0.3206048905849457,
0.6258845925331116,
-0.47679466009140015,
0.553205668926239,
-0.3026943802833557,
-0.45148158073425293,
0.43841463327407837,
0.21567369997501373,
0.41058531403541565,
-0.04580053687095642,
0.09476859122514725,
0.7565836906433105,
0.24165664613246918,
0.07015801966190338,
0.7759819030761719,
-0.4621846079826355,
0.49049970507621765,
0.1776609718799591,
-0.44195500016212463,
0.129019096493721,
-0.18487362563610077,
-0.48709365725517273,
1.026841402053833,
-0.02088242769241333,
0.3410933017730713,
0.14245086908340454,
0.13499440252780914,
-0.02766190469264984,
0.8495973944664001,
0.9954037666320801,
-0.06703504920005798,
0.16948580741882324,
0.1353006511926651,
0.08068712055683136,
-0.1780887097120285,
-0.32898563146591187,
-0.8373910784721375,
-0.8956323862075806,
0.3271143138408661,
0.780240535736084,
-0.29810449481010437,
0.18455907702445984,
-0.04283715412020683,
0.10873270034790039,
0.4329380989074707,
0.3831673264503479,
0.23914483189582825,
-0.17452792823314667,
0.1263250708580017,
-0.2378910332918167,
-0.3185289204120636,
-0.40175461769104004,
-0.3143582344055176,
-0.29757270216941833,
0.5237133502960205,
0.4212358891963959,
-0.24779142439365387,
0.07533077895641327,
-0.21066385507583618,
0.0024721231311559677,
0.11957997828722,
0.5108696818351746,
0.0350654311478138,
-0.015917057171463966,
-0.41312021017074585,
0.4871729016304016,
0.2370642125606537,
0.1589495837688446,
0.15727517008781433,
0.661673903465271,
-0.5522534251213074,
0.9118078351020813,
0.6006408333778381,
0.8945642113685608,
-0.6007351875305176,
0.4307827353477478,
0.047243423759937286,
0.5769118666648865,
-0.1897597312927246,
-0.3367036283016205,
0.2746444642543793,
-0.16519473493099213,
0.8474896550178528,
0.1289413869380951,
-0.051013004034757614,
0.48176664113998413,
-0.37825000286102295,
-0.6865442991256714,
-0.48333048820495605,
-0.34071049094200134,
0.10157392919063568,
-0.47352147102355957,
-0.24259965121746063,
-0.10725991427898407,
0.16055679321289062,
-0.1160864308476448,
0.4510785639286041,
0.20704087615013123,
0.20016880333423615,
-0.1338275969028473,
-1.0296577215194702,
0.160286083817482,
0.26227983832359314,
-0.04389015585184097,
0.33109143376350403,
0.3072918653488159,
0.1621832400560379,
0.5194162130355835,
-0.17034123837947845,
0.13360418379306793,
-0.003484570188447833,
-0.38537222146987915,
0.2867051362991333,
-0.11697956174612045,
0.03279336541891098,
0.34810537099838257,
-0.4010905623435974,
0.5404133200645447,
0.056609444320201874,
-0.5561672449111938,
-0.04628487676382065,
0.5493269562721252,
0.0793834924697876,
0.47399893403053284,
-0.09051365405321121,
-0.8010383248329163,
-0.6497149467468262,
-0.0855618268251419,
0.231072798371315,
-0.27100062370300293,
0.03027784824371338,
0.068559929728508,
-0.15427444875240326,
0.3500940501689911,
-0.7127713561058044,
-0.07555362582206726,
-0.27009567618370056,
-0.4563884735107422,
0.5305337905883789,
-0.2619381248950958,
0.8967388272285461,
-0.2870321273803711,
-0.433297336101532,
0.580768346786499,
-0.12922625243663788,
0.454054057598114,
-0.17837439477443695,
-0.2507263720035553,
0.29241040349006653,
0.24096308648586273,
-0.08884342014789581,
-0.20933598279953003,
-0.14509159326553345,
0.10848866403102875,
0.4045126736164093,
0.1313517689704895,
-0.0226576067507267,
-0.7387576699256897,
-0.03741844743490219,
0.5936787128448486,
-0.001615298562683165,
-0.1577116847038269,
-0.8109279274940491,
0.3940804600715637,
0.570289134979248,
0.3432323634624481,
0.7326568365097046,
-0.21802784502506256,
-0.5575795769691467,
0.3063203990459442,
-0.1044655293226242,
0.6455237865447998,
0.042203884571790695,
-0.06651733070611954,
0.252841979265213,
-0.36058831214904785,
-0.10234072804450989,
0.45279982686042786,
-0.30082204937934875,
-0.7087038159370422,
-0.06282258033752441,
-0.6840634346008301,
0.2765723466873169,
-0.6943066716194153,
0.8741533756256104,
-0.4945194721221924,
0.5072450637817383,
-0.08742976188659668,
0.09035202860832214,
0.31724339723587036,
0.5062133073806763,
0.07048732787370682,
0.17161457240581512,
0.2578848898410797,
-0.3655703365802765,
-0.008038335479795933,
0.12899039685726166,
0.681700587272644,
-0.23355822265148163,
-0.546720027923584,
-0.27782806754112244,
0.08305975049734116,
-0.3477029800415039,
-0.6593543291091919,
0.5349161028862,
0.35125741362571716,
0.6576002240180969,
-0.020459668710827827,
0.991747260093689,
0.2775893807411194,
-0.2577439546585083,
-0.6401084065437317,
-0.5478174090385437,
-0.6220310926437378,
0.40766268968582153,
0.4265037775039673,
0.5820106267929077,
-0.017828144133090973,
-0.6617994904518127,
0.5366595983505249,
-0.19140879809856415,
0.18225543200969696,
-0.16952911019325256,
-0.14020852744579315,
-0.37368300557136536,
-0.39596351981163025,
0.38927969336509705,
0.6008473038673401,
0.1631748527288437,
-0.11906325072050095,
-0.5094462037086487,
0.3109806776046753,
0.19807499647140503,
0.42415809631347656,
0.08121896535158157,
0.2229323387145996,
0.08521534502506256,
0.7927576899528503,
-0.166594997048378,
-0.20588023960590363,
-0.5315528512001038,
-0.12485009431838989,
-0.5988782644271851,
0.27391403913497925,
-0.20577849447727203,
0.4330701529979706,
-0.5894791483879089,
0.4378650486469269,
-0.5018651485443115,
0.07050570100545883,
-0.3122641146183014,
-0.4048679769039154,
-0.292489618062973,
-0.24330802261829376,
-5.562833786010742,
-0.16043958067893982,
0.4000905454158783,
-0.19168508052825928,
-0.03420621529221535,
-0.5036391615867615,
0.5102414488792419,
-0.13448207080364227,
-0.1717292219400406,
0.5405427813529968,
-0.18612419068813324,
0.2186133861541748,
0.057648513466119766,
0.7632105946540833,
0.3881441652774811,
0.09704793989658356,
-0.36005401611328125,
-0.4156147539615631,
0.30763134360313416,
0.20565573871135712,
-0.6274917125701904,
0.2063763439655304,
-0.4190812110900879,
-0.09623153507709503,
-0.007250203751027584,
0.7694520950317383,
-0.6857605576515198,
-0.054510630667209625,
-0.7852219939231873,
-0.26446378231048584,
-0.20978952944278717,
-0.5029668211936951,
-0.3216240108013153,
-0.4999438524246216,
0.15666057169437408,
0.4422512352466583,
0.15907759964466095,
-0.19163982570171356,
-0.19174274802207947,
-0.25677570700645447,
-0.38159340620040894,
0.4123322665691376,
-0.2376396805047989,
0.0673581212759018,
1.4452497959136963,
-0.053594350814819336,
-0.6887850761413574,
-0.8370710611343384,
-0.10763341188430786,
0.7540403008460999,
0.29148638248443604,
-0.014452467672526836,
0.1995074450969696,
0.05612102150917053,
0.36124348640441895,
-0.08942251652479172,
-0.16025663912296295,
-0.3647157847881317,
0.06405329704284668,
0.2082831710577011,
0.3050171732902527,
-0.25058266520500183,
-0.07393711805343628,
-0.19622080028057098,
0.5528285503387451,
-0.3707873821258545,
0.042263224720954895,
-0.3658052682876587,
0.30579689145088196,
0.4988071918487549,
0.4011702537536621,
-0.00015464237367268652,
0.24088488519191742,
-1.0306506156921387,
0.28731900453567505,
-0.1357441395521164,
-0.08146683126688004,
-0.5400530695915222,
0.407980352640152,
-0.5708656907081604,
0.4514971971511841,
-0.23701561987400055,
0.4799661934375763,
0.0618283636868,
0.17518319189548492,
-0.5247089862823486,
0.16940617561340332,
-0.016197534278035164,
-0.11076967418193817,
-0.2810297906398773,
0.650100588798523,
0.2610782980918884,
-0.4155723452568054,
0.11981994658708572,
0.42200103402137756,
0.24464666843414307,
0.16358603537082672,
0.003436457831412554,
0.3286321461200714,
-0.07885223627090454,
-0.04991980269551277,
-0.9506620168685913,
0.2141595333814621,
-0.47506892681121826,
-0.020722489804029465,
-0.23490117490291595,
-0.01117459312081337,
0.24556034803390503,
0.31498971581459045,
-0.5005192160606384,
-0.12149906158447266,
-0.22749656438827515,
0.23109792172908783,
-0.18007007241249084,
0.42555370926856995,
-0.4142133593559265,
-0.24169553816318512,
0.027808694168925285,
0.035886868834495544,
0.23192887008190155,
-0.12240849435329437,
0.20786498486995697,
0.34478560090065,
-0.35205626487731934,
-0.47861701250076294,
-0.004742998164147139,
-0.15299111604690552,
0.04298260062932968,
-0.5352356433868408,
0.3906055688858032,
-0.1516411155462265,
0.44705405831336975,
0.3198646306991577,
-0.18203750252723694,
0.38523179292678833,
-0.6294711232185364,
-0.3407002091407776,
0.01655823364853859,
0.4813717007637024,
0.1789925992488861,
0.001209450070746243,
-0.20388472080230713,
-0.09096098691225052,
0.7271203398704529,
0.39310067892074585,
0.38576164841651917,
0.2958907186985016,
-0.4081193506717682,
-0.6765450835227966,
0.48907405138015747,
0.01002409216016531,
-0.69744473695755,
1.0708510875701904,
-0.3491668403148651,
0.34145495295524597,
-0.2639416754245758,
0.3219629228115082,
0.039339371025562286,
-0.2951696813106537,
-0.29957324266433716,
-0.08032704144716263,
-0.08517546951770782,
-1.0105791091918945,
-0.026229163631796837,
0.2173476219177246,
-0.2864142954349518,
-0.5984355211257935,
-0.5324224233627319,
-0.025983767583966255,
-0.010681848973035812,
0.5076823830604553,
-0.35376638174057007,
-0.03872957453131676,
0.17473343014717102,
-0.06294386088848114,
0.39595189690589905,
-0.8779301643371582,
0.3685035705566406,
-0.6440514326095581,
0.0395347960293293,
0.11933448910713196,
-0.008042138069868088,
-0.47586339712142944,
-0.4049389958381653,
0.5220962166786194,
0.09318014979362488,
-0.7723532319068909,
-0.5760282874107361,
0.08398878574371338,
0.5483269095420837,
0.2513458728790283,
0.9410164952278137,
0.6377552151679993,
-0.058092597872018814,
-0.8487810492515564,
-0.7494534850120544,
-0.16178648173809052,
0.6791676878929138,
-0.1308826208114624,
-0.7778710722923279,
0.276313841342926,
0.024276003241539,
-0.688655436038971,
0.64497971534729,
0.7585321664810181,
-1.0120606422424316,
0.395938903093338,
0.41718918085098267,
-0.6853978633880615,
0.0884213075041771,
-0.45539772510528564,
-0.29619070887565613,
-0.5273641347885132,
-0.2197842299938202,
-0.7935486435890198,
0.5472778081893921,
0.22831790149211884,
-0.4854125380516052,
-0.12253212183713913,
0.22202803194522858,
0.10157691687345505,
-0.4117799401283264,
-0.8365281224250793,
-0.06523235142230988,
-0.9392412900924683,
-0.42540276050567627,
0.500969409942627,
0.03696072846651077,
-0.15506550669670105,
-0.05658193677663803,
-0.017559019848704338,
-0.0017587394686415792,
0.09286709874868393,
-0.17781303822994232,
-0.5220894813537598,
0.19042044878005981,
-0.5183905959129333,
0.05459930747747421,
0.20618939399719238,
0.7080448865890503,
0.4047090411186218,
0.7226406931877136,
0.12606903910636902,
0.09037847816944122,
0.37692001461982727,
0.2855079472064972,
-0.26101845502853394,
-0.35998815298080444,
-0.4819720685482025,
-0.17960429191589355,
0.309131383895874,
-0.33327794075012207,
0.01717762090265751,
-0.6366244554519653,
1.1345754861831665,
0.019811514765024185,
0.476656436920166,
0.2581106126308441,
0.2341022491455078,
0.23639920353889465,
-0.06667636334896088,
-0.3003738522529602,
-0.7421762943267822,
-0.20722290873527527,
-0.08582799136638641,
0.4396696090698242,
0.40564683079719543,
-0.43697506189346313,
-0.09816056489944458,
-0.5507799386978149,
-0.1069950982928276,
-0.40411999821662903,
0.2183406502008438,
-0.18805445730686188,
-0.01804346777498722,
0.5538328886032104,
-0.726291835308075,
-0.4847168028354645,
-0.021928464993834496,
-0.23304837942123413,
-0.5764670968055725,
0.5672183632850647,
-0.12284805625677109,
-0.1802368015050888,
0.355529248714447,
-0.14308185875415802,
0.2037372887134552,
-0.4645424485206604,
-0.2679748237133026,
-0.601502001285553,
-0.30966421961784363,
0.09552200138568878,
0.078449547290802,
0.47857746481895447,
0.6914475560188293,
0.27154773473739624,
0.06691450625658035,
0.17861275374889374,
-0.03549616411328316,
-0.400428831577301,
0.05411059409379959,
0.4922904968261719,
0.3238374888896942,
0.17219290137290955,
0.0006336449878290296,
-0.18778617680072784,
0.48138880729675293,
-0.7249539494514465,
0.11168264597654343,
0.49050483107566833,
-0.04424954578280449,
0.12640704214572906,
-0.0956379622220993,
0.5721982717514038,
-0.3031900227069855,
0.04712079092860222,
0.6604514718055725,
-0.22326593101024628,
0.3151877522468567,
-0.006552775856107473,
0.1615167260169983,
-0.13502992689609528,
0.7892098426818848,
-0.015062605030834675,
-0.19172926247119904,
0.38063380122184753,
0.18545813858509064,
1.045127272605896,
0.3596571683883667,
-0.4015880227088928,
0.1485779732465744,
-0.07333389669656754,
-0.2131013125181198,
0.3821873962879181,
0.13949166238307953,
0.32852351665496826,
0.4768657386302948,
-0.3400059938430786,
-0.4695734679698944,
0.10147332400083542,
0.4240487813949585,
0.5632897615432739,
-0.12547925114631653,
-0.3398400545120239,
0.4154612720012665,
-0.13751424849033356,
0.285604864358902,
0.12997855246067047,
-0.24173128604888916,
0.33911895751953125,
-0.020590735599398613,
0.09581736475229263,
-0.13686196506023407,
-1.0984437465667725,
0.5161296725273132,
0.32239261269569397,
0.6169823408126831,
-0.1688942313194275,
0.23177090287208557,
0.270185649394989,
0.0418553464114666,
-0.653596043586731,
0.20134654641151428,
0.4146113395690918,
-0.8036494255065918,
0.014796684496104717,
-0.26754000782966614,
-0.342874675989151,
0.17850182950496674,
-0.33212634921073914,
0.3919987976551056,
0.5381067395210266,
0.025447139516472816,
-0.42529940605163574,
0.4619278013706207,
0.36594805121421814,
0.2169259786605835,
-0.09247031807899475,
-0.1969754844903946,
0.2827635109424591,
-0.029094861820340157,
0.14907589554786682,
-0.6713445782661438,
-0.5304204821586609,
0.1520633101463318,
-0.05570517107844353,
0.036374375224113464,
0.21124368906021118,
-0.19024233520030975,
-0.42434415221214294,
0.8059818148612976,
-0.2871200144290924,
0.5466587543487549,
-0.0629572942852974,
-1.0839345455169678,
-0.32800453901290894,
-0.2543202042579651,
0.717825174331665,
-0.2794158458709717,
-0.27096933126449585,
0.2444937378168106,
0.6054205298423767,
0.18473754823207855,
0.6355672478675842,
-0.02610454522073269,
0.2730264663696289,
-1.5837311744689941,
0.020992916077375412,
-0.4633268117904663,
0.2202049046754837,
0.09544295072555542,
-0.15918967127799988,
0.2129897028207779,
0.16182725131511688,
0.6176039576530457,
0.43550920486450195,
0.30430781841278076,
0.060342367738485336,
0.1450119912624359,
-0.09325194358825684,
-0.671701967716217,
-0.5818397998809814,
0.556974470615387,
-0.04510347172617912,
-0.34580329060554504,
-0.33268409967422485,
0.09764023125171661,
0.013053434900939465,
0.22048361599445343,
0.21052099764347076,
-0.5833058953285217,
-0.058842867612838745,
-0.5333776473999023,
0.08382009714841843,
-0.1361401379108429,
-0.696484386920929,
0.05027119070291519,
1.1512600183486938,
0.6586830615997314,
-0.6500601768493652,
-0.014801896177232265,
-0.11211644858121872,
-0.12864641845226288,
-0.07027991116046906,
0.3616733253002167,
-0.3646436333656311,
-0.2621196508407593,
-0.637017011642456,
-0.7603464126586914,
0.0714493989944458,
-0.050110138952732086,
-0.960516631603241,
0.1458997279405594,
-0.9467449188232422,
-0.5092975497245789,
0.5632036924362183,
0.2864454388618469,
-0.7172856330871582,
0.035042133182287216,
0.13893118500709534
] |
256716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20%28disambiguation%29 | Liverpool (disambiguation) | Liverpool is a city in Merseyside, England, historically in Lancashire.
Liverpool may also refer to:
Places
Antarctica
Liverpool Beach
Australia
Liverpool, New South Wales
City of Liverpool (New South Wales)
Electoral district of Liverpool
Liverpool Plains, an agricultural area of New South Wales
Liverpool Plains Shire, a local government area of New South Wales
Canada
Liverpool, Nova Scotia
United Kingdom
Liverpool (European Parliament constituency)
United States
Liverpool, Illinois
Liverpool, Indiana
Liverpool, New York
Liverpool, Pennsylvania
Liverpool, Texas
East Liverpool, Ohio
Sports
A.F.C. Liverpool, a semi-professional football club based in Liverpool, England
City of Liverpool F.C., a football club based in Liverpool, England, in the Northern Premier League
Liverpool City (1906), a defunct rugby league team based in Liverpool that played from 1906 to 1907
Liverpool Football Club, the name of the Liverpool-based rugby union club until it merged with another club to form Liverpool St Helens F.C.
Liverpool F.C., a Premier League football club based in Liverpool, England
Liverpool F.C. (Montevideo), a football club based in Montevideo, Uruguay
Liverpool Stanley, defunct rugby league team playing from 1951 to 1968
Liverpool, a type of horse jumping obstacle
South Liverpool F.C., a football club based in Liverpool, England
Arts and entertainment
Liverpool (2008 film), an Argentine film set in Tierra del Fuego
Liverpool (2012 film), a Canadian film set in Montreal
Liverpool (album), a 1986 album by Frankie Goes To Hollywood
"Liverpool (We're Never Gonna...)", a 1983 song by Liverpool F.C.
Liverpool (video game), a game based on the Liverpool F.C. team
Other uses
Liverpool (store), a chain of department stores in Mexico
Liverpool rummy, a card game
Liverpool-class lifeboat operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) 1931-1974
Earl of Liverpool, a title in the British Peerage
HMS Liverpool, seven ships of the Royal Navy
Liverpool (privateer), an 18th-century British privateer
University of Liverpool
See also
Livermore (disambiguation) | [
-0.10245905071496964,
0.035962920635938644,
0.15571266412734985,
-0.8914863467216492,
0.08604234457015991,
0.7055378556251526,
0.20374494791030884,
0.5919820070266724,
-0.2633579671382904,
-0.23932036757469177,
-0.1304740607738495,
-0.3152586817741394,
-0.4276033639907837,
0.4452427327632904,
-0.1742936372756958,
0.48782142996788025,
-0.32985416054725647,
0.5024599432945251,
0.035080984234809875,
-0.08312702924013138,
-0.03559336066246033,
0.2926727533340454,
0.20820681750774384,
0.08372510224580765,
0.5805286169052124,
-0.34577232599258423,
0.28702017664909363,
-0.36089780926704407,
-0.21192458271980286,
0.28131183981895447,
-0.08452854305505753,
0.4265283942222595,
-0.08674798160791397,
-0.617529034614563,
-0.10337673872709274,
-0.030654318630695343,
-0.4591016471385956,
-0.21891312301158905,
-0.09672316908836365,
-0.6848997473716736,
0.1213286817073822,
-0.3556677997112274,
0.29067566990852356,
0.3617670238018036,
-0.016319068148732185,
0.28602632880210876,
-1.876810908317566,
0.6523112058639526,
-0.3262626826763153,
-0.12792779505252838,
-0.30524665117263794,
0.15299783647060394,
0.1598694622516632,
-0.044236574321985245,
0.05475008487701416,
0.5172690749168396,
-0.47357481718063354,
0.2075924575328827,
0.20554159581661224,
-0.045068640261888504,
0.2085806280374527,
0.5037774443626404,
0.2590163052082062,
0.16494309902191162,
0.03186744078993797,
-0.018002018332481384,
-0.0703272745013237,
0.5737388134002686,
-0.2946864664554596,
-0.3517988324165344,
0.29173246026039124,
0.12722645699977875,
-0.15096348524093628,
0.027538171038031578,
-0.6108884811401367,
-0.047817863523960114,
-0.09201185405254364,
-0.07777688652276993,
0.2873900234699249,
0.3748273253440857,
-0.20607613027095795,
-0.030379272997379303,
0.7019848823547363,
-0.0282214917242527,
0.7261167168617249,
-0.045789364725351334,
-1.0334616899490356,
0.013059575110673904,
-0.3449402451515198,
0.7449154257774353,
-0.08445008844137192,
0.024812402203679085,
0.3550197184085846,
0.15738974511623383,
-0.19490917026996613,
-0.21651148796081543,
-0.07315351068973541,
0.6191828846931458,
-0.3151595890522003,
-0.31281572580337524,
-0.5045995116233826,
0.09281562268733978,
0.24715638160705566,
-0.22491727769374847,
-0.18495924770832062,
-0.03806538134813309,
-0.22748242318630219,
0.49256908893585205,
0.4800865352153778,
-0.302644282579422,
-0.06766413897275925,
-0.09700874239206314,
-0.1532471626996994,
0.3129291534423828,
0.12213458865880966,
-0.41718462109565735,
-0.0549689419567585,
-0.01996946707367897,
-0.044236261397600174,
-0.27478134632110596,
-0.2897520661354065,
0.7872112393379211,
-0.06605562567710876,
-0.05660697817802429,
-0.2501462996006012,
0.09870550036430359,
0.3015376627445221,
0.0620255246758461,
-0.4477868974208832,
0.10381059348583221,
0.33251211047172546,
1.2634034156799316,
-0.37405991554260254,
-0.24422703683376312,
-0.09041646122932434,
-0.14297936856746674,
-0.42463529109954834,
0.3187180161476135,
0.3838271200656891,
-0.23426179587841034,
-0.9109835624694824,
0.24138060212135315,
-0.6918045878410339,
0.1374633014202118,
0.15048514306545258,
-0.44299033284187317,
-0.0031987768597900867,
-0.4112516939640045,
-0.006410368252545595,
-0.1893521249294281,
0.49889278411865234,
0.47221773862838745,
-0.5321784615516663,
-0.08847702294588089,
-0.17984922230243683,
-0.1546609252691269,
0.35668423771858215,
-0.585252583026886,
0.22603055834770203,
0.22992102801799774,
-0.024817781522870064,
-0.29453974962234497,
0.4407597482204437,
-0.08920353651046753,
-0.043704837560653687,
0.018731968477368355,
0.04904709383845329,
-0.20742616057395935,
0.2893511950969696,
0.11569464951753616,
-0.2610945403575897,
0.04543774202466011,
0.6096241474151611,
-0.1352858543395996,
-0.15491518378257751,
-0.0012371840421110392,
0.1549469530582428,
0.7456576228141785,
0.44881871342658997,
-0.5690674781799316,
-0.46217823028564453,
0.17795048654079437,
-0.17411746084690094,
0.2663429081439972,
0.06526210159063339,
0.03927888348698616,
0.6451473832130432,
0.5529128313064575,
-0.3015366494655609,
0.22647874057292938,
-0.0833413153886795,
-0.7221249341964722,
-0.1512555330991745,
-0.7982104420661926,
0.5531105399131775,
0.3399916887283325,
-0.3524476885795593,
0.12011628597974777,
0.12809224426746368,
0.7271431684494019,
-0.02059546671807766,
-0.08739157766103745,
0.13443857431411743,
-0.5778794288635254,
-0.03867308422923088,
0.43404218554496765,
0.3196306824684143,
-0.3172975778579712,
0.33242711424827576,
0.15945012867450714,
0.25298431515693665,
-0.8589208722114563,
-0.28606563806533813,
-0.20925036072731018,
0.15171405673027039,
-0.5591219067573547,
-0.012997892685234547,
-0.08788600564002991,
0.2787780165672302,
-0.6426368355751038,
0.5421124696731567,
0.3207447826862335,
0.3434533178806305,
-0.367935448884964,
0.2916891574859619,
0.7249624729156494,
-0.5013031363487244,
0.013304490596055984,
0.35562798380851746,
-0.5043549537658691,
-0.06396150588989258,
0.3170582950115204,
-0.19407860934734344,
-0.09997408837080002,
-0.1359800100326538,
-0.8395040035247803,
-0.006446111481636763,
-0.1501053124666214,
-0.03036108985543251,
-0.16232788562774658,
0.02008921653032303,
0.23647184669971466,
-0.6154338121414185,
0.028534097597002983,
-0.015031123533844948,
0.3168709874153137,
-0.18539513647556305,
-0.12449850142002106,
-0.0262919869273901,
0.27486974000930786,
0.2202540636062622,
0.1995951533317566,
-0.1886565089225769,
0.35098639130592346,
0.28676530718803406,
0.1785045862197876,
0.049833960831165314,
-0.09858544170856476,
0.17243537306785583,
0.056183915585279465,
-0.28323543071746826,
-0.07046490907669067,
-0.25454726815223694,
0.7229229211807251,
-0.10136140882968903,
-0.21766608953475952,
-0.7857864499092102,
-0.4772565960884094,
0.6474697589874268,
0.2688460648059845,
0.18431627750396729,
-0.2471531629562378,
-0.396979421377182,
0.23667258024215698,
0.09743143618106842,
0.40538209676742554,
0.4624473750591278,
-0.15780571103096008,
-0.14937862753868103,
-0.20849104225635529,
0.09255043417215347,
0.6978917717933655,
-0.23491086065769196,
-1.1286286115646362,
0.01379493810236454,
-0.42847496271133423,
0.04225149005651474,
-0.28619325160980225,
-0.29317349195480347,
-0.5336117744445801,
-0.6353602409362793,
0.06812583655118942,
-0.20229744911193848,
-0.17009176313877106,
-0.29657623171806335,
-0.13003379106521606,
0.10223861783742905,
-0.03844769671559334,
0.29616883397102356,
-0.48115456104278564,
-1.0750209093093872,
0.2176060527563095,
-0.5069035291671753,
-0.40759214758872986,
0.36232903599739075,
-0.22845859825611115,
-0.6002796292304993,
0.11873628199100494,
-6.038776874542236,
0.7763604521751404,
-0.422348290681839,
-0.060613226145505905,
0.4976305067539215,
-0.3409188687801361,
0.3398388624191284,
-0.037807900458574295,
0.20585766434669495,
-0.7200631499290466,
0.42877039313316345,
0.0414254255592823,
-0.17002877593040466,
0.29848647117614746,
0.1600923091173172,
0.28088393807411194,
0.15718500316143036,
0.05140620097517967,
0.0793851837515831,
-0.2586192488670349,
-0.2976808547973633,
0.08962667733430862,
-0.17215491831302643,
0.493678480386734,
0.10008677840232849,
1.118660569190979,
-0.5915870666503906,
-0.0791696235537529,
-0.6146970987319946,
-0.3597765862941742,
0.15803293883800507,
0.13238532841205597,
0.07558222115039825,
-0.3055841028690338,
-0.09783096611499786,
-0.036231815814971924,
0.3086449205875397,
0.30026790499687195,
0.18772147595882416,
-0.7698118686676025,
-0.006645072251558304,
0.4312378764152527,
-0.38283729553222656,
-0.3502740263938904,
0.3939545750617981,
-0.6848016977310181,
-0.7976230382919312,
0.07648923248052597,
-0.16828569769859314,
0.5363707542419434,
-0.08286066353321075,
-0.2530095875263214,
0.16862420737743378,
0.0523001104593277,
0.40482592582702637,
-0.5103639960289001,
0.6222964525222778,
-0.13033746182918549,
-0.10556916147470474,
0.35560065507888794,
0.614264190196991,
0.24294307827949524,
0.03654513880610466,
-0.09912602603435516,
-0.5905909538269043,
-0.024211522191762924,
-0.11409270018339157,
-0.18001240491867065,
0.3224220275878906,
-0.23285531997680664,
-0.12784451246261597,
-0.025851337239146233,
-0.1536184549331665,
-0.7623273134231567,
-0.37614011764526367,
0.043681565672159195,
-0.5277854800224304,
-0.12002771347761154,
0.23848433792591095,
0.15682850778102875,
-0.2314923107624054,
-0.22931310534477234,
-0.10830910503864288,
0.1923474371433258,
-0.061070770025253296,
-0.3477868437767029,
-0.4929928779602051,
0.7879370450973511,
-0.3348647654056549,
-0.4203486442565918,
0.10517513751983643,
-0.6221660375595093,
0.0664462074637413,
0.29206234216690063,
-0.14880572259426117,
0.040484409779310226,
-0.08917416632175446,
0.396771639585495,
0.1812596172094345,
0.08256269246339798,
0.7423972487449646,
-0.4213685691356659,
-0.19994936883449554,
0.29328757524490356,
0.25439736247062683,
-0.12252957373857498,
-0.25730833411216736,
0.43007275462150574,
0.22403156757354736,
-0.13745251297950745,
0.2946701645851135,
0.023707255721092224,
-0.6516949534416199,
0.11501263827085495,
0.3961837589740753,
-0.3678559958934784,
-0.33968380093574524,
-0.18931865692138672,
0.356322318315506,
0.16286344826221466,
0.09753289073705673,
0.1430741846561432,
-0.17960846424102783,
0.5618684887886047,
-0.37399643659591675,
-0.2076372355222702,
0.4422054886817932,
0.45033028721809387,
-0.04184870049357414,
0.1973033994436264,
0.14397385716438293,
0.10661234706640244,
0.24737980961799622,
-0.21810932457447052,
-0.2033081352710724,
0.20295092463493347,
-0.4358157217502594,
-0.23860745131969452,
0.28934425115585327,
-0.08355258405208588,
0.4498327076435089,
-0.04578418284654617,
-0.0325915664434433,
0.13239628076553345,
0.32954350113868713,
0.29213541746139526,
-0.14856046438217163,
0.07301867753267288,
-0.3677966594696045,
0.11834031343460083,
-0.18999913334846497,
-0.07239414006471634,
-0.24469305574893951,
-0.4239031672477722,
0.007004125975072384,
-0.32864946126937866,
0.1790960282087326,
0.12832431495189667,
0.22478272020816803,
0.03711282089352608,
0.016454188153147697,
-0.5803956985473633,
-0.6939211487770081,
0.3847907781600952,
0.3471272587776184,
-0.8167432546615601,
-0.027397042140364647,
0.14736154675483704,
0.2670590579509735,
0.5517702102661133,
-0.12183741480112076,
-0.28834810853004456,
-0.5169499516487122,
0.03722476214170456,
0.23234227299690247,
-0.09100161492824554,
-0.31188833713531494,
0.09160444885492325,
-0.15030141174793243,
-0.017361799255013466,
0.2569601237773895,
-0.2344903200864792,
-0.18708248436450958,
0.3923870921134949,
0.13052454590797424,
-0.10599871724843979,
-0.3940787613391876,
-0.014434359036386013,
0.2726026773452759,
-0.24466057121753693,
-0.009169567376375198,
-0.0730409175157547,
-0.21945613622665405,
0.5482460856437683,
-0.1343216896057129,
-0.430155485868454,
0.3984624147415161,
0.379142165184021,
0.3089383542537689,
0.06277887523174286,
-0.20433355867862701,
0.5011100769042969,
-0.6083153486251831,
-0.1314043402671814,
0.24170386791229248,
-0.609746515750885,
-0.11030655354261398,
0.18489132821559906,
-0.7309731245040894,
-0.02530817687511444,
-0.38990479707717896,
-0.5843263268470764,
0.15887947380542755,
0.6786018013954163,
-0.5236802101135254,
0.0014733037678524852,
0.38681235909461975,
0.1854165941476822,
-0.17056438326835632,
-0.36956003308296204,
-0.18327556550502777,
0.15751731395721436,
0.06750776618719101,
-0.027811475098133087,
0.35222938656806946,
0.8124564290046692,
0.05362257733941078,
-0.08599555492401123,
0.04971586912870407,
-0.10544244945049286,
0.0758470743894577,
-0.015148765407502651,
0.16159316897392273,
0.5713598728179932,
0.8501247763633728,
0.21561437845230103,
0.1263066530227661,
-0.334602952003479,
-0.015167116187512875,
-0.020258281379938126,
0.8140978813171387,
0.4906061291694641,
0.060704875737428665,
-0.2866051197052002,
0.07244071364402771,
0.00012832861102651805,
0.608548641204834,
-0.20008637011051178,
-0.7847909927368164,
0.15380877256393433,
0.38421404361724854,
-0.4438507854938507,
-0.6071791648864746,
-0.0024071207735687494,
0.8452640175819397,
-0.3841803967952728,
0.31678441166877747,
0.22563612461090088,
0.3009001910686493,
0.13277673721313477,
0.27031591534614563,
0.2638315260410309,
0.02597707137465477,
0.4806290864944458,
0.2661612927913666,
0.09564841538667679,
-0.24527543783187866,
-0.4300708472728729,
0.478536456823349,
-0.8644429445266724,
-0.023273155093193054,
0.5675276517868042,
0.024653133004903793,
0.49404194951057434,
0.062241364270448685,
-0.08039431273937225,
0.41302379965782166,
-0.28038060665130615,
0.38966867327690125,
-0.15360397100448608,
-0.5982926487922668,
0.07024703919887543,
-0.10086088627576828,
-0.7868428230285645,
-0.2098797708749771,
-0.5411785244941711,
0.0030813191551715136,
0.019805695861577988,
-0.5517324805259705,
-0.34524571895599365,
0.08621294796466827,
-0.2432875782251358,
-0.0341055765748024,
0.03816702961921692,
-0.22015146911144257,
-0.3445376455783844,
-0.31302911043167114,
0.4118143320083618,
0.46803730726242065,
0.17485135793685913,
-0.9277644753456116,
0.4429130554199219,
-0.12174327671527863,
-0.21239611506462097,
0.43303918838500977,
0.10041530430316925,
0.02021810971200466,
0.2303214967250824,
0.14923694729804993,
-0.6350036263465881,
0.45597848296165466,
-0.15774446725845337,
0.20230068266391754,
0.738217294216156,
-0.6395377516746521,
0.10641390830278397,
0.4795342683792114,
-0.5523636341094971,
0.0717548131942749,
0.964579164981842,
-0.2095400094985962,
-0.20842880010604858,
0.47532957792282104,
0.6427832245826721,
0.3610517084598541,
0.6560216546058655,
0.07673756778240204,
0.17810429632663727,
-0.17640738189220428,
0.5271078944206238,
0.13383911550045013,
-0.2040926218032837,
-0.6071838736534119,
0.7335350513458252,
-0.0444149412214756,
-0.6357412338256836,
0.4100293219089508,
-0.10833791643381119,
-0.3772110641002655,
0.18423408269882202,
0.38955622911453247,
-0.12048971652984619,
-0.41237586736679077,
0.12471416592597961,
0.1314394474029541,
0.07110641896724701,
0.24512538313865662,
-0.08519411087036133,
0.042955029755830765,
-0.11319202929735184,
0.4125356674194336,
0.29683706164360046,
0.09347517788410187,
-0.2841305732727051,
0.3609228730201721,
0.358424574136734,
0.5180901288986206,
0.015245240181684494,
-0.6681860685348511,
0.04564869776368141,
0.3338842988014221,
0.28696712851524353,
0.49810853600502014,
-0.25369787216186523,
-0.2939300537109375,
-0.5729060769081116,
-0.1587754189968109,
-0.24041882157325745,
-0.45764994621276855,
0.7099064588546753,
0.3720422387123108,
0.08926590532064438,
-0.5151194930076599,
-0.07568719238042831,
0.08044227212667465,
0.6428434252738953,
0.3131607472896576,
0.6758575439453125,
0.40604108572006226,
-0.14104601740837097,
-0.1156073808670044,
0.6125249266624451,
0.22202782332897186,
-0.14113251864910126,
-0.26169002056121826,
-0.4989284873008728,
-0.10138187557458878,
0.16602467000484467,
-0.6022678017616272,
-0.1772242784500122,
0.07045432925224304,
0.1979927271604538,
-0.09140468388795853,
-0.16044270992279053,
-0.4182558059692383,
-0.6018320918083191,
-0.3993570804595947,
0.6580145359039307,
0.3130453824996948,
0.057588137686252594,
0.050744928419589996,
0.1398504078388214,
0.024339545518159866,
0.4242510199546814,
-0.16215179860591888,
0.6434838175773621,
-0.27612629532814026,
0.1284128725528717,
0.10558144748210907,
0.5935031771659851,
0.41621801257133484,
-0.11011586338281631,
-0.2227332592010498,
-0.22985957562923431,
-0.2653089761734009,
0.1232239156961441,
0.0873405858874321,
-0.1586712896823883,
-0.2643771469593048,
-0.10222367942333221,
0.7114264965057373,
0.2090202122926712,
-0.18814466893672943,
0.21192118525505066,
-0.27279573678970337,
0.0838872492313385,
0.2936747372150421,
0.437764436006546,
-0.5910535454750061,
0.592110812664032,
0.04887799546122551,
0.2065899670124054,
-0.5222011804580688,
0.17941389977931976,
-0.8535830974578857,
0.1322750449180603,
-0.13224118947982788,
0.0921853557229042,
-0.5410702228546143,
-0.11829793453216553,
-0.4146071672439575,
-0.024478869512677193,
0.45868343114852905,
-0.2470165491104126,
-0.3701176047325134,
-0.0769839882850647,
-0.010254590772092342,
0.021966485306620598,
-0.8534212708473206,
0.6922115087509155,
0.2446209192276001,
-0.22203576564788818,
0.0914251059293747,
0.2383795827627182,
0.5527939200401306,
-0.31837186217308044,
0.05328714847564697,
-0.6896128058433533,
0.4124075174331665,
0.40517041087150574
] |
256717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilandar | Hilandar | The Hilandar Monastery (, , ) is one of the twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Mount Athos in Greece and the only Serbian monastery there. It was founded in 1198 by Stefan Nemanja (Saint Symeon) and his son Saint Sava. St. Symeon was the former Grand Prince of Serbia (1166-1196) who upon relinquishing his throne took monastic vows and became an ordinary monk. He joined his son Saint Sava who was already in Mount Athos and who later became the first Archbishop of Serbia. Upon its foundation, the monastery became a focal point of the Serbian religious and cultural life, as well as "the first Serbian university". It is ranked fourth in the Athonite hierarchy of 20 sovereign monasteries. The Mother of God through her Icon of the Three Hands (Trojeručica), is considered the monastery's abbess.
Etymology
The etymological meaning of "Hilandar" is probably derived from the Greek word chelandion, which is a type of the Byzantine transport ship, whose skipper was called "helandaris".
Founding
The monastery was founded in 1198, prompted by the Mount Athos monastic community, Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (1195–1203) issued a golden sealed chrysobulls donating the ancient monastery Helandaris, "to the Serbs as an eternal gift...," thereby designating it, "to serve the purpose of accepting the people of Serbian descent, who seek to pursue the monastic way of life, as monasteries belonging to Iberia and Amalfi endure on the Mount, exempt from any authority, including the authority of Protos." Hilandar was thereby handed over to Saint Sava and Saint Symeon with the mission of establishing and endowing a new monastery, elevated to the imperial rank. Since then, the monastery became a cornerstone of the religious, educational and cultural life of Serbian people.
The ancient pre-Serbian monastery Helandaris was first mentioned in one Greek manuscript from 1015 as being "completely abandoned and empty" which is why it had to be placed under temporary authority of the Konstamonitou monastery. A certain George Chelandarios (the Boatman), who was held in high esteem by the Athonites in 980, was probably the original founder of this ancient monastery prior to the arrival of Serbs. The monastery's church was already dedicated to the Entry of the Lady Theotokos into the Temple (November 21). Soon thereafter the monastery became a prey of continuous looting by pirates.
Upon securing Serbian authority within the monastery, Saint Sava and Saint Symeon jointly constructed the monastery's Church of the Entry of the Lady Theotokos into the Temple between 1198-1200, while also adding Saint Sava's Tower, the Kambanski Tower, and Saint Symeon's monastic chambers - cells. Saint Symeon's middle son and Saint Sava's older brother, Serbian Grand Prince Stefan "the First-Crowned" King provided financial resources for this restoration. As Hilandar's founder, Saint Symeon issued a special founding charter or chrysobulls, which survived until World War II, when it was destroyed as a result of the Operation Retribution and the notorious April 6, 1941 German bombing of Belgrade that leveled to the ground the National Library of Serbia building in Kosancicev Venac. Following 1199, hundreds of monks from Serbia moved to the monastery, while large pieces of land, metochions and tax proceeds from numerous villages were provided to the monastery, especially from the Metohija region of Serbia.
Saint Symeon died in the monastery on February 13, 1200 where he was buried next to the main church of the Entry of the Lady Theotokos into the Temple. His body remained in Hilandar until 1208 when his myrrh-flowing remains were transferred to Serbia and interred into the mother-church of all Serbian churches the Studenica Monastery according to his original desire, which he previously completed in 1196. Following the relocation of Saint Symeon's remains, what would eventually become world-famous grapevines began growing on the spot of his old tomb, which gives to this day miraculous grapes and seeds that are shipped all over as a form of blessing to childless married couples. Following his father's death, Saint Sava moved to his Karyes hermitage cell, where he finished the writing of the Karyes Typikon, a book of directives, which shaped the eremitical monasticism all across the Serbian lands. He also wrote the Hilandar Typikon regulating spiritual life in monasteries, organization of services and duties of monastic communities. The Hilandar Typikon was modeled in part after the typikon of the Monastery of Theotokos Evergetis in Constantinople.
The Nemanjić period and late Byzantine Empire
After the Fourth Crusade and Crusaders' sack of Constantinople in 1204, the whole Athos came under the Latin Occupation which exposed the Athonite monasteries to an unprecedented pillage. As a result, Saint Sava travelled to Serbia to secure more resources and support for the monastery. He also undertook a voyage to the Holy Land where he visited The Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified in Palestine. There he received Hilandar's most revered relic, the miraculous icon of the Three-handed Theotokos (Trojeručica) painted by St. John of Damascus. According to St. John of Damascus' last will, he ordered the Mar Saba monastery brethren to add this miraculous icon to the old prophesy made by the monastery's founder Saint Sabbas the Sanctified. Saint Sabbas the Sanctified adjured his monks centuries earlier to donate the icon of the Milk-feeding Theotokos and his hegumen cane to the "namesake monk of royal blood from a faraway land" who would experience, during his pilgrimage to the monastery, the fall of his hegumen cane to the floor, previously affixed above his grave, while venerating icons and praying on that spot.
Serbian kings Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, who were Saint Sava's nephews, significantly endowed the monastery with new land possessions and proceeds. In order to effectively deal with consequences of the Crusader Latin plunder, King Uroš the Great constructed a large fortification surrounding the monastery with the protective tower named after the Transfiguration of Christ. King Dragutin also expanded proceeds to the monastery and land or metochion income. He participated in improving and reinforcing defensive fortifications. Following the end of the Latin Occupation of this part of Byzantium, a new wave of raids hit the monastic republic. In the early 14th century, pirate mercenaries of the Catalan Grand Company repeatedly raided the Holy Mountain, while looting and sacking numerous monasteries, stealing treasures and Christian relics, and terrorizing monks. Of the 300 monasteries and monastic communities on Athos, Hilandar was among only 35 that survived the violence of the first decade of the 14th century. The monastery owes this fortune to its very experienced and skillful deputy hegumen at the time Danilo, who later became the Serbian Archbishop Danilo II.
Consequently, Serbian King Milutin is considered the greatest and the most important builder of the Hilandar monastery complex. In 1320 he completely reconstructed the main church of the Entry of the Lady Theotokos into the Temple which finally took its present shape as it became a symbol of Hilandar. The monastery complex was expended further north to encompass new monastic cells and fortifications. King Milutin also added a new main entrance gate which a chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas built in, in addition to the newly erected monastery dining chamber. During his reign, several towers were also completed, the Milutin Tower, located between monastery's docks and its eastern wall, and the Hrussiya Tower situated on the shore. An unmatched iconographic work took place during Milutin's era starting from the main church, through the dining chamber, to the cemetery church. At that time the number of Serbian monks skyrocketed and monasticism flourished even further as Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos donated large pieces of land to the monastery's estate in Greece.
At the time of Serbian King and Emperor Dusan, the whole Mount Athos came under his sovereign power. This is the period of Hilandar's greatest prosperity. The Emperor significantly supported the monastery and bequeathed a number of land possessions in Serbia and Greece to it. Ever since his reign and until today, Hilandar owns one fifth of the entire landmass on Athos. In addition to the Emperor himself, Dusan's aristocracy also supported the monastery like Sebastokrator Vlatko, Grand Duke Nikola Stanjevic, Despot Dejan, etc. In 1347 Emperor Dusan sought refuge in Hilandar while escaping the plague pandemics that devastated Europe. He also took his wife Empress Jelena with him, thus creating a precedent and violating the strict tradition of "avaton" that bars women from stepping into Mount Athos. Oral tradition holds that during her stay in Hilandar, the Empress was not allowed to plant her foot on the Athos ground as she was carried around by her escort. In memory of Emperor Dusan's visit, the Hilandar monks erected big cross and planted the "imperial olive tree" on the spot where they welcomed him. Serbian Emperor also built the Church of St. Archangels and expanded the monastery's hospital around 1350, while Empress Jelena endowed the Karyes monastic cell dedicated to St. Sava which belongs to Hilandar. Both Hilandar and Mount Athos already enjoyed tremendous reverence in Serbia as the monastery's deputy hegumen Sava became Serbian Patriarch Sava IV. Following Emperor Dusan's death in 1355, the monastery prospered even further. In addition to Dusan's son Serbian Emperor Uros V, powerful noblemen also supported Hilandar, such as Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic who constructed the narthex along the west side of the main Entry of the Lady Theotokos into the Temple Church in 1380. By the end of the 14th century, Hilandar served as a refuge to numerous members of Serbian nobility.
Ottoman and modern period
The Byzantine Empire was conquered in the 15th century by the Ottoman Turks and their newly established Ottoman Caliphate. The Athonite monks tried to maintain functioning relations with the Ottoman sultans and following Murad II's occupation of Thessaloniki in 1430 they pledged their obedience to him despite violence and lawlessness that ensued. A number of Serbian monks at the time moved from Hilandar to Serbia. To alleviate tensions with his Christian subjects, Murad II had to recognize property rights and privileges of all the monasteries, which in 1457 Sultan Mehmed II additionally confirmed and secured following the 1453 Fall of Constantinople. Thus, the Athonite independence was somewhat guaranteed.
Following the fall of the Serbian Despotate to the Ottoman Turks in 1459, Hilandar lost major guardians and benefactors as its brotherhood looked for support from other sources. In 1503, the wife of Serbian Despot Stefan Brankovic, Angelina Brankovic asked for the first time Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III Ivanovich to protect the monastery. Deputy hegumen Paisios with three other monks visited Moscow in 1550 and inquired about help and protection at High Porte in Istanbul from Russian Tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. He took monastery Hilandar under his personal protection and built the new monastic cells. In March 1556, Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, whose maternal grandmother Ana Jakšić was by birth member the Serbian Jakšić noble family and paternal great-great-grandmother Helena, Empress Consort of Byzantium was also Serbian, also granted the Hilandar Monastery a plot of land with all necessary buildings in Moscow within a short walking distance from the Kremlin.
In the 17th century the number of Serbian monks dwindled, and the disastrous fire in 1722 saw a decline: in his account of 1745, Russian pilgrim Vasily Barsky wrote that Hilandar was headed by Bulgarian monks, even though the presence of Serbian monks was also noted. Ilarion Makariopolski, Sophronius of Vratsa and Matey Preobrazhenski had all lived there, and it was in this monastery that Saint Paisius of Hilendar began his revolutionary Slavonic-Bulgarian History. The monastery was dominated by Bulgarians until the late 19th century.
However, in 1913, Serbian presence on Athos was quite big and the Athonite protos was the Serbian representative of Hilandar.
Contemporary
In the 1970s, the Greek government offered power grid installation to all of the monasteries on Mount Athos. The Holy Council of Mount Athos refused, and since then every monastery generates its own power, which is gained mostly from renewable energy sources. During the 1980s, electrification of the monastery of Hilandar took place, generating power mostly for lights and heating.
On March 4, 2004, there was a devastating fire at the Hilandar monastery, with approximately 50% of the walled complex destroyed in the blaze. The blaze damaged the northern half of the walled complex, including the bakery. The library and the monastery's many historic icons were saved or otherwise untouched by the fire. Vast reconstruction efforts to restore Hilandar are underway.
Sacred objects
Among the numerous relics and other holy objects treasured at the monastery is the Wonderworking Icon of the Theotokos "Of the Akathist", the feast day of which is celebrated on January 12. Since Mount Athos uses the traditional Julian Calendar, the day they name as January 12 currently falls on January 25 of the modern Gregorian Calendar.
The monastery also possesses the Wonderworking Icon of the Theotokos "Of the Three Hands" (Greek: Tricherusa, Serbian: Тројеручицa), traditionally associated with a miraculous healing of St. John Damascene. Around the year 717, St. John became a monk at Mar Sabbas monastery outside of Jerusalem and gave the icon to the monastic community there. Later the icon was offered to St. Sava of Serbia, who gave it to the Hilandar. A copy of the icon was sent to Russia in 1661, from which time it has been highly venerated in the Russian Orthodox Church. This icon has two feast days: June 28 (July 11) and July 12 (July 25). Also Emperor Stefan Dušan's sword is in monastery treasure.
The library holds 181 Greek and 809 Slavic manuscripts, about 20 000 printed books (3 000 in Greek language).
The monastery contains about 45 working monks.
See also
Hilandar Research Library
Miroslav Gospels
Agiou Pavlou monastery
Dionysiou Monastery
Docheiariou
Osiou Gregoriou monastery
References
Sources
Đurić, V.J. (1964) Fresques médiévales à Chilandar. in: Actes du XIIe Congrès international d'études Byzantines, Ochride, 1961, Beograd, 68
Hostetter, W.T. (1998) In the heart of Hilandar: An interactive presentation of the frescoes in the main church of the Hilandar monastery of Mt. Athos. Belgrade, CD-ROM
Živojinović, M. (1998) Vlastelinstvo manastira Hilandara u srednjem veku. u: Subotić G. (ur.) Manastir Hilandar, Beograd: SANU - Galerija
External links
Official website
Hilandar monastery at the Mount Athos website
Another page dedicated to Hilandar Monastery
Photos from Hilandar
Towards Former Beauty Information on the recent fire and reconstruction work
Hilandar Research Library Ohio State University Collection—the largest collection of medieval Slavic manuscripts on microform in the world
Monastery Chilandar, O manastiru Hilandar
12th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Serbian Orthodox monasteries
History of the Serbs
Monasteries on Mount Athos
1198 establishments in Europe
Byzantine sacred architecture
Medieval Athos
Greece–Serbia relations
Rebuilt buildings and structures | [
0.20685012638568878,
0.5130985975265503,
0.2505956292152405,
-0.17856059968471527,
0.06460084766149521,
0.16941983997821808,
0.6156865358352661,
-0.12525999546051025,
-0.48420950770378113,
0.03770710155367851,
-0.2630101442337036,
-0.15578891336917877,
-0.025588687509298325,
0.32891470193862915,
-0.6498641967773438,
0.09564953297376633,
1.008500099182129,
0.5370884537696838,
0.3216553032398224,
-0.48508399724960327,
-0.35944288969039917,
0.08813884854316711,
0.12345968931913376,
0.3832339346408844,
-0.03307059407234192,
0.030143573880195618,
0.14021900296211243,
0.0033980535808950663,
-0.306352823972702,
0.2818947434425354,
0.4474460184574127,
0.6610879898071289,
-0.057645246386528015,
-0.1957584172487259,
0.0610346682369709,
0.16126500070095062,
0.8362612128257751,
-0.31988653540611267,
-0.3351910412311554,
-0.9370574951171875,
0.3628743290901184,
-0.364900678396225,
0.19553782045841217,
0.48133373260498047,
-0.58133465051651,
-0.5609166622161865,
-1.0829548835754395,
1.1270755529403687,
-0.5501919984817505,
0.5879095196723938,
-0.711355447769165,
-0.10603740066289902,
0.4277034401893616,
-0.13395029306411743,
-0.09077158570289612,
0.7128230333328247,
-1.167454481124878,
0.6358566284179688,
0.538008987903595,
-0.4495493471622467,
-0.09863734990358353,
0.29669615626335144,
0.24722211062908173,
-0.048934776335954666,
0.2866404056549072,
-0.1330835223197937,
-0.10271667689085007,
0.03491860255599022,
0.32300469279289246,
-0.29874297976493835,
0.09104277938604355,
0.05375656113028526,
-0.1935265213251114,
0.11843472719192505,
-0.24040023982524872,
-0.5398651957511902,
-0.5917321443557739,
-0.13537128269672394,
0.2588658928871155,
-0.09973730146884918,
0.26775872707366943,
-0.26834332942962646,
0.06238451972603798,
-0.19615653157234192,
0.02159646525979042,
-0.45705747604370117,
-0.29421570897102356,
-0.32319000363349915,
-0.8659040927886963,
0.00993705727159977,
0.13918852806091309,
-0.213627427816391,
0.322837233543396,
0.17126856744289398,
-0.3426676392555237,
-0.07528232783079147,
-0.072092704474926,
-0.07283233106136322,
0.08820448070764542,
0.3117615580558777,
-0.23047055304050446,
0.4424409866333008,
-0.12645752727985382,
-0.2302568405866623,
0.0763835534453392,
-0.6186008453369141,
-0.5078075528144836,
0.0049279723316431046,
0.023889292031526566,
-0.11745201051235199,
-1.0683366060256958,
-0.06905019283294678,
-0.3291783928871155,
-0.08486184477806091,
-0.11431216448545456,
0.2416255921125412,
0.2661794126033783,
-0.6840192079544067,
-0.8526750802993774,
-0.17890380322933197,
-0.2841995358467102,
0.9544671773910522,
-0.19114577770233154,
0.040550798177719116,
-0.03755921125411987,
0.07883384078741074,
0.3843879997730255,
0.7028359174728394,
-0.7845919728279114,
0.2906867265701294,
-0.4256289303302765,
0.7569171190261841,
0.34804314374923706,
0.2550561726093292,
0.1315339356660843,
0.06453663110733032,
0.21966451406478882,
-0.1708451211452484,
0.22926738858222961,
0.8448246717453003,
-0.3106005787849426,
-0.06999488919973373,
-0.09909671545028687,
-0.048967547714710236,
0.13599710166454315,
-0.3204030692577362,
0.032256439328193665,
-0.35863634943962097,
-0.34280017018318176,
-0.5383709669113159,
0.12252171337604523,
0.6803590655326843,
-0.23193903267383575,
0.12361784279346466,
-0.016496691852808,
0.2882135510444641,
0.14127151668071747,
-0.033673569560050964,
0.011667599901556969,
-0.007529218215495348,
-0.1776522696018219,
-0.07540008425712585,
0.24112004041671753,
0.23038841784000397,
0.31376150250434875,
-0.2967706024646759,
0.6870513558387756,
0.46443602442741394,
-0.14048801362514496,
-0.5006617307662964,
-0.3453159034252167,
-0.19975771009922028,
0.14005045592784882,
0.2101234793663025,
-0.38863691687583923,
0.04331723600625992,
0.4944273829460144,
0.030750872567296028,
-0.37316325306892395,
-0.3955133259296417,
-0.8237407803535461,
0.345927357673645,
-0.2668553590774536,
-0.5726496577262878,
0.3405533730983734,
0.7552837133407593,
-0.3665349781513214,
0.6998776197433472,
-0.0010253482032567263,
-0.4596579670906067,
0.23860923945903778,
-0.7925900816917419,
-0.1950494349002838,
0.20238174498081207,
1.5246661901474,
-0.1336926966905594,
-0.22787855565547943,
0.3841113746166229,
-0.20865783095359802,
0.3732900321483612,
-0.15680553019046783,
-0.00009089650848181918,
-0.06475826352834702,
0.09911143034696579,
-0.018289823085069656,
0.11514344811439514,
0.259967178106308,
0.1331794410943985,
0.6153899431228638,
0.4911137521266937,
0.4942581355571747,
-0.17098605632781982,
0.49712613224983215,
0.4279938042163849,
-0.28015586733818054,
-0.5050264000892639,
-0.3807849586009979,
0.07073818147182465,
0.14256040751934052,
-0.0033194341231137514,
0.9885672330856323,
-0.05931980162858963,
0.24643957614898682,
0.1736527979373932,
-0.12948322296142578,
-0.1559830605983734,
0.37453436851501465,
0.473073273897171,
-0.009763910435140133,
-0.17120738327503204,
0.044311489909887314,
0.2658352255821228,
0.3403143286705017,
-0.07376299053430557,
-0.4280701279640198,
0.13777412474155426,
0.1968798190355301,
-0.044562771916389465,
0.7338292002677917,
-0.09812822192907333,
-0.34853458404541016,
0.19036664068698883,
-0.38266268372535706,
0.3912595808506012,
0.24411094188690186,
0.44783279299736023,
-0.24294592440128326,
-0.006359949242323637,
-0.3447900116443634,
-0.2578567564487457,
-0.26275816559791565,
-0.2998697757720947,
-0.07093236595392227,
-0.36449164152145386,
0.5718580484390259,
-0.07083246856927872,
0.3685223460197449,
0.1063992977142334,
-0.18539519608020782,
-0.29116368293762207,
0.004290405195206404,
-0.2141261249780655,
0.07880605757236481,
0.029206758365035057,
0.018856652081012726,
0.6442610621452332,
-0.10909620672464371,
-0.7075273394584656,
0.9757090210914612,
0.1896253526210785,
0.060856595635414124,
-0.33265450596809387,
-0.3160087466239929,
0.5383037328720093,
-0.11432516574859619,
-0.4676404893398285,
-0.19806121289730072,
0.11350016295909882,
-0.3671707808971405,
-0.33278003334999084,
-0.15576337277889252,
0.4238044321537018,
-0.0016891310224309564,
-0.2740061581134796,
-0.5356237888336182,
0.02644442953169346,
-0.29569604992866516,
-0.7046446204185486,
0.3371591866016388,
-0.3241705596446991,
0.0004263639566488564,
0.35020557045936584,
0.1833479255437851,
-0.05637543275952339,
0.18513402342796326,
0.41141071915626526,
0.48087650537490845,
0.3409929573535919,
-0.11143109947443008,
0.17795944213867188,
-0.6396780014038086,
0.2522839307785034,
-0.08057032525539398,
0.45315346121788025,
0.26774537563323975,
0.130006805062294,
-0.2386123538017273,
-0.20574243366718292,
-5.933945178985596,
-0.39658159017562866,
-0.5018452405929565,
-0.44718945026397705,
0.05377848073840141,
-0.17138385772705078,
0.04945943504571915,
-0.40570324659347534,
0.18013130128383636,
0.11128301173448563,
-0.08102808147668839,
0.2837176024913788,
-0.4592941701412201,
-0.004492208361625671,
0.403511106967926,
0.4687207043170929,
0.2616909444332123,
0.18582507967948914,
0.38757574558258057,
0.06785836815834045,
-0.0589059479534626,
0.37798190116882324,
0.2415718287229538,
0.7968990206718445,
0.33368247747421265,
0.7796717882156372,
-0.24009938538074493,
0.3489433526992798,
-0.6248447299003601,
-0.13870099186897278,
-0.1718367636203766,
-0.1402016580104828,
0.06943902373313904,
-0.0849834531545639,
0.1944437474012375,
0.6502515077590942,
0.424446165561676,
-0.1986268013715744,
0.6264060735702515,
0.10559539496898651,
0.17960847914218903,
-0.006354200188070536,
0.46678638458251953,
-0.035684358328580856,
-0.32539448142051697,
-0.26605117321014404,
-0.45355263352394104,
0.23608852922916412,
-0.9353575110435486,
1.013323426246643,
-0.09053178876638412,
-0.31478458642959595,
0.7998591661453247,
-0.06321676820516586,
-0.12107259780168533,
-0.3989488482475281,
0.2661542296409607,
0.07146455347537994,
0.21660682559013367,
-0.04175633192062378,
-0.11465916782617569,
-0.23974263668060303,
-0.4143356680870056,
-0.5262550115585327,
0.2594869136810303,
-0.39197424054145813,
-0.2682453989982605,
0.10829921811819077,
-0.3144361674785614,
-0.08425429463386536,
-0.6100279092788696,
0.12477920949459076,
-0.295989453792572,
-1.067655086517334,
-0.2283908575773239,
-0.9633352756500244,
-0.45874783396720886,
0.072069451212883,
-0.27400726079940796,
-0.029561780393123627,
-0.17796792089939117,
-0.1668451428413391,
-0.08609046041965485,
0.6613315939903259,
0.4682755768299103,
-0.05077677592635155,
-0.249208465218544,
-0.6074901223182678,
-0.1455705612897873,
-0.4574742317199707,
0.8469981551170349,
-0.775108277797699,
0.15758617222309113,
0.42339104413986206,
-0.04312780499458313,
0.8187636733055115,
-0.013854078017175198,
-0.2404554933309555,
0.3520989716053009,
-0.19727060198783875,
0.7525919079780579,
0.23925860226154327,
0.33841055631637573,
-0.06729329377412796,
-0.0006853796076029539,
-0.5552963614463806,
-0.503481388092041,
0.47606444358825684,
0.41582921147346497,
-0.16917991638183594,
-0.007604476064443588,
-0.44070616364479065,
-0.2540988326072693,
-0.6137972474098206,
-0.10503051429986954,
0.04079689830541611,
0.037280142307281494,
0.2954540252685547,
-0.073157899081707,
0.3953664004802704,
0.36118125915527344,
-0.34398457407951355,
-0.10259471833705902,
0.7548177242279053,
-0.32423609495162964,
0.19188135862350464,
-0.617801308631897,
0.04077744483947754,
-0.56131511926651,
-0.14294429123401642,
0.15171444416046143,
-0.05372561886906624,
0.17680084705352783,
0.11550871282815933,
-0.08486123383045197,
0.43976813554763794,
-0.2360880821943283,
-0.5685858130455017,
0.310230016708374,
0.038162097334861755,
0.12819688022136688,
-0.2671564817428589,
-0.3616526424884796,
0.7280978560447693,
0.35504961013793945,
0.40580201148986816,
0.02690349891781807,
-0.24987509846687317,
-0.4668765068054199,
0.19947382807731628,
0.16509856283664703,
-0.033484455198049545,
0.2270536571741104,
0.1036457046866417,
-0.22286204993724823,
0.486252099275589,
0.45441165566444397,
1.031240701675415,
-0.4651651978492737,
0.6551916599273682,
-0.41903120279312134,
-0.4090818762779236,
-0.781291663646698,
-0.34540650248527527,
0.06395169347524643,
-0.34863942861557007,
-0.013388962484896183,
-0.01476761233061552,
-0.6508516669273376,
0.6443585157394409,
0.32342150807380676,
-0.4021831154823303,
-0.9836044907569885,
-0.3914702236652374,
0.3065587878227234,
-0.0004120290686842054,
0.09116015583276749,
0.5413854122161865,
0.33602800965309143,
0.17149607837200165,
0.03917187452316284,
0.09483421593904495,
0.04743222892284393,
0.655844509601593,
0.4234755039215088,
0.17249944806098938,
-0.29570522904396057,
-0.8358124494552612,
0.2053823471069336,
-0.11793572455644608,
0.40282854437828064,
-0.47501811385154724,
-0.169823557138443,
-0.034413501620292664,
0.16010159254074097,
-1.4051203727722168,
0.025520889088511467,
-0.22747112810611725,
-0.01415646355599165,
0.24125157296657562,
0.13861505687236786,
0.14012953639030457,
-0.8124783635139465,
0.6435540914535522,
0.28380444645881653,
-0.11739137768745422,
0.6099395155906677,
0.2841840088367462,
0.021167464554309845,
0.04438920319080353,
-0.15818700194358826,
-0.7990946173667908,
0.08489963412284851,
0.3503474295139313,
-0.7273607850074768,
0.013491583056747913,
-0.12693321704864502,
-0.33787909150123596,
-0.9211296439170837,
-0.478523850440979,
-0.16708168387413025,
-0.4782467484474182,
-0.2391364574432373,
-0.3148795962333679,
-0.4307807385921478,
0.08522430062294006,
0.16351260244846344,
-0.4224526584148407,
-0.28652438521385193,
-0.6744560599327087,
0.5114057660102844,
-0.09972789138555527,
-0.1155313029885292,
-0.39261189103126526,
-0.33944883942604065,
-0.3863491714000702,
-0.1927628517150879,
-0.02579822763800621,
0.23298411071300507,
0.2854345142841339,
0.05416521057486534,
0.8975777626037598,
0.03610965982079506,
-0.23235847055912018,
0.2115524709224701,
0.5368067622184753,
-0.1962040513753891,
-0.1634983867406845,
-0.09472744166851044,
0.5022774934768677,
0.06545864045619965,
0.4435892701148987,
0.013965917751193047,
-0.6204931139945984,
0.053149983286857605,
-0.018361248075962067,
0.18091516196727753,
0.19892749190330505,
-0.214193657040596,
0.09230021387338638,
0.1793101727962494,
-0.5808593034744263,
-0.48787468671798706,
-0.27469149231910706,
-0.22150807082653046,
0.11624746024608612,
-0.17384815216064453,
-0.4588990807533264,
0.22627843916416168,
-0.34273669123649597,
-0.3024614453315735,
-0.42857837677001953,
0.7459302544593811,
-0.29517167806625366,
-0.3812461495399475,
0.3152151107788086,
-0.5386813879013062,
0.360381543636322,
0.24857071042060852,
0.6064900159835815,
-0.2537943124771118,
-0.2709701657295227,
-0.29304927587509155,
0.19764000177383423,
0.012909757904708385,
-0.40070798993110657,
-0.24649325013160706,
0.25794076919555664,
-0.08707306534051895,
0.2545066475868225,
-0.8515851497650146,
-0.37793952226638794,
0.3044441342353821,
0.8108759522438049,
0.13024170696735382,
-0.24626080691814423,
0.19478866457939148,
0.46697235107421875,
-0.434542715549469,
-0.17558768391609192,
-0.7049246430397034,
0.4460899531841278,
0.496359646320343,
-0.3593842089176178,
0.19536751508712769,
0.3393150269985199,
0.34057319164276123,
-0.2860731780529022,
-0.2689012885093689,
0.10750255733728409,
0.4564056396484375,
0.11674287915229797,
0.4615163207054138,
0.37895628809928894,
-0.18094107508659363,
0.2865704894065857,
0.22958703339099884,
0.022263629361987114,
0.21378929913043976,
0.23455175757408142,
0.101982980966568,
0.13312071561813354,
0.12199819087982178,
-0.09723234176635742,
-0.2094961553812027,
0.22967462241649628,
-0.03387833386659622,
-0.1808672398328781,
-0.07610659301280975,
0.5156009793281555,
0.250664621591568,
0.009772427380084991,
-0.08528175204992294,
0.2680284380912781,
-0.15207064151763916,
-0.1990301012992859,
-0.09258702397346497,
-0.3644587993621826,
-0.4699472486972809,
0.5272817611694336,
0.31457844376564026,
0.40747302770614624,
-0.19358012080192566,
0.34223103523254395,
-0.23164795339107513,
0.09092936664819717,
0.5214956402778625,
-0.09488516300916672,
0.061051592230796814,
0.1360349804162979,
0.13379111886024475,
0.12379992008209229,
-0.0621829591691494,
-0.12923790514469147,
-0.17874597012996674,
0.027078470215201378,
0.10236826539039612,
-0.39016202092170715,
-0.11824656277894974,
0.18940256536006927,
0.04888322204351425,
-0.21370941400527954,
0.024236151948571205,
0.0017690693493932486,
0.20987333357334137,
0.2684495747089386,
0.41420525312423706,
-0.6214269995689392,
0.24257853627204895,
0.24135847389698029,
-0.28817421197891235,
0.21704329550266266,
0.05689503997564316,
0.06923410296440125,
0.026445578783750534,
0.09083887934684753,
0.11998671293258667,
0.5678183436393738,
-0.060310572385787964,
0.2597653269767761,
-0.13407011330127716,
0.12304314225912094,
-0.015184481628239155,
-0.23134663701057434,
-0.093024842441082,
-0.11716555804014206,
0.04410678148269653,
0.04834042489528656,
-0.40277519822120667,
-0.15929092466831207,
0.05222346633672714,
-0.7180385589599609,
-0.07136638462543488,
0.013450918719172478,
-0.46064677834510803,
0.230455681681633,
0.19848990440368652,
0.46332985162734985,
0.11284475028514862,
0.316146582365036,
-0.4483170807361603,
0.05601344630122185,
0.1196356862783432,
0.07587738335132599,
-0.4930637776851654,
0.15882836282253265,
-0.24077412486076355,
0.058801498264074326,
-0.4626717269420624,
0.0264879297465086,
-0.22773002088069916,
0.015516771003603935,
0.27505940198898315,
0.2398676872253418,
-0.35286396741867065,
0.5964643955230713,
0.28348395228385925,
-0.10796850919723511,
0.17197133600711823,
0.017599914222955704,
-0.5478572845458984,
-0.3835360109806061,
0.4144579768180847,
0.20031143724918365,
0.15187710523605347,
-0.7272235155105591,
0.2664777338504791,
0.44238412380218506,
-0.8267371654510498,
-0.01963370107114315,
0.15545257925987244,
0.1004175916314125,
-0.31167614459991455,
0.25676554441452026,
-0.23639878630638123,
-0.013060668483376503,
0.0679101049900055,
0.17143748700618744,
0.6345702409744263,
-0.42361530661582947,
0.3817574679851532,
0.48545482754707336,
0.3219923675060272,
0.7052308320999146,
0.7423621416091919,
0.4842490255832672,
-0.7343045473098755,
-0.17635047435760498,
-0.5724258422851562,
0.13937640190124512,
0.17740099132061005,
-0.6533600091934204,
0.15113720297813416,
-0.2569059431552887,
0.09140359610319138,
-0.45609986782073975,
-0.050220418721437454,
-0.0484955832362175,
0.8159641623497009,
-0.009089057333767414
] |
256720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa | Louisa | Louisa may refer to:
Places
Australia
Louisa Island (Tasmania)
Canada
Louisa or Lac-Louisa, a community in Wentworth, Quebec
Malaysia
Louisa Reef, Sabah
United States
Louisa, Kentucky
Louisa, Missouri
Louisa, Virginia
Louisa County, Iowa
Louisa County, Virginia
Belgium
Louisa - Square in Brussels and metro station, next to Palace de Justice, see Avenue Louise
Other
HMS Louisa, the name of four ships of the Royal Navy
Louisa (ship), United States ship of the 1800s
Louisa (film), 1950 film starring Ronald Reagan
People with the given name
Louisa of Great Britain (1749 – 1768)
Louisa, Countess of Craven, originally Louisa Brunton (1785?–1860), English actress
Louisa (singer) (born Louisa Johnson, 1998), English singer
Louisa Adams (1775–1852), First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829
Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888), American novelist, short story writer and poet
Louisa Rose Allen, English singer and songwriter known as Foxes
Louisa Beaufort (1781–1863), Irish antiquarian, author and artist
Louisa Dow Benton (1831–1895), American linguist and letter writer
Louisa Bertman, Jewish American illustrator, animator, visual narrative artist specializing in social and political advocacy
Louisa Burns (c.1869-1958), American osteopathic physician
Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck (1832 – 1918)
Louisa Chafee (born 1991), American competitive sailor
Louisa Clein (born 1979), English actress
Lady Louisa Conolly (1743 – 1821), Irish noblewoman
Louisa Knapp Curtis (1851-1910), Columnist and first editor of the Ladies Home Journal
Louisa Emily Dobrée (fl. ca. 1877–1917), French writer
Louisa Lane Drew (1820 – 897), English-born American actress
Louisa Durrell (1886 – 1964)
Louisa Frederici (1844–1921)
Louisa Morton Greene, American social reformer
Louisa Gould, Jewish activist
Louisa Harland (born 1993), Irish actress
Louisa Horton (1920 - 2008), American film, television, and stage actress
Louisa Jacobson (born 1991), American actress
Louisa Jane Hall (1802–1892), American poet, essayist, literary critic
Louisa Johnson, English singer
Louisa Krause (born 1986), American film, stage, and television actress
Louisa Lawson (1848 – 1920), Australian poet, writer, publisher, suffragist, and feminist
Louisa Lytton (born 1989), English actress and dancer
Louisa Susannah Cheves McCord (1810–1879), American writer
Louisa Moritz (1936 – 2019), Cuban-American actress and lawyer
Louisa Starr (1845–25 May 1909), British painter
Louisa Maria Stuart (1692 – 1712), Princess Royal
Louisa Swain (1801 – 1880)
Louisa Thomas (born 1981), American writer and sports journalist
Louisa Caroline Huggins Tuthill (1799–1879), American children's book author
Louisa Warwick (born 1992), English fashion model and actress
Louisa Young, British writer
Fictional characters
Louisa Clarke, a character in the film Me Before You
Louisa Musgrove, character in Jane Austen's novel Persuasion.
Louisa is the pen name of the eighteenth century English writer Elizabeth Boyd (1710–1745)
See also
Louis (disambiguation)
Louise (disambiguation)
Luisa (disambiguation)
English feminine given names | [
0.06910639256238937,
-0.026800725609064102,
0.32357630133628845,
0.2617793679237366,
-0.2942144572734833,
0.6411207914352417,
0.3179376423358917,
0.19937270879745483,
-1.0869228839874268,
-0.24628335237503052,
-0.1615711748600006,
-0.6284649968147278,
-0.3285728693008423,
0.7241547107696533,
-0.13442860543727875,
0.9005455374717712,
-0.12589246034622192,
0.8921559453010559,
-0.4441956579685211,
-0.4347989559173584,
-0.3812134265899658,
0.044746194034814835,
0.6660236716270447,
-0.4898550510406494,
0.1542137712240219,
0.08094029128551483,
0.8031307458877563,
0.05898164585232735,
0.07974795252084732,
0.42520859837532043,
-0.3526192605495453,
-0.04895465821027756,
0.250268816947937,
0.5563530325889587,
0.05622439458966255,
-0.2814480662345886,
-0.41557472944259644,
-0.20873813331127167,
-0.12628406286239624,
-0.6866747736930847,
-0.3316141963005066,
-0.6500639319419861,
0.8971394896507263,
0.013855750672519207,
0.08568097651004791,
-0.06494418531656265,
-1.7296652793884277,
0.5227172374725342,
-0.3511640429496765,
0.4024192988872528,
0.35735005140304565,
0.12221330404281616,
0.39641281962394714,
0.45058345794677734,
0.20878680050373077,
0.266171395778656,
-0.5927207469940186,
-0.19455169141292572,
0.37875494360923767,
-0.7037820219993591,
0.7355940341949463,
0.5870735049247742,
0.48748376965522766,
0.4732351303100586,
0.3046361804008484,
-0.2260124683380127,
-0.13270550966262817,
0.3611326515674591,
-0.2159442901611328,
-0.6211858987808228,
0.12692946195602417,
-0.426613450050354,
0.12706001102924347,
0.00535794161260128,
-0.22534802556037903,
-0.22523993253707886,
-0.19340597093105316,
-0.20037826895713806,
0.29549768567085266,
0.01768728904426098,
-0.11830555647611618,
-0.8514465093612671,
0.3751446306705475,
0.3917361795902252,
0.39331093430519104,
0.29877039790153503,
-0.46999722719192505,
-0.251892626285553,
-0.629533052444458,
0.17198356986045837,
-0.17123673856258392,
0.16337557137012482,
0.4070585072040558,
0.23103216290473938,
-0.4796345829963684,
-0.28465771675109863,
0.20019645988941193,
-0.03289852663874626,
0.08001942187547684,
0.1858881711959839,
-0.5332881808280945,
-0.0412585474550724,
0.3841584324836731,
0.15039853751659393,
-0.1531045138835907,
-0.2833234369754791,
-0.168431356549263,
0.2660221755504608,
0.41735053062438965,
0.10635459423065186,
0.08827805519104004,
-0.20177671313285828,
0.25213906168937683,
0.5455363988876343,
-0.07190451771020889,
-0.263496994972229,
0.253268837928772,
-0.5863116383552551,
-0.05890659987926483,
-0.286907821893692,
0.11873537302017212,
0.3649551272392273,
0.12527427077293396,
-0.48747536540031433,
0.21632803976535797,
0.12036042660474777,
0.2384217232465744,
0.14503386616706848,
-0.5492920875549316,
0.010313490405678749,
0.20842348039150238,
0.2693423628807068,
-0.3797154426574707,
-0.024385375902056694,
-0.09862782806158066,
-0.3624021112918854,
-0.6805772185325623,
-0.12794432044029236,
0.3459262549877167,
-0.09464658051729202,
-0.5757524967193604,
-0.22348253428936005,
-0.2788539230823517,
0.04329542815685272,
0.5954912900924683,
-0.2636139988899231,
-0.09047001600265503,
-0.3012196719646454,
-0.6025736331939697,
0.026170432567596436,
-0.3748731315135956,
0.24862852692604065,
0.05909889191389084,
-0.04171045497059822,
-0.6785369515419006,
0.23112118244171143,
0.5187703967094421,
0.023925650864839554,
0.1687241494655609,
0.19967374205589294,
-0.4382129907608032,
0.32894572615623474,
0.40827620029449463,
0.00664953887462616,
0.47238364815711975,
0.08447430282831192,
0.08658577501773834,
0.3427797853946686,
-0.3355511724948883,
-0.2031315565109253,
-0.4103321433067322,
-0.032145317643880844,
0.3590897023677826,
-0.1869150698184967,
-0.8222024440765381,
0.3387630581855774,
0.2564426064491272,
-0.24361194670200348,
0.20028367638587952,
-0.1275186687707901,
-0.3954337239265442,
0.15837222337722778,
-0.39787280559539795,
-0.38965901732444763,
-0.33388546109199524,
0.21903450787067413,
0.061290591955184937,
0.13893777132034302,
-0.3110700845718384,
0.12908442318439484,
0.06252945959568024,
-0.3374791145324707,
-0.0963352769613266,
-0.19737955927848816,
0.5552012920379639,
-0.151523619890213,
-0.7696291208267212,
0.7628473043441772,
-0.010976537130773067,
0.6092451810836792,
-0.8046168088912964,
0.2710859477519989,
0.20863758027553558,
-0.05859162658452988,
-0.2812604308128357,
0.33459722995758057,
0.2815473973751068,
0.309761106967926,
0.5861024260520935,
0.5534876585006714,
-0.16668574512004852,
-0.8265655636787415,
0.3230210542678833,
-0.028206508606672287,
0.1329275220632553,
-0.5060097575187683,
-0.5353692173957825,
-0.2905782461166382,
0.05762645602226257,
-0.05306139588356018,
0.3298155665397644,
0.11786618083715439,
0.2079731971025467,
0.18972228467464447,
0.18256692588329315,
0.02948816865682602,
-0.1482100784778595,
0.3060041666030884,
0.03363551199436188,
-0.44529929757118225,
0.569138765335083,
0.2825551927089691,
0.3461787700653076,
-0.7711652517318726,
0.15185604989528656,
0.12295301258563995,
0.43367940187454224,
-0.11641168594360352,
0.3497193455696106,
0.18191541731357574,
-0.3007611632347107,
0.45535653829574585,
-0.0841912180185318,
0.08065271377563477,
0.3985193967819214,
0.10957781225442886,
-0.056805308908224106,
-0.5619009733200073,
-0.10010722279548645,
-0.4746799170970917,
0.3578926622867584,
0.44974300265312195,
-0.06382723897695541,
0.021236328408122063,
0.4508189558982849,
0.07892221212387085,
-0.12395436316728592,
-0.1463758498430252,
-0.3666909337043762,
0.15818065404891968,
-0.7785909175872803,
0.018612712621688843,
-0.27566155791282654,
0.1585153192281723,
0.042264971882104874,
0.2579970955848694,
-0.2738583981990814,
-0.6107550263404846,
0.44226327538490295,
0.832667350769043,
0.03847631812095642,
0.05932943895459175,
-0.41652560234069824,
-0.048037026077508926,
0.3029786944389343,
0.2881753444671631,
-0.08096793293952942,
0.2318442314863205,
-0.07553233951330185,
-0.4128139913082123,
-0.2929586172103882,
0.5257791876792908,
0.4802543818950653,
-0.6231209635734558,
0.15704384446144104,
-0.2859324812889099,
0.20273473858833313,
-0.33915653824806213,
-0.2835659980773926,
0.17226624488830566,
-0.05329756811261177,
0.006464359350502491,
0.15489619970321655,
-0.2018861174583435,
0.4042643904685974,
-0.12374216318130493,
-0.1383877694606781,
0.3525983989238739,
0.017698269337415695,
-0.09756689518690109,
-0.9281316995620728,
-0.10936414450407028,
0.0056317513808608055,
-0.2645606994628906,
1.0184723138809204,
0.08323324471712112,
-0.044855400919914246,
0.23616713285446167,
-6.063533782958984,
-0.3758602440357208,
-0.40659135580062866,
-0.03258857503533363,
0.005259653553366661,
0.21872088313102722,
0.6471657752990723,
-0.09086073189973831,
-0.04872060939669609,
-0.0549214743077755,
0.9388208985328674,
0.2971799969673157,
-0.014137661084532738,
0.055490974336862564,
0.46006643772125244,
0.25751209259033203,
0.7634276151657104,
-0.1435791403055191,
0.03270992636680603,
-0.14601850509643555,
-0.008903313428163528,
0.258847177028656,
0.5485508441925049,
0.8510551452636719,
0.2474486082792282,
0.15736761689186096,
-0.014571352861821651,
0.011244640685617924,
-0.34057363867759705,
-0.27639639377593994,
-0.21306584775447845,
0.08563632518053055,
0.1338672637939453,
-0.14391009509563446,
0.2454153597354889,
0.12943634390830994,
0.04354455694556236,
-0.0963413342833519,
0.15030856430530548,
-0.20747417211532593,
0.09990125149488449,
0.46209025382995605,
-0.0021502631716430187,
-0.39898979663848877,
-0.44663673639297485,
-0.7382426857948303,
-0.511317789554596,
0.6356229782104492,
-0.04176836460828781,
0.4769839346408844,
0.324545681476593,
-0.12002695351839066,
0.535253643989563,
-0.11877115815877914,
0.13442137837409973,
-0.4863724708557129,
0.22262252867221832,
0.21905936300754547,
-0.5250148773193359,
-0.1744748055934906,
0.5960729122161865,
0.18267357349395752,
-0.20487840473651886,
-0.39698562026023865,
-0.6021220088005066,
-0.5474507808685303,
-0.497385174036026,
0.4031553864479065,
0.25140467286109924,
0.16333450376987457,
-0.5105957388877869,
-0.30215927958488464,
-0.543906569480896,
-1.0527147054672241,
-0.1827092468738556,
-0.21500715613365173,
-0.2762257754802704,
0.01706916280090809,
-0.6145249009132385,
0.4555586278438568,
0.170097216963768,
0.2767227292060852,
0.06027928367257118,
0.6064412593841553,
-0.14252732694149017,
-0.742168664932251,
-0.2868920564651489,
0.6103816032409668,
-0.35184571146965027,
-0.4325474798679352,
-0.33277812600135803,
-0.1520540565252304,
0.3367175757884979,
0.07773607969284058,
0.1157025396823883,
0.16383858025074005,
0.10843848437070847,
-0.5566491484642029,
0.04480814188718796,
-0.33441072702407837,
0.5121498107910156,
0.2165440320968628,
0.29794010519981384,
-0.281674861907959,
0.0859576016664505,
-0.12630437314510345,
-0.07513728737831116,
-0.10854419320821762,
0.3634912371635437,
-0.18236364424228668,
-0.05778009444475174,
-0.09476722031831741,
0.057425275444984436,
-0.8784663677215576,
0.387023001909256,
-0.17431096732616425,
0.12688177824020386,
0.13830213248729706,
0.48929107189178467,
-0.3175163269042969,
-0.20920678973197937,
0.49865004420280457,
-0.7316405177116394,
0.9196445345878601,
0.03697977587580681,
-0.22843317687511444,
-0.021788839250802994,
0.2011915147304535,
-0.28602346777915955,
0.7993422150611877,
0.5286025404930115,
0.3055095076560974,
0.16857801377773285,
0.20644119381904602,
0.3958812654018402,
-0.16083410382270813,
0.35714471340179443,
-0.4846784174442291,
0.07206719368696213,
-0.10239347815513611,
0.15530017018318176,
-0.38065701723098755,
-0.6112180352210999,
0.6406567692756653,
0.495121031999588,
0.24184274673461914,
0.03678793087601662,
0.08351757377386093,
-0.06640396267175674,
0.3332783877849579,
-0.554225742816925,
0.07463152706623077,
0.1598936915397644,
0.1281563639640808,
-0.2800121605396271,
-0.9224748611450195,
-0.18701355159282684,
0.20028187334537506,
0.1727081835269928,
0.09780551493167877,
-0.0211500134319067,
0.032542772591114044,
-0.5547799468040466,
-0.3629850149154663,
-0.0934956893324852,
-0.3930450677871704,
0.014098539017140865,
-0.1322207748889923,
0.1428646743297577,
0.5405470132827759,
0.511144757270813,
-0.5886136293411255,
-0.3174773156642914,
-0.0093454048037529,
0.2599892318248749,
0.267539918422699,
-0.24291521310806274,
-0.1365479826927185,
0.06615432351827621,
-0.4118127226829529,
-0.0492372140288353,
-0.10680268704891205,
-0.18626682460308075,
0.4202493131160736,
0.19326376914978027,
0.30370357632637024,
0.1384020298719406,
0.21773089468479156,
0.2075125128030777,
-0.21144479513168335,
-0.12298472225666046,
0.14925509691238403,
-0.10661394894123077,
0.5925658345222473,
-0.283523291349411,
0.029586588963866234,
0.3806507885456085,
0.48934149742126465,
-0.20501039922237396,
0.01981874741613865,
0.12049392610788345,
0.21342973411083221,
-0.9189111590385437,
0.17292430996894836,
0.25855597853660583,
-0.3231693208217621,
0.6136578917503357,
0.02770541049540043,
-0.26969102025032043,
-0.06188121810555458,
-0.2893509566783905,
-0.29902157187461853,
0.1900247037410736,
0.4178696572780609,
-0.21403612196445465,
0.5114580392837524,
0.25049030780792236,
-0.23729899525642395,
0.13990506529808044,
-0.5687040686607361,
-0.29425743222236633,
-0.11152902245521545,
-0.3725052773952484,
-0.14062735438346863,
-0.1872834861278534,
0.6479007005691528,
0.8104768991470337,
-0.660723090171814,
0.32785698771476746,
0.32228487730026245,
-0.29476282000541687,
-0.0628569945693016,
-0.32475224137306213,
-0.4234921634197235,
-0.15317854285240173,
-0.32981380820274353,
0.12954773008823395,
-0.6858351230621338,
0.011740841902792454,
0.5551738142967224,
0.20569370687007904,
0.4961048662662506,
0.18922391533851624,
-0.6988218426704407,
0.04457661509513855,
-0.19945910573005676,
0.2681903839111328,
-0.5805256366729736,
-0.6392062902450562,
0.26433971524238586,
-0.25605466961860657,
-0.4084009528160095,
-0.1836767941713333,
-0.3584328591823578,
0.15295946598052979,
-0.7131223678588867,
-0.09303216636180878,
0.3838053047657013,
-0.08640392124652863,
0.3978734314441681,
-0.18081066012382507,
-0.018380824476480484,
-0.5188835859298706,
0.20212405920028687,
-0.16910326480865479,
-0.032281603664159775,
-0.11550979316234589,
-0.1809072196483612,
-0.2088196873664856,
-0.12272851169109344,
0.351495623588562,
0.7893432378768921,
0.5450984835624695,
0.27605515718460083,
0.04171723499894142,
0.024925407022237778,
0.17526555061340332,
-0.3507132828235626,
0.06467444449663162,
-0.265773743391037,
-0.6424353122711182,
-0.3802557587623596,
-0.5078253149986267,
-0.705585777759552,
0.5192104578018188,
-0.8553605079650879,
0.011375321075320244,
-0.1681511104106903,
-0.4295133054256439,
0.23135799169540405,
0.1681658774614334,
-0.08349163085222244,
-0.02992500178515911,
-0.166667640209198,
-0.5070696473121643,
0.14692474901676178,
0.16988956928253174,
0.3307158052921295,
0.004265289753675461,
0.04956590756773949,
-0.8846112489700317,
0.6017882227897644,
-0.197093665599823,
-0.5687566995620728,
-0.11201469600200653,
-0.029634717851877213,
0.22443436086177826,
-0.49759072065353394,
-0.01740386337041855,
0.20300814509391785,
0.46848538517951965,
-0.5802780985832214,
0.7277650833129883,
0.2810961604118347,
0.12458732724189758,
0.2033511996269226,
0.37240079045295715,
-0.5986893177032471,
-0.3459561765193939,
-0.004615220241248608,
-0.2893417179584503,
0.3653985261917114,
0.37421631813049316,
0.2169579267501831,
0.03553076088428497,
0.32988131046295166,
0.004686308093369007,
-0.05397503450512886,
-0.13952314853668213,
0.6691781878471375,
0.5415368676185608,
0.017780298367142677,
-0.7604514956474304,
0.42656564712524414,
-0.3664950132369995,
-0.01754700392484665,
-0.08150674402713776,
-0.3797984719276428,
-0.363114595413208,
0.36052510142326355,
0.21579037606716156,
0.14544908702373505,
-0.11976023763418198,
-0.332622766494751,
0.2887724041938782,
0.31453150510787964,
0.10605417937040329,
-0.0919625386595726,
0.19152310490608215,
-0.1489519476890564,
0.62055903673172,
-0.08183605223894119,
-0.2061116099357605,
-0.00484502362087369,
0.27698007225990295,
0.22095969319343567,
0.010732376947999,
-0.5357662439346313,
-0.46199193596839905,
0.15711013972759247,
-0.619519829750061,
0.03060884214937687,
0.4607694149017334,
-0.2812584638595581,
-0.44706082344055176,
-0.21359439194202423,
0.5901346802711487,
0.13914817571640015,
-0.04330131411552429,
-0.24143587052822113,
0.3095785081386566,
0.16310611367225647,
-0.2349155992269516,
0.038836441934108734,
0.24568235874176025,
0.29178619384765625,
0.4490733742713928,
0.4885268211364746,
0.16779330372810364,
-0.18653367459774017,
-0.28171506524086,
-0.16980893909931183,
0.23692446947097778,
-0.8046026229858398,
-0.19977308809757233,
-0.27590349316596985,
0.31087982654571533,
-0.10537289828062057,
-0.14911532402038574,
0.04793405532836914,
0.5146386623382568,
-0.14819838106632233,
0.2930513620376587,
0.07417425513267517,
-0.5219666361808777,
-0.07503989338874817,
-0.3007717430591583,
0.28275254368782043,
0.5839586853981018,
-0.1525079607963562,
0.03720548003911972,
0.46415624022483826,
0.010930640622973442,
0.1307506561279297,
-0.1629694551229477,
0.5684665441513062,
-0.16681991517543793,
0.06463423371315002,
-0.33812054991722107,
0.7451000809669495,
0.09701623022556305,
-0.43162134289741516,
-0.12440070509910583,
-0.037138503044843674,
-0.21929872035980225,
0.10875270515680313,
0.608561635017395,
0.07641427963972092,
-0.18524062633514404,
-0.43791672587394714,
0.5042518973350525,
-0.12139853835105896,
0.4097944498062134,
0.16837351024150848,
-0.38560962677001953,
-0.621234118938446,
-0.11585477739572525,
0.06454803049564362,
-0.3617751896381378,
0.09931091219186783,
0.329836905002594,
0.20974425971508026,
-0.26303747296333313,
0.8014994263648987,
-0.3647737205028534,
0.057923462241888046,
0.05166707560420036,
0.6783549189567566,
0.12196666747331619,
-0.6405758857727051,
-0.3436954915523529,
0.23625802993774414,
-0.12240530550479889,
-0.11198863387107849,
0.12968645989894867,
0.3431304693222046,
0.19541704654693604,
-0.08459034562110901,
-0.5652326345443726,
0.3992072343826294,
0.10621968656778336,
0.07852662354707718,
0.034974709153175354,
0.26846933364868164,
0.6213138699531555,
-0.8073273301124573,
-0.21445558965206146,
-0.16888967156410217,
0.4623585045337677,
0.5074806809425354
] |
256723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilandar%20Research%20Library | Hilandar Research Library | The Hilandar Research Library (HRL), located in the Thompson Library on the campus of Ohio State University, has the largest collection of medieval Slavic manuscripts on microform in the world.
Hilandar Research Library Collection
The collection is composed of microform material from more than 100 different private, museum, and library collections in dozens of countries. It includes many Cyrillic manuscripts on microform, the majority from various monasteries on Mount Athos, Greece, including the entire Slavic collection of the Hilandar Monastery. The library also contains a 100,000 volume reference collection. The entire collection can be viewed in the Jack and Jan Creighton Special Collections Reading Room (Thompson Library). The HRL shares its space with the Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies (RCMSS). Both the Hilandar Library and the Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies were developed as an outgrowth of the original Hilandar Research Project, which ran from 1969 to 1982.
Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies
Founded in 1984, the Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies (RCMSS) is an independent center of The Ohio State University College of Humanities and is dedicated to the promotion of medieval Slavic Studies. The Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies fosters and supports research and collaboration in medieval Slavic languages, linguistics, history, and culture.
See also
Slavistics
Slavic languages
Cyrillic Alphabet
Cyrillic script
External links
The Hilandar Research Library
Manuscript Collections on Microform in the HRL
Thompson Library
Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies
The Monastery of Hilandar
References
Ohio State University
University and college academic libraries in the United States
Libraries in Columbus, Ohio
Slavic studies | [
-0.25696712732315063,
0.41225335001945496,
0.12211914360523224,
-0.08481106907129288,
-0.06388901174068451,
0.20027261972427368,
0.03931470215320587,
0.06767576932907104,
-0.5588884353637695,
-0.3534725308418274,
-0.7286013960838318,
-0.3711090683937073,
0.08263082057237625,
0.6983653903007507,
0.20108754932880402,
0.2708842158317566,
0.47486692667007446,
0.3390907943248749,
-0.15325532853603363,
-0.4303688704967499,
0.03822173550724983,
-0.13045240938663483,
0.5917885303497314,
0.5164382457733154,
0.19277483224868774,
-0.1537218987941742,
0.32928282022476196,
-0.2689489722251892,
-0.33971545100212097,
0.23028351366519928,
0.040688518434762955,
0.5978990793228149,
-0.2884937822818756,
-0.1439507007598877,
0.05910581350326538,
-0.35015299916267395,
0.207225039601326,
-0.3562747836112976,
0.36728477478027344,
-0.47798898816108704,
0.5080257058143616,
0.14937128126621246,
-0.34418028593063354,
0.7927497625350952,
-0.46769967675209045,
-0.7229673862457275,
-1.7949464321136475,
0.9219530820846558,
-0.7773064970970154,
0.176590695977211,
-0.5809423327445984,
0.13451449573040009,
0.8574385046958923,
0.32788509130477905,
-0.2531663477420807,
1.2348265647888184,
-0.9765298366546631,
0.49907681345939636,
0.5033307075500488,
-0.12806947529315948,
0.5294570922851562,
0.25872448086738586,
0.2688058912754059,
-0.06332852691411972,
0.15355390310287476,
-0.018875636160373688,
-0.017979463562369347,
0.4090622663497925,
-0.33327150344848633,
-0.7179378867149353,
-0.26634901762008667,
-0.03855850547552109,
0.21402207016944885,
0.279073566198349,
-0.16820469498634338,
-0.4161241352558136,
0.3182888925075531,
-0.040397707372903824,
-0.24524801969528198,
-0.14541475474834442,
0.06771625578403473,
0.3760547339916229,
0.6088417172431946,
-0.13774347305297852,
0.6768229007720947,
-0.0862913504242897,
-1.1005284786224365,
-0.6313595771789551,
-0.5419199466705322,
0.03166434168815613,
0.001351993647404015,
-0.4990279972553253,
0.6227734088897705,
0.48659539222717285,
0.39291912317276,
0.10350770503282547,
0.18451549112796783,
0.0754455104470253,
0.020163338631391525,
0.30304625630378723,
-0.6253498792648315,
0.8789791464805603,
0.2900661528110504,
-0.03346732258796692,
-0.30212196707725525,
-0.07765752077102661,
-0.4386245012283325,
-0.2462964802980423,
-0.17912113666534424,
-0.4152955412864685,
-0.49930718541145325,
-0.013740114867687225,
-0.47174665331840515,
-0.3037719130516052,
-0.15574516355991364,
0.7088156342506409,
1.1455163955688477,
-0.9331791996955872,
-0.7635603547096252,
0.46257248520851135,
-0.2027323842048645,
1.3335493803024292,
0.1379614770412445,
0.1954841911792755,
-0.11573520302772522,
0.12041657418012619,
0.5223339796066284,
0.17454099655151367,
-0.6482604742050171,
-0.05031720548868179,
0.18840467929840088,
0.4684193730354309,
0.24423910677433014,
0.05329084023833275,
0.19831107556819916,
0.09969241917133331,
0.507908284664154,
0.013439033180475235,
0.458358496427536,
0.6542981266975403,
-0.23856496810913086,
-1.0177291631698608,
-0.8817247748374939,
-0.587722897529602,
0.707405686378479,
-0.36191850900650024,
-0.2740006446838379,
-0.07934872061014175,
-0.3100149631500244,
-0.4899827539920807,
0.5285912156105042,
0.17519167065620422,
-0.4174114465713501,
-0.020539192482829094,
-0.24706128239631653,
0.7546675205230713,
0.3687325417995453,
-0.11939656734466553,
1.0006203651428223,
0.20324480533599854,
0.05756538361310959,
-0.03744899481534958,
-0.4496419429779053,
0.23976419866085052,
-0.7924607396125793,
-0.28016528487205505,
0.5466495156288147,
0.6996622681617737,
-0.1430245339870453,
-0.3645741939544678,
-0.3364194333553314,
0.12278326600790024,
0.3833787143230438,
0.03336233273148537,
0.20698603987693787,
0.5123559832572937,
0.9699685573577881,
0.45829516649246216,
-0.14559414982795715,
-0.37437260150909424,
-0.8322577476501465,
0.16979993879795074,
-0.2156936228275299,
-0.46217817068099976,
0.15012945234775543,
0.6085384488105774,
0.7496204972267151,
0.31982123851776123,
0.13495951890945435,
-0.20865333080291748,
-0.37774258852005005,
-0.7490906715393066,
-0.0017379665514454246,
-0.12627023458480835,
1.706289529800415,
0.32693108916282654,
-0.12863871455192566,
1.1563217639923096,
-0.23222559690475464,
0.6268293261528015,
-0.16658034920692444,
-0.21949872374534607,
0.3954537808895111,
0.20706020295619965,
-0.3457132577896118,
-0.10600579530000687,
0.0007931900909170508,
0.06512410193681717,
0.19387948513031006,
0.10009559988975525,
0.6642270684242249,
-0.20533493161201477,
0.5985926389694214,
0.30119386315345764,
-0.29909786581993103,
-0.16812793910503387,
-0.15937812626361847,
0.26849737763404846,
0.08943324536085129,
-0.07554306089878082,
1.5703283548355103,
-0.16555902361869812,
0.25003430247306824,
0.11328688263893127,
-0.3113049864768982,
0.3439149856567383,
0.2768436372280121,
0.4927113652229309,
0.6682077050209045,
-0.3112088739871979,
0.40093475580215454,
-0.36214590072631836,
-0.30598875880241394,
-0.7749184966087341,
-0.7199060320854187,
-0.2624342441558838,
-0.37366983294487,
-0.1505422443151474,
0.4355638325214386,
-0.02258213423192501,
-0.07008349150419235,
0.16956527531147003,
-0.3852929472923279,
0.3978016674518585,
0.28368595242500305,
-0.15855008363723755,
-0.2497660368680954,
-0.01768033765256405,
0.11177411675453186,
-0.3706633448600769,
0.27663716673851013,
0.40938040614128113,
-0.427495539188385,
-0.623066246509552,
0.035644661635160446,
-0.003174226265400648,
0.858538806438446,
0.13510249555110931,
0.5359726548194885,
0.09485743939876556,
0.20794738829135895,
-0.14339618384838104,
-0.07648319005966187,
-0.3308941125869751,
-0.05693082511425018,
-0.22395138442516327,
-0.1009693294763565,
-1.459852695465088,
0.6161615252494812,
-0.10522866249084473,
0.4640186131000519,
0.028582923114299774,
-0.19847597181797028,
0.3668360114097595,
-0.3598793148994446,
-0.5253472328186035,
-0.07907787710428238,
-0.06471825391054153,
-0.7309556603431702,
-0.5308714509010315,
0.2823444604873657,
0.11242254078388214,
0.2789757251739502,
-0.27817660570144653,
-0.941893994808197,
-0.15677374601364136,
-0.020516054704785347,
-0.5357019901275635,
0.6756827235221863,
0.04827955365180969,
-0.17533373832702637,
0.0009263794054277241,
-0.17520587146282196,
-0.33340322971343994,
-0.160799041390419,
1.0835847854614258,
0.41039374470710754,
0.2569681406021118,
0.09505908191204071,
-0.1287744790315628,
-0.9431745409965515,
0.4972034692764282,
-0.41551128029823303,
0.11220411956310272,
0.25534147024154663,
0.20579367876052856,
-0.3279302418231964,
-0.06129582226276398,
-5.335138320922852,
0.014562460593879223,
-0.8181379437446594,
-0.4423198401927948,
0.1857200413942337,
0.17564743757247925,
0.3443323075771332,
-0.2718099355697632,
-0.27470940351486206,
-0.4028869867324829,
-0.041315529495477676,
0.2311643809080124,
-0.5914928913116455,
0.7086352705955505,
0.14604052901268005,
0.46870744228363037,
0.12674398720264435,
0.70390385389328,
-0.027130983769893646,
0.0503014400601387,
-0.28593116998672485,
0.07667336612939835,
-0.026336435228586197,
0.8649758100509644,
0.7498305439949036,
0.9988043904304504,
-0.6340708136558533,
-0.050317201763391495,
-0.7275332808494568,
-0.27202680706977844,
0.40430083870887756,
-0.6090385317802429,
-0.24348129332065582,
0.13043129444122314,
-0.14305172860622406,
0.3108057975769043,
0.37512263655662537,
0.3552074730396271,
0.1507536768913269,
-0.2422453910112381,
0.3515108823776245,
0.34124046564102173,
-0.10429450124502182,
-0.38735857605934143,
-0.04349149018526077,
-0.44045451283454895,
-0.5960685610771179,
0.017412131652235985,
-0.5171164274215698,
0.7264662981033325,
-0.4281032681465149,
-0.08046397566795349,
0.40913301706314087,
0.4333071708679199,
-0.5079210996627808,
-0.5507859587669373,
0.5626277923583984,
0.3073021471500397,
0.1455676555633545,
-0.4480263590812683,
0.06188065931200981,
-0.40317392349243164,
-0.34748828411102295,
-0.45109492540359497,
-0.49191734194755554,
-0.5378329157829285,
-0.28204235434532166,
-0.40716660022735596,
-0.22839151322841644,
0.11597535759210587,
-0.4879857003688812,
0.6361576914787292,
-0.2464504837989807,
-0.8765580058097839,
-0.10953667759895325,
-0.9992103576660156,
-0.34389185905456543,
-0.41680678725242615,
-0.3037339746952057,
0.5428152084350586,
-0.23269592225551605,
0.026677703484892845,
-0.6702912449836731,
0.789186954498291,
-0.05692749097943306,
-0.5525228977203369,
-0.1825704425573349,
-0.5915117859840393,
-0.30917248129844666,
-0.24866290390491486,
0.6025916337966919,
-0.6471735239028931,
0.09050952643156052,
0.44453394412994385,
0.19122861325740814,
0.3428361713886261,
0.6015822291374207,
0.13923603296279907,
0.5960909128189087,
-0.15983358025550842,
0.8024516701698303,
-0.3598877489566803,
-0.05101783946156502,
-0.4607771039009094,
-0.24696940183639526,
0.17954221367835999,
-0.816300630569458,
0.12895935773849487,
1.1192890405654907,
-0.09139388054609299,
-0.6492947936058044,
-0.7502389550209045,
-0.05717814341187477,
-0.24360141158103943,
0.0831606313586235,
-0.346507728099823,
-0.05864698812365532,
0.5661669969558716,
0.32884481549263,
-0.031084870919585228,
0.1461447924375534,
-0.7192261219024658,
0.35607534646987915,
0.2804449200630188,
0.2128310650587082,
0.11667567491531372,
-0.18756607174873352,
-0.14153262972831726,
-0.7536409497261047,
-0.24225252866744995,
-0.09241366386413574,
-0.23473890125751495,
0.252189040184021,
0.2136002480983734,
0.10507697612047195,
0.1964753419160843,
-0.24808940291404724,
-0.2898687720298767,
0.20562103390693665,
0.11141319572925568,
0.1562298834323883,
-0.2848982512950897,
-0.1950458139181137,
0.3419298529624939,
0.19612598419189453,
0.4349309504032135,
0.048485979437828064,
-0.014493928290903568,
-0.8189646601676941,
0.07445328682661057,
-0.11200376600027084,
-0.5497705936431885,
0.048898935317993164,
0.0923917219042778,
0.13732098042964935,
0.10734537243843079,
0.3244999945163727,
1.1006662845611572,
-0.6779565215110779,
-0.10998944938182831,
-0.14426176249980927,
-0.16312582790851593,
-0.8839272260665894,
0.18886779248714447,
0.034179527312517166,
-0.5677585601806641,
-0.2788412570953369,
0.09344860166311264,
-0.7799961566925049,
0.8392398357391357,
0.18369892239570618,
-0.1230693832039833,
-0.5423014163970947,
-0.5064882636070251,
0.23084130883216858,
0.04768833890557289,
-0.040553752332925797,
0.7238510251045227,
0.20673786103725433,
0.3543330729007721,
0.12375060468912125,
-0.13593502342700958,
-0.08147233724594116,
0.9117710590362549,
0.4296673536300659,
0.029353253543376923,
0.22555987536907196,
-0.4435591697692871,
-0.13517791032791138,
-0.254590779542923,
0.1594981551170349,
-0.20390090346336365,
0.30979567766189575,
-0.02926744520664215,
-0.17444057762622833,
-0.9390256404876709,
0.032815560698509216,
-0.41040363907814026,
-0.14529474079608917,
-0.10529877990484238,
0.5028189420700073,
0.699290931224823,
-0.5660601258277893,
0.7858114838600159,
-0.08005326986312866,
-0.45259058475494385,
0.41227126121520996,
-0.028206463903188705,
-0.23767848312854767,
0.6296494603157043,
-0.7469639778137207,
-0.41953861713409424,
0.352165162563324,
0.6106539964675903,
-0.6493397355079651,
0.0004090400761924684,
0.24021129310131073,
-0.5072965025901794,
-0.8216059803962708,
-0.16760419309139252,
-0.5916184186935425,
-0.007758250460028648,
-0.08818674832582474,
-0.360687792301178,
-0.6466660499572754,
0.4158076047897339,
0.13701418042182922,
-0.675282895565033,
0.4571616053581238,
-1.0487427711486816,
0.4244610071182251,
-0.4287411570549011,
0.491279274225235,
0.1475657820701599,
-0.18988464772701263,
0.12400288879871368,
-0.38828593492507935,
0.19707061350345612,
0.37188926339149475,
0.5218822360038757,
0.0283731147646904,
0.3684421181678772,
0.07996756583452225,
-0.38875752687454224,
-0.38200366497039795,
0.2818905711174011,
0.06686238944530487,
-0.24127182364463806,
-0.5542576909065247,
0.1290661245584488,
0.2921223044395447,
-0.6182325482368469,
0.03311528265476227,
-0.8882994055747986,
0.8123577237129211,
0.11851875483989716,
0.10469692200422287,
-0.2362099438905716,
0.08621370047330856,
-0.06694988906383514,
-0.3784959316253662,
-0.6144055128097534,
-0.5537474751472473,
-0.14535970985889435,
-0.14112462103366852,
0.13955245912075043,
-0.2172241508960724,
-0.7005040645599365,
0.2918608784675598,
-0.1655339151620865,
-0.16976365447044373,
-0.020819474011659622,
0.684548020362854,
-0.5458013415336609,
-0.22514942288398743,
0.30165156722068787,
-0.015869569033384323,
-0.158690944314003,
0.031179338693618774,
-0.11945029348134995,
-0.4076938331127167,
0.06425058841705322,
0.196050226688385,
-0.26357388496398926,
0.6050393581390381,
-0.42237138748168945,
-0.3021082282066345,
0.4032539129257202,
-0.013010865077376366,
0.04111021012067795,
-0.5274390578269958,
-0.025615418329834938,
-0.3844207227230072,
0.6977674961090088,
-0.0609295479953289,
0.00008075869118329138,
0.04241441190242767,
0.3320116400718689,
-0.35230186581611633,
0.05177992582321167,
-0.786300003528595,
0.5116820931434631,
0.58343106508255,
-0.5947122573852539,
0.4609054923057556,
0.3120078146457672,
0.2491174191236496,
0.49235448241233826,
-0.19032183289527893,
-0.13598178327083588,
0.20127975940704346,
-0.28824836015701294,
0.5954795479774475,
0.7163036465644836,
-0.4606815278530121,
0.33238154649734497,
-0.18056456744670868,
-0.30580925941467285,
0.843389630317688,
0.03503432497382164,
0.23097282648086548,
0.44275420904159546,
0.6114707589149475,
-0.07559621334075928,
-0.8290473222732544,
0.8429827094078064,
0.14593373239040375,
0.19997502863407135,
0.25847700238227844,
0.3314073085784912,
0.25292399525642395,
-0.12031041830778122,
-0.4530191421508789,
0.33606258034706116,
0.2808595895767212,
-0.27255484461784363,
-0.3114350140094757,
-0.9716425538063049,
-0.4486744701862335,
1.1672145128250122,
0.3372771143913269,
0.8071429133415222,
-0.11106979846954346,
0.1367477923631668,
-0.7695581316947937,
0.24816446006298065,
-0.07143042236566544,
0.15935125946998596,
0.037702880799770355,
-0.1377069354057312,
0.2527678608894348,
0.4386877715587616,
0.2032635509967804,
0.09466053545475006,
-0.11954766511917114,
-0.46140098571777344,
0.29423049092292786,
-0.41487959027290344,
-0.3213194012641907,
-0.20610059797763824,
0.357515811920166,
0.2661818563938141,
-0.1463843137025833,
0.08251876384019852,
0.04162894934415817,
-0.07697702199220657,
0.4756453335285187,
-0.5513676404953003,
0.14558318257331848,
-0.5009735226631165,
0.02949533984065056,
0.1783221960067749,
-0.22345352172851562,
0.3879512548446655,
0.6297996044158936,
0.013249985873699188,
0.27358025312423706,
-0.3077138364315033,
-0.03729495406150818,
0.1322130262851715,
-0.6004030108451843,
-0.0956767126917839,
0.22691810131072998,
-0.07991335541009903,
0.3241569697856903,
-0.14326722919940948,
0.2891276180744171,
0.2883248031139374,
0.3208470046520233,
-0.31439146399497986,
0.37065622210502625,
-0.5504525303840637,
-0.19066016376018524,
0.3472040295600891,
-0.8442408442497253,
0.030815890058875084,
-0.2692296802997589,
0.7565178871154785,
0.015974825248122215,
0.3087989091873169,
-0.5330754518508911,
-0.3633590638637543,
0.19987738132476807,
0.4421408176422119,
-0.8315969109535217,
0.016516733914613724,
-0.19411641359329224,
0.0010993106989189982,
-0.35340237617492676,
0.38796764612197876,
-0.23988747596740723,
0.04184935241937637,
0.16570159792900085,
0.292763888835907,
-0.1853714883327484,
0.4976784884929657,
0.5006555318832397,
0.25468793511390686,
-0.2171952873468399,
0.3679235875606537,
-0.2496429979801178,
-0.34463444352149963,
0.29609736800193787,
0.5430912971496582,
-0.17624445259571075,
-0.5524512529373169,
0.3645940124988556,
0.6711728572845459,
-0.40415725111961365,
0.14237910509109497,
0.26333993673324585,
-0.06346027553081512,
-0.6484443545341492,
0.5373942255973816,
-0.3532074987888336,
0.12607115507125854,
-0.5022260546684265,
0.26245665550231934,
0.4878707528114319,
-0.8542723059654236,
-0.24620763957500458,
-0.2058318555355072,
0.3141438961029053,
0.44583815336227417,
-0.1708543598651886,
0.3398159146308899,
-0.38643282651901245,
-0.3962445557117462,
-0.44833698868751526,
1.129011631011963,
-0.12546253204345703,
-0.20013578236103058,
0.34425088763237,
-0.17002476751804352,
-0.008238328620791435,
0.6377637982368469,
-0.19647690653800964,
-0.4009694755077362,
0.5502194166183472,
-0.09736435860395432
] |
256724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisville | Lewisville | Lewisville may refer to the following places:
Canada
Lewisville, New Brunswick, a former village, now part of the cities of Moncton and Dieppe
United States
Lewisville, Arkansas
Lewisville, Idaho
Lewisville, Indiana
Lewisville, Minnesota
Lewisville, New Jersey
Lewisville, North Carolina
Lewisville, Oregon
Lewisville, Texas
Lewisville, Virginia
Lewisville, Washington
See also
Lewisville High School
Louisville (disambiguation)
Lewis (disambiguation) | [
0.4260595142841339,
0.6628443598747253,
0.14354631304740906,
-0.14078539609909058,
0.22855553030967712,
0.04268452525138855,
0.3687935769557953,
0.6343188285827637,
-0.4450366199016571,
-0.37181660532951355,
-0.7605826258659363,
-0.1961348056793213,
-0.5199690461158752,
0.5594617128372192,
-0.3472129702568054,
0.614586591720581,
0.07101430743932724,
0.5970084071159363,
0.09832122176885605,
-0.10387156903743744,
-0.2339809536933899,
-0.023150943219661713,
0.3767635226249695,
0.08047600835561752,
0.009479603730142117,
0.36939331889152527,
0.34515509009361267,
0.001572772627696395,
0.18871276080608368,
0.7494302988052368,
-0.09159543365240097,
0.08341731876134872,
0.1392301619052887,
-0.43296533823013306,
-0.4657820463180542,
-0.16289353370666504,
-0.08467766642570496,
0.010950197465717793,
0.44744396209716797,
-0.7074398994445801,
-0.07545403391122818,
-0.2994128167629242,
0.48740559816360474,
-0.11933796107769012,
-0.0391274020075798,
-0.08488829433917999,
-1.5674580335617065,
0.4918692708015442,
-0.7048730254173279,
-0.3991820812225342,
-0.6443599462509155,
-0.07327008247375488,
0.19877050817012787,
0.09369240701198578,
-0.009243711829185486,
0.1925557255744934,
-0.5533112287521362,
-0.08532964438199997,
0.541273832321167,
0.004249249119311571,
0.17532867193222046,
0.8401777744293213,
-0.01816359907388687,
0.4316926896572113,
-0.07267744094133377,
-0.09355949610471725,
-0.18494221568107605,
0.26817330718040466,
-0.018041258677840233,
-0.052767593413591385,
0.5350469350814819,
-0.07482493668794632,
-0.11964655667543411,
0.11380060762166977,
0.0026114853098988533,
0.8431695699691772,
-0.4349810481071472,
-0.17862685024738312,
0.1977052539587021,
0.23968267440795898,
-0.0929611399769783,
-0.4260825514793396,
0.8746035099029541,
-0.7682642340660095,
0.2657729685306549,
0.5377894639968872,
-0.8577815890312195,
0.018870191648602486,
-0.022848449647426605,
0.5360050797462463,
-0.6996409296989441,
0.2159751057624817,
-0.07148131728172302,
0.352102130651474,
-0.2316616326570511,
-0.629867672920227,
0.1363254338502884,
0.5077556371688843,
-0.1589542031288147,
-0.2464083433151245,
-0.2970835864543915,
0.15854869782924652,
1.0390574932098389,
-0.010044227354228497,
-0.45570120215415955,
0.13875362277030945,
-0.26119205355644226,
-0.03971771150827408,
-0.20808157324790955,
-0.48949941992759705,
-0.29012933373451233,
0.07159658521413803,
0.04674683138728142,
0.127813920378685,
0.06149623915553093,
-0.32441335916519165,
0.08246064931154251,
0.06814001500606537,
0.3205726742744446,
-0.45378801226615906,
-0.5157133340835571,
0.8384750485420227,
-0.2938770055770874,
0.09494626522064209,
0.24329660832881927,
0.7293190956115723,
0.1872505098581314,
0.06328988820314407,
-0.2744276225566864,
-0.04142320901155472,
0.21573781967163086,
0.9426383376121521,
0.13165032863616943,
0.07760811597108841,
0.5846742987632751,
-0.3784216642379761,
-0.1234024316072464,
-0.21715590357780457,
0.36732494831085205,
-0.013553297147154808,
-0.5142734050750732,
-0.004811869002878666,
-0.482270210981369,
-0.03378920629620552,
-0.3342542052268982,
-0.5877583622932434,
-0.11802948266267776,
-0.5054913759231567,
0.28352540731430054,
0.17905548214912415,
-0.363890141248703,
0.24998296797275543,
-0.33639732003211975,
0.15458330512046814,
-0.361828476190567,
-0.5574695467948914,
0.19462651014328003,
0.3328458368778229,
0.5919346213340759,
0.08853854984045029,
-0.19140756130218506,
0.4632161259651184,
0.6958441734313965,
-0.13225355744361877,
0.9468657970428467,
-0.4469195306301117,
-0.1546754240989685,
-0.2802191376686096,
-0.3912956714630127,
0.1422368586063385,
-0.35124868154525757,
0.2512417435646057,
0.44481801986694336,
0.12110329419374466,
-0.19496949017047882,
-0.16425393521785736,
0.47597214579582214,
0.6831676363945007,
0.18431751430034637,
-0.3939886689186096,
-0.6019032001495361,
0.36110350489616394,
-0.10184576362371445,
-0.18494051694869995,
-0.4316501021385193,
-0.01115166861563921,
0.2408326119184494,
0.2586527168750763,
-0.3047855496406555,
-0.0027718732599169016,
-0.4133857190608978,
-0.1800069957971573,
0.14193663001060486,
-0.7414732575416565,
0.829033374786377,
-0.3076448142528534,
-0.764772355556488,
1.4506845474243164,
0.22844229638576508,
0.32158756256103516,
-0.4494004249572754,
-0.16799171268939972,
0.884433388710022,
-0.1404164433479309,
-0.24868172407150269,
0.18892976641654968,
0.2707276940345764,
0.08998453617095947,
0.3217855989933014,
0.2011544555425644,
0.6910462379455566,
-0.7782062292098999,
-0.21674789488315582,
0.5132089853286743,
-0.14935778081417084,
-0.2925935685634613,
-0.5223386883735657,
-0.2660568952560425,
0.5294679403305054,
0.08988609910011292,
0.6224266290664673,
-0.2840111553668976,
0.24571669101715088,
0.11860353499650955,
-0.22874358296394348,
0.5409783124923706,
0.317460834980011,
0.28082185983657837,
0.3363000452518463,
-0.41134461760520935,
0.19124920666217804,
0.031060177832841873,
-0.1651192605495453,
-0.6828885674476624,
0.39776861667633057,
-0.39923927187919617,
0.03813931345939636,
-0.24601323902606964,
0.322460800409317,
0.0785316675901413,
0.13083341717720032,
-0.3043234050273895,
-0.32198700308799744,
0.08324570953845978,
0.4031595289707184,
0.580672562122345,
-0.0038419971242547035,
-0.006135809235274792,
-0.07689569145441055,
-0.16190096735954285,
0.24507401883602142,
0.18855653703212738,
0.3088221251964569,
0.38501906394958496,
0.6541606783866882,
0.1131763681769371,
0.02074279449880123,
-0.059167005121707916,
-0.18879352509975433,
0.1638077199459076,
-0.5379826426506042,
-0.2056162804365158,
-0.3863609731197357,
0.6312589645385742,
0.05435994267463684,
-0.4103327989578247,
-0.7435490489006042,
-0.6711530685424805,
0.1393226832151413,
0.8434116244316101,
0.03598177433013916,
0.12254099547863007,
-0.19803698360919952,
-0.02038206160068512,
0.24904142320156097,
0.2260657101869583,
-0.6106855273246765,
-0.15038691461086273,
-0.615906298160553,
-0.05655835196375847,
-0.061061836779117584,
0.6897444128990173,
-0.22156186401844025,
-0.714387059211731,
-0.14817707240581512,
-0.935834527015686,
0.5739415884017944,
0.03541446104645729,
-0.6782925128936768,
0.23428574204444885,
-0.33282509446144104,
-0.5687755346298218,
0.38694411516189575,
0.05210347846150398,
-0.07315976917743683,
-0.29380980134010315,
0.38328859210014343,
-0.015720242634415627,
0.006461640819907188,
-0.5085587501525879,
-0.3132675588130951,
0.3601277470588684,
-0.6341582536697388,
0.07916886359453201,
0.2810690104961395,
-0.18356221914291382,
0.1765257716178894,
0.08569099754095078,
-5.631336212158203,
0.5360191464424133,
-0.0633801817893982,
-0.6827122569084167,
0.039054982364177704,
-0.2848352789878845,
0.39386412501335144,
-0.4795304536819458,
0.023628301918506622,
0.09195701777935028,
0.5118604898452759,
-0.09267324209213257,
-0.023718368262052536,
0.38376548886299133,
0.5667389631271362,
0.553744912147522,
0.47824692726135254,
-0.20168650150299072,
0.3657931983470917,
0.3104972839355469,
-0.04337141290307045,
0.3161536455154419,
0.20784184336662292,
0.014422076754271984,
0.029406199231743813,
0.5323553085327148,
-0.04875507950782776,
-0.2806878387928009,
-0.791521430015564,
-0.3841916024684906,
0.10656429827213287,
0.5033552050590515,
0.44276708364486694,
0.15250235795974731,
-0.018982090055942535,
-0.3258560299873352,
0.17295436561107635,
-0.2421261966228485,
0.08175134658813477,
-0.5804456472396851,
-0.047691285610198975,
0.9017748236656189,
-0.5696755647659302,
-0.5826753377914429,
0.2176838368177414,
-0.6462053656578064,
-0.36399295926094055,
0.4489651322364807,
-0.628812849521637,
0.7903801798820496,
0.3050948679447174,
-0.4021535813808441,
0.858177900314331,
0.44040343165397644,
-0.19234278798103333,
-0.20177987217903137,
0.45447999238967896,
0.07362223416566849,
-0.7246105670928955,
0.3053570091724396,
0.21193543076515198,
0.28066056966781616,
-0.17686495184898376,
-0.46590933203697205,
-0.13429944217205048,
-0.5696827173233032,
-0.4506891071796417,
0.27200189232826233,
0.2969169616699219,
0.14511872828006744,
0.043535299599170685,
-0.19844138622283936,
-0.6301237344741821,
-0.993276834487915,
-0.08825893700122833,
-0.6657247543334961,
-0.7856622934341431,
0.18330225348472595,
0.08633037656545639,
0.2969192862510681,
-0.18175223469734192,
0.4845506250858307,
0.29584887623786926,
0.4333192706108093,
0.5168402791023254,
-0.3332615792751312,
-0.4329048693180084,
0.35351434350013733,
0.18654777109622955,
-0.6951009035110474,
0.5870185494422913,
0.15979760885238647,
0.9381484389305115,
-0.1556302160024643,
-0.5262753963470459,
0.3255864381790161,
0.6503466367721558,
0.1737503856420517,
-0.1330648958683014,
-0.3759855031967163,
0.6669095754623413,
-0.05318247899413109,
0.25879061222076416,
-0.4123627245426178,
-0.12484779208898544,
-0.08835256099700928,
-0.048151664435863495,
0.47705569863319397,
0.37449562549591064,
-0.5681342482566833,
-0.519256055355072,
0.1420518308877945,
-0.6740401983261108,
-0.16600565612316132,
0.41724488139152527,
-0.5121174454689026,
-0.22551776468753815,
0.04424431174993515,
0.05488243326544762,
0.10988084226846695,
-0.03609354421496391,
0.6524059176445007,
-0.24230369925498962,
0.4118957817554474,
0.23913395404815674,
-0.6987562775611877,
-0.2556474208831787,
0.04150731861591339,
0.3955092430114746,
0.5764783620834351,
-0.025482438504695892,
0.14189325273036957,
0.3747588098049164,
0.15960469841957092,
-0.36450204253196716,
-0.009418780915439129,
-0.36752843856811523,
-0.7750624418258667,
0.12640313804149628,
0.08649963140487671,
0.30302736163139343,
0.3492371737957001,
-0.4273259937763214,
0.7517228126525879,
0.5700432062149048,
0.485296368598938,
0.06709743291139603,
0.40296682715415955,
-0.4788454473018646,
0.6104665994644165,
-0.11231784522533417,
-0.45850592851638794,
-0.11253230273723602,
0.044932764023542404,
-0.18717913329601288,
0.05029008910059929,
-0.49890241026878357,
0.7496366500854492,
0.2248416393995285,
-0.16993145644664764,
0.14254023134708405,
-0.4987454414367676,
-0.5512783527374268,
0.4924614727497101,
0.2879440486431122,
-0.6259051561355591,
-0.24354340136051178,
0.3650096356868744,
-0.6187735199928284,
-0.10775045305490494,
0.6064369082450867,
-0.4277426600456238,
-0.5160706639289856,
0.2788223624229431,
0.27831971645355225,
-0.19580142199993134,
-0.24463026225566864,
0.11305975168943405,
0.15334436297416687,
-0.7473241686820984,
0.18494586646556854,
-0.7100085020065308,
-0.22643281519412994,
0.6266223192214966,
-0.11344539374113083,
-0.2627641260623932,
0.13300129771232605,
-0.36710333824157715,
0.5185741782188416,
-0.1258804053068161,
0.6173080205917358,
-0.26660528779029846,
0.12859153747558594,
0.7234821915626526,
0.048298269510269165,
-0.6036663055419922,
0.4861118197441101,
-0.15898355841636658,
-0.10774245858192444,
-0.22977185249328613,
-0.21300648152828217,
0.31150439381599426,
-0.6993966102600098,
0.10439299792051315,
0.283784419298172,
-0.5111228823661804,
0.5839354395866394,
-0.1855846345424652,
-0.3230910003185272,
-0.16901612281799316,
-0.004866872914135456,
-0.15831154584884644,
0.7764618396759033,
0.3071892261505127,
-0.36779335141181946,
0.34071388840675354,
0.45457327365875244,
-0.31839218735694885,
-0.21615123748779297,
-0.4239378571510315,
-0.17216087877750397,
-0.17549920082092285,
0.24322409927845,
-0.49473389983177185,
0.06227191910147667,
0.8051407933235168,
-0.145609512925148,
-0.44921115040779114,
0.9092050194740295,
-0.29576414823532104,
0.15788549184799194,
0.32981792092323303,
0.35619550943374634,
0.08188817650079727,
0.2683449387550354,
0.40775054693222046,
-0.21922241151332855,
-0.22675476968288422,
0.04443681612610817,
0.0009965300559997559,
0.43830010294914246,
0.525671124458313,
0.25095367431640625,
-0.29542461037635803,
-0.5089961886405945,
-0.04367086663842201,
1.002278208732605,
-0.05076132342219353,
-1.0152924060821533,
0.22679154574871063,
0.5875702500343323,
-0.5424656867980957,
-0.45274046063423157,
-0.5215461850166321,
0.46655702590942383,
-0.12334699928760529,
-0.31423327326774597,
0.27459341287612915,
0.0675278827548027,
0.3965989649295807,
0.03954284265637398,
0.21394123136997223,
-0.23508062958717346,
0.3944973051548004,
0.18990179896354675,
0.02268480323255062,
-0.38344135880470276,
-0.8544943332672119,
-0.07552672177553177,
-0.7724064588546753,
-0.29343917965888977,
-0.04382624104619026,
0.2064986675977707,
0.40334659814834595,
0.12532977759838104,
0.2861962616443634,
0.021606208756566048,
-0.1945861130952835,
-0.2481052428483963,
-0.2565760612487793,
-0.5919185280799866,
-0.07112650573253632,
-0.0002874003548640758,
-0.6341773867607117,
0.6012476682662964,
-0.493986040353775,
-0.35460394620895386,
0.22919555008411407,
-0.7171986103057861,
0.18420885503292084,
-0.33672934770584106,
-0.15072327852249146,
0.34734728932380676,
-0.7602480053901672,
-0.251074880361557,
0.2829676568508148,
-0.10163778811693192,
0.6897059679031372,
-0.34009894728660583,
0.2320708930492401,
-0.9598690271377563,
0.302999347448349,
0.23160454630851746,
-0.8782258033752441,
0.5957553386688232,
-0.07046392560005188,
-0.075556181371212,
-0.11210595816373825,
0.22467263042926788,
-0.3228490948677063,
0.49423301219940186,
-0.36114808917045593,
0.16959884762763977,
0.3167877495288849,
-0.38718175888061523,
0.28846728801727295,
0.3627246618270874,
-0.4730399549007416,
-0.06420861184597015,
0.5081391334533691,
-0.5893588662147522,
-0.1258501410484314,
0.7658689618110657,
0.41794058680534363,
0.46357011795043945,
0.9895673394203186,
0.19344452023506165,
-0.14354534447193146,
-0.006747882347553968,
-0.08967025578022003,
0.0855075865983963,
-0.18350666761398315,
-0.4697684347629547,
0.3114602863788605,
-0.9152302742004395,
-0.2800835967063904,
0.25634878873825073,
-0.482625812292099,
-0.6253567337989807,
0.11284224689006805,
0.42178675532341003,
1.0528712272644043,
0.09306216984987259,
-0.05308854579925537,
0.20396338403224945,
0.31895971298217773,
0.19034451246261597,
0.28461170196533203,
0.3617633581161499,
-0.28438428044319153,
-0.08291593939065933,
-0.48772165179252625,
-0.13982272148132324,
-0.18030574917793274,
-0.5085716247558594,
0.006577677559107542,
-0.12145393341779709,
-0.05097037926316261,
0.24732789397239685,
0.07466976344585419,
-0.34818583726882935,
-0.3726101219654083,
0.6573570370674133,
-0.2938968539237976,
-0.2858482301235199,
-0.4459250271320343,
0.31227508187294006,
0.009446677751839161,
-0.5429311394691467,
0.6360107660293579,
0.14530618488788605,
0.06360898911952972,
0.07028778642416,
0.04876868054270744,
-0.32193678617477417,
-0.10779500007629395,
0.3410392105579376,
0.6898899674415588,
-0.14884303510189056,
0.12268328666687012,
-0.11024642735719681,
-0.3289717733860016,
-0.1238350197672844,
-0.2584220767021179,
-0.0020669850055128336,
-0.07531875371932983,
-0.23746266961097717,
0.3125024735927582,
-0.6983850598335266,
-0.07879643887281418,
0.3763265013694763,
-0.08745232969522476,
-0.412341445684433,
-0.004611165728420019,
0.26089850068092346,
-0.29204440116882324,
-0.17792975902557373,
0.313130646944046,
0.3705114722251892,
0.4764055609703064,
0.21719805896282196,
-0.20012356340885162,
0.664188027381897,
0.09870509803295135,
-0.00012828291801270097,
0.4919736981391907,
-0.14981217682361603,
0.3555668890476227,
-1.1978751420974731,
0.5169490575790405,
-0.027000565081834793,
0.5216986536979675,
0.1253708302974701,
0.42495521903038025,
-0.506982684135437,
-0.6560845971107483,
0.5549522042274475,
0.09562717378139496,
-0.19736771285533905,
-0.6046109795570374,
0.05151199921965599,
-0.29693514108657837,
0.26523441076278687,
0.168148010969162,
-0.6385589838027954,
-0.6452328562736511,
-0.1420866698026657,
0.21837271749973297,
-0.4739851653575897,
0.42580118775367737,
0.9934160113334656,
-0.6934760808944702,
-0.1220855563879013,
0.39358076453208923,
-1.2016382217407227,
-0.9987873435020447,
0.1882154792547226,
1.0871607065200806,
-0.4255707561969757,
-0.3428695499897003,
-0.43286293745040894,
-0.1518973559141159,
-0.47230637073516846,
-0.002875005593523383,
-0.04143129289150238,
0.2623681128025055,
-0.19578896462917328,
-0.26573148369789124,
-0.8181179165840149,
0.417405366897583,
0.058432575315237045,
-0.22884957492351532,
-0.41780245304107666,
0.3512536585330963,
0.2584368884563446,
-0.055026691406965256,
-0.10115092992782593,
-0.522469699382782,
0.6091187000274658,
0.3952100872993469
] |
256726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopranist | Sopranist | A sopranist (also, sopranista or male soprano) is a male singer who is able to sing in the vocal tessitura of a soprano usually through the use of falsetto or head voice vocal production. This voice type is a specific kind of countertenor. In rare cases an adult man may be able to sing in the soprano range using his normal or modal voice (high chest voice) and not falsetto due to endocrinological reasons, like Radu Marian, or as a result of a larynx that has not completely developed as is allegedly the case of Michael Maniaci.
Voice
A sopranist is able to sing in the soprano vocal range which is approximately between C4 and C6, though at times may expand somewhat higher or lower. Men of all voice types can possess the wide-ranged and effective falsetto or head voice needed to produce the contralto, mezzo-soprano and soprano vocal ranges. Some countertenors can sing up into the female vocal tessituras using the modal register (normal singing production) and need not employ any falsetto.
Controversy over the term male soprano
Typically, the term "soprano" refers to female singers but at times the term "male soprano" has been used by men who sing in the soprano vocal range using falsetto vocal production instead of the modal voice. This practice is most commonly found in the context of choral music in England. However, these men are more commonly referred to as countertenors or sopranists. The practice of referring to countertenors as "male sopranos" is somewhat controversial within vocal pedagogical circles as these men do not produce sound in the same physiological way that female sopranos do. Radu Marian can refer to himself as a true male soprano because he is able to sing in the soprano vocal range using the modal voice.
Repertoire
There is a large body of music for the male soprano that was written when it was common to use a castrato – a voice type which, for all intents and purposes, no longer exists, as the practice of castrating trebles was abolished before the end of the 19th century. Sopranists are very rare, since most countertenors are altos and mezzos. In fact, probably because early famous countertenors were altos (like Alfred Deller), it was believed for a long time that countertenors can only be altos (and later, mezzo countertenors, like David Daniels or Jochen Kowalski were recognized). While there is some modern repertoire written for countertenors (sometimes written specifically for certain singers, like Britten's Death in Venice, which has a part that was written specifically for James Bowman), at present there are only a small number of modern pieces written specifically for the sopranist vocal type. An exception is Alfred Schnittke's 1995 opera Historia von D. Johann Fausten which calls for both a female alto and a male soprano Mephistopheles.
Notable sopranists
Present day notable sopranists include:
Simone Bartolini
Aris Christofellis
Edson Cordeiro (opera, pop, gospel)
Robert Crowe
David Hansen
Vyatcheslav Kagan-Paley
Adam Lopez (pop, opera, Latin)
Michael Maniaci
Angelo Manzotti
Radu Marian
Tomotaka Okamoto
Brian Charles Rooney (musical theatre)
Tonex (gospel)
See also
Superius
Farinelli
References
External links
The Male Soprano
The World of the Castrati and Male Soprano
Voice types
Opera terminology | [
-0.12913157045841217,
-0.1745629608631134,
-0.21007347106933594,
-0.11077040433883667,
-0.38039344549179077,
0.16456358134746552,
0.7160693407058716,
0.26836392283439636,
-0.29894569516181946,
-0.3119662404060364,
-0.836087167263031,
0.7658186554908752,
0.19480790197849274,
-0.4023151099681854,
-0.2827514708042145,
0.0060925791040062904,
0.9618496298789978,
0.47424042224884033,
0.19822826981544495,
-0.5674070119857788,
-0.4345528185367584,
0.0621703639626503,
-0.06754018366336823,
-0.3654440641403198,
0.4527955949306488,
-0.01744125783443451,
-0.23476815223693848,
0.00047593555063940585,
0.24190843105316162,
-0.17948590219020844,
0.06450983136892319,
0.6091336011886597,
-0.13574612140655518,
-0.4879981279373169,
-0.10118413716554642,
0.488116592168808,
0.22536762058734894,
-0.4938923418521881,
-0.22060921788215637,
-0.3756346106529236,
-0.2923600375652313,
-0.41006284952163696,
1.014040470123291,
0.12843909859657288,
-0.4548221230506897,
-0.5491911768913269,
-1.0609956979751587,
0.3262925446033478,
-0.408532053232193,
-0.19424480199813843,
-0.5428615808486938,
0.23906295001506805,
-0.22595590353012085,
0.6397997736930847,
-0.5889232754707336,
-0.06715845316648483,
-0.7859269976615906,
0.3729669749736786,
0.1252201646566391,
-0.5522367358207703,
-0.19306515157222748,
0.4374575614929199,
0.036062080413103104,
-0.4746384024620056,
0.47373685240745544,
0.01066568773239851,
-0.051507093012332916,
-0.17141719162464142,
-0.5027821660041809,
-0.5795273184776306,
-0.5342438817024231,
-0.12201033532619476,
-0.026901666074991226,
-0.316333532333374,
-0.31527143716812134,
-0.22651781141757965,
0.4181367754936218,
0.19325584173202515,
0.09500599652528763,
-0.02556687779724598,
0.1279626190662384,
0.5727002620697021,
0.6225128769874573,
0.7774052619934082,
0.1295764148235321,
0.2453256994485855,
-0.06704924255609512,
0.3147314488887787,
-0.29016149044036865,
-0.06648550182580948,
0.21815745532512665,
-0.3976820707321167,
0.8630090355873108,
0.06785483658313751,
-0.07078401744365692,
0.9076037406921387,
0.6897951364517212,
-0.21045583486557007,
-0.02614184096455574,
-0.0129613745957613,
-0.2714485228061676,
0.1820584535598755,
0.26374709606170654,
-0.3365621268749237,
-0.0961017906665802,
0.20676766335964203,
0.02425501123070717,
0.3539232313632965,
-0.37242430448532104,
0.3408922255039215,
-0.26290684938430786,
-0.1355372816324234,
-0.1171918734908104,
0.46900686621665955,
-0.19859576225280762,
-0.10584181547164917,
0.17897194623947144,
0.4132002890110016,
-0.8201737999916077,
-0.19038458168506622,
1.0014162063598633,
0.13453121483325958,
0.33963507413864136,
-0.17781256139278412,
-0.6634045839309692,
0.5171430110931396,
0.9062957167625427,
0.9373388886451721,
-0.22103862464427948,
0.3361496031284332,
-0.0039048229809850454,
0.32654044032096863,
0.024335317313671112,
0.4328499138355255,
-0.12194473296403885,
-0.14202596247196198,
0.1977205127477646,
0.0806179791688919,
0.13752129673957825,
0.29772698879241943,
-1.1512397527694702,
-0.03321108594536781,
-0.6777047514915466,
-0.36750873923301697,
0.6206978559494019,
-0.4848538339138031,
0.2601267695426941,
-0.03476103022694588,
-0.2342584729194641,
-0.22713643312454224,
0.11318735033273697,
-0.17012640833854675,
-0.2567298412322998,
0.06137138977646828,
-0.3450327217578888,
-0.12690548598766327,
0.7377315759658813,
-0.3899869918823242,
0.3675321936607361,
0.0574379488825798,
0.16754846274852753,
0.0907224491238594,
-0.13553683459758759,
0.2175997942686081,
0.317130982875824,
-0.39222055673599243,
-0.27846771478652954,
0.5717324614524841,
-0.47386136651039124,
0.5860504508018494,
-0.07994769513607025,
0.15922865271568298,
-0.16442927718162537,
-0.4943029284477234,
-0.5114668607711792,
0.15544335544109344,
0.2899479568004608,
0.4471869170665741,
0.5682548880577087,
-0.42086654901504517,
-0.6893475651741028,
0.6100077033042908,
0.5066872239112854,
0.05747172236442566,
0.5161948800086975,
0.18180251121520996,
0.23330211639404297,
0.24309894442558289,
0.04556026682257652,
-0.8488471508026123,
-0.5268736481666565,
-0.9418192505836487,
0.0700894147157669,
0.10770649462938309,
0.8462973833084106,
0.0007474591257050633,
-0.412214994430542,
0.954306960105896,
0.30552905797958374,
0.11273609846830368,
0.14752744138240814,
0.25211673974990845,
-0.06031624227762222,
0.24034611880779266,
-0.4469194710254669,
0.7389729022979736,
0.6662051677703857,
0.051109835505485535,
0.5792971253395081,
-0.434465616941452,
0.19061002135276794,
-0.6493686437606812,
0.39081332087516785,
-0.5187402963638306,
-0.30985233187675476,
0.14835023880004883,
-0.761902928352356,
0.34880530834198,
0.4050295948982239,
-0.39336368441581726,
0.8965008854866028,
-0.30221182107925415,
-0.2254372537136078,
-0.055530846118927,
0.06366470456123352,
1.0387824773788452,
-0.1776730716228485,
0.08097895979881287,
-0.021381236612796783,
0.23933008313179016,
-0.013032271526753902,
-0.1065458282828331,
0.28569814562797546,
-0.07997286319732666,
-0.4753630757331848,
-0.30221226811408997,
0.3541518747806549,
-0.4934439957141876,
0.49049752950668335,
-0.38569504022598267,
0.12177881598472595,
0.10116344690322876,
-0.37442219257354736,
0.44298896193504333,
0.06840509921312332,
0.07606849819421768,
-0.09278504550457001,
0.5079741477966309,
-0.11649198085069656,
0.170844167470932,
-0.0884663388133049,
0.18524105846881866,
-0.3199400007724762,
0.14603912830352783,
0.3227207660675049,
0.07363540679216385,
0.08860006183385849,
0.19719260931015015,
-0.03046450950205326,
-0.5353546142578125,
-0.14129993319511414,
-0.21620327234268188,
0.5557159781455994,
0.08615612238645554,
0.10931169241666794,
-0.44347134232521057,
-0.18540386855602264,
-0.254639208316803,
0.6978054642677307,
-0.009863018058240414,
0.2961004376411438,
0.19983428716659546,
-0.7528354525566101,
0.3329436779022217,
-0.6276635527610779,
-0.017216233536601067,
0.1288013905286789,
-0.4692659378051758,
-0.25115224719047546,
-0.7056712508201599,
0.37606948614120483,
0.33723923563957214,
-0.04536372050642967,
-0.02120457962155342,
-0.8491581082344055,
-0.3831869959831238,
0.459998220205307,
0.14341023564338684,
0.34043046832084656,
-0.1631992906332016,
0.11686274409294128,
0.7435171008110046,
0.4366450011730194,
0.17211510241031647,
0.3100753426551819,
0.1780739724636078,
-0.08212606608867645,
0.5314604043960571,
0.4542309045791626,
-0.4988597333431244,
-0.6477157473564148,
-0.36815202236175537,
-0.02310110814869404,
-0.18031296133995056,
0.30122464895248413,
-0.19009990990161896,
-0.012744688428938389,
-0.023601222783327103,
-5.739171028137207,
-0.2374967336654663,
-0.5343781113624573,
-0.046803783625364304,
0.4280940294265747,
-0.04096129909157753,
0.3347152769565582,
-0.7172922492027283,
-0.42527878284454346,
0.1199420914053917,
-0.4270581603050232,
0.18272842466831207,
-0.0722232460975647,
0.8219377398490906,
0.18475908041000366,
-0.006914053112268448,
-0.4620858132839203,
-0.24137447774410248,
0.2643762230873108,
0.3603566288948059,
0.34216049313545227,
0.35402747988700867,
0.20531025528907776,
0.606343150138855,
0.29301539063453674,
-0.0666399747133255,
-0.08655939251184464,
-0.04623841866850853,
-0.4119894802570343,
-0.14264997839927673,
0.46619126200675964,
0.09964285045862198,
0.3086501657962799,
0.03372753784060478,
0.2010091096162796,
-0.057271722704172134,
0.5338214635848999,
0.20315110683441162,
0.26679080724716187,
0.028821507468819618,
-0.3377459943294525,
0.2558824121952057,
-0.18589748442173004,
0.3775236904621124,
-0.08145451545715332,
-0.009697653353214264,
-0.2341168373823166,
-0.3648407459259033,
-0.09707978367805481,
1.0453193187713623,
-0.2601838707923889,
-0.3304506540298462,
-0.194025918841362,
-0.30212128162384033,
0.3244519531726837,
0.046551547944545746,
0.8111876249313354,
0.2341257631778717,
0.24702343344688416,
0.2972657382488251,
-0.046774972230196,
-0.37462273240089417,
-0.1813945323228836,
-0.7376978397369385,
0.06510405987501144,
0.2298382967710495,
-0.3700317442417145,
-0.16370926797389984,
0.27411916851997375,
0.7590006589889526,
0.36542898416519165,
0.2018980234861374,
0.260104238986969,
-0.733021080493927,
0.14409305155277252,
-0.8554971218109131,
-0.2990434467792511,
-0.09711367636919022,
0.14103113114833832,
0.3655947744846344,
-0.1424156129360199,
-0.10390736162662506,
-0.2771475911140442,
0.16107477247714996,
0.37578198313713074,
0.01862834021449089,
0.1925027072429657,
0.3164200484752655,
0.03534279391169548,
-0.42363595962524414,
0.8751684427261353,
-0.24620799720287323,
0.07596670836210251,
0.022647760808467865,
0.0019892812706530094,
1.0346328020095825,
-0.17750184237957,
0.291792094707489,
0.6133642792701721,
-0.4325674772262573,
0.061896324157714844,
-0.463013619184494,
-0.07926560193300247,
0.13023816049098969,
0.14455300569534302,
-0.04812309145927429,
-0.3042762875556946,
-0.07331106066703796,
1.103887915611267,
-0.053079985082149506,
0.46857866644859314,
-0.03587554767727852,
-0.4689640700817108,
-0.09191804379224777,
0.1407264620065689,
-0.3380410373210907,
-0.3121017813682556,
0.646285355091095,
0.07555617392063141,
-0.08435963839292526,
0.5074841976165771,
-0.42294541001319885,
0.20355604588985443,
-0.3020600974559784,
-0.7041590213775635,
-0.13615275919437408,
-0.2529159486293793,
0.1756659299135208,
-0.20284953713417053,
-0.4019054174423218,
0.46591314673423767,
0.20124539732933044,
0.026821743696928024,
-0.19340495765209198,
0.5468637347221375,
-0.253013551235199,
0.07362541556358337,
0.21634718775749207,
0.031217709183692932,
-0.7521258592605591,
-0.04001165181398392,
-0.5325480699539185,
-0.7441855669021606,
0.11557696759700775,
0.6547696590423584,
0.05263375863432884,
-0.35381972789764404,
-0.5500670075416565,
-0.80776447057724,
0.4166845679283142,
0.39187052845954895,
0.16962173581123352,
0.12308476120233536,
-0.5889776349067688,
0.44445091485977173,
-0.5155500769615173,
-0.06190949305891991,
-0.05306645482778549,
-0.29192131757736206,
-0.36684608459472656,
0.17011430859565735,
-0.4388670325279236,
-1.18227219581604,
-0.08953791111707687,
0.17578214406967163,
-0.5875031352043152,
-0.8879843354225159,
-0.8437702655792236,
-0.35225337743759155,
0.5319852232933044,
-0.05150533840060234,
-0.5400726795196533,
0.34892532229423523,
-0.3131018877029419,
0.1692168116569519,
-0.12583081424236298,
0.28448379039764404,
0.06917078047990799,
-0.40829333662986755,
-0.26803964376449585,
-0.15422210097312927,
-0.19248159229755402,
-0.71440190076828,
-0.08803997188806534,
0.5713623762130737,
0.37785086035728455,
-0.48518526554107666,
0.01564635895192623,
-0.19192399084568024,
0.18662653863430023,
-0.8002417087554932,
0.30836373567581177,
-0.0045834253542125225,
-0.4608207046985626,
-0.3541833460330963,
-0.2241547703742981,
-0.6467090249061584,
0.2573930025100708,
0.2191348522901535,
-0.5684168934822083,
0.2776186168193817,
-0.3933620750904083,
-0.6211775541305542,
-0.049200743436813354,
0.3858497440814972,
-0.5300992727279663,
0.7296493649482727,
0.24973833560943604,
-1.0849395990371704,
0.5107269883155823,
-0.1402154415845871,
-0.7482216358184814,
0.37013721466064453,
0.08299624919891357,
-0.6171805262565613,
-0.02729944884777069,
-0.5179414749145508,
-0.6748954057693481,
-0.3318241536617279,
-0.09541192650794983,
0.08841446787118912,
-0.3199797570705414,
-0.4480304419994354,
0.27468082308769226,
-0.33436283469200134,
-0.7347689867019653,
0.22353623807430267,
-0.37819671630859375,
0.749029815196991,
-0.7890438437461853,
0.05485391616821289,
0.05583271011710167,
-0.12616924941539764,
-0.22792987525463104,
-0.5696144700050354,
-0.2430211305618286,
-0.5302752256393433,
0.06472758203744888,
-0.13754379749298096,
0.27692878246307373,
0.3837130069732666,
0.8041014671325684,
-0.3253774344921112,
-0.03272701054811478,
-0.2375679463148117,
0.5079445242881775,
0.23686200380325317,
-0.3946327269077301,
-0.16984742879867554,
0.1949920654296875,
0.37224212288856506,
-0.02258838526904583,
-0.3772304952144623,
-0.06607556343078613,
0.4659249484539032,
0.3874349594116211,
0.06101394072175026,
-0.1768043488264084,
-0.13845880329608917,
0.6650665402412415,
0.4392840266227722,
-0.34997692704200745,
0.20173950493335724,
0.0002044314896920696,
-0.14515934884548187,
-0.45655322074890137,
-0.05257035046815872,
0.2491646707057953,
0.15632928907871246,
-0.0795006975531578,
0.11196136474609375,
-0.010805021971464157,
0.44826430082321167,
0.29364731907844543,
0.04590892791748047,
0.03303074091672897,
-0.1965409517288208,
-0.5641964673995972,
0.1384517103433609,
0.734708309173584,
-0.17427723109722137,
-0.25714606046676636,
-0.044584523886442184,
-0.21398329734802246,
-0.30679669976234436,
-0.24408134818077087,
0.3770873546600342,
-0.23594720661640167,
-0.8137767314910889,
0.19649089872837067,
-0.17672577500343323,
0.31840577721595764,
0.04568420723080635,
0.49795717000961304,
-0.27374517917633057,
-0.007089733611792326,
0.370541512966156,
-0.2261270135641098,
-0.07643920183181763,
-0.13784660398960114,
-0.3995678126811981,
0.28723713755607605,
0.3516100347042084,
-0.4741566777229309,
0.27658021450042725,
0.11049201339483261,
-0.012693516910076141,
-0.9785313010215759,
-0.06800464540719986,
-0.2643057703971863,
-0.23773185908794403,
-0.14333055913448334,
0.3012818992137909,
0.9283926486968994,
-0.08726897835731506,
0.07526249438524246,
0.5317148566246033,
0.0909932553768158,
-0.09324496239423752,
0.6549712419509888,
0.50234055519104,
-0.6897363066673279,
0.7936441898345947,
0.3244708180427551,
0.061975982040166855,
-0.09563472121953964,
-0.2833312153816223,
-0.6317585110664368,
0.5765617489814758,
0.44482022523880005,
0.7232076525688171,
0.5659379959106445,
0.14140000939369202,
0.6740190386772156,
-0.2648184597492218,
-1.0190858840942383,
0.49769914150238037,
-0.5517845153808594,
-0.413802832365036,
0.36726078391075134,
0.6453120112419128,
-0.13284814357757568,
0.38100680708885193,
0.3707670271396637,
-0.1685144454240799,
0.050558317452669144,
0.14226174354553223,
0.3029314875602722,
-0.4958879351615906,
-0.03852495551109314,
0.08834156394004822,
0.32926246523857117,
0.570979654788971,
-0.18845874071121216,
0.42795923352241516,
0.11044381558895111,
0.5364904999732971,
-0.04943056032061577,
-0.24372783303260803,
-0.4505820870399475,
0.15118414163589478,
0.31749922037124634,
0.8681713342666626,
-0.004532624036073685,
-0.6170902252197266,
-0.05703393369913101,
0.1361248940229416,
-0.2202446460723877,
-0.14141826331615448,
-0.37464210391044617,
0.02234870009124279,
0.09790295362472534,
-0.7739773988723755,
0.2003287822008133,
0.5140565633773804,
0.0529288612306118,
0.5492217540740967,
0.19224214553833008,
0.2609013020992279,
-0.6375688910484314,
-0.47909319400787354,
0.10762960463762283,
-0.6009885668754578,
-0.3307817578315735,
0.07181066274642944,
-0.28316155076026917,
0.06430341303348541,
-0.41101470589637756,
-0.34375548362731934,
0.3849635422229767,
-0.1533900946378708,
-0.05312597379088402,
0.7655220031738281,
-0.04936854541301727,
-0.4652981460094452,
-0.17330271005630493,
0.24368704855442047,
0.7666667103767395,
0.2649758756160736,
-0.1656966656446457,
0.5632142424583435,
0.6929625868797302,
0.07192965596914291,
0.07786522805690765,
-0.22709007561206818,
-0.05722258985042572,
-0.17550162971019745,
0.24501241743564606,
-0.2504771649837494,
-0.25491049885749817,
0.5983462929725647,
-0.07248695939779282,
0.00203697313554585,
0.36378198862075806,
0.6322621703147888,
0.6469571590423584,
0.10467251390218735,
0.019796179607510567,
0.22356274724006653,
-0.3605993390083313,
0.35442379117012024,
0.2998712658882141,
0.1041632667183876,
-0.14849811792373657,
-0.212810218334198,
0.6285250186920166,
-0.22077074646949768,
-0.17359356582164764,
-0.680061936378479,
0.3423420190811157,
-0.2702758014202118,
0.4126540422439575,
-0.5407991409301758,
0.2940616309642792,
-0.1230766624212265,
-0.32652345299720764,
0.05620131641626358,
-0.5319852232933044,
0.2405278980731964,
-0.8359466791152954,
0.22012129426002502,
-0.0837719738483429,
-0.04100927710533142,
0.37979230284690857,
-0.18609082698822021,
-0.18484418094158173,
-0.5123029351234436,
-0.35416170954704285,
-0.5780935287475586,
-0.1290169507265091,
0.26941192150115967,
-0.6980054974555969,
0.6451321840286255,
-0.09055742621421814,
-0.4771867096424103,
-0.05317223072052002,
0.4993390142917633,
-0.3385660648345947,
-0.1115771010518074,
0.5261842012405396
] |
256727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Fraser%20of%20Balnain | Simon Fraser of Balnain | Simon Fraser (1729 – 7 October 1777) was a British general during the American War of Independence. He was killed in the Battle of Bemis Heights during the Saratoga Campaign. The shot that killed Fraser is often attributed to Timothy Murphy, of Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps, which was assigned to the Left and under the command of Benedict Arnold, who was leading Morgan's men as well as Dearborn, Cilley, Poor, and the rest of the American left wing, which was attempting to push back the reconnaissance in force led by Simon Fraser on the Barber Wheatfield.
Early life and military service
Simon was born 26 May 1729, the son of Alexander Fraser of Balnain, son of Hugh Fraser of Balnain by his wife Katherine Chisholm, daughter of Alexander Chisholm 19th of Chisholm by his wife, eldest daughter of Roderick Mackenzie I of Applecross. Simon Fraser's mother was his father's second wife, Jean Mackintosh, daughter Angus Mackintosh 10th of Kyllachy by his wife Lucy, daughter of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd baronet of Coul. Simon's brother Thomas Fraser (born 8 June 1726), M.D. of Antigua's daughter Jean married Charles Grant, parents of Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg
Apparently seeking to atone for the treachery of Simon Fraser, 11th Baron Lovat in the Jacobite rising of 1745, he fought with the Dutch army at Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747, and joined the British Army as a Lieutenant in 1755.
Fraser went to Canada with the British forces in the French and Indian War and took part in the Siege of Louisbourg. He was promoted to Captain before taking part in the Battle of Quebec in 1759. At that battle, he was in James Wolfe's boat crossing St Lawrence. It was his reply, in French through the fog, that enabled the party to sneak ashore before ascending to the Plains of Abraham. He is not the Simon Fraser depicted in the famous painting The Death of General Wolfe.
Fraser served in Germany, Ireland, and Gibraltar between wars. In 1768, he became the Lt. Colonel of the 24th Regiment of Foot.
American War of Independence
In 1776, the 24th was transferred to Quebec in response to the American invasion, and Governor Guy Carleton promoted him to Brigadier General. When John Burgoyne organized his Saratoga campaign in 1777, Fraser was chosen to command the advance unit.
Ticonderoga
At the start of the campaign, the advance corps had about 1,000 men. Besides his own 24th Regiment of Foot, he had the grenadier battalion, the light infantry battalion, and a company of marksmen, along with some Canadian militia and First Nations auxiliaries. Fraser's command was in the vanguard during the taking of Fort Ticonderoga, and Fraser helped dislodge the retreating Americans.
Hubbardton
On 7 July 1777, Fraser's corps caught up with the American rear guard at the town of Hubbardton in the newly formed Republic of Vermont. At the Battle of Hubbardton in a sharp skirmish he drove off the enemy but with the loss of many men.
Freeman's Farm
At the Freeman's farm on 19 September he commanded the right wing and led four companies in a successful attack on Daniel Morgan's riflemen.
Bemis Heights
Early in the Battle of Bemis Heights on 7 October 1777, Fraser fell to rifle fire from Daniel Morgan's rifle brigade. Legend has it that a rifleman named Timothy Murphy was specifically ordered by Benedict Arnold to target Fraser, as he was vigorously directing and supporting his troops. He was carried to a nearby house and placed in the care of Baroness Riedesel, where he died that evening. He was reportedly buried in a nearby redoubt, but the exact location is uncertain. In her diary, the Baroness noted that he was "...buried at six o'clock in the evening, on a hill, which was a sort of redoubt."
The depiction by the artist Barlow showing Fraser's interment on the redoubt as reported by Baroness Riedesel. Barlow shows two coffins in transport—the second likely that of Sir Francis Clerke (1748–1777), 7th Baronet, the aide-de-camp to General John Burgoyne, who was shot and killed by Morgan's riflemen as Clerke rode upon the field to deliver orders from Burgoyne to fall back, orders that never reached their intended.
Fraser's death is noted by a memorial plaque in the Saratoga Battlefield National Park.
Portrayal in historical fiction
Fraser is a character in Diana Gabaldon's historical fiction novel An Echo in the Bone in which she portrays him as a kinsman to several of the major characters in the book, most notably Jamie Fraser, who is fighting on the side of the revolutionaries and William Ransom, Jamie's son, who is fighting for the British under Simon Fraser's command. The book diverts from the historical events when Gabaldon uses a request by Horatio Gates as an excuse for three main characters, Jamie and Claire and Jamie's nephew Ian Murray, to return to Scotland under the auspices of escorting Fraser's disinterred body back to his homeland.
See also
29th Regiment of Foot
References
Citations
Further reading
Luzader, John F. (1958), Documentary Study of the Death and Burial of General Simon Fraser; Stillwater, New York: Saratoga National Historical Park.
.
1729 births
1777 deaths
People from Inverness
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the French and Indian War
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Simon
British military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War
Burials in Saratoga County, New York | [
-0.4985743761062622,
0.1403648853302002,
-0.1967354416847229,
-0.25540560483932495,
0.09182853996753693,
0.5613518357276917,
0.7487437129020691,
-0.3223980963230133,
0.13807453215122223,
-0.5124951004981995,
-0.3349696695804596,
0.2170008271932602,
-0.026050323620438576,
0.33400848507881165,
-0.42062824964523315,
0.6052125692367554,
0.3461010754108429,
-0.6053115129470825,
-0.07525698095560074,
-0.4285992383956909,
-0.44926172494888306,
-0.028912007808685303,
0.06402122229337692,
0.5633434653282166,
0.5506877899169922,
0.515173614025116,
0.7551025748252869,
-0.11897508800029755,
0.08638983219861984,
-0.21967379748821259,
-0.3076420724391937,
-0.04848504438996315,
0.23188692331314087,
-0.20371349155902863,
-0.856166660785675,
-0.11211944371461868,
-0.8338278532028198,
-0.007097912020981312,
-0.17931737005710602,
0.06640739738941193,
-0.4902055263519287,
0.0787535160779953,
-0.031820159405469894,
0.11983885616064072,
-0.13386651873588562,
-0.39546066522598267,
-1.1310961246490479,
0.05336885154247284,
-0.11365050822496414,
-0.3952071964740753,
0.03560902550816536,
0.4206051826477051,
-0.14791151881217957,
-0.39541497826576233,
-0.35994476079940796,
0.2794664204120636,
-0.5215262770652771,
-0.5654706954956055,
-0.13348260521888733,
-0.6159404516220093,
0.6615318059921265,
0.3053225874900818,
0.6026635766029358,
0.09067480266094208,
0.17795820534229279,
-0.2485710233449936,
-0.2003192901611328,
0.35142579674720764,
0.22840125858783722,
-0.18428882956504822,
0.5640690922737122,
0.9117873311042786,
0.13464657962322235,
0.3623562455177307,
0.10503412038087845,
-0.00835415069013834,
0.22121575474739075,
0.5895225405693054,
0.3660065829753876,
-0.018142275512218475,
-0.3801424205303192,
-0.5049091577529907,
0.6524568796157837,
0.6046757698059082,
-0.34303566813468933,
0.6665403842926025,
-0.06846362352371216,
0.6418263912200928,
-0.03289082646369934,
-0.21727700531482697,
-0.47653767466545105,
-0.37420564889907837,
0.51594477891922,
0.029002485796809196,
0.10642729699611664,
0.07640381902456284,
-0.1312786042690277,
-0.2335769236087799,
-0.25565749406814575,
-0.8694459795951843,
-0.2162066102027893,
-0.3175877630710602,
0.13626310229301453,
-0.11829366534948349,
-0.5239184498786926,
0.3750806450843811,
-0.2179470956325531,
0.099839948117733,
-0.660029411315918,
-0.5194724798202515,
-0.31561487913131714,
-0.1530289500951767,
-0.43584713339805603,
-0.17567460238933563,
0.24669556319713593,
0.21912741661071777,
0.5155857801437378,
-0.6515204906463623,
-0.5121510624885559,
-0.39589211344718933,
0.17634356021881104,
0.39881399273872375,
-0.2015373408794403,
0.05755339190363884,
-0.13287608325481415,
-0.37063467502593994,
0.4992574453353882,
-0.05177483707666397,
-0.2929079532623291,
0.2882302403450012,
0.0678032711148262,
0.6655308604240417,
-0.7674317359924316,
-0.04627862572669983,
-0.0024248152039945126,
-0.06461687386035919,
-0.2988089323043823,
-0.13779546320438385,
-0.47278276085853577,
0.05261550471186638,
-0.6950576305389404,
0.1352410614490509,
-0.06399716436862946,
-0.217751145362854,
0.39584216475486755,
-0.10638251155614853,
0.0660317912697792,
-0.19288474321365356,
-0.18850824236869812,
-0.12405016273260117,
-0.48177415132522583,
0.01846381649374962,
0.2612685263156891,
-0.42636892199516296,
-0.41041362285614014,
0.3873828947544098,
0.7296159863471985,
0.5014331340789795,
0.4569990932941437,
0.1909773200750351,
-0.14156408607959747,
-0.021150438115000725,
0.1084524467587471,
-0.18750834465026855,
0.8351516127586365,
0.41207748651504517,
0.05266973376274109,
-0.3794814944267273,
-0.5250447392463684,
-0.22330044209957123,
0.19456547498703003,
0.2386043518781662,
0.39894118905067444,
0.11050291359424591,
-0.34275785088539124,
0.6462430953979492,
0.009025833569467068,
0.341773122549057,
-0.07740338891744614,
-0.5899341702461243,
-0.572406530380249,
-0.21590067446231842,
0.47374287247657776,
-0.2630329132080078,
0.4887186288833618,
0.3830445408821106,
0.22284014523029327,
-0.8615807890892029,
0.6051626205444336,
0.09651582688093185,
-0.018784049898386,
-0.4223238229751587,
0.065110944211483,
-0.6726802587509155,
0.8007789254188538,
-0.401538610458374,
-0.3293032944202423,
0.8105449080467224,
0.41799676418304443,
0.6676552295684814,
-0.4132278859615326,
0.056963805109262466,
0.576103925704956,
-0.15420283377170563,
-0.07578634470701218,
0.13943128287792206,
0.1357116848230362,
0.39583998918533325,
0.7266064286231995,
0.6894721984863281,
0.8814287185668945,
0.261965811252594,
-0.3137839436531067,
0.761309027671814,
0.06425697356462479,
-0.5182626247406006,
0.06236425042152405,
-0.562955379486084,
0.5323903560638428,
0.03345848619937897,
0.9442761540412903,
-0.26622873544692993,
-0.08893036842346191,
0.7417412400245667,
0.16108398139476776,
0.5340903997421265,
-0.03383469581604004,
-0.26802733540534973,
-0.3730746805667877,
-0.804742693901062,
-0.49226054549217224,
-0.3556329905986786,
0.09447266161441803,
-0.28963205218315125,
0.16157591342926025,
-0.2532493770122528,
-0.18208543956279755,
0.1384371668100357,
0.5042069554328918,
-0.5213439464569092,
-0.07641494274139404,
0.7410396337509155,
-0.26266711950302124,
0.46622881293296814,
0.2045149803161621,
0.23900091648101807,
-0.07813937962055206,
0.05093183368444443,
0.5309658050537109,
-0.5046344995498657,
0.011902068741619587,
0.3355388045310974,
0.28590643405914307,
0.21430307626724243,
0.5031591653823853,
-0.7099331021308899,
0.15227995812892914,
0.23514963686466217,
0.02271202765405178,
0.7263768315315247,
0.41226133704185486,
0.6011253595352173,
-0.1380978226661682,
0.6563305854797363,
0.5474545359611511,
-0.4000469148159027,
-0.4218757450580597,
-0.19604526460170746,
0.05854422599077225,
-0.004799976944923401,
0.4803786873817444,
-0.5523165464401245,
0.16733835637569427,
-0.2794343829154968,
0.7712723612785339,
-0.2578410804271698,
-0.3075453042984009,
0.4364086091518402,
-0.12008869647979736,
-0.7838106751441956,
0.12586627900600433,
0.5091439485549927,
-0.0829569399356842,
0.21792033314704895,
-0.345396488904953,
-0.2319655418395996,
-0.0877423956990242,
-0.053495388478040695,
0.5494850277900696,
0.2510347366333008,
0.2656533718109131,
-0.051216185092926025,
-0.04378918185830116,
-0.03412671759724617,
-0.39334195852279663,
0.2952176034450531,
-0.3271338939666748,
-0.1343912035226822,
0.03748695179820061,
-0.21682333946228027,
-1.0659505128860474,
0.20188434422016144,
0.4729417860507965,
-0.05453413352370262,
0.715877115726471,
-0.3431679308414459,
0.22611777484416962,
-0.255824476480484,
-5.616059303283691,
-0.1658809334039688,
0.26184573769569397,
0.11634323000907898,
0.26097041368484497,
-0.09543945640325546,
0.5400343537330627,
-0.7763247489929199,
0.32836106419563293,
0.24436534941196442,
0.417292058467865,
-0.3435516655445099,
0.2156209796667099,
-0.16893787682056427,
0.5817345380783081,
0.015635376796126366,
0.5073863863945007,
0.3124612271785736,
0.01871577277779579,
0.562161386013031,
0.2336442917585373,
0.21401844918727875,
-0.13957267999649048,
-0.19434668123722076,
0.08381593227386475,
0.3726021349430084,
0.13219058513641357,
-0.2720646262168884,
-0.7374376058578491,
-0.32740485668182373,
-0.06275011599063873,
0.7379027009010315,
0.25769487023353577,
0.06467726081609726,
-0.5145570635795593,
-0.963771641254425,
0.3090413510799408,
0.7453368306159973,
0.4407913088798523,
-0.16823066771030426,
0.31832146644592285,
-0.32149043679237366,
-0.5467613339424133,
-0.010311581194400787,
0.2932190001010895,
-0.6070729494094849,
-1.0814239978790283,
0.2654225826263428,
-0.3452940881252289,
0.3473527729511261,
0.25579583644866943,
0.3357461392879486,
-0.1322411447763443,
-0.4345836341381073,
0.0012792402412742376,
0.4064796566963196,
-0.1744539588689804,
0.36772415041923523,
-0.6390603184700012,
0.49980834126472473,
0.3330724239349365,
-0.36818110942840576,
0.06853143125772476,
0.3396609425544739,
-0.04840540885925293,
-0.18040399253368378,
-0.046813104301691055,
-0.31797218322753906,
0.16187570989131927,
-0.489793598651886,
-0.05314645916223526,
0.4538598358631134,
0.2958294749259949,
-0.9044654369354248,
-0.0008073830395005643,
-0.7851507067680359,
-0.5465869307518005,
0.6055066585540771,
-0.4482484459877014,
-0.30308249592781067,
0.04888812080025673,
-0.027142483741044998,
0.059391509741544724,
0.7134394645690918,
-0.09925054013729095,
-0.004145813174545765,
-0.7737223505973816,
0.2632489800453186,
-0.2824300229549408,
-0.31800270080566406,
0.15447460114955902,
-0.10756009817123413,
-0.1308969110250473,
0.16750581562519073,
-0.10250963270664215,
-0.5351183414459229,
-0.07212281227111816,
0.08947401493787766,
0.629238486289978,
0.0760314092040062,
-0.35579895973205566,
0.2107589840888977,
-0.07314226031303406,
-1.3757927417755127,
0.00983716081827879,
0.40333014726638794,
-0.15100416541099548,
0.3385073244571686,
0.9096710681915283,
0.3048229217529297,
0.1303030252456665,
0.03679852932691574,
-0.003351679304614663,
-0.5100743770599365,
-0.4001840651035309,
-0.6138545870780945,
-0.31557396054267883,
-0.29277318716049194,
1.4522613286972046,
0.4873906373977661,
-0.25877639651298523,
0.0282734502106905,
-0.47252848744392395,
-0.27397528290748596,
0.43484020233154297,
0.1136181578040123,
0.5067979693412781,
-0.48120081424713135,
-0.03905024752020836,
0.12307983636856079,
0.42857542634010315,
-0.1310073584318161,
-0.6126375198364258,
0.3294263780117035,
0.017092425376176834,
-0.5351332426071167,
-0.028462490066885948,
-0.6307852268218994,
0.20540861785411835,
0.03962305933237076,
-0.483944833278656,
-0.11018441617488861,
0.2160375714302063,
0.48536404967308044,
0.11703801155090332,
0.4129755198955536,
0.26768895983695984,
0.014250179752707481,
0.28905120491981506,
0.3490370213985443,
-0.1578553169965744,
-0.3350432515144348,
0.9073691964149475,
-0.4992005228996277,
0.10626965016126633,
-0.11395563185214996,
-0.005853880662471056,
-0.15580126643180847,
-0.31460702419281006,
-0.24775823950767517,
0.13898900151252747,
0.38165393471717834,
-1.216271162033081,
-0.09436864405870438,
0.2171822190284729,
0.381873220205307,
-0.4137361943721771,
-0.14722499251365662,
-0.267286479473114,
0.5132119059562683,
0.4450437128543854,
-0.7066417336463928,
-0.16374920308589935,
-0.25510311126708984,
-0.04617691412568092,
-0.02745223417878151,
-0.053635161370038986,
0.37333521246910095,
0.23528295755386353,
0.014270137995481491,
0.2597913444042206,
0.5418195724487305,
-0.21311472356319427,
0.5175421237945557,
0.640586793422699,
-0.5507573485374451,
-0.6312616467475891,
-0.1616876870393753,
-0.13937003910541534,
0.375750333070755,
-0.281343549489975,
0.15298256278038025,
0.08108013868331909,
0.6037839651107788,
-0.05494881793856621,
0.2844282388687134,
-0.17966534197330475,
0.016685010865330696,
0.15871959924697876,
-0.1945161670446396,
0.045938678085803986,
0.1812882423400879,
-0.4500153362751007,
-0.49681100249290466,
-0.229399174451828,
-0.5119481086730957,
0.20817288756370544,
-0.05410093069076538,
-0.3180622160434723,
0.5989025831222534,
-0.35898247361183167,
-0.6312230825424194,
0.009640277363359928,
0.4773014485836029,
-0.06921854615211487,
0.09952163696289062,
-0.15990255773067474,
0.3473759889602661,
0.3162519335746765,
-0.8200106620788574,
-0.6952962279319763,
-0.2836557626724243,
-0.23444342613220215,
-0.07352165132761002,
-0.47154831886291504,
0.03368701413273811,
0.31931036710739136,
0.09635263681411743,
0.5382329821586609,
0.09277460724115372,
-0.3093195855617523,
-0.23018887639045715,
-0.09748061746358871,
0.1826251596212387,
-0.2863709032535553,
-0.13261984288692474,
0.667084276676178,
0.22258995473384857,
-0.0895862951874733,
-0.16859926283359528,
-0.03312194347381592,
1.228792667388916,
0.5146353244781494,
-0.2778383791446686,
-0.1507386863231659,
0.07573053240776062,
-0.05972900614142418,
-0.2754322290420532,
-0.05842318385839462,
0.4194411039352417,
0.3756798207759857,
-0.8296888470649719,
-0.3789623975753784,
-0.014815554022789001,
0.9184722304344177,
-0.15548330545425415,
0.26864728331565857,
0.27329176664352417,
0.20415785908699036,
-0.22498565912246704,
0.1590196192264557,
0.23285982012748718,
-0.7778781652450562,
-0.1558147519826889,
-0.22925865650177002,
-0.5365986824035645,
-0.5121598243713379,
-0.41266143321990967,
0.07006055861711502,
0.1477961540222168,
-1.1677836179733276,
-0.6889561414718628,
-0.24206586182117462,
0.6021482348442078,
0.040797825902700424,
-0.11061735451221466,
0.18707694113254547,
-0.0922907367348671,
0.5284155011177063,
-0.2408168911933899,
-1.1582794189453125,
-0.24362260103225708,
-0.03595640882849693,
0.014800225384533405,
0.017029177397489548,
-0.9923645853996277,
0.230147123336792,
0.16881556808948517,
-0.07569821178913116,
0.4371589720249176,
-0.5287387371063232,
-0.001056517125107348,
-0.08338894695043564,
-0.42372068762779236,
-0.3147996664047241,
0.06922359764575958,
-0.6995387673377991,
0.9617518186569214,
-0.49336540699005127,
0.15302687883377075,
-0.5118880271911621,
0.3598388731479645,
0.6063846349716187,
0.15787392854690552,
-0.08402646332979202,
-0.009194486774504185,
-0.16478566825389862,
-0.45033514499664307,
0.07152404636144638,
0.15342546999454498,
-0.2993239462375641,
-0.14325250685214996,
0.1451384723186493,
-0.4951331317424774,
-0.5621837377548218,
-0.2806796729564667,
0.5156264901161194,
-0.72664475440979,
-0.06798439472913742,
-0.26443883776664734,
0.38098546862602234,
-0.12991955876350403,
0.1988275945186615,
0.2663295567035675,
0.3964298367500305,
0.7002025246620178,
-0.6851221919059753,
-0.11109083145856857,
0.14852693676948547,
0.3055499494075775,
-0.03895768150687218,
0.012656060978770256,
-0.7774534225463867,
0.37283286452293396,
-0.46173879504203796,
-0.09038058668375015,
0.3939022123813629,
-0.04431555047631264,
0.041912153363227844,
0.5432446002960205,
0.3281712830066681,
0.9557210206985474,
-0.2402821034193039,
-0.2999740540981293,
-0.03485316038131714,
0.221665158867836,
0.5162294507026672,
0.0948752611875534,
0.5223627090454102,
-0.21082094311714172,
0.3727303147315979,
-0.3922175467014313,
0.5333053469657898,
-0.5283932089805603,
-0.1156235933303833,
0.3922646641731262,
0.7204734086990356,
-0.5101220607757568,
-0.16824208199977875,
-0.17885562777519226,
-0.21027320623397827,
-0.4473895728588104,
0.9075204133987427,
0.08324030786752701,
0.2002643495798111,
-0.020619262009859085,
0.1396035999059677,
-0.48719820380210876,
0.4606214761734009,
0.49729564785957336,
0.2847329080104828,
-0.3571917712688446,
-0.03818850591778755,
-0.5094953775405884,
0.34160056710243225,
0.6393476724624634,
0.28649938106536865,
0.5783759355545044,
-0.4948670268058777,
-0.18312951922416687,
-0.2487136572599411,
0.155830979347229,
-0.1372150182723999,
-0.6392308473587036,
0.19620381295681,
0.037290915846824646,
-0.10001885145902634,
0.16842623054981232,
-0.9590157270431519,
-0.40713921189308167,
0.6947906017303467,
-0.3173143267631531,
-0.2735256850719452,
0.2029334306716919,
0.02464529685676098,
-0.10104307532310486,
0.38696351647377014,
0.29395145177841187,
0.665873646736145,
0.6246641874313354,
-0.47697293758392334,
-0.08858241885900497,
0.009050531312823296,
0.09944701194763184,
0.1775621473789215,
0.5786831378936768,
0.0943610817193985,
0.25295740365982056,
-0.7399213314056396,
0.33876776695251465,
0.5672966241836548,
-0.0805765688419342,
-0.38153859972953796,
0.5155095458030701,
-0.3923139274120331,
-0.2598019540309906,
0.8428260684013367,
-0.37179064750671387,
-0.5437455773353577,
-0.5937846899032593,
-0.01284700259566307,
-0.3054577112197876,
0.25098249316215515,
-0.031663697212934494,
-0.09687113016843796,
-0.2056751847267151,
-0.08011220395565033,
-0.0156850665807724,
-0.6453196406364441,
0.6780239939689636,
0.3295384347438812,
-0.8325154185295105,
-0.6575811505317688,
-0.06591083854436874,
0.32813140749931335,
-0.5439900755882263,
0.5240556597709656,
0.2894318997859955,
0.07240185141563416,
-0.21765175461769104,
0.2769358456134796,
-0.280018150806427,
0.1726308912038803,
0.0642513707280159,
0.2630135715007782,
-0.002889543306082487,
0.41061022877693176,
-0.5513574481010437,
-0.10515176504850388,
0.3996090888977051,
0.2237398773431778,
-0.3792717158794403,
0.928437352180481,
-0.9602229595184326,
0.41938692331314087,
0.3525710701942444,
-0.3841804265975952,
-0.2590412199497223,
0.13170261681079865,
0.277951717376709
] |
256729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall%20Castle | Eccleshall Castle | Eccleshall Castle is located in Eccleshall, Staffordshire, England (). It was originally built in the 13th century. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade II* listed building.
Origins
The land was reputedly granted to St Chad, the medieval bishop of Lichfield. In 1200 Bishop Geoffrey de Muschamp was granted by King John a ‘licence to crenellate’ a castle. As Eccleshall was conveniently situated on the main road between the centres of the Lichfield diocese in Chester, Lichfield and Coventry it was an ideal location as a diocesan base. This original castle was replaced by a larger castle in 1305 by Bishop Walter Langton, Chancellor of England.
War of the Roses
At the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses, Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort of Henry VI, took refuge within the castle after the Battle of Blore Heath in 1459.
In June 1643 the castle was besieged by Sir William Brereton and his Parliamentary forces encamped around the church. Their guns caused considerable damage to the walls but the castle held out, with Bishop Robert Wright sheltering within. When the Parliamentary forces finally took the castle on August 30 they found that the bishop had died of a heart attack during the siege and most of the defenders were either drunk or had gone into town drinking in the taverns. The castle was slighted to prevent future use as a stronghold but enough of the building, including an unusual nine-sided tower, together with the moat walls and medieval bridge, remained to be used as a prison for Royalist gentry. The castle and its grounds were confiscated and sold, but bought back again by the diocese.
Later history
The present house, still known as Eccleshall Castle, was built amongst the ruins in 1693 by William Lloyd, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, incorporating fragments of the slighted 14th-century structure, and was also occupied by successive bishops of Lichfield. Sir Walter Scott often stayed at the castle as guest of then bishop, James Cornwallis. In the 18th century the gatehouse was demolished and the moat drained. The last bishop to live there was John Lonsdale, who died in the house in 1867.
Today
The Castle is now in private hands and closed to the public, although the gardens are occasionally opened to raise money for local Eccleshall charities as well as for occasional weddings. It has been the home of the Carter-Motley family for more than a hundred years.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Stafford (borough)
Listed buildings in Eccleshall
References
Further reading
External links
English Heritage; Images of England. Photograph and listed building description
Castles in Staffordshire
Episcopal palaces in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Staffordshire
Ruins in Staffordshire
Scheduled monuments in Staffordshire
Tourist attractions in Staffordshire
Eccleshall | [
-0.6477387547492981,
0.3132909834384918,
0.8604035973548889,
-0.6875054240226746,
-0.048918452113866806,
0.26501286029815674,
0.9206379652023315,
-0.6017434597015381,
-0.6395474672317505,
-0.1739310473203659,
-0.22578035295009613,
0.09373807907104492,
-0.323653906583786,
0.46958431601524353,
-0.8139947652816772,
0.020775411278009415,
0.003864206140860915,
0.6238285899162292,
0.3513329029083252,
-1.1448949575424194,
0.24050526320934296,
-0.7603636384010315,
-0.1694117933511734,
0.058122169226408005,
0.49754711985588074,
-0.0718621164560318,
0.3439493477344513,
-0.4929991662502289,
0.05411826819181442,
0.029903123155236244,
-0.08791467547416687,
0.7627086043357849,
-0.39883852005004883,
-0.5302740335464478,
-0.06444860249757767,
-0.09524892270565033,
0.2830631136894226,
-0.3558327853679657,
-0.3066278100013733,
-0.5550131797790527,
-0.09123978763818741,
-0.32423460483551025,
-0.6504437327384949,
0.26075050234794617,
-0.67777419090271,
-0.3905899226665497,
-1.0169495344161987,
-0.10129355639219284,
-1.061005711555481,
0.10945585370063782,
-0.9980530142784119,
0.43357473611831665,
-0.1926327347755432,
-0.11117340624332428,
0.8516272902488708,
0.3729735314846039,
-1.3559702634811401,
-0.1581447869539261,
0.7856690287590027,
-0.1250838041305542,
0.08337164670228958,
0.19770298898220062,
0.06654499471187592,
-0.1476137489080429,
-0.5770821571350098,
-0.12795764207839966,
-0.0400853268802166,
-0.08385885506868362,
-0.24426774680614471,
0.020549172535538673,
-0.016469141468405724,
-0.2187955528497696,
0.20885944366455078,
0.034844160079956055,
-0.15229257941246033,
0.5007908940315247,
-0.2506164610385895,
0.02116163820028305,
0.4787540137767792,
0.02005048096179962,
0.46647733449935913,
-0.3147479295730591,
0.7083455920219421,
-0.10217497497797012,
0.728049099445343,
0.3867137134075165,
-0.9622215628623962,
0.13953644037246704,
-0.7238579392433167,
0.5383378267288208,
-0.3297431170940399,
0.17008712887763977,
-0.9863228797912598,
0.7593799829483032,
0.26080310344696045,
-0.2936275005340576,
0.16950388252735138,
-0.060423314571380615,
-0.07113401591777802,
0.7922294735908508,
-0.12504883110523224,
0.5067458748817444,
0.14561568200588226,
-0.5621964931488037,
-0.6161383986473083,
0.030817773193120956,
-0.7042400240898132,
-0.17583364248275757,
0.0629430040717125,
-0.6346607804298401,
-0.5357450246810913,
0.2796347141265869,
-0.4252455234527588,
-0.15719923377037048,
-0.06326106935739517,
0.4311777651309967,
1.1882412433624268,
0.028585603460669518,
-0.056333914399147034,
0.5960369110107422,
0.24116143584251404,
1.3584383726119995,
-0.1767275333404541,
0.26370036602020264,
0.32122114300727844,
0.24764896929264069,
0.02416510507464409,
0.6003683805465698,
-0.1574573963880539,
0.024349287152290344,
0.3289836347103119,
0.7988924980163574,
0.27072110772132874,
0.11890742182731628,
0.24863456189632416,
-0.1772916465997696,
0.4194068908691406,
-0.02107127755880356,
0.7775797247886658,
0.8977725505828857,
-0.6310036182403564,
-0.37206053733825684,
-0.0336984246969223,
-0.12093357741832733,
0.3087988495826721,
-0.24369071424007416,
-0.5646892189979553,
-0.7979624271392822,
0.0642300471663475,
0.13782650232315063,
0.015930628404021263,
0.16743886470794678,
-0.22485938668251038,
0.03855636343359947,
-0.34448546171188354,
0.2659367620944977,
0.2721986770629883,
-0.2298220992088318,
-0.05294787511229515,
0.02444971352815628,
-0.1838207095861435,
-0.10067906975746155,
0.04805692657828331,
-0.2179318070411682,
0.32211771607398987,
0.22335904836654663,
0.6727116703987122,
0.012115053832530975,
-0.459527850151062,
-0.19808988273143768,
-0.7120929956436157,
0.0821775421500206,
0.4579299986362457,
-0.13261091709136963,
0.07140864431858063,
-0.18656092882156372,
0.9511697292327881,
0.6921784281730652,
0.306735634803772,
-0.13956701755523682,
-0.9160593748092651,
-0.12276770919561386,
0.4728400409221649,
-0.2792477309703827,
-0.02250414341688156,
0.7708315253257751,
0.1111244186758995,
-0.48021823167800903,
-0.4026354253292084,
-0.14696352183818817,
-0.38710156083106995,
-0.27737730741500854,
0.5528492331504822,
-0.40330907702445984,
1.3836555480957031,
0.07839082926511765,
-0.34935370087623596,
0.23117929697036743,
-0.20529823005199432,
0.9835553169250488,
0.5364960432052612,
-0.616609513759613,
0.5800744295120239,
-0.164015531539917,
-0.2691712975502014,
-0.4726393222808838,
-0.06332797557115555,
-0.09908726066350937,
0.15500929951667786,
0.15568751096725464,
0.37206554412841797,
0.13843700289726257,
-0.02750149741768837,
0.8468855619430542,
0.0284905843436718,
-0.5561169981956482,
0.1710347831249237,
-0.03676947206258774,
0.5154045224189758,
-1.2218520641326904,
0.5992031097412109,
0.20362916588783264,
-0.007299636956304312,
0.3927558362483978,
-0.7320594191551208,
0.19718320667743683,
-0.025452129542827606,
0.05115078017115593,
0.2121347039937973,
-1.2962486743927002,
0.01181078888475895,
0.3047126531600952,
-0.26310357451438904,
-0.6754084825515747,
0.08282749354839325,
-0.3645592927932739,
-0.29556703567504883,
0.05274658650159836,
-0.1294519454240799,
-0.5776184797286987,
-0.2285260409116745,
0.23873908817768097,
-0.42441076040267944,
0.7487680315971375,
0.35178613662719727,
0.5762640237808228,
0.4599757790565491,
1.200681447982788,
-0.5249296426773071,
-0.796892523765564,
0.5515244007110596,
0.5935173630714417,
0.812093198299408,
-0.12422467023134232,
0.8174690008163452,
-0.23544029891490936,
-0.3919808864593506,
0.4359639883041382,
-0.44262468814849854,
0.5383487343788147,
-0.15966756641864777,
0.18809372186660767,
-0.20288322865962982,
0.4330615997314453,
0.15153072774410248,
-0.2780095934867859,
-0.19973567128181458,
-1.1683146953582764,
0.27050745487213135,
-0.39023005962371826,
0.005851937457919121,
-0.9449228644371033,
-0.47154393792152405,
0.4106246829032898,
0.6491931080818176,
-0.0033755593467503786,
-0.038548510521650314,
-0.2320665419101715,
-0.740007758140564,
0.354694664478302,
0.38735079765319824,
0.7047377228736877,
0.1634281724691391,
0.05081624165177345,
0.2143186330795288,
-0.41517019271850586,
0.6524693965911865,
-0.6804779171943665,
-0.19769667088985443,
0.2248103767633438,
-0.3798467218875885,
0.16382643580436707,
0.10746928304433823,
0.3141009211540222,
-0.28161337971687317,
0.7247415781021118,
-0.18055491149425507,
-0.02091890014708042,
0.1723758429288864,
0.36770838499069214,
-0.4555865228176117,
0.789365828037262,
-0.8082002401351929,
0.18286338448524475,
0.1660405397415161,
-0.2962969243526459,
-0.2028987556695938,
-0.6624804735183716,
-4.953915119171143,
0.08131849020719528,
0.12143664062023163,
-0.3735623359680176,
0.5842719078063965,
0.15432757139205933,
0.5494709014892578,
-0.5466429591178894,
-0.15162897109985352,
-0.06484868377447128,
0.5318047404289246,
-0.1688692271709442,
0.31004470586776733,
0.39110633730888367,
0.8769249320030212,
0.4167730510234833,
0.8063443899154663,
-0.08904332667589188,
0.26298433542251587,
-0.5094363689422607,
-0.6383950710296631,
0.1976902335882187,
0.24384747445583344,
0.15229596197605133,
-0.26461538672447205,
0.7352277040481567,
-0.32478994131088257,
-0.6723247766494751,
-1.1457958221435547,
-0.49349749088287354,
-0.3796004354953766,
0.11298306286334991,
0.42376771569252014,
0.037663184106349945,
-1.1232459545135498,
0.6153889298439026,
0.41996896266937256,
0.466152548789978,
0.5428078770637512,
-0.6115559935569763,
0.4518435001373291,
0.3667469024658203,
-0.04480396583676338,
0.17541737854480743,
0.8556305766105652,
-1.245068073272705,
-0.5170912742614746,
0.09949702024459839,
-0.12218549102544785,
0.806048572063446,
-0.29011911153793335,
0.23062342405319214,
1.1560144424438477,
-0.0373087041079998,
-0.14571969211101532,
0.24701666831970215,
0.4391001760959625,
0.16212894022464752,
0.266091912984848,
0.5533592700958252,
-0.24440546333789825,
-0.37784531712532043,
-0.05937879532575607,
-0.04643602296710014,
-0.00678310077637434,
-0.301151841878891,
-0.09065722674131393,
0.4400177001953125,
0.4280427396297455,
0.17649400234222412,
-0.21560849249362946,
0.3568103313446045,
-0.2115805596113205,
-1.027613878250122,
-0.00033927749609574676,
-0.23422560095787048,
-0.35492458939552307,
-0.034221090376377106,
0.2898324728012085,
0.10304365307092667,
0.16790421307086945,
0.04847712069749832,
0.15274010598659515,
-0.14304187893867493,
0.09220640361309052,
-0.5952643156051636,
-0.31877991557121277,
0.23012112081050873,
-0.324527770280838,
-0.3780839145183563,
0.447234570980072,
-0.5253798961639404,
0.03793075308203697,
0.6789909601211548,
0.1268182396888733,
0.35324907302856445,
0.6389557123184204,
-0.1776847392320633,
0.13331322371959686,
-0.40681368112564087,
-0.11018303781747818,
-0.3944811224937439,
0.6242284774780273,
-0.29065459966659546,
-0.4565817713737488,
-0.05385377258062363,
-0.2896791100502014,
0.5598408579826355,
0.6618026494979858,
-0.04555416479706764,
0.17424891889095306,
-0.32942327857017517,
-0.5438807010650635,
-0.46152377128601074,
-0.3126077353954315,
-0.7358916997909546,
-0.44021862745285034,
0.7068598866462708,
0.1892838031053543,
-0.1303589791059494,
0.06140269339084625,
-0.09246721863746643,
0.1556369960308075,
-0.13180966675281525,
-0.6560488343238831,
-0.048502903431653976,
1.0451363325119019,
0.4588705897331238,
-0.5431675910949707,
-0.038877639919519424,
-0.45205584168434143,
0.2759774327278137,
0.13933740556240082,
0.7443594932556152,
-0.503546953201294,
-0.27306559681892395,
-0.19661535322666168,
-0.680834174156189,
0.5077842473983765,
-0.007763009052723646,
0.5748370289802551,
-0.39232373237609863,
-0.4315895438194275,
0.8302425146102905,
-0.2451481968164444,
0.4559969902038574,
0.6660902500152588,
0.9693443179130554,
-0.9307900667190552,
0.6406450271606445,
-0.6910223960876465,
0.3174111843109131,
0.5229315757751465,
-0.9477060437202454,
-0.1732705682516098,
-0.07252650707960129,
0.14569725096225739,
0.4891798496246338,
-0.2492968887090683,
-0.12702883780002594,
0.008234849199652672,
0.9246935248374939,
-0.7018264532089233,
0.2976260781288147,
0.10062315315008163,
0.11416381597518921,
-0.09905330836772919,
-0.2394099086523056,
-0.8359599709510803,
0.5815515518188477,
0.2305646538734436,
-0.8044385313987732,
-0.9345199465751648,
-0.1619562804698944,
0.10350780189037323,
0.2220039814710617,
0.2731201648712158,
0.2649397850036621,
0.4197959899902344,
0.06234285607933998,
-0.009450163692235947,
0.24783404171466827,
-0.02856861986219883,
0.3445810079574585,
0.44652336835861206,
-0.356505811214447,
-0.2440553605556488,
-0.15216322243213654,
0.4070034325122833,
-0.5743671655654907,
0.3139217793941498,
-0.2523147165775299,
0.32770875096321106,
0.17938627302646637,
0.2024558186531067,
-0.40228256583213806,
0.47755274176597595,
0.045782845467329025,
0.2704034447669983,
-0.5197816491127014,
0.1411750465631485,
0.80821293592453,
-0.6263644099235535,
0.46308305859565735,
0.4952448308467865,
-0.9218761920928955,
0.07749181985855103,
0.17033304274082184,
0.024198733270168304,
1.1234403848648071,
-0.4425570070743561,
-1.2795661687850952,
0.019561471417546272,
0.27688324451446533,
-0.21966390311717987,
-0.24891942739486694,
0.25936418771743774,
-0.2728046774864197,
-0.2945973575115204,
-0.31477075815200806,
-0.05552711337804794,
-0.3506620228290558,
-0.18519793450832367,
0.291730672121048,
-1.2135878801345825,
-0.07484955340623856,
0.284080445766449,
-0.4349138140678406,
0.7179456353187561,
-0.7650203108787537,
-0.05361388623714447,
0.7207974791526794,
0.5881117582321167,
0.7265098094940186,
0.22967198491096497,
-0.05171554163098335,
0.11405253410339355,
-0.19630607962608337,
0.16382847726345062,
0.5629192590713501,
0.3759019672870636,
1.2857517004013062,
0.497901052236557,
-0.38147175312042236,
-0.10423166304826736,
-0.3038906157016754,
0.018812399357557297,
-0.6622790098190308,
-0.6247667670249939,
0.5486355423927307,
-0.0871460810303688,
0.1722179502248764,
-0.18494737148284912,
0.07618077844381332,
0.7664178013801575,
-0.8787109851837158,
0.2608228027820587,
0.35351476073265076,
0.5628437995910645,
-0.005653863772749901,
-0.06641548126935959,
0.2547345459461212,
-0.5830830931663513,
0.22267629206180573,
-0.10206403583288193,
-0.003936296328902245,
-0.07891884446144104,
-1.0118558406829834,
0.8765974044799805,
-0.4358149468898773,
-0.5192264318466187,
-0.3882324695587158,
0.24495017528533936,
0.048403412103652954,
-0.08193112909793854,
0.20184731483459473,
0.17962445318698883,
-0.7082439661026001,
0.1753891259431839,
-0.17331460118293762,
-0.7795128226280212,
0.19485028088092804,
0.36900079250335693,
-1.0460624694824219,
0.4104281961917877,
-0.46496015787124634,
-0.1330215036869049,
-0.6097050309181213,
-0.2257222980260849,
-0.1605416089296341,
-0.7375257015228271,
-0.35409268736839294,
0.007001207210123539,
-0.01600627973675728,
-0.07938788831233978,
0.10834860801696777,
-0.4703756868839264,
0.2672633230686188,
-0.5693389177322388,
-0.000031053343263920397,
-0.8673141598701477,
0.6673226952552795,
-0.4402802884578705,
-0.4959554970264435,
0.2869017720222473,
-0.0473460778594017,
-0.04624081775546074,
-0.354062020778656,
-0.43176916241645813,
0.1785498708486557,
-0.8239256143569946,
0.28628045320510864,
0.4650135934352875,
0.5802447199821472,
-0.02945845015347004,
-0.5866245627403259,
0.02740570530295372,
-1.0833126306533813,
-0.02799256332218647,
0.34216591715812683,
-0.24215535819530487,
-0.12296311557292938,
0.6004291772842407,
0.2942897379398346,
-0.08269193023443222,
1.301626205444336,
-0.540116548538208,
-0.33622291684150696,
-0.5850154161453247,
0.19888156652450562,
-0.07979955524206161,
0.011309023946523666,
-0.3136613667011261,
0.9161912202835083,
-0.500503420829773,
-0.22624503076076508,
0.1806260049343109,
0.023000424727797508,
-0.1696433573961258,
0.8733333349227905,
-0.5270930528640747,
0.48974478244781494,
-0.3012150824069977,
-0.42431843280792236,
-0.5499826669692993,
0.27323609590530396,
0.06679556518793106,
0.09939853101968765,
0.011157339438796043,
0.04882334917783737,
0.7090500593185425,
-0.05014923959970474,
0.3482721447944641,
-0.4893469512462616,
-0.1439003050327301,
0.7924632430076599,
0.28413376212120056,
0.009626645594835281,
-0.623328685760498,
0.20896877348423004,
0.21463628113269806,
-0.03925319388508797,
0.3355788588523865,
0.13518892228603363,
0.2848682403564453,
-0.3073804974555969,
0.24542155861854553,
-0.20825165510177612,
-0.4738726317882538,
0.42193248867988586,
-0.02778441458940506,
0.10781534016132355,
0.20115375518798828,
-0.37989911437034607,
-0.2081027776002884,
0.23782040178775787,
0.1565515398979187,
0.1530083417892456,
0.17420914769172668,
-0.38679197430610657,
-0.4479255676269531,
0.1652441769838333,
-0.046260636299848557,
-0.6769087910652161,
0.3493961691856384,
-0.5307547450065613,
-0.7755935192108154,
0.514193594455719,
-0.46144863963127136,
-0.6343844532966614,
0.524786651134491,
-0.012299628928303719,
-0.4987665116786957,
0.059551212936639786,
-0.6066169142723083,
-0.3130471408367157,
0.10268686711788177,
0.6348097920417786,
0.3117651641368866,
0.439610093832016,
-0.009581359103322029,
0.579350471496582,
-0.9733452200889587,
0.41624683141708374,
-0.26787269115448,
0.5257259011268616,
-0.555851936340332,
-0.0276360921561718,
-0.3846133053302765,
-0.25808185338974,
-0.17713062465190887,
0.1789749562740326,
0.11834320425987244,
0.3355601131916046,
-0.7053465843200684,
0.0002101992431562394,
0.4978996515274048,
-0.15866923332214355,
-0.3925665020942688,
-0.4387718141078949,
0.21309827268123627,
0.13597188889980316,
0.8505727052688599,
0.3475794494152069,
0.46902620792388916,
0.10101431608200073,
0.9143947958946228,
-0.4378213882446289,
-0.7360795736312866,
0.24107840657234192,
0.5722922682762146,
-0.43926161527633667,
-0.20648860931396484,
0.29517868161201477,
-0.6824010014533997,
0.503997802734375,
-0.12372659146785736,
0.8190000653266907,
0.1638437807559967,
-0.10729966312646866,
-0.3029218316078186,
0.08010783046483994,
0.641406238079071,
-0.05257760360836983,
0.1719767451286316,
0.21791738271713257,
-0.21587617695331573,
-0.6625409722328186,
-0.24406686425209045,
0.29140082001686096,
0.47444266080856323,
-0.48177146911621094,
0.2675268352031708,
-0.07752101123332977,
-0.0468466579914093,
0.11107087880373001,
-0.06363724917173386,
-0.8008103966712952,
-0.2635183036327362,
-0.14261512458324432
] |
256733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ireland%20%28composer%29 | John Ireland (composer) | John Nicholson Ireland (13 August 187912 June 1962) was an English composer and teacher of music. The majority of his output consists of piano miniatures and of songs with piano. His best-known works include the short instrumental or orchestral work "The Holy Boy", a setting of the poem "Sea-Fever" by John Masefield, a formerly much-played Piano Concerto, the hymn tune Love Unknown and the choral motet "Greater Love Hath No Man".
Life
John Ireland was born in Bowdon, near Altrincham, Cheshire, into a family of English and Scottish descent and some cultural distinction. His father, Alexander Ireland, a publisher and newspaper proprietor, was aged 69 at John's birth. John was the youngest of the five children from Alexander's second marriage (his first wife had died). His mother, Annie Elizabeth Nicholson Ireland, was a biographer and 30 years younger than Alexander. She died in October 1893, when John was 14, and Alexander died the following year, when John was 15. John Ireland was described as "a self-critical, introspective man, haunted by memories of a sad childhood".
Ireland entered the Royal College of Music in 1893, studying piano with Frederic Cliffe, and organ, his second study, under Walter Parratt. From 1897 he studied composition under Charles Villiers Stanford. In 1896 Ireland was appointed sub-organist at Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, London SW1, and later, from 1904 until 1926, was organist and choirmaster at St Luke's Church, Chelsea.
Ireland began to make his name in the early 1900s as a composer of songs and chamber music. His Violin Sonata No. 1 of 1909 won first prize in an international competition organised by the well-known patron of chamber music W. W. Cobbett. Even more successful was his Violin Sonata No. 2: completed in January 1917, he submitted this to a competition organised to assist musicians in wartime. The jury included the violinist Albert Sammons and the pianist William Murdoch, who together gave the work its first performance at Aeolian Hall in New Bond Street on 6 March that year. As Ireland recalled, "It was probably the first and only occasion when a British composer was lifted from relative obscurity in a single night by a work cast in a chamber-music medium." The work was enthusiastically reviewed, and the publisher Winthrop Rogers offered immediate publication (the first edition was sold out even before it had been processed by the printers). A subsequent performance of the Violin Sonata by Ireland and the violinist Désiré Defauw drew a packed audience to the Wigmore Hall in London.
Ireland frequently visited the Channel Islands and was inspired by the landscape and the ambience. In 1912 he composed the piano piece The Island Spell (the first of the three pieces in his set Decorations) while staying in Jersey, and his set of three pieces for piano Sarnia: An Island Sequence was written while living in Guernsey in 1939 to 1940. He returned from Guernsey to Britain in 1940 just before the German invasion of the Channel Islands during World War II.
From 1923 he taught at the Royal College of Music. His pupils there included Richard Arnell, Ernest John Moeran, Benjamin Britten (who later described Ireland as possessing "a strong personality but a weak character"), composer Alan Bush, Geoffrey Bush (no relation to Alan), who subsequently edited or arranged many of Ireland's works for publication, Anthony Bernard and Percy Turnbull (who became a lifelong friend).
John Ireland was a lifelong bachelor, except for a brief interlude when, in quick succession, he married, separated, and divorced. On 17 December 1926, aged 47, he married a 17-year pupil, Dorothy Phillips. This marriage was dissolved on 18 September 1928, and it is believed not to have been consummated. He took a similar interest in another young student, Helen Perkin (1909–1996), a pianist and composer, to whom he dedicated both the Piano Concerto in E-flat major and the Legend for piano and orchestra (which began life as a second concerto). She gave the premiere performance of both works, but any thoughts he had for a deeper relationship with her came to nothing when she married George Mountford Adie, a disciple of George Gurdjieff, and she later moved with Adie to Australia. Subsequently, Ireland withdrew the dedications. In 1947 Ireland acquired a personal assistant and companion, Mrs Norah Kirkby, who remained with him till his death. Despite these associations with women, it is clear from his private papers that he was a closeted homosexual; several commentators support this view.
On 10 September 1949, his 70th birthday was celebrated in a special Prom concert, at which his Piano Concerto was played by Eileen Joyce, who was also the first pianist to record the concerto, in 1942.
Ireland retired in 1953, settling in the hamlet of Rock in Sussex, where he lived in a converted windmill, Rock Mill, Washington, for the rest of his life. It was there he met the young pianist Alan Rowlands who would be Ireland's choice to record his complete piano music.
He died of heart failure aged 82 at Rock Mill and is buried at St. Mary the Virgin in Shipley, near his home. His epitaph reads "Many waters cannot quench love" and "One of God's noblest works lies here."
Music
From Stanford, Ireland inherited a thorough knowledge of the music of Beethoven, Brahms and other German classical composers, but as a young man he was also strongly influenced by Debussy and Ravel as well as by the earlier works of Stravinsky and Bartók. From these influences, he developed his own brand of "English Impressionism", related more closely to French and Russian models than to the folk-song style then prevailing in English music.
Like most other Impressionist composers, Ireland favoured small forms and wrote neither symphonies nor operas, although his Piano Concerto is considered among his best works. His output includes some chamber music and a substantial body of piano works, including his best-known piece The Holy Boy, known in numerous arrangements. He wrote songs to poems by A. E. Housman, Thomas Hardy, Christina Rossetti, John Masefield, Rupert Brooke and others. Due to his job at St Luke's Church, he also wrote hymns, carols, and other sacred choral music; among choirs he is probably best known for the anthem Greater love hath no man, often sung in services that commemorate the victims of war. The hymn tune Love Unknown is sung in churches throughout the English-speaking world, as is his Communion Service in C major.
His works have been recorded and performed by Choir of Westminster Abbey, The Choir of Wells Cathedral and many others.
He appears as pianist in a recording of his Fantasy-Sonata for Clarinet and Piano with Frederick Thurston, his Cello Sonata (1923) with cellist Antoni Sala and his Violin Sonata No. 1 (1909) with Frederick Grinke, who performed and recorded several of his chamber works. His Piano Sonatina (192627) and a number from his cycle Songs Sacred and Profane (1929) were dedicated to his friend the conductor and BBC music producer Edward Clark.
Ireland wrote his only film score for the 1946 Australian film The Overlanders, from which an orchestral suite was extracted posthumously by Charles Mackerras. Some of his pieces, such as the popular A Downland Suite and Themes from Julius Caesar, were completed or re-transcribed after his death by his student Geoffrey Bush.
Works
Chamber works
A to R
Bagatelle for violin and piano (1911)
Berceuse for violin and piano (1902)
Fantasy-Sonata in E-flat major for clarinet and piano (1943)
Cavatina for violin and piano (1904)
The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for cello and piano (arr. 1919)
The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for violin and piano (arr. 1919)
The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for string quartet (arr. 1941)
Phantasie, Trio No. 1 in A minor for violin, cello and piano (1906)
S to Z
Sextet for clarinet, horn and string quartet (1898)
Sonata in G minor for cello and piano (1923)
Sonata No. 1 in D minor for violin and piano
Sonata No. 2 in A minor for violin and piano (1915–1917)
String Quartet No. 1 in D minor (1897)
String Quartet No. 2 in C minor (1897)
Trio No. 2 in One Movement for violin, cello and piano (1917)
Trio No. 3 in E for violin, cello and piano (1938)
Trio in D minor for clarinet, cello and piano (1912–1914)
Church music
A to G
Benedictus in F
Communion Service in A flat (Treble voices and organ)
Communion service in C
Evening Service in A (SATB and organ)
Evening Service in C (SATB and organ)
Evening Service in F
Ex Ore Innocentium (treble voices and organ or piano)
Greater Love Hath No Man (motet)
H to Z
The Hills (chorus a capella)
Jubilate Deo in F major
Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in C major
Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in F major
"My Song Is Love Unknown" (hymn)
Te Deum in F major
Vexilla Regis (anthem)
Film score
The Overlanders (1946)
Orchestra
A to L
Comedy Overture (1934)
Concertino Pastorale (string orchestra) (1939)
A Downland Suite (1932)
Epic March (1942)
The Forgotten Rite (1913, published 1918)
The Holy Boy (string orchestra, arr. 1941)
London Overture (1936)
M to Z
Mai-Dun, A Symphonic Rhapsody (1921)
Meditation on John Keble's Rogation Hymn (1958)
Orchestral Poem
Poem
Satyricon – Overture (1946)
Symphonic Studies
Tritons (1899)
Two Symphonic Studies
Organ
A to G
Alla marcia
Capriccio
Cavatina (arr. of Cavatina for violin and piano, 1904)
Elegiac Romance
Elegy (from Downlands Suite – arr. Alec Rowley)
Epic March (arr. Robert Gower)
H to Z
The Holy Boy (1913, arr. 1919 by Alec Rowley)
Marcia Popolare
Meditation on John Keble's Rogation Hymn
Miniature Suite
Sursum Corda
Piano
A to L
The Almond Tree (1913)
Ballad (1929)
Ballade of London Nights (1930)
Columbine (1949)
The Darkened Valley (1920)
Decorations (191213)
The Island Spell
Moonglade
The Scarlet Ceremonies
Equinox (1922)
First Rhapsody (1906)
Green Ways – Three Lyric Pieces (1937)
The Cherry Tree
Cypress
The Palm and May
In Those Days (1895)
Daydream
Meridian
Indian Summer (1932)
Leaves from a Child's Sketchbook (1918)
By the Mere
In the Meadow
The Hunt's Up
London Pieces (191720)
Chelsea Reach
Ragamuffin
Soho Forenoons
M to S
Mai-Dun, A Symphonic Rhapsody, arranged for piano four hands (1931)
Merry Andrew (1919)
Month's Mind (1935)
On a Birthday Morning (1922)
Prelude in E-flat major (1924)
Preludes for Piano (191315)
The Undertone
Obsession
The Holy Boy
Fire of Spring
Rhapsody (1915)
Sarnia: An Island Sequence (194041)
Le Catioroc
In a May Morning
Song of the Springtides
A Sea Idyll (1960)
Soliloquy (1922)
Sonata in E (1920; premiered by Frederic Lamond on 12 June 1920, the only time he ever played it)
Sonatina (192627)
Summer Evening (1920)
T to Z
The Towing Path (1918)
Two Pieces for Piano (1921)
For Remembrance
Amberley Wild Brooks
Two Pieces for Piano (1925)
April
Bergomask
Two Pieces for Piano (192930)
February's Child
Aubade
Three Dances (1913)
Gypsy Dance
Country Dance
Reaper's Dance
Three Pastels (1941)
A Grecian Lad
The Boy Bishop
Puck's Birthday
Piano and orchestra
Legend (1933)
Piano Concerto in E-flat major (1930)
Songs
A to S
"Alpine Song" (James Vila Blake, 1911)
"Aubade" (soprano, alto and piano, 1912)
"Bed in Summer"
"The Bells of San Marie" (John Masefield, 1918)
"Earth's Call (A Sylvan Rhapsody)" (1918)
Five Poems by Thomas Hardy (song cycle, Thomas Hardy, 1926)
"Beckon to me to come"
"In my sage moments"
"It was what you bore with you, woman"
"The tragedy of that moment
"Dear, think not that they will forget you"
Five Sixteenth Century Poems (song cycle, various poets, 1938)
"A Thanksgiving" (William Cornysh)
"All in a Garden Green" (Thomas Howell)
"An Aside" (Anon.)
"A Report Song" (Nicholas Breton)
"The Sweet Season" (Richard Edwardes)
"Full Fathom Five" (William Shakespeare)
"A Garrison Churchyard" (Eric Thirkell Cooper, 1916)
"Hawthorn Time" (1919)
"The Heart's Desire" (1917)
"Hope the Hornblower" (1912)
"I Have Twelve Oxen" (1919)
"If There Were Dreams to Sell" (1918)
"If We Must Part" (1929)
"The Journey" (1920)
The Land of Lost Content (song cycle, A. E. Housman, 192021)
"The Lent Lily"
"Ladslove" ("Look not in my eyes")
"Goal and Wicket" ("Twice a week the winter thorough")
"The Vain Desire" ("If truth in hearts that perish")
"The Encounter" ("The street sounds to the soldiers' tread")
"Epilogue" ("You smile upon your friend today")
"Love is a Sickness Full of Woes"
Mother and Child (song cycle, Christina Rossetti, 1918)
"Newborn"
"The Only child"
"Hope"
"Skylark and Nightingale"
"The Blind Boy"
"Baby"
"Death Parting"
"The Garland"
"The Sacred Flame"
"Santa Chiara" (1925)
"Sea-Fever" (John Masefield, 1913)
"Song from o'er the Hill" (1913)
Songs of a Wayfarer (song cycle, various poets, 1912)
"Memory" (William Blake, "Memory, hither come")
"When Daffodils Begin to Peer" (William Shakespeare)
"English May" (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
"I Was Not Sorrowful" (Ernest Dowson, "Spleen")
"I Will Walk on the Earth" (James Vila Blake)
Songs Sacred and Profane (song cycle, various poets, 192931)
"The Advent" (Alice Meynell)
"Hymn for a Child" (Sylvia Townsend Warner)
"My Fair" (Meynell)
"The Salley Gardens" (W. B. Yeats)
"The Soldier's Return" (Warner)
"The Scapegoat" (Warner)
"Spring sorrow" (1918)
Spring Will Not Wait
T to Z
Three Songs (Arthur Symons, 191819)
"The Adoration"
"The Rat"
"Rest"
Three Songs (various poets, 1926)
"Love and Friendship" (Emily Brontë)
"Friendship in Misfortune" (poet not identified)
"The One Hope" (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
Three Songs to Poems by Thomas Hardy (1925)
"Summer Schemes"
"Her Song"
"Weathers"
"The Three Ravens" (1920)
"There is a Garden in Her Face" (two voices and piano)
"Three Variations on 'Cadet Rousselle'" (1919)
Two Songs (Eric Thirkell Cooper, 1916)
"Blind"
"The Cost"
Two Songs (Rupert Brooke, 191718)
"The Soldier"
"Blow Out, You Bugles"
Two Songs (various poets, 1920)
"The Trellis" (Aldous Huxley)
"My True Love Hath My Heart" (Sir Philip Sidney)
Two Songs (various poets, 1928)
"Tryst" (Arthur Symons)
"During Music (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
"The Vagabond" (John Masefield, 1922)
We'll to the Woods No More (song cycle, A. E. Housman, 1928)
"We'll to the Woods No More"
"In Boyhood" ("When I would muse in boyhood")
"Spring Will Not Wait" ("'Tis time, I think, by Wenlock town")
"What Are You Thinking Of?" (1924)
"When I Am Dead, My Dearest" (1924)
Chorus and orchestra
These Things Shall Be (1937)
Other (unclassified)
Brooks Equinox
Elegiac Meditation
Scherzo & Cortege (1942)
References
Bibliography
Foreman, Lewis (ed). The John Ireland Companion Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2011.
Scott-Sutherland, Colin. John Ireland Rickmansworth: Triad Press, 1980.
External links
John Ireland, from an original broadcast by Ian Lace
John Ireland discography
1879 births
1962 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century British male musicians
19th-century organists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century organists
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Benjamin Britten
Brass band composers
British male organists
Classical composers of church music
English classical composers
English classical organists
English film score composers
English male classical composers
English male film score composers
English Romantic composers
People educated at Leeds Grammar School
People from Altrincham
Pupils of Charles Villiers Stanford
People from Washington, West Sussex | [
-0.6193808317184448,
0.7539308667182922,
-0.4609214663505554,
-0.8796894550323486,
-0.31324973702430725,
0.44912081956863403,
-0.15469682216644287,
-0.13009808957576752,
-0.0887109637260437,
-0.364815890789032,
-0.3082617223262787,
-0.06237752363085747,
-0.4364088177680969,
0.5069229006767273,
-0.055890657007694244,
0.22521890699863434,
0.17592374980449677,
-0.40371227264404297,
-0.7010538578033447,
-0.449834942817688,
0.15255951881408691,
0.04801315441727638,
0.2019851952791214,
0.29799363017082214,
-0.44014498591423035,
-0.007714999374002218,
-0.14447751641273499,
-0.5191284418106079,
0.13301557302474976,
-0.2645307183265686,
-0.06312280893325806,
1.0849342346191406,
1.038668155670166,
-0.5327656269073486,
-0.5892156958580017,
0.45808252692222595,
-0.4806264042854309,
-0.08007847517728806,
0.05781816318631172,
0.31122684478759766,
-0.5776533484458923,
-0.17906275391578674,
0.5037165284156799,
-0.057682640850543976,
0.3425358235836029,
-0.007204744033515453,
-1.5249755382537842,
0.2409014254808426,
-0.5673891305923462,
-0.1278248280286789,
0.14014902710914612,
-0.060005612671375275,
0.8261613249778748,
0.038960885256528854,
-0.35287830233573914,
-0.34137266874313354,
-0.4964141845703125,
0.03386550396680832,
0.2380884289741516,
-0.7679041028022766,
0.04280845820903778,
0.4528769254684448,
0.3988635241985321,
-0.24170386791229248,
-0.18695004284381866,
0.14270861446857452,
-0.3796771168708801,
-0.28973639011383057,
0.03572455048561096,
-0.15935221314430237,
0.2461588978767395,
0.4270334839820862,
-0.18130157887935638,
-0.12322480231523514,
-0.13749700784683228,
-0.06940756738185883,
0.550571620464325,
-0.3300943374633789,
0.10019512474536896,
0.5400373339653015,
-0.08017351478338242,
-0.16382843255996704,
1.1747430562973022,
0.5428069829940796,
0.1902526617050171,
0.30724576115608215,
-1.093427300453186,
0.30708765983581543,
-0.33579176664352417,
0.2911587059497833,
-0.22210387885570526,
-0.4103321135044098,
0.7016952633857727,
0.12948235869407654,
0.07490912079811096,
0.7445786595344543,
0.16150683164596558,
0.48917004466056824,
-0.07592645287513733,
-0.13312669098377228,
0.1516200751066208,
-0.23275719583034515,
0.16436178982257843,
0.11589643359184265,
-0.4338423013687134,
-0.08262664079666138,
-0.3463909924030304,
-0.09429054707288742,
0.20446553826332092,
0.2733674645423889,
-0.811675488948822,
-0.5377727150917053,
0.0633014366030693,
0.6960173845291138,
0.19500567018985748,
0.27603235840797424,
-0.04295894876122475,
-0.13099899888038635,
-0.6437739133834839,
0.3540591597557068,
0.3236549496650696,
0.054388538002967834,
0.0007145488634705544,
0.26786547899246216,
-0.9854252934455872,
0.30047449469566345,
0.18487074971199036,
0.6721164584159851,
-0.45371389389038086,
0.32972580194473267,
-0.3093845844268799,
1.6015862226486206,
-0.5323971509933472,
-0.4402923285961151,
-0.21649543941020966,
0.3296302258968353,
-0.1840052604675293,
-0.21447086334228516,
-0.09252548217773438,
0.14152124524116516,
-0.20982886850833893,
-0.2537316679954529,
-0.3726820647716522,
-0.5319709777832031,
0.3628128170967102,
0.3346569538116455,
-1.0072097778320312,
-0.20037102699279785,
-0.016178851947188377,
0.01422559842467308,
0.1191718727350235,
0.007530143950134516,
-0.3630758225917816,
0.522627055644989,
-0.7857771515846252,
-0.01673036813735962,
0.7549340128898621,
0.3111741542816162,
0.2799853980541229,
-0.04443160444498062,
0.07500416040420532,
-0.3040551245212555,
0.27278032898902893,
-0.2532711923122406,
-0.22206774353981018,
-0.2476375848054886,
0.7687516808509827,
0.07640025019645691,
-0.3946160078048706,
-0.2231701761484146,
-0.5190868973731995,
0.10516900569200516,
0.3459396958351135,
-0.36859577894210815,
0.08217474073171616,
-0.017756352201104164,
0.16474251449108124,
0.5315027832984924,
0.12410146743059158,
0.05094548687338829,
-0.8828137516975403,
-0.18573549389839172,
0.32008445262908936,
0.18140150606632233,
-0.03922759369015694,
0.42912936210632324,
0.354659765958786,
-0.10070870071649551,
0.730414867401123,
-0.05439354479312897,
-0.842125415802002,
-0.5594505667686462,
0.24919572472572327,
-0.010624713264405727,
0.9368339776992798,
0.3528529703617096,
0.26789286732673645,
-0.7743923664093018,
0.5201780200004578,
0.6734127998352051,
0.1542673259973526,
0.08810077607631683,
0.1619785577058792,
-0.2519025504589081,
0.23352189362049103,
0.4932711124420166,
0.16288243234157562,
0.0389508455991745,
-0.11882950365543365,
0.0883907750248909,
0.4594666659832001,
-0.7596718668937683,
0.36736682057380676,
0.6495709419250488,
-0.411040723323822,
-0.9082090854644775,
-1.1340968608856201,
-0.49352532625198364,
0.3010680377483368,
-0.8203031420707703,
0.42331036925315857,
0.5351963639259338,
0.28312939405441284,
0.8508499264717102,
-0.26232844591140747,
1.3381528854370117,
0.21271157264709473,
-0.08832256495952606,
-0.15381848812103271,
-0.5133048892021179,
-0.11045219004154205,
0.3758584260940552,
-0.06742803007364273,
-0.48802798986434937,
0.4010677635669708,
0.5447964668273926,
0.06146376207470894,
-0.2733018398284912,
0.1310814917087555,
-0.4839761555194855,
0.26374170184135437,
0.3598477840423584,
-0.24723073840141296,
0.03942842409014702,
-0.3901577591896057,
0.1869908571243286,
0.4171373248100281,
-0.37374088168144226,
0.495083212852478,
0.542762041091919,
0.4805309474468231,
0.3843829333782196,
0.40431612730026245,
0.6345052123069763,
-0.5005473494529724,
-0.030156634747982025,
0.044430602341890335,
-0.4714217483997345,
0.0231317225843668,
-0.1368551403284073,
0.04368612915277481,
-0.09555425494909286,
0.699415385723114,
-0.4156075716018677,
-0.15843412280082703,
-1.1548993587493896,
0.028969230130314827,
-0.018011504784226418,
0.34542492032051086,
-0.5967743396759033,
0.4560224711894989,
-0.16437242925167084,
-0.15047137439250946,
0.6578042507171631,
0.07776395976543427,
0.3647828698158264,
-0.24908168613910675,
-0.4381375014781952,
-0.3080919086933136,
-0.8523027896881104,
0.1765834391117096,
0.3341751992702484,
-0.6184717416763306,
-0.12813489139080048,
-0.8366190195083618,
0.5762656331062317,
0.12572908401489258,
0.18627026677131653,
0.16505004465579987,
-0.01602945476770401,
0.08912628889083862,
0.9158583879470825,
-0.06866942346096039,
0.2865186929702759,
0.15137900412082672,
0.5282895565032959,
0.012167501263320446,
-0.9127143621444702,
-0.5773126482963562,
-0.8925393223762512,
-0.39531099796295166,
0.2955379784107208,
0.024907005950808525,
0.21829093992710114,
-0.256996214389801,
-0.39426806569099426,
-0.6959741115570068,
0.07309568673372269,
-5.058101654052734,
-0.5526835322380066,
-0.4824011027812958,
-0.10043282806873322,
0.18092355132102966,
-0.20789098739624023,
0.6680660247802734,
-0.4928518533706665,
0.44593149423599243,
-0.6334701776504517,
0.5362714529037476,
0.29699406027793884,
-0.11408127844333649,
0.50230473279953,
0.6780490875244141,
0.2671220898628235,
0.3280858099460602,
-0.15327098965644836,
0.061885543167591095,
0.03806936740875244,
0.0846971869468689,
-0.1835825890302658,
0.11227109283208847,
0.060610976070165634,
-0.08977396786212921,
0.02438056655228138,
-0.009147894568741322,
0.4496324956417084,
-1.02729332447052,
0.12524567544460297,
0.07267977297306061,
-0.3080396354198456,
-0.24801118671894073,
-0.48768582940101624,
-0.12458173930644989,
-0.1583966314792633,
0.548373818397522,
0.654446005821228,
0.31325018405914307,
0.08097462356090546,
0.166365846991539,
-0.44152548909187317,
-0.05674721673130989,
-0.02033206634223461,
-0.657809853553772,
-0.2969788908958435,
-0.614020586013794,
0.07825076580047607,
-0.3979324698448181,
1.0945217609405518,
0.201594740152359,
0.23439015448093414,
0.2765478491783142,
-0.07709918171167374,
-0.4379379451274872,
-0.06521639227867126,
0.5228734016418457,
-0.1033940240740776,
-0.5213267207145691,
0.20338480174541473,
0.46660107374191284,
-0.6787794232368469,
-0.15065784752368927,
-0.38836953043937683,
-0.6112293004989624,
0.07146552950143814,
-0.28266167640686035,
0.008943114429712296,
-0.026524271816015244,
-0.13162223994731903,
0.4955887496471405,
0.4364360570907593,
0.2367197722196579,
-1.0682013034820557,
-0.8672182559967041,
-0.2888951897621155,
0.7405459880828857,
-0.03496740013360977,
-0.5970661044120789,
0.18503707647323608,
0.2576896846294403,
-0.47994133830070496,
-0.3032926023006439,
0.7727684378623962,
0.6756991744041443,
0.501636803150177,
-0.6154314279556274,
0.8076716065406799,
-0.47567611932754517,
-0.22075529396533966,
0.2526678740978241,
0.0781935453414917,
-0.45086753368377686,
0.5557157397270203,
0.6919589638710022,
0.3801104724407196,
0.553626298904419,
0.10120093822479248,
0.39148256182670593,
0.019751286134123802,
-0.5560779571533203,
-0.772162675857544,
0.05167565867304802,
-0.6346291899681091,
-0.202901691198349,
-0.24536433815956116,
-0.4526539146900177,
0.22905898094177246,
1.064328670501709,
0.22139951586723328,
0.5477441549301147,
-0.5365144610404968,
-0.152800053358078,
-0.34675437211990356,
-0.7092265486717224,
-1.019871711730957,
0.3235322833061218,
0.23673197627067566,
0.41373610496520996,
-0.1847095936536789,
-0.15071673691272736,
-0.042178262025117874,
0.7307456135749817,
0.342747300863266,
-1.0644863843917847,
0.3964729607105255,
0.3761672079563141,
-0.4276597797870636,
-0.4149262309074402,
-0.08876875042915344,
-0.22336727380752563,
0.5680632591247559,
-0.4258200228214264,
0.611818790435791,
-0.056045301258563995,
0.1291009783744812,
-0.9613836407661438,
-0.20527532696723938,
0.525493860244751,
-0.20596496760845184,
0.7893294095993042,
-1.0256414413452148,
-0.23288308084011078,
-0.1758209764957428,
0.16727161407470703,
0.42624548077583313,
-0.3505987226963043,
-0.6028628349304199,
-0.2695327401161194,
-0.03291299566626549,
-0.014910913072526455,
-0.1775006502866745,
0.3281096816062927,
-0.6161471605300903,
-0.5467850565910339,
-0.10139037668704987,
-0.5154772996902466,
-0.3535323441028595,
-0.08615926653146744,
-0.09082715213298798,
0.1419864445924759,
0.08636660873889923,
-0.7287343740463257,
-0.11346196383237839,
0.566216230392456,
0.39786383509635925,
0.20278657972812653,
-0.38676971197128296,
-0.3441176116466522,
0.4023260772228241,
0.21394287049770355,
-0.2622068524360657,
-0.025280559435486794,
-0.5665977597236633,
0.3031519055366516,
-0.3911837637424469,
0.07084580510854721,
-0.33270901441574097,
-0.4057665467262268,
0.37532150745391846,
-0.2895583212375641,
-0.3139537274837494,
-1.0604212284088135,
0.2808544635772705,
0.3163696825504303,
0.42057856917381287,
-1.182774543762207,
-0.7503711581230164,
-0.0175461582839489,
0.42677047848701477,
-0.5008416175842285,
-0.5718109607696533,
0.5144234299659729,
0.4611954689025879,
-0.11173377186059952,
-0.6368046402931213,
-0.1008593961596489,
0.06619421392679214,
0.07053462415933609,
-0.9303218722343445,
0.7896235585212708,
-0.25541454553604126,
-0.19993194937705994,
-0.39005088806152344,
-0.10795168578624725,
-1.3573077917099,
0.09706989675760269,
-0.4745119512081146,
-0.4980306625366211,
0.9309882521629333,
0.6932065486907959,
-0.7781770825386047,
-0.14822641015052795,
0.7782570719718933,
-0.27364102005958557,
0.321561336517334,
-0.08635743707418442,
0.150930717587471,
-0.6825808882713318,
-0.2595364451408386,
-0.6841636300086975,
0.13564638793468475,
-0.4571247100830078,
0.1787237972021103,
-0.4832993745803833,
0.22314003109931946,
0.160427987575531,
-0.271124929189682,
-0.016592156141996384,
0.17487196624279022,
-0.5843249559402466,
0.2632617950439453,
0.0034612631425261497,
0.10119976848363876,
-0.05389653891324997,
-0.14022201299667358,
0.04444042965769768,
-0.28577810525894165,
-0.7258417010307312,
0.9075173139572144,
0.39841556549072266,
1.0462197065353394,
0.8412818908691406,
-0.10041973739862442,
-0.03426840528845787,
-0.10218315571546555,
0.24283882975578308,
0.1866094321012497,
0.11914830654859543,
0.5848395824432373,
0.31259551644325256,
0.1951059103012085,
-0.5173417329788208,
-0.17850856482982635,
0.8656830191612244,
-0.3448696732521057,
0.4819943904876709,
0.39072760939598083,
0.28748589754104614,
-0.15633226931095123,
0.7009180188179016,
0.012406871654093266,
1.0842684507369995,
-0.47499310970306396,
-0.0957033559679985,
0.2729063034057617,
0.07989543676376343,
-0.011366838589310646,
0.06272447109222412,
-0.12269169837236404,
-0.144341379404068,
-0.13699175417423248,
0.0504259392619133,
0.6482099294662476,
-0.020621102303266525,
0.20028774440288544,
0.05522031709551811,
-0.603051483631134,
0.7957667112350464,
0.21528109908103943,
-0.012073985300958157,
0.19503583014011383,
-0.1263418197631836,
-0.1779741793870926,
-0.3519725203514099,
0.03427540138363838,
-0.38404250144958496,
-0.16645215451717377,
0.14334699511528015,
-0.5755882263183594,
-0.624748706817627,
-0.27446815371513367,
0.20813937485218048,
0.829097330570221,
0.10704664885997772,
0.3415699899196625,
-0.28251415491104126,
0.2414385974407196,
-0.1313178688287735,
-0.4777583181858063,
-0.3381689786911011,
0.23151619732379913,
0.667513370513916,
-0.3894580900669098,
0.145747110247612,
-0.23898689448833466,
-0.5088458061218262,
-0.5403317809104919,
-0.9218427538871765,
-0.27047163248062134,
0.3795110881328583,
-0.506740152835846,
0.13973824679851532,
0.7282352447509766,
-0.18864455819129944,
0.44315508008003235,
0.8931522965431213,
-0.7364245057106018,
0.008935242891311646,
0.21492406725883484,
0.2889940142631531,
-0.04851642996072769,
0.8546851873397827,
-0.13420793414115906,
0.2925097644329071,
0.4092472791671753,
-0.1585734337568283,
-0.23338350653648376,
-0.14306989312171936,
0.5430629253387451,
-0.06864356249570847,
-0.6644109487533569,
-0.49881651997566223,
1.283678412437439,
-0.20082341134548187,
-0.02014501579105854,
0.5538156628608704,
-0.5335149168968201,
-0.3265029191970825,
-0.37447699904441833,
0.5060683488845825,
0.32338836789131165,
0.3859848380088806,
0.01876121386885643,
-0.415178120136261,
0.062036219984292984,
-0.003614837536588311,
0.2726339101791382,
-0.8269376754760742,
-0.20970693230628967,
0.12845204770565033,
0.9679875373840332,
0.41329503059387207,
-0.2115398347377777,
-0.0240432508289814,
0.39891767501831055,
1.0448323488235474,
-0.07400618493556976,
0.7323397994041443,
0.023930015042424202,
-0.20285026729106903,
0.07645095884799957,
1.373616337776184,
-0.4817608594894409,
-0.5593336224555969,
0.16832265257835388,
0.4845096170902252,
-0.2516191303730011,
-0.22133085131645203,
0.5169088840484619,
0.147698312997818,
-0.17223601043224335,
0.1414504200220108,
1.1879932880401611,
0.37690940499305725,
0.014377334155142307,
0.5441758632659912,
0.2364962100982666,
0.11432381719350815,
0.03918798267841339,
-0.7121808528900146,
0.2616841495037079,
-0.13543744385242462,
-0.36703070998191833,
-0.28552255034446716,
-1.190955400466919,
0.01700424589216709,
-0.1411411613225937,
-0.3067905604839325,
-0.5791908502578735,
0.18553313612937927,
-0.44844895601272583,
-0.00550578348338604,
0.10916503518819809,
-0.39242902398109436,
-0.25808385014533997,
0.0027390995528548956,
0.6421068906784058,
0.26776811480522156,
0.11899478733539581,
0.49103209376335144,
-0.2322424054145813,
0.18493248522281647,
-0.1103135347366333,
-0.24360902607440948,
0.5034589171409607,
-0.7606019973754883,
0.9650455117225647,
-0.5418605208396912,
0.1913524568080902,
0.10328922420740128,
0.33217549324035645,
-0.8343594670295715,
-0.0021397052332758904,
-0.4518725574016571,
0.17364716529846191,
0.6573559045791626,
0.1855722963809967,
-0.18283624947071075,
-0.3916209042072296,
0.5977437496185303,
0.1543523371219635,
0.21825172007083893,
-0.8139863610267639,
-0.23476001620292664,
0.5281568169593811,
-0.009209886193275452,
-0.42910900712013245,
0.30066922307014465,
0.6145155429840088,
0.11697382479906082,
0.5244839787483215,
0.04744977876543999,
0.3856595754623413,
0.0333639532327652,
0.08764443546533585,
0.4425079822540283,
0.47827333211898804,
0.04464603215456009,
-0.9121944904327393,
0.9000033140182495,
0.4922384023666382,
-0.5702455043792725,
0.04332122951745987,
-0.27796483039855957,
0.13733139634132385,
0.1885250359773636,
-0.6012104749679565,
-0.457346647977829,
0.9467255473136902,
-0.18048948049545288,
-0.8170254230499268,
0.8358867168426514,
-0.780997097492218,
0.312625914812088,
-0.24512745440006256,
0.19001194834709167,
-0.06999286264181137,
-0.12741898000240326,
0.26764848828315735
] |
256734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecka%20Liljeberg | Rebecka Liljeberg | Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish former actress who starred in the Swedish film Show Me Love (Fucking Åmål) (1998).
Early life and career
Rebecka was born in the town of Turinge, Sweden to an 18-year-old Swedish mother Kristina, and a 24-year-old Finnish father, Jyrki. Her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9, Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series Sunes jul. Between 1993 and 1997, she became involved in amateur theatre, which she continued until landing a role in the film Närkontakt later in 1997. The following year, she got her breakthrough in the Lukas Moodysson film Show Me Love (Fucking Åmål) (1998). She quit high school to make the film, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Awards for best actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström.
After her roles in Fucking Åmål and Sherdil, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also starred in the relatively successful arthouse film Bear's Kiss which was her first and only English-speaking film and dubbed a character in the Swedish version of the IMAX 3D movie T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and went on to study medicine at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, one of the largest medical universities in Europe.
Personal life
Liljeberg stopped acting after her film Bear's Kiss (2002) and now works as a pediatrician. She lives in Stockholm.
Filmography
(1991) Sunes jul (television series)
(1997) Närkontakt (short film)
(1998) Längtans blåa blomma (television series)
(1998) Show Me Love ()
(1998) Lithivm (only production assistant)
(1999) Där regnbågen slutar
(1999) Sherdil
(1999-2000) Eva & Adam (television series)
(2000) Skärgårdsdoktorn (television series)
(2000) Födelsedagen
(2002) Bear's Kiss
Awards and nominations
|-
| 1999
| Guldbagge Awards
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| Rebecka Liljeberg
|
|
|-
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
People from Nykvarn Municipality
Swedish actresses
Swedish child actresses
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Swedish women physicians
Swedish pediatricians
Karolinska Institute alumni
Best Actress Guldbagge Award winners
Women pediatricians | [
-0.25403428077697754,
0.14521609246730804,
0.4737989604473114,
-0.2968089282512665,
-0.15675455331802368,
0.39545738697052,
0.9178987145423889,
-0.4017416834831238,
-0.4692986011505127,
0.3683198094367981,
0.14831316471099854,
0.5835720896720886,
-0.4637329876422882,
-0.21930170059204102,
-0.014155023731291294,
0.5944837927818298,
0.6390212178230286,
0.8592882752418518,
-0.30640944838523865,
-0.8282449841499329,
-0.009288957342505455,
-0.29505836963653564,
1.067125916481018,
-0.13048982620239258,
-0.4967210590839386,
0.13026970624923706,
0.08608764410018921,
0.23671376705169678,
0.4489923417568207,
0.025163142010569572,
0.16881056129932404,
0.6063982248306274,
0.3793223798274994,
-0.09556615352630615,
-0.1611931025981903,
0.7204135656356812,
0.04286855459213257,
0.2331884354352951,
-0.1599421501159668,
0.11608231067657471,
-0.3545668125152588,
-0.09380796551704407,
-0.2720431089401245,
-0.2788744270801544,
-0.12148485332727432,
-0.7267689108848572,
-1.5985511541366577,
0.026561567559838295,
-0.4568931460380554,
-0.17723189294338226,
0.4234595000743866,
0.19388960301876068,
0.23775380849838257,
0.8018643260002136,
0.5557147860527039,
-0.2757352888584137,
-0.3130313754081726,
-0.593306303024292,
-0.09240876138210297,
0.19132210314273834,
0.6876755356788635,
0.04423799738287926,
0.21236281096935272,
-0.4757225513458252,
0.3950924575328827,
0.296955406665802,
0.4188247621059418,
-0.034702930599451065,
0.28306445479393005,
-1.2201604843139648,
0.486819863319397,
0.16744758188724518,
-0.22229300439357758,
-1.020780086517334,
0.008564634248614311,
-0.35518768429756165,
0.07313771545886993,
-0.0819152444601059,
0.023451168090105057,
-0.03848016634583473,
0.45236265659332275,
0.007033646572381258,
0.6941056847572327,
0.650233805179596,
-0.013519441708922386,
-0.055947769433259964,
0.29087698459625244,
0.11290290951728821,
-0.6800503134727478,
0.036197010427713394,
-0.39432981610298157,
-0.2741393446922302,
0.17768381536006927,
0.4267069399356842,
0.29725372791290283,
0.1172306090593338,
-0.24694901704788208,
0.48824360966682434,
0.4235193729400635,
-0.15938769280910492,
-0.2695348560810089,
0.5119779109954834,
-0.11152391135692596,
-1.1765577793121338,
-0.20208263397216797,
-0.2879388928413391,
0.038001708686351776,
-0.37467432022094727,
-0.6078697443008423,
-0.06790061295032501,
-0.7574551105499268,
0.4701705276966095,
-0.10816722363233566,
-0.43447253108024597,
-0.5885612368583679,
0.5524799823760986,
0.09886671602725983,
-0.38530176877975464,
0.18036514520645142,
1.349351406097412,
0.14780431985855103,
-0.002357535297051072,
-0.028431029990315437,
0.27346378564834595,
-0.07294079661369324,
0.3123140037059784,
-0.44346585869789124,
0.41563042998313904,
-0.10612237453460693,
0.7790045738220215,
0.46392711997032166,
0.6609131693840027,
-0.8484137058258057,
0.7011669278144836,
0.22585125267505646,
-0.2342766523361206,
0.48071375489234924,
-0.8804818987846375,
0.344624400138855,
0.5960841178894043,
-0.7328678965568542,
-0.1195049062371254,
-0.7108283638954163,
0.049898192286491394,
0.23557735979557037,
0.19202619791030884,
0.04867326840758324,
0.08074247092008591,
-0.315819650888443,
-0.19616153836250305,
-0.20046159625053406,
-0.0838819220662117,
0.5713483691215515,
-0.5871199369430542,
-0.6299879550933838,
0.33863207697868347,
0.27677884697914124,
-0.06505243480205536,
-0.39345866441726685,
0.3733014166355133,
0.6175063252449036,
0.30293431878089905,
-0.0943564772605896,
0.4689008891582489,
0.3389756679534912,
-0.32617583870887756,
0.30052831768989563,
0.3977269232273102,
0.1359349489212036,
0.025420663878321648,
-0.47797682881355286,
0.18296119570732117,
0.1370743066072464,
0.34589633345603943,
-0.3643238842487335,
0.4253440797328949,
-0.22995473444461823,
-0.012880071997642517,
-0.0007658000686205924,
-0.22120767831802368,
-0.6499848365783691,
0.5810250639915466,
0.12381457537412643,
-0.05052432790398598,
0.4403661787509918,
0.44544634222984314,
0.27243804931640625,
0.13993564248085022,
0.6198283433914185,
0.14001250267028809,
-0.4539591372013092,
-0.7267133593559265,
0.7695421576499939,
0.5244307518005371,
0.6419264674186707,
0.005831744521856308,
-1.0273466110229492,
0.32674330472946167,
0.3651075065135956,
0.5259965658187866,
-0.3279379904270172,
-0.25394290685653687,
0.6937604546546936,
-0.015531814657151699,
0.022532807663083076,
0.16414013504981995,
-0.17888951301574707,
-0.0610528364777565,
-0.0018674280727282166,
0.7425895929336548,
-0.6082537174224854,
-0.9842115044593811,
-0.013351612724363804,
0.20852528512477875,
0.009022119455039501,
0.04326554760336876,
-0.1720200926065445,
-0.16647455096244812,
0.48454993963241577,
-0.07493472844362259,
0.019466040655970573,
0.17298780381679535,
-0.6165305972099304,
0.2327100783586502,
-0.07725810259580612,
0.949277937412262,
0.07928145676851273,
0.42649221420288086,
0.4999980926513672,
-0.2739599943161011,
0.3614061176776886,
0.659707248210907,
0.5260769128799438,
-0.2915785610675812,
0.017397401854395866,
0.6391732692718506,
0.3552442193031311,
0.4900898337364197,
0.18024280667304993,
-0.31863686442375183,
0.49696722626686096,
1.3078861236572266,
-0.015563701279461384,
0.25989213585853577,
-0.46914640069007874,
0.30981382727622986,
-0.6310124397277832,
0.10317414253950119,
-0.45319151878356934,
0.10048029571771622,
-0.3466927707195282,
-0.32128363847732544,
-0.49388402700424194,
-0.325177401304245,
-0.19623883068561554,
0.17346890270709991,
0.15437036752700806,
0.34076347947120667,
0.5065794587135315,
0.3461027145385742,
-0.49739396572113037,
-0.4151040017604828,
0.4538227319717407,
0.6500702500343323,
-0.16835445165634155,
-0.24217192828655243,
-0.24581867456436157,
-0.06412165611982346,
0.3040323257446289,
0.19545364379882812,
-0.32373255491256714,
-0.23024241626262665,
-0.23271028697490692,
0.539100706577301,
0.00532548176124692,
-0.04701060429215431,
-0.6801127791404724,
0.4167402386665344,
-0.25178948044776917,
-0.44168955087661743,
0.502764105796814,
0.6637902855873108,
0.32531222701072693,
-0.4025000333786011,
-0.13946108520030975,
-0.0029346419032663107,
-0.13291005790233612,
0.3443232774734497,
-0.27828291058540344,
-0.18586291372776031,
0.22766362130641937,
0.5470501780509949,
-0.7473359107971191,
-0.4232138991355896,
-0.030845532193779945,
-0.5327484607696533,
0.1595378816127777,
0.7028970122337341,
0.33539173007011414,
0.6242398023605347,
-0.6762215495109558,
0.6585849523544312,
-0.46403586864471436,
-0.013524518348276615,
1.0225309133529663,
-0.21183447539806366,
0.04239567369222641,
-0.191666379570961,
-5.139471054077148,
0.31660959124565125,
0.48012813925743103,
0.20708155632019043,
0.5837942361831665,
-0.2047400325536728,
0.5084747672080994,
-0.6592841148376465,
0.3227401673793793,
0.22401918470859528,
0.32141709327697754,
-0.048263780772686005,
0.22614778578281403,
0.8082762956619263,
0.05944257229566574,
0.17724081873893738,
0.3055591881275177,
-0.7849117517471313,
0.49500107765197754,
0.5067046880722046,
-0.154319629073143,
-0.011961602605879307,
-0.4098829925060272,
0.24881625175476074,
0.10646820813417435,
0.8469023108482361,
-0.46235519647598267,
-0.050442349165678024,
-0.4314208924770355,
-0.0021412207279354334,
-0.0257086344063282,
0.16024212539196014,
-0.6445159912109375,
-0.44975918531417847,
0.11230184882879257,
0.2388041466474533,
0.4201098382472992,
-0.5550678968429565,
-0.2426247000694275,
-0.3749120235443115,
0.1758137047290802,
0.4286086857318878,
-0.4272575080394745,
-0.17913395166397095,
0.20548002421855927,
-0.23617151379585266,
-0.4398791193962097,
0.17743797600269318,
-0.2245953232049942,
0.4392613470554352,
0.6925017237663269,
-0.5562045574188232,
0.04895484074950218,
-0.004211395978927612,
0.5143678188323975,
-0.20683909952640533,
0.11703407764434814,
0.17367197573184967,
-0.38017508387565613,
0.3249857425689697,
-0.17084267735481262,
0.09973868727684021,
-0.4461457133293152,
-0.813495397567749,
-0.2665468454360962,
-0.238599494099617,
0.4012417793273926,
0.26197871565818787,
1.0637826919555664,
-0.402124285697937,
0.13690069317817688,
-0.15405914187431335,
0.3212696611881256,
-1.0648744106292725,
0.23792895674705505,
-0.7292302250862122,
-0.5678662061691284,
-0.28508898615837097,
-0.9892295598983765,
-0.23067815601825714,
0.3052525222301483,
-0.523140549659729,
0.42158207297325134,
0.18096375465393066,
0.6561840772628784,
-0.36346435546875,
0.1144445538520813,
-0.012854393571615219,
-0.18055763840675354,
-0.1252690851688385,
0.06095626950263977,
-0.5265266299247742,
-0.02728983946144581,
0.5353400707244873,
0.46754103899002075,
0.7346318960189819,
0.16865745186805725,
0.14169371128082275,
-0.2517578601837158,
-0.0628749281167984,
0.3817930519580841,
-0.42222416400909424,
0.34108227491378784,
-0.3654150068759918,
-0.040636297315359116,
0.18848954141139984,
0.4804234802722931,
-0.349660724401474,
0.3876359164714813,
-0.5880663990974426,
0.4581306576728821,
0.5949792861938477,
0.43330544233322144,
0.06547502428293228,
0.44719862937927246,
-0.5093856453895569,
-0.4204411506652832,
0.3381931781768799,
0.33410513401031494,
-0.04292098432779312,
0.02208092249929905,
0.04972951114177704,
-0.22406123578548431,
-0.6270749568939209,
0.10352718830108643,
-0.04163740947842598,
-0.042661745101213455,
0.5698365569114685,
-0.14806726574897766,
0.10407454520463943,
-0.26612284779548645,
0.22186437249183655,
-0.06399427354335785,
-0.5456861853599548,
0.7537574768066406,
-0.6058205962181091,
-0.035813454538583755,
0.33684080839157104,
0.13796965777873993,
0.2494220733642578,
0.22976645827293396,
-0.9071213603019714,
-0.2870020866394043,
0.8421564102172852,
-0.20316073298454285,
0.19960229098796844,
0.626869797706604,
-0.5390570759773254,
-0.15521064400672913,
0.06758834421634674,
-0.3968682289123535,
-0.08798567205667496,
0.29938027262687683,
-0.8705353736877441,
0.04725995659828186,
0.3327266573905945,
-0.10026580095291138,
-0.28853756189346313,
-0.5957393646240234,
-0.7073355913162231,
0.09304054826498032,
-0.29145896434783936,
-1.4057852029800415,
0.19324150681495667,
-0.09801018983125687,
0.2137274444103241,
-0.3958410918712616,
-0.7266482710838318,
-0.3298945426940918,
0.47388628125190735,
-0.28437480330467224,
-1.0149186849594116,
0.19502073526382446,
0.12009937316179276,
-0.1809217482805252,
0.10676268488168716,
-0.3422092795372009,
-0.5067896246910095,
-0.5043061971664429,
-0.09702157229185104,
-0.05960424244403839,
0.09027383476495743,
-0.10432833433151245,
-0.22023725509643555,
0.38931819796562195,
-0.9036162495613098,
-0.25042492151260376,
-0.16859127581119537,
-0.626816987991333,
-0.0014556946698576212,
-0.12579533457756042,
0.5183075070381165,
0.5677086710929871,
0.4015424847602844,
-0.7034428715705872,
-0.9977009296417236,
-0.40389230847358704,
-0.08051647245883942,
0.47096624970436096,
0.007996133528649807,
0.5938342809677124,
0.47390902042388916,
-0.47792917490005493,
0.38544797897338867,
0.39998042583465576,
-0.7205947041511536,
0.5671244263648987,
0.6263920068740845,
0.1327572613954544,
0.47001269459724426,
-0.47107937932014465,
-0.3084753155708313,
0.13778062164783478,
1.087387204170227,
-0.6258195042610168,
0.1081882119178772,
0.4410035312175751,
-0.07440774887800217,
-0.5663560032844543,
-0.3327842950820923,
-0.665945827960968,
-0.8601317405700684,
-0.7345141172409058,
-0.1751822829246521,
-1.3155463933944702,
-0.4254446029663086,
0.5477607846260071,
-0.8311982750892639,
0.7945380210876465,
-0.24391093850135803,
0.6138326525688171,
0.15025532245635986,
0.6030964851379395,
-0.035607680678367615,
-0.7666546702384949,
-0.7117023468017578,
-0.01422825176268816,
0.5319790840148926,
0.3054923713207245,
0.006123865023255348,
0.5556268692016602,
0.30011463165283203,
-0.34462782740592957,
0.34785935282707214,
0.17505261301994324,
0.7479708194732666,
-0.18118040263652802,
-0.6244391202926636,
-0.009283266961574554,
0.014950932934880257,
-0.23493778705596924,
-0.3081812858581543,
-0.0846596285700798,
0.09415926039218903,
1.2869834899902344,
-0.6109142899513245,
-0.18733979761600494,
0.4070124328136444,
-0.17817501723766327,
0.265167236328125,
0.1492415964603424,
0.07873724400997162,
-0.9222726225852966,
-0.05980139225721359,
-0.44845837354660034,
0.4939405620098114,
0.13100577890872955,
-0.3755188286304474,
-0.2449822872877121,
0.2713361084461212,
-0.5713192820549011,
-0.3606358766555786,
-0.05268316715955734,
0.6667318940162659,
0.1303752213716507,
0.20798057317733765,
0.04805518686771393,
-0.8681204319000244,
0.2178950160741806,
-0.289983868598938,
-0.5622358322143555,
0.24771720170974731,
-0.13359291851520538,
-0.7613584995269775,
-0.41821572184562683,
-1.0876317024230957,
-0.007805684115737677,
-0.6558945178985596,
-0.18245863914489746,
0.40486323833465576,
-0.02899559587240219,
0.18480059504508972,
-0.2735680341720581,
-0.7271812558174133,
0.10018842667341232,
0.7618806958198547,
-0.10364609211683273,
0.8241559863090515,
0.12663081288337708,
-0.17635643482208252,
-0.3360441029071808,
-0.2339324802160263,
0.051242128014564514,
0.5619778037071228,
-0.19015896320343018,
-0.1724545657634735,
-0.28327468037605286,
-0.5110307931900024,
0.0061837537214159966,
0.41077935695648193,
-0.08319003880023956,
-0.10092175006866455,
-0.09250447154045105,
0.39748600125312805,
-0.1846279799938202,
-0.2502238154411316,
0.2524466812610626,
-0.5832955241203308,
-0.572952151298523,
0.3185344636440277,
0.5502774119377136,
-0.021402273327112198,
0.9978366494178772,
0.20584692060947418,
0.44956499338150024,
0.4796668589115143,
0.3673413097858429,
0.16831642389297485,
-0.20443987846374512,
0.018581928685307503,
0.3537887632846832,
-0.6165767908096313,
0.24992059171199799,
0.4536334276199341,
0.7271367907524109,
-0.08976826071739197,
-0.27087363600730896,
-0.2242836356163025,
0.5072866082191467,
0.35348090529441833,
0.16742849349975586,
0.9230294227600098,
-0.5581251382827759,
-0.054143138229846954,
0.08807464689016342,
-0.20574313402175903,
-0.009344447404146194,
0.08319742977619171,
0.10526780039072037,
-0.5347667336463928,
-0.5142825841903687,
-0.13450594246387482,
0.015638377517461777,
-1.444593906402588,
0.25161266326904297,
0.0012770327739417553,
0.5561404824256897,
-0.5855923891067505,
-0.5064182281494141,
0.23899342119693756,
-0.22905346751213074,
-1.1828806400299072,
0.012165294960141182,
0.816887617111206,
-0.6384804844856262,
-0.5126047730445862,
-0.3488394320011139,
-0.23112469911575317,
0.27502351999282837,
-0.5369175672531128,
-0.1398719847202301,
-0.5064556002616882,
0.028706643730401993,
0.19795545935630798,
0.34109583497047424,
0.38993850350379944,
0.15083014965057373,
-0.2207072675228119,
-0.41554105281829834,
-0.056527964770793915,
-0.06334082037210464,
0.12495094537734985,
0.29021260142326355,
-0.30022120475769043,
0.447348028421402,
-0.5437231659889221,
0.12323707342147827,
-0.018562477082014084,
-0.03449725732207298,
-0.4579983353614807,
0.5333937406539917,
-0.46082109212875366,
0.09666401892900467,
0.6441115736961365,
-0.7750229239463806,
0.21170489490032196,
-0.29959872364997864,
0.5845088958740234,
0.44064468145370483,
0.19392655789852142,
-0.08001086115837097,
1.4032126665115356,
-0.23690460622310638,
0.6284626126289368,
-0.8587827086448669,
-0.32016146183013916,
-0.7697209119796753,
0.4982518255710602,
0.5196912884712219,
0.25587451457977295,
0.4988701641559601,
0.1576109230518341,
-0.13512612879276276,
-0.06104736402630806,
-0.16471163928508759,
0.2044750154018402,
1.1047030687332153,
0.15773536264896393,
0.013205994851887226,
0.4970468282699585,
-0.25753161311149597,
-1.0190638303756714,
0.7509707808494568,
0.18237179517745972,
-0.5303429365158081,
-0.043388884514570236,
-0.45433691143989563,
-0.0017942021368071437,
0.0668758898973465,
-0.06348353624343872,
-0.10767967253923416,
0.44302117824554443,
-0.3305198848247528,
-0.24286097288131714,
-0.539944589138031,
-0.9726889729499817,
0.06058835983276367,
0.4212487041950226,
0.427351713180542,
-0.41247865557670593,
-0.10261537879705429,
-0.4379902482032776,
0.3461376130580902,
-0.6496607065200806,
0.06226757913827896,
-0.10398460179567337,
0.6235082149505615,
0.11019369214773178,
-0.3975870609283447,
-0.2421080321073532,
0.05540340393781662,
-1.3468390703201294,
0.5714602470397949,
-0.7266030311584473,
-0.35433846712112427,
0.13143283128738403,
0.06774628162384033,
-0.2365112155675888,
-0.08837713301181793,
-0.3522825241088867
] |
256737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered%20exponential | Ordered exponential | The ordered exponential, also called the path-ordered exponential, is a mathematical operation defined in non-commutative algebras, equivalent to the exponential of the integral in the commutative algebras. In practice the ordered exponential is used in matrix and operator algebras.
Definition
Let A be an algebra over a real or complex field K, and a(t) be a parameterized element of A,
The parameter t in a(t) is often referred to as the time parameter in this context.
The ordered exponential of a is denoted
where the term n = 0 is equal to 1 and
where is a higher-order operation that ensures the exponential is time-ordered: any product of a(t) that occurs in the expansion of the exponential must be ordered such that the value of t is increasing from right to left of the product; a schematic example:
This restriction is necessary as products in the algebra are not necessarily commutative.
The operation maps a parameterized element onto another parameterized element, or symbolically,
There are various ways to define this integral more rigorously.
Product of exponentials
The ordered exponential can be defined as the left product integral of the infinitesimal exponentials, or equivalently, as an ordered product of exponentials in the limit as the number of terms grows to infinity:
where the time moments are defined as for , and .
The ordered exponential is in fact a geometric integral.
Solution to a differential equation
The ordered exponential is unique solution of the initial value problem:
Solution to an integral equation
The ordered exponential is the solution to the integral equation:
This equation is equivalent to the previous initial value problem.
Infinite series expansion
The ordered exponential can be defined as an infinite sum,
This can be derived by recursively substituting the integral equation into itself.
Example
Given a manifold where for a with group transformation it holds at a point :
Here, denotes exterior differentiation and is the connection operator (1-form field) acting on . When integrating above equation it holds (now, is the connection operator expressed in a coordinate basis)
with the path-ordering operator that orders factors in order of the path . For the special case that is an antisymmetric operator and is an infinitesimal rectangle with edge lengths and corners at points above expression simplifies as follows :
Hence, it holds the group transformation identity . If is a smooth connection, expanding above quantity to second order in infinitesimal quantities one obtains for the ordered exponential the identity with a correction term that is proportional to the curvature tensor.
See also
Path-ordering (essentially the same concept)
Magnus expansion
Product integral
List of derivatives and integrals in alternative calculi
Indefinite product
Fractal derivative
References
External links
Non-Newtonian calculus website
Abstract algebra
Ordinary differential equations
Non-Newtonian calculus | [
-0.36654797196388245,
-0.4355193078517914,
0.16906094551086426,
-0.18355153501033783,
-0.20570306479930878,
-0.25299331545829773,
-0.23839902877807617,
-0.18914735317230225,
-0.17156916856765747,
-0.3260186016559601,
-0.26778432726860046,
0.6463936567306519,
-0.9229261875152588,
-0.2363995909690857,
-0.11391568928956985,
0.5867266654968262,
0.7358856201171875,
0.3491746783256531,
-0.7655143141746521,
-0.7886882424354553,
0.2978624999523163,
0.3877311050891876,
0.19137200713157654,
0.1810554563999176,
0.19751140475273132,
-0.5333055853843689,
-0.06501629203557968,
-0.14944815635681152,
0.07540726661682129,
0.34814220666885376,
-0.30975332856178284,
0.3929270803928375,
0.22097070515155792,
0.21201957762241364,
0.3263121545314789,
0.21634124219417572,
0.011759234592318535,
-0.283329039812088,
0.03115549497306347,
-0.1841587871313095,
0.2648014724254608,
-0.1192583218216896,
0.19817142188549042,
0.1540977656841278,
-0.6901096701622009,
-0.7404338717460632,
-1.1646393537521362,
-0.20880356431007385,
-0.040050480514764786,
-0.15033690631389618,
-0.5768778920173645,
-0.014584704302251339,
0.2090955376625061,
0.7393728494644165,
-0.112618587911129,
0.4473074674606323,
-0.3781687915325165,
-0.4368544816970825,
0.8892796039581299,
-0.42238494753837585,
0.1477966159582138,
0.21765018999576569,
0.048405155539512634,
-0.10657833516597748,
-0.05602939799427986,
1.122624397277832,
-0.340640664100647,
-0.028954429551959038,
-0.9786974191665649,
-0.44528478384017944,
-0.5431638956069946,
-0.4666418433189392,
-0.29155319929122925,
0.2219887226819992,
-0.4341287314891815,
-0.36827218532562256,
-0.050728585571050644,
-0.2901211977005005,
0.08083599805831909,
0.11002612113952637,
-0.15600202977657318,
0.9717410206794739,
0.21814925968647003,
-0.5616090297698975,
0.05919663608074188,
0.6066804528236389,
-0.7305397987365723,
0.4132300019264221,
-0.7188499569892883,
0.06257974356412888,
0.10086406022310257,
-0.15023034811019897,
0.11659475415945053,
0.06167834997177124,
-0.13644778728485107,
0.41724109649658203,
0.35779279470443726,
-0.7018517851829529,
0.46255964040756226,
0.4247027039527893,
-0.0753798633813858,
-0.04892194643616676,
0.019021056592464447,
-0.7710745334625244,
-0.317452073097229,
-0.45327726006507874,
-0.226321280002594,
-0.09289632737636566,
0.16314579546451569,
0.011736038140952587,
-1.1127516031265259,
0.6699400544166565,
-0.24694876372814178,
-0.5544534921646118,
-0.2202177196741104,
0.2962721288204193,
-0.31504276394844055,
0.13837727904319763,
-0.2669086754322052,
0.04116242378950119,
-0.45904380083084106,
0.647003173828125,
0.04672173410654068,
0.9304390549659729,
-0.25103095173835754,
-0.019423985853791237,
-0.19508932530879974,
1.0692797899246216,
-0.4602055251598358,
-0.14801332354545593,
0.10210680961608887,
0.47637930512428284,
0.5083602666854858,
0.3295257091522217,
0.017238333821296692,
-0.6569390892982483,
-0.5785200595855713,
0.10046884417533875,
-0.5454065799713135,
-0.15529952943325043,
-0.49495717883110046,
-0.43983468413352966,
0.2540794909000397,
-0.3989478349685669,
0.349788099527359,
-0.23076213896274567,
-0.06486127525568008,
-0.3133781850337982,
0.06456553936004639,
0.18983764946460724,
-0.01567019522190094,
0.315122127532959,
-0.9856613278388977,
-0.31960374116897583,
-0.32023265957832336,
-0.05586696416139603,
0.3584064543247223,
0.2634477913379669,
-0.30904531478881836,
0.18558411300182343,
0.04349575936794281,
-0.20997722446918488,
-0.026941590011119843,
-0.7420151829719543,
0.3970940113067627,
-1.140267014503479,
0.8312880992889404,
0.3068827688694,
-0.15128716826438904,
0.18142539262771606,
-0.4895881414413452,
-0.5557413697242737,
0.19924071431159973,
-0.19323135912418365,
-0.30799931287765503,
0.1199345514178276,
0.12999944388866425,
-0.17459309101104736,
0.5707372426986694,
-0.33369991183280945,
-0.9752067923545837,
0.31719204783439636,
0.40693533420562744,
-0.9589089155197144,
-0.3408133387565613,
0.09074843674898148,
0.4995769262313843,
0.10728081315755844,
0.1790047287940979,
0.3694249391555786,
0.12087102234363556,
0.42254868149757385,
-0.0909460112452507,
-0.8275981545448303,
0.9904283881187439,
0.20271174609661102,
-0.7910686135292053,
0.31861722469329834,
-0.23597127199172974,
-0.16207347810268402,
0.06230251118540764,
-0.20482021570205688,
0.5178242921829224,
-0.28072062134742737,
-0.0665833055973053,
0.5646296739578247,
0.12015561759471893,
0.009809394367039204,
-0.3589126467704773,
0.6251043677330017,
0.45490750670433044,
0.4719277322292328,
0.7888113260269165,
-0.16617552936077118,
0.20468135178089142,
-0.1940402388572693,
-1.0155240297317505,
0.09482625126838684,
0.15464577078819275,
0.028820648789405823,
0.49903467297554016,
0.05466374754905701,
-0.2823639214038849,
0.2777847945690155,
-0.14536836743354797,
0.6422311663627625,
0.8076563477516174,
0.8705230355262756,
0.5724906921386719,
-0.13446331024169922,
-0.08379847556352615,
-0.44728606939315796,
0.187515988945961,
0.529700756072998,
0.18343034386634827,
0.7141796350479126,
-0.031579457223415375,
-0.3906114995479584,
0.649245023727417,
-0.5002921223640442,
0.6106917262077332,
0.09742294251918793,
-0.6748921275138855,
-0.185091033577919,
0.22492240369319916,
-0.23171399533748627,
-0.4520390033721924,
-0.01540123950690031,
-0.7209410071372986,
-0.09921509772539139,
-0.3227483928203583,
-0.2517407536506653,
0.2817997634410858,
-0.38021013140678406,
-0.051837991923093796,
-0.0788186714053154,
-0.3297688663005829,
0.35065972805023193,
0.7936996221542358,
0.8108699321746826,
0.001795095857232809,
-0.23050668835639954,
-0.25467872619628906,
-0.16322071850299835,
-0.3178519606590271,
0.036051567643880844,
-0.5690178275108337,
-0.09576888382434845,
0.9153624176979065,
0.20471523702144623,
0.44657614827156067,
-0.4947381317615509,
-0.548713207244873,
0.03451099619269371,
-0.5607883334159851,
-1.1118497848510742,
-0.10992124676704407,
0.2841738760471344,
-1.021733283996582,
-0.6976118087768555,
-0.049051910638809204,
0.6431637406349182,
0.774082601070404,
-0.20001670718193054,
-0.5375385880470276,
-0.37654909491539,
-0.19742214679718018,
-0.44544413685798645,
0.040568556636571884,
-0.415275901556015,
-0.5411840081214905,
0.2323913872241974,
-0.19269739091396332,
-0.04766647517681122,
0.6494063138961792,
0.3618927001953125,
0.11236046254634857,
-0.3329463005065918,
-0.1754835695028305,
-0.2912311553955078,
-0.21784672141075134,
-0.11624743044376373,
-0.08435627073049545,
0.025254519656300545,
-0.3196299374103546,
0.2549486756324768,
0.09996146708726883,
0.6748191714286804,
-5.497111797332764,
0.28549259901046753,
-0.2737772464752197,
0.18154112994670868,
-0.34331363439559937,
0.00913399551063776,
0.038150906562805176,
0.17647776007652283,
-0.5163779854774475,
-0.0004220207338221371,
-0.09780992567539215,
-0.44262099266052246,
-0.5131636261940002,
0.7794925570487976,
0.028879251331090927,
0.07004410773515701,
0.3567681312561035,
-0.08036324381828308,
0.06176675483584404,
0.7422720193862915,
0.16343183815479279,
-0.43048861622810364,
-0.048113126307725906,
-0.340654581785202,
0.024402765557169914,
0.016542140394449234,
0.04999559745192528,
0.5054953694343567,
-0.08524342626333237,
-0.7630383372306824,
-0.33220893144607544,
-0.6278144121170044,
0.26160871982574463,
-0.7070927619934082,
-0.08063129335641861,
0.4135304093360901,
0.43750301003456116,
0.1593812108039856,
0.2782121002674103,
-0.6854569315910339,
-0.1533478945493698,
0.6890193819999695,
0.0944204330444336,
-0.4843732416629791,
0.5448409914970398,
0.24108991026878357,
-0.03730211406946182,
-0.06809869408607483,
-0.5397028923034668,
0.5606212019920349,
-0.12515932321548462,
0.075215183198452,
0.64542555809021,
-0.00623905286192894,
0.25706350803375244,
-0.08503726869821548,
-0.05640758201479912,
0.22010615468025208,
-0.05342869833111763,
0.48412635922431946,
0.4087051451206207,
-0.49542269110679626,
0.530133843421936,
-0.11925944685935974,
-0.5771167874336243,
0.33040520548820496,
-0.31803393363952637,
-0.044627659022808075,
0.7436432242393494,
0.18765023350715637,
-0.1564614176750183,
-0.0091549102216959,
0.39486226439476013,
-0.3272153437137604,
-0.047850970178842545,
-0.2989198863506317,
0.5355650782585144,
-0.4163098931312561,
-0.07742990553379059,
0.3183828890323639,
-0.13039910793304443,
-0.26063814759254456,
-0.3078974783420563,
0.27319273352622986,
0.28383567929267883,
0.045873261988162994,
-0.08392982929944992,
-0.04657166451215744,
-0.7005265355110168,
0.12856262922286987,
0.15036442875862122,
0.34675660729408264,
0.3388512134552002,
0.6525682806968689,
0.31746357679367065,
-0.043203599750995636,
0.5390661954879761,
0.17752359807491302,
0.33640551567077637,
-0.39076367020606995,
0.8732990622520447,
-0.05418189987540245,
0.03438885509967804,
-0.03204302862286568,
0.16151666641235352,
0.03677154704928398,
-0.5195895433425903,
0.4989938735961914,
0.2708700895309448,
-0.3388865292072296,
-0.4509628713130951,
0.42482149600982666,
-0.3225663900375366,
-0.45410826802253723,
0.48631489276885986,
0.24633915722370148,
-0.5601147413253784,
0.23435761034488678,
1.1673485040664673,
-0.2816522717475891,
-0.16414205729961395,
0.8070357441902161,
0.11213605105876923,
-0.27408188581466675,
-0.4093550443649292,
-0.13879495859146118,
0.20695914328098297,
0.570399820804596,
-0.11164817959070206,
-0.6282246112823486,
-0.3742470145225525,
0.5302269458770752,
-0.3377370536327362,
0.12445122748613358,
0.22946807742118835,
-0.6531311869621277,
0.0871298760175705,
0.46960362792015076,
-0.22593215107917786,
0.08463714271783829,
0.9352589845657349,
-0.019163070246577263,
0.07624305784702301,
-0.5304950475692749,
0.3806169927120209,
0.2793082594871521,
-0.08975636214017868,
-0.11577998101711273,
-0.6752672791481018,
0.33054736256599426,
0.16880342364311218,
-0.30521446466445923,
0.990305483341217,
-0.6613251566886902,
0.13771285116672516,
0.37669917941093445,
-0.5789086222648621,
0.2233911007642746,
0.3191867470741272,
-0.5302766561508179,
0.6957029104232788,
-0.09705246239900589,
-0.011484654620289803,
-0.4548432230949402,
-0.2978057265281677,
0.9741376042366028,
-0.6425819396972656,
-0.559314489364624,
-0.1580287218093872,
0.17929920554161072,
0.05050699785351753,
0.2585885226726532,
-0.3211685121059418,
-0.6756857633590698,
0.4448074698448181,
-0.01595834456384182,
0.08738387376070023,
-0.2013726532459259,
0.30537930130958557,
-0.4085247814655304,
0.487406462430954,
-0.5390525460243225,
-0.17082396149635315,
0.5750082731246948,
1.307632565498352,
-0.31900957226753235,
0.09191817790269852,
0.2582099735736847,
-1.0865553617477417,
-0.30320605635643005,
0.4471178650856018,
-0.08604957908391953,
-0.3294753432273865,
-0.5905263423919678,
0.1752651184797287,
-0.12425541877746582,
0.10619998723268509,
0.07505135983228683,
-0.16694077849388123,
-0.631403386592865,
-0.13965611159801483,
0.2007165104150772,
-0.2962724566459656,
0.7151833176612854,
0.3259052634239197,
-0.17351534962654114,
-0.39923521876335144,
-0.10449638217687607,
-0.291456937789917,
0.4764200747013092,
-0.2855657637119293,
-0.549732506275177,
-0.5204054713249207,
-0.8400242328643799,
0.0774441808462143,
0.6471439599990845,
0.2654680907726288,
-0.5309840440750122,
-0.18797805905342102,
-0.5350568890571594,
0.357150137424469,
-0.6358175873756409,
0.25694769620895386,
0.5923562049865723,
0.2197933793067932,
0.01373283937573433,
0.0062232790514826775,
-0.607462465763092,
0.7329847812652588,
0.14880093932151794,
-0.4802930951118469,
0.18983449041843414,
-0.5692785978317261,
-0.01591753028333187,
-0.21599428355693817,
-0.8308307528495789,
-0.22849278151988983,
0.5446750521659851,
-0.745406985282898,
-0.2784198820590973,
0.1812889724969864,
1.0364327430725098,
-0.368023157119751,
-0.541184663772583,
0.3738914430141449,
0.7605392932891846,
0.2536458671092987,
-0.2296772301197052,
-0.0446610189974308,
0.10567183792591095,
0.06179335340857506,
0.20998036861419678,
0.18302837014198303,
-0.025559967383742332,
0.7542473673820496,
-0.19734779000282288,
0.34270039200782776,
-0.4776662588119507,
0.380600243806839,
0.18621638417243958,
-0.3392815887928009,
-0.09052427113056183,
-0.19179384410381317,
0.10544131696224213,
0.3953190743923187,
0.460587739944458,
-0.4144679605960846,
0.2706957757472992,
0.4511202275753021,
0.042294327169656754,
0.2843139171600342,
-0.37807735800743103,
0.2449931502342224,
0.9338163137435913,
0.48867398500442505,
0.2149401307106018,
-0.006315513979643583,
0.06896812468767166,
-0.34477633237838745,
-0.23525208234786987,
-0.5245219469070435,
-0.17460086941719055,
-0.2754381000995636,
-0.7432087063789368,
-0.13095897436141968,
-0.12405607104301453,
0.12531185150146484,
0.01981939561665058,
-0.3508182466030121,
0.47483062744140625,
-0.6898593306541443,
0.04284517839550972,
-0.023172205314040184,
-0.3195773959159851,
-0.13598844408988953,
0.6660779118537903,
0.40745341777801514,
0.13453929126262665,
-0.1402721107006073,
-0.5461003184318542,
-0.47596293687820435,
-0.1229814812541008,
-0.13515102863311768,
0.1695454716682434,
0.2545696198940277,
0.673201858997345,
0.29023414850234985,
-0.08743210881948471,
-0.4280919134616852,
-0.10483928769826889,
0.26869070529937744,
0.4156723916530609,
-0.3481336534023285,
0.4287172257900238,
-0.03785459324717522,
-0.0642712414264679,
0.4743019938468933,
-0.30792364478111267,
0.39132556319236755,
0.40315815806388855,
-0.38237911462783813,
0.5162301659584045,
-0.18053053319454193,
-0.2852044999599457,
-0.7463258504867554,
0.023114541545510292,
-0.1913059651851654,
-0.029729558154940605,
-0.35569339990615845,
0.4555515646934509,
0.5634844303131104,
0.7122936248779297,
-0.7922028303146362,
0.943329393863678,
-0.2843608856201172,
-0.11174088716506958,
0.011610292829573154,
-0.4268084466457367,
0.1904553323984146,
0.29852092266082764,
0.8499992489814758,
0.8915109038352966,
-0.5461190938949585,
0.5571357607841492,
0.3550587594509125,
0.29975250363349915,
-0.016690313816070557,
-0.06845477223396301,
-0.3326992690563202,
0.5477745532989502,
0.5830568075180054,
-0.283769816160202,
0.4603847861289978,
-0.29141202569007874,
-0.44067659974098206,
-0.014661719091236591,
0.3156600594520569,
-0.12438298016786575,
0.3218871057033539,
0.5204760432243347,
-0.08699969202280045,
0.6279670000076294,
0.029846323654055595,
-0.5569577217102051,
-0.21421268582344055,
-0.0027881129644811153,
0.41587239503860474,
0.09222777187824249,
-0.13747042417526245,
0.31832319498062134,
0.08252985775470734,
0.43996912240982056,
-0.12376637756824493,
-0.44016268849372864,
-0.1831127107143402,
-0.2986464202404022,
-0.3963059186935425,
0.7246415019035339,
-0.5052819848060608,
0.198547825217247,
0.4879339337348938,
0.3119681179523468,
-0.2016630470752716,
-0.5273965001106262,
0.047305475920438766,
-0.4169319272041321,
-0.14769050478935242,
0.06132393330335617,
-0.20909154415130615,
0.7797410488128662,
0.3327530026435852,
-0.32810094952583313,
-0.524709165096283,
-0.00787930004298687,
0.503173291683197,
0.700714647769928,
-0.6469370126724243,
1.328732967376709,
0.5529240965843201,
-0.5325926542282104,
-0.08940566331148148,
0.07217811048030853,
0.23679019510746002,
0.022590311244130135,
-0.35291093587875366,
0.3383268117904663,
-0.8685573935508728,
0.09779541939496994,
-0.375959187746048,
0.3130701184272766,
0.5459770560264587,
-0.12730687856674194,
-0.11201481521129608,
0.5771815776824951,
0.29232078790664673,
0.2567300498485565,
0.23168621957302094,
-0.19258034229278564,
-0.4579416811466217,
0.08771711587905884,
-0.573749840259552,
0.28483229875564575,
0.23538346588611603,
0.4474744498729706,
0.04078096151351929,
0.2400193065404892,
0.33548301458358765,
-0.019912580028176308,
-0.17971190810203552,
0.022613322362303734,
-0.05390511825680733,
-0.3003455698490143,
-0.7030089497566223,
0.14368990063667297,
-0.2935146987438202,
-0.3579873740673065,
0.5192461013793945,
0.19385580718517303,
0.21667993068695068,
-0.10426939278841019,
-0.44372308254241943,
0.2597232460975647,
-0.44510170817375183,
0.4514378011226654,
-0.15496672689914703,
0.6360276937484741,
0.11738704144954681,
-0.38597407937049866,
-0.399684876203537,
0.42490437626838684,
0.34201857447624207,
-0.28318437933921814,
-0.025746529921889305,
0.007470007054507732,
-0.583935022354126,
0.06716805696487427,
0.35847705602645874,
-0.1613808572292328,
-0.22964614629745483,
0.031618114560842514
] |
256738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20field | Tensor field | In mathematics and physics, a tensor field assigns a tensor to each point of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold). Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain in materials, and in numerous applications in the physical sciences. As a tensor is a generalization of a scalar (a pure number representing a value, for example speed) and a vector (a pure number plus a direction, like velocity), a tensor field is a generalization of a scalar field or vector field that assigns, respectively, a scalar or vector to each point of space.
Many mathematical structures called "tensors" are tensor fields. For example, the Riemann curvature tensor is not a tensor, as the name implies, but a tensor field: It is named after Bernhard Riemann, and associates a tensor to each point of a Riemannian manifold, which is a topological space.
Geometric introduction
Intuitively, a vector field is best visualized as an "arrow" attached to each point of a region, with variable length and direction. One example of a vector field on a curved space is a weather map showing horizontal wind velocity at each point of the Earth's surface.
The general idea of tensor field combines the requirement of richer geometry – for example, an ellipsoid varying from point to point, in the case of a metric tensor – with the idea that we don't want our notion to depend on the particular method of mapping the surface. It should exist independently of latitude and longitude, or whatever particular "cartographic projection" we are using to introduce numerical coordinates.
Via coordinate transitions
Following and , the concept of a tensor relies on a concept of a reference frame (or coordinate system), which may be fixed (relative to some background reference frame), but in general may be allowed to vary within some class of transformations of these coordinate systems.
For example, coordinates belonging to the n-dimensional real coordinate space may be subjected to arbitrary affine transformations:
(with n-dimensional indices, summation implied). A covariant vector, or covector, is a system of functions that transforms under this affine transformation by the rule
The list of Cartesian coordinate basis vectors transforms as a covector, since under the affine transformation . A contravariant vector is a system of functions of the coordinates that, under such an affine transformation undergoes a transformation
This is precisely the requirement needed to ensure that the quantity is an invariant object that does not depend on the coordinate system chosen. More generally, a tensor of valence (p,q) has p downstairs indices and q upstairs indices, with the transformation law being
The concept of a tensor field may be obtained by specializing the allowed coordinate transformations to be smooth (or differentiable, analytic, etc). A covector field is a function of the coordinates that transforms by the Jacobian of the transition functions (in the given class). Likewise, a contravariant vector field transforms by the inverse Jacobian.
Tensor bundles
A tensor bundle is a fiber bundle where the fiber is a tensor product of any number of copies of the tangent space and/or cotangent space of the base space, which is a manifold. As such, the fiber is a vector space and the tensor bundle is a special kind of vector bundle.
The vector bundle is a natural idea of "vector space depending continuously (or smoothly) on parameters" – the parameters being the points of a manifold M. For example, a vector space of one dimension depending on an angle could look like a Möbius strip or alternatively like a cylinder. Given a vector bundle V over M, the corresponding field concept is called a section of the bundle: for m varying over M, a choice of vector
vm in Vm,
where Vm is the vector space "at" m.
Since the tensor product concept is independent of any choice of basis, taking the tensor product of two vector bundles on M is routine. Starting with the tangent bundle (the bundle of tangent spaces) the whole apparatus explained at component-free treatment of tensors carries over in a routine way – again independently of coordinates, as mentioned in the introduction.
We therefore can give a definition of tensor field, namely as a section of some tensor bundle. (There are vector bundles that are not tensor bundles: the Möbius band for instance.) This is then guaranteed geometric content, since everything has been done in an intrinsic way. More precisely, a tensor field assigns to any given point of the manifold a tensor in the space
where V is the tangent space at that point and V∗ is the cotangent space. See also tangent bundle and cotangent bundle.
Given two tensor bundles E → M and F → M, a linear map A: Γ(E) → Γ(F) from the space of sections of E to sections of F can be considered itself as a tensor section of if and only if it satisfies A(fs) = fA(s), for each section s in Γ(E) and each smooth function f on M. Thus a tensor section is not only a linear map on the vector space of sections, but a C∞(M)-linear map on the module of sections. This property is used to check, for example, that even though the Lie derivative and covariant derivative are not tensors, the torsion and curvature tensors built from them are.
Notation
The notation for tensor fields can sometimes be confusingly similar to the notation for tensor spaces. Thus, the tangent bundle TM = T(M) might sometimes be written as
to emphasize that the tangent bundle is the range space of the (1,0) tensor fields (i.e., vector fields) on the manifold M. This should not be confused with the very similar looking notation
;
in the latter case, we just have one tensor space, whereas in the former, we have a tensor space defined for each point in the manifold M.
Curly (script) letters are sometimes used to denote the set of infinitely-differentiable tensor fields on M. Thus,
are the sections of the (m,n) tensor bundle on M that are infinitely-differentiable. A tensor field is an element of this set.
The C∞(M) module explanation
There is another more abstract (but often useful) way of characterizing tensor fields on a manifold M, which makes tensor fields into honest tensors (i.e. single multilinear mappings), though of a different type (although this is not usually why one often says "tensor" when one really means "tensor field"). First, we may consider the set of all smooth (C∞) vector fields on M, (see the section on notation above) as a single space — a module over the ring of smooth functions, C∞(M), by pointwise scalar multiplication. The notions of multilinearity and tensor products extend easily to the case of modules over any commutative ring.
As a motivating example, consider the space of smooth covector fields (1-forms), also a module over the smooth functions. These act on smooth vector fields to yield smooth functions by pointwise evaluation, namely, given a covector field ω and a vector field X, we define
(ω(X))(p) = ω(p)(X(p)).
Because of the pointwise nature of everything involved, the action of ω on X is a C∞(M)-linear map, that is,
(ω(fX))(p) = f(p)ω(p)(X(p)) = (fω)(p)(X(p)) = (fω(X))(p)
for any p in M and smooth function f. Thus we can regard covector fields not just as sections of the cotangent bundle, but also linear mappings of vector fields into functions. By the double-dual construction, vector fields can similarly be expressed as mappings of covector fields into functions (namely, we could start "natively" with covector fields and work up from there).
In a complete parallel to the construction of ordinary single tensors (not tensor fields!) on M as multilinear maps on vectors and covectors, we can regard general (k,l) tensor fields on M as C∞(M)-multilinear maps defined on l copies of and k copies of into C∞(M).
Now, given any arbitrary mapping T from a product of k copies of and l copies of into C∞(M), it turns out that it arises from a tensor field on M if and only if it is multilinear over C∞(M). Thus this kind of multilinearity implicitly expresses the fact that we're really dealing with a pointwise-defined object, i.e. a tensor field, as opposed to a function which, even when evaluated at a single point, depends on all the values of vector fields and 1-forms simultaneously.
A frequent example application of this general rule is showing that the Levi-Civita connection, which is a mapping of smooth vector fields taking a pair of vector fields to a vector field, does not define a tensor field on M. This is because it is only R-linear in Y (in place of full C∞(M)-linearity, it satisfies the Leibniz rule, )). Nevertheless, it must be stressed that even though it is not a tensor field, it still qualifies as a geometric object with a component-free interpretation.
Applications
The curvature tensor is discussed in differential geometry and the stress–energy tensor is important in physics, and these two tensors are related by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
In electromagnetism, the electric and magnetic fields are combined into an electromagnetic tensor field.
It is worth noting that differential forms, used in defining integration on manifolds, are a type of tensor field.
Tensor calculus
In theoretical physics and other fields, differential equations posed in terms of tensor fields provide a very general way to express relationships that are both geometric in nature (guaranteed by the tensor nature) and conventionally linked to differential calculus. Even to formulate such equations requires a fresh notion, the covariant derivative. This handles the formulation of variation of a tensor field along a vector field. The original absolute differential calculus notion, which was later called tensor calculus, led to the isolation of the geometric concept of connection.
Twisting by a line bundle
An extension of the tensor field idea incorporates an extra line bundle L on M. If W is the tensor product bundle of V with L, then W is a bundle of vector spaces of just the same dimension as V. This allows one to define the concept of tensor density, a 'twisted' type of tensor field. A tensor density is the special case where L is the bundle of densities on a manifold, namely the determinant bundle of the cotangent bundle. (To be strictly accurate, one should also apply the absolute value to the transition functions – this makes little difference for an orientable manifold.) For a more traditional explanation see the tensor density article.
One feature of the bundle of densities (again assuming orientability) L is that Ls is well-defined for real number values of s; this can be read from the transition functions, which take strictly positive real values. This means for example that we can take a half-density, the case where s = ½. In general we can take sections of W, the tensor product of V with Ls, and consider tensor density fields with weight s.
Half-densities are applied in areas such as defining integral operators on manifolds, and geometric quantization.
The flat case
When M is a Euclidean space and all the fields are taken to be invariant by translations by the vectors of M, we get back to a situation where a tensor field is synonymous with a tensor 'sitting at the origin'. This does no great harm, and is often used in applications. As applied to tensor densities, it does make a difference. The bundle of densities cannot seriously be defined 'at a point'; and therefore a limitation of the contemporary mathematical treatment of tensors is that tensor densities are defined in a roundabout fashion.
Cocycles and chain rules
As an advanced explanation of the tensor concept, one can interpret the chain rule in the multivariable case, as applied to coordinate changes, also as the requirement for self-consistent concepts of tensor giving rise to tensor fields.
Abstractly, we can identify the chain rule as a 1-cocycle. It gives the consistency required to define the tangent bundle in an intrinsic way. The other vector bundles of tensors have comparable cocycles, which come from applying functorial properties of tensor constructions to the chain rule itself; this is why they also are intrinsic (read, 'natural') concepts.
What is usually spoken of as the 'classical' approach to tensors tries to read this backwards – and is therefore a heuristic, post hoc approach rather than truly a foundational one. Implicit in defining tensors by how they transform under a coordinate change is the kind of self-consistency the cocycle expresses. The construction of tensor densities is a 'twisting' at the cocycle level. Geometers have not been in any doubt about the geometric nature of tensor quantities; this kind of descent argument justifies abstractly the whole theory.
Generalizations
Tensor densities
The concept of a tensor field can be generalized by considering objects that transform differently. An object that transforms as an ordinary tensor field under coordinate transformations, except that it is also multiplied by the determinant of the Jacobian of the inverse coordinate transformation to the wth power, is called a tensor density with weight w. Invariantly, in the language of multilinear algebra, one can think of tensor densities as multilinear maps taking their values in a density bundle such as the (1-dimensional) space of n-forms (where n is the dimension of the space), as opposed to taking their values in just R. Higher "weights" then just correspond to taking additional tensor products with this space in the range.
A special case are the scalar densities. Scalar 1-densities are especially important because it makes sense to define their integral over a manifold. They appear, for instance, in the Einstein–Hilbert action in general relativity. The most common example of a scalar 1-density is the volume element, which in the presence of a metric tensor g is the square root of its determinant in coordinates, denoted . The metric tensor is a covariant tensor of order 2, and so its determinant scales by the square of the coordinate transition:
which is the transformation law for a scalar density of weight +2.
More generally, any tensor density is the product of an ordinary tensor with a scalar density of the appropriate weight. In the language of vector bundles, the determinant bundle of the tangent bundle is a line bundle that can be used to 'twist' other bundles w times. While locally the more general transformation law can indeed be used to recognise these tensors, there is a global question that arises, reflecting that in the transformation law one may write either the Jacobian determinant, or its absolute value. Non-integral powers of the (positive) transition functions of the bundle of densities make sense, so that the weight of a density, in that sense, is not restricted to integer values. Restricting to changes of coordinates with positive Jacobian determinant is possible on orientable manifolds, because there is a consistent global way to eliminate the minus signs; but otherwise the line bundle of densities and the line bundle of n-forms are distinct. For more on the intrinsic meaning, see density on a manifold.
See also
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Multilinear algebra
Differential geometry
Differential topology
Tensors | [
-0.07909063249826431,
-0.13152886927127838,
0.002178941387683153,
0.2805004417896271,
-0.5298470258712769,
0.25063130259513855,
-0.39478936791419983,
0.1792515516281128,
-0.21461279690265656,
-0.5971521735191345,
-0.5754533410072327,
0.3386208415031433,
-0.3413134515285492,
0.6143794059753418,
0.1385871171951294,
0.6221889853477478,
0.2003231942653656,
0.24169713258743286,
-0.1391548067331314,
-0.29309967160224915,
-0.025658853352069855,
0.09378170967102051,
0.15906155109405518,
-0.22873201966285706,
0.44290006160736084,
-0.576575517654419,
0.061103492975234985,
0.390487402677536,
0.37680602073669434,
0.6069421172142029,
-0.00938078947365284,
0.7929330468177795,
-0.2812032401561737,
0.4739459753036499,
-0.06471206992864609,
-0.05368799343705177,
0.16220928728580475,
-0.009967192076146603,
-0.10320842266082764,
-0.45963019132614136,
0.512577474117279,
0.05905691161751747,
-0.13652119040489197,
0.3578426241874695,
-0.43483850359916687,
-0.42020881175994873,
-1.3828147649765015,
-0.054004620760679245,
-0.4131371080875397,
-0.23499944806098938,
-0.4405875504016876,
0.06770830601453781,
-0.02251175232231617,
0.5435006022453308,
-0.4984593689441681,
0.4807621240615845,
-0.7499424815177917,
-0.32169559597969055,
0.3370581567287445,
-0.38019469380378723,
0.3409757912158966,
0.38250961899757385,
0.05140971019864082,
0.4692118763923645,
-0.003946476615965366,
0.41781967878341675,
-0.2238362580537796,
-0.05462311953306198,
-0.47759777307510376,
-0.8786838054656982,
-0.2906065285205841,
0.010357825085520744,
-0.27258607745170593,
0.333810418844223,
-0.514223039150238,
-0.060686271637678146,
-0.03347241133451462,
-0.33994731307029724,
-0.1730189025402069,
0.5086497068405151,
-0.5874873995780945,
0.9088996052742004,
0.32781854271888733,
-0.567986249923706,
0.372934490442276,
-0.016887117177248,
-0.8355399370193481,
0.7216014862060547,
-0.45814254879951477,
1.0176533460617065,
0.41639503836631775,
0.007915130816400051,
0.5357264280319214,
-0.01734926924109459,
0.4212903380393982,
0.2711296081542969,
0.6316308379173279,
-0.7398935556411743,
0.22315379977226257,
-0.36743903160095215,
-0.4005051553249359,
-0.11768785864114761,
-0.26765790581703186,
-0.37709400057792664,
-0.6610345840454102,
-0.6982764601707458,
0.03244397044181824,
-0.36150744557380676,
0.4046153724193573,
0.0727032795548439,
-0.6675195097923279,
0.07486665993928909,
0.21081870794296265,
-0.3394915759563446,
-0.1374993771314621,
-0.19147183001041412,
0.16243615746498108,
0.28474393486976624,
0.02309972047805786,
0.5039262175559998,
-0.06131564453244209,
0.6379259824752808,
-0.0738944262266159,
-0.014390499331057072,
-0.22899001836776733,
-0.04832824319601059,
0.36441683769226074,
0.8065446019172668,
-0.8397719860076904,
-0.05852670967578888,
-0.16724252700805664,
0.6347477436065674,
0.561867892742157,
0.503020703792572,
0.02036368101835251,
-0.1873662918806076,
-0.08610653132200241,
-0.29604658484458923,
-0.0881451815366745,
0.023386938497424126,
-0.864821195602417,
-0.13794639706611633,
-0.3962218463420868,
-0.3951735496520996,
0.7307959198951721,
-0.6180514693260193,
-0.01912113092839718,
-0.8081510663032532,
0.2612837255001068,
0.0932251438498497,
-0.41768205165863037,
0.11299759149551392,
-0.3231266736984253,
0.3371168375015259,
-0.5106039047241211,
0.07181137055158615,
0.42718008160591125,
0.34284690022468567,
-0.16820555925369263,
0.1325087547302246,
0.01637951098382473,
0.015759585425257683,
-0.36346548795700073,
-0.4916844666004181,
-0.27099278569221497,
-0.6428827047348022,
1.1325396299362183,
0.3131323754787445,
-0.104765385389328,
0.05440676212310791,
-0.467908650636673,
-0.7379226684570312,
0.28602930903434753,
0.5796595811843872,
-0.6234210133552551,
0.220858633518219,
0.6290408372879028,
-0.15052278339862823,
0.7798464298248291,
0.029336515814065933,
-0.6232428550720215,
0.4221261143684387,
0.5472391247749329,
0.011687086895108223,
0.8867661356925964,
-0.048087604343891144,
0.13029982149600983,
-0.02335745468735695,
0.47479620575904846,
-0.18446603417396545,
-0.3315266966819763,
-0.36138734221458435,
-0.130608931183815,
-0.3174372911453247,
1.4273676872253418,
-0.146781787276268,
-0.8711981773376465,
0.5092936158180237,
-0.4228959083557129,
0.7070485949516296,
-0.04190685227513313,
-0.346845805644989,
0.3181801736354828,
0.0007944654789753258,
0.0006655725301243365,
0.42291000485420227,
-0.029367612674832344,
-0.04635383561253548,
-0.5068209171295166,
0.46030285954475403,
0.40422070026397705,
-0.035432033240795135,
0.2962222993373871,
-0.6277437210083008,
0.3622625768184662,
-0.04971003159880638,
-0.7377195954322815,
0.15229947865009308,
-0.4486617147922516,
0.08025925606489182,
1.4727624654769897,
-0.35246798396110535,
-0.46330586075782776,
0.1091226115822792,
-0.6316295266151428,
0.20444372296333313,
0.2398560345172882,
1.0114638805389404,
0.4894387125968933,
-0.5429545640945435,
-0.33035123348236084,
-0.29494887590408325,
0.16732771694660187,
-0.3736118972301483,
-0.7627876996994019,
0.4068209230899811,
0.7307436466217041,
-0.29001617431640625,
0.22027455270290375,
-0.48262661695480347,
-0.0033273310400545597,
0.8405530452728271,
-0.46029990911483765,
0.14293892681598663,
-0.2521168291568756,
-0.03249557316303253,
-0.4532012641429901,
-0.33339542150497437,
-0.04949815571308136,
-0.3968186676502228,
-0.3438813388347626,
-0.044995203614234924,
-0.036772605031728745,
0.022875871509313583,
-0.21952411532402039,
-0.33723849058151245,
-0.03059902973473072,
0.08874348551034927,
0.8237302303314209,
0.443489134311676,
0.16584180295467377,
-0.02755814790725708,
-0.2143632471561432,
-0.2288350909948349,
-0.39687222242355347,
-0.4511529505252838,
-0.2919968366622925,
0.2260560244321823,
0.4264545142650604,
0.273284375667572,
0.5741025805473328,
-0.09327498823404312,
-0.1704256236553192,
-0.07648208737373352,
-0.49745994806289673,
-0.7572177052497864,
0.3790176212787628,
-0.2925196886062622,
-1.000110149383545,
-0.43772265315055847,
0.16842246055603027,
0.26966750621795654,
0.532775342464447,
0.10659899562597275,
0.1746312528848648,
-0.6110851168632507,
-0.19089588522911072,
-0.030620474368333817,
0.2641837000846863,
-0.3326241970062256,
-0.5897311568260193,
0.0330129973590374,
-0.3555484712123871,
0.11793533712625504,
0.006149698980152607,
0.9424925446510315,
0.06440403312444687,
-0.11978163570165634,
0.097385935485363,
0.028391128405928612,
-0.9074451923370361,
0.2449236810207367,
-0.21894943714141846,
-0.2725619077682495,
-0.38787224888801575,
-0.27173033356666565,
-0.7058389782905579,
0.615874707698822,
-5.364155292510986,
0.21797578036785126,
-0.31462618708610535,
-0.1525360345840454,
-0.3977755308151245,
0.39375585317611694,
0.20489250123500824,
0.3581688702106476,
-0.3584962785243988,
-0.28498852252960205,
-0.5978649258613586,
-0.31535741686820984,
-0.5650379657745361,
0.44026729464530945,
0.3336579501628876,
0.27091750502586365,
0.6457182765007019,
0.48755064606666565,
-0.020466018468141556,
0.5190072655677795,
-0.5112516283988953,
-0.21404103934764862,
-0.2427120953798294,
0.42756378650665283,
0.16295675933361053,
0.25258418917655945,
-0.6493489146232605,
0.32665055990219116,
-0.16727499663829803,
0.0633786991238594,
-0.06442030519247055,
-0.04834974929690361,
-0.13184002041816711,
-0.359982967376709,
-0.056221600621938705,
0.17189382016658783,
0.14420492947101593,
-0.004597642924636602,
0.44358929991722107,
-0.922073245048523,
-0.2448895424604416,
0.7293071150779724,
-0.08724337816238403,
-0.27683427929878235,
0.07259714603424072,
-0.5147642493247986,
0.035343289375305176,
0.40706905722618103,
-0.25904035568237305,
0.7542628645896912,
-0.7683984637260437,
-0.13608916103839874,
0.18615876138210297,
-0.9089310169219971,
-0.09685066342353821,
0.30530989170074463,
0.5602824091911316,
0.2161637842655182,
-0.8419370055198669,
0.2434149980545044,
0.4286918044090271,
-0.8292728066444397,
0.5094130635261536,
-0.39404454827308655,
-0.6390609741210938,
0.10451894998550415,
-1.180772066116333,
0.04782787337899208,
0.514234721660614,
0.20588257908821106,
-0.25036782026290894,
0.9568672180175781,
-0.09577279537916183,
-0.29759451746940613,
0.10215041041374207,
-0.7786520719528198,
-0.08011248707771301,
-0.0611807182431221,
0.6734128594398499,
0.18109476566314697,
-0.5713201761245728,
-0.3407367169857025,
-0.2612731456756592,
0.49492278695106506,
-0.3801537752151489,
0.010312380269169807,
-0.07784643769264221,
-0.5177854299545288,
-0.3543151617050171,
-0.36308103799819946,
1.0133705139160156,
-0.26250654458999634,
0.7866620421409607,
0.2336743324995041,
0.2349693477153778,
-0.5252320170402527,
0.2227882593870163,
-0.09436611831188202,
0.25502926111221313,
-0.8719559907913208,
0.6907203197479248,
-0.5386784672737122,
0.3255445957183838,
-0.0323210246860981,
-0.041435688734054565,
-0.066789411008358,
-0.6743889451026917,
0.7931760549545288,
1.2620031833648682,
0.3080236613750458,
0.07453375309705734,
0.6537042260169983,
-0.3155554533004761,
-0.5594576597213745,
0.4613981246948242,
0.5429821014404297,
-0.8887448310852051,
0.5008690357208252,
0.6371106505393982,
-0.16026027500629425,
0.5607415437698364,
-0.10226844251155853,
0.3458121716976166,
-0.31604328751564026,
0.0480564646422863,
0.13715174794197083,
-0.04130929335951805,
-0.030478516593575478,
-0.09489995241165161,
-0.5626333951950073,
0.2128780335187912,
0.8164438009262085,
0.09116728603839874,
-0.10098065435886383,
0.124415323138237,
-0.8949616551399231,
-0.11811616271734238,
0.20372846722602844,
0.10404673963785172,
-0.6973218321800232,
0.9532086253166199,
0.10426948964595795,
-0.292211651802063,
-0.3232339024543762,
0.18541328608989716,
-0.1532989889383316,
-0.08193518221378326,
0.048937518149614334,
-0.28428027033805847,
0.3661676049232483,
0.2905307710170746,
-0.6440070271492004,
-0.009895959869027138,
-0.48814383149147034,
0.2777978181838989,
0.11553800106048584,
-0.1575499027967453,
0.29513096809387207,
0.2990166246891022,
-0.4604024887084961,
0.2766956686973572,
0.7109324336051941,
-0.7593031525611877,
-0.5043717622756958,
-0.32575929164886475,
-0.0321752093732357,
-0.5845285058021545,
-0.1852610856294632,
0.09225434809923172,
0.6370431184768677,
0.24678432941436768,
-0.6178934574127197,
-0.43808698654174805,
-0.9999680519104004,
-0.37716010212898254,
0.24138161540031433,
0.14243334531784058,
0.05907237157225609,
0.47182831168174744,
0.241302952170372,
0.3745475709438324,
-0.4339589774608612,
-0.3564942181110382,
0.3870176076889038,
0.7817151546478271,
0.06554460525512695,
-0.02430007979273796,
0.40474963188171387,
-0.4845850467681885,
0.23207440972328186,
0.15250027179718018,
-0.06895170360803604,
-0.38911324739456177,
0.0014848303981125355,
-0.14919722080230713,
0.023093700408935547,
0.09539508819580078,
0.5711405277252197,
-0.24273915588855743,
-0.6508311629295349,
-0.35507309436798096,
0.9260980486869812,
-0.7625409364700317,
0.500299870967865,
0.281467467546463,
-0.3739146590232849,
0.045783575624227524,
-0.15912501513957977,
-0.11011810600757599,
0.22326306998729706,
-0.7180728912353516,
-0.28544968366622925,
-0.23213227093219757,
-0.3541201055049896,
-0.02666901797056198,
0.4817201793193817,
0.07053516060113907,
-0.7652100920677185,
-0.43268805742263794,
-0.40434807538986206,
-0.27918577194213867,
-0.0978969931602478,
-0.14110271632671356,
0.22265616059303284,
0.4763035774230957,
-0.2399071305990219,
0.2112453579902649,
-0.25068747997283936,
0.29617977142333984,
0.027675969526171684,
-0.01305701956152916,
-0.23512597382068634,
-0.06224998086690903,
0.41528505086898804,
0.19929063320159912,
-0.2518173158168793,
-0.27252134680747986,
0.06429623067378998,
-0.17223681509494781,
-0.9238678812980652,
0.8059447407722473,
0.448234885931015,
-0.07742270827293396,
-0.29892051219940186,
0.45239174365997314,
0.017131324857473373,
0.306942343711853,
-0.8414633870124817,
0.04879293590784073,
0.26845481991767883,
0.3100474774837494,
-0.5517182946205139,
-0.8521412014961243,
-0.3308747112751007,
0.5348506569862366,
0.4707798361778259,
-0.08681133389472961,
-0.3302040994167328,
0.39227256178855896,
0.5637021660804749,
0.3416183590888977,
-0.45546194911003113,
-0.3919770121574402,
0.14934062957763672,
-0.030190428718924522,
0.04491129517555237,
-0.062385089695453644,
0.1608653962612152,
0.6102854609489441,
-0.4105481505393982,
0.44258445501327515,
-0.19378654658794403,
0.37885043025016785,
0.3825981616973877,
0.5513117909431458,
0.06584716588258743,
0.139702707529068,
-0.2588869035243988,
-0.019572947174310684,
-0.0525071881711483,
-0.8266834616661072,
0.1468086689710617,
0.1483987420797348,
-0.11573877930641174,
0.49099820852279663,
-0.10423455387353897,
0.7501670122146606,
0.3943609297275543,
-0.07822716981172562,
0.19780869781970978,
-0.7025110125541687,
-0.42062804102897644,
0.030456991866230965,
-0.1751508265733719,
-0.3022863566875458,
0.4252298176288605,
0.23438316583633423,
0.32577279210090637,
-0.21177996695041656,
-0.08241778612136841,
-1.0461968183517456,
0.9426729083061218,
-0.1376199722290039,
-1.1839545965194702,
0.39171671867370605,
0.21299055218696594,
0.21516545116901398,
0.34181109070777893,
-0.2193823605775833,
-0.05527454614639282,
0.18192768096923828,
0.17100003361701965,
-0.29271140694618225,
0.6194632649421692,
-0.5712364315986633,
-0.4177207946777344,
0.34677451848983765,
-0.2499559223651886,
0.37628206610679626,
0.5350631475448608,
-0.25346839427948,
0.11470142751932144,
0.05721848085522652,
-0.08785869181156158,
-0.8614793419837952,
0.7695393562316895,
-0.6328831911087036,
0.14753611385822296,
-0.10378101468086243,
0.593248724937439,
0.24100680649280548,
0.2278212457895279,
-0.6528445482254028,
0.2529338598251343,
0.09865482896566391,
-0.48878583312034607,
0.6880791187286377,
-0.15243317186832428,
-0.0862644761800766,
0.74799644947052,
0.004287811927497387,
0.7423354983329773,
-0.07459496706724167,
0.4064115285873413,
-0.36005884408950806,
0.3326409161090851,
-0.11415311694145203,
0.5941159129142761,
-0.2546083331108093,
-0.4005872309207916,
0.514316201210022,
0.07504942268133163,
0.7074421048164368,
0.11643800884485245,
-0.215193971991539,
0.0952535942196846,
0.6286197900772095,
-0.07748211920261383,
-0.238064706325531,
0.37475720047950745,
0.08440752327442169,
0.4096449613571167,
0.37480834126472473,
-0.07414647191762924,
0.4678197503089905,
0.18168537318706512,
0.8690398335456848,
-0.3494095802307129,
0.08853605389595032,
-0.29340383410453796,
0.014752570539712906,
0.9653488397598267,
-0.3537325859069824,
0.5504117012023926,
0.09636212885379791,
-0.21970757842063904,
0.28121235966682434,
0.6539456248283386,
-0.4858764111995697,
-0.34859174489974976,
0.3982587158679962,
0.6428709030151367,
-0.04290497303009033,
-0.8831849098205566,
-0.2447987049818039,
-0.49469783902168274,
0.3689897358417511,
0.1405373215675354,
-0.07737807184457779,
0.5219224095344543,
0.47279253602027893,
-0.5334018468856812,
-0.07875536382198334,
-0.384744793176651,
0.21057862043380737,
0.29203420877456665,
-0.7210978269577026,
1.2266883850097656,
0.251306414604187,
0.08386661112308502,
-0.060282543301582336,
-0.19713659584522247,
0.4170527458190918,
0.40275436639785767,
-1.0023845434188843,
-0.36320361495018005,
0.04458596557378769,
0.33609244227409363,
-0.49484315514564514,
0.5725653767585754,
0.23061515390872955,
-0.4523407816886902,
0.10586266219615936,
0.413900762796402,
0.051193006336688995,
-0.014414931647479534,
0.4065547287464142,
-0.10808373242616653,
-0.02028168924152851,
-0.28028449416160583,
-0.05633814260363579,
0.14069612324237823,
-0.11698795855045319,
0.5070883631706238,
0.1692698448896408,
-0.28615665435791016,
0.4900432527065277,
0.32652556896209717,
-0.22468435764312744,
0.15276487171649933,
-0.5455001592636108,
0.642403244972229,
-0.9891210794448853,
0.28595250844955444,
-0.34933868050575256,
-0.6182761788368225,
0.05277422070503235,
-0.053790878504514694,
0.36010563373565674,
-0.40981149673461914,
-0.06775614619255066,
-0.12471339106559753,
-0.8296616673469543,
0.6240392327308655,
-0.2316494733095169,
0.5181530714035034,
-0.4411456286907196,
-0.16016677021980286,
-0.6355361342430115,
0.48110148310661316,
0.6359292268753052,
-0.37674805521965027,
0.4157939851284027,
-0.31352707743644714,
-0.06629397720098495,
0.33404454588890076,
0.2499622255563736,
-0.6332113146781921,
-0.33579733967781067,
0.8657471537590027
] |
256740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Dahlstr%C3%B6m | Alexandra Dahlström | Lena Marina Alexandra Dahlström (born 12 February 1984) is a Swedish actress and film director.
Career
Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the film Show Me Love. For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. Despite receiving numerous offers to act in other films, she declined, stating that she wanted to concentrate on finishing school.
When once asked when she was younger what she wanted to be when she grew up, Dahlström stated: "Serial killer, or rockstar".
In 2002, Dahlström acted as assistant director and Russian translator, alongside Show Me Love director Lukas Moodysson, with his film Lilya 4-ever.
In 2007 Dahlström had a small role in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She played a Swedish exchange student named Skylar Nilsson. On 18 April 2008 she returned to this role for a short period.
Personal life
Dahlström was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother, Irina Borisovna, is Russian, and her father is Swedish. She speaks Swedish, Russian, German, French, English, and Italian.
She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the film Fröken Sverige (Miss Sweden), for which she received favorable reviews.
During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in Show Me Love. On her debut as DJ for the show, the guests were R.E.M. and British actor Paul Bettany.
After completing her studies, she lived in Rome, Italy, before moving back to Stockholm and is again pursuing a serious acting career. Dahlström is currently in a relationship with Jakob Wiklander. They have a daughter together, Florens.
Filmography
Sanning eller konsekvens (1997)
St. Mikael (series) (1998)
Show Me Love (1998)
Kranes konditori (theatre play) (1999)
In Bed with Santa, aka Tomten är far till alla barnen (1999)
En vacker värld (theatre play) (2001)
La Carpe (short film) (2001)
Miss Sweden (2004)
Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden (TV series in the Netherlands) (2007, 2008)
Astro: An Urban Fable in a Magical Rio De Janeiro (2012)
Blondie (2012)
References
External links
aftonbladet.se, Swedish story about new life as DJ
1984 births
Living people
People from Gävle
Swedish film actresses
Swedish people of Russian descent
Swedish expatriates in Italy
Swedish DJs
Swedish television actresses
Best Actress Guldbagge Award winners
Electronic dance music DJs
21st-century Swedish actresses | [
-0.3727487027645111,
-0.15826177597045898,
0.068935327231884,
-0.21566927433013916,
0.15185819566249847,
0.7384280562400818,
0.9979161620140076,
-0.4510664939880371,
-0.49988874793052673,
0.28940898180007935,
-0.2587442398071289,
0.4487372636795044,
0.006279361434280872,
0.14918187260627747,
0.324289470911026,
0.19948133826255798,
0.4264219105243683,
0.9941442608833313,
-0.32704317569732666,
-0.2773488163948059,
-0.2584157884120941,
-0.08405483514070511,
1.096665620803833,
0.19020132720470428,
-0.6337195634841919,
0.18286862969398499,
0.25633731484413147,
0.4165126085281372,
0.5709794759750366,
-0.2777837812900543,
-0.3861587941646576,
0.05504579842090607,
0.11732873320579529,
-0.18922708928585052,
-0.2658628225326538,
0.7804025411605835,
-0.75816810131073,
0.04906066507101059,
-0.5607016086578369,
0.061152148991823196,
-0.8557533025741577,
0.14992627501487732,
-0.9201923608779907,
-0.36364051699638367,
-0.19142644107341766,
-0.6740944981575012,
-1.8859809637069702,
0.516099750995636,
-0.48037633299827576,
-0.1538652926683426,
0.13600310683250427,
-0.1493895798921585,
0.6752453446388245,
0.11883552372455597,
0.16489088535308838,
-0.45629367232322693,
-0.5060248374938965,
-0.19129231572151184,
-0.07816964387893677,
0.13651368021965027,
0.5370416641235352,
-0.29217222332954407,
0.23525278270244598,
-0.7263393402099609,
0.7206017971038818,
0.04935784265398979,
0.31458768248558044,
-0.22898533940315247,
0.009797618724405766,
-0.47105836868286133,
0.300284206867218,
0.7640113830566406,
0.1015343889594078,
-0.46743297576904297,
-0.43199020624160767,
-0.43876293301582336,
0.7936989068984985,
0.26103150844573975,
0.025755874812602997,
-0.12147445976734161,
0.3067346215248108,
-0.08955205976963043,
0.9059867262840271,
0.6146953105926514,
0.09680552780628204,
-0.24330487847328186,
0.027447044849395752,
-0.289071649312973,
-0.4430609345436096,
0.025966929271817207,
-0.33112308382987976,
-0.30292826890945435,
0.18613652884960175,
0.24345873296260834,
0.6393178701400757,
0.28655701875686646,
-0.3281027674674988,
0.33667296171188354,
0.11058004200458527,
0.18438048660755157,
-0.04272438585758209,
0.02935367077589035,
-0.11817335337400436,
-0.5460528135299683,
0.27458420395851135,
-0.4908078908920288,
-0.446454256772995,
0.13483041524887085,
-1.0801655054092407,
0.018084783107042313,
-0.5201626420021057,
0.3655661344528198,
-0.22615152597427368,
-0.20677857100963593,
-0.7192913293838501,
0.21733452379703522,
-0.17209936678409576,
-0.22857534885406494,
-0.06540165841579437,
0.6959413290023804,
0.3357287347316742,
-0.1146344318985939,
0.16440986096858978,
0.18074756860733032,
-0.5997721552848816,
0.1375412493944168,
-0.33712029457092285,
-0.003787610214203596,
-0.5715728402137756,
-0.08895833790302277,
0.3345497250556946,
0.4616968035697937,
-0.9831803441047668,
0.4669605791568756,
-0.24504439532756805,
-0.2732979655265808,
0.2530742287635803,
-0.005211749114096165,
0.6294518113136292,
0.3680857717990875,
-0.44890162348747253,
-0.3175901770591736,
-0.5419061183929443,
-0.29415902495384216,
0.3194425702095032,
-0.06670339405536652,
-0.005997765343636274,
-0.49887987971305847,
-0.6431382298469543,
-0.20063568651676178,
-0.8645514845848083,
0.41491398215293884,
0.10102017223834991,
-0.7724345922470093,
-0.7661868333816528,
0.3596501350402832,
0.9185454845428467,
-0.3320322036743164,
0.21486391127109528,
0.06065967306494713,
1.003317952156067,
0.3129396140575409,
-0.06201943755149841,
0.15736979246139526,
0.25597578287124634,
-0.3953149616718292,
0.4539846181869507,
0.6159179210662842,
0.23955214023590088,
-0.25336411595344543,
0.11783313751220703,
0.3986336886882782,
0.6888936161994934,
-0.09815297275781631,
-0.5308170914649963,
0.466113805770874,
-1.145321011543274,
0.07293827086687088,
-0.36129143834114075,
-0.20443862676620483,
-0.74751216173172,
0.18552814424037933,
-0.5214793682098389,
0.025507347658276558,
0.26450780034065247,
-0.048489559441804886,
-0.1380171924829483,
0.145290344953537,
0.6724963784217834,
0.23305848240852356,
-0.8997002840042114,
-0.3781483471393585,
0.6918132901191711,
0.7532719969749451,
-0.011139456182718277,
-0.1518147587776184,
-0.19736932218074799,
0.5969578623771667,
-0.2755008041858673,
0.0329248420894146,
-0.7310430407524109,
-0.8513501286506653,
0.06317609548568726,
0.07065825909376144,
-0.19577845931053162,
0.22012799978256226,
0.4276512563228607,
-0.08517139405012131,
0.05873851850628853,
0.9660267233848572,
-0.6695818901062012,
-1.350497841835022,
0.31091204285621643,
0.6865308880805969,
0.39100080728530884,
-0.38792166113853455,
-0.9612871408462524,
-0.46834930777549744,
0.5559499263763428,
0.23852935433387756,
0.2739312946796417,
0.46587273478507996,
-0.8118616938591003,
0.11843477934598923,
-0.5289449095726013,
0.5327869653701782,
-0.05268595367670059,
0.5392893552780151,
0.3581888675689697,
-0.8242182731628418,
0.05993416905403137,
0.38666975498199463,
-0.09102355688810349,
-0.5725248456001282,
0.2147914320230484,
-0.15111353993415833,
0.5255741477012634,
0.6235734820365906,
0.3424665629863739,
-0.8276943564414978,
0.7313732504844666,
0.9324200749397278,
-0.4003070592880249,
0.2249297946691513,
0.34698253870010376,
0.39603886008262634,
-0.02726772427558899,
-0.11636989563703537,
-0.09931384772062302,
-0.2675841748714447,
-0.047229453921318054,
0.006390462629497051,
-0.25560304522514343,
-0.4450826346874237,
-0.16076339781284332,
-0.08208828419446945,
0.271478533744812,
-0.12778833508491516,
0.2536177933216095,
0.6520859003067017,
0.4849426746368408,
0.18560791015625,
-0.18513794243335724,
-0.3387518525123596,
0.016642283648252487,
0.7603826522827148,
0.0034803547896444798,
-0.7426160573959351,
0.5427265167236328,
0.06366531550884247,
0.2787221670150757,
-0.6558772325515747,
-0.17105641961097717,
0.3761489689350128,
-0.11975963413715363,
0.02029889076948166,
0.21409934759140015,
-0.06936772167682648,
-0.10135330259799957,
-0.585844099521637,
0.3855491876602173,
0.620034396648407,
-0.0019174349727109075,
-0.6066863536834717,
-0.6316909193992615,
-0.2222556322813034,
-0.22503714263439178,
0.7000125050544739,
-0.21655113995075226,
-0.08700104057788849,
-0.01278640516102314,
0.6887669563293457,
-0.39855271577835083,
0.32541465759277344,
-0.3781866133213043,
-0.3001308739185333,
-0.5215867757797241,
0.30386000871658325,
0.21984675526618958,
0.5041475892066956,
-0.5519318580627441,
0.48627573251724243,
-0.11866484582424164,
0.41633084416389465,
0.38084185123443604,
0.21642722189426422,
0.28387829661369324,
-0.12422133982181549,
-4.9949188232421875,
-0.3027539849281311,
0.411318302154541,
0.041862960904836655,
0.5572526454925537,
0.1587943285703659,
0.3275747299194336,
-0.15197928249835968,
0.4249446988105774,
0.03759409859776497,
0.5033624172210693,
0.5272741317749023,
-0.11614347249269485,
0.7865145802497864,
0.13412171602249146,
0.47200822830200195,
-0.2915191650390625,
-0.4605058431625366,
-0.031347233802080154,
0.9034966230392456,
-0.22134031355381012,
-0.23971553146839142,
-0.11690513044595718,
0.07175034284591675,
-0.002733645960688591,
-0.014669351279735565,
-0.2589688003063202,
-0.27102333307266235,
-0.7047296166419983,
-0.1521664559841156,
-0.5294860005378723,
-0.2052159607410431,
-0.9139686226844788,
-0.01651921309530735,
0.11055795848369598,
-0.1113070622086525,
0.17184604704380035,
-0.23603835701942444,
-0.41580730676651,
-0.8143174052238464,
0.2502765655517578,
0.34173905849456787,
-0.6026848554611206,
0.3078143894672394,
0.6432567834854126,
-0.529320478439331,
-0.6142467260360718,
-0.320919394493103,
-0.455189049243927,
0.337785005569458,
0.5208413600921631,
-0.24300646781921387,
-0.11441704630851746,
0.29288652539253235,
0.7777675986289978,
-0.1641227751970291,
0.20845256745815277,
-0.14579129219055176,
-0.356624573469162,
0.17822572588920593,
-0.23711566627025604,
-0.14488019049167633,
-0.11412595212459564,
-0.5436631441116333,
-0.09441854059696198,
0.05882277712225914,
-0.0183597132563591,
-0.011428291909396648,
0.07828535884618759,
-0.6175315380096436,
0.009710044600069523,
0.2413407266139984,
0.20609596371650696,
-1.485102653503418,
0.1849299669265747,
-0.6446590423583984,
0.16996312141418457,
-0.01958601176738739,
-1.1178927421569824,
-0.294826477766037,
0.006091004237532616,
-0.5680572986602783,
0.8512189984321594,
0.4043540358543396,
0.7304374575614929,
-0.19028633832931519,
0.17147313058376312,
0.1690410077571869,
0.23637911677360535,
-0.41661038994789124,
-0.46546727418899536,
-0.4945652186870575,
0.12992030382156372,
0.09715422987937927,
0.044436726719141006,
-0.06343936920166016,
0.29343119263648987,
0.6112093329429626,
-0.0781109482049942,
-0.1047634407877922,
0.0025620695669203997,
-0.016648126766085625,
-0.07317958027124405,
-0.3541632890701294,
0.20201537013053894,
0.018655145540833473,
0.5735955238342285,
0.07092726975679398,
0.436726838350296,
-0.6171842217445374,
0.3676621615886688,
0.5303415060043335,
0.2596176862716675,
-0.14161334931850433,
0.24559155106544495,
-0.2817606031894684,
-0.3067854642868042,
0.7906186580657959,
0.4902610778808594,
0.23500306904315948,
-0.5389776229858398,
0.32730546593666077,
-0.0663144588470459,
0.8142307996749878,
0.495151549577713,
-0.3182983994483948,
0.03749633952975273,
0.002673418028280139,
-0.11013258248567581,
0.429521381855011,
-0.38473156094551086,
0.2833370268344879,
0.08012115210294724,
-0.895311176776886,
0.42835286259651184,
-0.6853910088539124,
-0.5079199075698853,
0.2777169346809387,
-0.07601746171712875,
0.20915143191814423,
0.43033745884895325,
-0.18211616575717926,
0.17711280286312103,
0.8871660828590393,
0.03300793841481209,
-0.4192354679107666,
0.1763385832309723,
0.04211535304784775,
-0.6236579418182373,
-0.018511399626731873,
-0.532015323638916,
0.09950871020555496,
0.2592909336090088,
-0.8123787045478821,
0.36582210659980774,
0.48740047216415405,
-0.44383370876312256,
0.09367196261882782,
0.06736762076616287,
-0.1389153003692627,
0.10863460600376129,
-0.7605395913124084,
-0.8185316920280457,
-0.00942915864288807,
-0.07467225193977356,
0.4512745440006256,
-0.8455743789672852,
-0.2970106601715088,
-0.8032299876213074,
0.818210244178772,
-0.36954233050346375,
-1.1282020807266235,
-0.059428561478853226,
-0.03800926357507706,
-0.45990657806396484,
0.416043221950531,
-0.10524850338697433,
0.3112918436527252,
-0.7498899698257446,
0.057606592774391174,
-0.14836721122264862,
0.20581747591495514,
-0.7080746293067932,
0.020484989508986473,
0.3206135928630829,
0.11887342482805252,
-0.8073551058769226,
-0.22631995379924774,
-0.210296630859375,
0.07048358768224716,
-0.31425735354423523,
0.5766843557357788,
0.09726057946681976,
0.12013621628284454,
-0.571893572807312,
-0.4051001965999603,
-0.22320851683616638,
-0.0938994511961937,
0.059211306273937225,
-0.060652147978544235,
0.3452528119087219,
0.8564633131027222,
-0.42675918340682983,
-0.017016977071762085,
0.43675628304481506,
-0.42135709524154663,
0.46345093846321106,
0.8485020399093628,
0.09211038798093796,
0.5899085402488708,
-0.9984256625175476,
0.0286862850189209,
-0.3165983557701111,
0.26591166853904724,
-0.5771773457527161,
0.3620728552341461,
1.078735113143921,
-0.0008091151830740273,
-0.28316792845726013,
0.021855661645531654,
-1.1565572023391724,
-1.0364000797271729,
-0.07882348448038101,
-0.4471863806247711,
-1.2080525159835815,
-0.1065835952758789,
0.771557629108429,
-0.4750520884990692,
0.9691693782806396,
0.050687942653894424,
0.05887461081147194,
-0.007113255560398102,
0.13304992020130157,
-0.0484427809715271,
-0.6908870935440063,
-1.1226632595062256,
-0.06247399374842644,
0.43292292952537537,
-0.25003331899642944,
0.35582205653190613,
0.8652591109275818,
0.48275864124298096,
-0.06302931904792786,
0.6139498949050903,
0.006791696418076754,
1.0372248888015747,
-0.3804735839366913,
-0.6154770851135254,
-0.5126268267631531,
0.21111631393432617,
-0.009603997692465782,
-0.22259610891342163,
-0.05940748378634453,
0.24779848754405975,
1.0694456100463867,
-0.2870076894760132,
0.4615921080112457,
0.31837478280067444,
-0.309855192899704,
0.6403371691703796,
0.47518908977508545,
-0.35754865407943726,
-0.15308676660060883,
-0.2656935453414917,
-0.2079261690378189,
0.4712309241294861,
-0.07717171311378479,
-0.7880958914756775,
0.08589398860931396,
0.1064014658331871,
-0.3422042727470398,
-0.09619596600532532,
0.33451953530311584,
0.3749951720237732,
-0.012386634945869446,
0.906241238117218,
0.3122551143169403,
-0.3553693890571594,
0.19827289879322052,
0.220638245344162,
-0.18837355077266693,
0.25768494606018066,
-0.6519421339035034,
-0.07382243871688843,
-0.11594250053167343,
-0.6855471730232239,
0.42978420853614807,
-0.2799360454082489,
-0.02353283204138279,
0.2745473384857178,
-0.33512699604034424,
0.06024138256907463,
-0.08602306246757507,
0.19801704585552216,
-0.0014258748851716518,
0.33496296405792236,
0.011815840378403664,
1.3979792594909668,
0.38139721751213074,
0.0013463334180414677,
-0.062906414270401,
0.18868207931518555,
0.1824403554201126,
0.0148369912058115,
-0.1512208878993988,
0.10278725624084473,
-0.2450464516878128,
-1.015832543373108,
0.1253143846988678,
0.5790273547172546,
0.18871210515499115,
0.07975921779870987,
0.09688079357147217,
0.5600407719612122,
0.0034399365540593863,
0.15625637769699097,
0.251065194606781,
-0.2883771061897278,
-0.591721773147583,
-0.08957929164171219,
0.334512859582901,
0.13618913292884827,
0.22200460731983185,
-0.28434398770332336,
0.43485745787620544,
1.0899430513381958,
0.8945948481559753,
0.5396161079406738,
-0.40394434332847595,
0.4116600453853607,
-0.09477049857378006,
-0.3029496967792511,
0.2331009954214096,
1.0498504638671875,
0.3462940752506256,
0.015975747257471085,
0.13027366995811462,
-0.1744408905506134,
0.5982598662376404,
-0.0153510682284832,
0.07372172176837921,
0.974194347858429,
-0.3640400171279907,
0.33833566308021545,
0.21523229777812958,
0.2706850469112396,
0.22509467601776123,
0.8676965236663818,
-0.7909924983978271,
-0.04870065674185753,
0.21320407092571259,
-0.0884389653801918,
0.28903013467788696,
-0.8438622355461121,
0.09851635247468948,
-0.14455817639827728,
0.30543386936187744,
-0.5294565558433533,
-0.4686155319213867,
0.3951209485530853,
-0.6533709168434143,
-0.856001079082489,
0.3566822409629822,
0.6784632802009583,
-0.8473514318466187,
-0.6052535772323608,
-0.12047037482261658,
-0.5860540866851807,
0.32634493708610535,
-0.9133646488189697,
0.1574341207742691,
0.25810596346855164,
-0.490672767162323,
0.2763379216194153,
0.6974431872367859,
0.41109737753868103,
0.46988874673843384,
-0.24769562482833862,
-0.8522374033927917,
-0.1328892856836319,
-0.4679050147533417,
0.6017306447029114,
0.16375429928302765,
-0.33555617928504944,
0.019169077277183533,
-0.35134267807006836,
-0.14480577409267426,
-0.13885043561458588,
0.8209993243217468,
-0.3686676621437073,
0.4288737177848816,
0.061806436628103256,
0.22318080067634583,
0.6472190022468567,
-1.096958041191101,
0.22936826944351196,
0.11376070231199265,
0.6733159422874451,
0.43822741508483887,
0.3912357687950134,
0.02900790609419346,
1.0078167915344238,
-0.03531436622142792,
0.6357992887496948,
-0.44140708446502686,
0.2996836304664612,
-0.3438413143157959,
0.9071539044380188,
0.10688938945531845,
-0.17520911991596222,
0.5283184051513672,
-0.24996183812618256,
-0.33978280425071716,
0.31700924038887024,
-0.33026525378227234,
0.5882856249809265,
0.8270895481109619,
0.17622706294059753,
0.4805871546268463,
-0.4009665846824646,
-0.2870337665081024,
-0.5899177193641663,
0.4362526834011078,
0.046971943229436874,
-0.48366808891296387,
0.24987152218818665,
-0.4635494351387024,
0.20966100692749023,
-0.16727378964424133,
-0.6529944539070129,
-0.651383101940155,
0.5362383723258972,
-0.22840087115764618,
0.2861783504486084,
-0.8059346079826355,
-0.6931846737861633,
0.5077227354049683,
0.40828612446784973,
0.7845953106880188,
-0.4666277766227722,
-0.10304462909698486,
0.08405579626560211,
-0.31776660680770874,
-0.4278547465801239,
0.047910019755363464,
0.11106102168560028,
-0.5126176476478577,
0.294479101896286,
-0.3175842761993408,
-0.5435822606086731,
0.1669909954071045,
-1.0024186372756958,
0.2574745714664459,
-0.6277034282684326,
-0.4011550843715668,
0.19003798067569733,
0.066989965736866,
-0.3917955160140991,
0.40923207998275757,
-0.44158855080604553
] |
256743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejler%20Bille | Ejler Bille | Ejler Bille (6 March 1910 – 1 May 2004) was a Danish artist.
Biography
Ejler Bille was born in Odder, Denmark. He was the son of Torben Holger Bille and Anna Kirstine Lysabild Jensen. Bille graduated from Birkerød State School in 1930, and then studied at the arts and craft school (Kunsthåndværkerskolen) in Copenhagen with Bizzie Høyer 1930–1932 and the Royal Danish Academy of Art in 1933. In 1931, he made his debut at the Artists' Autumn Exhibition (Kunstnernes Efterårsudstilling).
Bille joined Linien in 1934, Corner in 1940 and CoBrA in 1949. He had concentrated on small sculptures, but moved into painting after joining CoBrA. In 1969 he was a guest professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Art.
Awards
1960: Eckersberg Medal
1969: Thorvaldsen Medal
1987: Prince Eugen Medal
2001: Amalienborg Prize
See also
List of Danish painters
References
External links
Ejler Bille at Schäfer Grafisk Værksted
1910 births
2004 deaths
People from Odder Municipality
20th-century Danish painters
21st-century Danish painters
Abstract painters
Modern sculptors
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Danish watercolourists
Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
20th-century Danish sculptors
20th-century male artists
Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal | [
0.11587082594633102,
0.47741201519966125,
-0.7561958432197571,
-0.49350860714912415,
-0.7107879519462585,
0.8570685982704163,
0.872312068939209,
-0.18959765136241913,
-0.6900444626808167,
-0.2635344862937927,
0.3980112075805664,
0.15721015632152557,
-0.1847439557313919,
0.06104322522878647,
-0.2890828251838684,
-0.21338817477226257,
-0.12741026282310486,
0.6799105405807495,
-0.6268369555473328,
-0.380458265542984,
0.040341150015592575,
-1.1064382791519165,
0.16944123804569244,
-0.3596402704715729,
-0.6035774350166321,
-0.48451465368270874,
-0.11836981773376465,
0.2310532033443451,
0.9776439666748047,
-0.0006753169582225382,
0.16912612318992615,
0.744260847568512,
0.1989680677652359,
-0.21199975907802582,
-0.4550398290157318,
0.10712598264217377,
-0.3893885016441345,
-0.24716393649578094,
0.29742342233657837,
0.23389901220798492,
-0.6608672738075256,
0.5953949689865112,
-0.11137010902166367,
0.05737690627574921,
0.290734201669693,
-1.2055261135101318,
-2.3305795192718506,
-0.4394761025905609,
-0.4163266718387604,
0.27335473895072937,
-0.05332782119512558,
0.03165009617805481,
0.6394664645195007,
1.0590769052505493,
0.7867497801780701,
0.11109642684459686,
-0.20185810327529907,
-0.007665025070309639,
0.04700087383389473,
0.0694313496351242,
0.7753844261169434,
-0.15136896073818207,
0.4451860785484314,
-0.2556532919406891,
0.8696426749229431,
0.39726805686950684,
-0.37334126234054565,
-0.040538713335990906,
0.42408478260040283,
0.02610689029097557,
0.11482629179954529,
0.37631353735923767,
0.8922237157821655,
-0.359389990568161,
0.032616037875413895,
-0.17417655885219574,
0.01018424890935421,
-0.33893972635269165,
-0.387501984834671,
-0.47015857696533203,
0.12938936054706573,
-0.6032407879829407,
0.8507632613182068,
0.39402326941490173,
0.06687170267105103,
0.25541725754737854,
-0.0943826213479042,
-0.40176016092300415,
-0.4579445421695709,
0.277959942817688,
0.10120164602994919,
-0.3259038031101227,
-0.5293746590614319,
0.5264620780944824,
0.11804549396038055,
0.2765662372112274,
-0.5947902202606201,
0.999491810798645,
-0.34453028440475464,
0.7472162842750549,
0.36905989050865173,
0.04200366511940956,
0.5914851427078247,
0.03920964524149895,
0.39184674620628357,
-0.5050693154335022,
-0.1478092074394226,
-0.08585845679044724,
0.003679067362099886,
-1.7074259519577026,
-0.961535632610321,
0.7231590747833252,
-0.42691460251808167,
-0.31697404384613037,
0.040519267320632935,
0.716450035572052,
-0.0698440819978714,
-0.3089228570461273,
-0.4275335967540741,
0.1564101278781891,
-1.0312319993972778,
0.12621213495731354,
-0.34609895944595337,
-0.2583301067352295,
-0.854328989982605,
0.3735666275024414,
-0.44822049140930176,
0.6144865155220032,
0.10302629321813583,
0.6099159717559814,
0.30266639590263367,
0.574333906173706,
-0.5089532136917114,
-0.4375251233577728,
-0.38550278544425964,
-0.08581904321908951,
0.738804817199707,
0.3711346685886383,
0.06428500264883041,
0.3735930025577545,
-0.25408756732940674,
-0.41432803869247437,
-2.0681827068328857,
-0.1033940464258194,
-0.22812895476818085,
-0.31380799412727356,
-0.34188342094421387,
-0.025336507707834244,
0.17424935102462769,
-0.11440408229827881,
0.2617066204547882,
-0.4360082745552063,
0.4632297456264496,
0.1670289933681488,
-0.3972807228565216,
0.249260812997818,
0.05610666796565056,
0.34956440329551697,
0.31292128562927246,
-0.1716238409280777,
0.7710036039352417,
0.021981142461299896,
-0.15951018035411835,
0.1888216882944107,
0.09317334741353989,
-0.10010755807161331,
0.21930888295173645,
0.14569225907325745,
-0.1131652295589447,
-0.2141738086938858,
-0.5146133899688721,
0.11716168373823166,
-0.1990954428911209,
0.3808431327342987,
0.38793349266052246,
0.0018075595144182444,
-0.0003650750732049346,
-0.09667903929948807,
0.11742338538169861,
0.02923734486103058,
-0.670909583568573,
-0.26670941710472107,
0.7455609440803528,
-0.3150668442249298,
0.28202998638153076,
0.1839650273323059,
0.32425007224082947,
-0.026602666825056076,
0.6365935206413269,
0.036453984677791595,
-0.19075551629066467,
-0.5536209344863892,
0.5148638486862183,
0.4922620356082916,
1.0085699558258057,
0.18215328454971313,
-0.2561042010784149,
-0.1683681160211563,
-0.41839489340782166,
0.40571415424346924,
-0.13730387389659882,
-0.7028332948684692,
0.29523369669914246,
-0.49022912979125977,
0.8034096360206604,
2.105029344558716,
0.1433664709329605,
-0.2641121745109558,
-0.25738582015037537,
0.5741016268730164,
0.025488954037427902,
-0.5673598647117615,
-0.10316862910985947,
1.0931835174560547,
-0.04860471934080124,
-0.485772967338562,
-0.23007793724536896,
0.2607940137386322,
0.18355564773082733,
-0.5277084112167358,
0.437621533870697,
0.35772642493247986,
-0.2352873831987381,
0.8621059656143188,
-0.034206751734018326,
0.8286893963813782,
-0.18769203126430511,
0.20625817775726318,
0.25274133682250977,
-0.8123092651367188,
0.24791818857192993,
0.5912801623344421,
0.2675665020942688,
0.007398546207696199,
0.13524837791919708,
0.14578546583652496,
0.3732505142688751,
-0.19302675127983093,
0.8853501677513123,
-0.5071042776107788,
0.5910971760749817,
0.5341974496841431,
-0.5172487497329712,
0.6965591907501221,
-0.056992098689079285,
0.8433507084846497,
-0.32959675788879395,
0.03933364897966385,
-0.39131373167037964,
-0.25676602125167847,
0.39360255002975464,
0.28217601776123047,
-0.2475140243768692,
-0.43917569518089294,
-0.2626892626285553,
-0.21964707970619202,
0.5021641254425049,
-0.23201216757297516,
0.16388152539730072,
0.2890365719795227,
0.06532005965709686,
-0.05553083121776581,
0.5700624585151672,
0.3403753340244293,
-0.22669285535812378,
-0.5677399635314941,
0.19537632167339325,
-0.5518324971199036,
0.5364646911621094,
-0.1349039524793625,
-0.062075477093458176,
-0.008195793256163597,
-0.36829522252082825,
-1.8372864723205566,
0.015381376259028912,
-0.12435045093297958,
-0.6474131345748901,
0.1943219006061554,
-0.2520582675933838,
-0.2237391620874405,
0.2232644110918045,
1.023903489112854,
-0.3990357518196106,
-0.4408226013183594,
0.35367336869239807,
0.22129210829734802,
-0.45205754041671753,
-0.3468545377254486,
0.5921214818954468,
-0.03984498232603073,
0.19613613188266754,
1.059596300125122,
-0.6490406394004822,
0.15700475871562958,
-0.27549150586128235,
0.12458942085504532,
-0.8204910755157471,
-0.8557106852531433,
-0.14672836661338806,
0.32271093130111694,
-0.6173734068870544,
0.43852031230926514,
0.22875191271305084,
0.12421730160713196,
-0.3001554608345032,
0.6287024617195129,
-0.5313838124275208,
-0.1789802759885788,
-4.011224746704102,
-0.24946023523807526,
0.5475490093231201,
0.20811142027378082,
-0.30205750465393066,
-0.004845594521611929,
0.3817070424556732,
0.16918380558490753,
0.5325289964675903,
-0.25095874071121216,
0.9481033682823181,
-0.8807176351547241,
0.3036492168903351,
0.7501364350318909,
0.6920291781425476,
0.820051908493042,
0.9061286449432373,
0.06358527392148972,
0.07726641744375229,
0.30778658390045166,
0.34674695134162903,
-0.3877400755882263,
0.01553079392760992,
-0.13659700751304626,
-0.025978686287999153,
0.016340486705303192,
-0.4557940661907196,
-0.6093629002571106,
-0.8009469509124756,
0.029106562957167625,
0.13823160529136658,
-0.07319898158311844,
-0.013490192592144012,
0.0031855537090450525,
0.21776734292507172,
0.13807956874370575,
0.09492411464452744,
0.9667559862136841,
-0.5942306518554688,
-0.11626607924699783,
-0.09986846148967743,
0.3645299971103668,
-0.5428977012634277,
-0.1578543782234192,
-0.06983886659145355,
0.37615978717803955,
-0.6177188754081726,
-0.15704543888568878,
-0.8279520869255066,
0.6658814549446106,
0.48294535279273987,
-0.5893966555595398,
0.6717069149017334,
0.14347420632839203,
0.20780055224895477,
-0.46742868423461914,
-0.009401144459843636,
-0.25870561599731445,
-0.35224649310112,
0.3796352446079254,
0.10629992187023163,
-0.45339658856391907,
-0.03885803371667862,
-0.727299690246582,
-0.23748363554477692,
-0.5387452840805054,
0.09672416746616364,
-0.15738625824451447,
0.2618189752101898,
-0.8390498161315918,
0.060208648443222046,
0.8072192072868347,
0.14436444640159607,
-0.8746530413627625,
-0.13425926864147186,
-0.3913310766220093,
0.12726981937885284,
-0.5791963934898376,
-0.5414894223213196,
-0.796524703502655,
0.2704709768295288,
-0.783810555934906,
-0.3172485828399658,
0.3818280100822449,
0.9290962815284729,
0.4206185042858124,
-0.2965758442878723,
-0.0638844296336174,
-0.600697934627533,
-0.34633082151412964,
0.25086158514022827,
-0.19137024879455566,
0.12333153188228607,
0.7957540154457092,
-0.5027133226394653,
0.4482533037662506,
0.5939341187477112,
-0.7645235657691956,
0.3477289378643036,
-0.4449688792228699,
-0.15103043615818024,
-0.45697247982025146,
-0.44564807415008545,
0.12132832407951355,
-0.23174907267093658,
0.006635021418333054,
0.3276312053203583,
0.03741362318396568,
0.35636070370674133,
0.10290063917636871,
0.09270565956830978,
0.24129964411258698,
-0.26295366883277893,
-0.5761585235595703,
0.8948078155517578,
-0.23770824074745178,
-0.03073071502149105,
0.7881532907485962,
0.09516244381666183,
-0.12150739878416061,
0.4833371639251709,
0.3443739414215088,
0.21644409000873566,
-0.4767162501811981,
0.027604682371020317,
-0.1344360113143921,
-0.4637283682823181,
-0.19635629653930664,
-0.8429653644561768,
0.02238953858613968,
-0.6725879907608032,
1.0170074701309204,
-0.31434106826782227,
-0.2097955048084259,
-0.0034258528612554073,
-0.27044862508773804,
-0.3516363501548767,
0.17190228402614594,
-0.20971758663654327,
-0.13093160092830658,
0.1713029146194458,
-0.3809055984020233,
-0.35147207975387573,
0.8589199781417847,
-0.3868638277053833,
0.4508103132247925,
0.5500892996788025,
-0.21970322728157043,
-0.581184983253479,
0.6924092173576355,
-0.5597019195556641,
-0.12245919555425644,
0.28863346576690674,
-0.5623555183410645,
-0.18202026188373566,
0.30064278841018677,
-0.18092787265777588,
0.1398133784532547,
-0.6366714239120483,
-0.4550224840641022,
-0.13102774322032928,
-0.03418850153684616,
-1.503213882446289,
0.14903822541236877,
-0.03358086571097374,
-0.27559301257133484,
-0.5378513932228088,
-0.13899172842502594,
-0.18328002095222473,
0.4139730632305145,
-0.5057854652404785,
-0.7547376155853271,
-0.36898714303970337,
-0.5359033346176147,
-0.3685847818851471,
-0.4111247956752777,
0.3550606667995453,
0.2829364538192749,
-0.07958772778511047,
-0.18130502104759216,
0.1348118633031845,
1.0232518911361694,
-0.7352639436721802,
0.29987633228302,
0.45944342017173767,
-0.12491899728775024,
-0.6755472421646118,
-0.08437617123126984,
-0.17057782411575317,
-0.2494458109140396,
0.5522121787071228,
-0.011968792416155338,
0.04374385625123978,
0.5443476438522339,
-0.2469026893377304,
-0.44182834029197693,
-0.45368966460227966,
-0.18724900484085083,
-0.07629048824310303,
0.015567302703857422,
0.6172640919685364,
0.20958587527275085,
-0.07918845862150192,
0.22253958880901337,
0.08296922594308853,
-0.854910135269165,
0.40008512139320374,
0.7859862446784973,
-0.2232125997543335,
0.431729257106781,
-0.45241692662239075,
-0.5956240892410278,
-0.4442024230957031,
0.3680937886238098,
-0.47755739092826843,
0.1561731994152069,
0.8198219537734985,
-0.19854679703712463,
-0.24036447703838348,
-0.5592746734619141,
-0.38721510767936707,
-0.05688108876347542,
-0.4094223976135254,
0.03791254386305809,
-0.3187481760978699,
-0.3302791118621826,
-0.3239123523235321,
0.27521345019340515,
0.5059294104576111,
-0.16717812418937683,
0.5690734386444092,
-0.0973847359418869,
0.03569689020514488,
0.2263973355293274,
0.1156412810087204,
0.3633474111557007,
0.10700685530900955,
0.27264121174812317,
0.13586588203907013,
0.2884819805622101,
0.7064391374588013,
1.0300322771072388,
0.5456572771072388,
0.2990577816963196,
-0.3047168552875519,
0.32970288395881653,
0.32627689838409424,
-0.16933979094028473,
0.326968789100647,
0.5587964057922363,
-0.07011933624744415,
-0.10066372901201248,
-0.5325345993041992,
-0.5963277816772461,
1.5574126243591309,
0.08630824834108353,
0.2608794569969177,
0.5736027956008911,
0.3243069648742676,
-0.27962711453437805,
-0.20757514238357544,
0.7034844160079956,
0.0901888757944107,
-0.09423961490392685,
0.4486963152885437,
1.1257113218307495,
-0.12971822917461395,
0.8743684887886047,
0.3555518686771393,
0.27229276299476624,
-1.0263736248016357,
-0.12499715387821198,
-0.4793528914451599,
0.16437888145446777,
-0.3660253882408142,
0.02267432026565075,
0.3771188259124756,
-0.7709625959396362,
-0.18406783044338226,
0.11468823999166489,
0.6598966121673584,
-0.2648307681083679,
0.560662567615509,
0.03309406712651253,
-1.1279915571212769,
-0.3965984582901001,
-0.43206506967544556,
-0.40457475185394287,
-0.5314472913742065,
-0.37226900458335876,
-0.6791641712188721,
0.04827047884464264,
0.43950948119163513,
0.4481201767921448,
0.4465089440345764,
0.7246907353401184,
-0.39340007305145264,
0.9196489453315735,
-0.21683380007743835,
-0.0968620628118515,
-0.5192285180091858,
0.4095107614994049,
0.27785205841064453,
0.006218550726771355,
1.0697894096374512,
-0.03416720777750015,
-0.32809484004974365,
-0.34608352184295654,
0.25768110156059265,
0.2844594419002533,
0.04314029589295387,
-0.3542102575302124,
-0.006458291783928871,
0.369329035282135,
-0.40786293148994446,
-0.4494796097278595,
0.8401250839233398,
-0.6306018829345703,
-0.5377978682518005,
-0.15598617494106293,
0.4565619230270386,
0.2071915864944458,
0.5264952182769775,
0.26666581630706787,
-0.25516796112060547,
0.5937997698783875,
0.6850370168685913,
0.23952294886112213,
0.016632212325930595,
-0.2279810607433319,
-0.2163618505001068,
-0.41266053915023804,
-0.475938618183136,
0.6008371710777283,
-0.2271222621202469,
0.4558401107788086,
0.10862164944410324,
-0.5048863291740417,
-0.33893394470214844,
0.06071145460009575,
-0.5306316614151001,
0.810989260673523,
0.004756107926368713,
-0.021112198010087013,
0.3399460017681122,
-0.40529555082321167,
-0.3913949728012085,
-0.16096830368041992,
0.1101459339261055,
-0.3348294198513031,
0.3130732774734497,
-0.08582159876823425,
0.23530207574367523,
-0.6988606452941895,
0.10944481194019318,
0.0965958684682846,
0.7810690999031067,
-0.4544107913970947,
-0.4507824182510376,
-1.2121739387512207,
-0.21133100986480713,
-0.6977977752685547,
0.7108347415924072,
0.39940959215164185,
-0.6441055536270142,
-0.8168883323669434,
-0.5035070776939392,
0.31460273265838623,
-0.008710469119250774,
0.6647690534591675,
0.2623840570449829,
-0.6616977453231812,
0.33719152212142944,
0.670032262802124,
0.5873737335205078,
0.32300034165382385,
0.4736742377281189,
-0.38646164536476135,
-0.3944268524646759,
-0.24165664613246918,
-0.15660615265369415,
0.46080532670021057,
0.3144620656967163,
-0.713090717792511,
0.08564882725477219,
-0.42824435234069824,
-0.35243353247642517,
0.32521292567253113,
0.27197542786598206,
0.0011082558194175363,
0.42024198174476624,
-0.23340333998203278,
0.5536438822746277,
0.6555280089378357,
-1.1268048286437988,
0.6382195949554443,
-0.3138575553894043,
0.9680545330047607,
-0.3481261134147644,
-0.9954587817192078,
-0.8154332041740417,
0.7960454225540161,
-0.4277324974536896,
0.1235918402671814,
0.09809454530477524,
0.3345831334590912,
-0.7364139556884766,
1.1594294309616089,
-0.03740239515900612,
0.33974289894104004,
0.30579185485839844,
0.20640234649181366,
-0.024905672296881676,
0.669586181640625,
-0.7261123657226562,
-0.5261257290840149,
0.4588638246059418,
-0.04103010892868042,
-0.6587764620780945,
0.40846261382102966,
0.033550161868333817,
-0.13238540291786194,
0.006087650544941425,
-0.3488192856311798,
-0.023396963253617287,
-0.5014475584030151,
-0.11672752350568771,
0.19748489558696747,
0.6901978850364685,
0.23400656878948212,
0.027147069573402405,
0.5716515183448792,
-0.38683024048805237,
-0.6741434335708618,
-0.1934281587600708,
-0.043761081993579865,
0.782768726348877,
0.6840043663978577,
0.4260437488555908,
-0.41475072503089905,
0.6605451107025146,
0.049069713801145554,
0.07916415482759476,
0.23223847150802612,
-4.214024066925049,
-0.06979940086603165,
0.021762358024716377,
0.1505199819803238,
0.22391214966773987,
-0.25846144556999207,
0.11921047419309616,
-0.6735009551048279,
0.7244641184806824,
-0.47476571798324585,
0.24008473753929138,
0.23238059878349304,
0.09291039407253265,
0.008849344216287136,
0.23254811763763428,
-0.19940756261348724
] |
256745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton%20Macdonald-Wright | Stanton Macdonald-Wright | Stanton Macdonald-Wright (July 8, 1890 – August 22, 1973), was a modern American artist. He was a co-founder of Synchromism, an early abstract, color-based mode of painting, which was the first American avant-garde art movement to receive international attention.
Early life
Stanton Macdonald-Wright was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1890. His first name, Stanton, was chosen to honor the women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton; he later hyphenated his last name after repeatedly being asked if he were related to the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He spent his adolescence in Santa Monica, California, where his father ran a seaside hotel. An amateur artist as well as a businessman, Macdonald-Wright's father encouraged his artistic development from a young age and secured him private painting lessons. Stanton's older brother, Willard Huntington Wright, was a writer and critic who gained international fame in the 1920s by writing the Philo Vance detective novels under the pseudonym S.S. Van Dine.
Synchromism: Europe and New York
Married at the age of seventeen, Macdonald-Wright moved to Paris with his wife to immerse himself in European art and to study at the Sorbonne, the Académie Julian, the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Colarossi. He and fellow student Morgan Russell studied with Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart between 1911 and 1913. They were deeply influenced by their teacher's color theory, which connected the qualities of color to those of music, as well as by the works of Delacroix, the Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse that placed a great emphasis on juxtapositions and reverberations of color. During these years Macdonald-Wright and Russell developed Synchromism (meaning "with color"), seeking to free their art form from a literal description of the world and believing that painting was a practice akin to music that should be divorced from representational associations. Macdonald-Wright collaborated with Russell in painting abstract "synchromies" and staged Synchromist exhibitions in Munich in June 1913, in Paris in October 1913, and in New York in March 1914. These established Synchromism as an influence in modern art well into the 1920s, though followers of other abstract artists (principally, the Orphists Robert and Sonia Delaunay) were later to claim that the Synchromists had merely borrowed the principles of color abstraction from Orphism, a point vehemently disputed by Macdonald-Wright and Russell. While in Europe, Macdonald-Wright met Matisse, Rodin, and Gertrude and Leo Stein, and Thomas Hart Benton, who called Stanton "the most gifted all-around fellow I ever knew". He and Russell returned to the United States hopeful of acclaim and financial success and were eager to promote their cause.
In 1915, Stanton's brother, by that time a respected editor and critic in the New York literary world, published one of the first and most comprehensive surveys of advanced art to appear in the United States. Secretly co-authored by Stanton, Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning reviews the major art movements of the previous century from Manet to Cubism, praises the work of Cézanne (still largely unknown in the United States), and predicts a time, soon to come, when an abstract art of pure color will supplant realism. Synchromism itself, the subject of a lengthy, adulatory chapter, is presented as that desired end-point, the culmination of the modernist struggle, surpassing the work of "lesser Moderns" like Kandinsky and the Futurists; at no time does the author acknowledge his own brother as one of the two originators of that school of art.
About his work in this period, Macdonald-Wright commented, "I strive to divest my art of all anecdote and illustration and to purify it to the point where the emotions of the spectator will be wholly aesthetic, as when listening to good music....I cast aside as nugatory all natural representation in my art. However, I still adhered to the fundamental laws of compsiition (placements and displacements of mass, as in the human body in movement) and created my pictures by means of color-form, which, by its organization in three dimensions, resulted in rhythm."
Not long after returning to New York, Macdonald-Wright separated from Russell but both continued to work in the Synchromist style, or with Synchromist color effects, though Macdonald-Wright's painting came to include more vestiges of representational imagery. They held another Synchromist exhibition in New York in 1916 and received significant promotion and critical support from Willard. In 1916, Willard and Stanton were key organizers of the prestigious "Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters" in New York. Macdonald-Wright exhibited his work at Alfred Stieglitz's famed 291 gallery in New York in 1917. Yet the sales and the renown that he had hoped for did not materialize, and his financial situation grew desperate.
California and later life
Acknowledging that he would never be able to secure a living in New York, Macdonald-Wright moved to Los Angeles in 1918. In 1920, with Stieglitz's support, he organized the first exhibition of modern art in Los Angeles, "The Exhibition of American Modernists" at the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science, and Art, showing his own large-scale abstract synchromies as well as works by John Marin, Arthur Dove, and Marsden Hartley. In 1922, he became the head of the Los Angeles Art Students League. He also became involved in local theater, serving as the director of the Santa Monica Theater Guild as well as writing and directing plays, designing sets, and acting himself.
Macdonald-Wright was a significant presence and a charismatic personality in the Los Angeles art scene for the next several decades. He was the director of the Southern California division of the Works Project Administration Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943, and personally completed several major civic art projects, including the murals in Santa Monica City Hall. After World War II, Macdonald-Wright became interested in Japanese art and culture, which led to the renewal of synchromist elements in his work. He taught art for many years at UCLA and also kept studios in Kyoto and Florence.
By the early 1950s, Macdonald-Wright's work had fallen into relative obscurity. A renewed interest in American modernism led to his gradual rediscovery and new scholarly attention, and he was given retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1956, at the Smithsonian National Collection of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. in 1967, and at the Art Galleries of UCLA in 1970. "Synchromism and American Color Abstraction: 1910–1925," a 1978–1979 six-museum traveling exhibition originating at the Whitney Museum of American Art, was a watershed event in a revival of interest in Synchromism. In 2001–2002, a major Stanton Macdonald-Wright retrospective was shown at the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, curated by the Synchromist scholar and Macdonald-Wright biographer Will South.
Married three times, Macdonald-Wright died in Pacific Palisades, California in 1973, at the age of eighty-three. His paintings are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery, among other museums.
References
Principal Sources
Hoopes, Donelson F. Stanton Macdonald-Wright: Paintings, 1903–1973. Los Angeles: Arco Center for Visual Art, 1979.
Kushner, Marilyn. Morgan Russell. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990.
Levin, Gail. Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910–1925. New York: George Braziller, 1978.
Loughery, John. Alias S.S. Van Dine. New York: Scribners, 1992.
South, Will. Color, Myth, and Music: Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Synchromism. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001. .
Synchromism: Morgan Russell and Stanton Macdonald-Wright. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999.
Wright, Willard Huntington Wright. Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning. New York: John Lane, 1915.
External links
Stanton Macdonald-Wright at CGFA
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract painters
Modern painters
Federal Art Project artists
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
University of Paris alumni
Académie Colarossi alumni
1890 births
1973 deaths
Painters from California
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Works Progress Administration in California
Federal Art Project administrators
Public Works of Art Project artists | [
0.37652871012687683,
0.5268317461013794,
-0.8888584971427917,
-0.16489043831825256,
0.4062318205833435,
0.2724955081939697,
0.8892289400100708,
-0.5645370483398438,
-0.23545093834400177,
-0.8120195865631104,
0.00882361363619566,
0.3444165587425232,
-0.24147379398345947,
0.48181602358818054,
-0.4734730124473572,
0.29129526019096375,
-0.18326060473918915,
0.18490968644618988,
-0.3540596663951874,
-0.1846337765455246,
-0.8175260424613953,
-1.1866973638534546,
0.3189050555229187,
-0.34769633412361145,
-0.7914655208587646,
0.12920671701431274,
0.18304525315761566,
-0.27433449029922485,
0.12881684303283691,
0.6071641445159912,
0.2922448515892029,
0.18068216741085052,
0.5910593271255493,
-0.2671310007572174,
-0.5793630480766296,
0.22705338895320892,
-0.3158174157142639,
-0.5883476138114929,
0.09164546430110931,
-0.25092536211013794,
-0.2863166034221649,
0.09206543117761612,
0.7005391716957092,
0.1382182240486145,
-0.1746215671300888,
-0.2784356474876404,
-2.1338207721710205,
-0.03989454358816147,
-1.0398129224777222,
-0.007606518920511007,
-0.4971887171268463,
0.3557279407978058,
0.9328321218490601,
0.2955721914768219,
-0.30146658420562744,
0.8425484895706177,
-0.3904755711555481,
0.25385212898254395,
-0.011480090208351612,
-0.8183632493019104,
0.46787089109420776,
-0.021537892520427704,
0.7728630304336548,
0.07915083318948746,
0.11174366623163223,
0.6401244401931763,
-0.3711186349391937,
0.14836551249027252,
0.17406582832336426,
0.28750574588775635,
0.1920526921749115,
0.5490883588790894,
0.8049085140228271,
-0.2753610908985138,
0.022721251472830772,
0.10464944690465927,
0.05795696750283241,
-0.5812032222747803,
-0.08370397239923477,
0.2532897889614105,
-0.16111025214195251,
-0.44324707984924316,
0.6202089786529541,
0.6887484788894653,
0.1609903872013092,
-0.17577779293060303,
-0.31418415904045105,
0.3749304413795471,
-0.03788023442029953,
0.36859437823295593,
-0.38566505908966064,
-0.408292680978775,
-0.3016084134578705,
0.011821641586720943,
-0.22198717296123505,
0.10104457288980484,
0.14291000366210938,
0.297993928194046,
0.06228594481945038,
-0.34423160552978516,
0.1440192312002182,
0.0661388412117958,
0.07452147454023361,
0.030026985332369804,
-0.4493217170238495,
-0.12608763575553894,
-0.3727250397205353,
-0.4851255416870117,
0.18046876788139343,
0.09320934861898422,
-0.5228599309921265,
0.043702881783246994,
-0.38492923974990845,
-0.4607815742492676,
0.021958142518997192,
0.5255435705184937,
0.4397514760494232,
-0.16629956662654877,
-0.7419945001602173,
-0.24667610228061676,
-0.2967292070388794,
0.05554306507110596,
-0.30218344926834106,
-0.13065123558044434,
-0.7461474537849426,
0.22135834395885468,
0.09727702289819717,
0.4689357876777649,
-0.055077556520700455,
-0.10813794285058975,
0.5979791879653931,
1.0596003532409668,
0.1462172120809555,
-0.5910004377365112,
-0.2935482859611511,
-0.4690091013908386,
0.012018189765512943,
-0.010015272535383701,
-0.186848983168602,
0.6130587458610535,
-0.4635102152824402,
-0.19292853772640228,
-0.07606001198291779,
-0.016015106812119484,
0.5762085318565369,
-0.37949812412261963,
0.46903353929519653,
-0.040800292044878006,
-0.41229885816574097,
0.0017095846123993397,
-0.021255334839224815,
-0.2962859869003296,
0.33202478289604187,
-0.1779181808233261,
-0.16274583339691162,
0.4139254689216614,
0.3055788576602936,
-0.06487506628036499,
0.9041226506233215,
-0.1837981790304184,
0.3039488196372986,
0.06322243064641953,
-0.058737415820360184,
0.20901791751384735,
0.4660797119140625,
0.24685430526733398,
-0.27034470438957214,
-0.27242690324783325,
-0.39281991124153137,
0.05828026682138443,
-0.2929494380950928,
-0.28114670515060425,
0.2334282249212265,
-0.03897259384393692,
-0.10269587486982346,
0.34015682339668274,
0.38641300797462463,
0.2899807095527649,
-0.0076708416454494,
-0.47140467166900635,
-0.7720988988876343,
-0.21610353887081146,
0.4403662383556366,
0.0022773270029574633,
0.8956894874572754,
0.19056768715381622,
0.10141832381486893,
-0.2666880488395691,
0.3485938012599945,
0.029602238908410072,
-0.1597985476255417,
-0.5720086097717285,
0.19307979941368103,
-0.8576548099517822,
1.162772297859192,
0.2957908809185028,
-0.33080342411994934,
0.7132787108421326,
-0.06438679248094559,
0.44265085458755493,
0.12626956403255463,
0.005184897221624851,
-0.08592019230127335,
-0.3532204329967499,
0.4002382159233093,
0.15032808482646942,
0.4516901969909668,
0.17561858892440796,
0.35327547788619995,
0.5638229250907898,
0.8093463182449341,
-0.5299009680747986,
0.202412948012352,
1.1192694902420044,
-0.37510886788368225,
-0.8338287472724915,
-0.3816121220588684,
-0.27022507786750793,
0.13682898879051208,
-0.10538339614868164,
0.2903990149497986,
0.23956188559532166,
-0.2619258165359497,
0.5073457956314087,
0.3967236876487732,
0.1831730604171753,
-0.2035149782896042,
-0.46132397651672363,
0.01659148558974266,
-0.2534133493900299,
0.059518326073884964,
0.6360531449317932,
0.5015900731086731,
-0.908109724521637,
0.4003356993198395,
-0.10874789208173752,
0.42009004950523376,
-0.00324795744381845,
0.6339017152786255,
-0.7168774008750916,
0.07234126329421997,
0.29884523153305054,
-0.7191253900527954,
0.4480203688144684,
0.32199692726135254,
0.13261547684669495,
-0.290414422750473,
-0.1473257839679718,
0.1912606954574585,
-0.36505088210105896,
0.604114294052124,
0.8090162873268127,
0.3576594591140747,
-0.14865486323833466,
-0.24047760665416718,
-0.08102332800626755,
0.26541927456855774,
-0.6747180223464966,
0.2923196852207184,
0.07153816521167755,
0.04258812963962555,
0.6195095777511597,
-0.2660602033138275,
0.3907105326652527,
0.4649815857410431,
-0.7596175074577332,
-0.20728453993797302,
-0.3528660535812378,
-0.045690976083278656,
0.2947920560836792,
0.29939427971839905,
0.04966029152274132,
-0.24756541848182678,
0.23498490452766418,
0.297961562871933,
0.4900912940502167,
-0.6080876588821411,
0.29058554768562317,
-0.5523987412452698,
-0.7409316897392273,
0.40914443135261536,
1.4403709173202515,
0.07973150908946991,
-0.6623753309249878,
-0.10557197034358978,
0.013873010873794556,
-0.43010106682777405,
-0.5128350853919983,
0.10495590418577194,
-0.28091591596603394,
0.03521053120493889,
1.0668349266052246,
-0.34955769777297974,
0.04882993549108505,
-0.26841121912002563,
0.1360284835100174,
-0.7983741164207458,
-0.46273869276046753,
-0.18960882723331451,
0.15128540992736816,
-0.5269890427589417,
-0.08415333926677704,
0.12158209830522537,
-0.09370052814483643,
0.6634892821311951,
0.5142948627471924,
0.036234017461538315,
-0.2708442509174347,
-5.422445774078369,
0.3535480201244354,
-0.1996823400259018,
-0.3525034487247467,
-0.19744235277175903,
-0.19402633607387543,
0.10004885494709015,
0.07585388422012329,
0.10015169531106949,
-0.671040415763855,
0.190804585814476,
-0.5141704082489014,
-0.15090025961399078,
0.7207652926445007,
0.011144107207655907,
0.6370014548301697,
0.630219042301178,
0.06568252295255661,
-0.16207872331142426,
0.27348875999450684,
-0.015255603939294815,
0.011990241706371307,
-0.10106286406517029,
0.485519140958786,
0.8422421216964722,
-0.11544390022754669,
-0.5629210472106934,
-0.41731664538383484,
-0.6852051615715027,
-0.174813374876976,
0.0926511362195015,
0.12524236738681793,
-0.12100232392549515,
0.3204055726528168,
-0.18970702588558197,
0.024138739332556725,
0.19241788983345032,
0.12850956618785858,
-0.3632867932319641,
-0.017210111021995544,
-0.04488198831677437,
0.1257869303226471,
-0.9246860146522522,
0.012741350568830967,
-0.39285919070243835,
-0.3247034549713135,
-0.5247531533241272,
-0.5910019278526306,
0.3498193919658661,
0.43124037981033325,
0.484069287776947,
-0.047700222581624985,
0.6067537665367126,
-0.05252072215080261,
-0.056222498416900635,
-0.17730899155139923,
0.14260834455490112,
0.03364202007651329,
-1.0565341711044312,
0.12008792906999588,
0.23024480044841766,
-0.7601737976074219,
0.5056135654449463,
-0.5371868014335632,
-0.023320678621530533,
-0.48694300651550293,
-0.01464918628334999,
0.09027812629938126,
0.12542030215263367,
-0.7262064814567566,
-0.14251576364040375,
1.2250319719314575,
-0.1538163423538208,
-1.4568126201629639,
0.17141495645046234,
-0.17074500024318695,
0.0071111260913312435,
-0.36125674843788147,
-0.5235717296600342,
-0.7819862365722656,
0.36285457015037537,
-0.6376656293869019,
-0.1939907819032669,
0.6523770093917847,
0.48943760991096497,
0.12089616805315018,
-0.15275755524635315,
0.5709301829338074,
-0.8968847393989563,
0.44596701860427856,
0.5828213095664978,
0.1764295995235443,
0.22488903999328613,
0.15499022603034973,
0.41834086179733276,
0.17643854022026062,
0.8446352481842041,
0.16118325293064117,
0.2607850730419159,
-0.0766417533159256,
-0.6104641556739807,
-0.25541403889656067,
-0.1627601981163025,
-0.20943941175937653,
-0.08386584371328354,
-0.09336721897125244,
0.22219932079315186,
0.2357020527124405,
1.135575294494629,
0.2985997796058655,
0.07881902158260345,
-0.020226188004016876,
-0.6449502110481262,
-0.26827743649482727,
0.45024779438972473,
-0.044262077659368515,
0.1692168116569519,
0.21008986234664917,
0.906355082988739,
-0.024538857862353325,
0.29553505778312683,
0.445507675409317,
-0.14344973862171173,
0.44832324981689453,
0.3135281801223755,
0.0024104544427245855,
0.3159922659397125,
-0.3071328401565552,
-0.5974937677383423,
0.22986450791358948,
-0.015692060813307762,
0.7020584940910339,
-0.27309009432792664,
0.07915932685136795,
0.245155468583107,
0.14333301782608032,
-0.5679327845573425,
-0.261325865983963,
-0.2133493572473526,
-0.09834340214729309,
0.18867839872837067,
0.055964145809412,
-0.34627291560173035,
0.6588172316551208,
0.007022337056696415,
0.3718075752258301,
0.10976918786764145,
-0.0004914485616609454,
-0.8352535367012024,
0.5143531560897827,
-0.4801402688026428,
-0.06213369965553284,
0.2067098468542099,
-0.3364126682281494,
-0.3323219120502472,
-0.2006634920835495,
-0.8240793943405151,
-0.31777656078338623,
-0.4843560457229614,
-0.15811844170093536,
0.10242564231157303,
0.28740325570106506,
-0.8078116774559021,
-0.10068061947822571,
-0.17055551707744598,
-0.613930881023407,
-0.42066794633865356,
0.03809720650315285,
-0.9444452524185181,
0.7497840523719788,
0.35075342655181885,
-0.5222203731536865,
-0.01840851455926895,
-0.361488938331604,
0.4038757085800171,
-0.054208703339099884,
-0.12155859172344208,
0.23850207030773163,
0.15959621965885162,
0.1153007298707962,
0.19635602831840515,
0.2783719003200531,
-0.9335911273956299,
-0.5473306179046631,
0.5750258564949036,
-0.7732947468757629,
-0.5181002616882324,
0.02122613973915577,
-0.04961767792701721,
0.11830523610115051,
0.4492875933647156,
0.10357052087783813,
0.13328257203102112,
0.7968941330909729,
-0.3294511139392853,
-0.1142723560333252,
0.11631461977958679,
0.12360507249832153,
0.05964554101228714,
-0.41394418478012085,
-0.3794979155063629,
0.2097051590681076,
-0.2960430979728699,
-0.23351649940013885,
-0.24643944203853607,
-1.3543603420257568,
0.09562982618808746,
-0.13804377615451813,
-0.38061535358428955,
0.8520768284797668,
0.1503504067659378,
-0.2820824682712555,
-0.07590708881616592,
-0.13105881214141846,
-0.17215530574321747,
0.25575050711631775,
0.3598173260688782,
0.3793533444404602,
-0.4280066192150116,
-0.5415106415748596,
-0.270275354385376,
0.018454546108841896,
-0.41451966762542725,
0.15598560869693756,
-0.5821738839149475,
0.14807769656181335,
-0.3376574218273163,
0.4293684959411621,
0.4626998007297516,
-0.6938962340354919,
0.3060051500797272,
0.10433945804834366,
0.02860349602997303,
0.3196532130241394,
0.4327581524848938,
-0.09007143974304199,
0.6861806511878967,
0.6965681314468384,
0.269347220659256,
-0.3106018602848053,
0.17990714311599731,
1.2371559143066406,
0.5196092128753662,
-0.10158167779445648,
0.05727469548583031,
-0.2272147834300995,
0.2458668351173401,
-0.4887222945690155,
-0.017656097188591957,
0.4731539189815521,
0.5383989810943604,
-0.6190791726112366,
-0.37860164046287537,
-0.4832839369773865,
0.8068739771842957,
-0.1412101835012436,
0.027563635259866714,
0.2586008906364441,
0.20380936563014984,
-0.11940202116966248,
0.13886317610740662,
0.5483415126800537,
-0.43040719628334045,
-0.08024287223815918,
-0.07220205664634705,
0.6171454191207886,
-0.1402904987335205,
-0.0908631831407547,
0.2054244577884674,
-0.5430423021316528,
-0.38178750872612,
0.16086627542972565,
-0.4131689965724945,
0.7094401717185974,
-0.31086787581443787,
-0.43579861521720886,
0.06850144267082214,
-0.9239673614501953,
0.0889783725142479,
-0.6893745064735413,
-0.5668414831161499,
-0.03894433751702309,
0.36428630352020264,
-0.13370421528816223,
-0.4545139670372009,
-0.44730859994888306,
-0.22507916390895844,
-0.8165534734725952,
-0.5784009099006653,
-0.3126209080219269,
-0.3215758204460144,
0.1987028270959854,
0.2995406985282898,
-0.36153191328048706,
-0.06034602224826813,
0.5108400583267212,
-0.18585911393165588,
0.7895976305007935,
-0.6118320226669312,
-0.2873247265815735,
-0.13890890777111053,
0.5623043179512024,
0.22770433127880096,
0.4899376332759857,
0.7555860877037048,
-0.2513854205608368,
-0.021015627309679985,
-0.7086411118507385,
-0.08715535700321198,
0.6743273138999939,
0.05244116857647896,
-0.0085259098559618,
0.3821571171283722,
0.3787584602832794,
-0.8077642917633057,
0.03158429265022278,
0.5867342948913574,
-0.44793039560317993,
-0.7014980316162109,
0.009237022139132023,
-0.1301773637533188,
0.009586328640580177,
0.4421752393245697,
0.09654681384563446,
-0.14869947731494904,
0.5280745625495911,
-0.09093073010444641,
0.3692082464694977,
-0.027782831341028214,
0.511637806892395,
0.5004557371139526,
-0.52275550365448,
-0.17224712669849396,
0.29015862941741943,
-0.13346533477306366,
0.008991497568786144,
-0.41338491439819336,
0.044980235397815704,
-0.12882959842681885,
0.5872693657875061,
-0.2133587896823883,
0.39429476857185364,
0.1591815948486328,
0.32658323645591736,
0.14941537380218506,
-0.38662397861480713,
-0.10478752851486206,
0.5022342801094055,
0.1920415461063385,
-0.2017781287431717,
0.601460337638855,
0.07924461364746094,
0.20558537542819977,
-0.3137126564979553,
0.07382351160049438,
-0.15520928800106049,
0.4963764250278473,
0.14278745651245117,
-0.2297125607728958,
0.30556631088256836,
0.023370517417788506,
-0.5838355422019958,
1.0098049640655518,
-0.4896773099899292,
-0.18250730633735657,
-0.6707258224487305,
-0.2284172922372818,
-0.31865963339805603,
-0.40992364287376404,
0.5779350399971008,
0.3182893991470337,
0.051996566355228424,
-0.16068364679813385,
0.9455193877220154,
0.5925388932228088,
0.5227422714233398,
0.8155181407928467,
0.1268988847732544,
0.0045984406024217606,
-0.18314965069293976,
-0.4189034402370453,
0.2432338446378708,
-0.6044679284095764,
-0.4802696108818054,
0.26715925335884094,
-0.2712744474411011,
0.046759046614170074,
0.7120946049690247,
-0.027290649712085724,
-0.6379948854446411,
0.39642560482025146,
-0.09053274244070053,
-0.15955206751823425,
0.4156636893749237,
-0.3017646074295044,
0.13794729113578796,
-0.3980220556259155,
0.6225414872169495,
0.24444757401943207,
-0.1495489627122879,
-0.05731988325715065,
0.46994346380233765,
0.1439293920993805,
0.016132019460201263,
-0.144082173705101,
-0.0015278826467692852,
-0.24781593680381775,
0.6009290814399719,
-0.9294427633285522,
0.4123879075050354,
-0.5632545351982117,
0.25550079345703125,
-0.3053407669067383,
0.8051999807357788,
-0.40149301290512085,
-0.32931381464004517,
0.5939618945121765,
0.0661884993314743,
-0.25304579734802246,
-0.3215368688106537,
-0.03956150636076927,
-0.18710732460021973,
0.4089539647102356,
-0.15703633427619934,
-0.3636939227581024,
0.04925084114074707,
-0.12344834953546524,
-0.22949327528476715,
0.25632861256599426,
0.3277062177658081,
0.1164427101612091,
0.20776943862438202,
-0.6016248464584351,
-0.5131136178970337,
-0.7374189496040344,
-0.5784167647361755,
-0.21623633801937103,
0.6548174023628235,
0.6445054411888123,
-0.49925681948661804,
0.49235624074935913,
-0.5453131794929504,
-0.21698114275932312,
0.12083152681589127,
0.09994325041770935,
0.1469477117061615,
0.05151864141225815,
-0.37943950295448303,
0.3996898829936981,
0.42212656140327454,
-0.15021397173404694,
0.11863360553979874,
0.0217758696526289,
-0.656916618347168,
0.07696021348237991,
-0.1621406525373459,
0.25626760721206665,
-0.3792458474636078,
0.6324310898780823,
-0.002744754310697317
] |
256746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye%20Kellerman | Faye Kellerman | Faye Marder Kellerman (born July 31, 1952) is an American writer of mystery novels, in particular the "Peter Decker/Rina Lazarus" series, as well as three nonseries books, The Quality of Mercy, Moon Music, and Straight into Darkness.
Early life
Kellerman was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She attended UCLA, where she earned a bachelor of arts in mathematics in 1974. Four years later, she received her doctorate of dental surgery, but she has never practiced dentistry and was a housewife before publishing her first novel. In a 1997 essay, she says she cannot pinpoint the metamorphosis from dentist to writer of detective fiction, but several factors that steered her toward mystery writing were: "a desire for justice, a suspicious nature, an overactive imagination, and of course, a penchant for the bizarre."
Personal life
Kellerman is a practicing Orthodox Jew, as are her husband and son, novelists Jonathan Kellerman and Jesse Kellerman, respectively. Her writing frequently deals with Jewish themes and characters, incorporating them into the framework of the traditional mystery. The Peter Decker books, for example, center on a police detective raised as a Southern Baptist, who returns to his Jewish roots after falling in love with Rina Lazarus, an Orthodox Jew, while investigating a rape that took place near a yeshiva.
The Kellermans are the only married couple ever to appear on the New York Times bestseller list simultaneously (for two different books). They have four children; a son, Jesse, and three daughters, Rachel, Ilana, and Aliza. Their oldest child, Jesse, is a bestselling novelist and award-winning playwright. Their youngest, Aliza Kellerman, co-wrote Prism (2009), a young adult novel, with her mother.
Plagiarism lawsuit
In 1999 Kellerman sued the writers of the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love, whom she claimed stole the plotline from her 1989 novel The Quality of Mercy, in which Shakespeare romances a Jewish woman who dresses as a man, and attempts to solve a murder. Miramax Films spokesman Andrew Stengel derided the claim, filed in the US District Court six days before the 1999 Academy Awards, as "absurd", and argued that the timing "suggests a publicity stunt". An out-of-court settlement was reached, but the sum agreed between the parties indicates that the claim was "unwarranted".
Bibliography
The Peter Decker and Rina Lazarus series
The Ritual Bath (1986) (Winner of the 1987 Macavity award for Best First Novel, nominated for the 1987 Anthony Award in the same category)
Sacred and Profane (1987)
Milk and Honey (1990)
Day of Atonement (1991)
False Prophet (1992)
Grievous Sin (1993)
Sanctuary (1994)
Justice (1995)
Prayers for the Dead (1996)
Serpent's Tooth (1997)
Jupiter's Bones (1999)
Stalker (2000)
The Forgotten (2001)
Stone Kiss (2002)
Street Dreams (2003)
The Burnt House (2007)
The Mercedes Coffin aka Cold Case (2008)
Blindman's Bluff (2009)
Hangman (2010)
Gun Games (2011) aka Blood Games (2012)
The Beast aka Predator (2013)
Murder 101 (2014)
The Theory of Death (2015)
Bone Box (2017)
Walking Shadows (2018)
The Lost Boys (2021)
The Hunt (?)
Other novels
The Quality of Mercy (1989)
Moon Music (1998)
Double Homicide (2004) – written with Jonathan Kellerman
Straight Into Darkness (2005)
The Garden of Eden and Other Criminal Delights (2006)
Capital Crimes (2006) – written with Jonathan Kellerman
Prism (2009) – written with Aliza Kellerman
Killing Season (2017)
(Source: Bookreporter.com – Author Bibliography – Faye Kellerman Bibliography)
References
External links
Faye Kellerman's website
1952 births
Living people
American mystery writers
American Orthodox Jews
Jewish American novelists
Macavity Award winners
Writers from St. Louis
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
American women novelists
Women mystery writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
UCLA School of Dentistry alumni
Novelists from Missouri
21st-century American Jews | [
0.19110935926437378,
0.1934860646724701,
-0.4534603953361511,
-0.06873158365488052,
0.47345662117004395,
0.3085213005542755,
0.844161868095398,
-0.39866575598716736,
-0.37874236702919006,
-0.007569459732621908,
-0.10282743722200394,
0.4221431612968445,
0.2575858533382416,
0.19772198796272278,
-0.09856408089399338,
0.41743776202201843,
0.5950875878334045,
-0.11179273575544357,
-0.44233953952789307,
-0.5213000774383545,
0.08583105355501175,
-0.2163129597902298,
0.15187394618988037,
0.0025790922809392214,
-0.47382014989852905,
1.0248692035675049,
-0.3192257285118103,
-0.2284824103116989,
0.16962078213691711,
0.5059186816215515,
0.22875075042247772,
-0.17527461051940918,
0.7031821012496948,
-0.2951112389564514,
0.2273487150669098,
0.49412474036216736,
-0.5037120580673218,
-0.16686499118804932,
-0.2727729082107544,
0.12839366495609283,
-0.18645654618740082,
-0.05743895098567009,
0.14566266536712646,
-0.12426159530878067,
-0.39603736996650696,
0.15146952867507935,
-1.3811033964157104,
0.054876916110515594,
-0.6766909956932068,
0.15033236145973206,
0.4438551068305969,
0.2382255494594574,
0.5030232071876526,
-0.04995841532945633,
0.5839827060699463,
0.1730635017156601,
-0.19962488114833832,
-0.15804198384284973,
0.13644185662269592,
-0.19672483205795288,
0.42000773549079895,
-0.3893778622150421,
0.4511542320251465,
-0.06907370686531067,
0.0076942346058785915,
0.5585665702819824,
0.1369529515504837,
0.1390112340450287,
-0.061834950000047684,
-0.33577030897140503,
0.77944415807724,
0.3456452488899231,
0.23591911792755127,
0.03681202977895737,
-0.3186776638031006,
0.08001631498336792,
0.14891333878040314,
-0.5253885388374329,
0.5420597195625305,
0.5525484085083008,
-0.3570614457130432,
0.1873696744441986,
0.8324481844902039,
0.2898624539375305,
0.05964698642492294,
-0.19730445742607117,
-0.05603097751736641,
0.3030659258365631,
0.09954094886779785,
-0.04883596673607826,
-0.4911181628704071,
-0.835576057434082,
-0.11322230845689774,
0.4764593839645386,
0.039761848747730255,
-0.5419935584068298,
0.36810028553009033,
-0.14637494087219238,
0.22191131114959717,
-0.05360826849937439,
-0.44060954451560974,
-0.14596207439899445,
0.11460397392511368,
-0.22797039151191711,
-0.5214700102806091,
-0.036611247807741165,
-0.2217961698770523,
-0.37338048219680786,
-0.3861726224422455,
0.4594123363494873,
-0.10460495948791504,
0.40289437770843506,
-0.31814587116241455,
-0.12225744873285294,
-0.13955257833003998,
0.28852924704551697,
0.14499710500240326,
-0.08035369217395782,
-0.5216624736785889,
0.22059710323810577,
0.4027026891708374,
-0.5100269913673401,
0.7373563647270203,
0.15400196611881256,
0.21697640419006348,
-0.09616387635469437,
0.37436118721961975,
0.2314712256193161,
-0.30877283215522766,
0.28776225447654724,
0.1612091362476349,
0.4749724566936493,
-0.04589574411511421,
-0.20615588128566742,
-0.11569845676422119,
0.0795210525393486,
0.29352834820747375,
-0.06414499133825302,
-0.1986822485923767,
0.273014098405838,
-0.7758758664131165,
0.21361757814884186,
-0.2606476843357086,
-0.6764775514602661,
0.33232006430625916,
-0.10718711465597153,
-0.2518794536590576,
0.15064848959445953,
-0.3715755045413971,
-0.23326139152050018,
0.06610339134931564,
0.26846036314964294,
-0.19633950293064117,
-1.3252357244491577,
-0.415479451417923,
0.028843315318226814,
0.23869235813617706,
0.8275596499443054,
-0.2968837022781372,
-0.10563068836927414,
0.21620559692382812,
0.3317626714706421,
0.13624955713748932,
-0.38848522305488586,
0.34366339445114136,
-0.06710676848888397,
0.4073619544506073,
-0.4107009172439575,
-0.2294297218322754,
0.2900804281234741,
0.08210109919309616,
0.145395889878273,
0.28371861577033997,
-0.4344511032104492,
-0.09220847487449646,
-0.08487384766340256,
0.489028662443161,
0.7923312187194824,
-0.24250809848308563,
-0.6002743244171143,
-0.2547624409198761,
-0.24408605694770813,
-0.4154052734375,
-0.3699147403240204,
-0.4122924208641052,
-0.017381981015205383,
0.19231539964675903,
0.15262269973754883,
0.46583569049835205,
0.2693389356136322,
-0.8809670805931091,
-0.0643327385187149,
0.9934372305870056,
0.12492735683917999,
0.6739212870597839,
-0.6396220326423645,
-0.32750582695007324,
0.952610194683075,
-0.5082295536994934,
0.2544226050376892,
0.16520938277244568,
-0.004992477595806122,
-0.06210726872086525,
-0.33829596638679504,
-0.3051401376724243,
0.19378535449504852,
0.5747942924499512,
0.08994898945093155,
-0.11737337708473206,
0.31128692626953125,
0.24015560746192932,
-0.7367285490036011,
-0.16291145980358124,
0.8428274989128113,
-0.19049647450447083,
-0.1248268410563469,
-0.6071829795837402,
-0.313508003950119,
0.9134427309036255,
-0.46485692262649536,
0.5262165665626526,
-0.0040109241381287575,
-0.07044132798910141,
-0.16227518022060394,
-0.6937412023544312,
0.4216899573802948,
-0.22130735218524933,
-0.3159291446208954,
0.7392914295196533,
-0.21866381168365479,
-0.14775636792182922,
0.3496816158294678,
0.44950342178344727,
-0.3876853883266449,
0.12770815193653107,
0.2649052143096924,
0.22478225827217102,
-0.6321995258331299,
0.5048956871032715,
-0.41159456968307495,
0.19868916273117065,
-0.12733496725559235,
-0.549429714679718,
0.21637515723705292,
0.318226158618927,
-0.05922810360789299,
-0.5670908689498901,
-0.02086547017097473,
-0.09313095360994339,
0.002775138011202216,
-0.1542530059814453,
0.9486623406410217,
0.2838485538959503,
0.1950635015964508,
-0.009827935136854649,
0.3465728759765625,
-0.1827600747346878,
0.23670266568660736,
0.7933239936828613,
0.12900936603546143,
0.05632888525724411,
-0.2262997180223465,
0.6023945808410645,
-0.6219133138656616,
-0.2199791669845581,
-0.162922665476799,
-0.28012990951538086,
-0.7192246913909912,
0.9568023681640625,
0.522817075252533,
-0.4475463032722473,
-0.10375673323869705,
-0.19222262501716614,
0.6476447582244873,
-0.28825655579566956,
-0.3456875681877136,
0.016777655109763145,
-0.06114225834608078,
-0.16322098672389984,
-0.7999685406684875,
0.23467907309532166,
0.3314349055290222,
0.5956692695617676,
-0.3145563304424286,
-0.45142969489097595,
-0.24628227949142456,
0.4557015597820282,
-0.19889812171459198,
-0.155440554022789,
0.2588772475719452,
-0.24491606652736664,
1.0343414545059204,
-0.10185729712247849,
-0.45711180567741394,
0.014466940425336361,
0.16861656308174133,
-0.3331644833087921,
-0.02985387109220028,
0.09921456128358841,
0.3218654692173004,
-0.030700553208589554,
-0.1462404578924179,
0.14622652530670166,
0.4951913058757782,
0.5954189300537109,
0.31323182582855225,
-0.22555075585842133,
0.0795639380812645,
-5.699042797088623,
0.14540034532546997,
0.1603112667798996,
-0.4264059364795685,
0.09526397287845612,
0.2618218958377838,
0.5136556029319763,
0.11842542886734009,
0.1628829389810562,
-0.27794957160949707,
0.08275743573904037,
0.3690184950828552,
0.3202158510684967,
0.0578807070851326,
-0.046380236744880676,
0.14978308975696564,
-0.21666891872882843,
-0.6172077655792236,
-0.4213736653327942,
0.6245105266571045,
-0.12162649631500244,
-0.13253025710582733,
-0.09623556584119797,
0.2828280031681061,
0.07573147118091583,
0.663001298904419,
-0.4548313021659851,
-0.00042219035094603896,
-0.14602376520633698,
0.09828752279281616,
0.1024496927857399,
-0.7525497078895569,
-0.9088746905326843,
-0.2680548131465912,
0.0004748022765852511,
0.07594543695449829,
0.5370123982429504,
-0.37087199091911316,
0.2417108118534088,
0.21377018094062805,
0.14234137535095215,
0.16107536852359772,
-0.42988964915275574,
-0.6084070205688477,
0.18523193895816803,
-0.15173424780368805,
-0.4880954921245575,
-0.013398981653153896,
-0.19670957326889038,
0.6452187895774841,
0.1919707953929901,
-0.26416611671447754,
-0.11468145251274109,
0.23985636234283447,
0.38416218757629395,
0.1238056868314743,
-0.17358314990997314,
-0.1539434790611267,
-0.3041888475418091,
0.28108325600624084,
0.38222450017929077,
0.09430404752492905,
0.1793053299188614,
-0.10812857747077942,
0.031774528324604034,
0.02702922932803631,
0.02996388077735901,
-0.018509816378355026,
-0.033756501972675323,
-0.12011877447366714,
0.13994818925857544,
-0.1526641696691513,
0.4348720610141754,
-1.3896729946136475,
-0.07901287823915482,
-0.41260120272636414,
-0.2862568497657776,
-0.5138869881629944,
-1.0437254905700684,
0.08268819004297256,
0.4791553318500519,
-0.4009777903556824,
0.3941743075847626,
0.3437589108943939,
0.34427037835121155,
-0.709733784198761,
-0.5120818614959717,
-0.17997954785823822,
-0.4907933175563812,
-0.15690110623836517,
-0.07973837107419968,
-0.10661814361810684,
-0.0795292854309082,
0.4283156096935272,
0.19820137321949005,
0.7007552981376648,
0.6215288639068604,
0.9182649254798889,
0.03522251546382904,
0.2537167966365814,
0.1209070235490799,
-0.3246721923351288,
0.9252752661705017,
-0.6743131875991821,
-0.05240880325436592,
-0.4443761706352234,
0.006804019212722778,
0.04093112424015999,
0.21398088335990906,
-1.0419750213623047,
-0.14996197819709778,
0.017407970502972603,
-0.3815028965473175,
0.1867845058441162,
0.42036405205726624,
-0.4643918573856354,
-0.19042207300662994,
0.2868093252182007,
-0.23617291450500488,
-0.29433903098106384,
-0.1330426037311554,
0.35585200786590576,
-0.45399975776672363,
-0.32322970032691956,
0.3519490361213684,
-0.7951387166976929,
0.08319354057312012,
-0.06818370521068573,
0.1394914835691452,
0.5581135749816895,
-0.7194851636886597,
0.17547594010829926,
-0.03198309242725372,
0.04723678529262543,
-0.30333489179611206,
-0.3844100832939148,
-1.0346137285232544,
0.07259362936019897,
-0.13730642199516296,
0.9331374168395996,
0.19120416045188904,
-0.3146247863769531,
0.08825179189443588,
0.38067859411239624,
0.9123405814170837,
-0.06391281634569168,
0.12913167476654053,
-0.788860559463501,
-0.147213876247406,
0.49026423692703247,
0.2062080353498459,
0.42631661891937256,
1.1471350193023682,
-0.7947468757629395,
-0.2478944957256317,
0.002552041318267584,
-0.11204579472541809,
0.05266207084059715,
-0.5579633116722107,
0.28085872530937195,
-0.09559036791324615,
-0.8131540417671204,
-0.9869177937507629,
-0.22079886496067047,
-0.41022807359695435,
0.39661142230033875,
-0.5208216905593872,
-0.3200083076953888,
-0.4715974032878876,
-0.31108784675598145,
0.012194515205919743,
-0.8402115702629089,
0.6009010076522827,
0.653714656829834,
0.25807705521583557,
0.29410430788993835,
-0.4471026659011841,
-0.25437554717063904,
-0.4306119680404663,
-0.3253950774669647,
-0.11157075315713882,
0.08749163895845413,
-0.39268064498901367,
-0.23227587342262268,
0.6645611524581909,
-0.2945013642311096,
-0.21924486756324768,
-0.44226932525634766,
-0.21360421180725098,
0.172708660364151,
0.004649028182029724,
-0.1575602889060974,
0.5968644022941589,
0.6071040034294128,
0.10133100301027298,
-0.2519945800304413,
0.18396493792533875,
0.06629859656095505,
0.21265438199043274,
0.11764281988143921,
-0.2582645118236542,
-0.21273861825466156,
-0.39405182003974915,
0.050796255469322205,
0.8628219962120056,
-1.238378643989563,
-0.07296012341976166,
0.02999899722635746,
-0.33825716376304626,
0.4813590943813324,
-0.13111701607704163,
0.3604370653629303,
-0.08098185807466507,
0.2478412687778473,
0.08805423974990845,
-0.14426642656326294,
0.46408599615097046,
-0.257957398891449,
-0.7186989784240723,
-0.41631099581718445,
0.13225997984409332,
-0.44693905115127563,
0.08511659502983093,
-0.06820748001337051,
-0.23458591103553772,
-0.15689899027347565,
0.4319998025894165,
-0.5163795948028564,
0.35416799783706665,
0.5238749384880066,
-0.3094463348388672,
0.04883333668112755,
-0.07765398174524307,
-0.3278850317001343,
-0.5920217037200928,
-0.40602755546569824,
0.05375417321920395,
0.15569956600666046,
-0.09319712966680527,
0.04924309253692627,
0.23575767874717712,
0.197353795170784,
0.6326817274093628,
-0.3732312321662903,
0.5154014825820923,
0.49985218048095703,
0.12177025526762009,
-0.6971005201339722,
-0.27354952692985535,
0.338931143283844,
0.23688627779483795,
-0.18573500216007233,
0.7085495591163635,
-0.3640628755092621,
0.7602993845939636,
-0.37312087416648865,
0.005522036459296942,
-0.7010399103164673,
-0.2507595419883728,
-0.003208897775039077,
0.4395316243171692,
-0.3391326665878296,
-0.3068293035030365,
-0.14880982041358948,
-0.5430108904838562,
0.32147568464279175,
0.0712985172867775,
-0.43681806325912476,
0.09523308277130127,
-0.5816612839698792,
0.6877754926681519,
0.43703174591064453,
-0.21089349687099457,
0.5090935826301575,
-0.5398215055465698,
0.4181136190891266,
-0.4738427698612213,
-0.09973519295454025,
-0.3808497190475464,
-0.2643492519855499,
-0.47359731793403625,
-0.1534980684518814,
-0.8304606080055237,
-0.5737512707710266,
0.06451500952243805,
-0.4286985397338867,
0.24555553495883942,
-0.5504385828971863,
0.14432890713214874,
0.15548764169216156,
-0.3245624899864197,
0.28870904445648193,
0.1480424702167511,
-0.019480939954519272,
0.23174548149108887,
0.18006640672683716,
-0.24198515713214874,
0.592067301273346,
0.1035333201289177,
-0.16290101408958435,
0.4326424300670624,
-0.0030085870530456305,
0.18763764202594757,
-0.01576109044253826,
-0.36685389280319214,
-0.2148936241865158,
-0.14369845390319824,
-0.3473770320415497,
-0.2735360264778137,
0.4114520251750946,
0.8035871386528015,
0.09911621361970901,
0.298807829618454,
0.6024743318557739,
-0.30924099683761597,
0.1270633339881897,
0.38463640213012695,
0.12633691728115082,
0.10055786371231079,
0.27852505445480347,
-0.048982273787260056,
0.4933713972568512,
0.8783621788024902,
-0.3386210501194,
-0.06056760251522064,
0.5740053057670593,
-0.29091697931289673,
0.3592975437641144,
0.04776321351528168,
-0.10019110143184662,
0.4343888759613037,
-0.15813681483268738,
0.18150568008422852,
0.18419091403484344,
0.08414259552955627,
-0.0976896733045578,
-0.12959685921669006,
-0.08450975269079208,
0.14297562837600708,
-0.05854322016239166,
-0.13043412566184998,
0.46866855025291443,
-0.17875757813453674,
-0.07808847725391388,
0.1025536060333252,
0.05684870854020119,
0.4572523236274719,
0.5039173364639282,
-0.1321982741355896,
0.3261759281158447,
-0.21030880510807037,
-0.02341092750430107,
-0.06680721789598465,
-0.6195327043533325,
0.6141045689582825,
0.12377184629440308,
0.3653334975242615,
-0.4380941390991211,
-0.7634252309799194,
-0.1951896846294403,
-0.8603259325027466,
-0.656800389289856,
0.7390425205230713,
0.40299633145332336,
-0.657200038433075,
-0.1060943454504013,
-0.08243254572153091,
-0.708850085735321,
-0.1961006373167038,
-0.3123306334018707,
0.04842944070696831,
0.041267964988946915,
-0.22397580742835999,
0.307002454996109,
0.5265087485313416,
0.04666304588317871,
0.7098658084869385,
0.006672140676528215,
-0.05536898970603943,
-0.02256828173995018,
-0.3523370325565338,
-0.2688456177711487,
-0.1361248940229416,
-0.18443521857261658,
0.8724613785743713,
0.13349664211273193,
0.1738930344581604,
-0.2291320115327835,
-0.0461982898414135,
-0.1789117008447647,
0.6601300239562988,
-0.6393107771873474,
-0.09173165261745453,
0.33990323543548584,
0.02266506850719452,
-0.00803819578140974,
0.506652295589447,
1.0732355117797852,
0.3215555250644684,
0.5771554112434387,
-0.23568636178970337,
0.3558085560798645,
0.416908323764801,
0.3024143874645233,
-0.839572548866272,
0.455879807472229,
-0.5578256845474243,
0.5733259916305542,
-0.6073170304298401,
-0.11320934444665909,
0.1308627873659134,
0.2821595072746277,
-0.056099701672792435,
0.2730239927768707,
-0.07439815253019333,
-0.3227280080318451,
0.5325704216957092,
0.6807955503463745,
0.6110163927078247,
0.026546984910964966,
0.03848106414079666,
0.21202124655246735,
0.16259843111038208,
0.7935471534729004,
-0.3634275794029236,
0.4824026823043823,
-0.7892982959747314,
-0.2528358995914459,
-0.369734525680542,
0.2892453074455261,
-0.18253721296787262,
-0.153673455119133,
-0.010026762261986732,
0.365958571434021,
0.16233818233013153,
-0.4390873610973358,
0.32639724016189575,
0.49444666504859924,
0.42522576451301575,
-1.1412590742111206,
0.2804219126701355,
0.2913986146450043,
-0.7142569422721863,
-0.19591371715068817,
-0.22053851187229156,
0.4060860872268677,
-0.2921821177005768,
-0.5259307622909546,
0.2031228393316269,
0.5345603823661804,
-0.16771221160888672,
-0.40425023436546326,
-0.39559122920036316,
-0.6993719935417175,
-0.19783595204353333,
-0.06843508780002594,
0.18704523146152496,
0.42680203914642334,
0.23059868812561035,
-0.6647438406944275
] |
256749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened%20absolutism | Enlightened absolutism | Enlightened absolutism (also called enlightened despotism) refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries.
An enlightened absolutist is a non-democratic or authoritarian leader who exercises their political power based upon the principles of the Enlightenment.
Enlightened monarchs distinguished themselves from ordinary rulers by claiming to rule for their subjects' well-being. John Stuart Mill stated that despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement.
Enlightened absolutists' beliefs about royal power were typically similar to those of regular despots, both believing that they were destined to rule. Enlightened rulers may have played a part in the abolition of serfdom in Europe.
The enlightened despotism of Emperor Joseph II of the Holy Roman Empire is summarized as, "Everything for the people, nothing by the people".
History
Enlightened absolutism is the theme of an essay by Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786, defending this system of government. When the prominent French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire fell out of favor in France, he eagerly accepted Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. He believed that an enlightened monarchy was the only real way for society to advance. Frederick was an enthusiast of French ideas. Frederick explained: "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit."
Enlightened absolutists held that royal power emanated not from divine right but from a social contract whereby a despot was entrusted with the power to govern through a social contract in lieu of any other governments. The monarchs of enlightened absolutism strengthened their authority by improving the lives of their subjects. The monarch’s taking responsibility for his subjects precluded their political participation.
The difference between an absolutist and an enlightened absolutist is based on a broad analysis of the degree to which they embraced the Age of Enlightenment. Historians debate the actual implementation of enlightened absolutism. They distinguish between the "enlightenment" of the ruler personally, versus that of his regime. For example, Frederick the Great was tutored in the ideas of the French Enlightenment in his youth, and maintained those ideas in his private life as an adult, but in many ways was unable or unwilling to effect enlightened reforms in practice. Other rulers such as the Marquis of Pombal, prime minister of Portugal, used the ideas and practices of the Enlightenment not only to achieve reforms but also to enhance autocracy, crush opposition, suppress criticism, advance colonial economic exploitation, and consolidate personal control and profit.
The concept of enlightened absolutism was formally described by the German historian Wilhelm Roscher in 1847 and remains controversial among scholars.
Centralized control necessitated centralized systematic information on the nation. A major renovation was the collection, use and interpretation of numerical and statistical data, ranging from trade statistics, harvest reports, death notices to population censuses. Starting in the 1760s, officials in France and Germany began increasingly to rely on quantitative data for systematic planning, especially regarding long-term economic growth. It combined the utilitarian agenda of "enlightened absolutism" with the new ideas being developed in economics. In Germany and France, the trend was especially strong in Cameralism and Physiocracy.
Major nations
Government responses to the Age of Enlightenment varied widely. In several nations with powerful rulers, called "enlightened despots" by historians, leaders of the Enlightenment were welcomed at Court and helped design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. In France the government was hostile, and the philosophers fought against its censorship. The British government generally ignored the Enlightenment's leaders.
Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia 1740–1786, was an enthusiast for French ideas (he ridiculed German culture and was unaware of the remarkable advances it was undergoing). Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit". He wrote an essay on "Benevolent Despotism" defending this system of government.
Empress Catherine II of Russia sponsored the Russian Enlightenment. She incorporated many ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, especially Montesquieu, in her Nakaz, which was intended to revise Russian law. However, inviting the famous French philosopher Denis Diderot to her court worked out poorly.
Charles III, king of Spain from 1759 to 1788, tried to rescue his empire from decay through far-reaching reforms such as weakening the Church and its monasteries, promoting science and university research, facilitating trade and commerce, modernizing agriculture and avoiding wars. The centralization of power in Madrid angered the local nobility, and challenged the traditional autonomy of cities, and so resistance grew steadily. Consequently, Spain relapsed after his death.
Emperor Joseph II, ruler of Austria 1780–1790, was over-enthusiastic, announcing so many reforms that had so little support that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors.
In some countries the initiative came not from rulers but from senior officials such as the Marquis of Pombal, who was Joseph I of Portugal's Secretary of State. For a brief period in Denmark Johann Friedrich Struensee attempted to govern in terms of Enlightenment principles. After issuing 1,069 decrees in 13 months covering many major reforms, his enemies overthrew him and he was executed and quartered.
Associated rulers
Peter the Great of Russia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Charles III of Spain
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Frederick VI of Denmark
Gustav III of Sweden
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph I of Portugal (through his minister, the Marquis of Pombal)
Maria Theresa
Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Ferdinand IV of Naples
Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples and Sicily
Christian VII of Denmark (through his minister Johann Friedrich Struensee)
Philip, Duke of Parma (through his minister Guillaume du Tillot)
Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena
Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
Chinese Legalism
Xuezhi Guo contrasts the Confucian ideal of a "humane ruler" (renjun) with the ideal of Chinese legalists, who he says "intended to create a truly 'enlightened ruler' (mingjun) who is able to effectively rule the masses and control his bureaucracy"; this ruler would be a "skilful manipulator and successful politician who uses means or 'technique' in achieving self-protection and political control." Guo quotes Benjamin I. Schwartz as describing the features of "a truly Legalist 'enlightened ruler:He must be anything but an arbitrary despot if one means by a despot a tyrant who follows all his impulses, whims and passions. Once the systems which maintain the entire structure are in place, he must not interfere with their operation. He may use the entire system as a means to the achievement of his national and international ambitions, but to do so he must not disrupt its impersonal workings. He must at all times be able to maintain an iron wall between his private life and public role. Concubines, friends, flatterers and charismatic saints must have no influence whatsoever on the course of policy, and he must never relax his suspicions of the motives of those who surround him.
See also
Benevolent dictatorship
Liberal autocracy
Noblesse oblige
Philosopher king
Soft despotism
References
Further reading
Behrens, Betty. "Enlightened despotism." Historical Journal 18.2 (1975): 401-408.
Gagliardo, John G. (1967). Enlightened Despotism.
Gershoy, Leo. (1963). From Despotism to Revolution, 1763–1789 (1944). online free to borrow
Krieger, Leonard. An essay on the theory of enlightened despotism (U of Chicago Press, 1975).
Ingrao, Charles. "The problem of 'enlightened absolutism' and the German States." Journal of Modern History 58 (1986): S161-S180. online
McHugh, James T. "Last of the enlightened despots: A comparison of President Mikhail Gorbachev and Emperor Joseph II." Social Science Journal 32.1 (1995): 69-85 online.
Mueller, Christine L. (1994) "Enlightened Absolutism" Austrian History Yearbook: 1994 , Vol. 25, pp159–183. Covers the recent historiography of the role in 18th-century Austrian statecraft.
Scott, H. M. "Whatever Happened to the Enlightened Despots?." History 68#223 (1983), pp. 245–257 online
Scott, H. M. ed. (1990). Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe.
Szabo, Franz. Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780 (1994) online as ACLS Humanities E-Book
External links
Authoritarianism
Enlightened absolutism
Political theories
Monarchy
Despotism | [
0.10817041993141174,
-0.07775775343179703,
-0.4438863694667816,
0.19472432136535645,
-0.7061542868614197,
-0.0006572653073817492,
0.9207543134689331,
0.170405313372612,
0.00744236446917057,
0.0437844917178154,
-0.6565803289413452,
0.5148262977600098,
-0.5941953063011169,
0.42489248514175415,
-0.2720135450363159,
-0.15921083092689514,
0.42354461550712585,
0.6573112607002258,
-0.16275498270988464,
-0.1354714184999466,
-0.15129022300243378,
0.3518942594528198,
-0.02660561352968216,
-0.2011190503835678,
0.27903351187705994,
-0.177977055311203,
0.6812424659729004,
-0.7777908444404602,
-0.5161534547805786,
0.17980828881263733,
0.31177258491516113,
0.2207409292459488,
-0.3388636112213135,
-0.40145325660705566,
0.2194286584854126,
-0.28623175621032715,
-0.06990458071231842,
-0.2147284299135208,
-0.42799311876296997,
-0.4291072189807892,
0.12544839084148407,
-0.6158276796340942,
0.6870623230934143,
0.032268598675727844,
-0.17177769541740417,
-0.28336814045906067,
-1.0404285192489624,
0.41796427965164185,
-0.5492616295814514,
-0.470069020986557,
-0.004546023905277252,
-0.25497958064079285,
-0.34949061274528503,
0.4032544195652008,
0.13307037949562073,
0.7784633636474609,
-1.2523155212402344,
0.14658792316913605,
0.25591763854026794,
-0.3911242187023163,
-0.032866280525922775,
0.23459026217460632,
0.5432869791984558,
0.1887897551059723,
0.36938512325286865,
0.09512710571289062,
-0.4213523268699646,
0.5988856554031372,
-0.6468933820724487,
-1.017116665840149,
-0.10957439243793488,
-0.5130754709243774,
0.08750191330909729,
0.012930932454764843,
0.048825703561306,
-0.9006878137588501,
-0.22882448136806488,
0.1476905196905136,
0.316631019115448,
-0.14303071796894073,
-0.031973857432603836,
0.5742168426513672,
0.3306068480014801,
0.4508773982524872,
-0.05768372118473053,
0.23026452958583832,
0.5970067977905273,
0.270533949136734,
-0.0664164274930954,
0.187391996383667,
0.32027533650398254,
0.5871571898460388,
0.7403438687324524,
-0.2846947908401489,
-0.3413609564304352,
-0.32944416999816895,
0.7143887281417847,
-0.07786328345537186,
-0.5427578091621399,
0.27639317512512207,
-0.1906460076570511,
0.22087441384792328,
0.13247480988502502,
-0.6303136348724365,
-0.30266818404197693,
0.0027643139474093914,
0.010116326622664928,
-0.2776619791984558,
-0.08845017850399017,
0.16444461047649384,
-0.4330606162548065,
0.6596329808235168,
-0.179096058011055,
0.22034302353858948,
-0.6375442743301392,
0.019537119194865227,
0.15145252645015717,
-0.6458219289779663,
0.04953692853450775,
0.11066915839910507,
0.38252267241477966,
0.27296534180641174,
0.22833167016506195,
-0.05278322845697403,
0.2704871594905853,
-0.6666991710662842,
0.43536677956581116,
0.8965649604797363,
-0.6991146802902222,
0.4508436918258667,
0.8843464255332947,
0.5845243334770203,
-0.4235571622848511,
-0.11129715293645859,
-0.37308135628700256,
0.2500874698162079,
0.8561006188392639,
-0.5781197547912598,
0.2535751163959503,
0.14654453098773956,
-0.5345950126647949,
-0.8515565395355225,
-0.296495258808136,
-0.12203853577375412,
0.5547892451286316,
-0.19385209679603577,
0.5528104901313782,
0.3265577256679535,
-0.2340836524963379,
-0.43469125032424927,
-0.08634095638990402,
-0.11992066353559494,
0.0897572785615921,
0.17266333103179932,
0.15058650076389313,
0.44226062297821045,
0.6001355051994324,
-0.34321680665016174,
-0.12855598330497742,
0.03867943957448006,
-0.15696130692958832,
-0.359397828578949,
0.01744437776505947,
0.046647947281599045,
0.3027731478214264,
-0.2728147506713867,
0.003015982685610652,
0.8257851004600525,
-0.048706650733947754,
0.3455362021923065,
-0.6189622282981873,
0.8398957252502441,
0.138570636510849,
-0.4048747718334198,
0.36559590697288513,
0.7072361707687378,
0.24463185667991638,
0.3173977732658386,
0.21860966086387634,
-0.04675065726041794,
-0.8274366855621338,
0.543765664100647,
0.06747829914093018,
-0.1402447372674942,
-0.13971109688282013,
0.11962112784385681,
0.6098960638046265,
0.17848242819309235,
0.15571284294128418,
-0.09288150072097778,
-0.9635509252548218,
-0.058186378329992294,
0.10959592461585999,
-0.42661431431770325,
0.9046229124069214,
0.09859403967857361,
-0.3291870653629303,
1.000806212425232,
0.017619112506508827,
0.11368478834629059,
-0.08462174981832504,
-0.35633155703544617,
-0.33659422397613525,
-0.05707012861967087,
-0.6886320114135742,
0.5575262308120728,
-0.18380765616893768,
0.23067303001880646,
0.5148611068725586,
0.7283188700675964,
0.4623352885246277,
-0.17172378301620483,
0.14873196184635162,
-0.04052029922604561,
-0.585996150970459,
-0.3272336721420288,
-0.39470428228378296,
0.30849945545196533,
0.22766584157943726,
0.08247140049934387,
-0.35229387879371643,
-0.04066019877791405,
-0.19459381699562073,
0.7397578358650208,
0.013802692294120789,
0.07310284674167633,
0.02288484387099743,
0.0830821692943573,
0.28790247440338135,
0.12432470917701721,
0.15253567695617676,
-0.1527821123600006,
0.27903085947036743,
-0.05744463577866554,
-0.33104801177978516,
0.0993368998169899,
-0.30264177918434143,
-0.5373086333274841,
0.039541881531476974,
-0.38203075528144836,
0.8087241053581238,
-0.12225601822137833,
-0.10678444802761078,
0.239410400390625,
-0.5366202592849731,
0.3751264810562134,
-0.44296032190322876,
0.5720696449279785,
-0.4247179627418518,
0.27111661434173584,
-0.18982863426208496,
0.5892161130905151,
-0.4111936092376709,
-0.11647733300924301,
0.639143168926239,
-0.20364072918891907,
-0.47835350036621094,
0.18460211157798767,
-0.034478332847356796,
0.07868066430091858,
-0.3086268901824951,
-0.06751392036676407,
-0.1413043737411499,
0.1535836160182953,
0.15763626992702484,
-0.5137450098991394,
-0.10286669433116913,
0.10412859171628952,
-0.053049612790346146,
0.3612782955169678,
0.340865820646286,
-0.3894004225730896,
-0.9867247939109802,
0.3573015630245209,
-0.39942866563796997,
-0.7988232374191284,
0.6975588798522949,
0.3031027913093567,
-0.502383291721344,
-0.669618546962738,
-0.3717019259929657,
0.636695146560669,
0.011322074569761753,
-0.12614353001117706,
-0.42413172125816345,
-0.5702382326126099,
0.46479368209838867,
-0.7728702425956726,
0.041889216750860214,
0.43936824798583984,
-0.05981573089957237,
0.20972613990306854,
-0.22066156566143036,
-0.6079338788986206,
0.09332305938005447,
0.32308369874954224,
-0.26145651936531067,
0.24664440751075745,
0.12246406078338623,
-0.10204964876174927,
-0.03197603300213814,
-0.357107013463974,
-0.4276398718357086,
0.3423537313938141,
0.7701088786125183,
0.39621850848197937,
-0.27067306637763977,
0.25690335035324097,
-5.544386386871338,
0.6773662567138672,
0.12771819531917572,
0.03219202533364296,
0.2865165174007416,
0.21896114945411682,
0.6642184853553772,
-0.15677793323993683,
-0.423791766166687,
-0.22375155985355377,
0.2987220585346222,
0.1245148703455925,
0.4568197429180145,
0.44743379950523376,
0.19683508574962616,
0.08935064822435379,
0.13990028202533722,
-0.34600120782852173,
-0.10900876671075821,
0.15908709168434143,
0.14639835059642792,
-0.16889141499996185,
-0.10610979795455933,
1.1847907304763794,
0.37627077102661133,
-0.2923307716846466,
0.2632973790168762,
0.7145420908927917,
-0.4222898483276367,
-0.06025714427232742,
-0.08319615572690964,
0.05852244421839714,
0.5862571597099304,
-0.716937780380249,
0.23572252690792084,
0.21623066067695618,
0.624430775642395,
0.40127259492874146,
-0.29168474674224854,
0.0601683109998703,
-0.4476029574871063,
-0.0539684034883976,
-0.07090495526790619,
0.3924390971660614,
-0.08529577404260635,
0.06923296302556992,
0.032946716994047165,
0.5260272026062012,
-0.38095831871032715,
0.14759023487567902,
-0.14648398756980896,
0.18631933629512787,
-0.015291173942387104,
0.11809223890304565,
0.2936961054801941,
0.1291879266500473,
0.19318415224552155,
-0.244929701089859,
-0.5616806149482727,
0.10505449771881104,
0.4900212287902832,
-0.03312142193317413,
-0.08297789841890335,
0.8747910857200623,
0.5461394786834717,
-0.3498607873916626,
-0.41621288657188416,
-0.35506245493888855,
0.44441553950309753,
0.30158451199531555,
-0.4198198914527893,
0.41299471259117126,
0.18980440497398376,
-1.092280387878418,
0.38291794061660767,
-0.4974838197231293,
-0.43802234530448914,
0.08335406333208084,
0.15448680520057678,
0.5750106573104858,
0.10191337764263153,
0.11465641111135483,
-0.4395921230316162,
0.5180738568305969,
0.4376998245716095,
-0.08021547645330429,
-0.08128473162651062,
0.2765798270702362,
-0.7702948451042175,
-0.0325751006603241,
0.23678246140480042,
-0.4924423098564148,
-0.5146709084510803,
0.16514627635478973,
-0.19834113121032715,
0.6465734839439392,
-0.38671356439590454,
-0.16263405978679657,
0.7867938876152039,
0.047037750482559204,
-0.26052039861679077,
0.08789307624101639,
0.7035017609596252,
-0.42837953567504883,
-0.059303004294633865,
-0.04705166444182396,
-0.5250577330589294,
0.34068894386291504,
0.10742314159870148,
-0.2556530237197876,
-0.07579104602336884,
0.2088724970817566,
-0.037326738238334656,
-0.12469068914651871,
0.5050486326217651,
0.2440270632505417,
-0.1433386653661728,
0.5381420254707336,
0.27910396456718445,
-0.1012190729379654,
0.36332982778549194,
0.45057085156440735,
-0.6146457195281982,
-0.3419426679611206,
-0.6107487082481384,
0.2942070960998535,
0.36167317628860474,
0.19356411695480347,
-0.09512133151292801,
-0.10984840989112854,
0.6968637108802795,
-0.2838645577430725,
0.0377383753657341,
-0.3664397597312927,
0.06289318203926086,
-0.38168615102767944,
-0.2654898464679718,
-0.4022583067417145,
-0.5968917012214661,
-0.4464193284511566,
-0.5828558802604675,
-0.48114973306655884,
0.0821995809674263,
0.4062795042991638,
0.5171679854393005,
-0.1253366321325302,
0.4345496892929077,
-0.6153552532196045,
-0.16885899007320404,
0.3791891634464264,
0.5667392015457153,
0.33419451117515564,
0.6983629465103149,
-0.694792628288269,
-0.3887045383453369,
-0.060844551771879196,
0.7937359809875488,
0.3037787973880768,
0.10930294543504715,
-0.7458832263946533,
-0.1279732882976532,
-0.49929895997047424,
-1.153562307357788,
-0.5946770906448364,
0.36384522914886475,
-0.19464468955993652,
-1.0076712369918823,
-0.4973120093345642,
-0.33949896693229675,
0.12982100248336792,
-0.1297675371170044,
-0.3796783685684204,
-0.5825846195220947,
0.29192376136779785,
0.4665438234806061,
-0.3262284994125366,
-0.34781116247177124,
-0.008447590284049511,
-0.32348912954330444,
-0.7844124436378479,
-0.2100021243095398,
-0.4490251839160919,
-0.46100640296936035,
-0.43344494700431824,
0.7528764009475708,
-0.44733256101608276,
-0.1198798418045044,
-0.014919253066182137,
-0.317487508058548,
-0.12980717420578003,
0.1022961214184761,
0.3628896176815033,
0.31525498628616333,
0.31145691871643066,
-0.6741071939468384,
-0.3805457651615143,
-0.40208765864372253,
0.6175687313079834,
0.6542168855667114,
-0.24318164587020874,
0.16978509724140167,
0.28360530734062195,
-0.02243334800004959,
-0.3175655007362366,
-0.315799355506897,
-0.6151477098464966,
0.6329694986343384,
-0.052015312016010284,
-0.5564699769020081,
1.0607872009277344,
-0.41290950775146484,
-0.7911922931671143,
-0.4148201048374176,
1.071085810661316,
-0.1383892297744751,
0.0748840942978859,
-0.04792294278740883,
-0.626192569732666,
-0.6773346066474915,
-0.6387028098106384,
0.5891292095184326,
-0.17979231476783752,
-0.380032479763031,
0.11323580145835876,
-0.5153960585594177,
0.12930111587047577,
0.5172591209411621,
-0.2962339222431183,
0.34512925148010254,
0.041273701936006546,
-0.23824891448020935,
0.27702879905700684,
-0.03771314024925232,
0.6017637252807617,
-0.29699087142944336,
0.18581172823905945,
0.23710666596889496,
0.47784358263015747,
-0.8981657028198242,
-0.15478317439556122,
0.2959807217121124,
0.5288771390914917,
0.12583161890506744,
-0.5161181092262268,
0.06938426196575165,
0.7635800838470459,
0.06476841121912003,
-0.050942063331604004,
-0.1440419703722,
-0.09874346852302551,
-0.5329726338386536,
0.261262446641922,
-0.15937425196170807,
-0.06912422180175781,
0.8223986625671387,
-0.6933093667030334,
-0.282362699508667,
-0.2511107921600342,
0.38243865966796875,
0.09956665337085724,
0.15614259243011475,
0.04121599346399307,
-0.3878138065338135,
0.17305687069892883,
0.280094712972641,
-0.11759864538908005,
0.19397692382335663,
0.03436138108372688,
-0.0877789631485939,
-0.7304204106330872,
-0.0710340365767479,
-0.563449501991272,
-0.18227499723434448,
0.5432144999504089,
-0.0007298096898011863,
0.15006257593631744,
-0.28528788685798645,
-0.9534853100776672,
-0.4152463376522064,
-0.12796251475811005,
-0.8954426646232605,
-0.19195502996444702,
-0.13877829909324646,
-0.8577067255973816,
-0.5813151597976685,
-1.2146151065826416,
0.18393048644065857,
-0.3039667010307312,
-0.49907970428466797,
-0.5964533090591431,
-0.7435011863708496,
-0.08900077641010284,
0.13871701061725616,
-0.10886763036251068,
-0.27680864930152893,
0.5428411364555359,
-0.7352953553199768,
-0.36698484420776367,
-0.06381560862064362,
-0.8372902274131775,
-0.15509426593780518,
-0.30218666791915894,
0.22780731320381165,
-0.15240007638931274,
0.14905576407909393,
-0.03576691448688507,
0.298798143863678,
-0.15267236530780792,
-0.43294867873191833,
0.20982550084590912,
0.38198766112327576,
0.40432217717170715,
0.13974162936210632,
0.48236697912216187,
-0.4309687912464142,
0.35265371203422546,
0.1960991770029068,
-0.1764564961194992,
-0.11685632914304733,
0.9118831753730774,
0.4203578531742096,
0.2403087466955185,
0.2391938716173172,
-0.650672972202301,
0.2912089228630066,
0.2162151038646698,
-0.4125480651855469,
0.3275131583213806,
0.32961365580558777,
0.29515689611434937,
0.47173041105270386,
0.38582897186279297,
-0.6720061898231506,
0.8817468285560608,
-0.33039435744285583,
-0.2799053192138672,
0.03271842747926712,
-0.43038520216941833,
0.007212679833173752,
0.25914692878723145,
0.6706131100654602,
-0.13566647469997406,
-0.3750116229057312,
-0.09722962230443954,
-0.355288028717041,
0.11895468086004257,
-0.38561514019966125,
0.02521449886262417,
0.37325894832611084,
0.4887678623199463,
0.8096659779548645,
-0.23640137910842896,
0.46628108620643616,
-0.9990562200546265,
0.7501580715179443,
-0.26120176911354065,
0.30887535214424133,
0.06890928745269775,
-0.29421135783195496,
-0.7173018455505371,
0.019668754190206528,
0.11453214287757874,
0.540238082408905,
-0.0029256942216306925,
0.8419973850250244,
0.5417879223823547,
0.317848265171051,
0.22925864160060883,
-0.20479173958301544,
-0.15551285445690155,
0.44731274247169495,
-0.5022671222686768,
0.22399502992630005,
0.10858847945928574,
0.6297078728675842,
0.3000156581401825,
1.007076382637024,
0.33021247386932373,
0.6052833199501038,
-0.16287848353385925,
-0.03136327862739563,
-0.15439943969249725,
0.3297690749168396,
-0.7114304900169373,
-0.02323254384100437,
0.014506158418953419,
-0.18722501397132874,
-0.46861031651496887,
-0.31231674551963806,
-0.21314316987991333,
-0.40474456548690796,
-0.1761781871318817,
0.08608963340520859,
0.6040045022964478,
-0.3563248813152313,
0.12120039761066437,
0.11060746014118195,
1.084402322769165,
-0.319332480430603,
-0.5790619850158691,
0.01775266043841839,
0.7639181017875671,
-0.060395967215299606,
0.04007680341601372,
-0.12574735283851624,
0.33629828691482544,
-0.6137073040008545,
-0.09708675742149353,
-0.3829910159111023,
0.3272515833377838,
0.10127217322587967,
-0.3271796405315399,
0.4706440567970276,
0.014889387413859367,
-0.11683716624975204,
0.09782049804925919,
0.5759499669075012,
-0.09728486090898514,
0.00039535239920951426,
0.19554808735847473,
0.31010666489601135,
0.15867125988006592,
-0.043342284858226776,
0.15412743389606476,
-0.31945526599884033,
0.30844664573669434,
0.6247554421424866,
0.2567797899246216,
-0.2678000330924988,
0.23627787828445435,
-0.2965609133243561,
-0.4392065107822418,
-0.463191419839859,
0.36565643548965454,
-0.4231395125389099,
0.2668282687664032,
0.3788338303565979,
0.2589864432811737,
-0.5239176750183105,
-0.7372214794158936,
0.042915087193250656,
0.005201815161854029,
0.6331254839897156,
0.21414262056350708,
0.02804405242204666,
0.08988655358552933,
0.34589168429374695,
-0.11601494997739792,
-0.19896699488162994,
0.12349110841751099,
0.3499455451965332,
0.014010965824127197,
0.10513972491025925,
-0.3705520033836365,
0.7479653358459473,
-0.17942361533641815,
0.6125494837760925,
-0.43516451120376587,
-0.129921555519104,
0.13330447673797607
] |
256750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Armored%20Division%20%28United%20States%29 | 2nd Armored Division (United States) | The 2nd Armored Division ("Hell on Wheels") was an armored division of the United States Army. The division played important roles during World War II in the invasions of Germany, North Africa, and Sicily and in the liberation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. During the Cold War, the division was primarily based at Fort Hood, Texas, and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garlstedt, West Germany. After participation in the Persian Gulf War, the division was inactivated in 1995.
World War II
The 2nd Armored Division was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia on July 15, 1940, by reorganizing and redesignating the Provisional Tank Brigade (the 66th Infantry Regiment (Light Tanks), 67th Infantry Regiment (Medium Tanks), and 68th Infantry Regiment (Light Tanks)). It was originally commanded by Major General Charles L. Scott, with Colonel George S. Patton Jr. in charge of training. Scott was promoted to command the I Armored Corps in November of that year, which put Patton, now a brigadier general, in command of the division. The division, which in February 1942 passed over to the command of Major General Willis D. Crittenberger, served with the First, Seventh, and Ninth Armies throughout the war.
The 2nd Armored was organized as a "heavy" armored division, having two armored regiments of four medium tank battalions and two light tank battalions of three companies each. Along with the 3rd Armored Division, it retained its organization throughout World War II–the 14 other U.S. armored divisions were reorganized as "light" armored divisions, having three tank battalions, each consisting of three medium tank companies and one light tank company. Both types had an infantry component of three mechanized battalions, although the heavy divisions maintained an "armored infantry regiment" organization.
The core units of the division were the 41st Armored Infantry Regiment, the 66th Armored Regiment, the 67th Armor Regiment, the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion, the 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, and the 142nd Armored Signal Company. The 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion was known as the "eyes and ears" of the 2nd Armored Division.
The 2nd Armored Division had three artillery battalions: (the 14th, 78th, and 92nd). The division also had support units, including the 2nd Ordnance Maintenance Battalion, 2nd Supply Battalion, the 48th Armored Medical Battalion, and a band and military police platoon. The military police and band were tasked with headquarters defense of base operations under the banner of the 502d Adjutant General Company (502d AG).
Opened front in North Africa
Elements of the division were among the first U.S. military to engage in offensive ground combat operations in the European and Mediterranean theater during World War II. The 2nd Armored Division, now commanded by Major General Ernest N. Harmon, served in North Africa along with the 1st Armored Division. They were part of the Western Task Force of Operation Torch, which landed at Casablanca in French Morocco on November 8, 1942. The remainder of Torch's American component were the 1st, 3rd, 9th and 34th Infantry Divisions. However, the 2nd Armored Division did not see much action in North Africa and instead remained in French North Africa on garrison and training duties. In April 1943 Major General Harmon relinquished command of the division to Major General Hugh Joseph Gaffey. Training in amphibious operations began in preparation for an amphibious landing at Sicily.
Operation Husky
As the reserve force of the Western Task Force of Operation Husky, codename for the Allied invasion of Sicily, the division landed on July 10, 1943, in support of the 1st Infantry Division at the Battle of Gela. Afterwards, the division next went into action in the second landing at Licata, Sicily on July 21 following the 3rd Infantry Division's better-known earlier landing on July 10. The 2nd Armored, operating closely with paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division, then fought through to the Sicilian capital of Palermo. Along the way the 2nd Armored Division captured thousands of Italian prisoners of war (POWs). The fighting in Sicily came to an end on August 17, with the 2nd Armored Division having sustained relatively light casualties in the brief campaign, where it had gained its first Medal of Honor of World War II, belonging to Sergeant Gerry H. Kisters. During the campaign the division came under the command of the U.S. Seventh Army, under Lieutenant General George S. Patton, who had been a former commander of the division.
Soon afterwards the 2nd Armored Division was sent to England, in preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy, and remained there until June 1944. In April the division received a new commander, Major General Edward H. Brooks, a decorated veteran of World War I, replacing Major General Gaffey.
Normandy invasion
The 2nd Armored Division landed at Omaha Beach in Normandy on June 9, 1944, three days after the initial Normandy landings, and operated in the Cotentin Peninsula, later forming the right flank of the Operation Cobra assault. The division encircled the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen around Roncey, and destroyed most of their armored equipment. At La Chapelle, a 2nd SS Panzer column was attacked at point blank range by 2nd Armored Division artillery. Over the course of two hours American artillery fired over 700 rounds into the column. The Germans suffered the loss of 50 dead, 60 wounded and 197 taken prisoner; material losses included over 260 German combat vehicles destroyed. Beyond the town, the 2nd Armored engaged another column, killing 1,150 German soldiers and destroying an additional 96 armored combat vehicles and trucks. The U.S. 2nd Armored Division destroyed 64 German tanks and 538 other German combat vehicles during Operation Cobra, while itself losing 49 tanks. The 2nd Armored Division inflicted over 7,370 casualties on the Germans, while suffering 914 casualties of their own. This is approximately an eightfold disparity. The 2nd Armored blunted Operation Lüttich, the German counterattack on Avranches, then raced across France with the rest of the Third Army, reaching the Albert Canal in Belgium on September 8. On September 18 it crossed the German border near Sittard and took up defensive positions near Geilenkirchen. On October 3, the division, now commanded again by Major General Harmon, launched an attack on the Siegfried Line from Marienberg, broke through, crossed the Wurm River, seized the town of Puffendorf on November 16, and Barmen on November 28.
Rhine campaign
Members of the division received 9,369 individual awards, including two Medals of Honor, twenty-three Distinguished Service Crosses, and 2,302 Silver Stars as well as nearly 6,000 Purple Hearts; among those receiving the Silver Star were Edward H. Brooks, Hugh Armagio, Stan Aniol, Staff Sergeant John J. Henry, William L. Giblin, Neil J. Garrison, Morton Eustis, son of William Corcoran Eustis, and Sgt Kenneth J. White. The division was twice cited by the Belgian government and division soldiers for the next 50 years wore the fourragere of the Belgian Croix de Guerre.
Composition
The division was composed of the following units:
Headquarters Company
Service Company
Combat Command A
Combat Command B
Combat Command Reserve
66th Armored Regiment
67th Armored Regiment
41st Armored Infantry Regiment
82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion
17th Armored Engineer Battalion
142nd Armored Signal Company
2nd Armored Division Artillery
14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
78th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
2nd Armored Division Trains
2nd Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
Supply Battalion
48th Armored Medical Battalion
Military Police Platoon
502nd Military Intelligence Company
Casualties
Total battle casualties: 5,864
Killed in action: 981
Wounded in action: 4,557
Missing in action: 60
Prisoner of war: 266
Days of battle: 443
Cold War and Vietnam service
After a brief period of occupation duty, the division returned to Fort Hood, Texas, in 1946 to retrain and rebuild. The 2nd Armored Division returned to West Germany to serve as part of 7th Army from 1951 to 1957, when it got back to III Corps, Fort Hood.
While stationed in Germany in 1952 with the 7th Army, the 2nd Armored Division was based at Stutttgart-Vaihingen under the command of General Williston Palmer. During this time, Palmer enlisted the help of a young Corporal Samuel Adler from within his ranks to organize the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra. During the course of the next decade, the orchestra remained based with the 2nd Armored Division and the Seventh Army while supporting America's cultural diplomacy initiatives throughout Europe during the height of the Cold War.
The 1/50 Infantry; 2/1 Cavalry; 1/40 Field Artillery; and 1/92 Field Artillery fought in the war in Vietnam, but not the division as a whole. The division included the "Fort Hood Three", a group of three enlisted men who refused to ship out when ordered to deploy to Vietnam in 1966.
The majority of the division would spend much of the next 35 years based at Fort Hood, and the division remained on active service during the Cold War. Its primary mission was to prepare to conduct heavy armored combat against Warsaw Pact forces in defense of NATO. The division formed a key component of the U.S. military's plan to move 'ten divisions in ten days" to Europe in the event of a Soviet threat to NATO. The division practiced this task numerous times during Exercise Reforger from 1967 to 1988. To build and maintain combat skills, the division's maneuver brigades deployed almost annually to the National Training Center to face an opposing force modeling Soviet military weapons and tactics.
However, with the end of the Cold War, the U.S. military began to draw down its combat units. The 2nd Armored Division was scheduled for inactivation in the spring of 1990.
2nd Armored Division (Forward)
In 1975, the 2nd Armored Division's third brigade forward deployed to West Germany and was assigned to NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG). The brigade received additional aviation, engineer, military intelligence, medical, and logistics support units and was reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). The unit's primary mission in case of conflict with the Warsaw Pact was to either secure airfields and staging areas for the deployment of III Corps from the United States, or to deploy directly to the Inter-German Border (IGB) and establish a blocking position as part of a NATO combat force.
From 1975 through 1978, the Brigade HQ was located at Grafenwöhr, along with the rotating armor and artillery battalions, and the supporting engineer and cavalry units. Two rotating infantry battalions were based at Hohenfels and Vilseck. The six-month rotations continued until 1978, immediately prior to the move to permanent facilities in northern Germany.
2nd Armored Division (Forward) was based at a new military facility near the village of Garlstedt just north of the city of Bremen. The facilities cost nearly $140 million to construct, half of which was paid for by the Federal Republic of Germany. The brigade had approximately 3,500 soldiers and another approximately 2,500 family dependents and civilian employees. The German government constructed family housing in the nearby city of Osterholz-Scharmbeck. In addition to troop barracks, motor pools, an indoor firing range, repair and logistics facilities, and a local training area, facilities at Garlstedt included a troop medical clinic, post exchange, library, movie theater, and a combined officer/non-commissioned officer/enlisted club. The division's soldiers and family members received radio and TV broadcasts from The American Forces Network (AFN) – Europe via the AFN Bremerhaven affiliate station located in the nearby port city of Bremerhaven. In April 1986, a Burger King restaurant opened on the kaserne.
The brigade was officially designated as 2nd Armored Division (Forward) during ceremonies at Grafenwöhr, FRG on July 25, 1978. The Garlstedt facilities were officially turned over to the United States by the German government in October. At that time the Garlstedt kaserne (camp) was named after General Lucius D. Clay, revered by the German people for his role as the American military commander following World War II. His son, a retired U.S. Army major general, attended the ceremony.
The brigadier general in charge of 2nd Armored Division (Forward) had a unique command. In addition to command of the heavy brigade, he also functioned as the Commander, III Corps (Forward), headquartered in Maastricht, Netherlands, and as commander of all US Army forces in Northern Germany, including the military communities of Garlstedt and Bremerhaven. In the event of the deployment of III Corps and/or the 2nd Armored Division from the United States, the division commander would revert to his job as assistant division commander for operations of 2nd Armored Division. This contingency was practised during REFORGER exercises in 1980 and 1987. As a result of this varied and demanding job, command of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) was considered a plum assignment for armor branch brigadier generals, on par with perhaps only the Berlin Brigade for high visibility and potential for advancement to higher rank. Brigadier generals who held the position included James E. Armstrong, George R. Stotser, Thomas H. Tait, William F. Streeter, John C. Heldstab, and Jerry R. Rutherford.
The brigade's subordinate combat units initially consisted of the 3d Battalion, 41st Infantry; 2d Battalion, 50th Infantry; 2d Battalion, 66th Armor (Iron Knights); 1st Battalion, 14th Field Artillery, and Troop C, 2d Squadron, 1st Cavalry. In October 1983, as part of the army's regimental alignment program, 2–50 Infantry was reflagged as 4–41 Infantry and 1–14 Field Artillery as 4-3 Field Artillery. Other brigade subordinate units eventually included the 498th Support Battalion, Company D, 17th Engineer Battalion, and the 588th Military Intelligence Company. The brigade also had a military police platoon and an aviation detachment. In 1986, under the army's COHORT unit manning and retention plan, 3–41st Infantry returned to Fort Hood and was replaced by 1–41st Infantry. In 1987, 4–41st Infantry returned to Fort Hood, Texas and was replaced by 3–66th Armor (Burt's Knights, named for Captain James M. Burt who was awarded the Medal of Honor as a company commander in the 66th Armored Regiment in the Battle of Aachen during World War II). Now an armor-heavy brigade, 2nd Armored Division (Forward) fielded 116 M-1A1 Abrams tanks and nearly 70 M2/3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles.
The brigade initially deployed to Germany with the M60A1 Patton tank and the M113 armored personnel carrier. 4–3rd Field Artillery had the M109 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. In 1984, 2–66th AR transitioned to the M1/IPM1/M1A1 Abrams main battle tank. In 1985, 3–41st IN and 4–41st IN transitioned to the M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle; also, C/2-1 Cavalry was replaced by an air cavalry troop, D/2-1 Cavalry, armed with AH-1S Cobra attack helicopters.
The division participated in numerous major NATO training exercises, including "Trutzige Sachsen" (1985), "Crossed Swords" (1986) and the "Return of Forces to Germany" (REFORGER) (1980 and 1987). Division subordinate units used the NATO gunnery and maneuver ranges at the Bergen-Hohne Training Area for gunnery and maneuver training and each year the division as a whole deployed south to Grafenwöhr and Hohenfels (both in Bavaria) training areas for annual crew and unit gunnery and maneuver qualification. 2nd Armored Division (Forward) developed a reputation for excellence during these deployments, particularly in tank crew gunnery.
Tank companies from 2–66th, and later 3–66th, Armor competed in the bi-annual NATO tank gunnery competition, the Canadian Army Trophy, or "CAT," as part of the NORTHAG team. C Company, 2–66th first contested for the trophy in 1983. And while a West German tank platoon won the competition that year at Bergen Hohne, 2–66th surprised the competition by performing well with its old M60A1 tanks, which used optical rangefinder technology from the World War II era. This showed the value of local course knowledge over pure technology. C Company, 2–66th contested for the trophy again in 1985, and D Company, 2–66th was part of the NORTHAG team in 1987. In 1989 C Company, 3–66th Armor won the competition outright. Participation in "CAT" was a source of great pride among the tank crews of 2AD (FWD).
The division had a formal partnership with Panzergrenadierbrigade 32, a Federal Republic of Germany Bundeswehr mechanized infantry brigade headquartered in nearby Schwanewede. The division also had informal relationships with Dutch, Belgian, and British NORTHAG forces, often conducting joint training activities at Bergen Hohne.
Gulf War
The invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein in August 1990 caught the division in the midst of the post-Cold War drawdown of the U.S. Army. The division's 2nd Brigade could not be deployed as a whole; it was in the middle of inactivating due to cuts to the Regular Army ordered by Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney, along with the elite 9th Infantry Division, which had trained during the 1980s to fight a desert hit & run war in the Middle East. Some units like A 1/92, a MLRS unit, as well a couple of others were attached to the Division's 1st Brigade, known as the Tiger Brigade, for the war, and was commanded by Colonel John B. Sylvester, deployed to Saudi Arabia independently and participated in Operation Desert Storm by providing heavy armor support for United States Marine Corps (USMC) forces in their attack into Kuwait. It was spearheaded by 3-41 Infantry's Straight and Stalwart Battalion Task Force and The Tiger Brigades 1-3 Field Artillery Bn. It served at the Battle of Kuwait International Airport. The Tiger Brigade was credited with destroying or capturing 181 enemy tanks, 148 APCs, 40 artillery pieces, 27 AA emplacements, and 263 Iraqi soldiers killed with an additional 4,051 captured.
The division's 3rd brigade, based in Germany, deployed to Saudi Arabia in the fall of 1990 and acted as the third maneuver brigade of the 1st Infantry Division from Fort Riley, KS. One of the brigade's battalion task forces, Task Force 1-41 Infantry, was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on February 15, 1991, and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on February 17, 1991. It was involved in a six-hour battle to clear Iraq's initial defensive positions. Initially it was tasked with performing counter reconnaissance and reconnaissance missions against Iraqi reconnaissance units. The brigade served at the Battle of 73 Easting with the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) along with the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment. They were responsible for destroying the Iraqi 18th Mechanized and 9th Armored Brigades of the Republican Guard Tawakalna Mechanized Infantry Division and the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. They played a key role in the destruction of the 12th Armored Division destroying no less than 80 combat vehicles. The brigade destroyed 60 Iraqi tanks and 35 infantry vehicles along the IPSA pipeline. This is known as the Battle of Norfolk. The division's 4-3 FA battalion played a large role in the destruction of 50 enemy tanks, 139 APCs, 30 air defense systems, 152 artillery pieces, 27 missile launchers, 108 mortars, and 548 wheeled vehicles, 61 trench lines and bunker positions, 92 dug in and open infantry targets, and 34 logistical sites during combat operations.
Before the end of combat operations the 2nd Armored Division(Forward) would engage a total of 11 Iraqi divisions. By dawn of the third day of the ground campaign, the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) had a hand in the destruction of four Iraqi tank and mechanized brigades and two divisions. Between the cease-fire and the official end of the war in April 1991, 2nd Armored Division (Forward) took part in security operations to ensure peace in Kuwait. The division then redeployed to Saudi Arabia, where some of its soldiers established and ran three refugee camps near Raffia, Saudi Arabia. Division relief workers processed over 22,000 Iraqi refugees between April 15 and May 10. After turning the camps over to the Saudi Arabian government, the unit redeployed to Germany.
The division's attack helicopter battalion, 1st Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment, deployed from Fort Hood to Saudi Arabia in fall 1990 attached to and with support from the 1st Cavalry Division (also based at Ft. Hood). The battalion was equipped with McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache attack helicopters. The battalion participated in many air strikes along the border region during the air portion of the campaign. The unit provided covering missions when the ground forces advanced into Iraq. 1st Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment was pulled back into Saudi Arabia after the cease-fire, with two squads staging in Kuwait to provide refueling and rearming services for battalion aircraft if hostilities resumed. The unit returned to Fort Hood, Texas, in April 1991 and continued the inactivation that was interrupted when Iraq invaded Kuwait. The unit was inactivated on September 16, 1991, and the regimental flag transferred to sister unit 3rd Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment based in Germany. The unit was transferred as a whole to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in August 1991 and became the 2nd Battalion of the 101st Aviation Regiment (part of the 101st Airborne Division).
Inactivation
After the Gulf War the division went through a series of inactivations and reflaggings. Due to the restructuring of the U.S. Army after the end of the Cold War, the division was ordered off the active duty rolls, ending more than 50 years of continuous service. On return to Fort Hood in 1991, the Tiger Brigade and 1st Battalion of the 3rd Aviation Regiment, all that remained of the U.S.-based division, were reflagged as the 3d Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, and the 2d Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment respectively. On September 1, 1991, 2nd Armored Division (Forward), in Germany, officially became 2nd Armored Division after main elements of 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood inactivated. Over the summer and fall of 1992, 2nd Armored Division was inactivated. Lucius D. Clay Kaserne was turned back over to the German government and was later to become home of the German Army Logistics and Supply School (Logistikschule der Bundeswehr) as well as the seat of General der Nachschubtruppe.
In December 1992, the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, was reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division. In 1993, the unit moved to Fort Hood. In December 1995, the 2nd Armored Division was again reflagged, this time as the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized), stationed at Fort Carson, CO. This formally ended the 2nd Armored Division's 55-year history. Several units historically associated with the 2nd Armored Division, including battalions from the 66th Armored Regiment at Fort Hood, TX, the 41st Infantry Regiment at Fort Carson, Colorado, the 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the 172nd Infantry Brigade at Grafenwöhr, Germany (inactivated May 31, 2013).
Lucius D. Clay's name was later reused for Wiesbaden Army Airfield.
Though it was inactivated, the division was identified as the fourth highest priority inactive division in the United States Army Center of Military History's lineage scheme due to its numerous accolades and long history. All of the division's flags and heraldic items were moved to the National Infantry Museum at Fort Benning, Georgia following its inactivation. Should the U.S. Army decide to activate more divisions in the future, the center will most likely suggest the first new division be the 9th Infantry Division, the second be the 24th Infantry Division, the third be the 5th Infantry Division and the fourth be the 2nd Armored Division.
Commanders
In popular culture
The division has featured in:
Films
Fury – Follows men of the 66th Armored Regiment in the final days of World War II
Television
Band of Brothers – In the episode "Carentan" the division is featured at the Battle of Bloody Gulch
Video games
Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30 – The division is featured in the final level "No Better Spot To Die" at the Battle of Bloody Gulch
See also
Rhino tank
17th Armored Engineer Battalion
References
Donald E. Houston, Hell on Wheels, (Presidio Press, 1977)
E. A. Trahan, A History of the Second United States Armored Division (1946)
Steven J. Zaloga, "M1 Abrams VS T-72 Ural" (2009)
Stephen A. Bourque and John W. Burdan, "The Road to Safwan" (2007)
John B. Wilson, "Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades" U.S. Army Center of Military History (1998)
2nd Armored Division "Hell on Wheels" by Steven Smith
US Tank Battles in France 1944-45 by Steven Zaloga
Panzer IV vs Sherman: France 1944 by Steven Zaloga
Desert Redleg: Artillery Warfare in the First Gulf War by Col. L. Scott Lingamfelter
Notes
External links
Contemporary unit
2nd Armored Division page
GlobalSecurity.org page on 2AD
Army Order of Battle of 2AD in Order of Battle of the United States Army World War II reproduced at the United States Army Center of Military History
2nd Armored Division (Forward)
History
Strengthening NATO: Stationing of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) in Northern Germany
Historical record operations of US 2nd Armored Division
2nd Armored Division (Forward) as part of 1 (NL) Corps covering force, 1985–1989
AFN Bremerhaven
Lineages
17th Armored Engineer Battalion Lineages and Honors
17th Armored Engineer Battalion Roll of Honor
02nd Armored Division, U.S.
Armored Division, U.S. 02nd
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations of the United States in the Gulf War
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995 | [
-0.9828901290893555,
0.37707823514938354,
-0.3207975924015045,
0.2965430021286011,
-0.5814576745033264,
-0.00008995199459604919,
0.6438688635826111,
0.05739670246839523,
-0.10922843962907791,
-0.267749160528183,
-0.6402432918548584,
0.6611210703849792,
-0.43426892161369324,
0.1453678160905838,
0.025535564869642258,
0.2485518902540207,
0.2589055001735687,
-0.04841037467122078,
0.05478433519601822,
-0.5690845847129822,
-0.11387638747692108,
-0.0347479023039341,
0.540566086769104,
-0.09233684092760086,
0.0502898283302784,
0.28766852617263794,
0.5308518409729004,
0.24057984352111816,
0.07143955677747726,
-0.12494031339883804,
-0.1582239270210266,
0.16781799495220184,
-0.35776737332344055,
-0.15378935635089874,
0.06141264736652374,
0.28912022709846497,
-0.3016124963760376,
-0.7442087531089783,
-0.1624775528907776,
0.34759625792503357,
0.2885555326938629,
0.2176460176706314,
-0.04995366558432579,
0.3839016854763031,
0.12885825335979462,
0.5648157000541687,
-1.7993379831314087,
-0.05531742796301842,
-0.47596943378448486,
-0.7944029569625854,
0.2962510585784912,
0.1372038722038269,
0.1386304646730423,
0.13612455129623413,
0.42526841163635254,
0.42840754985809326,
-0.7787978649139404,
-0.091733418405056,
-0.26730039715766907,
-0.18774789571762085,
0.48709437251091003,
0.17476066946983337,
0.02218492701649666,
0.32113945484161377,
-0.23823343217372894,
-0.1481829285621643,
-0.07658237218856812,
0.4511352479457855,
-0.4283556342124939,
-0.5722885131835938,
-0.23923616111278534,
-0.5687652826309204,
0.1351642608642578,
0.37463727593421936,
-0.035460300743579865,
-0.47559332847595215,
-0.12598781287670135,
-0.22169363498687744,
-0.018745122477412224,
0.00942029058933258,
0.23313774168491364,
0.5545291304588318,
0.8449463844299316,
0.16340161859989166,
-0.005240052938461304,
0.11066462099552155,
-0.5402795672416687,
-0.23401334881782532,
-0.1727255880832672,
0.4510755240917206,
-0.6561567783355713,
-0.14379535615444183,
-0.42292556166648865,
0.6670092344284058,
0.25845450162887573,
-0.05420105159282684,
0.34180301427841187,
0.3683260381221771,
0.2893659770488739,
0.4825592637062073,
0.20559433102607727,
-0.09369272738695145,
0.3309466242790222,
0.4122852087020874,
-1.1333731412887573,
-0.33149275183677673,
0.013429251499474049,
-0.3783203065395355,
-0.32576683163642883,
-0.08932007849216461,
-0.7246541976928711,
0.17259757220745087,
-0.021558992564678192,
-0.41546714305877686,
-0.39913251996040344,
0.5023701786994934,
0.14637887477874756,
-0.3593626916408539,
0.03828946128487587,
0.18532423675060272,
0.35178565979003906,
0.6319209933280945,
-0.29507601261138916,
0.23226822912693024,
-0.29787859320640564,
0.10632595419883728,
0.35866308212280273,
0.6554747819900513,
-0.4953781068325043,
0.0956798866391182,
0.18486271798610687,
0.5333082675933838,
-0.3783346116542816,
0.7435423731803894,
-0.028835244476795197,
-0.8037986159324646,
0.5983628630638123,
0.2557486593723297,
-0.14144569635391235,
0.07164104282855988,
-0.3898285925388336,
-0.3371134102344513,
-1.0921968221664429,
-0.8267333507537842,
0.24478404223918915,
-0.8227577209472656,
0.11806529760360718,
0.3377072215080261,
-0.3314952850341797,
-0.5519247055053711,
0.42771151661872864,
-0.23950910568237305,
-0.7996284365653992,
0.313549667596817,
-0.04971057176589966,
0.44218742847442627,
0.2261538952589035,
-0.40731915831565857,
0.16061635315418243,
0.4575924575328827,
-0.3837851881980896,
0.3023543953895569,
-0.5133156180381775,
-0.009553495794534683,
-0.3811153471469879,
0.0681920275092125,
0.615478515625,
-0.8413415551185608,
0.1401219516992569,
0.025396334007382393,
-0.6687061786651611,
-0.05069160833954811,
0.34256625175476074,
0.2222985178232193,
0.08514034748077393,
0.3588753342628479,
1.299446940422058,
0.2507019340991974,
0.12937258183956146,
-0.26224371790885925,
-0.5474368929862976,
-0.2132824957370758,
0.6904736757278442,
-0.11332601308822632,
0.661419689655304,
-0.1496233344078064,
0.6570218205451965,
-0.2205660343170166,
-0.2859613299369812,
0.10425309091806412,
-0.27555328607559204,
-0.348280131816864,
0.23645475506782532,
-0.14304250478744507,
1.430044174194336,
-0.29090389609336853,
0.15820163488388062,
-0.518925666809082,
-0.06450109928846359,
0.42625200748443604,
0.16136322915554047,
-0.6766616702079773,
0.28523457050323486,
0.0580952949821949,
0.22709763050079346,
0.23700228333473206,
0.18506143987178802,
0.10932929068803787,
0.5430821180343628,
0.7815702557563782,
0.1063581258058548,
-0.2692459523677826,
0.06932969391345978,
0.0849931389093399,
0.4906400144100189,
-0.22655965387821198,
-0.23612527549266815,
-0.5069606900215149,
0.3639145493507385,
-0.4361529052257538,
0.29638659954071045,
0.24150694906711578,
0.0713612362742424,
-0.04700108617544174,
-0.6327652335166931,
0.03586287796497345,
-0.33343201875686646,
0.4549250304698944,
-0.2861098051071167,
-0.4816678464412689,
0.4719234108924866,
0.6902354955673218,
-0.15481016039848328,
-0.8261664509773254,
0.05549157038331032,
0.13088171184062958,
0.13292641937732697,
-0.6198686957359314,
0.008817391470074654,
-0.27346163988113403,
-0.16161440312862396,
0.10253998637199402,
-0.3877333104610443,
0.35424232482910156,
-0.3074139654636383,
-0.44553908705711365,
0.7048461437225342,
0.6386705636978149,
0.191886767745018,
-0.5293985605239868,
-0.06262493133544922,
0.1927686482667923,
0.35374096035957336,
-0.9327633380889893,
0.13937754929065704,
0.5303263664245605,
-0.04952949285507202,
-0.289750874042511,
0.17207208275794983,
-0.31897497177124023,
-0.07649794220924377,
0.18675895035266876,
-0.04696989059448242,
0.18533943593502045,
-0.21635673940181732,
0.11478235572576523,
-0.922080397605896,
0.25315383076667786,
-0.31790652871131897,
0.2620900273323059,
0.04292193427681923,
0.14611051976680756,
-0.0404057577252388,
-0.6844692826271057,
-0.18704669177532196,
-0.08678440004587173,
-0.24931679666042328,
1.0588818788528442,
-0.5811818838119507,
-0.21454989910125732,
0.41078656911849976,
0.7362399101257324,
0.8386724591255188,
-0.05930091068148613,
-0.3744387924671173,
-0.4878193140029907,
0.3920044004917145,
-0.27071502804756165,
0.12182384729385376,
-0.21767473220825195,
-0.3497651219367981,
-0.14654295146465302,
-0.6284044981002808,
0.5811017751693726,
-0.05671254172921181,
0.3496542274951935,
-0.4657352566719055,
-0.18877249956130981,
0.47619006037712097,
-0.07193771004676819,
-0.5572748184204102,
0.10268937051296234,
-0.48050227761268616,
-0.13148736953735352,
0.2626167833805084,
-0.549013078212738,
-0.9143577814102173,
0.26460233330726624,
-5.5787129402160645,
-0.2888202965259552,
-0.2047981172800064,
-0.066128209233284,
0.3759559988975525,
0.10032559931278229,
-0.3856627345085144,
-0.10723144561052322,
-0.17633752524852753,
0.1585334986448288,
0.08085178583860397,
0.09069359302520752,
-0.39916834235191345,
0.11127132177352905,
-0.285920113325119,
-0.11487717181444168,
1.2140071392059326,
-0.17543834447860718,
0.15556953847408295,
0.1779060810804367,
0.17806856334209442,
-0.42954567074775696,
0.10116604715585709,
-0.12831003963947296,
0.3918188214302063,
0.549187421798706,
-0.7152736186981201,
0.34473004937171936,
-0.48935428261756897,
-0.05253027752041817,
0.07335396111011505,
0.12879076600074768,
0.33351606130599976,
-0.02941577322781086,
0.33052751421928406,
-0.4164116382598877,
0.6399028897285461,
0.062002040445804596,
-0.05462770164012909,
-0.3172248601913452,
-0.14100222289562225,
-0.06662269681692123,
0.21142199635505676,
0.3055589199066162,
1.002981424331665,
-0.2777411937713623,
-0.5579433441162109,
-0.5795601010322571,
0.15975791215896606,
1.0729936361312866,
0.23856283724308014,
0.1357313096523285,
0.4627416729927063,
0.2754618227481842,
0.5700052976608276,
-0.8123131394386292,
0.5617923140525818,
-0.0013420120812952518,
0.49508750438690186,
0.34324339032173157,
-0.11393783986568451,
-0.44250181317329407,
-0.20182117819786072,
-0.30007046461105347,
0.24545758962631226,
-0.4482642114162445,
0.00008339975465787575,
0.2932950556278229,
0.28243836760520935,
0.3176773190498352,
-0.31985971331596375,
1.059144377708435,
-0.23838670551776886,
-0.8358432650566101,
0.35950160026550293,
0.19192570447921753,
0.0837630182504654,
-0.5192718505859375,
-0.8370774388313293,
0.1041143611073494,
0.515167772769928,
-0.12220413237810135,
-0.01352008432149887,
0.0891750380396843,
0.17754031717777252,
-0.16252753138542175,
-0.3408161401748657,
0.38466718792915344,
0.1369912028312683,
0.11099619418382645,
0.14140598475933075,
-0.36774152517318726,
0.913192629814148,
-0.12219619005918503,
0.2327471524477005,
-0.26477643847465515,
-0.046558696776628494,
0.6454399228096008,
0.4082309603691101,
-0.7114051580429077,
0.313289612531662,
0.08011706173419952,
0.4149169623851776,
-0.2801903784275055,
-1.0433154106140137,
-0.5646051168441772,
0.5156019926071167,
0.48195376992225647,
0.5246285796165466,
0.09843771904706955,
-0.2271314561367035,
-0.13045941293239594,
-0.21081820130348206,
-0.6097744703292847,
0.25617626309394836,
0.4358454942703247,
-0.2577103078365326,
0.09928911924362183,
0.8700121641159058,
0.14863181114196777,
-0.008833230473101139,
0.5033584237098694,
-0.5182802081108093,
-0.3434467017650604,
-0.011137591674923897,
0.17590804398059845,
0.11054432392120361,
0.29833996295928955,
-0.12462255358695984,
0.6317983865737915,
0.13145743310451508,
0.747126579284668,
-0.02634231373667717,
0.2300800085067749,
-0.39252105355262756,
-0.7971561551094055,
-0.082355797290802,
0.1571458876132965,
-0.23948343098163605,
-0.27793046832084656,
0.5728275775909424,
-0.21657352149486542,
-0.01487827580422163,
0.1945972889661789,
-0.0357184112071991,
0.06244048848748207,
0.3751232624053955,
-0.5432994961738586,
-0.1490914523601532,
0.38081103563308716,
-0.07173191756010056,
-0.740504801273346,
0.3438522517681122,
-0.5127896666526794,
-0.02496650256216526,
0.16260792315006256,
0.5273271203041077,
0.10331055521965027,
-0.46501195430755615,
-1.0928161144256592,
0.710493803024292,
-0.0635472759604454,
-0.5567455291748047,
-0.10455263406038284,
0.27212172746658325,
0.32718536257743835,
0.37781578302383423,
-1.4328100681304932,
-0.5277668833732605,
0.6852285265922546,
0.11606989055871964,
-0.5278932452201843,
-0.3093174695968628,
-0.16214945912361145,
0.3526516258716583,
0.2137092798948288,
0.06515895575284958,
-0.26577576994895935,
-0.05570140853524208,
-0.7032791972160339,
0.3787151873111725,
-0.14612673223018646,
-0.11053141206502914,
0.463623046875,
0.14720338582992554,
-0.45723026990890503,
-0.6373475193977356,
-0.2173638492822647,
-0.505206286907196,
0.07840816676616669,
0.01891985349357128,
-0.8273520469665527,
0.30187785625457764,
-0.2326219230890274,
-0.47156187891960144,
0.22015543282032013,
0.11623941361904144,
0.3198736310005188,
0.06383489817380905,
-0.4469880759716034,
0.17921774089336395,
0.8592568039894104,
-0.49402979016304016,
0.4167350232601166,
0.06770622730255127,
-0.3126577138900757,
0.6592764258384705,
0.18315371870994568,
-0.2739206552505493,
0.7692908048629761,
0.11460569500923157,
-0.4137148857116699,
-0.6953057050704956,
0.17346830666065216,
-0.5063624978065491,
0.11704034358263016,
0.14182093739509583,
0.46196019649505615,
-0.7880223393440247,
-0.4582776129245758,
-0.5876398086547852,
-0.23399581015110016,
-0.3327934443950653,
0.18666908144950867,
-0.8345068693161011,
0.31355130672454834,
-0.028116222470998764,
-0.8607794642448425,
0.01305653527379036,
0.09776289016008377,
-0.24298878014087677,
0.12573541700839996,
0.043044961988925934,
-0.3307499885559082,
0.44859951734542847,
-0.5198488235473633,
0.6833866238594055,
0.2841472327709198,
-0.34014225006103516,
0.154095858335495,
0.345826655626297,
0.7610210180282593,
-0.05560072511434555,
-0.22009950876235962,
0.0491887703537941,
-0.1049867793917656,
0.6065912246704102,
-0.6754072308540344,
0.09778380393981934,
0.6556480526924133,
0.19531609117984772,
-0.2456078678369522,
-0.9232717156410217,
0.3370489180088043,
0.876634955406189,
-0.6307953596115112,
-0.6071107983589172,
0.07079324871301651,
-0.08216553181409836,
-0.00898627657443285,
-0.327474445104599,
0.22647741436958313,
-0.9077486395835876,
-0.1667190045118332,
0.015275834128260612,
0.20316404104232788,
0.02623421512544155,
-0.3640170395374298,
0.0041520856320858,
-0.6077387928962708,
0.07770644873380661,
0.5988700985908508,
0.3658628761768341,
0.8121671676635742,
0.1624535471200943,
0.30229759216308594,
-0.031700849533081055,
-0.3974902331829071,
0.7120746970176697,
0.1295304149389267,
-0.23527704179286957,
-0.03352542966604233,
-0.2976897060871124,
-0.3489963114261627,
0.34238532185554504,
-0.6020159125328064,
0.09582114219665527,
-0.1887141317129135,
-0.1894979029893875,
0.24270419776439667,
0.4571678340435028,
-0.3808780312538147,
-0.40535420179367065,
0.12747478485107422,
-0.49261072278022766,
-0.05621142312884331,
0.12653115391731262,
-0.0019581583328545094,
-0.07980447262525558,
0.252774715423584,
-0.06547393649816513,
0.8735760450363159,
-0.13823796808719635,
-0.17721112072467804,
0.010432594455778599,
0.09617730230093002,
0.10686159878969193,
-0.3987799882888794,
-0.18619678914546967,
-0.28080034255981445,
0.08380819857120514,
-0.297816663980484,
0.11542529612779617,
0.8048552870750427,
-0.35694754123687744,
0.180391326546669,
0.4712463617324829,
-0.2914917469024658,
-0.785318911075592,
0.030073819682002068,
-0.25600120425224304,
0.9237778186798096,
-0.09205162525177002,
-0.029705172404646873,
-0.10919902473688126,
1.1902495622634888,
-0.5330556631088257,
0.017615266144275665,
0.25972622632980347,
0.10461222380399704,
0.005501122679561377,
-0.4928581118583679,
-0.5655614733695984,
0.572313129901886,
-0.2562217712402344,
0.10146347433328629,
0.15199443697929382,
-0.6385353207588196,
0.29489925503730774,
0.8624897003173828,
-0.32767316699028015,
0.09921325743198395,
-0.14542162418365479,
-0.04085450619459152,
-0.10093428194522858,
0.3544340133666992,
0.35623785853385925,
-0.16892904043197632,
0.5768680572509766,
0.488111287355423,
0.15255960822105408,
-0.05335374176502228,
0.07772739231586456,
0.2814653813838959,
0.03912143409252167,
-0.3824978172779083,
0.36053717136383057,
-0.6305111646652222,
-0.25215253233909607,
-0.5098348259925842,
-0.050759099423885345,
0.2357320636510849,
0.49503764510154724,
-0.0671001449227333,
0.13793645799160004,
0.18385228514671326,
-0.3993554413318634,
-0.39422938227653503,
-0.03538070619106293,
0.40234094858169556,
-0.18855305016040802,
0.23591144382953644,
-0.29102593660354614,
-0.7470264434814453,
0.34942853450775146,
0.28496381640434265,
0.5550365447998047,
-0.1374606341123581,
0.10870395600795746,
0.4684007465839386,
0.023275330662727356,
0.4518528878688812,
-0.3586635887622833,
-0.9749107956886292,
0.012670939788222313,
0.35341957211494446,
0.2401656061410904,
-0.012792229652404785,
-0.2966606318950653,
-0.003008650615811348,
0.192369744181633,
-0.6142926216125488,
-0.4511420726776123,
-0.40893250703811646,
0.0008317902102135122,
-0.09637726843357086,
0.13778521120548248,
0.32768514752388,
0.5893246531486511,
0.6883038282394409,
-0.13763673603534698,
0.057673532515764236,
0.05211475491523743,
0.3139956593513489,
-0.5613065958023071,
-0.15618111193180084,
-0.13683803379535675,
0.009231573902070522,
0.09956660121679306,
-0.0880327895283699,
0.33224526047706604,
-0.30963411927223206,
-0.09239072352647781,
0.5661286115646362,
0.26041606068611145,
-0.13598774373531342,
0.8806700110435486,
-0.7611145377159119,
0.03417051583528519,
-0.30491432547569275,
0.2162129133939743,
-0.20421873033046722,
-0.1555207520723343,
0.2945690453052521,
-0.09498503059148788,
-0.3679012358188629,
0.5958502292633057,
-0.04784134402871132,
0.03126062825322151,
0.7322432398796082,
0.5298475027084351,
-0.47949016094207764,
-0.6840513348579407,
-0.591968834400177,
0.2906980514526367,
-0.5511437058448792,
0.6995007395744324,
0.12821786105632782,
0.690123975276947,
-0.03916054219007492,
0.5464509725570679,
-0.4658603072166443,
0.19388025999069214,
0.28702598810195923,
-0.2787098288536072,
0.09178035706281662,
-0.23873892426490784,
-0.6192612648010254,
0.4637936055660248,
0.6141977310180664,
-0.29415372014045715,
0.2921109199523926,
0.3557216227054596,
-0.4441089332103729,
-0.04222794994711876,
0.10342054069042206,
0.36056989431381226,
0.0038409102708101273,
0.3316578269004822,
-0.03226310759782791
] |
256752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Kellerman | Jonathan Kellerman | Jonathan Seth Kellerman (born August 9, 1949) is an American novelist, psychologist, and Edgar- and Anthony Award–winning author best known for his popular mystery novels featuring the character Alex Delaware, a child psychologist who consults for the Los Angeles Police Department.
Born on the Lower East Side of New York City, his family relocated to Los Angeles when Jonathan was nine years old.
Kellerman graduated from the University of Southern California (USC) with a doctor of philosophy degree in psychology in 1974, and began working as a staff psychologist at the USC School of Medicine, where he eventually became a full clinical professor of pediatrics. He opened a private practice in the early 1980s while writing novels in his garage at night.
His first published novel, When the Bough Breaks, appeared in 1985, many years after writing and having works rejected. He then wrote five best-selling novels while still a practicing psychologist. In 1990, he quit his private practice to write full-time. He has written more than 40 crime novels, as well as nonfiction works and children’s books.
Life and career
Kellerman was born in New York City, son of David, an aerospace engineer and inventor, and Sylvia, a dancer and office manager. He attended Yeshiva of Central Queens (YCQ) before his family relocated to California. He grew up in Los Angeles and received a bachelor of arts in psychology at UCLA in 1971. He worked his way through college as a cartoonist, illustrator, journalist, and editor, as well as by teaching guitar. As a college senior, he co-wrote an unpublished novel that garnered a Samuel Goldwyn writing award. That prize has served as a stepping stone to film writing for other writers, but Kellerman deliberately avoided the world of screenwriting and enrolled in a PhD program in clinical psychology at USC. He received his doctoral degree in psychology from USC in 1974. His doctoral research was on attribution of blame for childhood psychopathology, and he published a scientific paper on that topic, his first, at the age of 22. He is currently a clinical professor of pediatrics at the Keck School of Medicine.
Kellerman's externship, internship, and postdoctoral fellowship were at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles/USC School of Medicine, where he became founding director of the psychosocial program, Division of Hematology-Oncology. Kellerman's initial position at CHLA was conducting research into the effects of psychological isolation in germ-free "plastic bubble" rooms on the emotional and intellectual development of children with cancer.
Simultaneously, he was assigned to minimize the destructive consequences of such intense treatment by developing a multidisciplinary clinical approach. The success of that endeavor led to the expansion of psychosocial services to all oncology patients at CHLA, and the program developed by Kellerman and his staff was the world’s first attempt to provide comprehensive, systematic, emotional support to pediatric cancer patients and their families, and served as the template for what is now considered appropriate care. Kellerman’s experiences at CHLA led him to publish his first book in 1980, a medical text that he edited, titled Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer. He is himself a survivor of thyroid cancer.
During Kellerman’s time at CHLA, he also conducted research and published in the areas of disease impact and adolescence, disease-related communication and its effect upon emotional adjustment, pediatric pain management, sleep and anxiety disorders, the treatment of childhood encopresis, and the neuropsychological effects of central nervous system chemotherapy and radiation.
Kellerman's extensive work with anxiety disorders led him to publish a book for parents, Helping the Fearful Child, in 1981. Four years later, his first novel, When the Bough Breaks, was published, became a bestseller, and was adapted as a TV movie. He has published one, or occasionally two, bestselling thrillers every year since. During his tenure as a practicing psychologist, he came into contact with the legal system as a consultant and expert witness, and some of those experiences have impacted his novels.
Jonathan Kellerman lives in Los Angeles with his wife Faye Kellerman, herself a well-known best-selling crime writer. They have four children. Their oldest, Jesse Kellerman, is a best-selling novelist and award-winning playwright. Their youngest, Aliza Kellerman, co-wrote Prism, a young adult novel published in 2009, with her mother.
Jonathan Kellerman has publicly spoken out against what he calls the "misguided" release of severely mentally ill people into the community, where they must fend for themselves instead of receiving proper care. He has stated that such people should receive counseling and psychotherapy as well as medication, as opposed to today's model in which they receive only medication and no other care at all.
Faye and Jonathan Kellerman's decades of philanthropy include endowments at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Division of Hematology-Oncology, where a yearly lecture has been named after Jonathan, and USC's department of psychology and Thornton School of Music. They have also contributed to numerous educational institutions, the Metropolitan Museum of Art's musical instrument department, the Georgia Okeeffe Museum, and the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival.
Bibliography
Alex Delaware
When the Bough Breaks (1985) (1986 Edgar Award and Anthony awards, Best First Novel) This novel was originally titled Shrunken Heads. The novel was adapted as a TV movie in 1986 starring Ted Danson and Richard Masur.
Blood Test (1986)
Over the Edge (1987)
Silent Partner (1989)
Time Bomb (1990)
Private Eyes (1992)
Devil's Waltz (1993)
Bad Love (1994)
Self-Defense (1995)
The Web (1996)
The Clinic (1997)
Survival of the Fittest (1997): Featuring Daniel Shalom Sharavi of The Butcher's Theater (1988)
Monster (1999)
Dr. Death (2000)
Flesh and Blood (2001)
The Murder Book (2002)
A Cold Heart (2003)
Therapy (2004)
Rage (2005)
Gone (2006)
Obsession (2007)
Compulsion (March 2008)
Bones (October 2008)
Evidence (October 2009)
Deception (March 2010)
Mystery (March 2011)
Victims (February 2012)
Guilt (2013)
Killer (2014)
Motive (2015)
Breakdown (2016)
Heartbreak Hotel (2017)
Night Moves (February 13, 2018)
The Wedding Guest (February 5, 2019)
The Museum of Desire (February 4, 2020)
Serpentine (February 2, 2021)
City of the Dead (to be published February 8, 2022)
Petra Connor
Billy Straight (1998)
"A Cold Heart" (2003) with Alex Delaware
Twisted (2004)
Jacob Lev (with Jesse Kellerman)
The Golem of Hollywood (2014)
The Golem of Paris (2015)
Clay Edison (with Jesse Kellerman)
Crime Scene (2017)
A Measure of Darkness (July 31, 2018)
Half Moon Bay (aka Lost Souls) (July 2020)
The Burning (September 21, 2021)
Nonseries novels
The Butcher's Theater (1988)
The Conspiracy Club (2003)
Double Homicide (2005) (with Faye Kellerman)
Capital Crimes (2007) (with Faye Kellerman)
True Detectives (2009) Characters also appear in Bones (October 2008)
The Right Thing to Do (2015) (eBook Short Story)
The Murderer's Daughter (2015)
Omnibus
Blood Test, When the Bough Breaks, Over the Edge (1990)
Devil's Waltz; Bad Love (2003)
Double Homicide (2005) (with Faye Kellerman)}
Nonfiction
Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer (1980)
Helping the Fearful Child (1981)
Savage Spawn: Reflections on Violent Children (1999)
The Best American Crime Reporting 2008 (2008) (with Thomas H. Cook and Otto Penzler)
With Strings Attached: The Art and Beauty of Vintage Guitars (2008)
References
External links
Jonathan Kellerman's website
1949 births
Living people
American mystery writers
American Orthodox Jews
American psychologists
Anthony Award winners
Edgar Award winners
Jewish American novelists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Southern California alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from New York City
Jewish American social scientists
American male novelists
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews | [
-0.1217241883277893,
0.5486291646957397,
-0.2024475634098053,
0.010714199393987656,
1.2044597864151,
0.35816314816474915,
0.420632541179657,
0.1987384855747223,
-0.23763039708137512,
-0.048013411462306976,
-0.3938084542751312,
0.18447360396385193,
-0.09492683410644531,
-0.02989775314927101,
-0.13343344628810883,
0.5097944736480713,
0.005390164442360401,
0.005825679283589125,
0.3558877110481262,
-0.35484689474105835,
-0.4033091366291046,
-0.4635469913482666,
-0.3278985321521759,
-0.15171724557876587,
-0.4482799172401428,
0.31092673540115356,
-0.379273921251297,
-0.33274924755096436,
0.05602559447288513,
0.29613232612609863,
0.07739891856908798,
-0.19131872057914734,
0.3251101076602936,
-0.3253343403339386,
-0.40941479802131653,
0.2706235349178314,
-1.024314284324646,
-0.02369013801217079,
-0.46220821142196655,
0.10386548936367035,
-0.6345199346542358,
-0.11768218874931335,
-0.39340004324913025,
-0.5974102020263672,
-0.11222296208143234,
-0.4783855378627777,
-1.1175618171691895,
0.08282674849033356,
-0.3241811692714691,
-0.014750109985470772,
-0.37708359956741333,
0.6107079386711121,
-0.17927268147468567,
-0.15123628079891205,
-0.06037989631295204,
0.35530006885528564,
-0.09958253800868988,
-0.2334769070148468,
0.1254855990409851,
-0.013282248750329018,
0.47091975808143616,
-0.28263410925865173,
0.8713341951370239,
0.18633949756622314,
0.25613871216773987,
0.8941912651062012,
-0.016827436164021492,
0.8612061738967896,
0.006872130557894707,
-0.15418964624404907,
0.11942188441753387,
0.07538272440433502,
-0.004329662770032883,
0.5068152546882629,
-0.10408241301774979,
0.49088290333747864,
0.3696018159389496,
-0.611351728439331,
-0.07682206481695175,
0.8741984367370605,
-0.49316737055778503,
0.672167181968689,
0.9421428442001343,
0.26809200644493103,
0.6147866249084473,
0.3687556982040405,
-0.836469292640686,
0.8205966353416443,
0.2619244158267975,
-0.29928651452064514,
0.0035514819901436567,
0.01788204349577427,
0.18265371024608612,
-0.20575888454914093,
-0.22940775752067566,
-0.2668331563472748,
-0.0985303744673729,
-0.029890133067965508,
-0.6077925562858582,
-0.3417810797691345,
0.004704362712800503,
0.4654112458229065,
0.14589011669158936,
-0.6398647427558899,
-0.7080060243606567,
0.39964812994003296,
0.2666747272014618,
0.12490572035312653,
-0.46158367395401,
-0.10529696941375732,
-0.6495092511177063,
0.4695691466331482,
-0.18996761739253998,
-0.07835528999567032,
-0.005933493375778198,
0.9645700454711914,
0.2880561351776123,
-0.38418930768966675,
-0.4756803810596466,
-0.1322830319404602,
-0.16361220180988312,
-0.11555885523557663,
0.29747605323791504,
0.16617166996002197,
0.1072935163974762,
-0.13018687069416046,
-0.08403795957565308,
0.10968222469091415,
-0.08723340183496475,
0.4497874081134796,
0.03582523390650749,
0.3301232159137726,
0.09762998670339584,
-0.08274700492620468,
-0.36910778284072876,
0.29302552342414856,
-0.28835365176200867,
0.3041953146457672,
-0.037738434970378876,
0.5175909996032715,
-0.764763593673706,
0.10379329323768616,
-0.05123463273048401,
-0.2625834047794342,
0.11434613168239594,
-0.5903612971305847,
0.11944582313299179,
-0.06007477641105652,
-0.2255517542362213,
-0.48953714966773987,
0.06313475966453552,
0.35203343629837036,
-0.5427253246307373,
-0.42932426929473877,
0.5091933012008667,
0.46412691473960876,
0.4479941725730896,
0.7532403469085693,
0.8202309012413025,
-0.6800204515457153,
0.1821209043264389,
0.5808365345001221,
-0.6500643491744995,
0.2593197524547577,
0.8319276571273804,
-0.21646125614643097,
0.46828049421310425,
-0.21951338648796082,
0.10109763592481613,
-0.08845027536153793,
0.11115523427724838,
-0.4789559841156006,
0.14788992702960968,
-0.31584295630455017,
-0.49008697271347046,
0.44280388951301575,
0.4629802703857422,
0.36314934492111206,
-0.0016151608433574438,
-0.18882332742214203,
-0.42931926250457764,
0.1259813755750656,
-0.5272807478904724,
-0.32507336139678955,
-0.3967747092247009,
-0.5644859075546265,
-0.3059922754764557,
-0.23235973715782166,
-0.30729496479034424,
0.2347848117351532,
-0.7766631245613098,
0.015449647791683674,
0.4679899215698242,
0.07814987748861313,
0.4146178066730499,
-0.22254067659378052,
-0.8601518869400024,
1.9315954446792603,
-0.02949710004031658,
0.8647462725639343,
0.010442445054650307,
-0.1895121932029724,
-0.025406036525964737,
0.43951934576034546,
-0.37016135454177856,
0.1772596538066864,
0.5378554463386536,
0.30422475934028625,
-0.13503843545913696,
0.6039802432060242,
0.44614967703819275,
-0.315842866897583,
-0.13472650945186615,
0.38229936361312866,
-0.3638824224472046,
0.09217899292707443,
-0.3511489927768707,
-0.30027562379837036,
0.6172628402709961,
-0.2794933617115021,
0.6418575048446655,
-0.1310100257396698,
0.11590207368135452,
0.09277848899364471,
-0.22186081111431122,
0.675316333770752,
0.12084975093603134,
-0.22811853885650635,
0.7312602400779724,
-0.8796041011810303,
-0.393268346786499,
0.13880908489227295,
0.08759824186563492,
-1.0564548969268799,
0.057825326919555664,
0.10203384608030319,
0.033208299428224564,
-0.8431034088134766,
-0.25741294026374817,
0.04952298104763031,
0.48862531781196594,
0.10499947518110275,
-0.3165522813796997,
0.21387307345867157,
0.9066646695137024,
-0.15978394448757172,
-0.4230242669582367,
0.20289304852485657,
-0.16475048661231995,
0.20560185611248016,
-0.6957301497459412,
0.941270112991333,
0.3797674775123596,
0.3078843951225281,
0.03905796632170677,
0.27352118492126465,
-0.039475973695516586,
0.5700770616531372,
0.4135070741176605,
0.3147575557231903,
0.08393888175487518,
0.191200852394104,
-0.3170587122440338,
-0.0633419007062912,
-0.30186963081359863,
-0.4909440279006958,
-0.25784459710121155,
-1.1908272504806519,
-0.008860164321959019,
0.5233914852142334,
0.47670578956604004,
-0.7211025953292847,
-0.3365688920021057,
0.0715109333395958,
-0.006988307926803827,
-0.5242801904678345,
0.12046407908201218,
-0.3598853647708893,
-0.1710393875837326,
-0.3093566596508026,
0.21460013091564178,
0.2212536782026291,
1.0256987810134888,
-0.6746446490287781,
-0.11773600429296494,
-1.4582264423370361,
-0.07614719867706299,
-0.006051467731595039,
-0.32078614830970764,
-0.14357225596904755,
-0.2892901599407196,
0.5327213406562805,
0.29510554671287537,
0.20461180806159973,
-0.0017557487590238452,
0.2702600657939911,
0.48038250207901,
-0.026994680985808372,
0.053335338830947876,
0.1953730434179306,
-0.41414856910705566,
0.02349022403359413,
0.429911732673645,
0.10257541388273239,
0.6902191042900085,
0.6796973943710327,
0.390557199716568,
-0.20644579827785492,
-5.415205001831055,
-0.10076266527175903,
-0.05990200117230415,
-0.4788699746131897,
0.06190815195441246,
0.5452593564987183,
0.5718466639518738,
-0.2711758315563202,
0.06908966600894928,
-0.18703149259090424,
0.26087403297424316,
0.4380073845386505,
0.10874004662036896,
0.0430447943508625,
0.13953346014022827,
0.1680915355682373,
0.04500621557235718,
-0.2186129242181778,
-0.2569631040096283,
0.3428494334220886,
-0.7111297845840454,
-0.16494475305080414,
-0.27074670791625977,
0.052320703864097595,
0.11832080781459808,
0.8093901872634888,
-0.06105251982808113,
-0.4638700485229492,
-0.5821008086204529,
0.31016987562179565,
0.06497767567634583,
-0.6254807710647583,
-0.49686020612716675,
-0.13486213982105255,
-0.6608819365501404,
-0.37824559211730957,
0.6207877397537231,
-0.2927575409412384,
0.1818520873785019,
-0.06042712181806564,
-0.2280351221561432,
0.1686113327741623,
-0.37701311707496643,
-0.17410877346992493,
0.18615411221981049,
0.044781748205423355,
-0.7786175012588501,
-0.43963557481765747,
-0.2792988121509552,
0.4084392189979553,
0.1831361949443817,
0.10564711689949036,
-0.2371884435415268,
-0.1339598000049591,
0.29827937483787537,
0.3615629971027374,
0.21352368593215942,
-0.4334408938884735,
-0.9239218235015869,
-0.1390601545572281,
0.7691717743873596,
-0.13973172008991241,
0.006854943465441465,
-0.3122099041938782,
0.43398526310920715,
0.14681097865104675,
-0.17110586166381836,
-0.4332670569419861,
0.12155994772911072,
0.13437680900096893,
0.09242520481348038,
-0.015314029529690742,
0.599448025226593,
-1.0898809432983398,
-0.34379541873931885,
-1.032941222190857,
-0.5732063055038452,
-0.14273186028003693,
-0.4384245276451111,
-0.7011687159538269,
-0.4352206885814667,
-0.35540571808815,
-0.20311452448368073,
0.4367752969264984,
0.34794938564300537,
-0.42313408851623535,
-0.13365484774112701,
0.6859902143478394,
0.38263049721717834,
-0.013690120540559292,
0.5609675645828247,
0.7654115557670593,
0.3968847692012787,
0.47731485962867737,
-0.3112921714782715,
0.5231531858444214,
0.027495969086885452,
0.855684220790863,
0.05633724480867386,
-0.13825245201587677,
0.013456777669489384,
-0.3287871479988098,
0.05207037180662155,
-0.8537558913230896,
0.08244362473487854,
-0.04387318715453148,
-0.002194097498431802,
0.09966728836297989,
0.24560664594173431,
-0.1545547991991043,
-0.5137562155723572,
0.1361008733510971,
-0.36448344588279724,
-0.31393948197364807,
0.9123299717903137,
0.17808854579925537,
0.17754137516021729,
0.8528294563293457,
0.2363886684179306,
-0.3004198968410492,
-0.637413740158081,
0.39235591888427734,
0.030019676312804222,
0.16101990640163422,
0.072508804500103,
-0.9770429730415344,
0.2706245481967926,
-0.0386829636991024,
0.6498969793319702,
0.175183966755867,
-0.48963451385498047,
0.7350136637687683,
0.6032329797744751,
0.22861476242542267,
-0.5691805481910706,
0.3286890387535095,
-0.9162445664405823,
-0.6617714762687683,
-0.12318746000528336,
0.7723836302757263,
0.5897142291069031,
-0.013436827808618546,
0.3338746428489685,
0.39027613401412964,
0.38962799310684204,
-0.597043514251709,
-0.1742096245288849,
0.17498807609081268,
-0.4178830683231354,
0.28185760974884033,
0.26856115460395813,
-0.13169483840465546,
0.2855408787727356,
-0.29165875911712646,
-0.4492082893848419,
0.3987264335155487,
0.19586531817913055,
0.12638762593269348,
-0.2929759621620178,
0.5706319212913513,
0.1798059195280075,
-0.5131398439407349,
-0.652776300907135,
-0.7515599727630615,
0.06277826428413391,
-0.05776963010430336,
-0.3777145445346832,
-0.45064064860343933,
-0.8186792731285095,
0.1288430541753769,
-0.24387848377227783,
-0.8008748292922974,
0.12906299531459808,
0.4289279282093048,
-0.0352788083255291,
0.5421924591064453,
-0.5493695735931396,
-0.20746690034866333,
-0.7181808948516846,
0.383089154958725,
-0.018298549577593803,
-0.06414530426263809,
-0.6123867034912109,
0.27608323097229004,
0.744347333908081,
-0.24498268961906433,
-0.23066318035125732,
-0.07622838020324707,
-0.8495921492576599,
0.27807101607322693,
0.4375416338443756,
-0.25862348079681396,
0.5453133583068848,
0.5547611117362976,
-0.0707373321056366,
-0.09240976721048355,
0.004524477757513523,
-0.3282095491886139,
0.07894382625818253,
-0.11169984936714172,
-0.3015185296535492,
0.001705666072666645,
-0.27070245146751404,
-0.11900047212839127,
-0.05666540190577507,
-0.9304103255271912,
-0.11757230013608932,
0.10405972599983215,
-0.6780878901481628,
0.7421067357063293,
-0.07595589756965637,
-0.1531187742948532,
-0.07260919362306595,
0.18247514963150024,
-0.4400237798690796,
0.09832886606454849,
0.14089591801166534,
-0.3961496949195862,
-0.5138581991195679,
0.15307453274726868,
-0.17455872893333435,
-0.03977320343255997,
0.25625482201576233,
-0.5234903693199158,
-0.25326037406921387,
0.09396154433488846,
0.6454437971115112,
-0.9083046317100525,
0.9052703976631165,
0.17872931063175201,
0.28054094314575195,
-0.2391926646232605,
0.30290740728378296,
0.08872859179973602,
-0.8523598909378052,
-0.5161328911781311,
0.37958958745002747,
0.2965904474258423,
0.6564455032348633,
0.24226106703281403,
0.13655319809913635,
0.539106547832489,
-0.5130304098129272,
-0.3659427762031555,
0.623397707939148,
0.010529708117246628,
0.2954989969730377,
-0.7477995157241821,
-0.11029012501239777,
0.7286335825920105,
0.7165438532829285,
-0.035985253751277924,
0.4508993625640869,
-0.09615450352430344,
1.0712785720825195,
0.4748559892177582,
-0.04152417555451393,
-0.3871608376502991,
-0.24054810404777527,
-0.7299562096595764,
0.08024687319993973,
0.020629752427339554,
-0.3883918225765228,
0.07143417745828629,
-0.6630281209945679,
-0.049805495887994766,
-0.3807262182235718,
0.1477573662996292,
0.8488545417785645,
-0.6648451685905457,
-0.054076507687568665,
-0.15564270317554474,
0.7077204585075378,
0.7905780076980591,
-0.21521486341953278,
0.0238866675645113,
0.010925108566880226,
0.26420652866363525,
0.10232513397932053,
0.140934020280838,
-0.682197093963623,
0.5255904197692871,
-0.073933444917202,
-0.2625439167022705,
0.08113153278827667,
-0.015186771750450134,
0.7057084441184998,
-0.04394705221056938,
0.06337234377861023,
0.13918402791023254,
-0.20255087316036224,
0.4340478181838989,
-0.24004557728767395,
-0.5042992234230042,
0.11363539099693298,
0.1868017166852951,
0.11992447078227997,
0.9131823182106018,
-0.5479172468185425,
-0.14584004878997803,
-0.12312960624694824,
0.5337207317352295,
0.30828940868377686,
-0.3854585886001587,
-0.3631726801395416,
0.1313835233449936,
0.0828680768609047,
-0.5598974823951721,
-0.6507894396781921,
0.2650448679924011,
-0.058489568531513214,
-0.24869683384895325,
0.37525150179862976,
0.5179354548454285,
-0.6064620018005371,
0.07114626467227936,
0.5705716013908386,
-0.3513801395893097,
-0.1481931209564209,
0.1695689707994461,
0.003894051071256399,
0.23955219984054565,
0.32594767212867737,
-0.815398097038269,
0.22204506397247314,
0.9435780644416809,
0.24932116270065308,
0.14740999042987823,
-0.09176599979400635,
0.740749716758728,
0.5118036270141602,
-0.018230119720101357,
0.22306311130523682,
0.24671536684036255,
-0.1652006059885025,
0.41173192858695984,
-0.04349183663725853,
-0.2167593091726303,
-0.18328364193439484,
0.20968370139598846,
0.06866452842950821,
1.118186354637146,
-0.07739567011594772,
0.1637207418680191,
-0.08202898502349854,
-0.2043658196926117,
0.5137969851493835,
0.5627466440200806,
0.32542887330055237,
-0.13268673419952393,
0.2241012305021286,
-0.0002104599989252165,
0.07031960040330887,
-0.26571112871170044,
0.19770094752311707,
-0.38187551498413086,
-0.37323880195617676,
-0.1463029533624649,
-0.7649615406990051,
-0.27276554703712463,
-0.9786747097969055,
-0.24384614825248718,
1.2410207986831665,
0.5671464204788208,
0.009603063575923443,
-0.20112036168575287,
0.4869431257247925,
-0.5948411226272583,
-0.19195076823234558,
0.01692359894514084,
-0.30864930152893066,
-0.20217379927635193,
-0.6053637862205505,
0.13995155692100525,
0.31693512201309204,
-0.18069790303707123,
0.5025272369384766,
0.19108189642429352,
-0.30410879850387573,
-0.03307579085230827,
-0.2387787103652954,
-0.3379748463630676,
-0.07896099239587784,
-0.3254528343677521,
1.0274722576141357,
0.30572035908699036,
-0.46190088987350464,
-0.19932769238948822,
-0.44663718342781067,
0.0874219462275505,
0.45340973138809204,
-0.41313695907592773,
0.16746295988559723,
0.6037490367889404,
0.07164394110441208,
0.31357789039611816,
-0.23682482540607452,
0.9346949458122253,
0.3249524235725403,
-0.3451465964317322,
-0.32752418518066406,
-0.5227845907211304,
-0.09676612168550491,
-0.41618895530700684,
-0.791394054889679,
0.3779609501361847,
-0.5204212665557861,
0.03205864876508713,
-0.47759294509887695,
-0.01627705991268158,
-0.1310189962387085,
0.4366346597671509,
-0.28208357095718384,
0.5537366271018982,
-0.501011073589325,
0.35261860489845276,
0.7236477732658386,
0.08264818042516708,
0.27742308378219604,
-0.6238601803779602,
0.0387798547744751,
0.4981157183647156,
0.26761263608932495,
0.6931776404380798,
-0.2681558132171631,
0.4224233627319336,
-0.8437004089355469,
-0.24404868483543396,
-0.3173987865447998,
0.20018815994262695,
0.41643020510673523,
-0.5086756944656372,
0.14665129780769348,
0.006321970373392105,
-0.36052554845809937,
-0.506371259689331,
0.2896590828895569,
0.7234830856323242,
0.2755497992038727,
-0.5373476147651672,
0.3085067868232727,
0.38971900939941406,
-0.27954354882240295,
-0.15582717955112457,
0.23029020428657532,
0.3984736502170563,
-0.726401150226593,
-0.5477733016014099,
-0.09577605873346329,
-0.29251575469970703,
-0.3485542833805084,
-0.43244946002960205,
-0.0412396639585495,
-0.7946001291275024,
-0.15641503036022186,
0.2595617473125458,
-0.08851612359285355,
-0.016481898725032806,
0.48339134454727173,
-0.3807792663574219
] |
256758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterFire | WaterFire | WaterFire is a sculpture by Barnaby Evans presented on the rivers of downtown Providence, RI. It was first created by Evans in 1994 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of First Night Providence, and has since become an annual public art phenomenon.
WaterFire is a free public art installation, a performance work, an urban festival, a civic ritual, and a spiritual communal ceremony. WaterFire's symbolism and interpretation is both inclusive and expansive - reflecting the recognition that individuals must act together to strengthen and preserve their community.
On WaterFire evenings, downtown Providence is transformed by eighty-six burning braziers (each with approximately 33 pieces of wood); some float just above the surface of the rivers that flow through Waterplace Park (the Woonasquatucket river) and the middle of downtown Providence (the Moshassuck and Providence rivers; others are mounted on the piers of former bridges. The public is invited to come and walk the riverfront and enjoy the beauty of the flickering firelight, the fragrant scent of aromatic wood smoke, the changing silhouettes of the volunteer firetenders, and the music from around the world.
Average attendance is 40,000 a night, ranging from 10,000 to 100,000. WaterFire is held May through November, with lightings typically on Saturday evenings once or twice a month. The rivers are tidal, so events are normally scheduled to take place when sunset co-incides with an incoming high tide.
WaterFire Providence
WaterFire Providence is the independent 501(C)(3) non-profit arts organization responsible for presenting WaterFire. WaterFire Providence consists of about 15 staff members and relies heavily upon volunteers for the production of WaterFire. On a given night, up to 160 volunteers make the entire event possible.
History
Evans created the first WaterFire, named First Fire on New Year's Eve 1994 as part of the tenth annual of First Night Providence. First Fire consisted of 11 braziers on steel tripods stretching from WaterPlace Basin to Steeple Street. In June 1996, Barnaby created Second Fire for the Convergence Art Festival and the International Sculpture Conference.
Through the support of dedicated volunteers, WaterFire returned as a seasonal event. WaterFire gained regional attention and a coordinated effort to fund the project began. In 1997, WaterFire expanded to 42 braziers, and had an estimated attendance of 350,000 people over the entire season. Evans received The Renaissance Award for his effort to revitalize downtown Providence, and WaterFire became the symbol of the city's renaissance.
For the 1998 installation, WaterFire expanded to include 81 fires, with expansions up the Moshassuck River and into the basin at Waterplace Park. WaterFire now enjoys national and international renown.
Proliferation
In June 1998 Barnaby Evans installed WaterFire in Houston, Texas on the Buffalo Bayou.
In July 2005 Barnaby Evans designed a WaterFire installation in Columbus, Ohio, called WaterFire Columbus. http://www.waterfirecolumbus.com
In 2007, Barnaby Evans created a new installation in Kansas City, Missouri on Brush Creek near Country Club Plaza and the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art https://countryclubplaza.com/event/waterfire/.
On September 24 and 25, 2011, Barnaby Evans installed WaterFire in Singapore. The flame from Singapore was sent electronically to Providence to light WaterFire there. The next day, the flame from Providence was sent electronically to Singapore to light WaterFire there.
On September 21 and 22, 2012, Barnaby Evans installed WaterFire in Rome on the Tiber River between Ponte Sisto and Ponte Giuseppe Mazzini on the Vatican side of the river near the old city.
In August 2013, Barnaby Evans designed a WaterFire installation in Sharon, Pennsylvania on the Shenango River, called WaterFire Sharon. http://www.waterfiresharonpa.org
References
External links
WaterFire website
Washington Post travel article by Carlo Rotella
The Butterfly Effect blog entry about WaterFire
thisplaceiknow.com entry for WaterFire
Festivals in Rhode Island
Culture of Providence, Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Providence, Rhode Island
Arts organizations based in Rhode Island
Fire in culture
1994 establishments in Rhode Island
Recurring events established in 1994 | [
-0.25473475456237793,
0.2226860076189041,
-0.20418164134025574,
0.07544709742069244,
0.403890460729599,
0.6130176186561584,
0.4216912090778351,
-0.31686097383499146,
-0.47996097803115845,
-0.6354971528053284,
-0.04410342872142792,
0.0848829448223114,
-0.4637417495250702,
0.5238845348358154,
0.1202332079410553,
0.04331515356898308,
0.2130812108516693,
0.2144569605588913,
0.4922330677509308,
-0.11526120454072952,
-0.2859816551208496,
-0.9276071786880493,
0.5603477358818054,
-0.21454447507858276,
-0.46595507860183716,
0.267313152551651,
0.374139666557312,
0.0675392597913742,
0.025041978806257248,
0.7160512208938599,
0.3889171779155731,
0.770870566368103,
0.2653372585773468,
-1.0514674186706543,
0.15511249005794525,
-0.3116670846939087,
-0.4519505798816681,
-0.2508532702922821,
-0.24114251136779785,
0.021981144323945045,
0.5124677419662476,
0.26898741722106934,
-0.153127059340477,
-0.024771373718976974,
0.14866332709789276,
0.09563259035348892,
-1.8648629188537598,
-0.20917241275310516,
-0.839150071144104,
0.37795111536979675,
-0.5115678310394287,
0.4566248953342438,
0.37191489338874817,
0.5058122873306274,
0.1289663165807724,
0.8204514980316162,
-0.6292806267738342,
0.0948624461889267,
0.14200341701507568,
-0.8269005417823792,
0.1762864887714386,
0.29025179147720337,
-0.21365460753440857,
-0.03689879551529884,
-0.16235075891017914,
0.29212284088134766,
0.2715543508529663,
0.6060771346092224,
0.24574680626392365,
-0.26395443081855774,
0.797524631023407,
0.4127296209335327,
-0.16546286642551422,
0.2914097309112549,
-0.48971062898635864,
0.05987922102212906,
0.08612275123596191,
0.00927866343408823,
0.18137913942337036,
0.33734264969825745,
-0.05117623507976532,
0.3360925316810608,
1.060452938079834,
0.24335940182209015,
0.42469459772109985,
0.3023114800453186,
0.20279563963413239,
0.198817640542984,
-0.3027331829071045,
0.5700106024742126,
-0.5268278121948242,
-0.955302894115448,
0.4141494333744049,
0.23082685470581055,
0.3574308156967163,
-0.556107223033905,
0.20732931792736053,
0.239861398935318,
0.500535786151886,
-0.19529971480369568,
0.2617594599723816,
-0.09899517893791199,
0.465093195438385,
0.6237611770629883,
-0.24481943249702454,
0.042898885905742645,
-0.5073843002319336,
-0.6174780130386353,
0.17647500336170197,
0.35097962617874146,
0.2601150572299957,
0.02837388589978218,
-0.22664548456668854,
-0.15779432654380798,
0.01941928081214428,
0.5011433959007263,
0.8915536403656006,
0.02157287858426571,
-0.22790643572807312,
0.12992870807647705,
0.7010974287986755,
0.21020476520061493,
0.0876527801156044,
0.19723044335842133,
-0.12905719876289368,
-0.1421509087085724,
0.550778865814209,
0.7189707159996033,
-0.759842038154602,
-0.3728983998298645,
0.46905696392059326,
0.47123482823371887,
0.15820011496543884,
-0.94135582447052,
0.15514087677001953,
-0.6794690489768982,
-0.3990403711795807,
0.09202113747596741,
0.22918179631233215,
0.8093764185905457,
-0.2028534859418869,
-0.5432299375534058,
0.135231614112854,
-0.8096931576728821,
0.09513586759567261,
0.08313245326280594,
0.0086055314168334,
-0.49086296558380127,
0.04270869120955467,
0.0503847561776638,
0.4246823489665985,
0.44733938574790955,
-0.09411526471376419,
0.17815855145454407,
-0.15420769155025482,
0.3116033673286438,
0.036735743284225464,
0.14311400055885315,
0.22592394053936005,
0.023751886561512947,
0.21113893389701843,
0.12204749882221222,
0.16730043292045593,
0.0741477981209755,
-0.0006633443990722299,
0.06542860716581345,
0.03791273385286331,
-0.45357006788253784,
-0.278827428817749,
-0.43484801054000854,
-0.24912893772125244,
0.037984270602464676,
0.20606735348701477,
-0.12626558542251587,
0.3647550940513611,
-0.726326048374176,
0.7755346298217773,
0.2761155962944031,
0.08443867415189743,
-0.20743876695632935,
-0.6639512777328491,
-0.08728791028261185,
0.021471941843628883,
-0.2350645810365677,
0.46487998962402344,
-0.1457403600215912,
0.013719361275434494,
0.3158499300479889,
0.6572787761688232,
0.2993398606777191,
-0.8845598697662354,
-0.3169928193092346,
0.38151755928993225,
-0.04788828641176224,
0.7678709030151367,
0.16553238034248352,
-0.6463049054145813,
0.4356786608695984,
0.275857537984848,
0.6223951578140259,
0.05678967013955116,
-0.1638363003730774,
0.1455155611038208,
-0.7968878149986267,
-0.5950077176094055,
-0.6074934601783752,
-0.12395235151052475,
-0.38717442750930786,
-0.18662701547145844,
0.10389789193868637,
-0.02221420407295227,
-0.6601625680923462,
0.1315881907939911,
0.2146385759115219,
-0.22204086184501648,
-0.16802558302879333,
-0.6246383786201477,
-0.20323164761066437,
-0.22805067896842957,
-0.384082555770874,
0.9970148801803589,
0.17581580579280853,
-0.2100355178117752,
0.7392572164535522,
-0.6303253173828125,
0.6795538067817688,
-0.051325712352991104,
-0.4400842785835266,
0.6131603121757507,
-0.40900954604148865,
-0.09144269675016403,
0.3263212740421295,
-0.3811163902282715,
-0.8216636776924133,
0.1371270716190338,
0.03734319657087326,
0.22516240179538727,
-0.21682150661945343,
0.844782829284668,
-0.23926572501659393,
0.05858903005719185,
0.14098194241523743,
-0.8436880707740784,
0.3743218779563904,
0.3310989737510681,
-0.1536761224269867,
0.0376400500535965,
-0.04632994160056114,
0.33147957921028137,
-0.212021604180336,
0.06320074945688248,
0.7722038626670837,
0.05023086071014404,
0.05730723589658737,
-0.09264115989208221,
0.1713792383670807,
-0.26932865381240845,
-0.26844897866249084,
0.08627958595752716,
-0.22416527569293976,
-0.5055283904075623,
-0.25191861391067505,
-0.047591134905815125,
0.41539549827575684,
0.25243908166885376,
-0.8627002835273743,
-0.1005823090672493,
-0.41686850786209106,
0.35414960980415344,
0.21396493911743164,
0.2400539070367813,
-0.029517769813537598,
0.3823225200176239,
0.1938898116350174,
0.5098433494567871,
0.058227792382240295,
0.12153627723455429,
-0.01632107049226761,
-0.23864148557186127,
-1.2235164642333984,
0.45370954275131226,
0.8967369198799133,
0.426201194524765,
-0.7890026569366455,
0.04132813960313797,
0.5776666402816772,
-0.028425630182027817,
0.42391660809516907,
-0.5166196823120117,
-0.08641364425420761,
-0.27890723943710327,
-0.26755115389823914,
0.27886155247688293,
0.26662299036979675,
-0.4860895574092865,
0.5721614360809326,
-0.150620698928833,
-0.41046398878097534,
0.32860466837882996,
0.6569510698318481,
-0.05438537895679474,
-0.005166348069906235,
-0.43826043605804443,
0.316326379776001,
-0.030510881915688515,
-0.28360578417778015,
-0.12258361279964447,
0.5790784955024719,
-5.668751239776611,
0.23125702142715454,
0.30246391892433167,
0.3447546362876892,
-0.26738086342811584,
0.24262413382530212,
0.19587048888206482,
0.19984014332294464,
0.846987783908844,
-0.06800787150859833,
0.28585144877433777,
-0.07953275740146637,
0.12345881015062332,
0.22789603471755981,
0.5615782737731934,
0.04053639993071556,
0.7444116473197937,
-0.40761539340019226,
0.03345837816596031,
-0.056942712515592575,
0.22640393674373627,
0.01790989376604557,
-0.5015631318092346,
0.040636513382196426,
0.2426568567752838,
0.12788225710391998,
-0.43082693219184875,
0.02080400288105011,
-0.6498048305511475,
-0.0594034381210804,
-0.1434936672449112,
-0.44117769598960876,
-0.12896430492401123,
0.04006568342447281,
-0.3821558356285095,
-0.07876399904489517,
-0.11552385985851288,
-0.30003225803375244,
0.19927503168582916,
-0.5213963389396667,
-0.005696811247617006,
-0.38568609952926636,
-0.36327117681503296,
-0.41388046741485596,
0.0028393941465765238,
-0.38878536224365234,
-0.6414987444877625,
-0.2627624571323395,
0.33802083134651184,
0.3408578634262085,
0.040957991033792496,
0.2261907011270523,
1.0706456899642944,
0.41075199842453003,
0.41294074058532715,
-0.24182289838790894,
0.2635941803455353,
-0.11318117380142212,
-0.17136307060718536,
0.24118870496749878,
0.23344027996063232,
-0.23299406468868256,
-0.10986965149641037,
0.3745564818382263,
0.43242931365966797,
-0.6728339791297913,
-0.01933380216360092,
-0.3508383631706238,
0.12075839936733246,
0.08721770346164703,
0.2234497368335724,
0.3866213262081146,
-0.7502905130386353,
-1.1260560750961304,
0.03064742684364319,
-0.3295193910598755,
0.009257378987967968,
-0.31389543414115906,
0.271060585975647,
-0.6422999501228333,
-0.6021424531936646,
-0.4011087417602539,
-0.6678052544593811,
-0.13248322904109955,
0.1500275433063507,
0.21388034522533417,
-0.37254518270492554,
-0.3757672905921936,
-0.3476332128047943,
-0.07213220745325089,
0.3277895748615265,
-0.019479984417557716,
0.012954408302903175,
-0.006997804623097181,
-0.034959834069013596,
0.6234407424926758,
0.8064382672309875,
0.3669407367706299,
0.0013668625615537167,
0.1497812122106552,
0.5469536781311035,
-0.1631803810596466,
-0.08719218522310257,
-0.0937362015247345,
-0.07080379128456116,
0.2907566726207733,
0.055818796157836914,
0.13294553756713867,
0.4360518157482147,
-0.01106193009763956,
-0.04309049993753433,
-0.4464111030101776,
0.09304282814264297,
-0.21249879896640778,
0.028376232832670212,
0.50360506772995,
-0.19780342280864716,
0.41785818338394165,
0.7690109014511108,
-0.4385785460472107,
0.7167282700538635,
0.9784151315689087,
0.24146981537342072,
-0.08306581526994705,
-0.08708468079566956,
-0.2639176547527313,
-0.10206041485071182,
0.32743188738822937,
0.12456104904413223,
0.5233080387115479,
0.772127628326416,
-0.1940901130437851,
0.15613029897212982,
-0.024464787915349007,
0.04223518446087837,
-0.38431423902511597,
-0.2039363831281662,
-0.8992334604263306,
-0.06685606390237808,
0.636870801448822,
0.1927945762872696,
-0.09868963807821274,
-0.27200183272361755,
0.1600780487060547,
0.4277411103248596,
0.8648077249526978,
-0.22177653014659882,
-0.3130700886249542,
-0.4219650626182556,
0.6800276041030884,
-0.42540648579597473,
-0.2210099846124649,
-0.013908213004469872,
-0.8097094297409058,
0.19697372615337372,
-0.4002419412136078,
-0.2982827126979828,
-0.21549221873283386,
0.26893824338912964,
0.30607619881629944,
0.15818117558956146,
0.02897513099014759,
-1.2966912984848022,
-0.6922853589057922,
-0.3295341730117798,
-0.035302333533763885,
0.02663222886621952,
-0.13037052750587463,
-0.12455631792545319,
0.11440490931272507,
0.308244526386261,
-0.25040698051452637,
-0.4823789596557617,
-0.0313476026058197,
0.42079246044158936,
-0.0584687776863575,
-0.19467274844646454,
0.009233015589416027,
0.4486483931541443,
-0.044149886816740036,
-0.06662248075008392,
0.4109776020050049,
0.33735397458076477,
0.6562484502792358,
0.42260634899139404,
-0.36220815777778625,
-0.23408740758895874,
0.458767831325531,
0.20069800317287445,
-0.02764584869146347,
0.36099889874458313,
-0.1275884211063385,
-0.15539628267288208,
-0.03897088021039963,
-0.5219652056694031,
-0.4077395796775818,
0.6005639433860779,
0.28610295057296753,
-0.03186434507369995,
-0.2665209472179413,
-0.49713659286499023,
0.11865255981683731,
-1.108894944190979,
0.6020236611366272,
0.19332152605056763,
-1.336517095565796,
0.21315419673919678,
-0.047025684267282486,
-0.16077588498592377,
0.031761012971401215,
0.022925762459635735,
0.13326899707317352,
0.05062177777290344,
-0.18848517537117004,
-0.2917628586292267,
-0.12379319220781326,
-0.015479895286262035,
-0.879463255405426,
-0.29612359404563904,
-0.1294742375612259,
-0.430230975151062,
-0.2746775448322296,
-0.8887873888015747,
-0.22096368670463562,
-0.306151807308197,
0.36960282921791077,
0.3572920858860016,
-0.6130348443984985,
-0.20856717228889465,
-0.21988807618618011,
0.06165986880660057,
-0.18726786971092224,
0.35400015115737915,
0.34137633442878723,
0.33208921551704407,
0.06175693869590759,
0.09652818739414215,
-0.2607571482658386,
-0.1809152513742447,
0.6168892979621887,
-0.5245391130447388,
0.1296720802783966,
-0.16218796372413635,
-1.0507562160491943,
0.21572183072566986,
0.029974639415740967,
-0.07107130438089371,
0.010223775170743465,
-0.5488179326057434,
0.13118134438991547,
0.34262019395828247,
-0.15288160741329193,
0.4925624430179596,
-0.5095694661140442,
1.131485104560852,
-0.691428005695343,
0.3110993802547455,
-0.4971669912338257,
-0.16085682809352875,
-0.08635666221380234,
0.3217168152332306,
-0.050428178161382675,
-1.1376069784164429,
-0.12522850930690765,
0.21970674395561218,
0.0406595915555954,
-0.09852321445941925,
-0.8580990433692932,
-0.06128691881895065,
-0.7780328989028931,
0.32935798168182373,
0.27848947048187256,
-0.3423454165458679,
0.42023512721061707,
-0.08808420598506927,
0.14343754947185516,
-0.2705480754375458,
-0.5401645302772522,
0.35795116424560547,
-0.26656416058540344,
-0.7235457897186279,
0.41722846031188965,
-0.851759672164917,
0.355866014957428,
0.7589325308799744,
0.19621901214122772,
-0.0033357266802340746,
-0.15728361904621124,
0.10479778051376343,
-0.45511093735694885,
-0.6123672723770142,
0.26545223593711853,
-0.08997205644845963,
-0.23806267976760864,
-0.09645720571279526,
0.9534777998924255,
0.06896648555994034,
-0.15152859687805176,
-0.4907137453556061,
-0.2150995135307312,
-0.6726462841033936,
0.48365771770477295,
0.08334016799926758,
-0.36077287793159485,
-0.0886511355638504,
-0.06304377317428589,
-0.14126218855381012,
0.291239857673645,
-0.08962859213352203,
0.15116174519062042,
0.04353068396449089,
-0.16042061150074005,
0.3980939984321594,
0.3453434407711029,
-0.6269815564155579,
0.27308768033981323,
0.42488259077072144,
-0.2554786801338196,
0.02905254065990448,
0.02900436706840992,
-0.09242251515388489,
-0.2923819422721863,
0.6403343677520752,
0.04500841349363327,
-0.07220516353845596,
1.1170101165771484,
-0.3591309189796448,
0.006248930003494024,
0.12829136848449707,
0.5741263628005981,
0.30177757143974304,
-0.4634844958782196,
-0.9163311719894409,
-0.04013582319021225,
0.1981121152639389,
0.04574480280280113,
0.19448180496692657,
0.3822173774242401,
-0.7279791235923767,
-0.08571967482566833,
0.006617427803575993,
0.3091249167919159,
0.0789032131433487,
0.1188611313700676,
-0.08580741286277771,
0.03248192369937897,
0.4129377007484436,
0.2824779748916626,
-0.1824510395526886,
-0.04260149970650673,
0.24684925377368927,
0.1579151749610901,
0.04529983177781105,
-0.49756920337677,
0.3064858019351959,
-0.14472486078739166,
0.03309987485408783,
-0.007477806881070137,
0.1640927791595459,
0.21233725547790527,
-0.2443363219499588,
-0.0807003378868103,
-0.013699403963983059,
-0.5108369588851929,
-0.7727513313293457,
-0.3462589383125305,
0.0594526045024395,
-0.25421851873397827,
-0.4186691343784332,
0.16758878529071808,
-0.44416335225105286,
0.35067135095596313,
-0.5116262435913086,
0.8316028118133545,
0.3072971999645233,
0.1469683051109314,
0.17081095278263092,
-0.15813644230365753,
-0.37447571754455566,
0.6386207342147827,
0.04023738205432892,
0.17522798478603363,
-0.4585614502429962,
0.06707777082920074,
0.1532159447669983,
0.31436118483543396,
0.5354374647140503,
0.7328615188598633,
-0.5150807499885559,
-0.4033108055591583,
-0.007009264547377825,
0.2182537168264389,
-0.44621601700782776,
0.6209433674812317,
-0.29887810349464417,
0.19068817794322968,
0.03728717193007469,
0.6270745396614075,
-0.227738156914711,
0.18877442181110382,
0.0752064436674118,
-0.46503105759620667,
0.4654397964477539,
0.6242782473564148,
-0.4466269910335541,
-0.23058173060417175,
-0.5140247344970703,
-0.3186478316783905,
-0.11892150342464447,
0.5037298798561096,
-0.138327494263649,
-0.11774413287639618,
-0.20661306381225586,
-0.44547441601753235,
-0.6810581684112549,
-0.06181693822145462,
0.8962813019752502,
-0.012278934009373188,
0.27207067608833313,
-0.901961624622345,
-0.15973198413848877,
-0.44669297337532043,
0.14076396822929382,
0.7859119176864624,
-0.6059135794639587,
-0.6642054319381714,
0.006985165178775787,
-0.36219650506973267,
0.20641306042671204,
0.006060449872165918,
0.4850749671459198,
-0.002710843924432993,
-0.6048409342765808,
0.49536558985710144,
-0.5485169291496277,
-0.4042695462703705,
0.508558452129364,
0.8432661890983582,
0.8063892722129822,
-0.2427946925163269,
0.0494508296251297,
-0.06362026929855347,
-0.0721447765827179,
-0.30626192688941956,
-0.10981814563274384,
0.1565050631761551,
0.42466625571250916,
0.051471319049596786,
0.26380088925361633,
0.5437167286872864,
0.2545686662197113,
-0.4220978617668152,
-0.2814708948135376,
-0.369718074798584,
0.0698915347456932,
0.04449629411101341,
0.2264426201581955,
0.05225958675146103,
-0.22361603379249573,
-0.10594770312309265
] |
256761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings%20%28novel%20series%29 | Jennings (novel series) | The Jennings series is a collection of novels written by Anthony Buckeridge (1912–2004) as children's literature which concern the humorous escapades of J.C.T. Jennings, a schoolboy at Linbury Court preparatory school in England. There are 24 novels in the series, excluding reprints and other material. The first of the series, Jennings Goes to School, appeared in 1950, and new titles were published regularly until the mid-1970s (including Jennings at Large, published in 1977, the only novel to feature Jennings during the school holidays). The two final volumes were published in the 1990s: Jennings Again in 1991, and That's Jennings in 1994.
The first ten novels in the series were reprinted in the UK in paperback, by Armada Books, in the late 1960s; and many of the novels were translated from the original English into foreign languages. Quite often, the character's name was not retained: when published in France, Jennings' name was changed to "Bennett"; in Norway he was known as "Stompa"; and in Brazil, when published during the 1970s, the character's name became "Johnny".
Style
Much of the humour rests on misunderstandings attributable to Jennings's literal-mindedness and impetuosity. In the earliest novels in the series there are some Latin puns (typically omitted from later reprints), but Buckeridge discontinued these, apparently to maximise their appeal. The earlier novels present an idealised version of rural or small-town, middle-class English life in the years between the Second World War and the social revolution of the 1960s; the later ones are still rooted in this era (as Buckeridge admitted) but reflect the changing times surprisingly well. Unlike many of his fans, Buckeridge tended to prefer his later books to his earlier ones, possibly because he was a man of the Left and had more positive political memories of the post-1964 period; when the books were reprinted in paperback in the late 1980s, he chose some of the later books for early publication ahead of those originally written in the 1950s.
The stories invented some vernacular language for the boys to use. In particular they coined the word "ozard". The post-war slang "wizard" generally meant "good" or "very good". "Ozard" derives from "Wizard of Oz" and was used to describe anything the boys disliked or dreaded. It was also used to describe the anger of Mr. Wilkins, which could be "ozard", "ozard squared" and occasionally "ozard cubed".
Characters
J. C. T. (John Christopher Timothy) Jennings – son of a businessman whose home is at Haywards Heath in the stockbroker belt. He is good-natured and well-meaning, but his tendency to act on impulse results in him frequently getting into trouble. Buckeridge told BBC reporter Michael Crick that the fictional Jennings had been modelled on a schoolfriend, Diarmaid Jennings (1913–2009).
C. E. J. (Charles Edwin Jeremy) Darbishire – mild-mannered and short-sighted, the son of a clergyman, the Reverend Percival Darbishire, from whom he has inherited a habit of sententiously citing proverbs (generally prefixed with "My father says..."). Darbishire is Jennings's right-hand man. Inherently more cautious than his best friend, he usually finds himself drawn into situations in which he would rather not be involved.
Venables, Atkinson, Temple, Bromwich (Major) – all are classmates of Jennings in Form 3, and fellow boarders, who share Dormitory 4 with Jennings and Darbishire. Temple's nickname was Bod, by a tortuous schoolboy logic involving his initials: CAT (Charles A Temple), was changed to DOG, then amended to 'Dogsbody', which was finally shortened to 'Bod'.
Pettigrew, Marshall – day boys in Jennings' form, whose privileges Jennings frequently "borrows" in order to assist him in bending school rules.
Binns Minor, Blotwell – shrill-voiced first-formers who are treated with the condescension appropriate to their junior years by Jennings and his contemporaries.
Mr L. P. (Lancelot Phineas) Wilkins (Old Wilkie) – Jennings's form master, a man of limited patience and a volcanic temperament, redeemed by a hidden heart of gold at least once in every book. His catchphrases, both of them frequently uttered in order to express his anger and frustration at the boys' antics, are, "Doh! You silly little boy!" and "...I - I - Corwumph!"
Mr Michael Carter – Jennings's housemaster, a friendly man of great imperturbability and patience, with a phenomenal and unfortunate ability to detect dissembling and violations of school rules. Nicknamed "Benedick", from his use of the Latin phrase "benedicto, benedicatur" (the second word sounding like "Benedick Carter"). This character was said by Buckeridge to be based on himself. Mr Carter is frequently obliged to reassure the less-understanding Old Wilkie that the boys' behaviour is not generally quite as outlandish as the latter thinks - his statement at the end of 'Jennings in Particular' sums it up quite appropriately: "Don't worry, Wilkins. Even third-formers grow up to be people".
Mr M. W. B. (Martin Winthrop Barlow) Pemberton-Oakes (The Archbeako) – the headmaster, a classical scholar with a capacity to command immediate discipline and frequently long-winded in his speeches, although he generally remains reserved and softly spoken, and never hesitates to deliver praise when it is due.
Mr Hind – Music master, mild of manner (though occasionally acerbic), trailing clouds of smoke from his cherrywood pipe – also teaches art to Form 1.
Mr Topliss – teaches shooting once a week on a shooting range behind the gymnasium.
Matron – the school matron: she is sympathetic and understanding, but, like Mr Carter, has a keen ability to spot malingerers. This matron appears from 'Jennings' Little Hut' onwards. Her predecessor, who features most prominently in 'Jennings Goes To School', is also kind-hearted, but less popular with the boys, as she is rather more brisk and no-nonsense in her approach and has, in Buckeridge's words, 'little sympathy with junk-filled pockets and hair that will not stay parted'.
Miss Angela Birkenshaw (Aunt Angela) – Jennings's absent-minded but generous aunt, who sometimes comes to visit Jennings on half-term holidays. In the book "Jennings at Large", she is revealed to be a social worker.
Most of the first names of characters have been revealed (John Christopher Timothy Jennings; Charles Edwin Jeremy Darbishire; Graham Venables; Robin Atkinson; Charles Temple, etc.), but true to the form of British boarding schools, they generally are known exclusively by their surnames. Similarly, the masters too generally address one another by their surnames.
Minor recurring characters:
Hawkins (Old Nightie) – the night watchman.
Robinson (Old Pyjamas/Old Robbo) – the oddjob man. His nickname is obviously a pun on the nightwatchman's nickname of Old Nightie (a shortening of nightgown).
Lieutenant General Sir Melville Merridew DSO MC Bart – retired general, the school's most distinguished alumnus, and frequent bestower of half-holidays.
Miss Thorpe – tireless voluntary charitable worker within the Linbury community.
PC Herbert Honeyball – Linbury's gruff but kind-hearted village policeman, who has more than once had wearying encounters with Jennings and his classmates.
Mr and Mrs Lumley – She runs the local cafe and is renowned for her excellent cakes and doughnuts, while her husband is less renowned as a repairer of bicycles. Noted for the sign outside the shop: "Home-made cakes and bicycles repaired".
Mr Herbert Higgins – mild-mannered local jeweller and watch-mender.
Farmer Jim and Mrs Arrowsmith – owners of a farm adjoining the school grounds. Both are generally easy-going and supportive of the school's activities, but do occasionally get annoyed when their lives are adversely affected by the boys' antics.
Dr Basil Featherstonehaugh Hipkin – an absent-minded zoologist who meets Jennings and Darbishire when they accidentally push him into the river while they are on an illicit boating expedition.
Mrs Amanda Hipkin – Dr Hipkin's formidable but kind-hearted wife.
Miss Margaret Wilkins – Old Wilkie's pleasant and attractive younger sister, a London-based nurse, who occasionally visits her brother and nearly always has him wrapped round her little finger, especially when she needs him to look after her Siamese kitten, Pyewacket.
Mr Arthur Jennings – Jennings's kindly and jovial uncle, who appears in 'Our Friend Jennings' and treats both Jennings and Darbishire to a memorable meal involving lots of baked beans in between courses, but is unfortunately too busy to stay long beyond that.
George the Third – Matron's cat, a large ginger tom.
Mrs Caffey – Linbury Court's housekeeper; pronounced Café, hence nicknamed "Mother Snackbar".
Mrs Connie Hackett – the school's feisty part-time kitchen assistant.
Mr 'Pinky' Parkinson – mild-mannered sports teacher at the nearby Bracebridge School; Linbury Court frequently play Bracebridge in football matches.
Mr 'Foxy Type' Fox – a notoriously strict and hatchet-faced teacher, who is also at Bracebridge.
List of novels
Stage adaptation
In 1980, there was a stage play called Jennings Abounding! (not based on the novel of that title) aimed at the schools market. Described as a comedy with music, with book and lyrics by Anthony Buckeridge, music by Hector Cortes and William Gomez, and additional music and arrangement by Nigel Carver.
Radio adaptations
Many of the early stories were adapted as radio drama for Children's Hour on the BBC Home Service in the 50s and 60s. The signature tune was The Old Clockmaker by Charles Williams. Notably, Jeremy Clarkson provided the voice of Atkinson in these adaptations.
"Jennings Goes to School" and "Jennings Again!" were adapted for radio by Anthony Buckeridge, and read by Stephen Fry. The adaptations were released on audio cassette in 1991. "Jennings' Little Hut" was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2010, narrated by Mark Williams.
Television
There have been two BBC TV series based on the books, Jennings at School, which ran for ten thirty-minute episodes between 6 September and 8 November 1958, and Jennings, which ran for six episodes between 5 September and 10 October 1966. Jennings was played by John Mitchell in the first series, and by David Schulten in the second. No episodes of either series are known to have survived in the BBC archives or elsewhere.
John Mitchell later found fame as Mitch Mitchell, drummer in The Jimi Hendrix Experience. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/14/obituary-mitch-mitchell-hendrix-drummer
Foreign versions
The novels proved popular in other countries; in Germany Jennings is Fredy, and in France he became Bennett. Jennings was especially popular in Norway, where the main character became Stompa and the novels were rewritten with Norwegian locations. There was also a series of Norwegian film adaptations directed by Nils Reinhardt Christensen.
References
External links
ANTHONY BUCKERIDGE and Jennings
Author/Publisher, Jennings enthusiast
Article discussing the appeal of Jennings stories
Diarmaid Jennings - Daily Telegraph obituary
Book series introduced in 1950
British children's novels
Fictional people from Haywards Heath
Novel series
Novels set in elementary and primary schools
Series of children's books | [
-0.22758232057094574,
0.5637469291687012,
-0.420396089553833,
-0.054399337619543076,
0.13415755331516266,
0.5290719866752625,
0.6768077611923218,
-0.1603735387325287,
-0.5872669219970703,
-0.1316213458776474,
-0.5246157646179199,
-0.1006496399641037,
-0.45872995257377625,
0.023824376985430717,
0.35071584582328796,
0.44101789593696594,
-0.018084054812788963,
0.5384019017219543,
-0.7305384874343872,
-0.6690697073936462,
0.08180158585309982,
-0.285088449716568,
0.2932531535625458,
-0.5692391991615295,
0.5432718396186829,
0.2528541684150696,
0.3275742530822754,
-0.058919891715049744,
0.0654875859618187,
0.19411367177963257,
0.28783324360847473,
0.265724241733551,
0.08275012671947479,
0.08922580629587173,
-0.19167089462280273,
-0.2784098982810974,
-0.38887542486190796,
-0.224345862865448,
0.06706332415342331,
-0.5567922592163086,
0.6658047437667847,
0.48621517419815063,
0.07098038494586945,
0.4235302805900574,
0.08717358857393265,
-0.1880722939968109,
-1.5651274919509888,
-0.26860862970352173,
-0.5595605969429016,
-0.35260653495788574,
-0.2520955801010132,
0.5457592010498047,
0.8039299845695496,
-0.22147466242313385,
0.2515283524990082,
0.8371334671974182,
-0.2487158179283142,
-0.44040447473526,
-0.0796763226389885,
-0.35549625754356384,
0.19826552271842957,
0.06308490037918091,
0.7533243894577026,
0.44660043716430664,
-0.5221021175384521,
0.060792919248342514,
-0.25069546699523926,
0.8239693641662598,
0.3592032194137573,
-0.1118229553103447,
0.3109149932861328,
0.14935526251792908,
0.049472626298666,
0.42908331751823425,
0.09508729726076126,
-0.14359025657176971,
0.43545761704444885,
-0.46018263697624207,
0.40750744938850403,
0.27381381392478943,
-0.2107047736644745,
0.37156927585601807,
0.1387738585472107,
0.014166565611958504,
0.1630983054637909,
0.1434209793806076,
-0.40094509720802307,
0.1607063263654709,
-0.2501295506954193,
0.42211827635765076,
0.14334465563297272,
-0.5754795074462891,
-0.39467301964759827,
0.08082859963178635,
0.21178901195526123,
-0.25595200061798096,
0.29149577021598816,
-0.3011906147003174,
0.40967661142349243,
0.08719972521066666,
-0.14311014115810394,
0.21273523569107056,
0.19535696506500244,
-0.3196102976799011,
-0.9174612760543823,
0.2545064389705658,
0.07419939339160919,
-0.5899681448936462,
0.10215761512517929,
0.1890621781349182,
-0.18820145726203918,
-0.19395770132541656,
0.09241869300603867,
0.006154281087219715,
0.4013243019580841,
0.3958474099636078,
-0.07093068212270737,
-0.4204860031604767,
-0.890268862247467,
0.2143930196762085,
-0.2008037120103836,
0.12799802422523499,
0.42189961671829224,
0.24994730949401855,
-0.05588982254266739,
-0.24033208191394806,
-0.1990152895450592,
0.10987038910388947,
0.08487248420715332,
0.12437667697668076,
0.06663632392883301,
0.2899829149246216,
-0.38737690448760986,
-0.47548067569732666,
-0.06549117714166641,
-0.008631909266114235,
0.20270521938800812,
0.15006978809833527,
-0.16911457479000092,
0.3921959698200226,
-0.2894756495952606,
0.2697473168373108,
-0.49618372321128845,
-0.11348205804824829,
0.37163791060447693,
-0.3050784170627594,
-0.24579904973506927,
-0.009520848281681538,
-0.21805161237716675,
-0.14171083271503448,
0.03676793724298477,
-0.2135685682296753,
0.0898251160979271,
-0.0021666281390935183,
-0.6509839296340942,
0.37444376945495605,
0.3654559850692749,
0.4425956904888153,
0.6068241000175476,
-0.41550084948539734,
0.13316169381141663,
0.4054683446884155,
-0.05154849961400032,
-0.27342188358306885,
-0.2167128175497055,
-0.16870318353176117,
0.6338291764259338,
-0.2987757623195648,
-0.3313975930213928,
-0.23273779451847076,
-0.01567489095032215,
0.09108511358499527,
0.3978000283241272,
-0.02487582340836525,
-0.05363023653626442,
-0.008192942477762699,
0.5037391781806946,
0.8228530287742615,
0.2167416661977768,
-0.35938116908073425,
-0.4309685230255127,
-0.17352956533432007,
-0.002165409969165921,
-0.7441866397857666,
-0.0682058110833168,
0.27328336238861084,
0.02886315807700157,
0.15019427239894867,
-0.35030001401901245,
0.09176288545131683,
-0.7517035603523254,
-0.3248848021030426,
0.6746615767478943,
-0.504741907119751,
1.3079205751419067,
-0.000315768935251981,
-0.31936854124069214,
0.46737971901893616,
0.12569522857666016,
0.5643466114997864,
-0.05217478796839714,
-0.03968186303973198,
0.08307185769081116,
-0.22300370037555695,
-0.4944717288017273,
0.020113034173846245,
-0.38858774304389954,
0.5537780523300171,
0.07362385094165802,
0.4546241760253906,
0.08713605999946594,
-0.52735835313797,
0.20341968536376953,
0.11555974930524826,
-0.34380868077278137,
-0.05483992397785187,
-0.045234452933073044,
0.6058768033981323,
0.1539808064699173,
-0.258756548166275,
0.8399525880813599,
0.22886334359645844,
0.1041126549243927,
0.4549582898616791,
-0.13523171842098236,
0.2947983145713806,
1.1069464683532715,
-0.20655956864356995,
0.4099152982234955,
-0.36424046754837036,
0.0692255049943924,
0.5067082643508911,
0.29451635479927063,
-0.5956785082817078,
0.031062504276633263,
0.03481857478618622,
0.10717646777629852,
-0.49277856945991516,
0.07034658640623093,
-0.06170913204550743,
0.13041889667510986,
0.00006159874465083703,
-0.08648625016212463,
0.567000687122345,
0.517196774482727,
-0.1685294657945633,
-0.11683455854654312,
0.12236200273036957,
-0.25655850768089294,
-0.3383142650127411,
0.12209222465753555,
0.9052096605300903,
0.4168810546398163,
0.29953110218048096,
0.43133559823036194,
0.2072167843580246,
0.035977039486169815,
-0.3873101472854614,
0.5248158574104309,
0.5640943050384521,
-0.4461621940135956,
0.1657818704843521,
0.27983638644218445,
0.17315924167633057,
-0.6396529674530029,
-0.3191419243812561,
0.06244371831417084,
-1.2975494861602783,
-0.014211910776793957,
0.30382752418518066,
0.426932156085968,
0.14240142703056335,
-0.4574213922023773,
0.3010345995426178,
0.23532454669475555,
-0.2934477925300598,
0.21766513586044312,
-0.06979527324438095,
-0.13862648606300354,
-0.5373680591583252,
-0.3070985674858093,
0.6240357160568237,
0.10858976095914841,
-0.23271086812019348,
0.09253308176994324,
-0.9376136660575867,
0.30013740062713623,
-0.571043074131012,
-0.16308961808681488,
0.22172096371650696,
0.2258869707584381,
0.21211650967597961,
-0.40157508850097656,
-0.7846929430961609,
-0.38995835185050964,
0.4518311321735382,
-0.503758430480957,
0.2527782618999481,
-0.06862352043390274,
0.11158835887908936,
0.15217265486717224,
0.40852639079093933,
-0.01482092123478651,
0.3000134229660034,
0.8238588571548462,
0.24880720674991608,
-0.038713403046131134,
0.3279649019241333,
-5.848462104797363,
0.20550024509429932,
-0.3419407308101654,
-0.25692859292030334,
0.708467960357666,
0.19987966120243073,
0.647063136100769,
-0.49403682351112366,
0.264689564704895,
-0.19336430728435516,
0.160154789686203,
0.01714991219341755,
0.009457577019929886,
-0.2267768383026123,
0.283302903175354,
-0.201359823346138,
0.3590296506881714,
0.040193356573581696,
-0.23354163765907288,
0.06060595437884331,
0.0609995499253273,
-0.10827679187059402,
0.040862198919057846,
0.20253250002861023,
0.07464808970689774,
0.8061990737915039,
-0.23498566448688507,
-0.4861035943031311,
-0.3122260570526123,
0.7203423380851746,
-0.16091863811016083,
-0.3783276081085205,
-0.12138029932975769,
-0.6506555080413818,
-0.37940478324890137,
-0.2688283622264862,
0.7039116621017456,
0.25692182779312134,
0.6319522857666016,
0.24010317027568817,
-0.3273296654224396,
0.19322732090950012,
0.038949787616729736,
-0.05400083214044571,
0.36319535970687866,
-0.565116286277771,
-0.3023093342781067,
-0.11241519451141357,
-0.3706355392932892,
0.5048513412475586,
0.2402106076478958,
0.019964374601840973,
-0.18343770503997803,
0.017541998997330666,
0.34817227721214294,
-0.2717360854148865,
-0.03143453598022461,
-0.2095116525888443,
-0.3652334213256836,
0.34695965051651,
1.0795683860778809,
-0.1262482851743698,
0.007073915563523769,
-0.42095932364463806,
-0.31446781754493713,
-0.4061363637447357,
-0.15991945564746857,
-0.0033230811823159456,
0.18351204693317413,
-0.16350555419921875,
-0.6448054909706116,
0.20681224763393402,
0.2054024338722229,
-1.3137884140014648,
-0.06371505558490753,
0.017966318875551224,
-0.09734292328357697,
0.2182086557149887,
0.07862310856580734,
-0.14840999245643616,
-0.011759511195123196,
-0.3233228623867035,
-0.5886111855506897,
0.39460843801498413,
0.17028675973415375,
-1.1174863576889038,
-0.9890449047088623,
0.08660799264907837,
-0.3872886002063751,
-0.38951390981674194,
0.46424245834350586,
-0.3054226338863373,
0.5002037882804871,
0.9406553506851196,
0.34924548864364624,
0.4524901211261749,
0.13117244839668274,
0.3870694637298584,
-0.23203393816947937,
-0.3992971181869507,
0.034593869000673294,
-0.1529468446969986,
0.4673190712928772,
-0.46992045640945435,
-0.36161112785339355,
-0.5860727429389954,
-0.2771536111831665,
0.3790212571620941,
0.3616794943809509,
-0.2818051278591156,
-0.32855117321014404,
-0.4308930039405823,
-0.48698264360427856,
-0.6704814434051514,
0.2262134999036789,
-0.6199923157691956,
0.2730374336242676,
-0.028639325872063637,
0.11826823651790619,
0.17604555189609528,
-0.502386212348938,
0.623792290687561,
-0.04939664900302887,
-0.2620374262332916,
-0.7336395978927612,
-0.448886901140213,
0.25631609559059143,
-0.6857123374938965,
0.39710885286331177,
0.1357046514749527,
0.12281014025211334,
-0.19760902225971222,
0.19265232980251312,
-0.13560639321804047,
-0.5584484338760376,
-0.4776778221130371,
-0.3186371326446533,
-0.3669154942035675,
-0.48413363099098206,
0.013988908380270004,
0.21088816225528717,
-0.03838248550891876,
-0.30455100536346436,
0.3540406823158264,
-0.13757237792015076,
-0.005613424349576235,
-0.1877540946006775,
0.2844097912311554,
-0.11466719955205917,
0.353130042552948,
-0.4306657016277313,
0.07021578401327133,
0.8893985748291016,
-0.343384325504303,
-0.27998656034469604,
0.05575471743941307,
-0.23144491016864777,
0.5303120613098145,
-0.1931467205286026,
0.2026429921388626,
0.11533480882644653,
-0.702219545841217,
-1.000038981437683,
-0.22434371709823608,
0.13597804307937622,
0.34410473704338074,
-0.42221805453300476,
-0.3786460757255554,
-0.03865876793861389,
0.3072057366371155,
0.11542174220085144,
-0.41645094752311707,
0.24318523705005646,
0.37933459877967834,
0.17986437678337097,
0.052685514092445374,
-0.3164624869823456,
-0.25251322984695435,
-0.2741929590702057,
-0.11006499826908112,
-0.2813951373100281,
-0.45744818449020386,
0.13523130118846893,
0.3843100070953369,
0.9001845717430115,
-0.5797891020774841,
-0.24795125424861908,
-0.4913922846317291,
-0.4538235366344452,
0.014440156519412994,
0.07905231416225433,
0.3587057888507843,
0.8840601444244385,
0.5367543697357178,
-0.29016661643981934,
-0.39823493361473083,
-0.24685856699943542,
0.5263359546661377,
0.18530425429344177,
-0.37205302715301514,
-0.3561028242111206,
0.12242313474416733,
0.15902484953403473,
0.12695848941802979,
0.3070005178451538,
-1.2882654666900635,
-0.29054340720176697,
-0.5267808437347412,
-0.3267296552658081,
0.28008076548576355,
-0.09051874279975891,
-0.36173367500305176,
-0.25297871232032776,
0.5944380164146423,
-0.110411636531353,
0.12841884791851044,
0.1468294858932495,
-0.37299999594688416,
0.09624446928501129,
0.08392202854156494,
-0.15290097892284393,
-0.32488951086997986,
-0.7439956665039062,
-0.11495193839073181,
0.11937380582094193,
0.6386891603469849,
0.2197292149066925,
-0.6993257999420166,
0.7932133674621582,
-0.29352623224258423,
-0.13340401649475098,
-0.07394782453775406,
0.035007260739803314,
-0.18221957981586456,
-0.008683337830007076,
0.2214934527873993,
0.4723840653896332,
0.33835816383361816,
0.2885065972805023,
0.4337049722671509,
0.5740478038787842,
0.798470675945282,
0.3953871726989746,
-0.5422248840332031,
0.09813287109136581,
0.1271999031305313,
0.04741211235523224,
-0.6923884153366089,
-0.34887081384658813,
0.0009684987016953528,
-0.10039358586072922,
-0.12802818417549133,
0.19591549038887024,
-0.5417513251304626,
0.6179187297821045,
0.356909841299057,
-0.2839844226837158,
0.10963928699493408,
0.2268771082162857,
-0.47347113490104675,
0.3955254852771759,
0.6945186257362366,
-0.7425370812416077,
0.0035217194817960262,
-0.03708259388804436,
0.4279475212097168,
-0.4234744906425476,
-0.30867674946784973,
0.5260422229766846,
0.1530650556087494,
-0.21159350872039795,
-0.23564785718917847,
0.31317445635795593,
0.42495793104171753,
-0.3099123239517212,
0.40453004837036133,
0.03917251154780388,
-0.3205071985721588,
-0.20875678956508636,
-0.5976698994636536,
-0.605089008808136,
0.4416970908641815,
-0.45225614309310913,
-0.6555371880531311,
0.04188184067606926,
-0.8369887471199036,
-0.17214825749397278,
-0.2761881947517395,
0.412531316280365,
0.200230211019516,
0.09448321908712387,
0.08637649565935135,
-0.45219480991363525,
-0.3534749448299408,
0.4112357795238495,
-0.03556636720895767,
0.04987333342432976,
-0.09999091923236847,
-0.14352521300315857,
0.08665964752435684,
-0.02038898877799511,
-0.12034519016742706,
-0.11466890573501587,
-0.522138774394989,
0.8713113069534302,
0.14598838984966278,
-0.32172515988349915,
0.1046755313873291,
-0.4521750509738922,
0.3102983832359314,
0.167331263422966,
-0.30873918533325195,
0.2922632694244385,
0.15179909765720367,
-0.5766314268112183,
-0.3420015573501587,
0.16332873702049255,
-0.8335941433906555,
0.38027113676071167,
0.5977658629417419,
0.23023107647895813,
0.4529547393321991,
0.14413104951381683,
0.017154060304164886,
-0.5932942628860474,
0.4131350517272949,
-0.19065803289413452,
0.14917318522930145,
-0.1372416913509369,
0.2582077383995056,
0.41309136152267456,
-0.20370322465896606,
-0.4432738721370697,
0.323248952627182,
0.004025426227599382,
-0.252291738986969,
0.5875186920166016,
-0.4261944591999054,
-0.06432565301656723,
0.33289945125579834,
0.1431972086429596,
0.0732106938958168,
-0.44651129841804504,
-0.5569201707839966,
-0.35974040627479553,
-0.05148126184940338,
0.5369189977645874,
0.2665550112724304,
0.25163984298706055,
0.2644408941268921,
0.5623481869697571,
0.9884522557258606,
0.130336731672287,
-0.4321690797805786,
0.35389479994773865,
0.27066510915756226,
-0.44510531425476074,
-0.44181644916534424,
-0.5621340274810791,
-0.3331047594547272,
0.031019851565361023,
-0.04592762142419815,
0.5947955250740051,
-0.0110365254804492,
0.38904181122779846,
0.027347097173333168,
0.571796715259552,
-0.3022201359272003,
0.4291532635688782,
0.25130003690719604,
0.1556021273136139,
-0.3832226097583771,
-0.06008141115307808,
0.11861216276884079,
-0.20617352426052094,
0.3829602003097534,
0.09664762020111084,
0.34024935960769653,
0.4191645085811615,
0.03873327001929283,
-0.3869273364543915,
-0.0064717503264546394,
-0.5511525273323059,
-0.11862079799175262,
0.8219029307365417,
0.12076045572757721,
0.039102185517549515,
0.2738424837589264,
-0.2376411408185959,
-0.03468526899814606,
0.5152094960212708,
-0.3947403132915497,
-0.3552217483520508,
0.2443048655986786,
0.011468843556940556,
-0.1453913152217865,
-0.1677972972393036,
1.5777474641799927,
-0.023444972932338715,
0.2667773962020874,
-0.4464474022388458,
-0.22157283127307892,
-0.08375243097543716,
0.29228532314300537,
-0.23350898921489716,
0.5989544987678528,
-0.10147415846586227,
0.09164893627166748,
-0.4476392865180969,
-0.013349419459700584,
-0.09132063388824463,
0.29518067836761475,
0.19121697545051575,
-0.17720229923725128,
-0.3529883921146393,
-0.7224429249763489,
0.2901120185852051,
-0.1618710309267044,
0.30208805203437805,
0.06283562630414963,
0.27306413650512695,
0.06809388846158981,
0.30032190680503845,
0.32512205839157104,
-0.9276880025863647,
-0.028707122430205345,
-0.0008658171282149851,
-0.3152449131011963,
-0.47536027431488037,
0.38402459025382996,
0.21816903352737427,
0.0035614515654742718,
-0.4332006275653839,
-0.02657659724354744,
-0.35959094762802124,
-0.3280687928199768,
0.42676377296447754,
0.7291955351829529,
-0.04884205386042595,
-0.26309987902641296,
0.20213907957077026,
-0.11699135601520538,
0.6639032363891602,
0.7277442812919617,
0.3568134903907776,
0.2650250494480133,
0.12219411879777908,
-0.05747705325484276,
-0.4832504391670227,
0.32895126938819885,
-0.293321818113327,
0.11858708411455154,
-0.9222784638404846,
-0.38140669465065,
0.044333238154649734,
0.06109422445297241,
0.439322292804718,
-0.3630736470222473,
0.3149123191833496,
0.1318918913602829
] |
256762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbo | Columbo | Columbo () is an American crime drama television series starring Peter Falk as Columbo, a homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. After 2 pilot episodes in 1968 and 1971, the show originally aired on NBC from 1971 to 1978 as one of the rotating programs of The NBC Mystery Movie. Columbo then aired less frequently on ABC from 1989 to 2003.
Columbo is a shrewd but inelegant blue-collar homicide detective whose trademarks include his rumpled beige raincoat, unassuming demeanor, cigar, old Peugeot 403 car, and unseen wife (whom he mentions frequently). He often leaves a room only to return with the catchphrase "Just one more thing" to ask a critical question.
The character and show, created by Richard Levinson and William Link, popularized the inverted detective story format (sometimes referred to as a "howcatchem"). This genre begins by showing the commission of the crime and its perpetrator; the plot therefore usually has no "whodunit" element of determining which of several suspects committed the crime. It instead revolves around how a perpetrator known to the audience will finally be caught and exposed.
The series' homicide suspects are often affluent members of high society; it has led some critics to see class conflict as an element of each story. However the show's creators have stated that setting the program in the world of the wealthy and powerful was to create a fish out of water feeling between Columbo and his adversaries, not to make a social or political point. Suspects carefully cover their tracks and are initially dismissive of Columbo's circumstantial speech and apparent ineptitude. They become increasingly unsettled as his superficially pestering behavior teases out incriminating evidence. His relentless approach often leads to self-incrimination or outright confession.
Episodes of Columbo are between 70 and 98 minutes long, and have been broadcast in 44 countries. The 1971 episode "Murder by the Book", directed by Steven Spielberg, was ranked No. 16 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time and in 1999, the magazine ranked Lt. Columbo No. 7 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. In 2012, the program was ranked the third-best cop or legal show on Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time. In 2013, TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and ranked it 33rd on its list of the 60 Best Series. Also in 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it 57th on its list of 101 Best Written TV Series.
Episodes
After 2 pilot episodes, the show originally aired on NBC from 1971 to 1978 as one of the rotating programs of The NBC Mystery Movie. Columbo then aired less regularly on ABC beginning in 1989 under the umbrella of The ABC Mystery Movie. The last episode was broadcast in 2003 as part of ABC Thursday Night at the Movies.
In almost every episode the audience sees the crime unfold at the beginning and knows the identity of the culprit, typically an affluent member of society. Once Columbo enters the story (he rarely appears in the first act), viewers watch him solve the case by sifting through the contradictions between the truth and the version presented to him by the killer(s). This style of mystery is sometimes referred to as a "howcatchem", in contrast to the traditional whodunit. In structural analysis terms, the majority of the narrative is therefore dénouement, a feature normally reserved for the very end of a story. Episodes tend to be driven by their characters, the audience observing the criminal's reactions to Columbo's increasingly intrusive presence. The explanation for the crime and its method having played out as part of the narrative, most of the stories simply end with the criminal's reaction at being found out.
When Columbo first appears in an episode, his genius is hidden by his frumpy, friendly and disarming demeanor, luring the killer into a false sense of security. In some cases, the killer's arrogance and dismissive attitude allow Columbo to manipulate his suspects into self-incrimination. While the details, and eventually the motivation(s), of the murderers' actions are shown to the viewer, Columbo's true thoughts and intentions are almost never revealed until close to the end of the episode (he occasionally begins to whistle the tune "This Old Man" as the pieces begin to fall into place). Columbo generally maintains a friendly relationship with the murderer until the end. The point at which the detective first begins to suspect the murderer is generally not revealed, although it is often fairly early on. There are two sides to Columbo's character: the disarming and unkempt detective, and the hidden genius sleuth. The genius sometimes starkly manifests itself through his eyes, as when Jack Cassidy's magician, The Great Santini, manages to escape from police handcuffs that Columbo coyly presents him during Santini's show ("Now You See Him..."). Such moments always bode bad tidings for the killer. In some instances, such as Ruth Gordon's avenging elderly mystery writer in "Try and Catch Me", Janet Leigh's terminally ill and deluded actress in "Forgotten Lady", Donald Pleasence's elegant vintner in "Any Old Port in a Storm", and Johnny Cash's enserfed singer in "Swan Song", the killer is more sympathetic than the victim.
Each case is generally concluded in a similar style, with Columbo dropping any pretense of uncertainty and sharing details of his conclusion of the killer's guilt. Following the killer's reaction, the episode generally ends with the killer confessing or quietly submitting to arrest. There are few attempts to deceive the viewer or provide a twist in the tale. One convoluted exception is "Last Salute to the Commodore", where Robert Vaughn is seen elaborately disposing of a body, but is proved later to have been covering for his alcoholic wife, whom he mistakenly thought to be the murderer. Sometimes, Columbo sets up the murderer with a trick designed to elicit a confession. An example occurs in "Dagger of the Mind", in which Columbo flips an evidentiary pearl into the victim's umbrella, bringing about incriminating activity from Richard Basehart and Honor Blackman. Oddly, the Hallmark Channel's replay of the episode (2020) edits out the revealing scene, thus completely altering the meaning of the ending of the episode.
Development and character profile
The character of Columbo was created by the writing team of Richard Levinson and William Link, who said that Columbo was partially inspired by Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment character Porfiry Petrovich as well as G. K. Chesterton's humble cleric-detective Father Brown. Other sources claim Columbo's character is also influenced by Inspector Fichet from the French suspense-thriller film Les Diaboliques (1955).
The character first appeared in a 1960 episode of the television-anthology series The Chevy Mystery Show, titled "Enough Rope". This was adapted by Levinson and Link from their short story "May I Come In," which had been published as "Dear Corpus Delicti" in an issue of Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. The short story featured a police lieutenant then named Fisher. The first actor to portray Columbo, character actor Bert Freed, was a stocky character actor with a thatch of grey hair.
Freed's Columbo wore a rumpled suit and smoked a cigar, but he otherwise had few of the other now-familiar Columbo mannerisms. However, the character is still recognizably Columbo, and uses some of the same methods of misdirecting and distracting his suspects. During the course of the show, the increasingly frightened murderer brings pressure from the district attorney's office to have Columbo taken off the case, but the detective fights back with his own contacts.
Although Freed received third billing, he wound up with almost as much screen time as the killer and appeared immediately after the first commercial. This delayed entry of the character into the narrative of the screen play became a defining characteristic of the structure of the Columbo series. This teleplay is available for viewing in the archives of the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles.
Levinson and Link then adapted the TV drama into the stage play Prescription: Murder. This was first performed at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco on January 2, 1962, with Oscar-winning character actor Thomas Mitchell in the role of Columbo. Mitchell was 70 years old at the time. The stage production starred Joseph Cotten as the murderer and Agnes Moorehead as the victim. Mitchell died of cancer while the play was touring in out-of-town tryouts; Columbo was his last role.
In 1968, the same play was made into a two-hour television movie that aired on NBC. The writers suggested Lee J. Cobb and Bing Crosby for the role of Columbo, but Cobb was unavailable and Crosby turned it down because he felt it would take too much time away from the golf links. Director Richard Irving convinced Levinson and Link that Falk, who excitedly said he "would kill to play that cop", could pull it off even though he was much younger than the writers had in mind.
Originally a one-off TV-Movie-of-the-Week, Prescription: Murder has Falk's Columbo pitted against a psychiatrist (Gene Barry). In this movie, the psychiatrist gives the new audience a perfect description of Columbo's character. Due to the success of this film, NBC requested that a pilot for a potential series be made to see if the character could be sustained on a regular basis, leading to the 1971 90 minute television production, Ransom for a Dead Man, with Lee Grant playing the killer. The popularity of the second film prompted the creation of a regular series on NBC, that premiered in September 1971 as part of The NBC Mystery Movie wheel series rotation: McCloud, McMillan & Wife, and other whodunits.
According to TV Guide, the original plan was that a new Columbo episode would air every week. However, Falk refused to commit to such a busy schedule given his steady work in motion pictures. The network arranged for the Columbo segments to air once a month on Wednesday nights. The high quality of Columbo, McMillan & Wife, and McCloud was due in large part to the extra time spent on each episode. The term wheel show had been previously coined to describe this format, but no previous or subsequent wheel show achieved the longevity or success of The NBC Mystery Movie.
Columbo was an immediate hit in the Nielsen ratings and Falk won an Emmy Award for his role in the show's first season. In its second year the Mystery Movie series was moved to Sunday nights, where it then remained during its seven-season run. The show became the anchor of NBC's Sunday night lineup. Columbo aired regularly from 1971 to 1978. After NBC cancelled it in 1978, Columbo was revived on ABC between 1989 and 2003 in several new seasons and a few made-for-TV movie "specials".
Columbo's wardrobe was provided by Falk; they were his clothes, including the high-topped shoes and the shabby raincoat, which made its first appearance in Prescription: Murder. Falk often ad libbed his character's idiosyncrasies (fumbling through his pockets for a piece of evidence and discovering a grocery list, asking to borrow a pencil, becoming distracted by something irrelevant in the room at a dramatic point in a conversation with a suspect, etc.), inserting these into his performance as a way to keep his fellow actors off-balance. He felt it helped to make their confused and impatient reactions to Columbo's antics more genuine. According to Levinson, the catchphrase "one more thing" was conceived when he and Link were writing the play: "we had a scene that was too short, and we had already had Columbo make his exit. We were too lazy to retype the scene, so we had him come back and say, 'Oh, just one more thing.' It was never planned."
A few years before his death, Falk expressed interest in returning to the role. In 2007, he claimed he had chosen a script for one last Columbo episode, "Columbo: Hear No Evil". The script was renamed "Columbo's Last Case". ABC declined the project. In response, producers for the series announced that they were attempting to shop the project to foreign production companies. Falk was diagnosed with dementia in late 2007. During a 2009 trial over his care, physician Stephen Read stated that Falk's condition had deteriorated so badly that he could no longer remember playing a character named Columbo, nor could he identify Columbo. Falk died on June 23, 2011, aged 83.
Contributors
Guest stars
The show featured many guest stars as murderers, with Robert Culp, Jack Cassidy, Patrick McGoohan, George Hamilton and William Shatner as the only actors to play more than one murderer.
Eddie Albert as Maj. Gen. Martin Hollister (Episode: Dead Weight)
Gene Barry as Dr. Ray Fleming (Episode: Prescription: Murder)
Anne Baxter as Nora Chandler (Episode: Requiem for a Falling Star)
Johnny Cash as Tommy Brown (Episode: Swan Song)
Ida Lupino as Edna Brown (Episode: Swan Song)
John Cassavetes as Alex Benedict (Episode: Etude in Black)
Pat Morita as The House Boy (Episode: Etude in Black)
Jack Cassidy as Ken Franklin (Episode: Murder by the Book), Riley Greenleaf (Episode: Publish or Perish), and The Great Santini (Episode: Now You See Him...)
Dabney Coleman as Hugh Creighton in (Episode: Columbo and the Murder of a Rock Star)
Billy Connolly as Findlay Crawford (Episode: Murder With Too Many Notes)
Jackie Cooper as Nelson Hayward (Episode: Candidate for Crime)
Robert Culp as Carl Brimmer (Episode: Death Lends a Hand), Paul Hanlon (Episode: The Most Crucial Game), and Dr. Bart Keppel (Episode: Double Exposure)
Jamie Lee Curtis as an unnamed waitress (Episode: Bye-bye Sky High IQ)
Shera Danese Peter Falk's 2nd wife featured small and supporting roles in 6 episodes (Episode: Fade in to Murder, Murder Under Glass, Murder A Self Portrait, Columbo and the Murder of a Rock Star, Undercover and A Trace of Murder)
Faye Dunaway as Lauren Staton (Episode: It's All in the Game)
Jose Ferrer as Dr. Marshall Cahill (Episode: Mind Over Mayhem)
Ruth Gordon as Abigail Mitchell (Episode: Try and Catch Me)
Lee Grant as Leslie Williams (Episode: Ransom for a Dead Man)
George Hamilton as Dr. Mark Collier in (Episode: A Deadly State of Mind), Wade Anders in (Episode: Caution: Murder Can Be Hazardous to Your Health)
Laurence Harvey as Emmett Clayton (Episode: The Most Dangerous Match)
Louis Jourdan as Paul Gerard (Episode: Murder Under Glass)
Martin Landau as Dexter/Norman Paris (Episode: Double Shock)
Julie Newmar as Lisa Chambers (Episode: Double Shock)
Janet Leigh as Grace Wheeler (Episode: Forgotten Lady)
Ross Martin as Dale Kingston (Episode: Suitable for Framing)
Roddy McDowall as Roger Stanford (Episode: Short Fuse)
Ida Lupino as Doris Buckner (Episode: Short Fuse)
Patrick McGoohan as Colonel Lyle C. Rumford (Episode: By Dawn's Early Light), Nelson Brenner (Episode: Identity Crisis, and directed), Oscar Finch (Episode: Agenda for Murder, and directed), Eric Prince (Episode: Ashes to Ashes, and directed)
Vera Miles as Viveca Scott (Episode: Lovely But Lethal)
Vincent Price as David Lang (Episode: Lovely but Lethal)
Martin Sheen as Karl Lessing (Episode: Lovely but Lethal)
Ray Milland as Jarvis Goodland (Episode: The Greenhouse Jungle)
Ricardo Montalbán as Luís Montoya (Episode: A Matter of Honor)
Leonard Nimoy as Dr. Barry Mayfield (Episode: A Stitch in Crime)
Donald Pleasence as Adrian Carsini (Episode: Any Old Port in a Storm)
Matthew Rhys as Justin Price (Episode: Columbo Likes the Nightlife)
William Shatner as Ward Fowler (Episode: Fade in to Murder), Fielding Chase (Episode: Butterfly in Shades of Grey)
Walter Koenig as Sgt. Johnson (Episode: Fade in to Murder)
Rip Torn as Leon Lamarr in (Episode: Death Hits the Jackpot)
Dick Van Dyke as Paul Galesko (Episode: Negative Reaction)
Robert Vaughn as Hayden Danziger (Episode: Troubled Waters), Charles Clay (Last Salute to the Commodore)
Oskar Werner as Harold van Wick (Episode: Playback)
Honor Blackman as Lillian Stanhope (Episode: Dagger of the Mind)
Leslie Nielsen as Peter Hamilton (Episode: Lady in Waiting)
Jessica Walter as Margaret Nicholson (Episode: Mind Over Mayhem)
Nicol Williamson as Dr. Eric Mason (Episode: How To Dial A Murder)
Kim Cattrall as Joanne Nicholls (Episode: How to Dial a Murder)
Ed Begley Jr. as Officer Stein (Episode: How to Dial a Murder)
Directors and writers
The first season première "Murder by the Book" was written by Steven Bochco and directed by Steven Spielberg. Jonathan Demme directed the seventh-season episode "Murder Under Glass". Jonathan Latimer was also a writer. Actor Ben Gazzara, a friend of Falk's, directed the episodes "A Friend in Deed" (1974) and "Troubled Waters" (1975).
Falk himself directed the last episode of the first season, "Blueprint for Murder," and wrote the episode entitled "It's All in the Game" in season 10. Actor Nicholas Colasanto, best known for playing Coach on Cheers, directed two episodes, "Swan Song" with Johnny Cash, and "Étude in Black".
Patrick McGoohan directed five episodes (including three of the four in which he played the murderer) and wrote and produced two. Vincent McEveety was a frequent director, and homage was paid to him by a humorous mention of a character with his surname in the episode "Undercover" (which he directed).
Two episodes, "No Time to Die" and "Undercover", were based on the 87th Precinct novels by Ed McBain, and thus do not strictly follow the standard Columbo/inverted detective story format.
Score composers
Columbo episodes contain a variety of music that contributes to the uniqueness of each. The score becomes of particular importance during turning points of the plots. "The Mystery Movie Theme" by Henry Mancini, written for The NBC Mystery Movie series, was used extensively in the whole of 38 episodes, from 1971 to 1977. Unlike the other elements of the Mystery Movie wheel, Columbo never had an official theme as such, although some composers, such as Dick DeBenedictis and Gil Mellé, did write their own signature pieces. Several composers created original music for the series, which was often used along with "The Mystery Movie Theme":
Dick DeBenedictis (23 episodes, 1972–2003)
Patrick Williams (9 episodes, 1977–1992)
Bernardo Segall (10 episodes, 1974–1976)
Billy Goldenberg (7 episodes, 1971–1974)
Gil Mellé (4 episodes, 1971–1972)
Jeff Alexander (1 episode, 1975)
Oliver Nelson (1 episode, 1972)
Dave Grusin (1 episode, 1968)
Robert Prince (1 episode, 1977)
Jonathan Tunick (1 episode, 1978)
John Cacavas (3 episodes, 1989–1991)
James Di Pasquale (2 episodes, 1990)
Steve Dorff (2 episodes, 1991)
Dennis Dreith (1 episode, 1990)
Richard Markowitz (1 episode, 1990)
David Michael Frank (1 episode, 1990)
The Crystal Method (1 episode, 2003)
Series Music department included:
Quincy Jones—composer: "Mystery Movie" theme / "Wednesday Mystery Movie" theme (8 episodes, 1972–1973)
Henry Mancini — composer: "Mystery Movie" theme / "Sunday Mystery Movie" theme (38 episodes, 1971–1977)
Hal Mooney — music supervisor (27 episodes, 1972–1976)
Mike Post — composer: "Mystery Movie" theme (9 episodes, 1989–1990)
Patrick Williams received two Emmys nominations for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series in 1978 (for "Try and Catch Me") and 1989 (for "Murder, Smoke and Shadows"). Billy Goldenberg was nominated in the same category in 1972 for "Lady in Waiting".
Columbo also featured an unofficial signature tune, the children's song "This Old Man". It was introduced in the episode "Any Old Port in a Storm" in 1973 and the detective can be heard humming or whistling it often in subsequent films. Falk said it was a melody he personally enjoyed and one day it became a part of his character. The tune was also used in various score arrangements throughout the three decades of the series, including opening and closing credits. A version of it, titled "Columbo", was created by Patrick Williams.
Awards and nominations
Columbo received numerous awards and nominations from 1971 to 2005, including 13 Emmys, two Golden Globe Awards, two Edgar Awards and a TV Land Award nomination in 2005 for Peter Falk.
Home media
DVD
As of January 10, 2012, Universal Studios had released all 69 episodes of Columbo on DVD. The episodes are released in the same chronological order as they were originally broadcast. On October 16, 2012, Universal released Columbo—The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.
Because the Columbo episodes from 1989 to 2003 were aired very infrequently, different DVD sets have been released around the world. In many Region 2 and Region 4 countries, all episodes have now been released as 10 seasons, with the 10th comprisiing the last 14 shows, from "Columbo Goes to College" (1990) to "Columbo Likes the Nightlife" (2003). In France and The Netherlands (also Region 2), the DVDs were grouped differently and released as 12 seasons.
In Region 1, all episodes from seasons 8 on are grouped differently; the episodes that originally aired on ABC were released under the title COLUMBO: The Mystery Movie Collection.
Blu-ray
To commemorate Falk's death, the complete series was released on Blu-ray in Japan in 2011 as a ten-season set, taken from new HD masters and original 1.33:1 (4:3) aspect ratio (1989–2003 episodes are presented in 1.78:1 (16:9)). The set contains 35 discs and is presented in a faux-wooden cigar box. It features a brochure with episode details, and a script for the Japanese version of Prescription: Murder. Special features include the original 96-minute version of Étude In Black and the original NBC Mystery Movie title sequence. In addition, many episodes include isolated music and sound-effects tracks. Before this set's release, only the episodes up to Murder, a Self-Portrait were released on DVD in Japan.
Other appearances
Stage
The Columbo character first appeared on stage in 1962 in "Prescription: Murder" with Thomas Mitchell in the role of Columbo.
In 2010, Prescription: Murder, was revived for a tour of the United Kingdom with Dirk Benedict and later John Guerrasio as Columbo.
Television
Falk appeared as Columbo in an Alias sketch produced for a 2003 TV special celebrating the 50th anniversary of ABC.
Falk appeared in character as Columbo in 1977 at The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of Frank Sinatra.
Books
A Columbo series of books was published by MCA Publishing, written by authors Alfred Lawrence, Henry Clements and Lee Hays. This series of books, with the first title published in 1972, were mostly adapted from the TV series.
Columbo was also used as the protagonist for a series of novels published between 1994 and 1999 by Forge Books, an imprint of Tor Books. All of these books were written by William Harrington.
William Link, the co-creator of the series, has written a collection of Columbo short stories, titled The Columbo Collection, which was published in May 2010 by Crippen & Landru, the specialty mystery publisher.
Sculpture
A statue of Lieutenant Columbo and his dog was unveiled in 2014 on Miksa Falk Street in Budapest, Hungary. According to Antal Rogán, then-district mayor of the city, Peter Falk may have been related to Hungarian writer and politician Miksa Falk, although there is no evidence yet to prove it.
Mrs. Columbo spin-off
Mrs. Columbo, a spin-off TV series starring Kate Mulgrew, aired in 1979 and was canceled after only thirteen episodes. Lt. Columbo was never seen on Mrs. Columbo; each episode featured the resourceful Mrs. Columbo solving a murder mystery she encountered in her work as a newspaper reporter. Connections with the original Columbo series were made obvious: the glaring presence of Columbo's car in the driveway, Dog, and Mrs. Columbo emptying ashtrays containing the famous green cigar butts—all featured in the show's opening sequence. References were also made to Kate's husband being a police lieutenant.
The Trivia Encyclopedia lawsuit
Columbo's first name is notably never mentioned in the series, but "Frank Columbo" or "Lt. Frank Columbo" can occasionally be seen on his police ID. This ambiguity surrounding Columbo's first name led to the creator of The Trivia Encyclopedia, Fred L. Worth, to include a false entry that listed "Phillip Columbo" as Columbo's full name as a copyright trap. When the board game Trivial Pursuit included "Phillip" as the answer to the question, "What was Columbo's first name?", Worth launched a 300 million dollar lawsuit against the creators of the game. The creators of the game argued that while they did use The Trivia Encyclopedia as one of their sources, facts are not copyrightable and there was nothing improper about using an encyclopedia in the production of a fact-based game. The district court judge agreed and the decision was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in September 1987. Worth asked the Supreme Court of the United States to review the case, but the Court declined, denying certiorari in March 1988.
See also
Furuhata Ninzaburō
References
External links
Columbophile
Ultimate Columbo Site
American detective television series
1968 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1960s American drama television series
1970s American crime drama television series
1980s American crime drama television series
1990s American crime drama television series
2000s American crime drama television series
1960s American crime television series
1970s American mystery television series
1980s American mystery television series
1990s American mystery television series
2000s American mystery television series
1970s American police procedural television series
1980s American police procedural television series
1990s American police procedural television series
2000s American police procedural television series
Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners
Edgar Award-winning works
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries winners
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
Television shows set in Los Angeles
American television films
American films
American Broadcasting Company original programming
NBC Mystery Movie
NBC original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television series by Stephen J. Cannell Productions
English-language television shows
The ABC Mystery Movie
Television series created by William Link
Television series created by Richard Levinson | [
-0.5509430170059204,
0.2792367935180664,
0.12360549718141556,
-0.43891140818595886,
0.63270103931427,
0.2427683025598526,
0.3090447783470154,
0.3263038098812103,
-0.14312034845352173,
0.06519428640604019,
-0.4228399991989136,
0.43080270290374756,
-0.30520761013031006,
0.2642950117588043,
0.5232222676277161,
0.1774642914533615,
0.5622790455818176,
0.39309874176979065,
-0.13771222531795502,
-0.6970351934432983,
-0.03175138682126999,
-0.30918994545936584,
0.3010479509830475,
-0.13412293791770935,
-0.06485874205827713,
0.2692502737045288,
-0.35454481840133667,
0.13927215337753296,
0.021044084802269936,
0.3940798044204712,
0.34186193346977234,
-0.11582256108522415,
0.36752843856811523,
-0.3042915165424347,
0.056048113852739334,
0.17771928012371063,
0.17453816533088684,
0.45736515522003174,
-0.17655986547470093,
-0.41968271136283875,
0.42832866311073303,
-0.34573203325271606,
-0.3247261643409729,
-0.2414347380399704,
-0.41343963146209717,
-0.57041996717453,
-1.3037296533584595,
-0.23879386484622955,
-0.77723228931427,
-0.5754618644714355,
0.5865667462348938,
0.35021084547042847,
0.30773672461509705,
-0.12882523238658905,
0.19020910561084747,
0.46784496307373047,
-0.15309613943099976,
-0.4240400791168213,
0.20513688027858734,
-0.23865099251270294,
0.22072695195674896,
0.14627113938331604,
0.5811784267425537,
-0.17332318425178528,
-0.16973847150802612,
0.28664836287498474,
0.2907710075378418,
0.030438214540481567,
-0.21312814950942993,
-0.5584653615951538,
0.2628738582134247,
0.26296311616897583,
-0.028220580890774727,
0.05631665885448456,
0.11744702607393265,
-0.7417827844619751,
0.3813716173171997,
0.24418871104717255,
-0.4738447666168213,
0.226823091506958,
-0.23159025609493256,
0.5053296089172363,
0.12939488887786865,
0.4336372911930084,
0.05004139989614487,
-0.020839998498558998,
-0.04434829577803612,
0.028619498014450073,
-0.07081996649503708,
0.388507604598999,
-0.34128841757774353,
-0.398467481136322,
-0.17386412620544434,
0.19985052943229675,
0.7284719347953796,
-0.4660366177558899,
0.320471853017807,
0.08586490899324417,
0.09751715511083603,
-0.17953582108020782,
-0.6438462138175964,
0.31921055912971497,
0.14808949828147888,
-0.09671579301357269,
0.03617215156555176,
0.22219811379909515,
0.0919504389166832,
-0.48034095764160156,
-0.5381587743759155,
-0.034907661378383636,
-0.4942055940628052,
-0.04742445796728134,
-0.055919528007507324,
-0.2807120680809021,
-0.13308878242969513,
0.18410304188728333,
0.4427943825721741,
-0.4212462604045868,
-0.17657646536827087,
0.2895938456058502,
-0.15482845902442932,
0.4484393000602722,
-0.186198428273201,
0.4230740964412689,
0.07733538001775742,
-0.0524306446313858,
-0.04280473291873932,
-0.009575910866260529,
-0.8321139216423035,
0.18574005365371704,
-0.007918846793472767,
0.2424347996711731,
-0.05332391336560249,
0.13681775331497192,
0.0470857247710228,
-0.36107346415519714,
-0.10668033361434937,
0.5356190800666809,
-0.42301705479621887,
-0.29937878251075745,
-0.4833696186542511,
-0.16844548285007477,
-0.23703911900520325,
-0.3654935359954834,
0.6272267699241638,
-0.28253042697906494,
0.150955468416214,
-0.42945244908332825,
-0.23900946974754333,
-0.27280479669570923,
0.10464092344045639,
0.35104238986968994,
0.06905823945999146,
-0.31063079833984375,
-0.03385062888264656,
0.6017991900444031,
1.0359476804733276,
0.3003638684749603,
-0.08776355534791946,
0.1433846801519394,
0.004622049164026976,
0.12279236316680908,
-0.057639338076114655,
-0.5585481524467468,
0.2327185422182083,
-0.02343503013253212,
0.31276440620422363,
-0.3550812304019928,
-0.11904748529195786,
0.1764521598815918,
-0.17318524420261383,
0.2592991292476654,
0.500602662563324,
-0.2195715457201004,
0.14457911252975464,
0.12171231210231781,
0.5647537708282471,
0.21929457783699036,
-0.3551733195781708,
-0.06946340203285217,
-0.1787179857492447,
0.27895402908325195,
-0.07474114000797272,
-0.658225953578949,
0.14069393277168274,
-0.055338967591524124,
0.29721182584762573,
-0.15789863467216492,
0.08869443833827972,
0.165768563747406,
-0.28077635169029236,
-0.35506877303123474,
-0.11325395852327347,
0.23793627321720123,
0.6266834735870361,
-0.4308373034000397,
-0.6694051623344421,
0.08417166024446487,
0.42043086886405945,
0.20456643402576447,
-0.7827714681625366,
-0.17154110968112946,
0.8904284238815308,
-0.21182483434677124,
-0.33988142013549805,
0.019299007952213287,
0.5961164832115173,
0.3060958683490753,
0.49326664209365845,
0.23237884044647217,
0.3607327938079834,
0.24042637646198273,
0.13996170461177826,
-0.05911056324839592,
0.22487886250019073,
-0.01982637122273445,
-0.7887166142463684,
-0.4655945599079132,
-0.1041831448674202,
0.022386828437447548,
0.3065759241580963,
-0.3650663197040558,
0.10595560818910599,
0.562766969203949,
-0.809631884098053,
0.4585980772972107,
0.08577363193035126,
-0.034836746752262115,
0.4196457266807556,
-0.3187674880027771,
0.6438964605331421,
0.08780629932880402,
-0.5366215705871582,
-0.385014146566391,
-0.8812493681907654,
0.0031832028180360794,
0.3145391047000885,
-0.39038795232772827,
0.15357831120491028,
-0.36915838718414307,
0.19053241610527039,
0.36715713143348694,
-0.24527591466903687,
0.56978440284729,
-0.2804510295391083,
-0.6844384074211121,
0.28319665789604187,
-0.08630335330963135,
-0.20360779762268066,
0.26574766635894775,
-0.446478009223938,
0.16283707320690155,
0.34964415431022644,
-0.036943625658750534,
0.7027148008346558,
-0.2765810489654541,
0.03975212946534157,
0.06706618517637253,
0.16606761515140533,
-0.0978042408823967,
0.13750973343849182,
0.13200470805168152,
0.14741382002830505,
0.043028753250837326,
-0.5470771789550781,
-0.16336381435394287,
-0.15916548669338226,
-0.3342137634754181,
0.0036334313917905092,
0.48157167434692383,
-0.0613250695168972,
0.21668758988380432,
0.05195551738142967,
0.26650726795196533,
0.3206716775894165,
-0.10832781344652176,
0.053721118718385696,
0.16337598860263824,
-0.517366886138916,
-0.7003206014633179,
0.16787825524806976,
0.17421120405197144,
0.6014370918273926,
-0.2053760439157486,
0.0729895606637001,
-0.20327916741371155,
-0.0645381510257721,
0.058097951114177704,
-0.49740374088287354,
0.11638166755437851,
-0.713082492351532,
-0.4138301908969879,
-0.17466194927692413,
0.23166993260383606,
-0.8700243234634399,
-0.054687969386577606,
0.4721224308013916,
0.3048155605792999,
0.33938008546829224,
0.10039234906435013,
-0.08844748139381409,
0.697619616985321,
-0.04706047102808952,
0.0642588809132576,
0.5533298850059509,
0.024464566260576248,
-0.047980647534132004,
0.40677541494369507,
-6.133562088012695,
0.1318826824426651,
-0.35223305225372314,
0.050550129264593124,
0.5290130972862244,
0.24467463791370392,
0.004375656135380268,
-0.513420045375824,
-0.14516830444335938,
-0.025645453482866287,
-0.23762311041355133,
0.05591808259487152,
0.24913550913333893,
-0.16459546983242035,
-0.06137221306562424,
-0.5424562692642212,
-0.07517807185649872,
0.4906346797943115,
-0.42007946968078613,
0.3505938947200775,
-0.4033166468143463,
0.02882605791091919,
0.010398205369710922,
-0.10270346701145172,
0.21442940831184387,
0.6184707880020142,
-0.8774213790893555,
0.564795732498169,
-0.34473341703414917,
0.09540018439292908,
0.0294609684497118,
0.2187776416540146,
-0.13334302604198456,
-0.3036508858203888,
-0.0038408266846090555,
0.40777164697647095,
0.19212250411510468,
-0.5430342555046082,
0.2706599533557892,
0.05148562043905258,
-0.11276800185441971,
-0.3206217288970947,
-0.5490584373474121,
-0.288312166929245,
0.6984468698501587,
-0.07164087146520615,
-0.48625993728637695,
-0.013875524513423443,
0.09212999790906906,
0.3655290901660919,
0.2842784821987152,
0.4298028349876404,
-0.013884210959076881,
0.3397546410560608,
0.8245605230331421,
-0.152802973985672,
0.10409790277481079,
0.16330721974372864,
-0.3385946452617645,
0.19624213874340057,
0.6110498905181885,
-0.02143186330795288,
-0.3040691912174225,
0.043605782091617584,
-0.001402546651661396,
-0.3777996003627777,
0.1257234364748001,
0.03157171979546547,
0.24935433268547058,
-0.393263041973114,
-0.0568181574344635,
-0.02767496183514595,
0.10573484003543854,
-0.9418737292289734,
0.289408802986145,
-0.5755113363265991,
-0.024231620132923126,
-0.1422242522239685,
-0.6187975406646729,
-0.11347897350788116,
-0.11481921374797821,
-0.18489067256450653,
0.20691050589084625,
-0.37292855978012085,
-0.10573745518922806,
-0.13361451029777527,
0.05960342288017273,
-0.29623734951019287,
-0.5943554043769836,
-0.1499176174402237,
-0.6144368052482605,
-0.33577287197113037,
-0.04576043412089348,
0.0735337883234024,
0.28895750641822815,
0.2775917053222656,
-0.16462568938732147,
0.6146571040153503,
0.3690282702445984,
0.05248364433646202,
0.5928478837013245,
-0.6678698062896729,
0.07224322855472565,
-0.5158537030220032,
-0.02054559253156185,
-1.0175341367721558,
0.8457929491996765,
0.5642926692962646,
0.3280896246433258,
0.15509118139743805,
0.3030225336551666,
0.02107195369899273,
-0.00809263065457344,
-0.4490739107131958,
0.192511647939682,
0.5152055621147156,
-0.3958519995212555,
0.01354980282485485,
0.09972117841243744,
0.3686617612838745,
-0.25177380442619324,
0.21161650121212006,
-0.0875626802444458,
0.09273036569356918,
0.03077058494091034,
-0.03673314303159714,
-0.08099135756492615,
-0.04713205620646477,
0.16743682324886322,
0.21609830856323242,
-0.5051770210266113,
0.3875749409198761,
-0.11436431854963303,
0.1993996649980545,
0.2646549940109253,
-0.3594827651977539,
-0.2773466110229492,
0.33966362476348877,
0.4921130836009979,
0.21232165396213531,
0.2413797825574875,
-0.36804574728012085,
-0.4056214392185211,
0.29415374994277954,
-0.19897839426994324,
-0.3537403643131256,
-0.31648150086402893,
0.04243012145161629,
0.10738380998373032,
0.02087375894188881,
0.18665800988674164,
-0.08675503730773926,
0.6916740536689758,
-0.7997511029243469,
-0.043988186866045,
-0.4133013188838959,
-0.4391145706176758,
0.04535111412405968,
0.1542423963546753,
0.08865679055452347,
0.11172403395175934,
-0.5351658463478088,
-0.7637121677398682,
-0.2674732506275177,
-0.30507567524909973,
0.4617616832256317,
-0.07502980530261993,
-0.7862985730171204,
-0.5541556477546692,
0.31973692774772644,
-0.01221922505646944,
-0.12021059542894363,
-0.47954732179641724,
-0.11195213347673416,
-0.04957021400332451,
0.07809704542160034,
-0.3542623519897461,
-0.5404018759727478,
0.34649500250816345,
-0.08871053159236908,
-0.14239346981048584,
0.2597073018550873,
-0.1305018812417984,
0.16717861592769623,
0.1433057188987732,
-0.5625771284103394,
-0.20671765506267548,
-0.36505699157714844,
-0.21769055724143982,
0.14122971892356873,
-0.03274521976709366,
0.5755469799041748,
-0.039637498557567596,
0.3421766757965088,
-0.25128984451293945,
-0.17494790256023407,
-0.3058559000492096,
0.47401076555252075,
0.18812884390354156,
0.2291840761899948,
-0.20620843768119812,
0.34779682755470276,
-0.2267276495695114,
0.1651272177696228,
0.27397283911705017,
-0.7647116184234619,
0.09331212192773819,
0.15160462260246277,
-0.0029245028272271156,
0.44337788224220276,
-0.17093774676322937,
-0.2199835628271103,
-0.022139228880405426,
0.07153238356113434,
0.11868514120578766,
0.13207191228866577,
0.4718954861164093,
-0.403569757938385,
-0.17644548416137695,
-0.4837472140789032,
-0.5752671957015991,
-0.02175784483551979,
-0.5222286581993103,
-0.13588537275791168,
-0.4321899116039276,
0.4007529318332672,
0.1313164234161377,
-0.7897907495498657,
0.1172807365655899,
0.41698092222213745,
0.2546751797199249,
-0.14072252810001373,
0.12615162134170532,
0.022060511633753777,
0.12029530107975006,
-0.21371790766716003,
0.36430254578590393,
0.03217539191246033,
-0.33978497982025146,
0.40192437171936035,
0.6082555055618286,
0.6854758858680725,
-0.07211986929178238,
-0.5622124075889587,
0.17703162133693695,
0.5626605749130249,
0.4699804484844208,
-0.33135128021240234,
-0.29321056604385376,
0.12707719206809998,
0.2977161109447479,
-0.31970351934432983,
0.21852505207061768,
0.3180845379829407,
0.3660067319869995,
-0.8433834314346313,
-0.23248349130153656,
-0.2586962878704071,
0.3308986723423004,
-0.2100154310464859,
0.525468111038208,
-0.08051596581935883,
-0.734515368938446,
0.5560621619224548,
-0.21858568489551544,
-0.17782942950725555,
-0.2826065719127655,
-0.3150939345359802,
-0.10511510074138641,
-0.3296659290790558,
0.1394607126712799,
-0.2704559862613678,
0.48811593651771545,
0.5914465188980103,
-0.40625235438346863,
0.42035043239593506,
0.15414220094680786,
-0.2054830938577652,
-0.1908351331949234,
-0.3437850773334503,
-0.5649004578590393,
0.9990459680557251,
-1.0791758298873901,
-0.8085538744926453,
0.1470935195684433,
-0.35842105746269226,
0.21726030111312866,
0.12293367087841034,
-0.30993005633354187,
0.2172054797410965,
0.17987187206745148,
0.4898901581764221,
-0.41788792610168457,
0.16318947076797485,
0.37208664417266846,
0.2881939113140106,
-0.16547320783138275,
0.30832746624946594,
-0.061117690056562424,
-0.07997626811265945,
-0.4459575414657593,
0.5908684730529785,
-0.1026596873998642,
-0.8403584361076355,
-0.17259538173675537,
-0.46363401412963867,
-0.03337495028972626,
0.33736613392829895,
-0.45265790820121765,
0.1101970225572586,
0.2823590636253357,
-0.5441170930862427,
0.1089543029665947,
0.2659713327884674,
-0.13440802693367004,
0.053398534655570984,
0.6313380599021912,
0.02783293090760708,
0.19813376665115356,
0.3212868273258209,
0.2315863072872162,
-0.20687592029571533,
0.07536707073450089,
-0.31421124935150146,
0.4404779076576233,
0.5316388010978699,
-0.1954258382320404,
0.33702582120895386,
0.15747548639774323,
0.3694562017917633,
0.052332084625959396,
-0.636947512626648,
-0.4068121910095215,
0.31607916951179504,
-0.3599068820476532,
-0.45551633834838867,
0.45741787552833557,
0.18468205630779266,
0.018605830147862434,
0.3066987097263336,
-0.45164620876312256,
0.2282896637916565,
-0.1776566356420517,
0.4230588972568512,
0.2560352683067322,
-0.011645518243312836,
0.39758381247520447,
0.1799781322479248,
-0.1268387734889984,
0.01122327707707882,
0.19329412281513214,
0.26471731066703796,
0.3009341061115265,
-0.2585112154483795,
0.666083812713623,
-0.3599872887134552,
-0.21480563282966614,
0.07724316418170929,
-0.6345750689506531,
-0.2746383845806122,
-0.1442156434059143,
-0.2566381096839905,
0.7575635313987732,
0.5514383912086487,
0.43287351727485657,
-0.08227255940437317,
-0.3598235845565796,
-0.3281741738319397,
-0.6435438394546509,
0.2089596688747406,
0.2124083936214447,
0.6738768219947815,
-0.07510220259428024,
0.6143436431884766,
-0.027842871844768524,
0.1486433744430542,
0.10223457217216492,
0.1795889288187027,
-0.0005893867346458137,
-0.49936404824256897,
-0.34682583808898926,
0.3503190577030182,
0.0783085972070694,
-0.24310123920440674,
0.3570985496044159,
-0.20341072976589203,
0.3676413595676422,
0.43862301111221313,
0.18747229874134064,
-0.5683133602142334,
0.767511785030365,
-0.9081808924674988,
-1.0077688694000244,
0.1274033635854721,
0.07670894265174866,
-0.22373156249523163,
0.5279115438461304,
0.3976348638534546,
0.3960812985897064,
0.2541877329349518,
0.10712691396474838,
0.16070368885993958,
-0.4120507836341858,
0.28248918056488037,
-0.2796671986579895,
-0.47402143478393555,
-0.4307895302772522,
0.006840208079665899,
-0.6504871249198914,
0.30662181973457336,
0.29110556840896606,
-0.21100500226020813,
-0.4099997878074646,
0.7424376010894775,
0.18730643391609192,
-0.12638112902641296,
0.43325743079185486,
-0.18263022601604462,
0.28590846061706543,
-0.44843369722366333,
0.05699525773525238,
0.19192488491535187,
0.3148624002933502,
0.5261593461036682,
-0.6944051384925842,
0.04993190988898277,
-0.21189679205417633,
0.20597845315933228,
-0.09637238830327988,
0.3229202926158905,
-0.1278531402349472,
0.2749677300453186,
-0.5553956031799316,
0.5718252658843994,
0.16028231382369995,
-0.3442125618457794,
0.2536432147026062,
0.5083763599395752,
0.23802818357944489,
-0.23696474730968475,
0.14920304715633392,
-0.25898364186286926,
-0.1773098111152649,
-0.2808842360973358,
0.2575875520706177,
0.28582772612571716,
0.0912303626537323,
0.035271868109703064,
0.33546924591064453,
0.4731493592262268,
0.1175723671913147,
0.03324751928448677,
0.29770076274871826,
-0.654256284236908,
-0.33573654294013977,
0.661517858505249,
-0.18213467299938202,
0.4224869906902313,
0.5444342494010925,
0.09650992602109909
] |
256764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20de%20Forest | Lee de Forest | Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor and early pioneer in radio and in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 300 patents worldwide, but also a tumultuous career—he boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element "Audion" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. Although de Forest had only a limited understanding of how it worked, it was the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting, long distance telephone lines, and talking motion pictures, among countless other applications.
Early life
Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret ( Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest. He was a direct descendant of Jessé de Forest, the leader of a group of Walloon Huguenots who fled Europe in the 17th century due to religious persecution.
De Forest's father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor. In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school "open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color", and which educated primarily African-Americans. Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town.
De Forest prepared for college by attending Mount Hermon Boys' School in Mount Hermon, Massachusetts for two years, beginning in 1891. In 1893, he enrolled in a three-year course of studies at Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School in New Haven, Connecticut, on a $300 per year scholarship that had been established for relatives of David de Forest. Convinced that he was destined to become a famous—and rich—inventor, and perpetually short of funds, he sought to interest companies with a series of devices and puzzles he created, and expectantly submitted essays in prize competitions, all with little success.
After completing his undergraduate studies, in September 1896 de Forest began three years of postgraduate work. However, his electrical experiments had a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts. Even after being warned to be more careful, he managed to douse the lights during an important lecture by Professor Charles S. Hastings, who responded by having de Forest expelled from Sheffield.
With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, de Forest enrolled in the Connecticut Volunteer Militia Battery as a bugler, but the war ended and he was mustered out without ever leaving the state. He then completed his studies at Yale's Sloane Physics Laboratory, earning a Doctorate in 1899 with a dissertation on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", supervised by theoretical physicist Willard Gibbs. He was scientist
Early radio work
Reflecting his pioneering work, de Forest has sometimes been credited as the "Father of Radio", an honorific which he adopted as the title of his 1950 autobiography. In the late 1800s he became convinced there was a great future in radiotelegraphic communication (then known as "wireless telegraphy"), but Italian Guglielmo Marconi, who received his first patent in 1896, was already making impressive progress in both Europe and the United States. One drawback of Marconi's approach was his use of a coherer as a receiver, which, while providing for permanent records, was also slow (after each received Morse code dot or dash, it had to be tapped to restore operation), insensitive, and not very reliable. De Forest was determined to devise a better system, including a self-restoring detector that could receive transmissions by ear, thus making it capable of receiving weaker signals and also allowing faster Morse code sending speeds.
After making unsuccessful inquiries about employment with Nikola Tesla and Marconi, de Forest struck out on his own. His first job after leaving Yale was with the Western Electric Company's telephone lab in Chicago, Illinois. While there he developed his first receiver, which was based on findings by two German scientists, Drs. A. Neugschwender and Emil Aschkinass. Their original design consisted of a mirror in which a narrow, moistened slit had been cut through the silvered back. Attaching a battery and telephone receiver, they could hear sound changes in response to radio signal impulses. De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, a co-worker who provided financial and technical help, developed variations they called "responders".
A series of short-term positions followed, including three unproductive months with Professor Warren S. Johnson's American Wireless Telegraph Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and work as an assistant editor of the Western Electrician in Chicago. With radio research his main priority, de Forest next took a night teaching position at the Lewis Institute, which freed him to conduct experiments at the Armour Institute. By 1900, using a spark-coil transmitter and his responder receiver, de Forest expanded his transmitting range to about seven kilometers (four miles). Professor Clarence Freeman of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forest's work and developed a new type of spark transmitter.
De Forest soon felt that Smythe and Freeman were holding him back, so in the fall of 1901 he made the bold decision to go to New York to compete directly with Marconi in transmitting race results for the International Yacht races. Marconi had already made arrangements to provide reports for the Associated Press, which he had successfully done for the 1899 contest. De Forest contracted to do the same for the smaller Publishers' Press Association.
The race effort turned out to be an almost total failure. The Freeman transmitter broke down—in a fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard—and had to be replaced by an ordinary spark coil. Even worse, the American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Company, which claimed its ownership of Amos Dolbear's 1886 patent for wireless communication meant it held a monopoly for all wireless communication in the United States, had also set up a powerful transmitter. None of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference. Although an attempt was made to have the three systems avoid conflicts by rotating operations over five-minute intervals, the agreement broke down, resulting in chaos as the simultaneous transmissions clashed with each other. De Forest ruefully noted that under these conditions the only successful "wireless" communication was done by visual semaphore "wig-wag" flags. (The 1903 International Yacht races would be a repeat of 1901—Marconi worked for the Associated Press, de Forest for the Publishers' Press Association, and the unaffiliated International Wireless Company (successor to 1901's American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph) operated a high-powered transmitter that was used primarily to drown out the other two.)
American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company
Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in order to raise interest in his ideas and capital to replace the small working companies that had been formed to promote his work thus far. In January 1902 he met a promoter, Abraham White, who would become de Forest's main sponsor for the next five years. White envisioned bold and expansive plans that enticed the inventor—however, he was also dishonest and much of the new enterprise would be built on wild exaggeration and stock fraud. To back de Forest's efforts, White incorporated the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with himself as the company's president, and de Forest the Scientific Director. The company claimed as its goal the development of "world-wide wireless".
The original "responder" receiver (also known as the "goo anti-coherer") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals. In 1903, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest developed a variation, which he called the "spade detector", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents. Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device.
Meanwhile, White set in motion a series of highly visible promotions for American DeForest: "Wireless Auto No.1" was positioned on Wall Street to "send stock quotes" using an unmuffled spark transmitter to loudly draw the attention of potential investors, in early 1904 two stations were established at Wei-hai-Wei on the Chinese mainland and aboard the Chinese steamer SS Haimun, which allowed war correspondent Captain Lionel James of The Times of London to report on the brewing Russo-Japanese War, and later that year a tower, with "DEFOREST" arrayed in lights, was erected on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis, Missouri, where the company won a gold medal for its radiotelegraph demonstrations. (Marconi withdrew from the Exposition when he learned de Forest would be there).
The company's most important early contract was the construction, in 1905–1906, of five high-powered radiotelegraph stations for the U.S. Navy, located in Panama, Pensacola and Key West, Florida, Guantanamo, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. It also installed shore stations along the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes, and equipped shipboard stations. But the main focus was selling stock at ever more inflated prices, spurred by the construction of promotional inland stations. Most of these inland stations had no practical use and were abandoned once the local stock sales slowed.
De Forest eventually came into conflict with his company's management. His main complaint was the limited support he got for conducting research, while company officials were upset with de Forest's inability to develop a practical receiver free of patent infringement. (This problem was finally resolved with the invention of the carborundum crystal detector by another company employee, General Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody). On November 28, 1906, in exchange for $1000 (half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the rights to some early Audion detector patents, de Forest turned in his stock and resigned from the company that bore his name. American DeForest was then reorganized as the United Wireless Telegraph Company, and would be the dominant U.S. radio communications firm, albeit propped up by massive stock fraud, until its bankruptcy in 1912.
Radio Telephone Company
De Forest moved quickly to re-establish himself as an independent inventor, working in his own laboratory in the Parker Building in New York City. The Radio Telephone Company was incorporated in order to promote his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a former American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Forest the vice president (De Forest preferred the term radio, which up to now had been primarily used in Europe, over wireless).
Arc radiotelephone development
At the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Valdemar Poulsen had presented a paper on an arc transmitter, which unlike the discontinuous pulses produced by spark transmitters, created steady "continuous wave" signals that could be used for amplitude modulated (AM) audio transmissions. Although Poulsen had patented his invention, de Forest claimed to have come up with a variation that allowed him to avoid infringing on Poulsen's work. Using his "sparkless" arc transmitter, de Forest first transmitted audio across a lab room on December 31, 1906, and by February was making experimental transmissions, including music produced by Thaddeus Cahill's telharmonium, that were heard throughout the city.
On July 18, 1907, de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on Lake Erie—which were sent from the steam yacht Thelma to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on South Bass Island. De Forest also interested the U.S. Navy in his radiotelephone, which placed a rush order to have 26 arc sets installed for its Great White Fleet around-the-world voyage that began in late 1907. However, at the conclusion of the circumnavigation the sets were declared to be too unreliable to meet the Navy's needs and removed.
The company set up a network of radiotelephone stations along the Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes, for coastal ship navigation. However, the installations proved unprofitable, and by 1911 the parent company and its subsidiaries were on the brink of bankruptcy.
Initial broadcasting experiments
De Forest also used the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earliest experimental entertainment radio broadcasts. Eugenia Farrar sang "I Love You Truly" in an unpublicized test from his laboratory in 1907, and in 1908, on de Forest's Paris honeymoon, musical selections were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower as a part of demonstrations of the arc-transmitter. In early 1909, in what may have been the first public speech by radio, de Forest's mother-in-law, Harriot Stanton Blatch, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage.
More ambitious demonstrations followed. A series of tests in conjunction with the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City were conducted to determine whether it was practical to broadcast opera performances live from the stage. Tosca was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme. Mariette Mazarin sang "La Habanera" from Carmen over a transmitter located in de Forest's lab. But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available.
"Grid" Audion detector
De Forest's most famous invention was the "grid Audion", which was the first successful three-element (triode) vacuum tube, and the first device which could amplify electrical signals. He traced its inspiration to 1900, when, experimenting with a spark-gap transmitter, he briefly thought that the flickering of a nearby gas flame might be in response to electromagnetic pulses. With further tests he soon determined that the cause of the flame fluctuations actually was due to air pressure changes produced by the loud sound of the spark. Still, he was intrigued by the idea that, properly configured, it might be possible to use a flame or something similar to detect radio signals.
After determining that an open flame was too susceptible to ambient air currents, de Forest investigated whether ionized gases, heated and enclosed in a partially evacuated glass tube, could be used instead. In 1905 to 1906 he developed various configurations of glass-tube devices, which he gave the general name of "Audions". The first Audions had only two electrodes, and on October 25, 1906, de Forest filed a patent for diode vacuum tube detector, that was granted U.S. patent number 841387 on January 15, 1907. Subsequently, a third "control" electrode was added, originally as a surrounding metal cylinder or a wire coiled around the outside of the glass tube. None of these initial designs worked particularly well. De Forest gave a presentation of his work to date to the October 26, 1906 New York meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, which was reprinted in two parts in late 1907 in the Scientific American Supplement. He was insistent that a small amount of residual gas was necessary for the tubes to operate properly. However, he also admitted that "I have arrived as yet at no completely satisfactory theory as to the exact means by which the high-frequency oscillations affect so markedly the behavior of an ionized gas."
In late 1906, de Forest made a breakthrough when he reconfigured the control electrode, moving it from outside the tube envelope to a position inside the tube between the filament and the plate. He called the intermediate electrode a grid, reportedly due to its similarity to the "gridiron" lines on American football playing fields. Experiments conducted with his assistant, John V. L. Hogan, convinced him that he had discovered an important new radio detector. He quickly prepared a patent application which was filed on January 29, 1907, and received on February 18, 1908. Because the grid-control Audion was the only configuration to become commercially valuable, the earlier versions were forgotten, and the term Audion later became synonymous with just the grid type. It later also became known as the triode.
The grid Audion was the first device to amplify, albeit only slightly, the strength of received radio signals. However, to many observers it appeared that de Forest had done nothing more than add the grid electrode to an existing detector configuration, the Fleming valve, which also consisted of a filament and plate enclosed in an evacuated glass tube. De Forest passionately denied the similarly of the two devices, claiming his invention was a relay that amplified currents, while the Fleming valve was merely a rectifier that converted alternating current to direct current. (For this reason, de Forest objected to his Audion being referred to as "a valve".) The U.S. courts were not convinced, and ruled that the grid Audion did in fact infringe on the Fleming valve patent, now held by Marconi. In contrast, Marconi admitted that the addition of the third electrode was a patentable improvement, and the two sides agreed to license each other so that both could manufacture three-electrode tubes in the United States. (De Forest's European patents had lapsed because he did not have the funds needed to renew them).
Because of its limited uses and the great variability in the quality of individual units, the grid Audion would be rarely used during the first half-decade after its invention. In 1908, John V. L. Hogan reported that "The Audion is capable of being developed into a really efficient detector, but in its present forms is quite unreliable and entirely too complex to be properly handled by the usual wireless operator."
Employment at Federal Telegraph
In May 1910, the Radio Telephone Company and its subsidiaries were reorganized as the North American Wireless Corporation, but financial difficulties meant that the company's activities had nearly come to a halt. De Forest moved to San Francisco, California, and in early 1911 took a research job at the Federal Telegraph Company, which produced long-range radiotelegraph systems using high-powered Poulsen arcs.
Audio frequency amplification
One of de Forest's areas of research at Federal Telegraph was improving the reception of signals, and he came up with the idea of strengthening the audio frequency output from a grid Audion by feeding it into a second tube for additional amplification. He called this a "cascade amplifier", which eventually consisted of chaining together up to three Audions.
At this time the American Telephone and Telegraph Company was researching ways to amplify telephone signals to provide better long-distance service, and it was recognized that de Forest's device had potential as a telephone line repeater. In mid-1912 an associate, John Stone Stone, contacted AT&T to arrange for de Forest to demonstrate his invention. It was found that de Forest's "gassy" version of the Audion could not handle even the relatively low voltages used by telephone lines. (Owing to the way he constructed the tubes, de Forest's Audions would cease to operate with too high a vacuum.) However, careful research by Dr. Harold D. Arnold and his team at AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary determined that improving the tube's design would allow it to be more fully evacuated, and the high vacuum allowed it to operate at telephone-line voltages. With these changes the Audion evolved into a modern electron-discharge vacuum tube, using electron flows rather than ions. (Dr. Irving Langmuir at the General Electric Corporation made similar findings, and both he and Arnold attempted to patent the "high vacuum" construction, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1931 that this modification could not be patented).
After a delay of ten months, in July 1913 AT&T, through a third party who disguised his link to the telephone company, purchased the wire rights to seven Audion patents for $50,000. De Forest had hoped for a higher payment, but was again in bad financial shape and was unable to bargain for more. In 1915, AT&T used the innovation to conduct the first transcontinental telephone calls, in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco.
Reorganized Radio Telephone Company
Radio Telephone Company officials had engaged in some of the same stock selling excesses that had taken place at American DeForest, and as part of the U.S. government's crackdown on stock fraud, in March 1912 de Forest, plus four other company officials, were arrested and charged with "use of the mails to defraud". Their trials took place in late 1913, and while three of the defendants were found guilty, de Forest was acquitted. With the legal problems behind him, de Forest reorganized his company as the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, and established a laboratory at 1391 Sedgewick Avenue in the Highbridge section of the Bronx in New York City. The company's limited finances were boosted by the sale, in October 1914, of the commercial Audion patent rights for radio signalling to AT&T for $90,000, with de Forest retaining the rights for sales for "amateur and experimental use". In October 1915 AT&T conducted test radio transmissions from the Navy's station in Arlington, Virginia that were heard as far away as Paris and Hawaii.
The Radio Telephone Company began selling "Oscillion" power tubes to amateurs, suitable for radio transmissions. The company wanted to keep a tight hold on the tube business, and originally maintained a policy that retailers had to require their customers to return a worn-out tube before they could get a replacement. This style of business encouraged others to make and sell unlicensed vacuum tubes which did not impose a return policy. One of the boldest was Audio Tron Sales Company founded in 1915 by Elmer T. Cunningham of San Francisco, whose Audio Tron tubes cost less but were of equal or higher quality. The de Forest company sued Audio Tron Sales, eventually settling out of court.
In April 1917, the company's remaining commercial radio patent rights were sold to AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary for $250,000. During World War I, the Radio Telephone Company prospered from sales of radio equipment to the military. However, it also became known for the poor quality of its vacuum tubes, especially compared to those produced by major industrial manufacturers such as General Electric and Western Electric.
Regeneration controversy
Beginning in 1912, there was increased investigation of vacuum-tube capabilities, simultaneously by numerous inventors in multiple countries, who identified additional important uses for the device. These overlapping discoveries led to complicated legal disputes over priority, perhaps the most bitter being one in the United States between de Forest and Edwin Howard Armstrong over the discovery of regeneration (also known as the "feedback circuit" and, by de Forest, as the "ultra-audion").
Beginning in 1913 Armstrong prepared papers and gave demonstrations that comprehensively documented how to employ three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplified signals to stronger levels than previously thought possible, and that could also generate high-power oscillations usable for radio transmission. In late 1913 Armstrong applied for patents covering the regenerative circuit, and on October 6, 1914 was issued for his discovery.
U.S. patent law included a provision for challenging grants if another inventor could prove prior discovery. With an eye to increasing the value of the patent portfolio that would be sold to Western Electric in 1917, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the priority of the competing applications upheld by an interference hearing at the patent office. Based on a notebook entry recorded at the time, de Forest asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, 1912 across the feedback principle, which was then used in the spring of 1913 to operate a low-powered transmitter for heterodyne reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions. However, there was also strong evidence that de Forest was unaware of the full significance of this discovery, as shown by his lack of follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics involved. In particular, it appeared that he was unaware of the potential for further development until he became familiar with Armstrong's research. De Forest was not alone in the interference determination—the patent office identified four competing claimants for its hearings, consisting of Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's Langmuir, and a German, Alexander Meissner, whose application would be seized by the Office of Alien Property Custodian during World War I.
The subsequent legal proceedings become divided between two groups of court cases. The first court action began in January 1920 when Armstrong, with Westinghouse, which purchased his patent, sued the De Forest Company in district court for infringement of patent 1,113,149. On May 17, 1921 the court ruled that the lack of awareness and understanding on de Forest's part, in addition to the fact that he had made no immediate advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible his attempt to prevail as inventor.
However, a second series of court cases, which were the result of the patent office interference proceeding, had a different outcome. The interference board had also sided with Armstrong, and de Forest appealed its decision to the District of Columbia district court. On May 8, 1924, that court concluded that the evidence, beginning with the 1912 notebook entry, was sufficient to establish de Forest's priority. Now on the defensive, Armstrong's side tried to overturn the decision, but these efforts, which twice went before the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1928 and 1934, were unsuccessful.
This judicial ruling meant that Lee de Forest was now legally recognized in the United States as the inventor of regeneration. However, much of the engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to be the actual developer, with de Forest viewed as someone who skillfully used the patent system to get credit for an invention to which he had barely contributed. Following the 1934 Supreme Court decision, Armstrong attempted to return his Institute of Radio Engineers (present-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded to him in 1917 "in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it "strongly affirms the original award". The practical effect of de Forest's victory was that his company was free to sell products that used regeneration, for during the controversy, which became more a personal feud than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to block the company from even being licensed to sell equipment under his patent.
De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's contributions with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's 1954 suicide. Following the publication of Carl Dreher's "E. H. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor" in the August 1956 Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, describing Armstrong as "exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal...", and defending the Supreme Court decision in his favor.
Renewed broadcasting activities
In the summer of 1915, the company received an Experimental license for station 2XG, located at its Highbridge laboratory. In late 1916, de Forest renewed the entertainment broadcasts he had suspended in 1910, now using the superior capabilities of vacuum-tube equipment. 2XG's debut program aired on October 26, 1916, as part of an arrangement with the Columbia Graphophone Company to promote its recordings, which included "announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone [sic] Company' with each playing". Beginning November 1, the "Highbridge Station" offered a nightly schedule featuring the Columbia recordings.
These broadcasts were also used to advertise "the products of the DeForest Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with all the zeal of our catalogue and price list", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused de Forest enough embarrassment to make him decide to eliminate the direct advertising. The station also made the first audio broadcast of election reports—in earlier elections, stations that broadcast results had used Morse code—providing news of the November 1916 Wilson-Hughes presidential election. The New York American installed a private wire and bulletins were sent out every hour. About 2,000 listeners heard The Star-Spangled Banner and other anthems, songs, and hymns.
With the entry of the United States into World War I on April 6, 1917, all civilian radio stations were ordered to shut down, so 2XG was silenced for the duration of the war. The ban on civilian stations was lifted on October 1, 1919, and 2XG soon renewed operation, with the Brunswick-Balke-Collender company now supplying the phonograph records. In early 1920, de Forest moved the station's transmitter from the Bronx to Manhattan, but did not have permission to do so, so district Radio Inspector Arthur Batcheller ordered the station off the air. De Forest's response was to return to San Francisco in March, taking 2XG's transmitter with him. A new station, 6XC, was established as "The California Theater station", which de Forest later stated was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public.
Later that year a de Forest associate, Clarence "C.S." Thompson, established Radio News & Music, Inc., in order to lease de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested in setting up their own broadcasting stations. In August 1920, The Detroit News began operation of "The Detroit News Radiophone", initially with the callsign 8MK, which later became broadcasting station WWJ.
Phonofilm sound-on-film process
In 1921, de Forest ended most of his radio research in order to concentrate on developing an optical sound-on-film process called Phonofilm. In 1919 he filed the first patent for the new system, which improved upon earlier work by Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt and the German partnership Tri-Ergon. Phonofilm recorded the electrical waveforms produced by a microphone photographically onto film, using parallel lines of variable shades of gray, an approach known as "variable density", in contrast to "variable area" systems used by processes such as RCA Photophone. When the movie film was projected, the recorded information was converted back into sound, in synchronization with the picture.
From October 1921 to September 1922, de Forest lived in Berlin, Germany, meeting the Tri-Ergon developers (German inventors Josef Engl (1893–1942), Hans Vogt (1890–1979), and Joseph Massolle (1889–1957)) and investigating other European sound film systems. In April 1922 he announced that he would soon have a workable sound-on-film system. On March 12, 1923 he demonstrated Phonofilm to the press; this was followed on April 12, 1923 by a private demonstration to electrical engineers at the Engineering Society Building's Auditorium at 33 West 39th Street in New York City.
In November 1922, de Forest established the De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at 314 East 48th Street in New York City. But none of the Hollywood movie studios expressed interest in his invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this meant de Forest was limited to showing his experimental films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September 1926.).
After recording stage performances (such as in vaudeville), speeches, and musical acts, on April 15, 1923 de Forest premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the independent Rivoli Theater in New York City. Starting in May 1924, Max and Dave Fleischer used the Phonofilm process for their Song Car-Tune series of cartoons—featuring the "Follow the Bouncing Ball" gimmick. However, de Forest's choice of primarily filming short vaudeville acts, instead of full-length features, limited the appeal of Phonofilm to Hollywood studios.
De Forest also worked with Freeman Harrison Owens and Theodore Case, using their work to perfect the Phonofilm system. However, de Forest had a falling out with both men. Due to de Forest's continuing misuse of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to publicly acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera. That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record Calvin Coolidge on August 11, 1924, which was one of the films shown by de Forest and claimed by him to be the product of his inventions.
Believing that de Forest was more concerned with his own fame and recognition than he was with actually creating a workable system of sound film, and because of his continuing attempts to downplay the contributions of the Case Research Laboratory in the creation of Phonofilm, Case severed his ties with de Forest in the fall of 1925. Case successfully negotiated an agreement to use his patents with studio head William Fox, owner of Fox Film Corporation, who marketed the innovation as Fox Movietone. Warner Brothers introduced a competing method for sound film, the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process developed by Western Electric, with the August 6, 1926 release of the John Barrymore film Don Juan.
In 1927 and 1928, Hollywood expanded its use of sound-on-film systems, including Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone. Meanwhile, theater chain owner Isadore Schlesinger purchased the UK rights to Phonofilm and released short films of British music hall performers from September 1926 to May 1929. Almost 200 Phonofilm shorts were made, and many are preserved in the collections of the Library of Congress and the British Film Institute.
Later years and death
In April 1923, the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company, which manufactured de Forest's Audions for commercial use, was sold to a group headed by Edward Jewett of Jewett-Paige Motors, which expanded the company's factory to cope with rising demand for radios. The sale also bought the services of de Forest, who was focusing his attention on newer innovations. De Forest's finances were badly hurt by the stock market crash of 1929, and research in mechanical television proved unprofitable. In 1934, he established a small shop to produce diathermy machines, and, in a 1942 interview, still hoped "to make at least one more great invention".
De Forest was a vocal critic of many of the developments in the entertainment side of the radio industry. In 1940 he sent an open letter to the National Association of Broadcasters in which he demanded: "What have you done with my child, the radio broadcast? You have debased this child, dressed him in rags of ragtime, tatters of jive and boogie-woogie." That same year, de Forest and early TV engineer Ulises Armand Sanabria presented the concept of a primitive unmanned combat air vehicle using a television camera and a jam-resistant radio control in a Popular Mechanics issue. In 1950 his autobiography, Father of Radio, was published, although it sold poorly.
De Forest was the guest celebrity on the May 22, 1957, episode of the television show This Is Your Life, where he was introduced as "the father of radio and the grandfather of television". He suffered a severe heart attack in 1958, after which he remained mostly bedridden. He died in Hollywood on June 30, 1961, aged 87, and was interred in San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. De Forest died relatively poor, with just $1,250 in his bank account.
Legacy
The grid Audion, which de Forest called "my greatest invention", and the vacuum tubes developed from it, dominated the field of electronics for forty years, making possible long-distance telephone service, radio broadcasting, television, and many other applications. It could also be used as an electronic switching element, and was later used in early digital electronics, including the first electronic computers, although the 1948 invention of the transistor would lead to microchips that eventually supplanted vacuum-tube technology. For this reason de Forest has been called one of the founders of the "electronic age".
According to Donald Beaver, his intense desire to overcome the deficiencies of his childhood account for his independence, self-reliance, and inventiveness. He displayed a strong desire to achieve, to conquer hardship, and to devote himself to a career of invention. "He possessed the qualities of the traditional tinkerer-inventor: visionary faith, self-confidence, perseverance, the capacity for sustained hard work."<ref>John A. Garraty, ed., encyclopedia of American biography 1974 pp 268–269. </ref>
De Forest's archives were donated by his widow to the Perham Electronic Foundation, which in 1973 opened the Foothills Electronics Museum at Foothill College in Los Altos Hils, California. In 1991 the college closed the museum, breaking its contract. The foundation won a lawsuit and was awarded $775,000. The holdings were placed in storage for twelve years, before being acquired in 2003 by History San José and put on display as The Perham Collection of Early Electronics.
Awards and recognition
Charter member, in 1912, of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE).
Received the 1922 IRE Medal of Honor, in "recognition for his invention of the three-electrode amplifier and his other contributions to radio".
Awarded the 1923 Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Medal for "inventions embodied in the Audion".
Received the 1946 American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal, "For the profound technical and social consequences of the grid-controlled vacuum tube which he had introduced".
Honorary Academy Award Oscar presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1960, in recognition of "his pioneering inventions which brought sound to the motion picture".
Honored February 8, 1960 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
DeVry University was originally named the De Forest Training School by its founder Dr. Herman A. De Vry, who was a friend and colleague of de Forest.
Personal life
Marriages
De Forest was married four times, with the first three marriages ending in divorce:
Lucille Sheardown in February 1906. Divorced before the end of the year.
Nora Stanton Blatch Barney (1883–1971) on February 14, 1908. They had a daughter, Harriet, but were separated by 1909 and divorced in 1912.
Mary Mayo (1892–1957) in December 1912. According to census records, in 1920 they were living with their infant daughter, Deena (born ca. 1919); divorced October 5, 1930 (per Los Angeles Times). Mayo died December 30, 1957 in a fire in Los Angeles.
Marie Mosquini (1899–1983) on October 10, 1930; Mosquini was a silent film actress, and they remained married until his death in 1961.
Politics
De Forest was a conservative Republican and fervent anti-communist and anti-fascist. In 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression, he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, but later came to resent him, calling Roosevelt America's "first Fascist president". In 1949, he "sent letters to all members of Congress urging them to vote against socialized medicine, federally subsidized housing, and an excess profits tax". In 1952, he wrote to the newly elected Vice President Richard Nixon, urging him to "prosecute with renewed vigor your valiant fight to put out Communism from every branch of our government". In December 1953, he cancelled his subscription to The Nation, accusing it of being "lousy with Treason, crawling with Communism."
Religious views
Although raised in a strongly religious Protestant household, de Forest later became an agnostic. In his autobiography, he wrote that in the summer of 1894 there was an important shift in his beliefs: "Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became more of a philosopher than I have ever since. And thus, one by one, were my childhood's firm religious beliefs altered or reluctantly discarded."
Quotes
De Forest was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also made many correct predictions, including microwave communication and cooking.
"I discovered an Invisible Empire of the Air, intangible, yet solid as granite."
"I foresee great refinements in the field of short-pulse microwave signaling, whereby several simultaneous programs may occupy the same channel, in sequence, with incredibly swift electronic communication. [...] Short waves will be generally used in the kitchen for roasting and baking, almost instantaneously." – 1952
"So I repeat that while theoretically and technically television may be feasible, yet commercially and financially, I consider it an impossibility; a development of which we need not waste little time in dreaming." – 1926
"To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of Jules Verne. I am bold enough to say that such a man-made voyage will never occur regardless of all future advances." – 1957
"I do not foresee 'spaceships' to the moon or Mars. Mortals must live and die on Earth or within its atmosphere!" – 1952
"As a growing competitor to the tube amplifier comes now the Bell Laboratories’ transistor, a three-electrode germanium crystal of amazing amplification power, of wheat-grain size and low cost. Yet its frequency limitations, a few hundred kilocycles, and its strict power limitations will never permit its general replacement of the Audion amplifier." – 1952
"I came, I saw, I invented—it's that simple—no need to sit and think—it's all in your imagination."
PatentsPatent images in TIFF format "Wireless Signaling Device" (directional antenna), filed December 1902, issued January 1904;
"Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector diode), filed January 1906, issued June 1906;
"Wireless Telegraph System" (separate transmitting and receiving antennas), filed December 1905, issued July 1906;
"Wireless Telegraph System," filed January 1906 issued July 1906;
"Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed May 1906, issued November 1906;
"Wireless Telegraphy" (tunable vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed August 1906, issued January 1907;
"Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents" (...), filed August 1906, issued January 1907;
"Wireless Telegraph Transmitting System" (antenna coupler), filed May 1904, issued January 1908;
"Space Telegraphy" (increased sensitivity detector – clearly shows grid), filed January 1907, issued February 18, 1908;
"Wireless Telegraphy";
"Wireless Telegraph Tuning Device";
"Wireless Telegraph Transmitter," filed February 1906, issued July 1909;
"Space Telegraphy";
"Space Telephony";
"Oscillation Responsive Device" (parallel plates in Bunsen flame) filed February 1905, issued December 1910;
"Transmission of Music by Electromagnetic Waves";
"Wireless Telegraphy" (directional antenna/direction finder), filed June 1906, issued June 1914;
"Wireless Telegraphy."
See also
Birth of public radio broadcasting
Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts
Robert von Lieben
References
Further reading
Adams, Mike. Lee de Forest: king of radio, television, and film (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).
Adams, Mike. "Lee de Forest and the Invention of Sound Movies, 1918–1926" The AWA Review (vol. 26, 2013).
Aitken, , Hugh G. J. The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932 (1985).
De Forest, Lee. Father of radio: the autobiography of Lee de Forest' (Wilcox & Follett, 1950).
Chipman, Robert A. "De Forest and the Triode Detector" Scientific American, March 1965, pp. 93–101.
Hijiya, James A. Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio (Lehigh UP, 1992).
Lubell, Samuel. "'Magnificent Failure'" Saturday Evening Post, three parts: January 17, 1942 (pp. 9–11, 75–76, 78, 80), January 24, 1942 (pp. 20–21, 27–28, 38, and 43), and January 31, 1942 (pp. 27, 38, 40–42, 46, 48–49).
Tyne, Gerald E. J. Saga of the Vacuum Tube (Howard W. Sams and Company, 1977). Tyne was a research associate with the Smithsonian Institution. Details de Forest's activities from the invention of the Audion to 1930.
Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio by Ken Burns a PBS Documentary Video 1992. Focuses on three of the individuals who made significant contributions to the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest, David Sarnoff and Edwin Armstrong. LINK
External links
Lee de Forest, American Inventor (leedeforest.com)
Lee de Forest biography (ethw.org)
Lee de Forest biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame
"Who said Lee de Forest was the 'Father of Radio'?" by Stephen Greene, Mass Comm Review, February 1991.
"Practical Pointers on the Audion" by A. B. Cole, Sales Manager – De Forest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co., QST'', March 1916, pp. 41–44. (wikisource.org)
"A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation" by Sungook Hong, Seoul National University (PDF)
"De Forest Phonofilm Co. Inc. on White House grounds" (1924) (shorpy.com)
Guide to the Lee De Forest Papers 1902–1953 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1873 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Academy Honorary Award recipients
American agnostics
American anti-fascists
American electrical engineers
Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery
California Republicans
History of radio
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Naval Consulting Board
Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
People from Council Bluffs, Iowa
Radio pioneers
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni | [
0.28825825452804565,
0.4509790539741516,
-0.5903640389442444,
0.38277727365493774,
0.6593968272209167,
-0.21989533305168152,
0.2608069181442261,
-0.403363436460495,
-0.04157773777842522,
-0.22455479204654694,
-0.26226791739463806,
0.7289460897445679,
-0.31746792793273926,
0.38235318660736084,
-0.35033753514289856,
-0.01812264695763588,
-0.25038665533065796,
-0.05511819198727608,
0.43011921644210815,
-0.5179049968719482,
-0.6174064874649048,
-0.38843676447868347,
0.21592949330806732,
-0.03811420872807503,
-0.31796208024024963,
0.23210902512073517,
-0.49819597601890564,
0.35293641686439514,
0.1449405699968338,
0.48624128103256226,
0.3481234312057495,
0.026209542527794838,
0.18289069831371307,
-0.14470815658569336,
-0.5794544816017151,
0.3978448510169983,
-0.7338749766349792,
-0.3287045359611511,
-0.22548091411590576,
0.2664267122745514,
-0.18095476925373077,
0.35106661915779114,
0.2797161340713501,
0.02051503211259842,
-0.36937177181243896,
-0.11798179149627686,
-1.61963951587677,
0.06435573846101761,
-0.24056044220924377,
0.017115479335188866,
-0.4203353822231293,
0.24935372173786163,
-0.15644530951976776,
0.5807830691337585,
-0.3828767240047455,
0.014233888126909733,
0.007732199039310217,
0.0022580225486308336,
-0.12729458510875702,
-0.19519874453544617,
-0.18900036811828613,
-0.6303150057792664,
0.5580453276634216,
-0.276430606842041,
0.5737314224243164,
0.013938461430370808,
0.10220129787921906,
-0.5393617153167725,
0.4181740880012512,
0.3742244243621826,
0.30222564935684204,
0.45849961042404175,
0.1439465582370758,
-0.3516939580440521,
0.1503458470106125,
-0.16468414664268494,
0.5937289595603943,
-0.31823205947875977,
0.17804443836212158,
0.3332348167896271,
0.15951743721961975,
-0.37697598338127136,
0.8463326692581177,
0.14700330793857574,
-0.08834192156791687,
0.05823533609509468,
-0.3454988896846771,
0.3085666596889496,
-0.8126658201217651,
-0.17228543758392334,
-0.4364885091781616,
-0.4388335347175598,
0.21776309609413147,
-0.2713358998298645,
-0.3024136424064636,
0.01990201324224472,
0.35976600646972656,
0.09197758883237839,
-0.4206581711769104,
-0.09218380600214005,
0.11320556700229645,
0.10561716556549072,
0.6187580227851868,
-0.4500320255756378,
-0.18913798034191132,
0.19231170415878296,
0.2241491824388504,
-0.2692298889160156,
-0.342885285615921,
0.29232919216156006,
0.01025041751563549,
-0.33615344762802124,
0.34063592553138733,
-0.3656851351261139,
-0.25590941309928894,
0.08350325375795364,
0.38223734498023987,
0.47294706106185913,
-0.23480994999408722,
0.19199833273887634,
0.27597713470458984,
0.3738934099674225,
-0.14230255782604218,
-0.16791048645973206,
-0.7744492292404175,
0.07959582656621933,
0.1890823245048523,
0.346265971660614,
-0.44253870844841003,
-0.15092477202415466,
-0.266792893409729,
0.7206202745437622,
-0.012027864344418049,
0.08944486081600189,
0.09371887147426605,
0.060479216277599335,
-0.029887404292821884,
-0.06481466442346573,
-0.181179016828537,
-0.022788168862462044,
-0.27253398299217224,
-0.1695820391178131,
-0.7144315242767334,
0.14680615067481995,
0.13604840636253357,
-0.2980298101902008,
-0.5750160217285156,
-0.08903023600578308,
-0.1602354198694229,
-0.10070721060037613,
-0.37152746319770813,
0.10913737863302231,
0.0688609778881073,
-0.6331236958503723,
-0.2717079818248749,
0.26869532465934753,
0.2815799117088318,
-0.008683622814714909,
0.049438390880823135,
-0.3025824725627899,
0.003611830295994878,
-0.07003303617238998,
-0.5425882339477539,
0.4634648561477661,
0.04821176826953888,
-0.16491371393203735,
0.2649286389350891,
-0.11709127575159073,
-0.47119173407554626,
0.08641223609447479,
0.24053741991519928,
-0.06662304699420929,
-0.03161054849624634,
-0.23969104886054993,
-0.6220177412033081,
0.27449968457221985,
0.790610134601593,
0.5304434895515442,
-0.1435842663049698,
-0.3002001643180847,
-0.4563191831111908,
-0.3021796643733978,
-0.17622564733028412,
-0.1348910629749298,
0.26892635226249695,
0.2732294797897339,
0.6965844631195068,
-0.2940693199634552,
-0.24776488542556763,
-0.6946916580200195,
-0.12156326323747635,
-0.819577693939209,
0.32393085956573486,
-0.5027774572372437,
0.9542116522789001,
0.1743348240852356,
-0.03912214934825897,
-0.02774771861732006,
0.1605292707681656,
0.185227632522583,
0.19905492663383484,
-0.16537563502788544,
0.19940878450870514,
-0.12861119210720062,
-0.23129059374332428,
0.16297407448291779,
0.5075626969337463,
0.10454709827899933,
0.7006460428237915,
0.023987706750631332,
0.3264399468898773,
0.015265577472746372,
0.588308572769165,
0.11663106083869934,
-0.13462893664836884,
-0.4805891513824463,
-0.9193230867385864,
0.04089534655213356,
0.36419880390167236,
-0.4595707356929779,
0.04196440055966377,
0.2434946745634079,
-0.20514357089996338,
0.7813706398010254,
0.1353730857372284,
0.839611291885376,
-0.29038336873054504,
-0.23588357865810394,
0.5022313594818115,
-0.1278582364320755,
0.13893559575080872,
-0.24984510242938995,
-0.2359849065542221,
-0.4018573462963104,
0.5134096741676331,
0.289926677942276,
0.11631284654140472,
-0.048612285405397415,
-0.007618474308401346,
-0.05198078602552414,
0.31842300295829773,
-0.4334903061389923,
-0.5280672311782837,
0.11098933219909668,
0.193766251206398,
-0.01029997505247593,
0.20443440973758698,
-0.20961980521678925,
0.12352170795202255,
0.18046079576015472,
0.23844803869724274,
0.417021781206131,
0.31028854846954346,
0.42479103803634644,
0.3883833885192871,
-0.1233009323477745,
0.4014485776424408,
-0.3586038053035736,
0.6744496822357178,
-0.13821372389793396,
0.8920894265174866,
0.2964036762714386,
-0.03089151903986931,
-0.12668059766292572,
-0.31553882360458374,
-0.6181284189224243,
-0.17242291569709778,
-0.17113786935806274,
0.07325655966997147,
0.2085379958152771,
0.26256242394447327,
0.4131288230419159,
0.24319420754909515,
0.2943025529384613,
0.20780977606773376,
0.08442159742116928,
0.25383803248405457,
0.12847425043582916,
-0.10073301196098328,
-0.5364567041397095,
0.5096043944358826,
0.39103469252586365,
-0.3190188407897949,
-0.6365401148796082,
-0.1899215430021286,
-0.3065052032470703,
-0.30830514430999756,
-0.33170342445373535,
0.3366359770298004,
-0.04468740522861481,
-0.7422742247581482,
0.8575863838195801,
0.06602487713098526,
0.7228277325630188,
-0.1700880229473114,
0.5048200488090515,
-0.05317156761884689,
-0.2919980585575104,
0.030967870727181435,
-0.29630354046821594,
-0.8150743246078491,
-0.13579793274402618,
-0.1948290914297104,
-0.22441841661930084,
-0.07870958000421524,
0.5087152123451233,
-0.05937720462679863,
-0.4567020535469055,
-5.930845737457275,
0.18851320445537567,
0.22608844935894012,
-0.7783870697021484,
0.06716205179691315,
-0.0329580157995224,
0.6066957712173462,
-0.3997907340526581,
0.049168456345796585,
0.3857220411300659,
-0.41351497173309326,
-0.11316284537315369,
-0.034005675464868546,
0.3054255247116089,
0.4165036678314209,
-0.1928441971540451,
-0.12192288041114807,
-0.00660155713558197,
0.10350874066352844,
0.5355889201164246,
-0.11546854674816132,
-0.4842265546321869,
0.2568381726741791,
0.16008275747299194,
0.14946502447128296,
-0.02741127833724022,
-0.20249833166599274,
0.33047568798065186,
-0.2214636206626892,
-0.6763079166412354,
0.25441229343414307,
-0.42593178153038025,
-0.12045285850763321,
-0.044370949268341064,
0.09650497883558273,
0.08138883858919144,
0.42214512825012207,
0.8510963320732117,
-0.014815585687756538,
-0.08344318717718124,
0.276040643453598,
0.017409134656190872,
-0.5865274667739868,
0.019352195784449577,
0.028905091807246208,
0.29459068179130554,
-0.07686898112297058,
0.061774879693984985,
-0.10400055348873138,
0.40327581763267517,
0.7262175679206848,
0.0590859055519104,
0.5551556944847107,
-0.1714622527360916,
0.07175274938344955,
-0.13706304132938385,
0.2165391445159912,
-0.37516024708747864,
-0.6508525013923645,
0.11005090177059174,
0.5622277855873108,
-0.2917126715183258,
-0.49694040417671204,
-0.2630215585231781,
-0.09937700629234314,
-0.23877406120300293,
-0.23482514917850494,
-0.01282042358070612,
0.4217359721660614,
-0.00031690613832324743,
0.34618470072746277,
0.6104782819747925,
0.820360004901886,
-1.159712314605713,
-0.3254258632659912,
0.20795877277851105,
0.2875775396823883,
-0.22985483705997467,
-0.23962396383285522,
0.49561718106269836,
-0.1496312916278839,
-0.19930994510650635,
-0.19663266837596893,
0.30977877974510193,
0.1094631552696228,
0.14095880091190338,
-0.44693735241889954,
0.6509187817573547,
-0.520007312297821,
-0.3148448169231415,
0.4345741271972656,
-0.04581969976425171,
-0.3204372227191925,
0.1367025077342987,
0.17628775537014008,
-0.22883380949497223,
0.08510453999042511,
0.7481542229652405,
0.9022145867347717,
0.15719251334667206,
-0.5526031851768494,
0.4338637590408325,
0.07787367701530457,
-0.8306370377540588,
-0.08234792202711105,
-0.06446263194084167,
-0.2223266065120697,
-0.27177491784095764,
0.5977067351341248,
-0.0951802060008049,
-0.45245635509490967,
0.5078688859939575,
-0.425147145986557,
0.00017146005120594054,
0.5965852737426758,
-0.4329623579978943,
-0.1383415162563324,
0.29118040204048157,
0.6857791543006897,
-0.5697117447853088,
0.28602972626686096,
0.44148972630500793,
0.4255487322807312,
0.16716891527175903,
0.10681503266096115,
0.05725547671318054,
-0.46910804510116577,
0.17402100563049316,
-0.8708311915397644,
-0.09333325922489166,
-0.2774191200733185,
0.3181997537612915,
0.1763060986995697,
0.6823582053184509,
-0.16115660965442657,
-0.10161639004945755,
-1.0016335248947144,
0.030230510979890823,
0.12613888084888458,
-0.20024614036083221,
0.10957124829292297,
-0.39295098185539246,
0.3973506689071655,
0.020758051425218582,
0.9145575165748596,
-0.18678319454193115,
-0.12821358442306519,
-0.4777195453643799,
0.08489903807640076,
-0.4157887399196625,
-0.18202202022075653,
-0.5077394843101501,
0.3174845278263092,
-0.614225447177887,
-0.4521203637123108,
0.051367245614528656,
-0.4237391948699951,
-0.49545636773109436,
-0.18296615779399872,
-0.3461304306983948,
0.23767156898975372,
0.012056632898747921,
-0.6959174871444702,
-0.205952450633049,
0.10796446353197098,
0.26694294810295105,
-0.2956955134868622,
0.003449263283982873,
-0.075086809694767,
-0.42626309394836426,
-0.14654198288917542,
-0.32799625396728516,
-0.4166542589664459,
-0.33927658200263977,
0.14863649010658264,
0.5478731393814087,
-0.3342669606208801,
0.14708799123764038,
0.04082750156521797,
-0.2021566480398178,
0.11322904378175735,
-0.016607340425252914,
-0.9467594027519226,
-0.3064771294593811,
-0.034493107348680496,
-0.6893414855003357,
-0.11012258380651474,
-0.43568503856658936,
-0.547888994216919,
-0.04616711288690567,
-0.24800069630146027,
0.14744216203689575,
-0.16207163035869598,
0.6205210089683533,
-0.5148667693138123,
-0.14699235558509827,
-0.247678741812706,
-0.03901437297463417,
-0.04439137503504753,
-0.3828277289867401,
-0.029263008385896683,
-0.4678940773010254,
-0.2501623034477234,
-0.5010119676589966,
0.40074023604393005,
-1.051315426826477,
-0.21798233687877655,
0.41697588562965393,
-0.6820522546768188,
0.5964455008506775,
-0.10742348432540894,
-0.6102600693702698,
-0.1418427973985672,
-0.22219055891036987,
-0.25055816769599915,
0.13509975373744965,
0.5348723530769348,
0.08591122180223465,
-0.1935185343027115,
-0.49940863251686096,
0.08929607272148132,
0.21397742629051208,
0.2065642923116684,
0.15480421483516693,
-0.5266854166984558,
0.12607702612876892,
-0.225319042801857,
0.7063298225402832,
0.5018499493598938,
-0.25888729095458984,
-0.5852848887443542,
0.08218297362327576,
0.02018168941140175,
0.4575812518596649,
-0.14819470047950745,
-0.3027493953704834,
0.18141184747219086,
0.35882630944252014,
-0.2297639101743698,
0.5150237679481506,
0.659240186214447,
0.9964036345481873,
-0.4123353362083435,
0.5675933361053467,
-0.13605670630931854,
0.8775464296340942,
0.3136895000934601,
-0.10497146844863892,
-0.12117485702037811,
0.19898679852485657,
0.4388905465602875,
0.15611198544502258,
-0.8221018314361572,
0.6386679410934448,
0.5397898554801941,
-0.17287786304950714,
0.040422409772872925,
0.3312780261039734,
-0.09305113554000854,
-0.4646466374397278,
-0.07367333024740219,
0.355318546295166,
0.3678704798221588,
0.15507158637046814,
0.3625274896621704,
0.41324353218078613,
-0.21052245795726776,
-0.044125694781541824,
-0.10789111256599426,
-0.1692252904176712,
0.2974320948123932,
-0.03478400781750679,
0.02682330831885338,
0.729846715927124,
-0.10766018182039261,
0.6567481160163879,
-0.030310560017824173,
-0.09022273868322372,
-0.0943014845252037,
-0.31381872296333313,
-0.2771669626235962,
0.05801491439342499,
-0.2958914339542389,
-0.4263506233692169,
-0.3039836585521698,
0.014470817521214485,
0.04440239816904068,
-0.694121778011322,
0.03156476095318794,
-0.30164971947669983,
-0.24875520169734955,
0.2921154201030731,
0.23425191640853882,
0.5370980501174927,
-0.1247352808713913,
0.09064526855945587,
-0.08935759216547012,
0.7912551164627075,
-0.19010014832019806,
-0.2346903681755066,
-0.008332867175340652,
0.6222434639930725,
0.36732953786849976,
-0.35959887504577637,
0.40953966975212097,
-0.24913066625595093,
0.3532991111278534,
-0.6367491483688354,
-0.6028611660003662,
-0.041658177971839905,
0.3571959435939789,
0.3482603430747986,
-0.3189394176006317,
0.7687082290649414,
-0.700678288936615,
-0.008954753167927265,
1.1021370887756348,
0.2368999868631363,
0.16676607728004456,
0.1197313517332077,
-0.28757980465888977,
-0.3306230902671814,
0.2281748354434967,
-0.47682029008865356,
-0.33935144543647766,
0.2401614934206009,
0.09787315130233765,
0.16251075267791748,
-0.03623393923044205,
0.5394719839096069,
0.6950671076774597,
-0.19416041672229767,
0.2566225826740265,
0.9749642610549927,
-0.38103187084198,
-0.40065276622772217,
0.017432572320103645,
-0.12300876528024673,
-0.276084303855896,
0.33007368445396423,
-0.05070437490940094,
0.3791080117225647,
0.167840376496315,
0.33097001910209656,
0.2074834406375885,
-0.003019185969606042,
0.6324782967567444,
0.6437549591064453,
-0.2915486991405487,
-0.0434502474963665,
0.22280250489711761,
0.0014535090886056423,
0.6010995507240295,
-0.023375151678919792,
0.19045373797416687,
-0.2808738052845001,
0.47873371839523315,
0.16137097775936127,
0.26877209544181824,
0.1461571902036667,
-0.3712162971496582,
0.19623857736587524,
1.060817003250122,
-0.02468171715736389,
-0.005160159897059202,
-0.25296735763549805,
-0.09115143865346909,
-0.030851688235998154,
0.06757084280252457,
0.25586479902267456,
0.1992718130350113,
0.07124990224838257,
-0.5666627287864685,
0.2516244053840637,
-0.2112812101840973,
0.35386624932289124,
0.4706266522407532,
-0.4306879937648773,
0.418681800365448,
-0.1706644743680954,
-0.2981826663017273,
0.2712078392505646,
-0.11456939578056335,
-0.4296155869960785,
0.11618611961603165,
-0.45762109756469727,
-0.5157928466796875,
0.21355874836444855,
0.34960418939590454,
-0.5756878852844238,
0.1517150104045868,
-0.9539394974708557,
-0.050335757434368134,
-0.1787712723016739,
-0.2550906836986542,
0.06380900740623474,
0.15963813662528992,
-0.02801203541457653,
0.10133487731218338,
-0.3517574667930603,
0.026090390980243683,
0.526029109954834,
0.2143670618534088,
-0.12452960014343262,
-0.23405282199382782,
0.786320149898529,
-0.5676230788230896,
-0.1406499594449997,
-0.25383201241493225,
0.5986985564231873,
-0.2931227684020996,
0.3109343647956848,
-0.3512876629829407,
0.35316622257232666,
-0.10000678896903992,
0.25188732147216797,
0.7474635243415833,
0.3195662498474121,
-0.1639946550130844,
-0.5513266921043396,
0.10538029670715332,
0.2837810814380646,
-0.43647804856300354,
-0.44748935103416443,
0.30655768513679504,
0.2725960612297058,
0.23665204644203186,
-0.42752042412757874,
-0.31277963519096375,
0.2812667787075043,
0.1892327219247818,
-0.104568250477314,
-0.5956480503082275,
-0.2254360169172287,
-0.3541109263896942,
-1.0052355527877808,
-0.21937277913093567,
0.4670514464378357,
0.025022512301802635,
-0.9324818849563599,
0.4724356234073639,
0.812888503074646,
0.06689276546239853,
0.19489721953868866,
0.038531992584466934,
-0.12170084565877914,
0.0546879805624485,
-0.21745145320892334,
-0.1195623129606247,
0.49329960346221924,
-0.17055609822273254,
-0.472342312335968,
0.052054379135370255,
-0.7475042343139648,
-0.04522868990898132,
-0.18781708180904388,
0.24712103605270386,
0.5465972423553467,
0.4237154424190521,
-0.06821394711732864
] |
256765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby%20Evans | Barnaby Evans | Barnaby Evans (born 1953) is an American artist who works in many media including site-specific sculpture installations, photography, film, garden design, architectural projects, writing and conceptual works. Evans is best known for WaterFire, a sculpture that he installed on the three rivers of downtown Providence, Rhode Island.
Work
His original training was in the sciences, but he has been working exclusively as an artist for more than twenty-five years.
In 1994, he created First Fire to celebrate the tenth anniversary of First Night Providence; in June 1996, he created Second Fire for the International Sculpture Conference and the Convergence International Arts Festival in Providence. With hundreds of volunteers and the broad support of the community he established WaterFire as an ongoing installation in 1997. Evans also created WaterFire Houston in 1998 and installed Moving Water for the Institute of Contemporary Art's Vita Brevis Program in Boston in 2001. Among other installation works, Barnaby Evans created Temple to Milk in 1989, Protecting the Flag in 1990, Execution Coda (with artist Irene Lawrence) in 1993, and Solstice Courtyard in 1997. Evans created Rikyu's Second Dream for the Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art for the summer of 1999, a related work, 613 Lengths of Bamboo, at the Brattleboro Museum of Art, and Heart of Glass for the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, both in 2001. Evans is currently exploring art installations for a number of other cities including St. Petersburg, Barcelona, and Seoul.
Barnaby Evans is also known for his photography which is included in the permanent collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London; the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris; the Musee' d'art et d'histoire, Fribourg, Switzerland; the Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts; and the Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design among others. His photographs have also been nationally and internationally exhibited and published in Camera, Lucerne, Switzerland; Photokina, Cologne, Germany; Photography Annual, New York; and Schweizerische Photorundschau / Revue Suisse de Photographie.
Barnaby Evans received his bachelor's degree in biology and environmental science from Brown University in 1975, where he was a member of the Brown Association for Cooperative Housing. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humanities by Brown University and an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by Rhode Island College, both in 2000. Evans has also received the Aaron Siskind Fellowship in Photography, several fellowships from the Rhode Island State Council on the Arts, the Silver Prize for Colour Photography at the International Triennial Exhibition (in Switzerland) and Providence's Renaissance Award in 1997. Evans received the 2003 Kevin Lynch Award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and WaterFire was honored with the 2003 Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal from the Bruner Foundation, given to Providence for the renaissance of its downtown. Evans has lectured at many universities including Brown University, the Rhode Island School of Design, MIT, Harvard, Cornell, McGill, and the University of Barcelona. Evans was a 2003/2004 Artist in Residence at MIT where he co-taught a course at the Department of Urban Studies with the late Mark Schuster at MIT on the impact of ephemera on the urban environment. In 2008 Evans created a new work on the Boston Common for First Night Boston. Evans was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 2011.
References
External links
Waterfire Providence website: Artist page
blog entry about Barnaby Evans
Artist to reflect on 'WaterFire' installation by Lynn Heinemann and Mary Haller (MIT, 2003.10.01)
Riverfront Renaissance by Anne Diffily (Brown Alumni Magazine, 1998.03)
"Barnaby Evans", Entrepreneurship Forum of New England
Brown University alumni
American installation artists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Artists from Rhode Island
1953 births | [
0.7137631177902222,
1.0776554346084595,
-1.0868806838989258,
-0.21615196764469147,
0.32794392108917236,
0.8431771993637085,
0.2831580936908722,
-0.25164633989334106,
-0.09226903319358826,
-0.2919164299964905,
-0.37071457505226135,
0.11057241261005402,
-0.0036627412773668766,
0.3566649556159973,
-0.06922141462564468,
0.5006894469261169,
-0.31928855180740356,
-0.1834678053855896,
-0.2933073043823242,
0.28300243616104126,
-0.21897508203983307,
-0.724631130695343,
0.39930248260498047,
-0.2646294832229614,
-0.594436764717102,
0.3847264349460602,
0.2035076767206192,
0.017938267439603806,
-0.09834533929824829,
0.09380214661359787,
0.19626480340957642,
0.10715223848819733,
0.20350013673305511,
-0.7081020474433899,
0.3479117155075073,
-0.1546727418899536,
-0.6407862305641174,
-0.5459704399108887,
0.06478884071111679,
-0.1370258629322052,
0.3943503797054291,
0.6546191573143005,
0.2374398410320282,
0.10391341894865036,
-0.10991422832012177,
-0.1908254325389862,
-1.7689769268035889,
0.2244032472372055,
-0.8882457613945007,
-0.1317145675420761,
-0.3808632791042328,
0.36937251687049866,
0.9593270421028137,
-0.14105263352394104,
0.38379085063934326,
0.22190673649311066,
-0.27042028307914734,
-0.27504032850265503,
0.3060014247894287,
-0.43770739436149597,
0.5646410584449768,
0.02279433235526085,
0.014186615124344826,
-0.1926090270280838,
0.1683262288570404,
0.07713904231786728,
0.788437008857727,
-0.0681634470820427,
0.2629365026950836,
-0.04551226645708084,
0.04533013328909874,
0.2353026568889618,
0.2360239177942276,
-0.03482261300086975,
-0.22051545977592468,
0.20420636236667633,
0.39951929450035095,
-0.219137042760849,
0.44238996505737305,
0.38601788878440857,
0.23494161665439606,
0.13602915406227112,
0.8840233087539673,
0.11800730973482132,
0.723685622215271,
-0.04888765886425972,
-0.39543652534484863,
0.17736227810382843,
-0.7512356638908386,
0.253934770822525,
-0.27688342332839966,
-0.7775399088859558,
-0.14192907512187958,
0.6613090634346008,
0.2570576071739197,
-0.5721054077148438,
0.043788980692625046,
0.441010981798172,
0.32907482981681824,
-0.07797317206859589,
0.0884624645113945,
-0.14077474176883698,
0.11808018386363983,
0.012020240537822247,
-0.09318072348833084,
-0.4197264313697815,
-0.5986366271972656,
-0.4069744050502777,
-0.3464755713939667,
0.2680412530899048,
0.08598628640174866,
0.23355145752429962,
-0.06477538496255875,
-0.2166745662689209,
0.5530292391777039,
0.3519701659679413,
0.30455344915390015,
-0.2334102839231491,
-0.6748727560043335,
-0.012805158272385597,
-0.14881855249404907,
0.35905352234840393,
-0.3973265290260315,
0.44184425473213196,
-0.8381406664848328,
0.00044132606126368046,
0.24328136444091797,
0.6320623755455017,
-0.9111151099205017,
-0.172898069024086,
0.07481388002634048,
0.6465775370597839,
0.2608186602592468,
-0.4082928001880646,
0.09178847074508667,
-0.26787957549095154,
-0.08155964314937592,
-0.3958835303783417,
0.2714386284351349,
0.6825497150421143,
-0.26335224509239197,
-0.38766515254974365,
0.06411676853895187,
-0.06491867452859879,
0.3876759111881256,
-0.15088781714439392,
0.33548468351364136,
-0.15684689581394196,
-0.12115446478128433,
0.5641915202140808,
0.34875500202178955,
0.28791436553001404,
-0.3289775550365448,
-0.3923414349555969,
-0.30444860458374023,
0.17199824750423431,
0.2981244921684265,
0.28008678555488586,
0.26335588097572327,
0.0024835101794451475,
0.3230762779712677,
0.0408545546233654,
-0.20008786022663116,
0.014981936663389206,
0.332242876291275,
-0.42622798681259155,
-0.04501762613654137,
0.004739181138575077,
-0.06789147108793259,
0.18799830973148346,
-0.001203591818921268,
-0.022470125928521156,
-0.12083037197589874,
-0.09159195423126221,
-0.32866477966308594,
0.2566932737827301,
0.5668067336082458,
0.29319068789482117,
0.2588043808937073,
0.10444681346416473,
-0.41001132130622864,
-0.6770084500312805,
-0.032849375158548355,
0.15375268459320068,
0.3743901550769806,
-0.23855333030223846,
0.18027329444885254,
-0.06670945882797241,
0.21913926303386688,
-0.007442360743880272,
-0.3730756640434265,
-0.3315865099430084,
0.3941607177257538,
-0.33989885449409485,
1.0308235883712769,
0.3403577208518982,
-0.35098958015441895,
0.10148429870605469,
0.5715401768684387,
0.33418378233909607,
-0.0649958997964859,
-0.2503385543823242,
-0.17639560997486115,
-0.7087201476097107,
0.31235721707344055,
-0.05853218585252762,
0.863295316696167,
-0.3317791223526001,
-0.11545883864164352,
0.17372535169124603,
0.021185530349612236,
-0.7867763638496399,
0.6321054100990295,
0.7315853238105774,
-0.42987510561943054,
-0.3491315245628357,
-0.47398146986961365,
0.009243538603186607,
-0.36288535594940186,
-0.4718500077724457,
0.8997254967689514,
0.6539389491081238,
-0.16951711475849152,
0.32942068576812744,
0.05236148089170456,
0.6386699676513672,
-0.4390539526939392,
-0.29854246973991394,
0.3785957992076874,
-0.19995799660682678,
-0.09685380011796951,
0.8771138191223145,
-0.06780663132667542,
-0.7592477798461914,
0.5646512508392334,
-0.23124919831752777,
0.5846267342567444,
-0.3908729553222656,
0.5466832518577576,
-0.35666391253471375,
0.1269393116235733,
0.38073134422302246,
-0.6125137209892273,
0.1062496230006218,
0.051257602870464325,
0.18907029926776886,
0.2697581946849823,
-0.24582546949386597,
-0.1293165534734726,
0.38661670684814453,
0.15726880729198456,
0.3473786413669586,
0.3153358995914459,
0.010654754936695099,
-0.4646942913532257,
-0.0425964817404747,
0.11264443397521973,
-0.6687771677970886,
0.5627650618553162,
0.010089492425322533,
-0.0652833878993988,
-0.5193336009979248,
0.41936326026916504,
-0.044459257274866104,
-0.3539499342441559,
-0.6546211838722229,
0.05013822019100189,
-0.7642059922218323,
0.4390127956867218,
-0.1264774203300476,
0.6229655146598816,
0.07419824600219727,
-0.1502755582332611,
0.7752165198326111,
0.03793252259492874,
0.34868159890174866,
-0.11714139580726624,
0.3247216045856476,
-0.1852395385503769,
-0.8297139406204224,
0.49996471405029297,
0.9896278381347656,
-0.06347458064556122,
-0.9940330982208252,
-0.16063232719898224,
-0.03575250133872032,
-0.04280110448598862,
-0.3177630305290222,
-0.0758863091468811,
-0.06432978063821793,
-0.24343770742416382,
1.3209434747695923,
0.1709815263748169,
0.22549335658550262,
-0.5863813757896423,
1.023494005203247,
-0.4697909355163574,
-0.5834678411483765,
-0.4179028868675232,
0.09472277015447617,
-0.16491711139678955,
0.4397657513618469,
-0.15409666299819946,
0.417716383934021,
0.1826614886522293,
0.4027308225631714,
-0.48557716608047485,
0.04207586869597435,
-5.746401786804199,
0.16301177442073822,
0.4159797430038452,
-0.04088864475488663,
-0.10198742151260376,
0.2698069214820862,
0.6505923271179199,
0.165114164352417,
0.0804653987288475,
-0.6389963030815125,
-0.22967533767223358,
-0.09448839724063873,
-0.09359589964151382,
0.928196907043457,
0.8770097494125366,
0.586524248123169,
0.7306225299835205,
-0.4790182411670685,
-0.013774729333817959,
0.3429937958717346,
-0.2448319047689438,
-0.34430015087127686,
-0.22021053731441498,
-0.08341154456138611,
0.10000506043434143,
-0.14652207493782043,
-0.9506580829620361,
-0.15191970765590668,
-0.5692930221557617,
-0.10128474235534668,
0.2843326926231384,
-0.49422991275787354,
-0.5746967196464539,
-0.05330482870340347,
-0.03709569200873375,
0.6059070825576782,
0.12475493550300598,
-0.11506122350692749,
0.0626664087176323,
-0.34423959255218506,
0.1777196079492569,
0.19970498979091644,
-0.6892954111099243,
0.23220834136009216,
0.3598034381866455,
-0.44935154914855957,
-0.5235903859138489,
-0.38275396823883057,
-0.2649569511413574,
0.47101742029190063,
0.31897708773612976,
0.5186163783073425,
0.6706827282905579,
-0.09999879449605942,
-0.06121685355901718,
-0.11670615524053574,
0.06240081787109375,
0.1345367282629013,
-0.43179556727409363,
-0.12957240641117096,
0.04478195682168007,
-0.339386522769928,
0.2538259029388428,
-0.07763393223285675,
-0.3242674767971039,
-0.090168297290802,
-0.18591277301311493,
-0.09817831963300705,
-0.17146970331668854,
-0.566936194896698,
0.12221677601337433,
0.5866689682006836,
-0.3657619059085846,
-1.1105372905731201,
0.1452668309211731,
-0.07924254983663559,
0.2633868455886841,
-0.3205077648162842,
-0.37806329131126404,
-0.5746468901634216,
-0.19736823439598083,
-0.5571705102920532,
-0.113398976624012,
0.528248131275177,
-0.005110661033540964,
-0.36940208077430725,
-0.4186250865459442,
0.4860023856163025,
-0.3729783892631531,
-0.44356250762939453,
0.2053638994693756,
0.11962924152612686,
0.19383825361728668,
0.14499297738075256,
0.732513427734375,
0.16109615564346313,
1.1448986530303955,
0.4769923985004425,
0.8393096327781677,
0.490416556596756,
0.2964828312397003,
-0.41186684370040894,
-0.50034099817276,
-0.21603886783123016,
-0.20290936529636383,
-0.11155805736780167,
-0.08605778962373734,
0.04361240193247795,
0.4366447925567627,
-0.1890920102596283,
-0.1823069155216217,
0.2247198224067688,
-0.585406482219696,
-0.38173821568489075,
-0.11024154722690582,
0.1439547836780548,
0.24091491103172302,
-0.11553332954645157,
0.37500447034835815,
-0.09203454107046127,
0.06166120246052742,
0.3075791597366333,
0.3961251378059387,
0.2956431210041046,
0.04301833361387253,
-0.3406848907470703,
-0.25790920853614807,
0.03858233988285065,
-0.4638229310512543,
0.17950744926929474,
-0.1380728781223297,
0.5943326354026794,
-0.33714357018470764,
0.035427480936050415,
0.05472240224480629,
0.19617149233818054,
-0.674406111240387,
-0.2562011182308197,
-0.19541071355342865,
0.46688103675842285,
0.41492655873298645,
-0.2540673613548279,
0.17726166546344757,
0.17196936905384064,
0.2649998366832733,
0.2844071090221405,
0.1638023555278778,
0.2842784523963928,
-0.2857285439968109,
0.5278455018997192,
-0.16494864225387573,
-0.36069363355636597,
0.09479811787605286,
-0.5405665636062622,
0.13204732537269592,
-0.1721588373184204,
-0.7400466799736023,
-0.32596075534820557,
0.16063635051250458,
-0.19658835232257843,
-0.12310776114463806,
-0.10480774939060211,
-0.7872901558876038,
-0.3269173502922058,
-0.25873303413391113,
-0.11165236681699753,
-0.3032083809375763,
-0.15557412803173065,
-0.5872474312782288,
-0.25537505745887756,
0.1179705560207367,
-0.8698708415031433,
0.32845842838287354,
-0.3274187743663788,
0.0427393801510334,
-0.2841986119747162,
-0.4176607131958008,
-0.5807877779006958,
0.035657238215208054,
-0.3943363428115845,
-0.09621737152338028,
0.5713303685188293,
-0.36639612913131714,
-0.42365139722824097,
0.4706421494483948,
-0.20961087942123413,
-0.7383233904838562,
-0.3005388081073761,
0.23489432036876678,
0.00478198379278183,
-0.02737865038216114,
-0.016368450596928596,
0.26301801204681396,
0.5890254974365234,
-0.2852447032928467,
-0.29756930470466614,
0.2767936885356903,
-0.4078439772129059,
-0.1444178819656372,
-0.4341399371623993,
0.018968353047966957,
-0.32819586992263794,
-0.5878260135650635,
0.3590383529663086,
0.40509355068206787,
-1.0516046285629272,
0.045167937874794006,
0.028822336345911026,
-0.02155606634914875,
0.1594863384962082,
-0.4385802745819092,
0.0017770817503333092,
-0.2920486032962799,
0.035954490303993225,
-0.6543633937835693,
0.20308077335357666,
0.5174410939216614,
0.11925046145915985,
-0.5389932990074158,
-0.04926598444581032,
-0.3343324661254883,
-0.08800750970840454,
-0.2686785161495209,
-0.126506969332695,
-0.30383753776550293,
0.4889117181301117,
0.30835217237472534,
-0.07459966838359833,
0.15614436566829681,
-0.4971657693386078,
-0.05743332952260971,
-0.09139958769083023,
-0.28069356083869934,
-0.1708078235387802,
-0.15249834954738617,
0.13517142832279205,
-0.04449533298611641,
0.05922681465744972,
-0.267350971698761,
0.7127938270568848,
0.11053088307380676,
0.6700178980827332,
0.042538680136203766,
-0.009136218577623367,
-0.1619294136762619,
0.3944220542907715,
-0.20619648694992065,
-0.2614012658596039,
-0.4404875338077545,
-0.12090427428483963,
0.15959492325782776,
-0.5651927590370178,
-0.009177632629871368,
-0.15532846748828888,
1.0316559076309204,
-0.38057827949523926,
0.25611165165901184,
-0.20244136452674866,
0.08118829131126404,
-0.507405698299408,
0.21153971552848816,
-0.2398199588060379,
-0.4236516058444977,
-0.11754605919122696,
-0.33220016956329346,
0.3428214490413666,
0.14256373047828674,
-0.2363012433052063,
0.31222665309906006,
-0.4221073389053345,
0.02097654528915882,
0.4266849458217621,
-0.11293534189462662,
0.31892937421798706,
-0.4170731008052826,
-0.041309110820293427,
-0.09290889650583267,
-0.35908880829811096,
-0.09683749079704285,
-0.30830836296081543,
-0.44949543476104736,
0.5435864329338074,
0.15027447044849396,
-0.3231589198112488,
0.5244683027267456,
-0.08329851180315018,
0.1167195737361908,
-0.8011391758918762,
-0.07455162703990936,
-0.6512411236763,
-0.3874323070049286,
-0.1590871512889862,
-0.43725892901420593,
-0.02395448088645935,
0.12724818289279938,
0.6655501127243042,
-0.10968833416700363,
0.2910187244415283,
0.09348419308662415,
-0.07509402185678482,
-0.2147323489189148,
0.6940690875053406,
0.1935928910970688,
-0.2630768120288849,
0.28255343437194824,
-0.20516642928123474,
-0.08577370643615723,
-0.10275924205780029,
0.0078093078918755054,
0.4230351746082306,
0.16614127159118652,
-0.04593023657798767,
0.0857965424656868,
0.5525761246681213,
-0.5081733465194702,
-0.19855844974517822,
0.5703452229499817,
-0.2132786065340042,
0.5318208932876587,
0.22659988701343536,
-0.7381855249404907,
-0.5223791599273682,
0.5488155484199524,
-0.06973934173583984,
0.20817402005195618,
0.6712896227836609,
0.08943931758403778,
0.3930809795856476,
-0.0960877314209938,
0.25287574529647827,
0.312514990568161,
-0.36947718262672424,
-0.4255794584751129,
0.2656311094760895,
0.1190270334482193,
0.12836545705795288,
0.30520913004875183,
-0.17323964834213257,
-0.21767094731330872,
0.17624077200889587,
-0.39028558135032654,
0.5197053551673889,
-0.20193250477313995,
0.15655839443206787,
-0.23800325393676758,
-0.19570553302764893,
0.07666154205799103,
0.6023624539375305,
-0.6268749833106995,
0.4720118045806885,
0.53660649061203,
0.07325924932956696,
0.12819872796535492,
-0.45135927200317383,
0.24241119623184204,
-0.6453349590301514,
0.7479487657546997,
-0.08095351606607437,
-0.4072355329990387,
0.4597821831703186,
-0.14532436430454254,
-0.3858553171157837,
0.48961323499679565,
0.05438147485256195,
-0.7947532534599304,
-0.3769530653953552,
-0.30257508158683777,
-0.7774351239204407,
0.19617541134357452,
0.2634058892726898,
0.525418221950531,
0.36442556977272034,
-0.388731986284256,
0.6486645340919495,
0.17048485577106476,
0.5990798473358154,
0.4008338749408722,
-0.06979458034038544,
-0.3846368193626404,
-0.19306673109531403,
-0.6071984171867371,
-0.13823646306991577,
-0.042962610721588135,
-0.0389375314116478,
0.19917505979537964,
-0.22569748759269714,
0.382820725440979,
0.9540253281593323,
-0.05303417146205902,
0.21913579106330872,
0.7640635371208191,
0.27321657538414,
-0.23170530796051025,
0.25061196088790894,
-0.7114360332489014,
0.062437523156404495,
-0.16686376929283142,
0.8828003406524658,
-0.0448363721370697,
-0.08378485590219498,
0.17719666659832,
0.5343614220619202,
0.24089962244033813,
-0.053790606558322906,
-0.4790790379047394,
0.24206280708312988,
-0.6353194117546082,
-0.1375894844532013,
-0.3624112904071808,
0.4201536476612091,
0.21255789697170258,
-0.038925960659980774,
-0.1836055964231491,
-0.16631534695625305,
-0.00537860905751586,
0.3690520226955414,
0.5291593074798584,
0.48331961035728455,
0.4764325022697449,
0.3273944854736328,
0.549068033695221,
0.09220542758703232,
0.12123600393533707,
0.4034137725830078,
-0.5469869375228882,
0.03819034993648529,
-0.3019731938838959,
-0.38718825578689575,
0.3037748336791992,
0.2612341046333313,
0.40982744097709656,
0.30046334862709045,
-0.6964845061302185,
-0.12901520729064941,
-0.44659149646759033,
-0.9990291595458984,
0.23229822516441345,
1.1000341176986694,
0.701882004737854,
-0.38462093472480774,
0.5708280801773071,
0.10671057552099228,
-0.617368221282959,
-0.17062459886074066,
-0.3941728174686432,
0.4164467751979828,
-0.11915399134159088,
-0.7060291171073914,
-0.07058490812778473,
0.6900925040245056,
0.09479836374521255,
-0.2905900180339813,
-0.29331034421920776,
-0.557339608669281,
-0.44912511110305786,
-0.277086079120636,
0.4931402802467346,
-0.20943951606750488,
0.4027451276779175,
-0.27854037284851074
] |
256767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton%20J.%20Sheen | Fulton J. Sheen | Fulton John Sheen (born Peter John Sheen, May 8, 1895 – December 9, 1979) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church known for his preaching and especially his work on television and radio. Ordained a priest of the Diocese of Peoria in 1919, Sheen quickly became a renowned theologian, earning the Cardinal Mercier Prize for International Philosophy in 1923. He went on to teach theology and philosophy at the Catholic University of America as well as acting as a parish priest before being appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York in 1951. He held this position until 1966 when he was made the Bishop of Rochester. He resigned in 1969 as his 75th birthday approached, and was made archbishop of the titular see of Newport, Wales.
For 20 years as "Father Sheen", later monsignor, he hosted the night-time radio program The Catholic Hour on NBC (1930–1950) before moving to television and presenting Life Is Worth Living (1952–1957). Sheen's final presenting role was on the syndicated The Fulton Sheen Program (1961–1968) with a format very similar to that of the earlier Life is Worth Living show. For this work, Sheen twice won an Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, and was featured on the cover of Time magazine. Starting in 2009, his shows were being re-broadcast on the EWTN and the Trinity Broadcasting Network's Church Channel cable networks. Due to his contribution to televised preaching, Sheen is often referred to as one of the first televangelists.
The cause for his canonization was officially opened in 2002. In June 2012, Pope Benedict XVI officially recognized a decree from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints stating that he lived a life of "heroic virtues" – a major step towards beatification – and he is now referred to as "venerable". On July 5, 2019, Pope Francis approved a reputed miracle that occurred through the intercession of Sheen, clearing the way for his beatification. Sheen was scheduled to be beatified in Peoria on December 21, 2019, but the beatification was postponed after the current Bishop of Rochester expressed concern that Sheen's handling of a 1963 sexual misconduct case against a priest might be cited unfavorably in a forthcoming report from the New York Attorney General. The Diocese of Peoria countered that Sheen's handling of the case had already been "thoroughly examined" and "exonerated" and that Sheen had "never put children in harm's way".
Childhood
Sheen was born in El Paso, Illinois, the oldest of four sons of Newton and Delia Sheen. His parents were of Irish descent and their own parents were from Croghan, County Roscommon, Connacht. Though he was known as "Fulton", his mother's maiden name, he was baptized as "Peter John Sheen". As an infant, Sheen contracted tuberculosis. After the family moved to nearby Peoria, Illinois, Sheen's first role in the Church was as an altar boy at St. Mary's Cathedral.
Education
After earning high school valedictorian honors at Spalding Institute in Peoria, Peoria County, Illinois, in 1913, Sheen was educated at St. Viator College in Bourbonnais, Kankakee County, Illinois, and attended Saint Paul Seminary in Minnesota before his ordination on September 20, 1919. He continued studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, District of Columbia. He celebrated his first Christmas Mass at St. Mark Parish in Peoria, Illinois, which remains the only altar in the Peoria area where he held a Mass. His youthful appearance was still evident on one occasion when a local priest asked Sheen to assist as altar boy during the celebration of the Mass.
Sheen completed a pair of doctoral degrees. He became fluent in French, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium in 1923. His thesis was titled "The Spirit of Contemporary Philosophy and the Finite God". While at Leuven, he became the first American ever to win the Cardinal Mercier Prize for the best philosophical treatise. In 1924 Sheen pursued further studies in Rome, earning a Sacred Theology Doctorate at the Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.
Priestly life
Sheen was the assistant to the pastor at St. Patrick's Church, Soho Square in London for a year, while teaching theology at St. Edmund's College, Ware, where he met Ronald Knox. Although Oxford and Columbia wanted him to teach philosophy, in 1926 Bishop Edmund Dunne of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria, Illinois, asked Sheen to take over St. Patrick's parish. After nine months, Dunne returned him to the Catholic University of America, where he taught philosophy until 1950.
In 1929, Sheen gave a speech at the National Catholic Educational Association. He encouraged teachers to "educate for a Catholic Renaissance" in the United States. Sheen was hoping that Catholics would become more influential in their country through education, which would help attract others to the faith. He believed that Catholics should "integrate" their faith into the rest of their daily life.
Bishop and archbishop
Sheen was consecrated a bishop on June 11, 1951, and served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1951 to 1966. The principal consecrator was the Discalced Carmelite Cardinal Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, the Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto and the Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation (what is today the Congregation for Bishops). The co-consecrators were Archbishop Leone Giovanni Battista Nigris, Titular Archbishop of Philippi and the Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (what is today the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples); and Archbishop Martin John O'Connor, Titular Archbishop of Laodicea in Syria and President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications.
In 1966, Sheen was made the Bishop of Rochester. He served in this position from October 21, 1966, to October 6, 1969, when he resigned and was made the archbishop of the titular see of Newport, Wales.
Ecumenical efforts
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sheen was notable for early efforts seeking common ground with Christians from non-Roman churches, whether Eastern or Protestant. He occasionally celebrated Byzantine Divine Liturgy, with papal permission awarding him certain bi-ritual faculties. He often commended Protestant devotion to Bible study: "The first subject of all to be studied is Scripture, and this demands not only the reading of it but the study of commentaries. ... Protestant commentaries, I discovered, were also particularly interesting because Protestants have spent more time on Scripture than most of us." His autobiography summarized his ecumenical outlook: "The combination of travel, the study of world religions and personal encounter with different nationalities and peoples made me see that the fullness of truth is like a complete circle of 360 degrees. Every religion in the world has a segment of that truth."
Media career
Radio
A popular instructor, Sheen wrote the first of 73 books in 1925, and in 1930 began a weekly NBC Sunday-night radio broadcast, The Catholic Hour. Sheen called World War II not only a political struggle, but also a "theological one". He referred to Hitler as an example of the "Anti-Christ". Two decades later, the broadcast had a weekly listening audience of four million people. Time referred to him in 1946 as "the golden-voiced Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, U.S. Catholicism's famed proselytizer", and reported that his radio broadcast received 3,000–6,000 letters weekly from listeners. During the middle of this era, he narrated the first religious service broadcast on the new medium of television, putting in motion a new avenue for his religious pursuits.
Television
While at the Catholic University of America, Sheen provided voice-over commentary for an Easter Sunday Mass in 1940 that was one of the first televised religious services. During the sermon, telecast on experimental station W2XBS, Sheen remarked: "This is the first religious television in the history of the world. Let therefore its first message be a tribute of thanks to God for giving the minds of our day the inspiration to unravel the secrets of the universe."
On February 12, 1952, he began a weekly television program on the DuMont Television Network, titled Life Is Worth Living. Filmed at the Adelphi Theatre in New York City, the program consisted of the unpaid Sheen simply speaking in front of a live audience without a script or cue cards, occasionally using a chalkboard.
The show, scheduled in a prime time slot on Tuesday nights at 8:00 p.m., was not expected to challenge the ratings giants Milton Berle and Frank Sinatra, but did surprisingly well. Berle, known to many early television viewers as "Uncle Miltie" and for using ancient vaudeville material, joked about Sheen, "He uses old material, too", and observed that "[i]f I'm going to be eased off the top by anyone, it's better that I lose to the One for whom Bishop Sheen is speaking." Sheen responded in jest that maybe people should start calling him "Uncle Fultie". Life and Time magazine ran feature stories on Bishop Sheen. The number of stations carrying Life Is Worth Living jumped from three to fifteen in less than two months. There was fan mail that flowed in at a rate of 8,500 letters per week. There were four times as many requests for tickets as could be fulfilled. Admiral, the sponsor, paid the production costs in return for a one-minute commercial at the show's opening and another minute at the close. In 1952, Sheen won an Emmy Award for his efforts, accepting the acknowledgment by saying, "I feel it is time I pay tribute to my four writers – Matthew, Mark, Luke and John." When Sheen won the Emmy, Berle quipped, "We both work for 'Sky Chief, a reference to Berle's sponsor Texaco. Time called him "the first 'televangelist and the Archdiocese of New York could not meet the demand for tickets.
One of his best-remembered presentations came in February 1953, when he forcefully denounced the Soviet regime of Joseph Stalin. Sheen gave a dramatic reading of the burial scene from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, substituting the names of prominent Soviet leaders Stalin, Lavrenty Beria, Georgy Malenkov, and Andrey Vyshinsky for the original Caesar, Cassius, Marc Antony, and Brutus. He concluded by saying, "Stalin must one day meet his judgment." Days later, the dictator suffered a stroke, dying within the week.
Indeed, Sheen was often quick to rebuke what he considered wrongful conduct, as in his televised sermon "False Compassion" when he shouted: "There are sob sisters; there are the social slobberers who insist on compassion being shown to the muggers, to the dope fiends, to the throat slashers, to the beatniks, to the prostitutes, to the homosexuals, to the punks, so that today the decent man is practically off the reservation" – before clarifying the criticism and charging his viewers with the responsibility to "hate the sin ... and love the sinner."
The show ran until 1957, drawing as many as 30 million people weekly. In 1958, Sheen became national director of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, serving for eight years before being appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Rochester, New York, on October 26, 1966. He also hosted a nationally syndicated series, The Fulton Sheen Program, from 1961 to 1968 (first in black and white and then in color). The format of this series was essentially the same as Life Is Worth Living.
International cassette tape ministry
In September 1974, the Archbishop of Washington asked Sheen to be the speaker for a retreat for diocesan priests at the Loyola Retreat House in Faulkner, Maryland. This was recorded on reel-to-reel tape, state of the art at the time.
Sheen requested that the recorded talks be produced for distribution. This was the first production of a worldwide cassette tape ministry called Ministr-O-Media. This nonprofit company operated on the grounds of St. Joseph's Parish, Pomfret, Maryland. The retreat album was titled, Renewal and Reconciliation and included nine 60-minute audiotapes.
Evangelization
Sheen was credited with helping convert a number of notable figures to the Catholic faith, including agnostic writer Heywood Broun, politician Clare Boothe Luce, automaker Henry Ford II, communist writer Louis F. Budenz, communist organizer Bella Dodd, theatrical designer Jo Mielziner, violinist and composer Fritz Kreisler, and actress Virginia Mayo. Each conversion process took an average of 25 hours of lessons, and reportedly more than 95% of his students in private instruction were baptized.
Falling-out with Cardinal Spellman
According to the foreword written for a 2008 edition of Sheen's autobiography, Treasure in Clay: The Autobiography of Fulton J. Sheen, Catholic journalist Raymond Arroyo wrote why Sheen "retired" from hosting Life is Worth Living "at the height of its popularity ... [when] an estimated 30 million viewers and listeners tuned in each week." Arroyo wrote that "It is widely believed that Cardinal Spellman drove Sheen off the air."
Arroyo relates that: "In the late 1950s, the government donated millions of dollars' worth of powdered milk to the New York Archdiocese. In turn, Cardinal Spellman handed that milk over to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith to distribute to the poor of the world. On at least one occasion, he demanded that the director of the Society, Bishop Sheen, pay the Archdiocese for the donated milk. He wanted millions of dollars. Despite Cardinal Spellman's considerable powers of persuasion and influence in Rome, Sheen refused. These were funds donated by the public to the missions, funds Sheen himself had personally contributed to and raised over the airwaves. He felt an obligation to protect them, even from the itchy fingers of his own Cardinal."
Spellman later took the issue directly to Pope Pius XII, pleading his case with Sheen present. The Pope sided with Sheen. Spellman later confronted Sheen, stating, "I will get even with you. It may take six months or ten years, but everyone will know what you are like." Besides being pressured to leave television, Sheen also "found himself unwelcome in the churches of New York City. Spellman canceled Sheen's annual Good Friday sermons at St. Patrick's Cathedral and discouraged clergy from befriending the Bishop." In 1966, Spellman had Sheen reassigned to Rochester, New York, and caused his leadership at the Society for the Propagation of the Faith to be terminated (a position he had held for 16 years and raised hundreds of millions of dollars for, to which he had personally donated $10 million of his earnings). On December 2, 1967, Spellman died in New York City.
Sheen never talked about the situation, only making vague references to his "trials both inside and outside the Church." He even went so far as to praise Spellman in his autobiography.
Later years
While serving in Rochester, he created the Sheen Ecumenical Housing Foundation. He also spent some of his energy on political activities, such as his denunciation of the Vietnam War in late July 1967. On Ash Wednesday in 1967, Sheen decided to give St. Bridget's Parish building to the federal Housing and Urban Development program. Sheen wanted to let the government use it for black Americans. There was a protest since Sheen acted on his own accord. The pastor disagreed, saying that "There is enough empty property around without taking down the church and the school." The deal fell through.
On October 15, 1969, one month after celebrating his 50th anniversary as a priest, Sheen resigned from his Rochester position. He was then appointed archbishop of the titular see of Newport, Wales () by Pope Paul VI. This ceremonial position gave him a promotion to archbishop and helped him continue his extensive writing. Sheen wrote 73 books and numerous articles and columns.
On October 2, 1979, two months before Sheen's death, Pope John Paul II visited St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City and embraced Sheen, saying, "You have written and spoken well of the Lord Jesus Christ. You are a loyal son of the Church."
Death and legacy
Beginning in 1977, Sheen "underwent a series of surgeries that sapped his strength and even made preaching difficult". Throughout this time, he continued to work on his autobiography, parts of which "were recited from his sickbed as he clutched a crucifix". Soon after an open-heart surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital, Sheen died on December 9, 1979, in his private chapel while praying before the Blessed Sacrament. He was interred in the crypt of St. Patrick's Cathedral near the deceased archbishops of New York, including Cardinal Spellman.
The official repository of Sheen's papers, television programs, and other materials is at St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry in Rochester, New York.
Joseph Campanella introduced the reruns of Sheen's various programs that are aired on EWTN. Reruns are also aired on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. In addition to his television appearances, Sheen can be heard on Relevant Radio.
The Fulton J. Sheen Museum, which is operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria and located in Peoria, Illinois, houses the largest set of Sheen's personal items in five collections. The museum is located one block south of Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception, where Sheen served as an altar boy, had his first communion and confirmation, was ordained and celebrated his first Mass. Another museum is located in Sheen's hometown of El Paso, Illinois. This museum contains various Sheen artifacts, but is not connected to the Diocese of Peoria.
The Sheen Center for Thought & Culture, located along Bleecker Street in Lower Manhattan, is named after him.
The actor Ramón Gerard Antonio Estévez adopted the stage name of Martin Sheen partly in admiration of the bishop.
Fulton Sheen did much of his preaching at Saint Agnes Church in Midtown Manhattan, from 1927 until his death in 1979. On October 7, 1980, New York Mayor Ed Koch renamed East 43rd Street in front of the church as "Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen Place".
Cause for canonization
The Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen Foundation was formed in 1998 by Gregory J. Ladd and Lawrence F. Hickey to make known the archbishop's life. The foundation approached Cardinal John O'Connor of the Archdiocese of New York for permission to commence the process of his cause, which was under the authority of the Diocese of Peoria. In 2002, Sheen's cause for canonization was officially opened by Bishop Daniel R. Jenky, C.S.C., of the Diocese of Peoria, and from then on Sheen was referred to as a "Servant of God". On February 2, 2008, the archives of Sheen were sealed at a ceremony during a special Mass at the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception in Peoria, Illinois, where the diocese was sponsoring his canonization. In 2009, the diocesan phase of the investigation came to an end, and the records were sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the Vatican in Rome.
On June 28, 2012, the Vatican announced officially that it had recognized Sheen's life as one of "heroic virtue", a major step towards eventual beatification. From this moment on, Sheen is styled "Venerable Servant of God". According to the Catholic News Service and The Catholic Post (the official newspaper of the Peoria Diocese), the case of a boy who as an infant had no discernible pulse for 61 minutes (who was about to be declared dead at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center in Peoria, Illinois, as a stillborn infant) and yet allegedly still lived to be healthy – without physical or mental impairment – was in the preliminary stages of being investigated as the possible miracle needed for Archbishop Sheen's potential beatification. If the miracle is approved at the diocesan level, and then by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the Vatican (being both medically unexplainable and directly attributable theologically to Sheen's intercession according to expert panels in both subject areas), beatification may proceed. Another such miracle would be required for him to be considered for canonization.
On September 7, 2011, a tribunal of inquiry was sworn in to investigate the alleged healing. During a special Mass at 10:30 am on Sunday, December 11, 2011, at St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria, the documentation gathered by the tribunal over nearly three months was boxed and sealed. It was then shipped to the Vatican for consideration by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, concluding the diocesan tribunal's work.
On Sunday, September 9, 2012, a Mass of Thanksgiving and banquet was held at St. Mary's Cathedral and the Spalding Pastoral Center in celebration of the advancement of Archbishop Sheen's cause. Attendees included Bishop Daniel R. Jenky, C.S.C., and his predecessor as Bishop of Peoria, Archbishop John J. Myers of Newark, New Jersey, along with many clergy and religious from around the country. Copies of the positio, the book detailing the documentation behind his cause, were presented to Myers, representatives of the Church in other states, a delegate from the Archdiocese of Chicago, and other patrons and supporters of Sheen's cause. According to statements made during the service by clergy connected to the cause, the medical and theological study of the possible miracles needed for his beatification and canonization was well underway. At least one was being seriously considered. Due to new rules under Pope Benedict XVI stating that beatification should occur locally, ideally in the candidate's home diocese (which is usually but not always the diocese that sponsors the cause), it would likely take place in Peoria, the first there. Should he be beatified and canonized, he would be among a select few natives of the U.S. to hold that distinction.
Transfer of Sheen's remains
In September 2014, it was announced that the canonization cause would be suspended due to a disagreement with the Archdiocese of New York concerning the return of Sheen's remains to the Diocese of Peoria. In a press release on June 14, 2016, it was announced that Sheen's surviving family petitioned the New York Supreme Court to allow the transfer of Sheen's remains to Peoria. The press release stated that "on several occasions, the Archdiocese [of New York] has declared its desire to cooperate with the wishes of the family."
In an action brought in New York Supreme Court (the trail-level court in New York), on November 16, 2016, Justice Arlene P. Bluth ordered the Archdiocese of New York to grant permission to disinter Sheen's body. The court ruled that the archdiocese's objection that Sheen would not want the disinterment was without factual basis. Given that his elevation to sainthood was being blocked, the court found the family had sufficient justification for moving his body.
However, on February 6, 2018, the New York State Appellate Division overturned Bluth's decision, ordering an evidentiary hearing be held as to whether moving Sheen's body would be consistent with his wishes. The court noted, "[I]t is unclear if Archbishop Sheen's direction in his will to be buried in 'Calvary Cemetery, the official cemetery of the Archdiocese of New York' evinces an express intention to remain buried in the Archdiocese of New York, or was merely a descriptive term for Calvary Cemetery." However, after re-examining the case and holding the evidentiary hearing on June 9, 2018, Bluth affirmed her earlier ruling. The archdiocese had allowed Peoria to begin the work on his cause for canonization, which eventually would have required at the least a collection of his relics.
The Archdiocese of New York announced on June 9, 2019, that it was officially giving up the fight to keep Sheen's remains under the altar at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. On June 27, 2019, the remains were transferred to St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria.
Miracle recognized for beatification
On July 6, 2019, the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints promulgated the decree approving Sheen's miracle needed for beatification. The miracle involves the unexplained recovery of James Fulton Engstrom, a boy stillborn in September 2010 to Bonnie and Travis Engstrom of the Peoria-area town of Goodfield. Engstrom's parents prayed for the intercession of Sheen for their son's recovery. Pope Francis approved the miracle, and Sheen was scheduled for beatification on December 21, 2019, at the Cathedral of St. Mary in Peoria.
Postponement of beatification
On December 3, 2019, the Diocese of Peoria announced that the Holy See had decided on December 2 that Sheen's beatification would be "postponed". The postponement was prompted by Salvatore Matano, Bishop of Rochester, who expressed concern that his predecessor's handling of a 1963 sexual misconduct case against a priest might be cited unfavorably in a forthcoming report from New York State Attorney General Letitia James. The Diocese of Peoria countered that Sheen's handling of the case had already been "thoroughly examined" and "exonerated" and that Sheen had "never put children in harm's way." As of early 2022, the Attorney General has not released any report criticizing Sheen, and the Vatican has not announced when or if the beatification will move ahead.
Selected books authored
God and Intelligence in Modern Philosophy (1925, Longmans, Green, and Co.)
The Seven Last Words (1933, The Century Co.)
Philosophy of Science (1934, Bruce Publishing Co.)
The Eternal Galilean (1934, Appleton-Century-Crofts)
Calvary and the Mass (1936, P. J. Kenedy & Sons)
The Cross and the Beatitudes (1937, P. J. Kenedy & Sons)
Seven Words of Jesus and Mary (1945, P. J. Kenedy & Sons)
Communism and the Conscience of the West (1948, Bobbs-Merrill)
Peace of Soul (1949, McGraw–Hill)
Three to Get Married (1951, Appleton-Century-Crofts)
The World's First Love (1952, McGraw-Hill)
Life Is Worth Living Series 1–5 (1953–1957, McGraw–Hill)
Way to Happiness (1953, Maco Magazine)
Way to Inner Peace (1955, Garden City Books)
Life of Christ (1958, McGraw–Hill)
Missions and the World Crisis (1963, Bruce Publishing Co.)
The Power of Love (1965, Simon & Schuster)
Footprints in a Darkened Forest (1967, Meredith Press)
Lenten and Easter Inspirations (1967, Maco Ecumenical Books)
Treasure in Clay: The Autobiography of Fulton J. Sheen (1980, Doubleday & Co.)
Finding True Happiness (2014, Dynamic Catholic)
Your Life is Worth Living: 50 Lessons to Deepen Your Faith, Foreword by Bishop Robert Barron (2019, Image Catholic Books)
References
Further reading
Reeves, Thomas C. (2001). America's Bishop: The Life and Times of Fulton J. Sheen. Encounter Books, San Francisco.
Riley, Kathleen L. (2004). Fulton J. Sheen: An American Catholic Response to the Twentieth Century. St. Paul's/Alba House, Staten Island.
Sherwood, Timothy H. (2010). The Preaching of Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen: The Gospel Meets the Cold War. Lexington Books.
Sherwood, Timothy H. (2013). The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books.
Winsboro, Irvin D. S. & Epple, Michael (Summer 2009). "Religion, Culture, and the Cold War: Bishop Fulton J. Sheen and America's Anti-Communist Crusade of the 1950s", Historian, 71 (2): 209–233.
External links
The Archbishop Fulton John Sheen Foundation
Library Catalog Record for Sheen's Ph.D. thesis
FBI file on Bishop Sheen
Venerable Fulton J. Sheen: 200 talks by Sheen available in MP3 format, along with streaming video of his Family Retreat
Time cover, Fulton J. Sheen, April 14, 1952
Fulton J. Sheen Spiritual Centre – El Paso, IL
1895 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
20th-century venerated Christians
American anti-communists
American Roman Catholic religious writers
American television evangelists
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular archbishops
American venerated Catholics
Anti-Masonry
Burials at St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)
Catholic television
Catholic University of America alumni
Catholic University of America faculty
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Catholics from Illinois
Christian writers
Emmy Award winners
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from El Paso, Illinois
People from Peoria, Illinois
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Roman Catholic bishops in New York (state)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester
Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity alumni
St. Viator College alumni
Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI
Writers from Illinois
Writers from New York City | [
0.07962096482515335,
0.633915901184082,
-0.8808632493019104,
-0.32697784900665283,
-0.137159526348114,
0.03382117673754692,
0.7909625172615051,
0.23791562020778656,
-0.17018769681453705,
-0.1997983753681183,
-0.04091644287109375,
0.4861770272254944,
-0.46574947237968445,
0.5020874738693237,
-0.19365456700325012,
0.07004188001155853,
0.11681687831878662,
-0.10962484776973724,
-0.15490677952766418,
-0.45208024978637695,
-0.19119606912136078,
-0.2205379158258438,
0.022639941424131393,
-0.006509636994451284,
-0.16768422722816467,
0.7979212403297424,
-0.6007079482078552,
-0.2889302670955658,
0.047953229397535324,
0.1469084918498993,
0.1925109475851059,
0.5054213404655457,
0.5313003063201904,
0.285309761762619,
-0.41147372126579285,
0.3491836488246918,
0.37755489349365234,
-0.46997299790382385,
-0.41671767830848694,
0.6435376405715942,
0.10685794800519943,
-0.29524174332618713,
0.4156433641910553,
0.08508031815290451,
0.1140003502368927,
0.14253422617912292,
-1.7649288177490234,
0.35015326738357544,
-0.971694827079773,
-0.5983647704124451,
0.032492171972990036,
0.21558544039726257,
0.3381951153278351,
0.24463436007499695,
-0.47079533338546753,
0.3269016444683075,
-0.3610699474811554,
0.4053724408149719,
0.2817399501800537,
-0.8515915274620056,
-0.5546631217002869,
-0.06082380563020706,
0.6786821484565735,
-0.3538549244403839,
0.04416964203119278,
-0.09021425247192383,
-0.44699081778526306,
0.31583231687545776,
-0.3616301417350769,
-0.2675752341747284,
-0.1384994387626648,
0.026223808526992798,
0.5202364325523376,
0.052275627851486206,
1.003275990486145,
-0.3824465870857239,
-0.04933933541178703,
-0.013388682156801224,
-0.09182296693325043,
-0.03192484751343727,
-0.6128829121589661,
-0.17247869074344635,
0.06977255642414093,
0.5249777436256409,
0.2962469160556793,
-0.2652256190776825,
-0.4735441207885742,
0.6730238795280457,
-0.47351107001304626,
0.3893674910068512,
-0.4584878087043762,
-0.17674794793128967,
-0.0038340722676366568,
0.037906866520643234,
-0.31283849477767944,
0.13727223873138428,
0.4591110944747925,
0.3296767771244049,
-0.3812887966632843,
0.07942653447389603,
-0.23110812902450562,
-0.025429727509617805,
0.6529027819633484,
0.06882545351982117,
-0.36906898021698,
0.1483207792043686,
0.09532082080841064,
-0.3678279519081116,
0.04252329841256142,
0.18507200479507446,
-0.9185333251953125,
0.07726742327213287,
-0.032414015382528305,
0.25945836305618286,
0.029129473492503166,
0.48033592104911804,
-0.10614456236362457,
-0.40027907490730286,
-0.9247378706932068,
-0.30473390221595764,
-0.2014429271221161,
0.32980987429618835,
-0.17520420253276825,
0.2944217622280121,
-0.4523042142391205,
0.10576970130205154,
-0.28363150358200073,
0.5902149677276611,
-0.2086612433195114,
0.06796322762966156,
0.16565276682376862,
0.7704530358314514,
-0.37331727147102356,
-0.1471802145242691,
-0.6491054892539978,
-0.3556041121482849,
0.48842912912368774,
-0.4538845717906952,
-0.06819717586040497,
0.256083220243454,
-0.3955450654029846,
-0.10771984606981277,
-0.13423553109169006,
0.08849509805440903,
0.8830971717834473,
-0.3507973849773407,
-0.2996109127998352,
-0.15421172976493835,
-0.08519798517227173,
-0.05679040774703026,
-0.14273695647716522,
0.3128209412097931,
0.3673584461212158,
0.10248950123786926,
-0.08997862786054611,
0.8283891677856445,
-0.020777685567736626,
0.2787049412727356,
0.4657677114009857,
0.35016700625419617,
-0.09489158540964127,
0.1131790354847908,
-0.21177440881729126,
-0.12904725968837738,
0.06437338143587112,
-0.015537743456661701,
0.028784265741705894,
-0.40443673729896545,
-0.29874125123023987,
-0.4596855044364929,
-0.47210583090782166,
0.32255908846855164,
-0.022809220477938652,
-0.2942056655883789,
-0.30945149064064026,
0.3972679674625397,
0.9620634317398071,
0.19911667704582214,
0.16619646549224854,
-0.5959277749061584,
-0.6515584588050842,
-0.5995268225669861,
0.2445264458656311,
-0.004165511578321457,
0.3548123240470886,
-0.0597616583108902,
0.3861316442489624,
0.14089977741241455,
0.37700751423835754,
-0.24222391843795776,
-0.9125167727470398,
-0.5546900033950806,
-0.06639046221971512,
-0.5023459792137146,
0.9933071732521057,
0.09362176060676575,
0.2203545868396759,
-0.08947581052780151,
0.5457057356834412,
0.7187293171882629,
-0.1556273102760315,
-0.17585264146327972,
0.20619410276412964,
-0.22519132494926453,
-0.2472006380558014,
0.7738502621650696,
0.4317614436149597,
-0.045335423201322556,
0.329306036233902,
0.6536640524864197,
0.14162516593933105,
-0.23660019040107727,
0.41691792011260986,
0.5469003915786743,
-0.6528531908988953,
-0.9445275068283081,
-0.2366403341293335,
0.02864164672791958,
0.30529704689979553,
-0.6143684983253479,
0.2612679898738861,
0.34411346912384033,
-0.1634063869714737,
1.0375080108642578,
-0.131453275680542,
0.3362590968608856,
-0.17827078700065613,
0.058323562145233154,
0.2609373927116394,
-0.020988566800951958,
-0.0023230346851050854,
0.5523577332496643,
0.15781226754188538,
-0.4642696678638458,
0.5267208218574524,
0.41076114773750305,
0.18437260389328003,
-0.36578992009162903,
-0.5655256509780884,
-0.5321264266967773,
0.1683914065361023,
-0.09992372989654541,
-0.40493887662887573,
0.0599602647125721,
-0.11041130870580673,
0.1478062868118286,
0.08908583968877792,
0.219156414270401,
-0.3726125657558441,
0.4210456609725952,
0.27334660291671753,
0.17922529578208923,
1.064717173576355,
-0.08854946494102478,
-0.03805859759449959,
0.27343207597732544,
0.2933824360370636,
-0.26746809482574463,
0.24562665820121765,
0.17545025050640106,
0.4192749559879303,
-0.42114415764808655,
-0.13933026790618896,
-0.30670544505119324,
-0.4588421881198883,
-0.6829323768615723,
0.18885992467403412,
-0.04011159762740135,
-0.1954726278781891,
-0.4625110626220703,
0.20071372389793396,
-0.7298429012298584,
-0.7907581925392151,
0.19895733892917633,
0.3242960572242737,
-0.32391440868377686,
0.034777913242578506,
0.5468802452087402,
-0.49565351009368896,
-0.14684173464775085,
-0.1471417248249054,
0.8574115633964539,
-0.28271210193634033,
0.4243161082267761,
-0.06258197128772736,
-0.31861910223960876,
-0.6715928316116333,
-0.8769761323928833,
-0.5919192433357239,
-0.2894435226917267,
-0.5501371026039124,
0.1564122438430786,
-0.09911071509122849,
-0.1856861114501953,
-0.17389290034770966,
0.0008563136216253042,
0.4993090033531189,
-1.1348414421081543,
0.06999795883893967,
0.07307538390159607,
-0.4817488193511963,
0.09931416809558868,
0.7175602316856384,
0.47153952717781067,
0.6293647885322571,
0.26616135239601135,
-0.3359067440032959,
-0.2979467213153839,
-5.44104528427124,
0.28110572695732117,
0.18601980805397034,
-0.5857120156288147,
0.482439786195755,
-0.1014646515250206,
0.5870119333267212,
-0.6936944723129272,
0.4051637351512909,
-0.4531315863132477,
-0.28115227818489075,
-0.13731758296489716,
0.04094540327787399,
0.6777266263961792,
0.8434005975723267,
0.3098817765712738,
1.0291608572006226,
-0.5421050786972046,
0.5182943344116211,
-0.038580480962991714,
0.3410049080848694,
-0.2800225019454956,
0.2192360907793045,
0.6272919178009033,
-0.03131454810500145,
0.5694177746772766,
-0.0663381963968277,
0.6683259606361389,
-0.43937328457832336,
-0.3630687892436981,
0.4907386302947998,
-0.18761464953422546,
-0.20177960395812988,
-0.7325696349143982,
-0.22725945711135864,
-0.2619541883468628,
0.5481194853782654,
0.19703441858291626,
0.27119335532188416,
-0.5212799906730652,
0.4938889443874359,
-0.3143702745437622,
-0.64777672290802,
-0.6963199973106384,
0.34047532081604004,
-0.38958391547203064,
-0.633348822593689,
0.13398370146751404,
-0.23225995898246765,
0.5724684596061707,
0.3772812485694885,
0.291353315114975,
0.2228187769651413,
0.06603212654590607,
0.25282180309295654,
-0.07656973600387573,
0.6962469220161438,
0.10292525589466095,
-0.8458635210990906,
-0.3748990595340729,
0.5141628384590149,
-0.24659451842308044,
-0.45489850640296936,
0.001881822245195508,
-0.08276362717151642,
-0.02032790146768093,
-0.010703842155635357,
0.7405453324317932,
0.07303396612405777,
-0.3216544985771179,
-0.618494987487793,
0.9667003154754639,
0.2598182260990143,
-1.1497002840042114,
0.20535552501678467,
0.18290314078330994,
-0.0748731940984726,
0.05982142314314842,
-0.3849899470806122,
0.14654454588890076,
0.08543200045824051,
-0.10023649781942368,
-0.042408786714076996,
0.26018163561820984,
0.6450760364532471,
0.3707841634750366,
0.06850290298461914,
0.73909991979599,
-0.4598830044269562,
-0.1488581746816635,
0.1691558063030243,
-0.16489776968955994,
0.20564699172973633,
0.46725523471832275,
0.5299739241600037,
0.5287201404571533,
-0.25841963291168213,
0.9865204691886902,
0.7388028502464294,
-0.3128615617752075,
-0.4419930577278137,
-0.3353104293346405,
1.1797332763671875,
-0.3366747200489044,
0.14907719194889069,
-0.34553781151771545,
-0.002795726992189884,
0.1168648898601532,
0.055888425558805466,
0.33297762274742126,
0.12280433624982834,
0.5507133603096008,
-0.6894481778144836,
-0.386274129152298,
0.43741539120674133,
0.371334046125412,
-0.24646210670471191,
0.2192881554365158,
0.5897014737129211,
0.7587884068489075,
0.5261487364768982,
0.39861372113227844,
-0.363504022359848,
0.2759262025356293,
-0.5132232308387756,
-0.15001896023750305,
0.16271965205669403,
-0.009198740124702454,
-0.19172649085521698,
-0.022503497079014778,
-0.12348583340644836,
0.35747289657592773,
0.516330897808075,
0.17273569107055664,
0.05190703645348549,
0.16588252782821655,
-0.5419386029243469,
-0.5527388453483582,
-0.3512619435787201,
0.028869017958641052,
0.14095783233642578,
-0.49799466133117676,
-0.217544287443161,
0.40150943398475647,
-0.11530070006847382,
0.528308093547821,
-0.40699994564056396,
-0.0061102393083274364,
0.3045106530189514,
0.6243597865104675,
0.022060759365558624,
-0.06094914302229881,
0.01719667762517929,
-0.7408314347267151,
-0.4276537597179413,
0.5795219540596008,
0.1555883288383484,
-0.18513980507850647,
-0.2343916893005371,
-0.21027366816997528,
-0.6816620826721191,
-0.7037301063537598,
-1.2213366031646729,
-0.1459520012140274,
0.060757096856832504,
0.30285894870758057,
-0.2869535982608795,
-0.24461442232131958,
-0.45172953605651855,
0.481502503156662,
-0.27720966935157776,
0.03498009592294693,
-0.6840794086456299,
0.0054103718139231205,
0.606852114200592,
0.16591018438339233,
0.5175254344940186,
-0.46498945355415344,
0.008773041889071465,
0.1408790796995163,
0.34205684065818787,
-0.3203742802143097,
-0.5424836277961731,
-0.2458694875240326,
0.8823180794715881,
-0.4941157400608063,
-0.9328776597976685,
-0.0295113492757082,
-0.3180446922779083,
0.3776417076587677,
0.26096686720848083,
-0.30588775873184204,
-0.1787170171737671,
0.7779297232627869,
0.04346580058336258,
-0.18467028439044952,
-0.02352064847946167,
-0.18943540751934052,
0.02610492706298828,
-0.37684202194213867,
-0.20443885028362274,
-0.2497277408838272,
-0.2476387619972229,
-0.02496369555592537,
-0.05991184711456299,
-0.9090608954429626,
-0.13923528790473938,
0.15935799479484558,
0.10708437860012054,
0.7246745824813843,
-0.021238034591078758,
-0.2954941689968109,
-0.37431836128234863,
0.4391036033630371,
0.08770304918289185,
-0.010683500207960606,
0.06612253934144974,
0.04854913055896759,
-0.5286316275596619,
-0.6468824148178101,
-0.4027974009513855,
-0.40101706981658936,
0.0047983210533857346,
-0.12389741837978363,
-0.12900292873382568,
-0.15463991463184357,
0.3744336664676666,
-0.8299646973609924,
0.38531529903411865,
0.1631236970424652,
-0.39303573966026306,
-0.12107138335704803,
0.2933669984340668,
0.9847445487976074,
-0.3675417900085449,
-0.31234288215637207,
0.5157558917999268,
0.6685119271278381,
-0.24793563783168793,
-0.07331962138414383,
0.4559527337551117,
0.9943069219589233,
0.047608327120542526,
-0.22040735185146332,
0.06552877277135849,
0.07878505438566208,
0.5983812212944031,
0.003072358202189207,
0.4499126076698303,
0.023510698229074478,
0.18352915346622467,
-0.15086792409420013,
-0.48611289262771606,
0.23174114525318146,
0.4472881257534027,
-1.0970039367675781,
-0.4468027651309967,
-0.07851161807775497,
0.14568258821964264,
-0.4736766219139099,
-0.09711083024740219,
-0.011572896502912045,
0.4236888587474823,
0.12992268800735474,
0.16321349143981934,
0.21646980941295624,
0.17272934317588806,
-0.04233168810606003,
0.3659195601940155,
-0.5098280310630798,
0.14959962666034698,
-0.009870882146060467,
0.08960318565368652,
0.5447536706924438,
-0.3732568621635437,
0.28864502906799316,
0.191190704703331,
-0.37609171867370605,
0.3794472813606262,
-0.14970055222511292,
-1.057932734489441,
-0.19191138446331024,
-0.599953830242157,
-0.5207506418228149,
-0.3050634562969208,
-0.7685045003890991,
-0.3662641644477844,
-0.15396182239055634,
0.015727924183011055,
-0.13897797465324402,
-0.7444648146629333,
-0.20979627966880798,
0.14215271174907684,
-0.24648699164390564,
-0.9982396364212036,
-0.17422612011432648,
0.10557124018669128,
0.3528800308704376,
-0.6065754294395447,
-0.16688144207000732,
-0.0751781016588211,
-0.027261827141046524,
0.333744615316391,
-0.5803438425064087,
0.27465659379959106,
-0.2926241159439087,
-0.25712844729423523,
-0.2955859303474426,
-0.7974964380264282,
0.02030721865594387,
0.43550050258636475,
0.4589388370513916,
0.31392157077789307,
0.5894091129302979,
-0.7223759293556213,
0.21321621537208557,
0.47682327032089233,
-0.2729249894618988,
-0.5275164246559143,
-0.063751719892025,
-0.05756339430809021,
0.4186922311782837,
0.3707961440086365,
-0.3536476194858551,
0.29559141397476196,
0.5329846739768982,
0.199587881565094,
-0.3715035915374756,
-0.586972713470459,
0.08025896549224854,
-0.03328842669725418,
0.3357028067111969,
-0.5328296422958374,
0.34485098719596863,
-0.4001069962978363,
-0.20799405872821808,
0.20314280688762665,
-0.23628142476081848,
0.044561054557561874,
0.4081253707408905,
-0.39200398325920105,
0.4480851888656616,
-0.03604210540652275,
-0.05856909602880478,
-0.004289005417376757,
-0.19067849218845367,
-0.15950170159339905,
-0.0779053121805191,
-0.46020370721817017,
0.08932125568389893,
0.5299351215362549,
0.2518672049045563,
0.4701884090900421,
0.0205722376704216,
0.6284133791923523,
-0.5100892782211304,
0.13606403768062592,
-0.6607628464698792,
-0.26586025953292847,
-0.27914702892303467,
-0.509782612323761,
-0.4449443221092224,
0.772800862789154,
0.026735706254839897,
0.30624887347221375,
0.05476856231689453,
0.2005031406879425,
-1.0265681743621826,
-0.01937136799097061,
1.1551538705825806,
-0.10845594853162766,
-0.37530168890953064,
-0.42481422424316406,
0.6578813791275024,
0.1036224439740181,
0.1100972518324852,
0.9830446243286133,
0.011136773973703384,
0.01473318412899971,
0.2527809739112854,
-0.6472551822662354,
0.19621217250823975,
-0.3460010886192322,
-0.08189144730567932,
-0.03003019094467163,
0.10818464308977127,
-0.15053758025169373,
0.5285188555717468,
0.09072411805391312,
0.04120032116770744,
1.037340760231018,
-0.6602577567100525,
-0.3392801582813263,
0.2957324683666229,
-0.15176616609096527,
0.6181536316871643,
-0.1259937584400177,
0.6117845177650452,
1.1497983932495117,
0.19692084193229675,
-0.24681569635868073,
0.41893041133880615,
0.38707101345062256,
-0.2947528660297394,
-0.6231991052627563,
-0.33952826261520386,
0.14381150901317596,
-0.2381371408700943,
-1.1026654243469238,
-0.24020500481128693,
-0.23166555166244507,
0.4267134666442871,
-0.63111811876297,
-0.005526497960090637,
-0.506986677646637,
0.19475485384464264,
0.8833456635475159,
-0.08999653160572052,
0.14777107536792755,
-0.052226290106773376,
-0.21846197545528412,
0.21778647601604462,
-0.07681788504123688,
0.3328579366207123,
0.6768410205841064,
0.4472937285900116,
0.14477480947971344,
-0.033540863543748856,
-0.19854310154914856,
0.3792881369590759,
-0.15528613328933716,
-0.552091658115387,
-0.0024050301872193813,
0.22106614708900452,
0.06142064929008484,
-0.6721063256263733,
0.2773640751838684,
0.636512279510498,
0.8092136383056641,
-0.6291475892066956,
0.44426196813583374,
0.3872963786125183,
-0.48361852765083313,
-0.14067241549491882,
-0.3442749083042145,
0.24150876700878143,
0.5457398295402527,
-0.5276712775230408,
0.6741530299186707,
0.596951425075531,
-0.35665401816368103,
-0.7121841907501221,
-0.04721059650182724,
-0.5301300883293152,
0.4798089265823364,
-0.5684731602668762,
0.6696810126304626,
0.42467808723449707,
0.9139891266822815,
-0.3026883006095886
] |
256769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable%20pricing | Variable pricing | Variable pricing is a pricing strategy for products. Traditional examples include auctions, stock markets, foreign exchange markets, bargaining, electricity, and discounts. More recent examples, driven in part by reduced transaction costs using modern information technology, include yield management and some forms of congestion pricing. Increasingly, sport venues, such as AT&T Park in San Francisco, have employed variable pricing to capture the most revenue possible out of consumers and fans.
Discussion
Due to advances in technology, another variant of variable pricing, called "real-time pricing", has arisen. In some markets events occur so fast that there is insufficient time to either set a fixed price or engage in lengthy negotiations. By the time one has all the information to determine a price, everything has changed. Examples include airline tickets, stock markets, and foreign exchange markets. In each case prices can change in less than a second. By linking all the market participants through internet connections, price changes are disseminated instantly as they occur.
A variant of real time pricing is online auction business model (such as eBay). All participants can view the price changes soon after they occur (technically this is not quite real time pricing because there is a delay built into the eBay system). Traditional auctions are inefficient because they require bidders (or their representatives) to be physically present. By solving this problem, online auctions reduce the transaction costs for bidders, increase the number of bidders, and increase the average bid price.
Sales are a traditional example of discriminatory pricing. During the Christmas shopping season prices are high. Come the new year there are sales. Other examples of sales occur on various goods such as appliances and cars. Electronics, clothes washers/dryers, etc. typically have a season of the year where sales occur. Cars are sold at discounts before the new model year. Discriminatory pricing is not always bad. It helps people who will/cannot pay "list" or even street price an opportunity to buy at a better price if they are willing to wait and/or to buy older models. At the same time it helps merchants clear out old stock and/or items for which they misjudged the market.
This kind of price discrimination is largely and widely used by rental car companies. Usually those firms need to know their customers' country of residence so they can adjust the price. Depending on the answer it is possible to get significantly different quotes for the same vehicle, date and time of rental. It is also true when accessing the rental car site through the .com main site.
Electricity real-time pricing allows charging higher prices when demand is highest, which is expected to reduce actual use during peak demand periods, which increases production costs because it drives the expansion of costly equipment.
See also
e-marketing
Geo (marketing)
Marketing
Price discrimination
Pricing
References
Maglaras, C., Meissner, J. "Dynamic Pricing Strategies for Multi-Product Revenue Management Problems." MSOM 2006.
Pricing | [
0.076161228120327,
-0.17375151813030243,
0.17742346227169037,
0.30553874373435974,
-0.32903674244880676,
0.12385303527116776,
-0.5008244514465332,
0.1134108304977417,
-0.10147011280059814,
-0.2423647791147232,
-0.10117506235837936,
1.2210538387298584,
-0.2792961001396179,
0.639204204082489,
0.33250316977500916,
0.4185534417629242,
-0.05036383122205734,
0.06479480117559433,
0.30079391598701477,
-0.32712528109550476,
-0.35494330525398254,
-0.13315141201019287,
0.4207806885242462,
-0.677731454372406,
-0.05587019398808479,
-0.003860367927700281,
0.2207115739583969,
0.08086469024419785,
-0.544096827507019,
0.21788085997104645,
0.006455691531300545,
1.355040431022644,
-0.28935110569000244,
0.4055086374282837,
0.29968613386154175,
-0.07319418340921402,
0.5210358500480652,
-0.4421367943286896,
-0.29783251881599426,
-0.46841731667518616,
-0.004393499810248613,
0.15161636471748352,
0.005784539505839348,
0.4504075348377228,
-0.16396582126617432,
-0.34456172585487366,
-1.910093069076538,
-0.44620394706726074,
-0.40472954511642456,
-0.6384323239326477,
-0.5758659243583679,
0.22936870157718658,
0.07198160886764526,
0.7066375613212585,
-0.029032528400421143,
0.8360815644264221,
-0.4642329514026642,
-0.24079284071922302,
-0.1290673166513443,
-0.37262648344039917,
0.23622576892375946,
0.5075044631958008,
-0.14349232614040375,
0.5147658586502075,
-0.1250600516796112,
-0.3861433267593384,
-0.17072390019893646,
0.22723275423049927,
-0.9485061168670654,
-0.3826698362827301,
-0.7131145000457764,
-0.44553694128990173,
-0.029492361471056938,
0.21209976077079773,
-0.41203656792640686,
0.45111504197120667,
-0.35356980562210083,
-0.10584782809019089,
-0.09466084092855453,
0.028944769874215126,
-0.15617649257183075,
0.5888323783874512,
0.48337823152542114,
-0.4635345935821533,
0.5623360872268677,
-0.11380381137132645,
0.12279580533504486,
0.8576575517654419,
-0.00008233144762925804,
0.6738710999488831,
0.1295621395111084,
-0.3704712986946106,
0.6000131964683533,
-0.17583681643009186,
-0.10583788901567459,
-0.25651276111602783,
0.6256521344184875,
0.23516935110092163,
0.08206092566251755,
0.6702460646629333,
0.2962084710597992,
-0.16465505957603455,
0.2159317284822464,
0.05919047072529793,
-0.3333895206451416,
-0.4381152391433716,
-0.5435801148414612,
-0.49641600251197815,
-0.0025149486027657986,
-0.2913425862789154,
-0.7465248107910156,
0.4118725657463074,
-0.15626423060894012,
-0.03635838255286217,
-0.5280097723007202,
0.3909510374069214,
-0.07867955416440964,
0.5633410215377808,
-0.3415287137031555,
0.49543076753616333,
0.12921413779258728,
0.2020861953496933,
-0.14350667595863342,
-0.25149771571159363,
0.04332788288593292,
0.15452127158641815,
0.6651077270507812,
0.5472072958946228,
-0.07205219566822052,
-0.0036861172411590815,
0.36282211542129517,
0.31727591156959534,
-0.08930555731058121,
0.08194272220134735,
-0.2658926546573639,
-0.8166437149047852,
0.38110867142677307,
-0.40054070949554443,
0.4788941740989685,
-0.5844683647155762,
-0.528701663017273,
-0.4604771137237549,
-0.8805748820304871,
-0.4826427400112152,
0.4826897978782654,
-0.017027493566274643,
-0.11260934174060822,
-0.5718735456466675,
-0.2180202454328537,
-0.2761625647544861,
0.14681750535964966,
0.44722071290016174,
-0.19358199834823608,
0.5390160083770752,
0.037609364837408066,
-0.22417080402374268,
0.0242153387516737,
-0.4012632668018341,
-0.2982819676399231,
0.3245953321456909,
-0.04358823969960213,
0.13427942991256714,
-0.2971239686012268,
-0.2684573531150818,
0.13818524777889252,
-0.8159107565879822,
0.2285633087158203,
0.45269888639450073,
-0.008145933970808983,
-0.3587262034416199,
-0.5708329081535339,
0.20903362333774567,
0.31232523918151855,
-0.5033800601959229,
0.6971062421798706,
0.5374693870544434,
-0.07176532596349716,
0.30663320422172546,
1.2494821548461914,
-0.18166746199131012,
-0.5244981050491333,
0.17322126030921936,
0.6939092874526978,
-0.41329607367515564,
0.2850402593612671,
-0.46951329708099365,
0.7297857403755188,
-0.16074658930301666,
0.15934866666793823,
-0.0236361026763916,
-0.6654111742973328,
0.29895326495170593,
-0.1533951759338379,
-0.5470282435417175,
0.8734567761421204,
0.1574845314025879,
-0.42541754245758057,
0.32252106070518494,
-0.08959276974201202,
-0.07255777716636658,
-0.41656219959259033,
-0.03144421800971031,
-0.1408945918083191,
-0.015051283873617649,
-0.6381813287734985,
0.6255270838737488,
0.3006039261817932,
-0.22800105810165405,
0.0749310702085495,
0.7794991135597229,
0.2740989327430725,
-0.23528100550174713,
0.15006358921527863,
-0.667180061340332,
0.13362741470336914,
0.029723776504397392,
-0.44890424609184265,
0.9809686541557312,
-0.057800594717264175,
0.11071516573429108,
0.5821158289909363,
0.13819542527198792,
-0.268783837556839,
0.9290438294410706,
-0.6103900074958801,
0.2030753493309021,
0.6489136219024658,
0.03776306286454201,
0.4545973539352417,
-0.5149875283241272,
0.1878708451986313,
0.16960568726062775,
0.3947935104370117,
-0.5274332761764526,
0.1380796879529953,
0.4836346209049225,
0.10564981400966644,
-0.06797919422388077,
-0.14434714615345,
-0.2474885880947113,
-0.100193090736866,
0.08871587365865707,
-0.22916382551193237,
0.3608247637748718,
-0.12397938221693039,
0.01184404268860817,
-0.31642574071884155,
0.6160793304443359,
-0.4567224979400635,
-0.19234232604503632,
0.31730231642723083,
0.5602231621742249,
0.4679761826992035,
-0.1739410161972046,
-0.0969008281826973,
-0.13027536869049072,
0.03808185085654259,
-0.01803666539490223,
0.09031086415052414,
0.02284352108836174,
0.059258099645376205,
0.22157993912696838,
-0.3152053952217102,
-0.2917271852493286,
0.06138904020190239,
-0.10176560282707214,
-0.6117085814476013,
-0.0427120216190815,
-0.0736728385090828,
0.1575988382101059,
0.46117326617240906,
-0.11687137186527252,
-0.7858057618141174,
-0.6428014636039734,
-0.19265376031398773,
-0.7067015767097473,
0.27912482619285583,
0.4260541796684265,
-0.659946858882904,
-0.02694096975028515,
0.025146782398223877,
0.1874908059835434,
0.6166334748268127,
-0.4572871923446655,
-0.6815953850746155,
-0.43563494086265564,
-0.07536027580499649,
-0.1193205863237381,
0.5094768404960632,
-0.5674139261245728,
-0.6427378058433533,
0.30610543489456177,
-0.3401853144168854,
0.5167227983474731,
0.027097735553979874,
0.23991747200489044,
-0.37200096249580383,
0.12837247550487518,
0.536156952381134,
-0.10762178897857666,
0.1204124242067337,
-0.12319231778383255,
0.01598907634615898,
-0.11856823414564133,
-0.14710499346256256,
-0.5025850534439087,
-0.10929514467716217,
-0.12633901834487915,
-5.685351371765137,
-0.4941222369670868,
-0.3262452781200409,
-0.256311297416687,
0.22973588109016418,
-0.359938383102417,
0.8653223514556885,
-0.28978633880615234,
-0.392490953207016,
-0.07302023470401764,
-0.48444950580596924,
-0.021423978731036186,
-0.24850474298000336,
0.2668355703353882,
0.9458147287368774,
0.473020076751709,
1.1016452312469482,
-0.06446931511163712,
0.47871655225753784,
0.6797848343849182,
-0.20494647324085236,
-0.0143820159137249,
-0.15550687909126282,
0.6672103404998779,
-0.265044242143631,
-0.02766062505543232,
0.03431980311870575,
0.20215632021427155,
-0.8030242323875427,
-0.00123655388597399,
-0.2969855070114136,
-0.11263711005449295,
-0.14599551260471344,
-0.49880358576774597,
0.3261508643627167,
0.015583314932882786,
0.015429120510816574,
0.19953395426273346,
0.5531425476074219,
0.19799141585826874,
-0.07945551723241806,
0.7202889919281006,
0.3056272566318512,
0.37812280654907227,
0.39702120423316956,
-0.009513788856565952,
-0.3888491094112396,
-0.2684319019317627,
-0.570866584777832,
0.4529573321342468,
0.20378714799880981,
0.18910790979862213,
0.9004061222076416,
-0.05946711078286171,
-0.04570921137928963,
-0.2182157188653946,
0.5026825666427612,
-0.38792142271995544,
-0.41243278980255127,
0.6673348546028137,
0.6750121712684631,
-0.6111500263214111,
-0.35118505358695984,
-0.04812575876712799,
-0.6000950932502747,
-0.19099776446819305,
-0.2009783387184143,
-0.47408533096313477,
-0.002562904730439186,
0.608397364616394,
-0.45596569776535034,
0.5245727300643921,
0.2526318430900574,
-0.559581995010376,
0.578575849533081,
0.06747865676879883,
0.0023008387070149183,
0.16597744822502136,
0.7944690585136414,
0.1753235161304474,
-0.11999359726905823,
-0.3847510814666748,
0.012632181867957115,
-0.051204387098550797,
-0.050545379519462585,
-0.45517414808273315,
0.09468969702720642,
0.6572829484939575,
-0.38822853565216064,
-0.3372066915035248,
0.12140585482120514,
-0.042186714708805084,
0.27057284116744995,
0.034564271569252014,
-0.2175048589706421,
0.11907381564378738,
0.7086734771728516,
0.010547172278165817,
0.09130412340164185,
-0.5476629734039307,
0.4632963538169861,
-0.30029529333114624,
-0.27174821496009827,
-0.2543727159500122,
-0.10140054672956467,
0.19828300178050995,
-0.21798020601272583,
0.2514680325984955,
0.47233933210372925,
-0.1420828104019165,
-0.33538034558296204,
0.953585684299469,
-0.41911593079566956,
0.021968096494674683,
0.026355084031820297,
0.2225061058998108,
-0.8759977221488953,
0.44023337960243225,
0.5256174802780151,
0.04406198486685753,
0.013697558082640171,
-0.1799188107252121,
-0.3431990444660187,
-0.381001740694046,
0.23238591849803925,
-0.12430937588214874,
0.055793486535549164,
0.06274823844432831,
-0.13161411881446838,
0.40192681550979614,
0.5232638120651245,
0.10296733677387238,
-0.24183844029903412,
-0.6212210059165955,
-0.13685154914855957,
-0.5403628945350647,
0.39711064100265503,
0.5158466100692749,
-0.09058845788240433,
-0.37120312452316284,
0.5802407264709473,
0.051643989980220795,
0.33813631534576416,
-0.10999637842178345,
0.6115994453430176,
0.4135779142379761,
-0.2371092438697815,
-0.31790685653686523,
-0.15980425477027893,
0.3602493703365326,
-0.21836677193641663,
-0.5299177765846252,
0.22414058446884155,
-0.25437092781066895,
0.540802538394928,
-0.2231874018907547,
0.24641333520412445,
0.058918435126543045,
0.1011410802602768,
-0.5839251279830933,
0.3734196722507477,
-0.10817759484052658,
-0.9328294396400452,
-0.29540079832077026,
-0.18955634534358978,
0.699047863483429,
-0.4425259828567505,
-0.3649066388607025,
0.01970849744975567,
0.7527473568916321,
-0.04902851581573486,
-0.47657692432403564,
-0.4415024220943451,
-0.40257295966148376,
0.027591485530138016,
-0.06303701549768448,
0.6407170295715332,
-0.06605063378810883,
-0.1014508381485939,
-0.7108011245727539,
0.2641405165195465,
-0.2567683160305023,
-0.41395339369773865,
0.41592857241630554,
0.26330089569091797,
-0.3904702067375183,
-0.12324770539999008,
0.651811420917511,
-0.5062183737754822,
0.08472714573144913,
-0.14911918342113495,
0.3331073820590973,
0.42816293239593506,
-0.020526383072137833,
-0.22669605910778046,
-0.5908752679824829,
0.026287244632840157,
0.2083524465560913,
-0.5036787986755371,
-0.4492373764514923,
0.13250091671943665,
0.8269307017326355,
-0.3545215129852295,
0.4186582863330841,
0.2002197951078415,
-0.09566086530685425,
0.018762456253170967,
0.3817049264907837,
-0.33324265480041504,
0.26289090514183044,
-0.4797205328941345,
-0.5521597266197205,
-0.9485653042793274,
-0.15476475656032562,
-0.06777361780405045,
-0.3677002489566803,
-0.011228196322917938,
-0.349255234003067,
-0.07470860332250595,
0.11851703375577927,
0.8450591564178467,
-0.6296743154525757,
-0.5607865452766418,
-0.25595489144325256,
-0.0283779539167881,
0.277833491563797,
0.2714995741844177,
-0.7758290767669678,
0.45141568779945374,
0.4388558864593506,
-0.28951919078826904,
-0.5968101620674133,
0.12673014402389526,
0.423406183719635,
-0.012351568788290024,
0.09479925036430359,
-0.4976262152194977,
0.6146806478500366,
-0.45428553223609924,
-0.6840440630912781,
-0.5720238089561462,
0.9315515160560608,
-0.39182862639427185,
-0.2685498893260956,
0.05183456465601921,
0.15137489140033722,
0.17435210943222046,
-0.5583196878433228,
-0.6350377202033997,
0.07419044524431229,
-0.395287424325943,
-0.5150785446166992,
-0.6857119798660278,
-0.31876665353775024,
0.48627257347106934,
-0.019718023017048836,
-0.09018899500370026,
-0.10016445815563202,
0.1912377029657364,
0.48690617084503174,
0.008660310879349709,
0.11591698229312897,
-0.06945855915546417,
-0.05225583165884018,
0.7451359629631042,
0.16364505887031555,
0.1806418001651764,
-0.039549849927425385,
0.1923869401216507,
-0.20563724637031555,
0.43461379408836365,
-0.4299241006374359,
0.5225673317909241,
0.9792038202285767,
0.7758610844612122,
-0.18109862506389618,
-0.1542183756828308,
-0.3644997775554657,
0.012248178012669086,
-0.17179062962532043,
0.15274156630039215,
-0.5644489526748657,
0.29958274960517883,
-0.2630804181098938,
0.47836434841156006,
-0.1772259771823883,
-0.07877744734287262,
0.0025990689173340797,
-0.40705814957618713,
-0.12737557291984558,
-0.5059110522270203,
-0.02241605520248413,
-0.04584469273686409,
0.33553341031074524,
-0.28900381922721863,
0.32975849509239197,
0.4636934995651245,
-0.13143301010131836,
-0.5096858143806458,
-0.051932863891124725,
0.0438668467104435,
0.724166989326477,
0.3473358154296875,
-0.8064599633216858,
0.3415507376194,
0.015378309413790703,
0.08931129425764084,
-0.39800891280174255,
0.24626770615577698,
-0.17252014577388763,
0.15634110569953918,
0.15121106803417206,
-0.03217148780822754,
0.4910620152950287,
0.13657553493976593,
0.11369305104017258,
0.4338175058364868,
-0.24115636944770813,
0.3815610110759735,
0.5097793936729431,
-0.03274362534284592,
0.22385194897651672,
0.5368736386299133,
-0.33682918548583984,
-0.4754587411880493,
-0.02507801540195942,
-0.21836256980895996,
0.06751742959022522,
0.02747109904885292,
0.0869772732257843,
0.5180026888847351,
0.7884209156036377,
-0.5167434215545654,
0.36076194047927856,
-0.11459995061159134,
-0.43571022152900696,
0.48928260803222656,
-1.1787042617797852,
-0.10647878050804138,
0.29485341906547546,
0.7878599166870117,
0.13076159358024597,
0.22706235945224762,
0.5063012838363647,
-0.24896518886089325,
0.37841349840164185,
0.4461331367492676,
0.031570859253406525,
-0.7523151636123657,
0.6114823222160339,
0.3279061019420624,
-0.07705166190862656,
0.3537503778934479,
-0.3681323528289795,
0.05603279918432236,
-0.5314038395881653,
0.3380811810493469,
-0.0381939560174942,
-0.11090825498104095,
-0.9533822536468506,
-0.22925542294979095,
0.5074062347412109,
-0.152268186211586,
-0.5712296366691589,
0.27242058515548706,
0.06727852672338486,
0.5857232213020325,
-0.5486519932746887,
-0.037251733243465424,
0.7175309062004089,
0.1374240219593048,
0.19943493604660034,
-0.006246120203286409,
0.3833440840244293,
0.544489324092865,
-0.338147908449173,
-0.0599098801612854,
0.6082698106765747,
-0.2426956743001938,
0.3643074035644531,
-0.20650996267795563,
0.347057968378067,
-0.2885972261428833,
0.10404133796691895,
-0.15638986229896545,
-0.03528159111738205,
-0.44208815693855286,
0.174142524600029,
0.18390128016471863,
-0.20126594603061676,
0.274835467338562,
0.20066507160663605,
-0.2915024161338806,
-0.08331074565649033,
-0.33526501059532166,
0.02132810652256012,
-0.11506965756416321,
0.7678930163383484,
-0.058384183794260025,
-0.0839347243309021,
-0.2692946493625641,
-0.09772608429193497,
-0.22951892018318176,
0.30003488063812256,
-0.3183261454105377,
0.07996121793985367,
-0.17421630024909973,
0.32797521352767944,
-0.6521499156951904,
0.27812448143959045,
0.6970474720001221,
-0.6239951252937317,
-0.07272206246852875,
0.2058272808790207,
-0.0976058766245842,
0.08999403566122055,
0.6424090266227722,
-0.2206900268793106,
0.1620381474494934,
-0.3122144043445587,
-0.0010321366135030985,
0.14787591993808746,
0.48021751642227173,
-0.28844720125198364,
-0.1942756175994873,
0.13323353230953217,
0.16747012734413147,
0.11419384181499481,
-0.12686488032341003,
0.10801961272954941,
-0.44353803992271423,
-0.18981052935123444,
-0.5286633968353271,
0.32296955585479736,
-0.05171021819114685,
0.02192854695022106,
0.4117361307144165,
0.5656647086143494,
0.42867398262023926,
0.03383941575884819,
0.3338492810726166,
-0.09343115240335464,
-0.17450681328773499,
-0.13013246655464172,
-1.7948380708694458,
0.3500281274318695,
0.02684677764773369,
-0.24834471940994263,
-0.023981185629963875,
0.8543345928192139,
0.07185051590204239,
-0.3039349317550659,
-0.4965667724609375,
-0.009091558866202831,
-0.4157545268535614,
0.02857186272740364,
0.17233571410179138,
-0.44607043266296387,
-0.23586881160736084,
0.423369437456131
] |
256771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency%20of%20the%20Council%20of%20the%20European%20Union | Presidency of the Council of the European Union | The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, is the co-legislator of the EU legislature alongside the European Parliament. It rotates among the member states of the EU every six months. The presidency is not an individual, but rather the position is held by a national government. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "president of the European Union". The presidency's function is to chair meetings of the council, determine its agendas, set a work programme and facilitate dialogue both at Council meetings and with other EU institutions. The presidency is currently, as of January 2022, held by France.
Three successive presidencies are known as presidency trios. The current trio (2022–2023) is made up of France (January June 2022), Czech Republic (July December 2022) and Sweden (JanuaryJuly 2023). The German presidency began the second cycle of presidencies, after the system was introduced in 2007.
History
When the council was established, its work was minimal and the presidency rotated between each of the then six members every six months. However, as the work load of the Council grew and the membership increased, the lack of coordination between each successive six-month presidency hindered the development of long-term priorities for the EU.
In order to rectify the lack of coordination, the idea of trio presidencies was put forward where groups of three successive presidencies cooperated on a common political program. This was implemented in 2007 and formally laid down in the EU treaties in 2009 by the Treaty of Lisbon.
Until 2009, the Presidency had assumed political responsibility in all areas of European integration and it played a vital role in brokering high-level political decisions.
The Treaty of Lisbon reduced the importance of the Presidency significantly by officially separating the European Council from the Council of the European Union. Simultaneously it split the foreign affairs Council configuration from the General Affairs configuration and created the position of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
After the United Kingdom's Brexit vote in 2016 and its subsequent relinquishment of its scheduled presidency in the Council of the European Union which was due to take place from July to December 2017, the rotation of presidencies was brought six months forward. Estonia was scheduled to take over the UK's six-month slot instead. The presidency is currently (as of January 2022) held by France.
Functioning
The Council meets in various formations where its composition depends on the topic discussed. For example, the Agriculture Council is composed of the national ministers responsible for Agriculture.
The primary responsibility of the Presidency is to organise and chair all meetings of the council, apart from the Foreign Affairs Council which is chaired by the High Representative. So, for instance, the Minister of Agriculture for the state holding the presidency chairs the Agriculture council. This role includes working out compromises capable of resolving difficulties.
Article 16(9) of the Treaty on European Union provides:
Each three successive presidencies cooperate on a "triple-shared presidency" work together over an 18-month period to accomplish a common agenda by the current president simply continuing the work of the previous "lead-president" after the end of his/her term. This ensures more consistency in comparison to a usual single six-month presidency and each three includes a new member state. This allows new member states to hold the presidency sooner and helps old member states pass their experience to the new members.
The role of the rotating Council Presidency includes:
agenda-setting powers: in its 6-month programme, it decides on the order to discuss propositions, after they have been submitted by the Commission in its agenda monopoly powers
brokering inter-institutional compromise: Formal Trilogue meetings between Commission, Parliament and Council are held to reach early consensus in the codecision legislative procedure; the Presidency takes part to the Conciliation Committee between Parliament and Council in the third stage of the codecision legislative procedure
coordinating national policies and brokering compromise between member states in the council ("confessional system")
management and administration of the council, external and internal representation
Holding the rotating Council Presidency includes both advantages and disadvantages for member states;
The opportunities include:
member states have the possibility to show their negotiating skills, as "honest brokers", thus gaining influence and prestige
member states gain a privileged access to information: at the end of their term, they know member states' preferences better than anyone else
the Council programme may enable member states to focus Council discussion on issues of particular national/regional interest (for example Finland and the Northern Dimension initiative)
The burdens include:
lack of administrative capacities and experience, especially for small and new member states; the concept of trio/troika has been introduced to enable member states to share experiences and ensure coherence on an 18-months base
expenses in time and money, needed to support the administrative machine
not being able to push through their own interests, as the role of Council Presidency is seen as an impartial instance; member states trying to push for initiatives of their own national interest are likely to see them failing in the medium run (for example the French 2008 Presidency and the Union for the Mediterranean project), as they need consensus and do not have enough time to reach it. This element is particularly substantial: holding the presidency may be, on balance, a disadvantage for member states
List of rotations
See also
List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union
President of the European Parliament
President of the European Council
President of the European Commission
President of the European Union
Council of the European Union
Notes
References
External links
Presidency of the Council of the European Union
Logos of the Council Presidencies EuroEsprit.org
Council Decision of 1 January 2007 determining the order in which the office of President of the Council shall be held (2007/5/EC, Euratom) Official Journal of the European Union
Implications of the Polish Presidency of the EU for Europe and Transatlantic Affairs, lecture by Maciej Pisarski (Deputy Chief of Mission of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Washington, DC), delivered at the University of Illinois, 2 December 2011; European Union Center at the University of Illinois
Cyprus takes over EU presidency amid doubts The Guardian, 4 July 2012
Council of the European Union
European Union-related lists
Political offices of the European Union | [
0.4679003953933716,
0.12559537589550018,
0.3956644535064697,
-0.03435859829187393,
-0.22888362407684326,
-0.6340813636779785,
-0.38898971676826477,
0.11625535786151886,
-0.48065802454948425,
0.02405571937561035,
-0.7957708239555359,
0.09965158253908157,
-0.0061388700269162655,
0.0021137711592018604,
-0.04412584379315376,
-0.008528054691851139,
1.246634602546692,
0.642916738986969,
-0.21374954283237457,
-1.29936945438385,
-0.11643211543560028,
0.4410959482192993,
0.21295087039470673,
0.07224524021148682,
0.2123311460018158,
0.09624981135129929,
0.5164911150932312,
0.05276014283299446,
-0.16389457881450653,
0.20637305080890656,
-0.09113957732915878,
-0.1820511668920517,
-0.46936917304992676,
0.06349138915538788,
0.17910444736480713,
-0.41888612508773804,
0.18316802382469177,
-0.7989062666893005,
-0.5756322145462036,
-0.4438948929309845,
0.2488446682691574,
0.015282761305570602,
0.10461215674877167,
0.19837906956672668,
-0.3166348934173584,
-0.739285409450531,
-0.44359198212623596,
0.5691546201705933,
-0.2566189467906952,
0.49177512526512146,
-0.5222387313842773,
0.26939427852630615,
0.22686916589736938,
0.2625153958797455,
0.06327950209379196,
-0.2431943416595459,
-0.7556425333023071,
-0.3767284154891968,
0.002151527674868703,
-0.3561519980430603,
-0.4384934604167938,
0.4005497992038727,
-0.08654261380434036,
0.16549554467201233,
1.0270527601242065,
-0.13605009019374847,
0.6292996406555176,
0.09676992148160934,
-0.4245373606681824,
-0.3475229740142822,
-0.7985891103744507,
-0.36686331033706665,
0.0008434969931840897,
0.0046918937005102634,
-0.24917088449001312,
-0.5346438884735107,
0.6660067439079285,
0.5400457382202148,
0.24108338356018066,
-0.10166599601507187,
0.24847052991390228,
0.19336815178394318,
0.7377848625183105,
0.2706458866596222,
0.03470442071557045,
0.5022248029708862,
-0.12136417627334595,
-0.3789841830730438,
-0.44308069348335266,
0.6600745320320129,
-0.12320617586374283,
-0.3630158305168152,
0.03389574959874153,
-0.14056934416294098,
0.13213209807872772,
-0.12329097837209702,
0.06115133315324783,
0.06937555968761444,
0.12645617127418518,
0.22440943121910095,
-0.11521000415086746,
0.19882413744926453,
-0.032529231160879135,
-0.5293296575546265,
-0.1939854472875595,
-0.6924605965614319,
-0.9763476848602295,
-1.1672801971435547,
-0.37195974588394165,
0.41118282079696655,
-0.44354140758514404,
-0.13910414278507233,
0.3850366473197937,
0.1096830889582634,
0.19806015491485596,
0.5860230326652527,
0.0034909520763903856,
-0.4615660309791565,
-0.48715028166770935,
0.20898224413394928,
0.17430205643177032,
1.0057929754257202,
0.10178139805793762,
-0.02761365845799446,
0.15323570370674133,
-0.22401133179664612,
0.3217105269432068,
0.49945104122161865,
-0.6229808330535889,
-0.42910271883010864,
0.4801620543003082,
0.5772017240524292,
-0.4809589087963104,
0.22275446355342865,
-0.789607048034668,
-0.17165543138980865,
0.2536235451698303,
-0.05488825961947441,
0.5169603824615479,
0.5709502100944519,
-0.7283366918563843,
-0.5849196314811707,
-0.1689448207616806,
-0.22667182981967926,
0.35504648089408875,
0.16183029115200043,
-0.36040061712265015,
-0.17374148964881897,
-0.2692812383174896,
0.2959439158439636,
0.23256705701351166,
-0.15530970692634583,
-0.21374928951263428,
0.0698135569691658,
-0.008737407624721527,
0.05677876994013786,
0.8332844376564026,
-0.24268998205661774,
0.2314288467168808,
0.40619125962257385,
0.39431828260421753,
-0.6773910522460938,
0.3657901883125305,
-0.26577964425086975,
0.4844686985015869,
-0.22307777404785156,
0.3644382953643799,
-0.16436316072940826,
0.26741647720336914,
0.22412817180156708,
-0.22904671728610992,
-0.2040628343820572,
0.060152553021907806,
-0.8378503918647766,
0.02537042833864689,
-0.5196229219436646,
0.0885450541973114,
0.021216953173279762,
0.6383464336395264,
-0.008075294084846973,
-0.629194438457489,
-0.45170122385025024,
-0.22561094164848328,
-0.25519225001335144,
0.15384912490844727,
0.17243148386478424,
0.5881593823432922,
0.35656723380088806,
-0.39945724606513977,
-0.2851824462413788,
0.10417219251394272,
-0.5635246634483337,
-0.13557124137878418,
-0.3801853060722351,
0.8943200707435608,
-0.6071102023124695,
-0.36216288805007935,
0.6470730900764465,
-0.1367863118648529,
0.3065016269683838,
-0.40000781416893005,
-0.3355947434902191,
0.922590434551239,
0.03895416855812073,
0.028905458748340607,
0.8927405476570129,
0.2189360111951828,
-0.4046710729598999,
0.15646892786026,
0.47104132175445557,
0.25775033235549927,
-0.3634371757507324,
0.6820124387741089,
-0.3173244297504425,
0.0821487233042717,
-0.5089941620826721,
-0.592944324016571,
0.11166667193174362,
0.20899319648742676,
0.6160245537757874,
1.1861978769302368,
0.08761832863092422,
0.15653406083583832,
1.096152663230896,
-0.25199973583221436,
-0.32848772406578064,
-0.3841823637485504,
0.13585175573825836,
-0.02375348098576069,
-0.16013653576374054,
0.05443933233618736,
-0.2922496795654297,
0.05989725887775421,
-0.35882970690727234,
-0.4400988221168518,
-0.4851800203323364,
-0.6702842712402344,
-0.028519965708255768,
0.3404785990715027,
-0.15717607736587524,
0.3704579472541809,
-0.08271755278110504,
-0.5419313907623291,
0.5156356692314148,
0.2604525089263916,
0.520498514175415,
-0.37319275736808777,
0.5893168449401855,
-0.0037402694579213858,
0.2968790829181671,
0.2928275763988495,
-0.3125979006290436,
0.344407856464386,
-0.8319079279899597,
0.3473339080810547,
-0.5205032825469971,
0.09964572638273239,
-0.06181289255619049,
0.4602777063846588,
0.19593454897403717,
-0.36651894450187683,
-0.6339311003684998,
-0.4141538739204407,
0.2579454779624939,
-0.21012766659259796,
0.08289319276809692,
-0.5682357549667358,
-0.6883910894393921,
0.06850580871105194,
0.3611519932746887,
0.7196879982948303,
-0.1886252611875534,
-0.258036345243454,
0.06130162626504898,
-0.37336066365242004,
-0.24191968142986298,
-0.37599635124206543,
0.6612810492515564,
-0.42038628458976746,
-0.7998680472373962,
0.2967788577079773,
0.22048427164554596,
0.038898687809705734,
-0.21397380530834198,
-0.40293458104133606,
-0.2625054717063904,
0.4812833070755005,
-0.8343945741653442,
-0.1252535730600357,
0.12616176903247833,
0.28060778975486755,
-0.06315552443265915,
0.00930540170520544,
-0.41635701060295105,
0.03192673251032829,
0.06550922989845276,
-0.43665990233421326,
0.8766664266586304,
0.3779236078262329,
-0.3067818880081177,
0.14364950358867645,
0.31016409397125244,
0.20562125742435455,
0.26374906301498413,
0.8515496253967285,
-0.5557035207748413,
-0.04674753174185753,
0.22522908449172974,
-5.4599432945251465,
-0.195304274559021,
-0.4506608545780182,
0.35571569204330444,
0.1073618233203888,
0.12134809046983719,
0.7173716425895691,
-0.21323689818382263,
0.4672453999519348,
-0.2476082444190979,
-0.4761512875556946,
0.29154402017593384,
0.19327546656131744,
1.1864093542099,
0.11503330618143082,
0.6827207207679749,
0.03605170547962189,
-0.25078636407852173,
0.429236501455307,
0.48109281063079834,
0.4739217758178711,
-0.6242139339447021,
0.12295319139957428,
0.16992220282554626,
0.6298143863677979,
-0.20785461366176605,
-0.6818473935127258,
0.6410501599311829,
0.07080410420894623,
-0.5130800008773804,
-0.01686909794807434,
-0.17396143078804016,
-0.22154787182807922,
-0.8094877600669861,
0.35695722699165344,
0.16555999219417572,
0.49668172001838684,
0.42346954345703125,
-0.18024958670139313,
-0.6020749807357788,
0.38401442766189575,
0.5740644931793213,
0.45635196566581726,
0.6313349008560181,
0.13202044367790222,
-0.32918474078178406,
-0.08058520406484604,
-0.3980366885662079,
-0.7062385082244873,
0.8375113010406494,
-0.3614720106124878,
0.4195014238357544,
0.3825037479400635,
-0.026749758049845695,
-0.12334948033094406,
-0.32764455676078796,
0.31825628876686096,
0.1502872258424759,
-0.5276461839675903,
0.15709270536899567,
0.09592504054307938,
-0.7303298711776733,
-0.03783213347196579,
-0.37112584710121155,
0.13554441928863525,
0.08166638016700745,
-0.928166925907135,
0.4980272352695465,
0.3569876551628113,
-0.08226649463176727,
0.06106117367744446,
-0.13901230692863464,
-0.39676594734191895,
-0.595680296421051,
-0.11958372592926025,
-0.7883335947990417,
0.58396315574646,
0.12343744933605194,
0.45734909176826477,
0.08088225871324539,
-0.4904404282569885,
0.43887749314308167,
-0.4075150787830353,
0.6251115798950195,
-0.1153831034898758,
-0.3762304186820984,
0.4870540499687195,
0.4634343385696411,
-0.737019956111908,
-0.1496489942073822,
-0.015308798290789127,
-0.8341863751411438,
-0.18565335869789124,
0.6712411046028137,
-0.202738419175148,
0.4341889023780823,
-0.31268253922462463,
0.4455645680427551,
0.1938459426164627,
-0.6379262208938599,
0.4628603160381317,
-0.012658110819756985,
-0.36498868465423584,
-0.25203874707221985,
0.2661302387714386,
0.026498954743146896,
-0.2079874724149704,
0.49277669191360474,
0.44935762882232666,
0.08274698257446289,
-0.13961336016654968,
-0.3990386426448822,
-0.29455363750457764,
-0.5871543884277344,
0.005928852595388889,
-0.20223598182201385,
-0.6328994631767273,
0.6302478909492493,
0.35260164737701416,
-0.04416770860552788,
-0.4439809024333954,
0.36671528220176697,
0.02458624541759491,
0.8488816618919373,
-0.4395279586315155,
-0.2742213010787964,
-0.2032494992017746,
-0.2888101637363434,
0.010785247199237347,
0.3260074555873871,
0.14873401820659637,
0.4357302784919739,
-0.0827871635556221,
-0.30151602625846863,
0.785969078540802,
-0.057961802929639816,
-0.13210253417491913,
0.12710049748420715,
0.14568623900413513,
-0.08435530215501785,
0.12080592662096024,
0.03140559419989586,
0.26044705510139465,
-0.2771509289741516,
0.22790348529815674,
-0.07550179213285446,
-0.6326594352722168,
0.4521541893482208,
-0.8193024396896362,
0.673546552658081,
0.30728408694267273,
0.20519495010375977,
0.18967776000499725,
-0.5832796096801758,
0.36272773146629333,
-0.5895736813545227,
0.13170696794986725,
0.25437992811203003,
0.5041200518608093,
-0.42250820994377136,
-0.11733270436525345,
-0.6236735582351685,
-0.5456633567810059,
0.33897796273231506,
0.9107422232627869,
-0.0022035595029592514,
-0.38422340154647827,
-0.3046399652957916,
-0.39040684700012207,
0.7610331773757935,
-0.1661399006843567,
-0.008692663162946701,
-0.4065936207771301,
-0.2009267807006836,
0.13568875193595886,
-0.1766834259033203,
-0.05008469894528389,
0.6416655778884888,
-0.2931252121925354,
-0.052167028188705444,
0.23613189160823822,
-0.13264229893684387,
-0.1589716523885727,
0.03980934992432594,
-0.012520252726972103,
-0.005096370819956064,
0.21418868005275726,
0.1428932249546051,
0.614065945148468,
-0.7225440740585327,
0.12347142398357391,
0.7231703400611877,
-0.004103981424123049,
-0.029572514817118645,
-0.42888981103897095,
-0.4415842294692993,
-0.07784571498632431,
-0.49806615710258484,
-0.5987657904624939,
-0.6790754795074463,
0.4693222641944885,
0.30077850818634033,
0.06219811365008354,
0.4333937168121338,
-0.4459633529186249,
0.0927804708480835,
-0.022894948720932007,
0.04903493449091911,
0.03391877934336662,
0.5041375160217285,
-0.920595109462738,
-0.6965354681015015,
-0.12017663568258286,
0.3234287202358246,
-1.2257795333862305,
-0.39344847202301025,
0.737404465675354,
-0.590553879737854,
-0.4094178378582001,
-0.0633675754070282,
0.07623417675495148,
0.012071079574525356,
-0.19137167930603027,
-0.16125990450382233,
-0.1997631937265396,
-0.0767493024468422,
0.8475421667098999,
-0.1446290761232376,
0.9212592244148254,
-0.2242344319820404,
-0.32751786708831787,
-0.09576493501663208,
-0.006419655866920948,
-0.4655011296272278,
-0.3767957389354706,
-0.48300960659980774,
-0.33222946524620056,
0.33775508403778076,
-0.029628990218043327,
0.7220003604888916,
0.13266690075397491,
1.0048930644989014,
0.45791488885879517,
-0.876542866230011,
-0.21696896851062775,
0.6455816626548767,
0.19100897014141083,
-0.6465451717376709,
-0.42063096165657043,
-0.18356022238731384,
0.5041249394416809,
-0.1552826464176178,
0.05542467534542084,
-0.446780264377594,
0.9320529103279114,
-0.3922770023345947,
-0.2202426642179489,
0.28649067878723145,
-0.007483328226953745,
-0.14693939685821533,
0.14675262570381165,
-0.8603318333625793,
-0.4929211139678955,
0.016647420823574066,
0.7631864547729492,
-0.14460402727127075,
-0.27137696743011475,
0.3309973478317261,
-0.059960927814245224,
-0.5309848189353943,
0.0654449611902237,
-0.11608435213565826,
-0.12513670325279236,
-0.13418135046958923,
0.29941216111183167,
-0.18537577986717224,
-0.13539770245552063,
-0.22386707365512848,
0.36723190546035767,
-0.04948313534259796,
-0.6412409543991089,
0.5216075778007507,
0.22345079481601715,
-0.20012441277503967,
0.5374225974082947,
-0.8274919390678406,
-1.0622527599334717,
0.44134142994880676,
-0.6987860798835754,
-0.42051178216934204,
-0.03087628073990345,
-0.3263093829154968,
-0.5314649939537048,
0.4761035740375519,
-0.4876171052455902,
0.5526481866836548,
0.0468246191740036,
0.24969519674777985,
0.9549927711486816,
-0.11031023412942886,
-0.9767787456512451,
0.526837944984436,
-0.08402232825756073,
-0.03530394285917282,
-0.7940347194671631,
0.5604274272918701,
-0.32297995686531067,
-0.3089781403541565,
0.18469184637069702,
0.004399849101901054,
0.41693463921546936,
-0.2631666362285614,
0.2945402264595032,
0.6217731833457947,
-0.5835637450218201,
0.26607275009155273,
0.4100325107574463,
-0.4759063124656677,
-0.016109902411699295,
0.46238958835601807,
0.04313543066382408,
-0.217361718416214,
0.16440613567829132,
-0.2804774343967438,
0.2752005457878113,
0.4529612958431244,
0.058004431426525116,
0.5262963175773621,
0.21625083684921265,
-0.17489811778068542,
0.5263041853904724,
0.7108646035194397,
-0.11023540049791336,
0.48001527786254883,
-0.5300596356391907,
0.022089503705501556,
0.03841271251440048,
-0.719718873500824,
0.24799573421478271,
0.32864803075790405,
0.2174658179283142,
0.8882660269737244,
-0.862321138381958,
0.17519511282444,
0.1422325074672699,
0.17416980862617493,
-0.23293597996234894,
-0.2871144413948059,
0.040066976100206375,
0.7704746723175049,
0.6658288240432739,
-0.4475978910923004,
0.2690946161746979,
-0.2172153890132904,
-0.20207341015338898,
0.3105138838291168,
0.5163217782974243,
0.21261312067508698,
0.02110111340880394,
0.02605144865810871,
-0.1933080554008484,
-0.017090395092964172,
-0.01893288642168045,
0.2967365086078644,
-0.4199567437171936,
0.4848220646381378,
0.5373168587684631,
-0.14001008868217468,
0.625261127948761,
0.016399051994085312,
0.5201536417007446,
0.1413768082857132,
-0.353156179189682,
-0.34088969230651855,
0.3034936487674713,
-0.36193516850471497,
0.3411591053009033,
-0.0007579540833830833,
0.554785430431366,
-0.18369780480861664,
-0.021571973338723183,
0.559105396270752,
-0.2520332634449005,
-1.130865454673767,
-0.6087642312049866,
0.289174884557724,
0.01732414960861206,
0.32899922132492065,
-0.2132473886013031,
-0.10747142881155014,
-0.17787224054336548,
-0.1538379043340683,
-0.45361486077308655,
-0.27913913130760193,
-0.043554965406656265,
-0.6021926999092102,
0.38630491495132446,
0.8031296730041504,
0.383239209651947,
-0.02423708699643612,
0.16392986476421356,
0.44760021567344666,
0.292973130941391,
-0.09640607982873917,
0.9455856084823608,
0.3433186709880829,
-0.5439835786819458,
-0.25105246901512146,
-0.20106448233127594,
0.1501210778951645,
0.4562472999095917,
-0.3004637062549591,
0.01883840560913086,
1.1190667152404785,
0.39542436599731445,
0.4816325604915619,
0.3031492233276367,
-0.3538196384906769,
0.38433220982551575,
-0.23119407892227173,
-0.2560923099517822,
-0.460761159658432,
0.3637707233428955,
0.09696553647518158,
0.08990634232759476,
-0.2018209546804428,
0.5729093551635742,
0.24074818193912506,
-0.6834874749183655,
0.5881528854370117,
-0.5075505971908569,
-0.485684871673584,
-0.283415824174881,
0.039368439465761185,
-0.4189508855342865,
0.04886686056852341,
0.27826741337776184,
0.4979603886604309,
0.9212996959686279,
-0.3004544973373413,
-0.6938404440879822,
0.14832283556461334,
0.6103991866111755,
0.16410288214683533,
-0.6018598675727844,
-0.7475987672805786,
-0.5320677757263184,
-0.4400846064090729,
-0.6340371966362,
-0.07031232118606567,
0.554835855960846,
-0.25924983620643616,
0.6302677392959595,
-0.19279108941555023,
-0.2745256721973419,
-0.20569081604480743,
0.7013072371482849,
-0.7146819233894348,
0.26588234305381775,
0.21329376101493835
] |
256780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Bangguo | Wu Bangguo | Wu Bangguo (born 12 July 1941) is a retired high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China. He was the Chairman and Party secretary of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 2003 to 2013, a position that made him Chinese Speaker. He ranked second in official rankings of state and party leaders of China.
Wu is an electrical engineer by profession, and rose to national fame through regional work as the party chief of Shanghai and as Vice-Premier.
Early life
Wu was born in Guizhou, with ancestral roots in Feidong, Anhui. He entered Tsinghua University in 1960, majoring in electron tube engineering at the Department of Radio Electronics, where he graduated in 1967. He subsequently was employed as a worker and technician at Shanghai's No. 3 Electronic Tube Factory, and then deputy chief and chief of the technical section from 1976 to 1978. He would eventually go on to lead the factory as its party secretary. In 1978 he was assigned to become the deputy manager of Shanghai Electronic Elements Company, and between 1979 and 1981 the deputy manager of Shanghai Electron Tube Company. Between 1981 and 1983 he worked as the deputy secretary of Shanghai Meters, Instruments and Telecommunications Bureau.
Political life
Wu's work in electronics companies earned him a tenure in the city's upper echelons of power. He became part of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai party committee in 1983, effectively becoming part of Shanghai's political inner circle, and was put in charge of work related to science and technology. Between 1985 and 1991, Wu was elevated to Deputy secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee, and subsequently as CPC party chief of Shanghai, the city's first-in-charge.
As Shanghai's political and economic stature grew due to economic reforms, Wu gained a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, China's ruling council, in 1992. He was subsequently elevated to Vice-Premier of the State Council in 1995 under Premier Li Peng, where he served in a portfolio dealing with industry and reforming state-owned enterprises, ranking third. He continued as Vice-Premier under Zhu Rongji, and served in the role until the 2003 National People's Congress.
At the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, Wu entered the highest power elite in the country, ranking second in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. Since 2003, he has served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, a position which is roughly equivalent to that of a Speaker of a legislative assembly. At the 11th National People's Congress, he was re-elected as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee on 15 March 2008. In his capacity as NPCSC chair, Wu delivers an annual address each year at the National People's Congress sessions in March. These speeches have always noted that China will not adopt multiparty democracy, separation of powers, or a federal system.
During a speech about the Basic Law of Hong Kong in the territory in June 2007, Wu warned that Hong Kong will only have as much authority as granted from Beijing, and that the Special Administrative Region's government is an executive-led model and should not blindly follow Western systems. He also stated that the Central Government supported Hong Kong's development of democracy, so long as it is within the boundaries of the Hong Kong Basic Law. Although the remarks were left open to interpretation, they generated significant controversy in Hong Kong, with pro-democracy politicians calling it a challenge on the autonomy of the territory.
On 16 July 2012, Wu attended the launch ceremony of Shenzhou 9.
See also
Shanghai clique
References
External links
Wu Bangguo biography at China Vitae (online database of Chinese officials)
1941 births
Living people
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Anhui
Members of the 14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 8th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 9th National People's Congress
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
People's Republic of China politicians from Anhui
Political office-holders in Shanghai
Politicians from Hefei
Tsinghua University alumni
Secretaries of the Communist Party Shanghai Committee | [
-0.2864725887775421,
0.4344920516014099,
-0.9525805115699768,
-0.3392811417579651,
-0.3587294816970825,
0.8736771941184998,
-0.15851379930973053,
0.2905111014842987,
-0.1595700979232788,
-0.295473575592041,
0.07337803393602371,
0.19200171530246735,
-0.3641182482242584,
-0.059160809963941574,
-0.16045035421848297,
-0.29058101773262024,
0.2203734666109085,
0.20833422243595123,
-0.5521597266197205,
-0.1770564317703247,
0.01587051711976528,
-0.7865462899208069,
-0.2970157861709595,
0.2972954511642456,
-0.272378534078598,
0.3655252754688263,
0.19169822335243225,
0.5073885321617126,
0.1771405190229416,
-0.2880692481994629,
-0.3153015375137329,
0.4970942735671997,
0.29729804396629333,
0.1371588110923767,
-0.3786486089229584,
0.6085983514785767,
-0.08269624412059784,
-0.10635609924793243,
-0.06690475344657898,
0.23002934455871582,
0.08747676759958267,
0.6962894797325134,
-0.2233305126428604,
0.9769601821899414,
0.4064334034919739,
-1.0366086959838867,
-1.8816933631896973,
-0.2178916335105896,
-1.0273512601852417,
-0.8224979043006897,
0.17641136050224304,
0.9844813346862793,
0.4568386375904083,
0.5576689839363098,
-0.06502345204353333,
0.14261752367019653,
-0.61489337682724,
-0.3434899151325226,
-0.031036391854286194,
-0.16246728599071503,
0.056920018047094345,
0.07851175218820572,
0.7115797996520996,
-0.1587628424167633,
0.5803194046020508,
-0.2126043438911438,
0.1842552125453949,
0.592483639717102,
0.18520765006542206,
-0.03379867598414421,
0.12688930332660675,
0.4673307538032532,
0.579524576663971,
-0.2695639133453369,
-0.5043776631355286,
-0.24730215966701508,
-0.11237026005983353,
-0.21519555151462555,
-0.16971170902252197,
-0.27742573618888855,
-0.03959862142801285,
-0.017592106014490128,
0.3555564284324646,
0.5051279664039612,
-0.471332848072052,
0.16829754412174225,
-0.39155852794647217,
0.9313868284225464,
-0.765519917011261,
0.8388901948928833,
-0.8704984188079834,
-0.3160480558872223,
0.608853816986084,
-0.2690202295780182,
-0.7377997040748596,
0.5199196934700012,
0.13827262818813324,
0.7894456386566162,
0.08436601608991623,
-0.3604535162448883,
0.30410516262054443,
-0.35758325457572937,
0.3908272385597229,
-0.5271058082580566,
-0.6042435169219971,
-0.2760276198387146,
0.1070551723241806,
0.03609539940953255,
-0.45408159494400024,
-1.3190562725067139,
-0.4972670376300812,
0.9148393869400024,
0.1095084697008133,
0.07883353531360626,
0.47173967957496643,
0.1035580188035965,
-0.49023526906967163,
-0.3053431510925293,
-0.13208357989788055,
-0.0218315739184618,
-0.3655436933040619,
0.15211221575737,
-0.6481316089630127,
-0.3131583333015442,
-0.13710863888263702,
0.008832861669361591,
0.018367424607276917,
0.7282728552818298,
-0.3339810371398926,
0.2664894163608551,
0.7233167290687561,
0.9383721351623535,
-0.8490192294120789,
-0.36768072843551636,
-0.09645990282297134,
-0.31297728419303894,
0.2862013578414917,
0.29254257678985596,
-0.08949252218008041,
-0.38840872049331665,
-0.35677069425582886,
0.42631393671035767,
-1.4187805652618408,
-0.1326281875371933,
-0.28662729263305664,
0.5079740285873413,
-0.49253353476524353,
-0.49313658475875854,
-0.20800675451755524,
-0.15744425356388092,
0.03373775631189346,
-0.0588117279112339,
-0.1849271059036255,
-0.38249289989471436,
-0.40719273686408997,
1.1806188821792603,
0.9627958536148071,
-0.29026955366134644,
-0.05144306272268295,
0.35334014892578125,
0.5860061645507812,
-0.6962745189666748,
-0.8903551697731018,
-0.06735867261886597,
0.0957094356417656,
0.25447940826416016,
0.2885047495365143,
0.17879146337509155,
-0.39667922258377075,
-0.278504341840744,
-0.6132893562316895,
-0.005776772741228342,
-0.24160438776016235,
-0.27407217025756836,
0.4561859369277954,
0.2416573464870453,
0.144590362906456,
-0.3278603255748749,
0.5808231234550476,
0.4078398644924164,
-0.7765613198280334,
0.04934851452708244,
0.06907317042350769,
0.7998718023300171,
0.9614874720573425,
0.543785035610199,
0.1287301480770111,
-0.03756779432296753,
0.9166553616523743,
0.13996760547161102,
-0.11641938984394073,
-0.3001401126384735,
0.12982280552387238,
0.19553089141845703,
0.35478314757347107,
0.5489820837974548,
0.3488689661026001,
0.1942322552204132,
-0.0999983474612236,
-0.04019205644726753,
-0.12363173812627792,
-0.15137304365634918,
-0.45764797925949097,
-0.8035536408424377,
0.05035380646586418,
1.495726466178894,
1.0078234672546387,
0.7309277653694153,
-0.04756806790828705,
0.6719760298728943,
-0.05330586060881615,
-0.48952221870422363,
0.05312619358301163,
0.3496684730052948,
-0.08581246435642242,
-0.6413971781730652,
-0.5376158952713013,
-0.509552001953125,
-0.23002897202968597,
-0.4790859520435333,
0.4009409546852112,
-0.10242285579442978,
-0.4048360586166382,
1.4791139364242554,
0.12183991819620132,
1.1082043647766113,
-0.003520064987242222,
0.3159799575805664,
-0.42560043931007385,
-0.5887266397476196,
-0.13763245940208435,
0.10491383820772171,
0.17473426461219788,
-0.2554911673069,
-0.15543429553508759,
-0.04206383228302002,
0.5416863560676575,
-0.025984911248087883,
0.4823800325393677,
-0.565699577331543,
0.5473427176475525,
0.28449058532714844,
-0.11384639889001846,
-0.15470926463603973,
-0.3373939096927643,
0.08432626724243164,
-0.5260463356971741,
0.38413283228874207,
-0.14352171123027802,
-0.1726638376712799,
0.3080909848213196,
0.5821083188056946,
0.4673300087451935,
-0.7447580099105835,
0.171981543302536,
-0.637937068939209,
0.2466539442539215,
-0.2841453552246094,
0.2319626659154892,
-0.046558789908885956,
0.5859529376029968,
-0.6524688005447388,
0.2929033637046814,
0.2463940531015396,
-0.5745285153388977,
-0.16655339300632477,
0.30380377173423767,
-0.550560474395752,
-0.024806413799524307,
-0.2902749478816986,
-0.12253939360380173,
0.13679680228233337,
-0.20292334258556366,
-1.6473461389541626,
-0.39084601402282715,
-0.15830644965171814,
-0.1557644158601761,
0.14009496569633484,
-1.1440790891647339,
-1.1821887493133545,
0.48688045144081116,
0.9321674108505249,
-0.1824193000793457,
-0.16577567160129547,
-0.4748106896877289,
-0.3918381333351135,
-0.23778262734413147,
-0.10622197389602661,
0.26108497381210327,
-0.39716291427612305,
-0.9849449396133423,
0.5388891696929932,
-0.05741775035858154,
0.044009432196617126,
-0.6125693321228027,
0.49225497245788574,
-0.35541465878486633,
-0.6946844458580017,
0.8985048532485962,
-0.30050504207611084,
-0.12365981191396713,
0.03149573877453804,
-0.16287480294704437,
0.37250328063964844,
0.009555477648973465,
0.08742126077413559,
0.06082959473133087,
0.1658961921930313,
-4.52698278427124,
0.5390733480453491,
0.388302743434906,
-0.04853054881095886,
-0.3582764267921448,
0.2870422899723053,
0.47538769245147705,
0.004132856614887714,
-0.048049189150333405,
-0.25793176889419556,
-0.09385642409324646,
-0.24563512206077576,
0.259772390127182,
0.5247969031333923,
0.46846750378608704,
0.661268949508667,
0.9378732442855835,
-0.6898382902145386,
0.5963519811630249,
0.46499332785606384,
-0.3904111385345459,
0.14218005537986755,
-0.7458674907684326,
0.5776795148849487,
-0.3209463655948639,
0.003018983406946063,
-0.6528194546699524,
0.38210931420326233,
-0.1282026767730713,
-0.4989418387413025,
-0.16096259653568268,
-0.2686099112033844,
-0.6269493699073792,
0.9209277629852295,
-0.44686174392700195,
-0.40587174892425537,
0.491487592458725,
0.8105905055999756,
0.3412685692310333,
0.36717668175697327,
0.15849025547504425,
0.029947763308882713,
-0.6444845199584961,
0.11183151602745056,
0.20507323741912842,
-0.31191113591194153,
-0.6395391821861267,
-0.5334791541099548,
-0.5214779376983643,
0.46038296818733215,
-0.13768987357616425,
0.23860564827919006,
0.8406423926353455,
-0.1261715292930603,
0.31670719385147095,
0.39147472381591797,
-0.13645921647548676,
0.1256069540977478,
-0.7626461982727051,
0.532052218914032,
0.44454124569892883,
-0.3993695080280304,
-0.047257568687200546,
-0.2515215575695038,
-0.5067789554595947,
-0.12165214866399765,
-0.021326860412955284,
0.12376053631305695,
-0.5670929551124573,
-0.12197921425104141,
-0.6012042164802551,
0.9866605997085571,
0.10420133173465729,
-0.9442301392555237,
0.6236286163330078,
0.18531933426856995,
-0.20284439623355865,
0.08951270580291748,
-0.10658302903175354,
-0.30366408824920654,
0.10516257584095001,
-0.25491297245025635,
0.48966383934020996,
0.7369881868362427,
0.05748899281024933,
-0.03289676830172539,
0.13653898239135742,
0.606231153011322,
-0.31770628690719604,
0.40272682905197144,
0.3059864342212677,
-0.36601418256759644,
0.8597453236579895,
0.46684765815734863,
0.4650099575519562,
0.15689781308174133,
0.44273197650909424,
0.04278254136443138,
0.3840951919555664,
-0.7708492875099182,
0.4484591782093048,
-0.24679699540138245,
-1.0192193984985352,
-0.2986920475959778,
-0.26418572664260864,
-0.033440109342336655,
0.7805465459823608,
0.01864919625222683,
0.8420766592025757,
0.4553930461406708,
-0.15397757291793823,
0.8126654028892517,
0.008683268912136555,
0.25182875990867615,
1.3042024374008179,
-0.13025124371051788,
-0.002856309525668621,
-0.1817922592163086,
0.026083188131451607,
0.6031535267829895,
-0.08387169986963272,
0.8789628148078918,
-0.1902799755334854,
-0.672978937625885,
0.48630043864250183,
-0.3250448405742645,
-0.0353836752474308,
0.42276492714881897,
-0.7754337191581726,
-0.4617277979850769,
0.019291499629616737,
0.07207690179347992,
-0.05603548139333725,
-0.25337713956832886,
-0.006697980687022209,
-0.7401440143585205,
-1.2634966373443604,
-0.7360500693321228,
0.26895570755004883,
0.42911890149116516,
0.0304714422672987,
0.3876517415046692,
-0.3272620439529419,
-0.006881204899400473,
0.13663378357887268,
0.07575267553329468,
0.019978249445557594,
-0.02485278807580471,
-0.25003424286842346,
0.936849057674408,
0.11426842957735062,
-0.7200098037719727,
0.20267176628112793,
-0.26901865005493164,
-0.29833996295928955,
0.31041082739830017,
-0.3761740028858185,
-0.13127446174621582,
0.32487282156944275,
-0.26319968700408936,
0.8256039619445801,
-0.4194699227809906,
-0.7798233032226562,
0.3578639030456543,
0.07443752884864807,
-0.1300421953201294,
0.371897429227829,
0.43252891302108765,
-0.31120479106903076,
0.5538597106933594,
0.25643274188041687,
-0.2325499802827835,
-0.421968936920166,
0.21993765234947205,
-0.10321216285228729,
-0.5747925639152527,
0.32667648792266846,
0.5793346166610718,
-0.24503545463085175,
-0.18754936754703522,
-0.8711010813713074,
0.4306339621543884,
-0.6530342102050781,
-0.09759822487831116,
0.3437941074371338,
0.3326454162597656,
0.08460556715726852,
-0.2860877513885498,
-0.6956509947776794,
0.23494192957878113,
0.1915779560804367,
-0.2774200439453125,
-0.057058919221162796,
0.9498134255409241,
0.1528991460800171,
-0.5134000182151794,
-0.4676133394241333,
-0.4890446662902832,
-0.9602110385894775,
-0.03314197435975075,
-0.1670115441083908,
0.6368173360824585,
0.1544407159090042,
0.32911646366119385,
0.25056397914886475,
-0.8392643928527832,
-0.10879283398389816,
0.11991114169359207,
0.623550534248352,
-0.09045388549566269,
-0.6226470470428467,
-0.48606228828430176,
-0.37066978216171265,
-0.045686155557632446,
-0.2777877151966095,
0.1682264804840088,
0.5214508175849915,
0.2652806043624878,
-0.64357590675354,
-0.6104630827903748,
-0.9029604196548462,
0.16746151447296143,
-0.3435027301311493,
-0.34609976410865784,
0.15035280585289001,
-0.08116176724433899,
-0.2168329954147339,
0.2715626060962677,
0.10123277455568314,
-0.5882455110549927,
-1.094936728477478,
-0.11995762586593628,
0.8192033767700195,
-0.28790661692619324,
-0.3038495182991028,
-0.24476028978824615,
0.26429253816604614,
0.17290489375591278,
-0.49484023451805115,
-0.2091694176197052,
0.13931143283843994,
1.1933629512786865,
-0.20431049168109894,
-0.480696439743042,
0.2220604121685028,
0.4040065407752991,
0.7651247382164001,
0.3111550211906433,
-0.5045180320739746,
-0.37550583481788635,
0.2684565484523773,
0.0409211590886116,
-1.0761035680770874,
-0.1119537502527237,
0.40776655077934265,
-0.6638450622558594,
-0.2614593505859375,
0.4057476818561554,
0.7521970272064209,
-0.22107882797718048,
-0.3812404274940491,
-0.17857536673545837,
0.4848117232322693,
-0.3940727412700653,
-0.038724251091480255,
0.8891478776931763,
-0.3337589502334595,
0.2858757972717285,
-0.03214798867702484,
-0.08648909628391266,
-0.15276305377483368,
-0.48666614294052124,
-0.6213527917861938,
1.095039963722229,
-0.643710196018219,
-0.056337907910346985,
0.1878872513771057,
0.25058168172836304,
-0.3036549985408783,
0.06001099944114685,
0.027194952592253685,
-0.3686743974685669,
0.18296091258525848,
-0.12647809088230133,
-0.3287246823310852,
-0.16531138122081757,
0.7647510170936584,
0.040121275931596756,
0.1348980963230133,
-0.24573878943920135,
-0.9887670278549194,
-0.41287797689437866,
-0.6769037842750549,
0.0009843131992965937,
0.3518293499946594,
0.46469464898109436,
0.07698572427034378,
0.7112817764282227,
-0.18293793499469757,
-0.5989464521408081,
-0.5471907258033752,
-0.031373463571071625,
0.6740047931671143,
0.2627461552619934,
0.6636671423912048,
-0.6503599286079407,
-0.19847500324249268,
0.04260512441396713,
-0.09065154939889908,
0.1975405365228653,
0.668488621711731,
-0.4900782108306885,
0.3388274908065796,
0.5582430362701416,
-0.638250470161438,
-0.12221033871173859,
0.5463252067565918,
-0.5138943195343018,
-0.33746129274368286,
-0.15512970089912415,
0.3097815215587616,
-0.15607187151908875,
0.37479230761528015,
0.6133177876472473,
-0.11131613701581955,
0.8759093880653381,
-0.5063491463661194,
-0.045613911002874374,
0.13333187997341156,
0.22394230961799622,
-0.2684383690357208,
0.29339367151260376,
0.46820664405822754,
-0.08663318306207657,
0.26365405321121216,
-0.8933000564575195,
-0.04499505087733269,
-0.6569989919662476,
0.05183806270360947,
-0.045860908925533295,
0.2442323863506317,
0.784014880657196,
-0.5851292610168457,
0.3468782305717468,
0.05696016550064087,
0.19356757402420044,
-0.5119851231575012,
0.7740695476531982,
-0.5208170413970947,
-0.8745355010032654,
0.35253602266311646,
0.302106648683548,
0.41379985213279724,
-0.8706672787666321,
0.18745556473731995,
0.0898502990603447,
0.03228738158941269,
0.018320973962545395,
-0.04363333806395531,
-0.8430327773094177,
0.025010064244270325,
-0.14198394119739532,
0.9579730033874512,
0.12733769416809082,
0.055164236575365067,
-0.13093975186347961,
-0.4993779957294464,
-0.4120505750179291,
-0.012117859907448292,
0.4765113592147827,
0.23324185609817505,
-0.41029179096221924,
0.045873068273067474,
0.5655248761177063,
0.022032231092453003,
0.15811124444007874,
0.2884218394756317,
0.22937236726284027,
-0.29919201135635376,
0.20055359601974487,
-0.3733322024345398,
0.9551554322242737,
0.1489402800798416,
-0.13684895634651184,
0.9770702719688416,
0.07030296325683594,
-0.4593101441860199,
0.440733402967453,
0.26017001271247864,
0.14299552142620087,
0.6304337978363037,
-0.32377374172210693,
-0.45536813139915466,
0.546414315700531,
0.02080422453582287,
0.1863633096218109,
-0.9756780862808228,
0.9198066592216492,
0.6735935807228088,
0.4576278626918793,
0.039212241768836975,
0.09083428233861923,
-0.4626260995864868,
1.005042314529419,
-0.15608102083206177,
0.18963991105556488,
-1.1935248374938965,
0.8257105350494385,
-0.7573440074920654,
0.2565782964229584,
0.12887512147426605,
0.6948741674423218,
-0.3838534653186798,
0.5864900946617126,
-0.006994006689637899,
0.786635160446167,
0.7260353565216064,
-0.13264164328575134,
0.2161596119403839,
0.09253647923469543,
-0.16395491361618042,
0.167811781167984,
0.19241681694984436,
-0.07659632712602615,
0.4832512140274048,
0.19700051844120026,
-0.4171265959739685,
-0.287787526845932,
-0.10770044475793839,
0.5044072270393372,
-0.7925117611885071,
-0.1757763922214508,
-0.5499930381774902,
-0.2967644929885864,
0.1334133893251419,
-0.7797847390174866,
1.310721755027771,
0.7416267395019531,
0.3093009293079376,
0.18055036664009094,
0.3417780101299286,
0.3570811152458191,
0.27630266547203064,
0.2012162208557129,
-2.7415690422058105,
0.015732675790786743,
-0.028838807716965675,
-0.06936714053153992,
0.0439697690308094,
-0.29778584837913513,
-0.0824664905667305,
-0.07140377908945084,
0.29299724102020264,
-0.9018545150756836,
-0.2858017683029175,
0.20837754011154175,
0.2344275861978531,
0.05421178415417671,
0.1110222265124321,
-0.15139053761959076
] |
256782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Dempster | Barry Dempster | Barry Edward Dempster (born 17 January 1952) is a Canadian poet, novelist, and editor.
Barry Dempster was born in Toronto, Ontario, and educated in child psychology. He is the author of two novels, a children's book, three volumes of short stories, and sixteen collections of poetry. Dempster's prose was first noticed by renowned Canadian editor and writer, John Metcalf, for his anthology Third Impressions (Oberon Press) in which Metcalf showcased three promising young authors. A contract from Oberon Press soon followed for the publication of two collections of highly praised short stories. Quarry Press came forward with an offer to publish his first novel, The Ascension of Jesse Rapture, which also received excellent reviews.
Dempster has twice been nominated for the Governor General's Award for literature—for his first book, Fables for Isolated Men (Guernica, 1982), and for The Burning Alphabet (Brick Books, 2005), which also won the Canadian Authors Association Jack Chalmers Award for poetry. In 2010 and 2015 he was a finalist for the Ontario Premier's Award of Excellence in the Arts. In 2013, Dempster was a finalist for his second novel, The Outside World, (Pedlar Press, 2013) for Ontario's Trillium Award.
From 1990 to 1997, he was poetry and reviews editor for Poetry Canada, which quickly became one of Canada's most esteemed literary magazines. For over 10 years, he was the mainstay of the publication in the role of reviews editor and then poetry and reviews editor, as it changed ownership and staff. During this time, Dempster became known for his helpful, supportive letters to submitting writers, his astute book reviews and his "New Voice" discoveries of some of Canada's finest poets.
From 1999 to 2018, he was senior acquisitions editor with Brick Books, where he discovered and edited many of Canada's finest emerging and established poets. His editorial successes include a Griffin Prize winner and a Griffin nominee; he has also edited a Governor General's Award winning collection as well as a collection that won the 2005 Trillium Award.
Equally comfortable working in prose and poetry, Dempster also has extensive experience as a creative writing instructor. He has been on the faculty at The Banff Centre as mentor for the Writing Studio, Wired Writing and Writing with Styles programs, and has twice been the writer-in-residence at the Richmond Hill Public Library. He has run hundreds of workshops in Ontario elementary and high schools, as well as teaching at the Upper Canada Writers' Workshop in Kingston, Ontario and Sage Hill, Saskatchewan. He has also offered master classes in Santiago, Chile; Victoria, British Columbia; Mahone Bay and Shelbourne, Nova Scotia; Winnipeg, Manitoba; and in Ottawa, Hamilton, Barrie, Holland Landing and Newmarket in Ontario.
Tread & Other Stories was shortlisted for the 2019 ReLit Award for short fiction.
Dempster currently lives in York Region where he also ran a very popular film series "Southlake Cinemania," which raised funds to support literacy through the arts.
Bibliography
Poetry
Fables For Isolated Men – (poetry) Guernica, 1982 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
Globe Doubts – 1983
Positions to Pray In – 1989
The Unavoidable Man – 1990
The Ascension of Jesse Rapture – 1993
Fire and Brimstone – 1997
The Salvation of Desire – 2000
The Words Wanting Out: Selected and New Poems – 2003
The Burning Alphabet – 2005 (winner of the 2006 Canadian Authors Association Jack Chalmers Poetry Award and nominated for a Governor General's Award)
Love Outlandish – (poetry), Brick Books,2009
Ivan's Birches – (poetry) Pedlar Press, 2009
Blue Wherever – 2010
Dying a Little (poetry), Wolsak and Wynn 2011
Invisible Dogs (poetry), Brick Books, London, Ontario 2013
Disturbing the Buddha (poetry) Brick Books, London, Ontario 2016
Fiction
Real Places and Imaginary Men (short stories, 174 pages). Oberon Press, Ottawa
1984 Writing Home (short stories, 191 pages). Oberon Press, Ottawa
1989 The Ascension of Jesse Rapture (novel, 258 pages). Quarry Press, Kingston 1993
The Outside World (novel) Pedlar Press, December 2013
.Tread and Other Stories 2018
Children's * David and the Daydreams (children's fiction, 143 pages). Guernica Editions, Montreal 1985
Anthologies
Tributaries: Writer to Writer (poetry).Mosaic Press, Oakville
1980: Best Canadian Stories (short stories). Oberon Press, 1980
Third Impressions (short stories). Oberon Press 1982
Canadian Poetry Now:20 Poets of the 80s (poetry).Anansi, 1984
And Other Travels (poetry).Moonstone Press, 1988
Christian Poetry in Canada (poetry).ECW Press, 1989
More Garden Varieties Two (poetry).The Mercury Press, 1990
The Oberon Reader (short stories). HarperCollins, 1991
Vintage 95 (poetry).Quarry Press, 1996
We All Begin in a Little Magazine, Arc and the Promise of Canada's Poets 1978–1998 (poetry).Carleton/Arc,
1998 A Matter of Spirit, Recovery of the Sacred in Contemporary Canadian Poetry (poetry).Ekstasis Editions, 1998
Literatura na swiecie Canada (poetry). Poland
I Want to Be the Poet of Your Kneecaps, Poems of Quirky Romance(poetry).Black Moss Press, 1999
New Life in Dark Seas:Brick Books 25 (poetry).Brick Books, 2000
Henry's Creature, Poems and Stories on the automobile (poetry).Black Moss Press, 2000
Why I Sing the Blues, Lyrics and Poems (poetry).Smoking Lung Press, 2001
Smaller Than God, Words of Spiritual Longing (poetry).Black Moss Press, 2001
Best Canadian Poetry in English (poetry). Tightrope Books, 2008
How the Light Gets In...Anthology of Poetry from Canada (poetry). University College, Dublin, 2009
Best Canadian Poetry in English (poetry), Tightrope Books, 2009
A Verdant Green (poetry), The Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2010
Best Canadian Poetry in English (poetry) (fall 2010), Tightrope Books, 2010
Best Canadian Poetry in English (poetry)(fall 2011), Tightrope Books, 2011
Awards
Governor General's Award for Poetry, Shortlist, 1982
League of Canadian Poets National Poetry Contest, Honorable Mention, 1990
Confederation Poets Prize, Honorable Mention, 1994
Confederation Poets Prize, Winner, 1995
League of Canadian Poets National Poetry Contest, Honorable Mention, 1995
Scarborough Bi-Centennial Award of Merit, 1996
Canadian Literary Awards, Finalist, 2002
The National Magazine Awards, Shortlist, 2002
Petra Kenney Poetry Competition, England, 2nd Prize, 2002
Governor General's Award for Poetry, Shortlist, 2005
Canadian Authors Association Jack Chalmers Award for Poetry, 2006
Prairie Fire Poetry Contest, 3rd Prize, 2009
Ontario Premiere's Award for Excellence in the Arts finalist, 2010
Trillium Book Award finalist, for novel "The Outside World", 2014
Ontario Premiere's Award for Excellence second time finalist, 2015
References
1952 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian book editors
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian anthologists
Writers from Toronto
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian male writers | [
-0.07602985203266144,
0.6128153800964355,
-0.9076647162437439,
-0.348872572183609,
-0.25585636496543884,
0.8694373965263367,
0.3998505473136902,
0.11720725893974304,
0.08089356869459152,
-0.3029428720474243,
-0.3450727164745331,
0.4787921607494354,
-0.17066355049610138,
-0.030259694904088974,
0.548235297203064,
0.31281760334968567,
-0.41619396209716797,
-0.4171806573867798,
0.010479730553925037,
0.13863734900951385,
-0.3815860152244568,
-0.3171004056930542,
0.20194074511528015,
0.04541511461138725,
-0.1300331950187683,
0.49177420139312744,
0.32047393918037415,
-0.023986654356122017,
-0.3197358250617981,
-0.056372836232185364,
-0.3502342104911804,
0.8478653430938721,
0.6771710515022278,
-0.44628819823265076,
0.005282914265990257,
0.22832873463630676,
-0.8358893990516663,
-0.525420606136322,
0.19812226295471191,
0.043294861912727356,
-0.2046131193637848,
0.1424645632505417,
0.2068938910961151,
-0.3397015333175659,
0.3441222012042999,
-0.3775532841682434,
-2.1392948627471924,
0.1803850382566452,
-0.724335789680481,
-0.15904586017131805,
-0.2585168480873108,
0.1920209378004074,
0.8873881697654724,
-0.22660157084465027,
0.06724078208208084,
0.09717277437448502,
-0.5635073781013489,
-0.01572318933904171,
0.295406699180603,
-0.2982233464717865,
0.28438159823417664,
-0.24584272503852844,
0.27210691571235657,
0.20847319066524506,
0.2328815460205078,
0.27674195170402527,
0.04487178474664688,
0.37066543102264404,
0.3588259518146515,
0.2404123842716217,
-0.04408916458487511,
0.601218044757843,
0.5308303833007812,
0.32659733295440674,
-0.18000195920467377,
-0.014123454689979553,
0.5671676993370056,
-0.2453571856021881,
0.026745630428195,
0.3820054233074188,
-0.06514539569616318,
0.12986382842063904,
1.12190842628479,
0.24560323357582092,
0.3911765217781067,
-0.2358163744211197,
-0.21917450428009033,
0.2918114960193634,
-0.40678277611732483,
-0.1903156340122223,
-0.6552181839942932,
-0.8275138735771179,
-0.3515031933784485,
0.5605347156524658,
0.2092083990573883,
-0.586776077747345,
0.15197427570819855,
0.7706584930419922,
0.0777788832783699,
-0.36428776383399963,
-0.101923868060112,
-0.04871518537402153,
0.37150758504867554,
0.10861256718635559,
-0.8845972418785095,
-0.4958128333091736,
-0.16402998566627502,
-0.3920413553714752,
0.42323723435401917,
-0.8338016271591187,
0.18828094005584717,
0.25246351957321167,
-0.5582656264305115,
0.12021277099847794,
0.4887658357620239,
0.7998432517051697,
-0.05621163174510002,
-0.31124937534332275,
-0.48317691683769226,
0.18119725584983826,
0.009602341800928116,
-0.11071065068244934,
-0.011592043563723564,
0.19791612029075623,
-1.1229735612869263,
-0.6408568024635315,
-0.2053176313638687,
-0.26899319887161255,
-0.4394434988498688,
0.3602229058742523,
0.2608461380004883,
1.0838418006896973,
-0.1874396800994873,
-0.7180642485618591,
-0.14388173818588257,
0.20571957528591156,
0.30248165130615234,
-0.11499146372079849,
0.37016794085502625,
0.47015535831451416,
-0.4240413010120392,
0.21729589998722076,
-1.5377554893493652,
-0.5000861883163452,
0.26835229992866516,
0.3762514591217041,
-0.11795397847890854,
-0.05638868361711502,
-0.03052580915391445,
-0.02460995502769947,
0.08477513492107391,
0.14558258652687073,
-0.2323606163263321,
-0.1112360879778862,
-0.4653528928756714,
0.054199762642383575,
0.5629861354827881,
0.8873898983001709,
0.5172942280769348,
0.12790723145008087,
0.4526504874229431,
0.23378387093544006,
0.08442112058401108,
0.10791158676147461,
-0.3379267454147339,
-0.42016318440437317,
0.29004570841789246,
-0.17069390416145325,
-0.149409681558609,
-0.057599298655986786,
-0.10157940536737442,
0.10973417013883591,
0.49654343724250793,
-0.21695411205291748,
0.4085412323474884,
0.21519699692726135,
0.7067809700965881,
0.45516130328178406,
-0.1284124106168747,
0.008411572314798832,
-0.6859394907951355,
-0.14398294687271118,
-0.14561405777931213,
0.20019082725048065,
0.4479012191295624,
0.04698602855205536,
0.16559849679470062,
-0.12571489810943604,
1.1108851432800293,
0.4335893988609314,
-0.9041435122489929,
-0.2068447470664978,
0.36705294251441956,
-0.25525861978530884,
0.44514328241348267,
0.197020024061203,
0.012732259929180145,
0.787783682346344,
0.29080918431282043,
1.00237238407135,
-0.2916821539402008,
-0.8051043748855591,
0.2345402091741562,
-0.26748961210250854,
0.1577887088060379,
1.142775297164917,
0.109625443816185,
0.087925486266613,
-0.2780061364173889,
0.09338268637657166,
0.3960150480270386,
-0.48780396580696106,
0.07104702293872833,
0.7036730647087097,
-0.5489394068717957,
-0.8261357545852661,
-0.00004465417077881284,
-0.4021630585193634,
-0.284474641084671,
-0.6132805943489075,
0.794411838054657,
0.22506223618984222,
0.11866514384746552,
0.3071119785308838,
-0.6539391279220581,
0.7307643294334412,
0.095456063747406,
-0.12476741522550583,
-0.01023138128221035,
-0.7087235450744629,
-0.4810572862625122,
0.7416890859603882,
-0.13624098896980286,
-0.7623962163925171,
0.3174144923686981,
0.35000061988830566,
0.6350964903831482,
-0.3304893672466278,
0.6014832258224487,
0.03211318328976631,
0.12150442600250244,
0.24125508964061737,
-0.25785523653030396,
0.07929849624633789,
-0.04127519950270653,
0.45456627011299133,
0.2819172739982605,
0.175587996840477,
-0.4354175627231598,
0.1895088106393814,
0.41483208537101746,
0.4834330081939697,
0.3820696175098419,
0.2318292260169983,
-0.17224793136119843,
0.3440724313259125,
0.017345238476991653,
0.10186829417943954,
0.6112168431282043,
0.10142961144447327,
-0.3320307731628418,
-0.140271857380867,
0.49063000082969666,
-0.24744687974452972,
0.0004885825328528881,
-0.02552638202905655,
-0.1944885551929474,
-0.4889630973339081,
0.17125281691551208,
-0.28398680686950684,
0.17249949276447296,
-0.19488026201725006,
-0.2877359390258789,
-0.8027494549751282,
0.03626887500286102,
0.570361852645874,
0.21455532312393188,
-0.059978384524583817,
-0.5195105671882629,
-0.7283883690834045,
0.13143372535705566,
0.8823118209838867,
-0.300100177526474,
-0.6230152249336243,
-0.11172735691070557,
-0.009785691276192665,
-0.04844962805509567,
0.05704755708575249,
-0.044006213545799255,
-0.12684109807014465,
-0.2311583161354065,
1.0931956768035889,
0.3048807680606842,
0.2479938417673111,
-0.5436792373657227,
0.6392567157745361,
-0.3350740075111389,
-0.6700834035873413,
-0.4867051839828491,
0.10811920464038849,
0.014067456126213074,
0.2532637417316437,
-0.10724492371082306,
0.803745687007904,
0.22143828868865967,
0.14551761746406555,
-0.6748871803283691,
0.1993507593870163,
-5.353301048278809,
-0.10403527319431305,
0.12128156423568726,
-0.2985217869281769,
0.2711346447467804,
-0.12040577828884125,
0.5718227028846741,
0.06430418789386749,
-0.19633279740810394,
-0.7035967111587524,
-0.3156272768974304,
-0.1737477332353592,
0.03443322703242302,
0.8378783464431763,
0.880406379699707,
0.26244989037513733,
0.4157939851284027,
-0.3606613278388977,
-0.1719023585319519,
0.6085891127586365,
-0.2517555356025696,
0.2975420653820038,
-0.17443051934242249,
-0.6795838475227356,
0.0498008131980896,
0.2176596075296402,
-0.7771134972572327,
0.19580739736557007,
-0.8584475517272949,
0.1722489297389984,
0.36345040798187256,
-0.4886130392551422,
-0.0902319848537445,
-0.3142301142215729,
-0.3041093647480011,
-0.43343591690063477,
0.24639692902565002,
0.41707900166511536,
0.2320070117712021,
0.27571019530296326,
-0.3145023286342621,
0.15683984756469727,
-0.305176705121994,
0.008031642995774746,
-0.3726353645324707,
0.14873754978179932,
-0.7659315466880798,
-0.5598517060279846,
-0.023967083543539047,
0.7977581024169922,
-0.007725600153207779,
-0.27894309163093567,
0.7287483811378479,
0.2425713986158371,
0.19538499414920807,
-0.17542019486427307,
0.2089422643184662,
-0.6735610961914062,
-0.6265057325363159,
0.21711315214633942,
0.24361887574195862,
-0.47914373874664307,
0.4610319137573242,
-0.4648314118385315,
-0.1661491096019745,
-0.34503746032714844,
0.10984823107719421,
0.06366436928510666,
0.4497286379337311,
-0.3930151164531708,
0.2183423936367035,
0.46744295954704285,
-0.4221821129322052,
-1.4023689031600952,
-0.6256662607192993,
-0.5148357152938843,
0.18156473338603973,
-0.0033003240823745728,
-0.6628750562667847,
-0.5700684785842896,
-0.04936136305332184,
-0.2447594255208969,
-0.3261553645133972,
0.5710764527320862,
0.17428740859031677,
-0.5471988916397095,
-0.44674327969551086,
0.7939686179161072,
-0.5230122208595276,
-0.3915700316429138,
-0.2190665900707245,
0.04941738024353981,
-0.12104032188653946,
-0.36965763568878174,
0.5263400673866272,
-0.16712608933448792,
0.5825016498565674,
0.1947333812713623,
-0.14760452508926392,
-0.04342931509017944,
-0.5370058417320251,
-0.7004334926605225,
-0.04294179752469063,
-0.6445488929748535,
0.05432813614606857,
-0.026937033981084824,
-0.18759050965309143,
0.48605960607528687,
0.8544901013374329,
-0.2478014975786209,
-0.25022706389427185,
0.3490186333656311,
-0.13323937356472015,
-0.8498677015304565,
0.15852488577365875,
0.09394075721502304,
0.07089948654174805,
-0.16907067596912384,
0.32896432280540466,
0.48769477009773254,
-0.10768213868141174,
0.652130663394928,
-0.011491827666759491,
-0.02933225966989994,
0.06902780383825302,
-0.18693633377552032,
0.21011263132095337,
-0.6911665201187134,
-0.1644143909215927,
-0.009651069529354572,
-0.07712982594966888,
0.4713335633277893,
0.09064368903636932,
-0.4840836822986603,
-0.34298381209373474,
-0.44835057854652405,
-0.6009253263473511,
-0.003944310359656811,
0.1408458650112152,
0.33106958866119385,
0.04693739488720894,
-0.09038978070020676,
0.1471031755208969,
0.04681972786784172,
0.45704126358032227,
-0.046232450753450394,
-0.12560126185417175,
0.11669263243675232,
-0.4532313644886017,
0.46949446201324463,
0.2348850816488266,
0.04116138815879822,
0.2468155175447464,
-0.32289713621139526,
0.005665185395628214,
-0.044950924813747406,
-0.8213894367218018,
0.03932966664433479,
0.16482238471508026,
-0.014943603426218033,
0.04074406996369362,
-0.44689181447029114,
-0.6167543530464172,
-0.11439826339483261,
0.2876565456390381,
-0.4354262351989746,
-0.01948690228164196,
-0.5729350447654724,
-0.6016427278518677,
0.006685799453407526,
0.21221394836902618,
-0.8479131460189819,
-0.06719841063022614,
0.18306167423725128,
0.34585219621658325,
-0.1336672008037567,
-0.0732487142086029,
-0.08546368777751923,
0.4966830015182495,
0.1553989052772522,
-0.32353225350379944,
0.6052834987640381,
-0.3755866587162018,
0.07893085479736328,
0.5914844274520874,
-0.22745242714881897,
-0.28441596031188965,
-0.570923924446106,
-0.37330543994903564,
0.4154224097728729,
0.41192835569381714,
0.07411160320043564,
0.6337577104568481,
0.49943986535072327,
-0.2317158430814743,
-0.2400975376367569,
0.09057469666004181,
-0.3654021620750427,
-0.3564728796482086,
-0.06638404726982117,
0.40692856907844543,
0.4436456263065338,
-0.2499733716249466,
-0.14913378655910492,
0.08304376155138016,
-1.389601469039917,
-0.08378030359745026,
-0.507719874382019,
-0.31962329149246216,
0.8477065563201904,
-0.1743309646844864,
-0.1748737245798111,
-0.2733369767665863,
0.3378753364086151,
-0.1533302664756775,
0.04780692234635353,
0.16252107918262482,
0.4255490303039551,
-0.3283699154853821,
-0.22754429280757904,
0.007970817387104034,
-0.38083788752555847,
-0.6659680008888245,
0.013330204412341118,
-0.19657354056835175,
0.4707472622394562,
0.2734363079071045,
-0.638651430606842,
0.3944338262081146,
-0.08655311167240143,
0.0017854874022305012,
-0.06749095767736435,
0.3295610547065735,
0.22414530813694,
-0.4731546938419342,
-0.2863045632839203,
0.3909926116466522,
0.22336553037166595,
-0.3216116726398468,
0.3110553026199341,
0.5235335230827332,
0.7594391703605652,
0.6057164669036865,
-0.12766411900520325,
-0.22607415914535522,
0.4228004813194275,
-0.042392365634441376,
-0.5153606534004211,
-0.6660496592521667,
0.16261036694049835,
0.3616931140422821,
0.08115576952695847,
-0.2236374169588089,
-0.09324917942285538,
1.4390947818756104,
0.09776721149682999,
-0.011461281217634678,
-0.1747000813484192,
0.0890546590089798,
0.11708254367113113,
0.3034049868583679,
-0.43230533599853516,
0.1777772456407547,
0.444738507270813,
-0.00849158689379692,
0.25055259466171265,
0.15095718204975128,
0.02129576914012432,
0.34645000100135803,
-0.413119375705719,
-0.6684810519218445,
-0.4305068850517273,
-0.5774233937263489,
0.7099271416664124,
0.04131471738219261,
0.15338534116744995,
0.17375575006008148,
-0.29104018211364746,
0.0915934145450592,
-0.46576449275016785,
0.5900248289108276,
0.2143208384513855,
0.08932800590991974,
-0.6146897077560425,
0.1937149167060852,
0.04545636475086212,
0.14974310994148254,
-0.11358597129583359,
-0.10971416532993317,
-0.24868401885032654,
-0.19037500023841858,
-0.23857760429382324,
-0.2783178985118866,
0.024457674473524094,
0.34560078382492065,
-0.02871575579047203,
-0.38406887650489807,
0.3569883704185486,
-0.3427627682685852,
-0.22595477104187012,
-0.26758912205696106,
0.3644346594810486,
0.9106440544128418,
-0.43341395258903503,
0.5641316175460815,
-0.426499605178833,
-0.4669302701950073,
0.0278046652674675,
-0.13151992857456207,
0.31568604707717896,
0.4188927710056305,
0.2567221224308014,
0.43775638937950134,
0.5697562098503113,
-0.24962963163852692,
0.017444424331188202,
0.21561680734157562,
-0.3799341320991516,
0.495623379945755,
0.219888836145401,
0.06064346805214882,
-0.2829780578613281,
0.6558537483215332,
-0.26020920276641846,
-0.06337417662143707,
1.0611647367477417,
-0.05243644490838051,
0.1738271564245224,
-0.11040222644805908,
-0.05837051570415497,
-0.007141140289604664,
-0.2711906135082245,
-0.6046326756477356,
0.3300341069698334,
-0.008048297837376595,
-0.4193914234638214,
0.5868857502937317,
-0.08032675832509995,
0.23744891583919525,
0.0853659063577652,
-0.27831748127937317,
0.7399115562438965,
0.0462946780025959,
0.3769025504589081,
-0.2151091992855072,
-0.23633602261543274,
0.15329401195049286,
1.0092105865478516,
-0.25545573234558105,
-0.08770374208688736,
0.4317185580730438,
0.19791601598262787,
0.32008081674575806,
-0.5846021175384521,
-0.019172972068190575,
-0.30916106700897217,
0.5554484128952026,
-0.5253129005432129,
-0.16383464634418488,
-0.7709518074989319,
-0.5244802236557007,
-0.11848625540733337,
0.3654014766216278,
0.3148309588432312,
-0.10305863618850708,
-0.055804070085287094,
0.5759104490280151,
-1.0806828737258911,
0.1307690441608429,
0.5334212779998779,
0.21774831414222717,
0.17129185795783997,
-0.1853664070367813,
0.5953865051269531,
0.38843604922294617,
0.4694197475910187,
0.48095038533210754,
-0.5711768269538879,
-0.20330815017223358,
0.04328714311122894,
-0.38686516880989075,
0.010188836604356766,
-0.08540261536836624,
0.21780556440353394,
0.7283332347869873,
0.22691281139850616,
0.1074904054403305,
0.3030425012111664,
-0.25786492228507996,
0.2008259892463684,
0.07887738198041916,
-0.1746387779712677,
-0.40850791335105896,
0.3012389540672302,
-0.8823114037513733,
0.24986228346824646,
-0.6291672587394714,
0.8052716851234436,
0.002428187057375908,
0.2136768400669098,
0.13610142469406128,
0.07211951166391373,
-0.08273541182279587,
0.06005194038152695,
-0.5183908343315125,
0.41657617688179016,
-0.3684459924697876,
0.12382083386182785,
-0.7693229913711548,
0.1670791059732437,
0.3165982663631439,
0.21604318916797638,
-0.5290151834487915,
0.10430096834897995,
0.12975378334522247,
0.04769670590758324,
0.30504852533340454,
0.3080641031265259,
0.4607330858707428,
-0.1157858818769455,
0.1627821922302246,
0.9259530305862427,
0.22491374611854553,
0.06778831034898758,
-0.681709885597229,
0.3447987735271454,
-0.17610031366348267,
0.3597295880317688,
-0.04227665439248085,
0.06346338242292404,
-0.16947303712368011,
0.19223761558532715,
-0.2500894069671631,
0.3835623860359192,
-0.22388169169425964,
-0.08895481377840042,
0.6122559309005737,
0.926790714263916,
0.17701758444309235,
-0.5564620494842529,
0.5573131442070007,
0.03439567610621452,
-0.4685213267803192,
-0.1354682445526123,
-2.7772836685180664,
0.19242790341377258,
-0.31959426403045654,
-0.5476926565170288,
-0.35400739312171936,
0.24660804867744446,
0.25403526425361633,
-0.5175653696060181,
-0.4644433856010437,
-0.3875827491283417,
-0.13074275851249695,
0.16708698868751526,
-0.10898701101541519,
0.01863848976790905,
0.6953678131103516,
-0.07115648686885834
] |
256788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot%20Allegory | Chariot Allegory | See also the chariot allegory in the Indian work Katha Upanishad, and another in the story of Vajira.
Plato, in his dialogue Phaedrus (sections 246a–254e), uses the Chariot Allegory to explain his view of the human soul. He creates this allegory in the dialogue through the character of Socrates, who uses it in a discussion of the merit of Love as "divine madness".
Allegory
Plato paints the picture of a Charioteer () driving a chariot pulled by two winged horses:
"First the charioteer of the human soul drives a pair, and secondly one of the horses is noble and of noble breed, but the other quite the opposite in breed and character. Therefore in our case the driving is necessarily difficult and troublesome."
The Charioteer represents intellect, reason, or the part of the soul that must guide the soul to truth; one horse represents rational or moral impulse or the positive part of passionate nature (e.g., righteous indignation); while the other represents the soul's irrational passions, appetites, or concupiscent nature. The Charioteer directs the entire chariot/soul, trying to stop the horses from going different ways, and to proceed towards enlightenment.
Journey
Plato describes a "great circuit" which souls make as they follow the gods in the path of enlightenment. Those few souls which are fully enlightened are able to see the world of the forms in all its glory. Some souls have difficulty controlling the black horse, even with the help of the white horse. They may bob up into the world of the forms, but at other times enlightenment is hidden from them. If overcome by the black horse or forgetfulness, the soul loses its wings and is pulled down to earth.
Should that happen, the soul is incarnated into one of nine kinds of person, according to how much truth it beheld. In order of decreasing levels of truth seen, the categories are: (1) philosophers, lovers of beauty, men of culture, or those dedicated to love; (2) law-abiding kings or civic leaders; (3) politicians, estate-managers or businessmen; (4) ones who specialize in bodily health; (5) prophets or mystery cult participants; (6) poets or imitative artists; (7) craftsmen or farmers; (8) sophists or demagogues; and (9) tyrants.
One need not suppose that Plato intended this as a literal discussion of metempsychosis or reincarnation: perhaps he meant it figuratively.
Plato does not see the human soul as a sort of patchwork of emotions and concepts; this differs from the views of many philosophers of his time. Instead he views the soul as a sort of composite, in which many different elements blend together and affect each other. He uses the allegory of the charioteer to explain that love is a reflection of love of the forms, and is thus a "divine madness," a theia mania.
See also
Allegory of the cave
Platonism
Ratha Kalpana
Id, ego, and super-ego
Jonathan Haidt
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Katha Upanishad
References
External links
What did Plato believe about the human soul - the one minute guide
Phaedrus (English and Greek text) – Perseus Digital Library
Phaedrus Chariot Allegory – Full text (hyperlinked) and commentary
Platonism
Allegory
Philosophy of love | [
-0.09049420803785324,
0.5920591950416565,
-0.7287330627441406,
0.25862032175064087,
-0.4294929802417755,
0.5450718998908997,
0.49703696370124817,
0.6151465773582458,
-0.32766395807266235,
-0.6665298342704773,
-0.4851095974445343,
0.43197497725486755,
0.2608213424682617,
0.829229474067688,
-0.07579486072063446,
0.2724633514881134,
0.19769717752933502,
0.1567494124174118,
-0.025821806862950325,
-0.1707480400800705,
0.12626230716705322,
0.40178346633911133,
0.6405625939369202,
-0.2586546242237091,
0.040490709245204926,
-0.03566616773605347,
0.5458691716194153,
0.2844396233558655,
-0.1601552516222,
-0.1295023411512375,
-0.4400034546852112,
1.0808253288269043,
-0.3303149342536926,
-0.13061335682868958,
-0.09876468032598495,
-1.2164770364761353,
0.09957532584667206,
-0.4481874108314514,
0.02763148956000805,
-0.48434293270111084,
0.4375219941139221,
0.02279370278120041,
0.9893990159034729,
0.3920484483242035,
-0.0600312240421772,
0.03487605229020119,
-1.5436590909957886,
0.029251350089907646,
-0.6557857990264893,
-0.5950404405593872,
-0.4601875841617584,
0.028907230123877525,
0.1881689578294754,
1.0573394298553467,
0.25628504157066345,
0.8640496134757996,
-1.0204190015792847,
0.025264866650104523,
0.44459763169288635,
0.06346044689416885,
0.7292813658714294,
0.9732517600059509,
0.021154489368200302,
0.43346673250198364,
-0.03929298371076584,
0.12298768013715744,
0.016848083585500717,
0.4091087579727173,
-0.1035708338022232,
-0.2950081527233124,
-0.8378053307533264,
-0.09778628498315811,
0.04419497400522232,
1.1409330368041992,
-0.7216436266899109,
-0.31442025303840637,
-0.07453151047229767,
-0.03664190322160721,
0.11276515573263168,
-1.0361638069152832,
-0.19979819655418396,
0.040567073971033096,
0.9887093901634216,
0.6922967433929443,
0.0832214280962944,
-0.006276402622461319,
-0.16613543033599854,
-0.3136669099330902,
-0.2200898677110672,
0.6015826463699341,
-0.09423984587192535,
0.13379111886024475,
0.15386013686656952,
0.7374298572540283,
-0.49248796701431274,
0.10075998306274414,
0.5008301138877869,
-0.4861738085746765,
0.34121936559677124,
-0.21462498605251312,
0.14467047154903412,
0.16100776195526123,
-0.08254524320363998,
-0.10427112132310867,
-0.3652059733867645,
0.03791256248950958,
-0.06287366151809692,
-0.21145452558994293,
-0.2662149667739868,
0.40313708782196045,
-0.7324758172035217,
0.5352914929389954,
0.25310784578323364,
0.05998705327510834,
-0.267982542514801,
-0.4954223930835724,
-0.40600478649139404,
-0.34905892610549927,
-0.2200295329093933,
0.0647672787308693,
0.7069912552833557,
0.5456502437591553,
0.6146450638771057,
-0.27834710478782654,
-0.20244939625263214,
0.6221457719802856,
0.37515226006507874,
0.7898633480072021,
-0.07466590404510498,
0.43465369939804077,
0.5108688473701477,
0.19827286899089813,
-0.5246593952178955,
-0.38269078731536865,
-0.12643851339817047,
-0.5082286596298218,
0.5037427544593811,
-0.06618359684944153,
0.6678732633590698,
0.32219138741493225,
-0.8794799447059631,
-0.6471006274223328,
-0.801605224609375,
0.18311886489391327,
0.5366936922073364,
-0.024291912093758583,
0.20701909065246582,
-0.09546451270580292,
-0.27421292662620544,
-0.1662919968366623,
-0.5203647613525391,
0.3452756404876709,
-0.14139944314956665,
-0.00698938500136137,
-0.02318357490003109,
0.5288222432136536,
-0.03760262578725815,
-0.04308916628360748,
0.3054959177970886,
0.23755422234535217,
-0.24830162525177002,
-0.03205748274922371,
-0.4692719876766205,
-0.06409727782011032,
-0.43734562397003174,
-0.3418077230453491,
0.5029453039169312,
0.35515597462654114,
-0.12808361649513245,
-0.04631462320685387,
-1.356002926826477,
-0.13096316158771515,
0.010718083009123802,
-0.30070292949676514,
0.10649152100086212,
0.20060965418815613,
0.7682563662528992,
0.0499829538166523,
0.3584231436252594,
0.3673416078090668,
-1.050573468208313,
-0.1049390509724617,
0.4198150038719177,
-0.32974758744239807,
0.5423397421836853,
-0.2574780285358429,
0.39906173944473267,
-0.24141082167625427,
0.023862918838858604,
-0.6050100922584534,
-0.7100816965103149,
-0.18774430453777313,
0.3882180452346802,
-0.37631383538246155,
1.4416263103485107,
0.37095382809638977,
-0.6361597180366516,
0.21725529432296753,
0.7470912933349609,
0.3811226189136505,
0.13415825366973877,
-0.2312309592962265,
0.13411150872707367,
0.26738399267196655,
-0.4061809182167053,
0.8887177109718323,
-0.39425888657569885,
0.13680443167686462,
0.03454364463686943,
0.08443809300661087,
0.4424719214439392,
-0.21683666110038757,
0.2684077322483063,
-0.6337606906890869,
-0.20251372456550598,
0.10491731017827988,
-0.2174970954656601,
0.3890557885169983,
-0.4041832983493805,
-0.412603497505188,
0.985057532787323,
-0.43637481331825256,
-0.3175337016582489,
-0.04706890508532524,
0.3220556378364563,
0.9396601915359497,
-0.18775396049022675,
0.47865140438079834,
-0.031649548560380936,
-0.5886629223823547,
-0.032569486647844315,
-0.030071506276726723,
-0.12156572937965393,
-0.2744176685810089,
-0.5379229187965393,
-0.33078137040138245,
0.3507196307182312,
-0.20094358921051025,
0.24957586824893951,
-0.10243413597345352,
-0.182452991604805,
0.45457443594932556,
-0.9313110113143921,
0.22064068913459778,
-0.16353656351566315,
-0.36805957555770874,
-0.43601468205451965,
-0.18977773189544678,
-0.668138325214386,
-0.12957775592803955,
0.21183744072914124,
-0.2135496735572815,
0.16311971843242645,
-0.04263909161090851,
-0.0578579418361187,
-0.14648307859897614,
-0.24890542030334473,
-0.14570315182209015,
0.47179192304611206,
0.06441685557365417,
-0.5307059288024902,
0.4988923966884613,
0.07074929028749466,
-0.00878732930868864,
-0.44898566603660583,
-0.7580713033676147,
-0.13537628948688507,
0.06080321967601776,
0.06301461160182953,
0.37235820293426514,
0.5374709367752075,
-0.5146158933639526,
-0.19309654831886292,
-0.3346543312072754,
0.10892598330974579,
-0.4714573323726654,
0.11509044468402863,
0.4034959375858307,
-0.5612702369689941,
0.09104675054550171,
-0.09725672751665115,
0.7873558402061462,
0.2482883334159851,
-0.36974406242370605,
-0.04485452175140381,
0.0633915513753891,
0.28335610032081604,
-0.13374075293540955,
-0.046041373163461685,
-0.010523991659283638,
0.5014104247093201,
0.7137939929962158,
0.06748649477958679,
-0.14241397380828857,
0.37520426511764526,
0.5181141495704651,
-0.1780649870634079,
0.15553370118141174,
0.11344783753156662,
-0.6100451350212097,
-0.5545676350593567,
0.5345693826675415,
-0.35556626319885254,
-0.28598013520240784,
0.20300030708312988,
-0.4071851074695587,
-0.29412251710891724,
0.2936978042125702,
-5.403453350067139,
-0.3435879647731781,
-0.49890652298927307,
-0.26654383540153503,
0.327300488948822,
0.5131730437278748,
0.22184766829013824,
-0.02973202057182789,
0.11030873656272888,
-0.07945304363965988,
-0.07724940776824951,
-0.37314432859420776,
-0.3477959632873535,
0.2570062279701233,
-0.050054412335157394,
0.2569981515407562,
0.6346598863601685,
-0.1459820419549942,
0.18877144157886505,
-0.038568414747714996,
-0.1464000940322876,
0.10260185599327087,
-0.2555636465549469,
0.871924877166748,
-0.01683216728270054,
-0.2622721791267395,
-0.46902722120285034,
-0.11776643246412277,
-0.1310691088438034,
0.18202216923236847,
0.2824731767177582,
-0.031654082238674164,
0.6009907126426697,
-0.2146572470664978,
-0.223829448223114,
0.17265622317790985,
0.6568465828895569,
0.04352298751473427,
0.7364224195480347,
-0.4165242314338684,
-0.89641273021698,
0.1206597164273262,
0.46550607681274414,
0.11349239200353622,
0.615288257598877,
-0.46720749139785767,
-0.16805441677570343,
0.6040869355201721,
0.32840093970298767,
0.29990488290786743,
-0.07625703513622284,
-0.05622751638293266,
0.4612540900707245,
0.24977155029773712,
0.061283864080905914,
-0.18512162566184998,
0.23672537505626678,
0.006365873385220766,
-0.0001224804436787963,
-0.12731364369392395,
0.3097548484802246,
-0.7285658717155457,
-0.20993340015411377,
-0.7131820321083069,
0.27778637409210205,
-0.31564861536026,
-0.2811761498451233,
-0.25166818499565125,
-0.23475663363933563,
0.2419183999300003,
-0.9284200072288513,
0.48151150345802307,
0.11852912604808807,
-0.7652943730354309,
0.5731667876243591,
-0.5238632559776306,
-0.052520040422677994,
0.24502669274806976,
0.17957577109336853,
0.12771642208099365,
-0.21879291534423828,
-0.4974193871021271,
-0.7410435676574707,
0.05989333987236023,
0.16781678795814514,
-0.22788327932357788,
-0.18068808317184448,
-0.3811933994293213,
-0.25031575560569763,
-0.04929250106215477,
1.7232027053833008,
0.24989835917949677,
-0.037272222340106964,
0.6776916980743408,
0.31505244970321655,
0.7702145576477051,
-0.26501956582069397,
-0.21988742053508759,
0.7887457013130188,
-0.3926011621952057,
0.11395414918661118,
-0.08592107892036438,
0.23021268844604492,
0.7172843217849731,
-0.4047444462776184,
0.17651169002056122,
0.33713269233703613,
0.2653353214263916,
1.0380797386169434,
-0.3764851987361908,
0.16854187846183777,
-0.1576824188232422,
-0.11205244809389114,
-0.6106898188591003,
0.5925531983375549,
0.21696117520332336,
-0.02677900902926922,
0.7306241989135742,
0.8346535563468933,
0.3863053619861603,
0.2531786859035492,
0.3119608163833618,
-0.6280050873756409,
-0.5179480314254761,
0.006894257850944996,
0.23614616692066193,
0.5301364660263062,
-0.18022482097148895,
0.12602044641971588,
-0.3260311186313629,
0.023394744843244553,
0.0685688778758049,
0.17658618092536926,
0.09567303210496902,
-0.49390730261802673,
-0.543796956539154,
0.4561530649662018,
0.09326823055744171,
-0.5230163335800171,
-0.5441309213638306,
0.07964793592691422,
-0.221925750374794,
-0.26559606194496155,
-0.12503047287464142,
0.5356864929199219,
0.17692795395851135,
0.12566865980625153,
0.09849648922681808,
-0.41526874899864197,
0.5993252992630005,
-0.19054459035396576,
-0.5618184208869934,
0.3057362139225006,
-0.6338315606117249,
-0.7335456609725952,
0.19556376338005066,
-0.4621869623661041,
0.18783389031887054,
-0.414462685585022,
-0.3543114960193634,
0.15984170138835907,
-0.4766687750816345,
-0.842424213886261,
-0.08876977860927582,
-0.3564035892486572,
0.3661958575248718,
-0.3377182185649872,
-1.0274789333343506,
0.3927798569202423,
0.5818382501602173,
0.5090758204460144,
0.07077037543058395,
-0.7903327941894531,
-0.12400810420513153,
0.6255043745040894,
-0.09452091157436371,
0.22281821072101593,
0.3894074857234955,
-0.14226451516151428,
-0.4086483418941498,
-0.6133061647415161,
0.10066074877977371,
0.09315729886293411,
-0.08446971327066422,
0.2840789556503296,
-0.6504268646240234,
-0.26549163460731506,
0.3863554298877716,
-0.6922325491905212,
0.253862202167511,
-0.28968945145606995,
0.8582136034965515,
-0.0037579291965812445,
-0.2407153844833374,
-0.3480113446712494,
-0.006137643475085497,
-0.1407937854528427,
0.11209584027528763,
-0.126747265458107,
-0.8545013070106506,
0.6024608612060547,
0.03577268496155739,
-0.26345109939575195,
0.5403501987457275,
0.21237172186374664,
-0.9244136810302734,
0.7825083136558533,
0.1437065601348877,
-0.3531707525253296,
0.30036622285842896,
-0.4240773916244507,
-0.4996797442436218,
0.17616696655750275,
-0.03152026981115341,
-0.31069979071617126,
-0.5514963865280151,
-0.07819484919309616,
-0.5810132026672363,
-0.13089454174041748,
0.013768240809440613,
0.6453171968460083,
-0.45431703329086304,
-0.5521887540817261,
0.14905987679958344,
-0.6949672102928162,
0.08333701640367508,
-0.00438353605568409,
-1.0634980201721191,
0.6997957229614258,
-0.049664177000522614,
-0.5460911989212036,
0.45938462018966675,
0.08118638396263123,
0.5720007419586182,
-0.36697474122047424,
-0.7864884734153748,
0.19124627113342285,
0.3162875771522522,
0.004745902493596077,
0.17559248208999634,
0.22084830701351166,
0.0895194411277771,
-0.15256856381893158,
0.024610605090856552,
-0.10530732572078705,
0.32384762167930603,
-0.01562751829624176,
-0.5999988913536072,
-0.5662107467651367,
-0.046809352934360504,
0.3354610204696655,
-0.41121774911880493,
-0.8747304677963257,
-0.3445841073989868,
0.40154150128364563,
-0.8095744848251343,
-0.587653398513794,
0.09933234751224518,
0.33565372228622437,
0.29366737604141235,
-0.007916869595646858,
-0.03267577290534973,
-0.2730939984321594,
-0.27636390924453735,
-0.19268900156021118,
-0.13713769614696503,
0.031669195741415024,
0.06755358725786209,
0.5252491235733032,
-0.10270985215902328,
0.19592836499214172,
-0.6615456342697144,
0.19038677215576172,
0.04738038405776024,
0.4530363082885742,
-0.5385580062866211,
-0.32304471731185913,
-0.44837096333503723,
0.9211358428001404,
-0.22158539295196533,
0.11064806580543518,
0.0577363595366478,
-0.31462690234184265,
-0.22075647115707397,
-0.08930535614490509,
-0.410203754901886,
0.1519211083650589,
-0.23866406083106995,
0.005389716010540724,
0.21553881466388702,
-0.16927625238895416,
-0.1611078679561615,
0.20047302544116974,
0.6977171897888184,
-0.045769453048706055,
0.5084526538848877,
0.7667617797851562,
0.5494667291641235,
-0.21665751934051514,
-0.13087956607341766,
-0.6400643587112427,
0.4435146152973175,
0.20146149396896362,
-0.8654544949531555,
-0.08356594294309616,
-0.14582544565200806,
0.24508163332939148,
-0.5977627635002136,
-0.20293569564819336,
0.1414061188697815,
0.13052897155284882,
0.18008826673030853,
0.4023187756538391,
1.091752529144287,
0.04708712920546532,
-0.48425552248954773,
0.2581542730331421,
-0.574119508266449,
0.0034610514994710684,
0.8442938327789307,
-0.014148127287626266,
-0.2518405020236969,
0.5295002460479736,
-0.6849033236503601,
0.19325417280197144,
0.234302818775177,
-0.3496204912662506,
-0.323324590921402,
0.6611385941505432,
0.31136566400527954,
0.5517112612724304,
0.10848109424114227,
-0.8522911667823792,
0.6522104740142822,
0.28117939829826355,
-0.14568966627120972,
-0.13245625793933868,
-0.7205578684806824,
-0.05434587970376015,
0.24250975251197815,
0.49738767743110657,
0.19012799859046936,
-0.1732516884803772,
-0.05265731364488602,
-0.18426282703876495,
0.34559667110443115,
0.4430716633796692,
0.3148691952228546,
-0.6435762047767639,
0.10956113785505295,
0.10394248366355896,
0.205650195479393,
0.7592433094978333,
-0.437166690826416,
0.6201927065849304,
-0.30682918429374695,
0.2619524598121643,
0.05713686719536781,
-0.3871637284755707,
0.5585912466049194,
0.3386872112751007,
0.23951755464076996,
0.42750033736228943,
-0.3862336277961731,
0.20341111719608307,
0.31423312425613403,
0.22526142001152039,
-0.5682938098907471,
-0.08085036277770996,
0.01248228456825018,
0.4998457729816437,
0.3767150342464447,
-0.6969938278198242,
0.4369594156742096,
0.16818194091320038,
0.23775765299797058,
0.16473951935768127,
-0.2861717641353607,
0.11367606371641159,
0.07517650723457336,
-0.47586923837661743,
-0.38764265179634094,
0.10727723687887192,
-0.8754943609237671,
-0.039695776998996735,
0.2821372449398041,
-0.33490195870399475,
0.5025426149368286,
0.14114569127559662,
0.31256622076034546,
-0.3150102496147156,
0.3573817014694214,
-0.18547749519348145,
0.2640416920185089,
-0.6382896304130554,
-0.47320523858070374,
-0.6690047383308411,
0.10250026732683182,
-0.23014108836650848,
0.10951012372970581,
0.6271355748176575,
0.7851571440696716,
0.2963302731513977,
0.08675704151391983,
-0.2944104075431824,
-0.40562599897384644,
0.03238701447844505,
-0.10972508043050766,
-0.7093827128410339,
-0.05577908083796501,
0.14501513540744781,
-0.5358110070228577,
0.10362853854894638,
-0.07080087065696716,
-0.253154456615448,
-0.5521575212478638,
0.688177764415741,
-0.6837111115455627,
0.04127126187086105,
-0.754427969455719,
-0.0924665629863739,
0.025301169604063034,
-0.017757056280970573,
0.6793526411056519,
-0.7119678854942322,
-0.37808817625045776,
0.8326822519302368,
-0.030346082523465157,
-0.5812904834747314,
0.5285110473632812,
-0.49554213881492615,
0.1218145415186882,
-1.5038444995880127,
-0.10352618992328644,
0.1269739419221878,
-0.007485545706003904,
0.5218479633331299,
0.26252564787864685,
0.24926365911960602,
-0.7090721726417542,
0.21307219564914703,
-0.09019821882247925,
0.22192063927650452,
0.49795272946357727,
-0.5864488482475281,
-0.16478189826011658,
-0.4673047959804535,
0.07456074655056,
0.17515011131763458,
0.8186468482017517,
0.7124131321907043,
-0.019483763724565506,
0.643484890460968,
-0.1941303163766861,
0.5228851437568665,
-0.008515403605997562,
0.2390727996826172,
-0.8608891367912292,
-0.04437660053372383,
0.2540544271469116
] |
256791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent%20%28sociolinguistics%29 | Accent (sociolinguistics) | In sociolinguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation. An accent may be identified with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or geographical accent), the socioeconomic status of its speakers, their ethnicity (an ethnolect), their caste or social class (a social accent), or influence from their first language (a foreign accent).
Accents typically differ in quality of voice, pronunciation and distinction of vowels and consonants, stress, and prosody. Although grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often vary concurrently with accent, the word "accent" may refer specifically to the differences in pronunciation, whereas the word "dialect" encompasses the broader set of linguistic differences. "Accent" is often a subset of "dialect".
History
As human beings spread out into isolated communities, stresses and peculiarities develop. Over time, they can develop into identifiable accents. In North America, the interaction of people from many ethnic backgrounds contributed to the formation of the different varieties of North American accents. It is difficult to measure or predict how long it takes an accent to form. Accents from Canada, South Africa, Australia and the United States for example, developed from the combinations of different accents and languages in various societies and their effect on the various pronunciations of British settlers.
Accents may vary within regions of an area in which a uniform language is spoken. In some cases, such as regional accents of English in the United States, accents can be traced back to when an area was settled and by whom. Areas like the city of New Orleans in Louisiana that are, or at one point in time were, semi-isolated have distinct accents due to the absence of contact between regions. Isolated regions allow dialects to expand and evolve independently. Social and economic factors can also influence the way people speak.
Development
The biological foundation for accent development begins in the womb. Even before an infant is capable of differentiating verbal cues at around 6 months old, it is imperative that parents speak to their children during pregnancy and in what's known the "Critical Period" in the first few years of life. During this period of rapid cognitive development, it is much easier to develop, and master, foreign skills such as learned a new (or first) language. Verbal cues are processed and silently learned in preparation for the day the vocal system is developed enough to speak its first words (usually around 12 months). Before infants can identify words, they just hear "sounds" that they come to recognize. Eventually neural pathways are established in the brain that link each sound with a meaning. The more frequently a word is heard, the more its connection is solidified and the same goes for accents. There is no "standard" accent for the child to practice, as far as they're concerned, the accent they hear from their parents is not the "right" way, it's the only way. Eventually children graduate from the conscious act of recalling each word, it becomes natural like breathing. As children grow up they learn vocabulary of the language they are immersed in, whether assisted by parents or not. However, their first few encounters with words determine the way they'll pronounce them for the rest of their lives. This is how accents are cultivated in groups as small as towns and as large as countries; it's a compounding effect. Though it's possible to develop a new accent or lose an old one, it's difficult because the neural pathways created when learning the language were developed with the "original" pronunciations.
Children are able to take on accents relatively quickly. Children of immigrant families, for example, generally have a pronunciation more similar to people native to where they live compared to their parents, but both children and parents may have an accent noticeablely differing from local people. Accents seem to remain relatively malleable until a person's early twenties, after which a person's accent seems to become more entrenched.
People's accent may slowly morph into someone elses, to whom they listen a lot. This is especially commonplace in modern times, with people listening to online media (for example, videos on YouTube) a lot, in which the speaker can easily have a different accent.
Nonetheless, accents are not fixed even in adulthood. An acoustic analysis by Jonathan Harrington of Elizabeth II's Royal Christmas Messages revealed that the speech patterns of even so conservative a figure as a monarch can continue to change over her lifetime.
Non-native accents
Accents of non-native speakers may be the result of the speaker's native language. Each language contains distinct sets of sounds. At around 12 months of age, human infants will pick out which sounds they need to learn their language. As they get older it becomes increasingly harder to learn these "forgotten" sounds. A prime example of this can be seen between German and English - the "w" and "th" sounds, like in the English words "wish" and "this" respectively, do not exist in German - the closest sounds are "v" and "z". As a result, many English-speaking Germans pronounce "wish" as "vish" and "this" as "ziss." A similar disjunction occurs in German speaking native English speakers, who may find it difficult to pronounce the vowels in German words such as "schön" (beautiful) and "müde" (tired).
An important factor in predicting the degree to which the accent will be noticeable (or strong) is the age at which the non-native language was learned. The critical period theory states that if learning takes place after the critical period (usually considered around puberty) for acquiring native-like pronunciation, an individual is unlikely to acquire a native-like accent. This theory, however, is quite controversial among researchers. Although many subscribe to some form of the critical period, they either place it earlier than puberty or consider it more of a critical “window,” which may vary from one individual to another and depend on factors other than age, such as length of residence, similarity of the non-native language to the native language, and the frequency with which both languages are used.
Nevertheless, children as young as 6 at the time of moving to another country often speak with a noticeable non-native accent as adults. There are also rare instances of individuals who are able to pass for native speakers even if they learned their non-native language in early adulthood. However, neurological constraints associated with brain development appear to limit most non-native speakers’ ability to sound native-like. Most researchers agree that for adults, acquiring a native-like accent in a non-native language is near impossible.
Social factors
When a group defines a standard pronunciation, speakers who deviate from it are often said to "speak with an accent". However, everyone speaks with an accent. People from the United States would "speak English with an accent" from the point of view of an Australian, and vice versa. Accents such as Received Pronunciation or General American English may sometimes be erroneously designated in their countries of origin as "accentless" to indicate that they offer no obvious clue to the speaker's regional or social background.
Being understood
Many teachers of, for example, English as a second language neglect to teach speech/pronunciation. Many adult and near-adult learners of second languages have unintelligible speech patterns that may interfere with their education, profession, and social interactions. Pronunciation in a second or foreign language involves more than the correct articulation of individual sounds. It involves producing a wide range of complex and subtle distinctions which relate sound to meaning at several levels.
Teaching of speech/pronunciation is neglected in part because of the following myths:
Pronunciation isn't important: "This is patently false from any perspective." Speech/Pronunciation forms the vehicle for transmitting the speaker's meaning. If the listener does not understand the message, no communication takes place, and although there are other factors involved, one of the most important is the intelligibility of the speaker's pronunciation.
Students will pick it up on their own: "Some will learn to pronounce the second language intelligibly; many will not."
Inadequate instruction in speech/pronunciation can result in a complete breakdown in communication. The proliferation of commercial "accent reduction" services is seen as a sign that many ESL teachers are not meeting their students' needs for speech/pronunciation instruction.
The goals of speech/pronunciation instruction should include: to help the learner speak in a way that is easy to understand and does not distract the listener, to increase the self-confidence of the learner, and to develop the skills to self-monitor and adapt one's own speech.
Even when the listener does understand the speaker, the presence of an accent that is difficult to understand can produce anxiety in the listener that he will not understand what comes next, and cause him to end the conversation earlier or avoid difficult topics.
Intelligibility of speech, in comparison to native-like accent, has been experimentally reported to be of greater importance for the second language speakers. As such ways of increasing intelligibility of speech has been recommended by some researchers within the field.
Prestige
Certain accents are perceived to carry more prestige in a society than other accents. This is often due to their association with the elite part of society. For example, in the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation of the English language is associated with the traditional upper class. The same can be said about the predominance of Southeastern Brazilian accents in the case of the Brazilian variant of the Portuguese language, especially considering the disparity of prestige between most caipira-influenced speech, associated with rural environment and lack of formal education, together with the Portuguese spoken in some other communities of lower socioeconomic strata such as favela dwellers, and other sociocultural variants such as middle and upper class paulistano (dialect spoken from Greater São Paulo to the East) and fluminense (dialect spoken in the state of Rio de Janeiro) to the other side, inside Southeastern Brazil itself. However, in linguistics, there is no differentiation among accents in regard to their prestige, aesthetics, or correctness. All languages and accents are linguistically equal.
Accent stereotyping and prejudice
Stereotypes refer to specific characteristics, traits, and roles that a group and its members are believed to possess. Stereotypes can be both positive and negative, although negative are more common.
Stereotypes may result in prejudice, which is defined as having negative attitudes toward a group and its members. Individuals with non-standard accents often have to deal with both negative stereotypes and prejudice because of an accent. Researchers consistently show that people with non-native accents are judged as less intelligent, less competent, less educated, having poor English/language skills, and unpleasant to listen to. Not only people with standard accents subscribe to these beliefs and attitudes, but individuals with accents also often stereotype against their own or others' accents.
In some cases, the way you hear someone can be more impactful than what you actually hear. Humans can (and often do) judge each other as soon as someone says "hello." Even as they continue to speak, your mind has already identified the type of person with whom you're speaking, applied existing stereotypes and generalizations you might hold about that type of person, and in a way categorized them. People associate different behaviors and stereotypes with different accents; in some cases these notions can hold some truth but are often blown out of proportion. This can lead to generalizations about entire cultures.
People place certain amounts of trust in others based on two factors stemming solely from the way they speak. First, people naturally relate to, and form connections with, other people when they can. It's comforting to the mind to find someone like you and accent is an easily identifiable factor with which to make a connection, even if it's subconsciously. Second are your previously held conceptions about people with certain accents. Despite forming a connection with someone, these factors could clash. It's the dynamic created by these two factors that works to shape your trust in a specific person (or general population for that matter) with an identifiable accent. Additionally, perspective is key: British accents are seen as "scholarly" or "intellectual" in America while in parts of Ireland and parts of Europe they are looked down upon.
Accents have even found to be more impactful on perception than known perceptual dividers like race, religion, or sex. In a PNAS study, babies were told to choose a toy from two recorded speakers with varying characteristics. Ahead of all variables tested, including race and gender, recordings speaking with an accent native to the child were selected at a considerably higher frequency.
Accent discrimination
Discrimination refers to specific behaviors or actions directed at a group or its individual members based solely on the group membership. In accent discrimination, one's way of speaking is used as a basis for arbitrary evaluations and judgments. Unlike other forms of discrimination, there are no strong norms against accent discrimination in the general society. Rosina Lippi-Green writes,
Accent serves as the first point of gate keeping because we are forbidden, by law and social custom, and perhaps by a prevailing sense of what is morally and ethically right, from using race, ethnicity, homeland or economics more directly. We have no such compunctions about language, thus, accent becomes a litmus test for exclusion, and excuse to turn away, to recognize the other.
Speakers with certain accents often experience discrimination in housing and employment. For example, speakers who have foreign or ethnic-minority accents are less likely to be called back by landlords and are more likely to be assigned by employers to lower status positions than those with standard accents. In business settings, individuals with non-standard accents are more likely to be evaluated negatively. Accent discrimination is also present in educational institutions. For example, non-native speaking graduate students, lecturers, and professors, across college campuses in the US have been targeted for being unintelligible because of accent. Second language speakers have reported being discriminated against, or feeling marginalized for, when they attempted to find a job in higher ranking positions mainly because of their accents. On average, however, students taught by non-native English speakers do not underperform when compared to those taught by native speakers of English. Some English native-speaker students in Canada reported a preference for non-native speaker instructors as long as the instructor's speech is intelligible. This was due to the psychological impacts such circumstances has on the students requiring them to pay closer attention to the instructor to ensure they understand them.
Studies have shown the perception of the accent, not the accent by itself, often results in negative evaluations of speakers. In a study conducted by Rubin (1992), students listened to a taped lecture recorded by a native English speaker with a standard accent. They were then shown an image of the "lecturer", sometimes Asian-looking, sometimes white. Participants in the study who saw the Asian picture believed that they had heard an accented lecturer and performed worse on a task that measured lecture comprehension. Negative evaluations may reflect the prejudices rather than real issues with understanding accents.
Legal implications
In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on national origin, implying accents. However, employers may claim that a person's accent impairs their communication skills that are necessary to the effective business operation. The courts often rely on the employer's claims or use judges’ subjective opinions when deciding whether the (potential) employee's accent would interfere with communication or performance, without any objective proof that accent was or might be a hindrance.
Kentucky's highest court in the case of Clifford vs. Commonwealth held that a white police officer, who had not seen the black defendant allegedly involved in a drug transaction, could, nevertheless, identify him as a participant by saying that a voice on an audiotape "sounded black". The police officer based this "identification" on the fact that the defendant was the only African American man in the room at the time of the transaction and that an audio-tape contained the voice of a man the officer said "sounded black" selling crack cocaine to a European American informant planted by the police.
Acting and accents
Actors are often called upon to speak a variety of language other than their own. Similarly, an actor may portray a character of some nationality other than their own by adopting into the native language the phonological profile typical of the nationality to be portrayed in what is commonly called "speaking with an accent".
Accents may have stereotypical associations. For example, in Disney animated films mothers and fathers typically speak with white middle class American or English accents. English accents in Disney animated films are frequently employed to serve one of two purposes, slapstick comedy or evil genius. Examples include Aladdin (the Sultan and Jafar, respectively) and The Lion King (Zazu and Scar, respectively), among others.
See also
Accent reduction
Accent perception
English-language accents in film
Foreign accent syndrome
Human voice
Language change
Non-native pronunciations of English
Regional accents of English
Variety (linguistics)
Koiné language
References
Further reading
Giles, H., & Coupland, N. (1991). Language: Contexts and Consequences. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Lindemann, S. (2003). "Koreans, Chinese or Indians? Attitudes and ideologies about non-native English speakers in the United States." Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7, 348–364.
Lindemann, S. (2005). "Who speaks 'broken English'? US undergraduates' perception of non-native English." International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15, 187–212.
Moyer, A. (1999). "Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: The critical factors of age, motivation and instruction." Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 81–108.
Scovel, T. (1988). A Time to Speak: A Psycho linguistic Inquiry into the Critical Period for Human Speech. Cambridge, England: New bury House.
Wated, G., & Sanchez, J. I. (2006). "The role of accent as a work stress or on attitudinal and health-related work outcomes." International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 329–350.
Wells, J C. 1982. Accents of English. (3 volumes). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Wells's home pages also have a lot of information about phonetics and accents.]
External links
Sounds Familiar? – Listen to regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
'Hover & Hear' accents of English from around the World, and compare them side by side.
The Speech Accent Archive (Native and non-native accent recordings of English)
Wells Accents and Spelling
humanaccents.com – a summary of research on non-native accents and extensive accent bibliography
Sociolinguistics
Phonology
Dialectology
Linguistics terminology | [
0.23694172501564026,
0.4299931824207306,
-0.7679253220558167,
-0.37679770588874817,
-0.1123628094792366,
0.7499781847000122,
0.8831202983856201,
0.59466952085495,
-0.11473925411701202,
-0.9932070970535278,
-0.42054465413093567,
0.2626102864742279,
0.10848209261894226,
-0.08003921061754227,
0.3789677321910858,
0.6734105944633484,
0.7712387442588806,
0.514443039894104,
0.0636003166437149,
0.06489860266447067,
-0.5003008246421814,
0.011018744669854641,
0.06953771412372589,
-0.6363445520401001,
0.4101485311985016,
-0.2212122082710266,
0.3877587616443634,
0.06799658387899399,
-0.2988957166671753,
-0.23712927103042603,
0.0010071052238345146,
1.3057204484939575,
-0.3273841142654419,
0.3349827229976654,
-0.07405151426792145,
-0.36729660630226135,
0.025495847687125206,
-0.41972818970680237,
0.15815025568008423,
-0.43334946036338806,
-0.30702897906303406,
-0.09072820097208023,
0.5210117697715759,
0.3494827449321747,
-0.63149094581604,
-0.7847985625267029,
-1.6574910879135132,
0.05044666677713394,
-1.0550339221954346,
0.08026378601789474,
-0.1413840651512146,
0.38287195563316345,
0.3106848895549774,
0.4352591931819916,
-0.023709800094366074,
0.7136396169662476,
-1.0882028341293335,
-0.4309276044368744,
1.0509923696517944,
0.265948086977005,
0.13766998052597046,
0.17109447717666626,
-0.1956760138273239,
-0.14028963446617126,
0.7610750794410706,
0.5388227701187134,
-0.3807535171508789,
-0.22298429906368256,
-0.985164999961853,
-0.5574188232421875,
-0.7338859438896179,
-0.4826221168041229,
0.15298360586166382,
0.6031534075737,
-0.6776586174964905,
0.36637037992477417,
0.02615647204220295,
0.12632526457309723,
-0.460766464471817,
-0.10419489443302155,
-0.8078954219818115,
0.3462173044681549,
0.7190399169921875,
-0.3999122381210327,
0.40184131264686584,
0.21911482512950897,
-0.5371878743171692,
0.22088775038719177,
-0.5245755314826965,
0.5246338844299316,
0.7565155029296875,
-0.019842874258756638,
0.29075682163238525,
0.041207972913980484,
0.287658154964447,
0.18557655811309814,
0.5935194492340088,
0.0731581524014473,
0.004101899918168783,
0.1489078849554062,
-0.18855291604995728,
0.2798748016357422,
0.8971421122550964,
-0.055177491158246994,
-0.662821352481842,
-0.16865500807762146,
0.04515383020043373,
-0.053928837180137634,
-0.08341815322637558,
-0.1318175345659256,
-0.5408931970596313,
0.21391616761684418,
0.4385378062725067,
0.09895190596580505,
-1.0081239938735962,
-0.139718696475029,
0.15105386078357697,
0.7973597645759583,
-0.6587522029876709,
-0.4170222580432892,
0.08250806480646133,
0.4044153690338135,
0.08177930861711502,
-0.2699149549007416,
-0.2507644295692444,
0.3740288317203522,
0.417773574590683,
0.3238057792186737,
-0.07946132123470306,
0.15762817859649658,
-0.15360195934772491,
0.5859807133674622,
0.3178669512271881,
0.08851881325244904,
0.18702974915504456,
-0.2505617141723633,
0.30230385065078735,
0.1875358372926712,
0.27621448040008545,
0.17717233300209045,
-0.8958085775375366,
-0.5434086918830872,
-0.8232815265655518,
-0.23161940276622772,
0.7127574682235718,
-0.030408209189772606,
-0.026432015001773834,
-0.20664598047733307,
-0.0562579520046711,
0.2240370661020279,
0.46713167428970337,
-0.012563773430883884,
-0.15782442688941956,
0.10143468528985977,
-0.11134457588195801,
0.25230470299720764,
0.25024378299713135,
-0.1090896874666214,
0.3405466675758362,
0.07827860116958618,
-0.4289727509021759,
0.03561307117342949,
-0.27925175428390503,
0.03047518990933895,
0.4094635844230652,
-0.1373329907655716,
-0.14059220254421234,
0.750647246837616,
0.09455392509698868,
0.7780267596244812,
-0.3410024344921112,
-0.11423372477293015,
0.4133185148239136,
-0.1577533483505249,
-0.3545466959476471,
0.1462293565273285,
-0.04013017565011978,
-0.16054613888263702,
0.5042325258255005,
0.2730555236339569,
-0.6274016499519348,
0.5235794186592102,
0.6129374504089355,
0.05376073718070984,
0.37582388520240784,
-0.435448557138443,
0.45318853855133057,
-0.28138449788093567,
-0.12166013568639755,
-0.2223983108997345,
-0.09030444920063019,
-0.34705615043640137,
-0.22938622534275055,
-1.2600798606872559,
0.6052311062812805,
0.1445929855108261,
-0.45901232957839966,
1.1755306720733643,
0.7329958081245422,
0.6079762578010559,
0.12449470907449722,
-0.9980243444442749,
-0.05554458498954773,
0.4138542413711548,
0.2638328969478607,
0.6391505599021912,
0.2833887040615082,
0.2748417854309082,
0.2996431887149811,
0.2457624226808548,
0.5965853929519653,
-0.20088253915309906,
0.20751485228538513,
-0.16769897937774658,
-0.12198121845722198,
-0.28136444091796875,
-0.1216898187994957,
-0.21586517989635468,
-0.5234927535057068,
-0.38896697759628296,
1.0947785377502441,
-0.6472517848014832,
0.09729300439357758,
0.059872303158044815,
-0.26736924052238464,
0.08066346496343613,
-0.22119756042957306,
0.11464454233646393,
0.6581181883811951,
-0.5792201161384583,
0.48118314146995544,
-0.35795387625694275,
0.22483977675437927,
-0.5206553339958191,
-0.31835702061653137,
-0.13573019206523895,
-0.1882607340812683,
-0.09824849665164948,
0.2550041675567627,
-0.37708550691604614,
-0.048081059008836746,
-0.06975088268518448,
-0.38526222109794617,
0.35091355443000793,
0.3932715058326721,
-0.19649124145507812,
-0.033739399164915085,
0.1881835013628006,
-0.520072877407074,
0.4336163401603699,
0.5622100830078125,
0.38586103916168213,
-0.1306355595588684,
-0.2850656509399414,
-0.3553784489631653,
-0.03278129920363426,
-0.13589170575141907,
0.3529055416584015,
0.5435795187950134,
-0.3997683823108673,
0.017542455345392227,
0.49257197976112366,
0.5498882532119751,
-0.17963309586048126,
-0.31620123982429504,
-0.5224651098251343,
-0.09035778790712357,
-0.09781339764595032,
0.08502042293548584,
0.23374779522418976,
0.7320548892021179,
0.2515752911567688,
-0.6338869333267212,
-0.23292942345142365,
-0.06562086194753647,
-0.5129722356796265,
0.39386528730392456,
0.26651450991630554,
-0.8265186548233032,
-0.20834378898143768,
-0.07439884543418884,
0.2903035879135132,
0.029208019375801086,
-0.8564549088478088,
-0.30832532048225403,
-1.1515800952911377,
0.3080407977104187,
-0.3827802538871765,
0.07586126029491425,
-0.2966863811016083,
-0.10039113461971283,
0.1590898633003235,
-0.21122144162654877,
-0.1483965665102005,
0.4288334846496582,
0.19835518300533295,
0.39264824986457825,
0.369407057762146,
0.269430935382843,
-0.35056474804878235,
-0.20665037631988525,
0.20803625881671906,
0.03813359886407852,
-0.18940792977809906,
-0.6576264500617981,
0.18839947879314423,
-0.2328636199235916,
0.06296730786561966,
-5.195268630981445,
0.2938108444213867,
0.05733339115977287,
-0.33747661113739014,
0.03632655367255211,
0.2898728549480438,
0.8685460686683655,
-0.18963958323001862,
-0.3358996510505676,
0.3813459277153015,
-0.3834710419178009,
-0.6125869750976562,
0.12013734132051468,
0.5877399444580078,
0.7628909349441528,
-0.5971020460128784,
-0.14650817215442657,
0.1388663649559021,
-0.34444499015808105,
0.6736665964126587,
0.278378963470459,
0.438510537147522,
0.14877459406852722,
0.4361724853515625,
0.17322760820388794,
0.3001777231693268,
-0.35090431571006775,
0.38520294427871704,
-0.04964688420295715,
-0.537932276725769,
0.39829355478286743,
-0.2380674034357071,
0.3618042767047882,
-0.6476522088050842,
-0.106869176030159,
-0.04963406175374985,
0.46508875489234924,
0.5355383157730103,
0.6787376999855042,
-0.6531577110290527,
-0.45815905928611755,
0.7619147300720215,
0.13053373992443085,
-0.012345688417553902,
0.2198491245508194,
0.09899348020553589,
0.058521077036857605,
-0.30057236552238464,
-0.4796083867549896,
0.4847208261489868,
-0.573188304901123,
0.2700013518333435,
0.36939167976379395,
0.41982027888298035,
0.5042154788970947,
0.3148057162761688,
0.44641464948654175,
0.08421402424573898,
-0.5591977834701538,
0.20124682784080505,
0.35655370354652405,
-1.0504692792892456,
-0.2339455783367157,
-0.8839007019996643,
0.3619079291820526,
-0.6870111227035522,
-1.2124263048171997,
-0.2248438447713852,
0.2782120406627655,
0.16963987052440643,
-0.2980985939502716,
0.0293278805911541,
0.668714702129364,
-0.3477729856967926,
0.03668997064232826,
-0.8861782550811768,
-0.05878758430480957,
-0.10485132038593292,
0.3575609028339386,
0.36945223808288574,
-0.19081178307533264,
0.04205775633454323,
-0.41799846291542053,
0.22925634682178497,
0.2804504930973053,
-0.1596153974533081,
-0.19978098571300507,
0.03603223338723183,
-0.7627724409103394,
-0.36791566014289856,
0.9229801297187805,
0.03738151863217354,
0.0619850791990757,
-0.15074460208415985,
-0.2455405294895172,
0.29733482003211975,
0.27756112813949585,
-0.40780189633369446,
0.8384824395179749,
-0.40215960144996643,
0.1114337295293808,
-1.1864590644836426,
-0.4013107717037201,
0.1487531214952469,
0.1019662618637085,
0.1382286250591278,
-0.9758388996124268,
0.52961266040802,
1.4199550151824951,
-0.6441267728805542,
0.021516207605600357,
0.5089191794395447,
-0.48298150300979614,
-0.2426043301820755,
-0.19442760944366455,
0.18003347516059875,
-0.6624805331230164,
-0.0316179022192955,
0.5165361166000366,
0.20115165412425995,
0.411470890045166,
0.1867619901895523,
0.027345536276698112,
0.08266185969114304,
-0.5107083320617676,
-0.6754017472267151,
-0.30141109228134155,
0.2769860625267029,
-0.4772675633430481,
0.07638201862573624,
0.030825596302747726,
0.5726840496063232,
-0.3618652820587158,
0.17228788137435913,
0.27527493238449097,
-0.07155485451221466,
0.08813930302858353,
0.8944498896598816,
0.28864291310310364,
-0.658279538154602,
0.44408395886421204,
-0.6531316041946411,
0.00889444351196289,
-0.20490704476833344,
0.8741152882575989,
-0.10632956773042679,
-0.28837063908576965,
-0.5106567144393921,
-0.5152738690376282,
0.5545635223388672,
0.47612857818603516,
-0.0988534539937973,
-0.5225875973701477,
-0.4040287733078003,
-0.4010831415653229,
0.334959477186203,
-0.03510909155011177,
0.10638514161109924,
-0.4883924722671509,
-0.6666361689567566,
0.3046906292438507,
-0.33773913979530334,
-0.5410473346710205,
-0.06663607805967331,
-0.15183129906654358,
-0.8726534843444824,
-0.8205393552780151,
0.17960704863071442,
-0.28400829434394836,
0.5160839557647705,
-0.006452024914324284,
-0.08359982818365097,
-0.8380478620529175,
-0.3768745958805084,
0.3941561281681061,
-0.052367355674505234,
0.09356144070625305,
0.4309503138065338,
-0.1613130271434784,
0.20198149979114532,
0.4007250666618347,
-0.0930182933807373,
-0.24382330477237701,
0.6225117444992065,
0.6507140398025513,
-0.4152207374572754,
0.5566501021385193,
0.4390547275543213,
-0.65616375207901,
-0.6493211388587952,
-0.3120381236076355,
-0.008896182291209698,
0.16173221170902252,
-0.24677380919456482,
-0.12779369950294495,
-0.08707640320062637,
-0.3931199908256531,
-0.1758091151714325,
-0.4495999813079834,
-0.3143377900123596,
0.5517200231552124,
0.544316291809082,
-0.0015377199742943048,
-0.18630371987819672,
0.45952361822128296,
-0.7081177234649658,
0.2878325879573822,
-0.31621870398521423,
-1.2581406831741333,
0.12101763486862183,
-0.8106032013893127,
-1.0759875774383545,
-0.570932924747467,
-0.2898111939430237,
-0.04671811684966087,
-0.5520926117897034,
0.037951406091451645,
-0.29733598232269287,
-0.643752932548523,
-0.21660670638084412,
0.8398282527923584,
-0.04861551523208618,
-0.0141484709456563,
0.21396015584468842,
-0.16601741313934326,
-0.14852111041545868,
0.07425500452518463,
-0.39743348956108093,
1.0596122741699219,
-0.2350243479013443,
-0.07798007875680923,
-0.07057596743106842,
0.5303078293800354,
0.4164157509803772,
-0.4409879744052887,
-0.02975868433713913,
-0.6447077393531799,
-0.11073105782270432,
0.022391146048903465,
0.30012062191963196,
0.8789569735527039,
0.5348767638206482,
0.2543669641017914,
-0.4015824794769287,
-0.6660809516906738,
0.6361696720123291,
0.5744044780731201,
-0.430508017539978,
-0.6005420088768005,
0.14729300141334534,
0.29284241795539856,
-0.7832467555999756,
-0.7789947986602783,
-0.0333825945854187,
0.474429726600647,
0.004849615972489119,
-0.417887806892395,
-0.526861846446991,
0.11763511598110199,
0.4655798077583313,
0.19167999923229218,
-0.7911545038223267,
-0.16275779902935028,
0.2524745762348175,
0.3171539008617401,
-0.3872772455215454,
-0.24803775548934937,
0.9551934003829956,
0.665865421295166,
-0.33209428191185,
0.3839486539363861,
-0.7540573477745056,
-0.27475765347480774,
0.15487518906593323,
0.768538773059845,
-0.1469814032316208,
-0.06683460623025894,
-0.40705689787864685,
0.04621026664972305,
-0.5153217911720276,
-0.17594186961650848,
-0.2192918360233307,
0.42456507682800293,
-0.6496867537498474,
-0.08922626823186874,
-0.3877260386943817,
0.4290306866168976,
-0.24323658645153046,
-0.8944340944290161,
0.08967497199773788,
-0.08823917806148529,
0.04719002544879913,
-0.1358381062746048,
0.4806000590324402,
-0.15512396395206451,
-0.2161942720413208,
0.18858370184898376,
0.7097883224487305,
0.5141294598579407,
-0.13975149393081665,
-0.5326399207115173,
0.5693146586418152,
0.02690809592604637,
-0.5962919592857361,
0.43767574429512024,
0.15045826137065887,
0.3003186285495758,
-0.7603644728660583,
0.5336102843284607,
-0.6170498132705688,
-0.44786104559898376,
0.7176064252853394,
0.6910813450813293,
0.8570327758789062,
0.5463089942932129,
0.09321588277816772,
0.526522696018219,
-0.7589407563209534,
0.285587340593338,
0.7671518921852112,
0.08503906428813934,
-0.9538025856018066,
1.1227176189422607,
0.048042986541986465,
-0.40763717889785767,
1.0036919116973877,
-0.012797689996659756,
-0.26579439640045166,
0.09244148433208466,
0.4100349247455597,
0.5268093347549438,
0.8874403238296509,
-0.3602501451969147,
-0.3626267910003662,
-0.41775596141815186,
-0.486969918012619,
-0.03055681847035885,
-0.15764397382736206,
-0.18617868423461914,
0.8876904845237732,
0.3298935890197754,
0.40076765418052673,
0.014481189660727978,
0.0015104422345757484,
0.03106820583343506,
-0.19240155816078186,
0.33392855525016785,
0.6451802849769592,
-0.06498508155345917,
0.10485529899597168,
0.580721378326416,
0.05760255083441734,
0.5059152841567993,
-0.10406768321990967,
-0.0727950930595398,
-0.48678675293922424,
0.02306787669658661,
-0.3451326787471771,
-0.48476892709732056,
-0.09972486644983292,
-0.08337893337011337,
0.4731842279434204,
0.19796745479106903,
-0.34086236357688904,
0.5447919964790344,
-0.12161023169755936,
0.4649028778076172,
-0.19741599261760712,
-0.001048245932906866,
-0.08450079709291458,
0.41407498717308044,
0.45821693539619446,
-0.506138026714325,
0.30193254351615906,
0.14771021902561188,
0.339860737323761,
0.39872682094573975,
0.029155997559428215,
-0.02065659686923027,
-0.41234567761421204,
-0.20830027759075165,
0.08091692626476288,
-0.3952144384384155,
-0.43807318806648254,
0.32102176547050476,
0.21549585461616516,
0.15152545273303986,
0.4552895128726959,
-0.09082534909248352,
0.5493732690811157,
-0.17846982181072235,
-0.6868407130241394,
0.2567315399646759,
-0.39635345339775085,
-0.7790880799293518,
-0.017591509968042374,
-0.2631767690181732,
0.5253742337226868,
-0.19584853947162628,
-0.3978276252746582,
0.6071704030036926,
0.49762073159217834,
0.1316087245941162,
-0.0008799938950687647,
-0.5216709971427917,
0.3251270055770874,
-0.6248202919960022,
0.3057521879673004,
-0.7330552935600281,
0.6627917289733887,
0.7918528318405151,
-0.4206359088420868,
-0.2883492410182953,
0.7630557417869568,
0.35434436798095703,
0.3737598657608032,
0.13479620218276978,
-0.19457721710205078,
-0.09956997632980347,
-0.2256927639245987,
0.16047519445419312,
-0.03281206265091896,
0.3031114637851715,
0.20397694408893585,
-0.008761878125369549,
-0.0760401114821434,
0.30324506759643555,
0.9254998564720154,
-0.6281068921089172,
0.2430708408355713,
-0.7984579205513,
0.908031702041626,
-0.2288399636745453,
0.47071903944015503,
-0.4423040747642517,
0.2339622974395752,
-0.39894360303878784,
0.18847206234931946,
-0.041272830218076706,
-0.0018270158907398582,
-0.41980481147766113,
-0.6058796644210815,
0.24425099790096283,
0.04748062044382095,
-1.3301609754562378,
0.3174556791782379,
-0.5401053428649902,
-0.3007146716117859,
-0.7986322641372681,
-0.01683928444981575,
0.06511497497558594,
-0.5173329710960388,
0.471911758184433,
-0.14391784369945526,
-0.05056562274694443,
0.26683875918388367,
0.6653681397438049,
-0.756271243095398,
-0.2663225531578064,
0.7848315238952637
] |
256799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism | Aphorism | An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle. They are often handed down by tradition from generation to generation. The concept is generally distinct from those of an adage, brocard, chiasmus, epigram, maxim (legal or philosophical), principle, proverb, and saying; although some of these concepts may be construed as types of aphorism.
History
The word was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, a long series of propositions concerning the symptoms and diagnosis of disease and the art of healing and medicine. The often cited first sentence of this work is:
"" - "life is short, art is long", usually reversed in order (see Ars longa, vita brevis).
This aphorism was later applied or adapted to physical science and then morphed into multifarious aphorisms of philosophy, morality, and literature. Currently an aphorism is generally understood to be a concise and eloquent statement of truth.
Aphorisms are distinct from axioms: aphorisms generally originate from experience and custom, whereas axioms are self-evident truths and therefore require no additional proof. Aphorisms have been especially used in subjects to which no methodical or scientific treatment was originally applied, such as agriculture, medicine, jurisprudence and politics.
A famous example is:
Literature
Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature, have a prominent place in the canons of several ancient societies, such as the Sutra literature of India, the Biblical Ecclesiastes, Islamic hadiths, the golden verses of Pythagoras, Hesiod's Works and Days, the Delphic maxims, and Epictetus' Handbook. Aphoristic collections also make up an important part of the work of some modern authors. A 1559 oil–on–oak-panel painting, Netherlandish Proverbs (also called The Blue Cloak or The Topsy Turvy World) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, artfully depicts a land populated with literal renditions of Flemish aphorisms (proverbs) of the day.
The first noted published collection of aphorisms is Adagia by Erasmus. Other important early aphorists were Baltasar Gracián, François de La Rochefoucauld and Blaise Pascal.
Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the twentieth century were The Uncombed Thoughts by Stanisław Jerzy Lec (in Polish), and Itch of Wisdom by Mikhail Turovsky (in Russian and English).
Society
Many societies have traditional sages or culture heroes to whom aphorisms are commonly attributed, such as the Seven Sages of Greece, Confucius or King Solomon.
Misquoted or misadvised aphorisms are frequently used as a source of humour; for instance, wordplays of aphorisms appear in the works of P. G. Wodehouse, Terry Pratchett and Douglas Adams. Aphorisms being misquoted by sports players, coaches, and commentators form the basis of Private Eye's Colemanballs section.
Aphorists
Alexander Woollcott
Ambrose Bierce: The Devil's Dictionary.
Andrzej Majewski
Arkady Davidowitz
Arthur Schopenhauer
Benjamin Franklin
Burchard of Worms: mediaeval Catholic priest and canonist.
Cheng Yen: Jing Si Aphorism. (Buddhism)
Desiderius Erasmus
Dorothy Parker
Edmond Jabès
Emil Cioran
Faina Ranevskaya
François de La Rochefoucauld
Friedrich Nietzsche
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
George Bernard Shaw
Georges Bataille
Gustave Flaubert: Dictionary of Received Ideas.
Jean Baudrillard
Joseph Joubert
Juan Manuel: Prince of Villena (Spain) and mediaeval author; the second, third and fourth parts of his famous work El Conde Lucanor are collections of aphorisms.
Karl Kraus
Lao Tze
Lev Shestov
Malcolm de Chazal
Mikhail Turovsky
Nassim Nicholas Taleb: The Bed of Procrustes
Nicolás Gómez Dávila
Oiva Paloheimo
Oscar Wilde
Patanjali
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
Robert A. Heinlein: The Notebooks of Lazarus Long.
Seneca the Younger: Roman Stoic philosopher.
Stanisław Jerzy Lec
Theodor W. Adorno: his Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (German: Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben) is a collection of aphorisms and reflections written while in exile in the United States during World War II.
Voltaire
Wasif Ali Wasif: A Pakistani writer, poet and Sufi intellectual, known as master of Aphorism
See also
Adage
Adagia by Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
Brocard
Chiasmus
Cliché
Epigram
Epitaph
French moralists
Gospel of Thomas
Greguería
Legal maxim
Mahavakya
Maxim
Proverb
Pseudo-Phocylides
Sacred Scripture:
Book of Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Hidden Words
Wisdom of Sirach
Saying
Sūtra
The Triads of Ireland, and the Welsh Triads
References
Further reading
Gopnik, Adam, "Brevity, Soul, Wit: The art of the aphorism" (includes discussion of Andrew Hui, A Theory of the Aphorism: From Confucius to Twitter, Princeton, 2019), The New Yorker, 22 July 2019, pp. 67–69. "The aphorism [...] is [...] always an epitome, and seeks an essence. The ability to elide the extraneous is what makes the aphorism bite, but the possibility of inferring backward to a missing text is what makes the aphorism poetic." (p.69.)
External links
Commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms
Narrative techniques
Paremiology
Phrases | [
-0.07914960384368896,
0.6822284460067749,
-0.6917237043380737,
-0.05650026723742485,
-0.571740448474884,
-0.16783232986927032,
0.9383185505867004,
0.35224711894989014,
-0.006712143309414387,
-0.12495823949575424,
-1.046311378479004,
-0.042583681643009186,
-0.52534019947052,
0.18140481412410736,
0.17089059948921204,
0.4502317011356354,
0.4106371998786926,
0.41463008522987366,
0.054345112293958664,
0.32588571310043335,
-0.24321217834949493,
0.39180999994277954,
0.18899136781692505,
-0.8346271514892578,
0.982323944568634,
-0.01430786494165659,
0.32756292819976807,
0.14181458950042725,
-0.5593751072883606,
0.01925887167453766,
-0.01429416611790657,
0.5741320252418518,
-0.01416158676147461,
-0.045676033943891525,
-0.16866661608219147,
0.39972975850105286,
0.004149350803345442,
0.3923060894012451,
-0.028934800997376442,
-0.5761845707893372,
0.5528661012649536,
-0.3634096086025238,
0.07214504480361938,
-0.45071667432785034,
-0.6067459583282471,
-0.5160343647003174,
-1.3855152130126953,
0.42239144444465637,
-1.06453275680542,
0.11360035836696625,
-0.3196520507335663,
0.3384847044944763,
0.020299388095736504,
0.39096567034721375,
-0.7748476266860962,
0.651827871799469,
-0.5399422645568848,
-0.5201708674430847,
0.16534289717674255,
-0.5927301049232483,
-0.01021348312497139,
0.0977935642004013,
0.11513397842645645,
0.275124192237854,
0.620133638381958,
0.4955364763736725,
-0.38497117161750793,
0.2729068398475647,
-0.4326115548610687,
-0.39976388216018677,
-0.46163052320480347,
-0.5160071849822998,
-0.601385772228241,
0.8442755937576294,
-0.2476578652858734,
-0.23196186125278473,
0.6610609292984009,
-0.25249162316322327,
-0.030155563727021217,
-0.3278382122516632,
-0.08773088455200195,
0.6407420039176941,
0.18429315090179443,
-0.05250299349427223,
-0.002338947029784322,
-0.18522650003433228,
-0.11852515488862991,
0.5394577980041504,
-0.11220703274011612,
0.1329214721918106,
0.72693932056427,
-0.20549330115318298,
0.0916895866394043,
-0.12298297882080078,
0.0733584612607956,
-0.0884963646531105,
0.8368339538574219,
-0.3375822901725769,
-0.4368460178375244,
-0.20714128017425537,
0.017815882340073586,
-0.395839124917984,
0.6667619943618774,
-0.098670594394207,
-0.034035950899124146,
0.39279329776763916,
0.5194842219352722,
-0.760486900806427,
0.3235495388507843,
0.4532715082168579,
-0.20620089769363403,
0.6329255700111389,
-0.05731126666069031,
0.0940607562661171,
-1.1477022171020508,
-0.07714356482028961,
0.3678545355796814,
0.021545251831412315,
-0.12531669437885284,
-0.06921135634183884,
0.3373965919017792,
0.2348114401102066,
0.6936225295066833,
-0.37587618827819824,
0.07866567373275757,
-0.4880780577659607,
-0.13739167153835297,
0.6910799741744995,
-0.8589339852333069,
0.5981348752975464,
0.23449628055095673,
0.30736666917800903,
0.042798176407814026,
0.17786796391010284,
-0.20660217106342316,
0.12047773599624634,
0.551041305065155,
-0.6225619912147522,
-0.02378011681139469,
0.35807502269744873,
-0.5479719042778015,
-0.6990026831626892,
-0.8818497061729431,
-0.2801834046840668,
0.23695309460163116,
-0.5718125700950623,
0.29777413606643677,
0.06020447611808777,
-0.12659528851509094,
-0.36245065927505493,
-0.15566201508045197,
-0.08410883694887161,
-0.13007813692092896,
-0.07943326979875565,
0.06809293478727341,
0.37611594796180725,
0.8121011853218079,
-0.24726365506649017,
-0.3008136451244354,
0.5066976547241211,
0.03912857174873352,
0.0018455097451806068,
-0.49490049481391907,
-0.7101615071296692,
-0.07578303664922714,
-0.41097256541252136,
0.19371411204338074,
0.19685515761375427,
-0.12527599930763245,
0.24034246802330017,
-0.051777713000774384,
-0.412537157535553,
0.5088398456573486,
0.29328158497810364,
-0.24006937444210052,
0.3998411297798157,
0.7828877568244934,
-0.1867874264717102,
0.7415187954902649,
0.3057005703449249,
-0.5988615155220032,
0.32334139943122864,
0.07211167365312576,
0.045062486082315445,
0.5279253721237183,
-0.34657034277915955,
0.36064210534095764,
-0.45054346323013306,
0.15863439440727234,
-0.42160582542419434,
-0.9226984977722168,
-0.6276068687438965,
-0.13119016587734222,
-0.45445722341537476,
1.1723065376281738,
-0.4434686601161957,
-0.44776538014411926,
0.9666948318481445,
0.2544986605644226,
0.8501613736152649,
-0.1252211332321167,
0.29515784978866577,
0.10244425386190414,
0.03604123368859291,
-0.4681912958621979,
0.6542084217071533,
0.11965051293373108,
0.39263415336608887,
-0.10925817489624023,
0.41806384921073914,
0.009097602218389511,
0.06077517569065094,
0.3292121887207031,
-0.5626223683357239,
-0.31664806604385376,
-0.1625710129737854,
-0.41142764687538147,
-0.08196261525154114,
-0.5457956194877625,
-0.20008985698223114,
0.28639787435531616,
-0.6248218417167664,
-0.2689930498600006,
0.21618102490901947,
-0.41223251819610596,
-0.10768275707960129,
0.02832832559943199,
0.3476164937019348,
0.31862932443618774,
-0.829649031162262,
0.13423684239387512,
0.0673195943236351,
0.410868376493454,
-0.4850580096244812,
-0.5407549738883972,
0.0837518498301506,
0.35083916783332825,
-0.08545877784490585,
0.7776399850845337,
-0.5606881976127625,
-0.20216871798038483,
-0.07683268189430237,
-0.03569487854838371,
0.33087149262428284,
-0.18050874769687653,
-0.2159862071275711,
-0.08286819607019424,
0.4221692979335785,
0.029569903388619423,
0.6202946901321411,
-0.06657752394676208,
0.15621554851531982,
0.43406397104263306,
0.0004947404959239066,
0.14248113334178925,
0.02498766966164112,
0.0017920118989422917,
0.08675669878721237,
0.3626214861869812,
-0.15841732919216156,
-0.9974786043167114,
0.2065202295780182,
0.32184627652168274,
-0.23272590339183807,
-0.4696520268917084,
-0.3152152895927429,
0.531505823135376,
0.2131345123052597,
-0.1255539208650589,
0.4488334655761719,
0.18126066029071808,
0.2856872081756592,
-0.8716992139816284,
0.4657033383846283,
-0.38977494835853577,
-0.3790234923362732,
0.7436909079551697,
-0.06674205511808395,
-0.6564086079597473,
-0.5195949673652649,
-0.308662086725235,
0.3036472201347351,
0.17703518271446228,
-0.3108745217323303,
0.0789746344089508,
-0.7640296816825867,
0.543576180934906,
0.10105028003454208,
-0.12898027896881104,
0.5945532321929932,
-0.5878345966339111,
-0.09557822346687317,
0.03821522742509842,
-0.4734968841075897,
0.8020077347755432,
0.38751745223999023,
0.05207877978682518,
-0.29828694462776184,
-0.3312947750091553,
-0.363729864358902,
-0.29246360063552856,
0.15450623631477356,
-0.49887168407440186,
0.02687528356909752,
0.28530099987983704,
0.006214093416929245,
0.09403617680072784,
0.5585940480232239,
-5.551042556762695,
0.43051353096961975,
-0.5579665303230286,
-0.43712007999420166,
-0.32577013969421387,
0.720593273639679,
0.17475125193595886,
-0.09983851760625839,
-0.7041754126548767,
-0.03084229864180088,
-0.09641969203948975,
-0.14020554721355438,
0.4674910604953766,
0.8733800649642944,
0.9257808923721313,
-0.5926054120063782,
-0.2836189866065979,
0.11548975855112076,
-0.3190445005893707,
0.6071264147758484,
0.7247502207756042,
0.09570030868053436,
0.1922171711921692,
0.5075046420097351,
0.2961796224117279,
-0.17828255891799927,
-0.34541165828704834,
1.002054214477539,
0.14405687153339386,
-0.11410371959209442,
0.9302789568901062,
0.018568281084299088,
0.06424102932214737,
-0.49399125576019287,
-0.06905242055654526,
0.3009943664073944,
0.2314738929271698,
-0.20862646400928497,
-0.32081860303878784,
0.3750746250152588,
-0.09956387430429459,
-0.025835419073700905,
0.5093110799789429,
0.06671514362096786,
0.2467690110206604,
0.1611844003200531,
-0.1475490927696228,
-0.0770435780286789,
-0.4985906779766083,
-0.112373948097229,
-0.38132423162460327,
0.2207113355398178,
-0.21899065375328064,
-0.05873318016529083,
0.23873578011989594,
0.2041986733675003,
0.831322193145752,
-0.260754257440567,
-0.5200794339179993,
-0.5186740756034851,
0.8032473921775818,
-0.5108460783958435,
-0.02303922548890114,
-0.18685197830200195,
-0.04028300940990448,
-0.18389029800891876,
-0.41859281063079834,
-0.1244567483663559,
0.7851869463920593,
0.27575528621673584,
-0.4970605671405792,
0.40205007791519165,
-0.20755447447299957,
-0.6883161067962646,
0.004929108079522848,
-0.060181625187397,
-0.3472599983215332,
0.15693224966526031,
0.2155180424451828,
0.5015685558319092,
-0.4423467218875885,
-0.11030425131320953,
-0.7634015679359436,
0.3394738733768463,
0.39398059248924255,
-0.05203986540436745,
0.08017797768115997,
0.1656961888074875,
-0.27668631076812744,
-0.015356065705418587,
1.0918920040130615,
-0.024708349257707596,
0.20519842207431793,
0.11284142732620239,
-0.17650572955608368,
0.2775012254714966,
0.042809706181287766,
-0.27352669835090637,
0.9401532411575317,
0.035880524665117264,
-0.3184340298175812,
-0.19996391236782074,
0.7264702320098877,
-0.20602932572364807,
-0.12784448266029358,
-0.2471831738948822,
-0.9304039478302002,
0.4428308308124542,
0.6866632699966431,
-0.1466199904680252,
0.33041107654571533,
0.1238195151090622,
0.5437159538269043,
0.08545048534870148,
0.04680631682276726,
0.3274024724960327,
-0.32612043619155884,
0.4588414132595062,
0.32540416717529297,
-0.0799197107553482,
-0.13386858999729156,
0.128882497549057,
-0.7013914585113525,
-0.0413731224834919,
-1.0815298557281494,
-0.16615748405456543,
-0.4768276810646057,
-0.15664297342300415,
0.20626795291900635,
-0.261364221572876,
0.9673744440078735,
0.004386636428534985,
0.4452974498271942,
0.08526173233985901,
-0.02701626904308796,
-0.8250863552093506,
0.35972103476524353,
0.3734011948108673,
-0.2985289394855499,
-0.8458631634712219,
0.0643928125500679,
-0.4612441956996918,
0.185001939535141,
0.3747499883174896,
0.5792660713195801,
-0.23480398952960968,
-0.19664250314235687,
0.1343761682510376,
-0.29536888003349304,
0.7487481832504272,
0.02677244506776333,
0.09385558217763901,
0.31988751888275146,
-0.726543664932251,
-0.03877817839384079,
0.2544925808906555,
0.08683804422616959,
0.16768543422222137,
0.028472065925598145,
-0.463387668132782,
-0.35997888445854187,
-0.09217632561922073,
-0.8412145972251892,
-0.9666088819503784,
-0.24837438762187958,
-0.3541014790534973,
-1.0988420248031616,
0.07637360692024231,
0.23837289214134216,
0.1945171058177948,
0.01372779905796051,
-0.2835867702960968,
0.15518607199192047,
-0.12266024202108383,
0.3410014808177948,
0.1967456042766571,
-0.05409341678023338,
0.2410528063774109,
-0.06892276555299759,
0.08648975193500519,
-0.2414313107728958,
-0.7574495673179626,
0.009198462590575218,
0.16121573746204376,
0.6725482940673828,
-0.41286545991897583,
0.2604120075702667,
0.6134449243545532,
-0.29592013359069824,
-0.7466325163841248,
-0.07774210721254349,
-0.2998497784137726,
0.030160771682858467,
-0.13571156561374664,
-0.1704815775156021,
-0.301003098487854,
0.27911022305488586,
0.17477856576442719,
-0.4386386275291443,
-0.3765106797218323,
0.03743815794587135,
0.4634193480014801,
-0.3935042917728424,
-0.2037818878889084,
0.3138561248779297,
-0.7433522343635559,
0.8077631592750549,
-0.34160780906677246,
-0.18491651117801666,
1.1361418962478638,
-0.5435749888420105,
-0.42799949645996094,
-0.07732218503952026,
0.10087554901838303,
-0.008355873636901379,
-0.007432044018059969,
0.025466375052928925,
-0.3183724284172058,
-0.24842369556427002,
-0.6055932641029358,
0.5150516629219055,
0.030035313218832016,
-0.23779508471488953,
0.18930812180042267,
-0.11758013069629669,
-0.05107470229268074,
0.2761082351207733,
-0.2964422106742859,
0.6701266765594482,
-0.09516218304634094,
-0.2588179111480713,
0.35936978459358215,
0.24739645421504974,
-0.026477288454771042,
-0.44200026988983154,
-0.6608585715293884,
-0.5720462203025818,
0.07090087234973907,
-0.290236234664917,
-0.4683277904987335,
0.04652808979153633,
0.6318315863609314,
0.3162582814693451,
-0.023469803854823112,
0.10611610859632492,
0.4285764992237091,
0.4292179346084595,
-0.2667285203933716,
-0.27397704124450684,
0.3855123221874237,
0.34774860739707947,
0.4549854099750519,
-0.8490357398986816,
-0.27746322751045227,
0.2879836857318878,
0.10831163078546524,
-0.5809320211410522,
-0.17202095687389374,
-0.09125422686338425,
0.8077000975608826,
0.7307511568069458,
-0.4781278967857361,
-0.5548006296157837,
0.2302476167678833,
-0.305047869682312,
-0.16484816372394562,
0.19049020111560822,
0.3292611837387085,
0.4994361400604248,
-0.48832929134368896,
0.1779809296131134,
-0.18525336682796478,
-0.10115905106067657,
0.457816481590271,
0.07606127858161926,
0.0808996856212616,
-0.4338184893131256,
-0.5007699131965637,
-0.4672849774360657,
-0.028605571016669273,
-0.1559751182794571,
-0.10807977616786957,
-0.35252559185028076,
-0.5834161639213562,
0.08540655672550201,
-0.763437032699585,
0.640897274017334,
0.3834220767021179,
-0.5679820775985718,
-0.05243067443370819,
-0.7804362177848816,
0.177805095911026,
0.27294763922691345,
0.12310314178466797,
-0.5084022283554077,
-0.12753397226333618,
-0.08095880597829819,
0.41138017177581787,
0.028679074719548225,
-0.46538400650024414,
-1.0020290613174438,
-0.06796608865261078,
0.293887734413147,
-1.015498399734497,
0.2842477262020111,
-0.014005162753164768,
-0.27645963430404663,
-0.6183233857154846,
0.023959673941135406,
0.11822421103715897,
0.21163007616996765,
0.2039768099784851,
0.7706977128982544,
0.45186418294906616,
0.17828643321990967,
-0.2091522365808487,
0.0033832602202892303,
-0.2840147614479065,
0.4626237154006958,
0.5622795820236206,
0.1355128288269043,
-0.4475167691707611,
0.6802439093589783,
-0.6663909554481506,
-0.20073504745960236,
0.12255067378282547,
-0.19066540896892548,
0.11428562551736832,
-0.18098239600658417,
0.30780789256095886,
0.7071529626846313,
0.2565557658672333,
-0.3451496958732605,
0.4062071144580841,
-0.4571615755558014,
-1.0276650190353394,
0.09711519628763199,
-0.6794170141220093,
0.001834382303059101,
0.37285304069519043,
0.6943584680557251,
-0.1798986792564392,
0.332710862159729,
0.4122157394886017,
-0.31202471256256104,
-0.07217483967542648,
0.4666040241718292,
0.6921795010566711,
-0.17075607180595398,
0.36473020911216736,
0.08468154072761536,
0.5625766515731812,
0.9356463551521301,
-0.8784547448158264,
0.6023187041282654,
-0.2892776131629944,
0.40547218918800354,
-0.03394352272152901,
-0.4512890577316284,
0.2727639973163605,
-0.23831681907176971,
0.6014715433120728,
-0.015154306776821613,
0.07917547225952148,
0.39368727803230286,
0.16734953224658966,
0.20741787552833557,
0.04998894780874252,
-0.019261831417679787,
-0.15338917076587677,
0.1679864525794983,
0.3922823667526245,
-0.4880538284778595,
0.6526696681976318,
0.0016941888025030494,
-0.2722509205341339,
0.7598330974578857,
0.34208521246910095,
0.30603551864624023,
-0.5841693878173828,
-0.13825128972530365,
0.07054895162582397,
-0.2773413062095642,
-0.275865763425827,
0.14658617973327637,
0.32678017020225525,
0.5747073888778687,
-0.16312597692012787,
-0.4100445806980133,
0.0784439668059349,
-0.3310335874557495,
-0.329289972782135,
-0.09868551790714264,
0.22804421186447144,
-0.05999113619327545,
0.2571086287498474,
-0.20735113322734833,
0.9344145655632019,
-0.1871163249015808,
-0.2925526797771454,
0.0842014029622078,
0.08511024713516235,
0.16733871400356293,
0.31898489594459534,
-0.30707043409347534,
-0.1540910303592682,
0.24377122521400452,
-0.2703637182712555,
-1.1572761535644531,
0.21239687502384186,
0.4486202597618103,
-0.09757921099662781,
-0.3014451861381531,
0.7547318339347839,
0.2840857207775116,
-0.6031064987182617,
0.11821451783180237,
-0.6125302314758301,
0.4607047438621521,
-0.5639054179191589,
0.39611461758613586,
0.39176374673843384,
0.08550956100225449,
0.23732192814350128,
-0.2832934856414795,
-0.07330150157213211,
0.3591436743736267,
0.05463235080242157,
-0.1712108701467514,
-0.09705162048339844,
-0.7996989488601685,
-0.20983900129795074,
-0.1532093584537506,
0.37129631638526917,
0.18732698261737823,
-0.5768002867698669,
0.26231899857521057,
0.0013853738782927394,
-0.2450808584690094,
-0.7457943558692932,
-0.02984985150396824,
-0.024405354633927345,
-0.04294427111744881,
0.011197621934115887,
0.13030406832695007,
0.8292595744132996,
-0.36810028553009033,
-0.1975693255662918,
-0.26321130990982056,
0.1640162169933319,
0.7327246069908142,
-0.3667461574077606,
0.0767369493842125,
0.09281975775957108,
-0.015425389632582664,
-0.10897864401340485,
0.3616143465042114,
-0.11649791896343231,
0.10541407018899918,
0.40439558029174805
] |
256803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichsfeld%20%28district%29 | Eichsfeld (district) | Eichsfeld is a district in Thuringia, Germany, and part of the historical region of Eichsfeld. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Nordhausen, Kyffhäuserkreis and Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, and by the states of Hesse (district Werra-Meißner-Kreis) and Lower Saxony (district Göttingen).
History
In medieval times the Eichsfeld region, which is larger than the current district Eichsfeld, was property of the Archbishops of Mainz.
Eichsfeld was the only region of Thuringia not to accept the Protestant Reformation, largely due to the efforts of the Archbishops of Mainz.
In 1801, the clerical states were dissolved, and the Kingdom of Prussia gained the region, only to lose it again in the Napoleonic Wars. In the Congress of Vienna (1815) Prussia as well as the Kingdom of Hanover raised claims for the Eichsfeld. The region was divided between both states. Although Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, this border remained the boundary between two Prussian provinces, later between East and West Germany, and today between Thuringia and Lower Saxony.
The present district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Worbis and Heiligenstadt.
Geography
The district is named after the historical region of Eichsfeld, which covers the northern portions of the present district and parts of Lower Saxony, the area around Duderstadt, called "Untereichsfeld" (lower Eichsfeld). It is a hilly countryside, that is attached to the Harz hills in the north. Incidentally it is the geographical centre of Germany. The Leine and Unstrut rivers both rise in the Eichsfeld.
The name is believed to be derived from Eichenfeld, which means "field of oaks". A less popular theory is the origin in the word Eisfeld ("field of ice").
Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays the heraldic eagle of Brandenburg together with the Wheel of Mainz, which was a symbol of the bishops of Mainz. These arms were granted shortly after Prussia gained the Eichsfeld (1801). In 1816 the Eichsfeld was not a geographical unit anymore, and the arms became irrelevant. They were reintroduced in 1945 (used until 1952) and again in 1994.
Towns and municipalities
References
External links
Official website (German)
Districts of Thuringia | [
-0.19093088805675507,
0.7434009909629822,
0.9118189215660095,
-0.5551467537879944,
-0.33270370960235596,
0.3442973494529724,
0.6210772395133972,
-0.011409779079258442,
0.2791753113269806,
-0.5105412006378174,
0.07473712414503098,
-0.1758401244878769,
-0.16556166112422943,
0.40452638268470764,
-0.10784397274255753,
0.9438485503196716,
0.9015966653823853,
0.5703068971633911,
-0.4390984773635864,
-0.7420982718467712,
0.012992197647690773,
-0.10011474043130875,
0.554496169090271,
0.45513656735420227,
-0.11280495673418045,
-0.2669355571269989,
0.563856303691864,
0.07266037166118622,
-0.10769554227590561,
0.07307663559913635,
-0.17729873955249786,
0.6560903787612915,
-0.4017292261123657,
-0.42064088582992554,
0.2672657370567322,
0.2140834480524063,
-0.3362474739551544,
-0.7489716410636902,
0.37114763259887695,
-0.7046390175819397,
-0.10328149795532227,
0.27614083886146545,
-0.16195979714393616,
-0.4305715560913086,
0.4517975151538849,
-0.7096186876296997,
-1.616041898727417,
0.16307172179222107,
-0.9690501093864441,
0.004854805301874876,
-0.41669848561286926,
-0.08965778350830078,
0.5340315699577332,
0.15637362003326416,
-0.04481075704097748,
0.014245669357478619,
-1.4898674488067627,
-0.07343132793903351,
0.7105467319488525,
0.7933472394943237,
0.5171129703521729,
0.24078410863876343,
-0.47596415877342224,
0.5298120975494385,
0.37377414107322693,
0.12540249526500702,
0.02185920625925064,
0.618478000164032,
-0.41142094135284424,
-0.9450247883796692,
-0.4839158058166504,
-0.4605470597743988,
0.10673394054174423,
-0.12354417890310287,
-0.004735778085887432,
0.03886744752526283,
-0.9722248911857605,
0.03232145309448242,
0.2925304174423218,
-0.27662983536720276,
-0.3359542191028595,
-0.06693639606237411,
0.6514945030212402,
0.19611045718193054,
0.4777923822402954,
0.37469616532325745,
0.06459670513868332,
-0.3063107132911682,
-0.18266665935516357,
0.05530271306633949,
-0.2633150815963745,
0.06863436102867126,
-0.3982023298740387,
0.30559736490249634,
0.6806275844573975,
-0.7523477673530579,
0.03346376121044159,
-0.49408090114593506,
0.3352453112602234,
1.0133895874023438,
0.06401815265417099,
0.1937909573316574,
0.6172168850898743,
0.28412100672721863,
-0.590691328048706,
-0.023661766201257706,
-0.048745524138212204,
-0.7628173828125,
-0.5079525113105774,
-0.03070737235248089,
-0.7662600874900818,
0.5795605778694153,
-0.033926479518413544,
-0.14953890442848206,
0.05699045956134796,
-0.010336283594369888,
0.2685317099094391,
-0.46358075737953186,
0.16655981540679932,
0.08855997771024704,
0.24529924988746643,
1.058114767074585,
-0.4614364206790924,
0.4707610309123993,
-0.08817934989929199,
-0.022502074018120766,
-0.35389167070388794,
1.1992024183273315,
-0.6252883672714233,
0.07941151410341263,
0.5356294512748718,
0.9244154095649719,
0.16343830525875092,
-0.3768986761569977,
0.32480037212371826,
-0.48892495036125183,
0.6600379347801208,
0.1666748970746994,
0.29063281416893005,
0.21389240026474,
-0.37356507778167725,
-0.2730347216129303,
-0.7878660559654236,
-0.327985942363739,
-0.2366284877061844,
-0.4828488826751709,
-0.34312641620635986,
-0.49870896339416504,
-0.05135416239500046,
-0.0885932520031929,
0.5196138024330139,
0.3301328718662262,
-0.8941789865493774,
0.5008830428123474,
-0.7642263770103455,
0.23175927996635437,
0.6206903457641602,
-0.33085495233535767,
0.7154437899589539,
0.5030561685562134,
0.8140175342559814,
-0.6481740474700928,
0.33316710591316223,
0.16613471508026123,
0.6123631596565247,
-0.07690635323524475,
0.14729143679141998,
-0.16696438193321228,
-0.327313095331192,
0.16465148329734802,
-0.8690401315689087,
0.07501478493213654,
-0.13893578946590424,
0.0358935184776783,
0.5514474511146545,
-0.04450279846787453,
0.02457817643880844,
0.4503047466278076,
-0.05549374967813492,
-0.12213071435689926,
-1.1763582229614258,
0.05668243393301964,
-0.05306429788470268,
0.3822691738605499,
0.05878276750445366,
0.44463956356048584,
-0.6318566203117371,
0.08651820570230484,
0.34477341175079346,
0.4431406259536743,
0.6212714314460754,
-1.1187448501586914,
0.7834713459014893,
-0.10541173815727234,
1.36991286277771,
0.4065154492855072,
0.11854280531406403,
-0.5283390283584595,
-0.7273585200309753,
0.6302279233932495,
-0.33851248025894165,
-0.9617218971252441,
0.2433420717716217,
0.07160626351833344,
-0.059903863817453384,
0.2680493891239166,
-0.6434749364852905,
-0.3450112044811249,
-0.7495216131210327,
0.14181438088417053,
0.004267556127160788,
0.1686573177576065,
0.20773115754127502,
0.2034575641155243,
0.4610691964626312,
-0.5563668012619019,
-0.1488771140575409,
-0.3909468948841095,
-0.26630279421806335,
-0.41656413674354553,
-0.3744042217731476,
0.45205193758010864,
0.03805987164378166,
0.6701439619064331,
-0.34191253781318665,
0.5297083854675293,
0.11203288286924362,
0.28853845596313477,
-0.44617435336112976,
-0.8971273899078369,
0.7238032221794128,
0.7451851963996887,
0.2752503752708435,
-0.007343614939600229,
0.050702497363090515,
-0.32202503085136414,
-0.29316645860671997,
0.1065903976559639,
0.2833285629749298,
-0.9264439940452576,
0.4276629388332367,
0.07566086947917938,
-0.6054204702377319,
0.22573117911815643,
0.4484742283821106,
0.5742000937461853,
-0.3264448642730713,
0.3558517396450043,
-0.5480498671531677,
-0.48496419191360474,
0.49025118350982666,
0.09463585168123245,
0.039100874215364456,
-0.9780400395393372,
0.46037712693214417,
-0.3577989339828491,
0.27112412452697754,
0.5980927348136902,
-0.2834553122520447,
0.6420173048973083,
-0.27972346544265747,
0.13875775039196014,
-0.007632812950760126,
-0.32263872027397156,
-0.8859944343566895,
0.22292460501194,
0.29432177543640137,
-0.37754759192466736,
-0.02236127480864525,
0.04438761621713638,
-0.23488572239875793,
-0.1579568237066269,
-0.32334813475608826,
-0.6860615611076355,
0.08217298984527588,
-0.14419658482074738,
-0.3851231336593628,
0.6647961139678955,
-0.7677505016326904,
0.178263321518898,
0.4767451584339142,
1.2395153045654297,
-0.577006995677948,
-0.6378158926963806,
-0.09702347964048386,
-0.07477399706840515,
0.5893932580947876,
-0.3509232699871063,
-0.7192507386207581,
0.12758424878120422,
0.17715434730052948,
0.11446142196655273,
-0.6119285821914673,
-0.035036880522966385,
-0.03188423439860344,
0.2700794041156769,
-0.3923071324825287,
0.1360505074262619,
0.5535653829574585,
-0.4018441438674927,
-1.0096073150634766,
-0.0016699193511158228,
-0.31218820810317993,
0.15565146505832672,
-0.840162992477417,
-0.7625145316123962,
-0.5868387222290039,
-0.22675734758377075,
-4.487376689910889,
-0.7112217545509338,
-0.33320629596710205,
0.22283926606178284,
-0.24067170917987823,
0.4487866163253784,
-0.1781129091978073,
-0.34202343225479126,
-0.13217252492904663,
0.2006426900625229,
0.5512844920158386,
-0.3435473144054413,
0.2695864737033844,
0.649418830871582,
0.6910028457641602,
0.1675713211297989,
-0.14224420487880707,
0.21615079045295715,
0.14270390570163727,
-0.6223246455192566,
-0.17907673120498657,
0.19916173815727234,
0.482873797416687,
0.5997782349586487,
0.8827034831047058,
0.059730593115091324,
-0.030691515654325485,
0.09065569937229156,
-0.8511103391647339,
-0.6785123348236084,
0.7303012013435364,
-0.165262371301651,
-0.4184035062789917,
0.24790909886360168,
-0.26073136925697327,
0.16844649612903595,
0.9790672063827515,
0.8219261169433594,
0.28331267833709717,
-0.4393763840198517,
0.24143177270889282,
1.055914044380188,
-0.5596702694892883,
0.016608182340860367,
0.28811874985694885,
-0.12750445306301117,
-0.6238548159599304,
-0.33066174387931824,
-0.5250279903411865,
1.5052827596664429,
-0.44153863191604614,
-0.7471092343330383,
0.5848230123519897,
-0.12835092842578888,
-0.020158670842647552,
-0.0734732449054718,
0.254986435174942,
-0.2376067042350769,
-0.02509763278067112,
0.7042602300643921,
-0.012940735556185246,
-0.31317564845085144,
-0.0045269569382071495,
-0.10282077640295029,
-0.31511473655700684,
-0.3147086799144745,
-0.05160555616021156,
0.547877311706543,
0.17599454522132874,
-0.25584176182746887,
-0.3583752512931824,
0.5744777917861938,
-0.04241924360394478,
-0.8749914169311523,
-0.452738881111145,
-0.9415768384933472,
-0.5846958160400391,
-0.27276551723480225,
0.032328568398952484,
-0.05668181926012039,
0.1966342329978943,
-0.4767478406429291,
0.06189584359526634,
0.6159636974334717,
0.3384063243865967,
0.14513441920280457,
-0.7040015459060669,
-0.3054972290992737,
0.5396308302879333,
0.14271050691604614,
-0.11869138479232788,
-0.3395177721977234,
0.17776812613010406,
0.5681511759757996,
-1.1129062175750732,
1.3160816431045532,
-0.3336907625198364,
-0.6590174436569214,
-0.02126193977892399,
-0.5089977383613586,
1.3556339740753174,
0.18135137856006622,
0.3611210286617279,
0.25980713963508606,
0.18102383613586426,
-0.13460414111614227,
0.5230633020401001,
0.22265803813934326,
0.19740357995033264,
0.3017157018184662,
0.06327556818723679,
-0.04763386398553848,
-0.1486285775899887,
-1.4489349126815796,
0.5375560522079468,
-1.1395882368087769,
-1.6972970962524414,
1.1410495042800903,
-0.15966303646564484,
0.2655283212661743,
0.4303659498691559,
-0.023794271051883698,
-0.01707606390118599,
-0.5529820919036865,
-0.6107928156852722,
0.2169172465801239,
0.42159202694892883,
0.19289232790470123,
-0.08434739708900452,
0.6333584189414978,
0.2682064473628998,
-0.18035860359668732,
-0.6172752976417542,
-0.5134400129318237,
0.2278825342655182,
-0.17827528715133667,
0.5513145923614502,
0.040003012865781784,
-0.3278525173664093,
0.3323851227760315,
1.0703284740447998,
0.49829381704330444,
-0.6363062858581543,
0.5078318119049072,
-0.14383156597614288,
0.22762265801429749,
0.2728426158428192,
-0.19070394337177277,
-1.030144214630127,
0.49690181016921997,
-0.5501732230186462,
-0.30989935994148254,
-0.0026431141886860132,
-0.254891574382782,
-0.48635876178741455,
0.25149235129356384,
0.38160884380340576,
0.6204474568367004,
0.6027934551239014,
-0.20284122228622437,
0.08046842366456985,
0.26438528299331665,
-0.7789812684059143,
0.8688336610794067,
0.8304855823516846,
0.061106350272893906,
-0.7927914261817932,
-0.009192417375743389,
-0.599327802658081,
0.6686958074569702,
0.052666664123535156,
-0.2549281120300293,
-0.8309040069580078,
0.23451286554336548,
-0.07345252484083176,
-0.618569552898407,
-0.10850151628255844,
0.5602236390113831,
0.1932937204837799,
-0.18174511194229126,
0.05875302851200104,
-0.10265080630779266,
-0.5006988048553467,
0.6526363492012024,
0.5826960802078247,
-0.49952852725982666,
-0.4160058796405792,
0.23873160779476166,
-0.8740279674530029,
-0.3522792160511017,
0.558905303478241,
-0.9398752450942993,
0.338094562292099,
0.1443619579076767,
-0.06619571149349213,
-1.2267212867736816,
0.2892910838127136,
-0.5297039747238159,
-0.08553513884544373,
-0.2630808353424072,
0.49542665481567383,
0.84975665807724,
0.15816450119018555,
1.0032442808151245,
0.19824601709842682,
-0.39424172043800354,
0.32471904158592224,
0.467298299074173,
-0.5450798273086548,
0.5444142818450928,
-0.7058925032615662,
-0.4980400800704956,
0.19014392793178558,
0.972400963306427,
-0.8015525341033936,
0.3123367428779602,
0.34058287739753723,
-0.7348713874816895,
-0.5033302903175354,
0.06428156793117523,
-0.6527259945869446,
-0.10763630270957947,
-0.3053750693798065,
0.16685765981674194,
-0.8212745189666748,
0.012015982531011105,
0.3935028314590454,
-0.963990330696106,
0.797398567199707,
-0.3327425718307495,
0.3583444058895111,
0.0649237111210823,
0.5236091017723083,
-0.11742553114891052,
-0.19668331742286682,
-0.4351251721382141,
0.12613509595394135,
0.6250243186950684,
0.1111706793308258,
0.7706691026687622,
0.0999487042427063,
0.5688241720199585,
0.974450945854187,
-0.5620083212852478,
0.23110467195510864,
-0.4160529375076294,
0.7111984491348267,
-0.4268092215061188,
-0.6182883381843567,
0.5297869443893433,
-0.04178839176893234,
0.18536584079265594,
-0.4318501651287079,
-0.13033287227153778,
0.9798672795295715,
-0.4901212453842163,
0.17473150789737701,
0.6104802489280701,
0.7518351078033447,
-0.03171980008482933,
-0.5194805860519409,
0.16116946935653687,
0.21287418901920319,
-0.1072712391614914,
0.16191715002059937,
-0.011404064483940601,
-0.6112298369407654,
0.4964492619037628,
0.06911066919565201,
-0.2838795483112335,
-0.7129157185554504,
-0.042234156280756,
-0.5623868107795715,
-0.27007055282592773,
-0.4168448746204376,
0.2462635040283203,
-0.4409230947494507,
-0.07379677891731262,
0.3819720149040222,
-0.23019421100616455,
-0.1950698345899582,
0.12566888332366943,
0.022991010919213295,
-0.968700647354126,
-0.13921178877353668,
-0.5189776420593262,
-1.0847017765045166,
0.17866425216197968,
-0.694501519203186,
0.4118482768535614,
-0.2623111605644226,
-0.47710856795310974,
-0.6492751836776733,
0.36945757269859314,
0.5024036765098572,
0.014059473760426044,
-0.1709827482700348,
0.4232497215270996,
-0.4536314606666565,
0.1864628940820694,
-0.6632847785949707,
0.34424421191215515,
0.15819142758846283,
0.20938017964363098,
0.6215980648994446,
0.530766487121582,
-0.354806125164032,
-0.2910148799419403,
-0.3842417597770691,
0.05305422097444534,
0.2432774156332016,
-0.7827160358428955,
-0.40009868144989014,
1.486472487449646,
-0.02720898762345314,
0.8563854694366455,
0.9073740243911743,
0.3349784314632416,
0.2696097195148468,
0.622528076171875,
0.34262198209762573,
-0.8246205449104309,
0.9126976132392883,
0.6335400938987732,
0.010946777649223804,
1.2126691341400146,
0.36850520968437195,
-0.4207356870174408,
-0.13617554306983948,
-0.3665904998779297,
-0.013183778151869774,
-0.047068871557712555,
-1.0440479516983032,
0.4092976450920105,
-0.4576576054096222,
-0.19736912846565247,
-0.27044573426246643,
0.4969642460346222,
-0.5424257516860962,
0.16966407001018524,
0.08398207277059555,
1.321380853652954,
-0.2269803285598755,
0.21454894542694092,
0.02061794139444828,
0.22832195460796356,
-0.15065355598926544,
-0.4486604630947113,
0.6780475974082947,
-0.3904767632484436,
0.5951132774353027,
-0.07461245357990265,
0.00575113482773304,
-0.6889050006866455,
0.04233241453766823,
0.5558751225471497,
0.5943601131439209,
-0.2739412188529968,
-0.4338510036468506,
0.3190508186817169,
0.17307032644748688,
-0.9899460673332214,
-0.2849312424659729,
0.29159027338027954,
-0.7961026430130005,
-0.5093191862106323,
-0.04836409166455269,
-0.22665296494960785,
-0.559635579586029,
-0.13343019783496857,
0.38209646940231323,
-0.11750669777393341,
0.215457484126091,
-0.5242161154747009,
0.5583056807518005,
-0.31843096017837524,
0.34996551275253296,
-0.14926540851593018,
0.14223672449588776,
0.5185443162918091,
-0.2338859885931015,
0.0169060118496418,
-0.003915330860763788,
-0.5177097320556641,
-0.12321261316537857,
0.23432376980781555,
0.35771679878234863,
-0.21328824758529663,
0.8827635645866394,
-0.17574159801006317,
0.134016752243042,
-0.12604834139347076,
-0.21512086689472198,
0.21578842401504517,
-0.708694338798523,
-0.6458146572113037,
-0.5736498832702637,
0.9584033489227295,
0.18589778244495392,
0.0652412623167038,
0.15990683436393738,
0.465455561876297,
-0.05543121322989464,
0.4466905891895294,
-0.27203014492988586,
0.4771536588668823,
-0.7656146287918091,
0.19563525915145874,
-0.16175119578838348,
0.7051144242286682,
0.7033588290214539,
0.058707211166620255,
-0.009715531952679157,
0.6177831292152405,
-0.012094443663954735,
-0.5507208704948425,
0.8869881629943848,
-0.3298034965991974,
0.14450812339782715,
0.03198527172207832,
0.4525257647037506,
0.21007436513900757,
0.15487444400787354,
0.6593581438064575,
-0.09112174808979034,
-0.3104417026042938,
-0.06989073008298874,
0.009053646586835384,
-0.3764546811580658,
0.6093149185180664,
-0.25264784693717957,
-0.11476314812898636,
-0.5804958343505859,
0.0031405300833284855,
-0.3661509156227112,
0.40345731377601624,
0.035592809319496155,
0.34322497248649597,
0.24399933218955994,
-0.15893828868865967,
-0.33085426688194275,
-0.5506849884986877,
0.8073421120643616,
0.4501636326313019,
-1.0522894859313965,
0.4671095013618469,
-0.6792940497398376,
-0.7687078714370728,
-0.1746961772441864,
0.16690921783447266,
0.19029362499713898,
-0.5315204858779907,
0.37100109457969666,
-0.020857252180576324,
-0.22046448290348053,
0.2248583734035492,
-0.22993600368499756,
-0.9016024470329285,
0.7394732236862183,
-0.26438474655151367
] |
256804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bront%C3%AB%20family | Brontë family | The Brontës () were a nineteenth-century literary family, born in the village of Thornton and later associated with the village of Haworth in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. The sisters, Charlotte (1816–1855), Emily (1818–1848), and Anne (1820–1849), are well known as poets and novelists. Like many contemporary female writers, they originally published their poems and novels under male pseudonyms: Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Their stories immediately attracted attention for their passion and originality. Charlotte's Jane Eyre was the first to know success, while Emily's Wuthering Heights, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and other works were later to be accepted as masterpieces of literature.
The three sisters and their brother, Branwell (1817–1848), were very close and during childhood developed their imaginations first through oral storytelling and play set in an intricate imaginary world, and then through the collaborative writing of increasingly complex stories set therein. The deaths of first their mother, and then of their two older sisters marked them profoundly and influenced their writing, as did the relative isolation in which they were raised. The Brontë birthplace in Thornton is a place of pilgrimage and their later home, the parsonage at Haworth in Yorkshire, now the Brontë Parsonage Museum, has hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.
Origin of the name 1830–1852
The Brontë family can be traced to the Irish clan Ó Pronntaigh, which literally means "descendant of Pronntach". They were a family of hereditary scribes and literary men in Fermanagh. The version Ó Proinntigh, which was first given by Patrick Woulfe in his Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall (Surnames of the Gael and the Foreigner) and reproduced without question by Edward MacLysaght inter alia, cannot be accepted as correct, as there were a number of well-known scribes with this name writing in Irish in the 17th and 18th centuries and all of them used the spelling Ó Pronntaigh. The name is derived from the word pronntach or bronntach, which is related to the word bronnadh, meaning "giving" or "bestowal" (pronn is given as an Ulster version of bronn in O'Reilly's Irish English Dictionary.) The author of Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall, suggested that it was derived from proinnteach (the refectory of a monastery). Ó Pronntaigh was earlier anglicised as Prunty and sometimes Brunty.
At some point, the father of the sisters, Patrick Brontë (born Brunty), decided on the alternative spelling with the diaeresis over the terminal e to indicate that the name has two syllables. It is not known for certain what motivated him to do so, and multiple theories exist to account for the change. He may have wished to hide his humble origins. As a man of letters, he would have been familiar with classical Greek and may have chosen the name after the Greek βροντή ("thunder"). One view, put forward by the biographer C. K. Shorter in 1896, is that he adapted his name to associate himself with Admiral Horatio Nelson, who was also Duke of Bronté. Evidence for this may be found in his desire to associate himself with the Duke of Wellington in his form of dress.
Members of the Brontë family
Patrick Brontë
Patrick Brontë (17 March 1777 – 7 June 1861), the Brontë sisters' father, was born in Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland, of a family of farm workers of moderate means. His birth name was Patrick Prunty or Brunty. His mother, Alice McClory, was of the Roman Catholic faith, whilst his father Hugh was a Protestant, and Patrick was brought up in his father's faith.
He was a bright young man and, after being taught by the Rev. Thomas Tighe, he won a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied divinity and ancient and modern history. Attending Cambridge may have made him think his name was too Irish, and he changed its spelling to Brontë (and its pronunciation accordingly), perhaps in honour of Horatio Nelson, whom Patrick admired. However, a more likely reason may have been that his brother, William, was 'on the run' from the authorities for his involvement with the radical United Irishmen, and he wanted to distance himself from the name Prunty. Having obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree, he was ordained on 10 August 1806. He is the author of Cottage Poems (1811), The Rural Minstrel (1814), numerous pamphlets and newspaper articles, and various rural poems.
In 1812, he met and married 29-year-old Maria Branwell and by 1820 they had moved into the parsonage at Haworth where he took up the post of perpetual curate. (Haworth was an ancient chapelry in the large parish of Bradford, so he could not be rector or vicar.) They had six children. On the death of his wife in 1821, his sister-in-law, Elizabeth Branwell, came from Penzance, Cornwall, to help him bring up the children. Open, intelligent, generous, and personally taking care of their education, he bought all the books and toys the children asked for and accorded them great freedom and unconditional love, but nevertheless embittered their lives due to his eccentric habits and peculiar theories of education.
After several unlucky attempts to seek a new spouse, Patrick came to terms with widowerhood at the age of 47, and spent his time visiting the sick and the poor, giving sermons and administering communion, leaving the three sisters Emily, Charlotte, Anne, and their brother Branwell, alone with their aunt and a maid, Tabitha Aykroyd (Tabby), who tirelessly recounted local legends in her Yorkshire dialect while preparing the meals. He survived his entire family, and six years after Charlotte's death he died in 1861 at the age of 84. At the end he was helped by his son-in-law, the Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls.
Maria, née Branwell
Patrick's wife Maria Brontë, née Branwell, (15 April 1783 – 15 September 1821), originated in Penzance, Cornwall, and came from a comfortably well off, middle-class family. Her father had a flourishing tea and grocery store and had accumulated considerable wealth.
Maria died at the age of 38 of uterine cancer. She married the same day as her younger sister Charlotte in the church at Guiseley after her fiancé had celebrated the union of two other couples. She was a literate and pious woman, known for her lively spirit, joyfulness, and tenderness, and it was she who designed the samplers that are on display in the museum and had them embroidered by her children. She left memories with her husband and with Charlotte, the oldest surviving sibling, of a very vivacious woman at the parsonage. The younger ones, particularly Emily and Anne, admitted to retaining only vague images of their mother, especially of her suffering on her sickbed.
Elizabeth Branwell
Elizabeth Branwell (2 December 1776 – 29 October 1842) arrived from Penzance in 1821, aged 45, after the death of Maria, her younger sister, to help Patrick look after the children, and was known as 'Aunt Branwell'. Elizabeth Branwell, who raised the children after the death of their mother, was a Methodist. It seems, nevertheless, that her denomination did not exert any influence on the children. It was Aunt Branwell who taught the children arithmetic, the alphabet, how to sew, embroidery and cross-stitching appropriate for ladies. Aunt Branwell also gave them books and subscribed to Fraser's Magazine, less interesting than Blackwood's, but, nevertheless, providing plenty of material for discussion. She was a generous person who dedicated her life to her nieces and nephew, neither marrying nor returning to visit her relations in Cornwall.
She died of bowel obstruction in October 1842, after a brief agony, comforted by her beloved nephew Branwell. In her last will, Aunt Branwell left to her three nieces the considerable sum of £900 (about £95,700 in 2017 currency), which allowed them to resign their low-paid jobs as governesses and teachers.
Children
Maria (1814–1825), the eldest, was born in Clough House, High Town, on 23 April 1814. She suffered from hunger, cold, and privation at Cowan Bridge School. Charlotte described her as very lively, very sensitive, and particularly advanced in her reading. She returned from school with an advanced case of tuberculosis and died at Haworth at the age of 11 on 6 May 1825.
Elizabeth (1815–1825), the second child, joined her sister Maria at Cowan Bridge where she suffered the same fate. Elizabeth was less vivacious than her brother and her sisters and apparently less advanced for her age. She died on 15 June 1825 at the age of 10, within two weeks of returning home to her father.
Charlotte (1816–1855), born in Market Street Thornton, near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 21 April 1816, was a poet and novelist and is the author of Jane Eyre, her best known work, and three other novels. She died on 31 March 1855 just before reaching the age of 39.
Patrick Branwell (1817–1848) was born in Market Street Thornton on 26 June 1817. Known as Branwell, he was a painter, writer and casual worker. He became addicted to alcohol and laudanum and died at Haworth on 24 September 1848 at the age of 31.
Emily Jane (1818–1848), born in Market Street Thornton, 30 July 1818, was a poet and novelist. She died in Haworth on 19 December 1848 at the age of 30. Wuthering Heights was her only novel.
Anne (1820–1849), born in Market Street Thornton on 17 January 1820, was a poet and novelist. She wrote a largely autobiographical novel entitled Agnes Grey, but her second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), was far more ambitious. She died on 28 May 1849 in Scarborough at the age of 29.
Education
Cowan Bridge School
In 1824, the four eldest girls (excluding Anne) entered the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, which educated the children of less prosperous members of the clergy, which had been recommended to Mr Brontë. The following year, Maria and Elizabeth fell gravely ill and were removed from the school, but died shortly afterwards within a few weeks of each other on 6 May and 15 June 1825. Charlotte and Emily were also withdrawn from the school and returned to Haworth. The loss of their sisters was a trauma that showed in Charlotte's writing. In Jane Eyre, Cowan Bridge becomes Lowood, Maria is represented by the character of the young Helen Burns, the cruelty of the mistress Miss Andrews by that of Miss Scatcherd, and the tyranny of the headmaster, the Rev. Carus Wilson, by that of Mr Brocklehurst.
Tuberculosis, which afflicted Maria and Elizabeth in 1825, was the eventual cause of death of three of the surviving Brontës: Branwell in September 1848, Emily in December 1848, and finally, Anne five months later in May 1849.
Patrick Brontë faced a challenge in arranging for the education of the girls of his family, which was barely middle class. They had no significant connections and he could not afford the fees for them to attend an established school for young ladies. One solution was the schools where the fees were reduced to a minimum – so called "charity schools" – with a mission to assist families such as those of the lower clergy. One cannot accuse Mr. Brontë of not having done everything possible to find a solution that he thought would be best for his daughters. As Barker comments, he had read in the Leeds Intelligencer of 6 November 1823 the reports of cases in the Court of Commons in Bowes, and he later read other cases decided on 24 November 1824 near Richmond, two towns in the county of Yorkshire, where pupils had been discovered gnawed by rats and suffering from malnutrition to the extent that some of them had lost their sight. There was nothing to suggest that the Reverend Carus Wilson's Clergy Daughters' School would not provide a good education and good care for his daughters. The school was not expensive, and its patrons (supporters who allowed the school to use their names) were all respected people. Among these was the daughter of Hannah More, a religious author and philanthropist who took a particular interest in education and was a close friend of the poet William Cowper, like her a proponent of a correct education for young girls. The pupils included the offspring of different prelates and even certain acquaintances of Patrick Brontë including William Wilberforce, young women whose fathers had also been educated at St John's College, Cambridge. Thus Brontë believed Wilson's school to have a number of the necessary guarantees.
John Bradley
In 1829–30, Patrick Brontë engaged John Bradley, an artist from neighbouring Keighley, as drawing-master for the children. Bradley was an artist of some local repute, rather than a professional instructor, but he may well have fostered Branwell's enthusiasm for art and architecture.
Miss Wooler's school
In 1831, 14-year-old Charlotte was enrolled at the school of Miss Wooler in Roe Head, Mirfield. Patrick could have sent his daughter to a less costly school in Keighley nearer home but Miss Wooler and her sisters had a good reputation and he remembered the building which he passed when strolling around the parishes of Kirklees, Dewsbury, and Hartshead-cum-Clifton where he was vicar. Margaret Wooler showed fondness towards the sisters and she accompanied Charlotte to the altar at her marriage. Patrick's choice of school was excellent – Charlotte was happy there and studied well. She made many lifelong friends, in particular Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor who later went to New Zealand before returning to England. Charlotte returned from Roe Head in June 1832, missing her friends, but happy to rejoin her family.
Three years later, Miss Wooler offered her former pupil a position as her assistant. The family decided that Emily would accompany her to pursue studies that would otherwise have been unaffordable. Emily's fees were partly covered by Charlotte's salary. Emily was 17 and it was the first time she had left Haworth since leaving Cowan Bridge. On 29 July 1835, the sisters left for Roe Head. The same day, Branwell wrote a letter to the Royal Academy of Art in London, to present several of his drawings as part of his candidature as a probationary student.
Charlotte taught, and wrote about her students without much sympathy. Emily did not settle and after three months she seemed to decline and had to be taken home to the parsonage. Anne took her place and stayed until Christmas 1837.
Charlotte avoided boredom by following the development of Angria which she received in letters from her brother. During holidays at Haworth, she wrote long narratives while being reproached by her father who wanted her to become more involved in parish affairs. These were coming to a head over the imposition of the Church rates, a local tax levied on parishes where the majority of the population were dissenters. In the meantime, Miss Wooler moved to Heald's House, at Dewsbury Moor, where Charlotte complained about the humidity that made her unwell. Upon leaving the establishment in 1838 Miss Wooler presented her with a parting gift of The Vision of Don Roderick and Rokeby, a collection of poems by Walter Scott.
Literary evolution
The children became interested in writing from an early age, initially as a game. They all displayed a talent for narrative, but for the younger ones it became a pastime to develop them. At the centre of the children's creativity were twelve wooden soldiers which Patrick Brontë gave to Branwell at the beginning of June 1826. These toy soldiers instantly fired their imaginations and they spoke of them as the Young Men, and gave them names. However, it was not until December 1827 that their ideas took written form, and the imaginary African kingdom of Glass Town came into existence, followed by the Empire of Angria. Emily and Anne created Gondal, an island continent in the North Pacific, ruled by a woman, after the departure of Charlotte in 1831. In the beginning, these stories were written in little books, the size of a matchbox , and cursorily bound with thread. The pages were filled with close, minute writing, often in capital letters without punctuation and embellished with illustrations, detailed maps, schemes, landscapes, and plans of buildings, created by the children according to their specialisations. The idea was that the books were of a size for the soldiers to read. The complexity of the stories matured as the children's imaginations developed, fed by reading the three weekly or monthly magazines to which their father had subscribed, or the newspapers that were bought daily from John Greenwood's local news and stationery store.
Literary and artistic influence
These fictional worlds were the product of fertile imagination fed by reading, discussion, and a passion for literature. Far from suffering from the negative influences that never left them and which were reflected in the works of their later, more mature years, the Brontë children absorbed them with open arms.
Press
The periodicals that Patrick Brontë read were a mine of information for his children. The Leeds Intelligencer and Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, conservative and well written, but better than the Quarterly Review that defended the same political ideas whilst addressing a less refined readership (the reason Mr. Brontë did not read it), were exploited in every detail. Blackwood's Magazine in particular, was not only the source of their knowledge of world affairs, but also provided material for the Brontës' early writing. For instance, an article in the June 1826 number of Blackwood’s, provides commentary on new discoveries from the exploration of central Africa. The map included with the article highlights geographical features the Brontës reference in their tales: the Jibbel Kumera (the Mountains of the Moon), Ashantee, and the rivers Niger and Calabar. The author also advises the British to expand into Africa from Fernando Po, where, Christine Alexander notes, the Brontë children locate the Great Glass Town. Their knowledge of geography was completed by Goldsmith's Grammar of General Geography, which the Brontës owned and heavily annotated.
Lord Byron
From 1833, Charlotte and Branwell's Angrian tales begin to feature Byronic heroes who have a strong sexual magnetism and passionate spirit, and demonstrate arrogance and even black-heartedness. Again, it is in an article in Blackwood's Magazine from August 1825 that they discover the poet for the first time; he had died the previous year. From this moment, the name Byron became synonymous with all the prohibitions and audacities as if it had stirred up the very essence of the rise of those forbidden things. Branwell's Charlotte Zamorna, one of the heroes of Verdopolis, tends towards increasingly ambiguous behaviour, and the same influence and evolution recur with the Brontës, especially in the characters of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, and Mr. Rochester in Jane Eyre, who display the traits of a Byronic hero. Numerous other works left their mark on the Brontës—the Thousand and One Nights for example, which inspired jinn in which they became themselves in the centre of their kingdoms, while adding a touch of exoticism.
John Martin
The children's imagination was also influenced by three prints of engravings in mezzotint by John Martin around 1820. Charlotte and Branwell made copies of the prints Belshazzar's Feast, Déluge, and Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gibeon (1816), which hung on the walls of the parsonage.
Martin's fantastic architecture is reflected in the Glass Town and Angrian writings, where he appears himself among Branwell's characters and under the name of Edward de Lisle, the greatest painter and portraitist of Verdopolis, the capital of Glass Town. One of Sir Edward de Lisle's major works, Les Quatre Genii en Conseil, is inspired by Martin's illustration for John Milton's Paradise Lost. Together with Byron, John Martin seems to have been one of the artistic influences essential to the Brontës' universe.
Anne's morals and realism
The influence revealed by Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is much less clear. Anne's works are largely founded on her experience as a governess and on that of her brother's decline. Furthermore, they demonstrate her conviction, a legacy from her father, that books should provide moral education. This sense of moral duty and the need to record it, are more evident in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The influence of the gothic novels of Ann Radcliffe, Horace Walpole, Gregory "Monk" Lewis and Charles Maturin is noticeable, and that of Walter Scott too, if only because the heroine, abandoned and left alone, resists not only by her almost supernatural talents, but by her powerful temperament.
Jane Eyre, Agnes Grey, then The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Shirley, Villette and even The Professor present a linear structure concerning a character who advances through life after several trials and tribulations, to find a kind of happiness in love and virtue, recalling the works of religious inspiration of the 17th century such as John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress or his Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners. In a more profane manner, the hero or heroine follows a picaresque itinerary such as in Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616), Daniel Defoe (1660–1731), Henry Fielding (1707–1764) and Tobias Smollett (1721–1771). This lively tradition continued into the 19th century with the rags to riches genre to which almost all the great Victorian romancers have contributed. The protagonist is thrown by fate into poverty and after many difficulties achieves a golden happiness. Often an artifice is employed to effect the passage from one state to another such as an unexpected inheritance, a miraculous gift, grand reunions, etc. and in a sense, it is the route followed by Charlotte's and Anne's protagonists, even if the riches they win are more those of the heart than of the wallet. Apart from its Gothic elements, Wuthering Heights moves like a Greek tragedy and possesses its music, the cosmic dimensions of the epics of John Milton, and the power of the Shakespearian theatre. One can hear the echoes of King Lear as well as the completely different characters of Romeo and Juliet. The Brontës were also seduced by the writings of Walter Scott, and in 1834 Charlotte exclaimed, "For fiction, read Walter Scott and only him – all novels after his are without value."
Governesses and Charlotte's idea
Early teaching opportunities
Through their father's influence and their own intellectual curiosity, they were able to benefit from an education that placed them among knowledgeable people, but Mr Brontë's emoluments were modest. The only options open to the girls were either marriage or a choice between the professions of school mistress or governess. The Brontë sisters found positions in families educating often rebellious young children, or employment as school teachers. The possibility of becoming a paid companion to a rich and solitary woman might have been a fall-back role but one which would have bored any of the sisters intolerably. Janet Todd's Mary Wollstonecraft, a revolutionary life mentions the predicament, and none of the Brontë girls seems seriously to have considered a similar eventuality.
Only Emily never became a governess. Her sole professional experience would be an experiment in teaching during six months of intolerable exile in Miss Patchett's school at Law Hill (between Haworth and Halifax). In contrast, Charlotte had teaching positions at Miss Margaret Wooler's school, and in Brussels with the Hegers. She became governess to the Sidgwicks, the Stonegappes, and the Lotherdales where she worked for several months in 1839, then with Mrs White, at Upperhouse House, Rawdon, from March to September 1841. Anne became a governess and worked for Mrs Ingham, at Blake Hall, Mirfield from April to December 1839, then for Mrs Robinson at Thorp Green Hall, Little Ouseburn, near York, where she also obtained employment for her brother in an attempt to stabilise him; an attempt that proved futile.
Working as governesses
The family's finances did not flourish, and Aunt Branwell spent the money with caution. Emily had a visceral need of her home and the countryside that surrounded it, and to leave it would cause her to languish and wither. Charlotte and Anne, being more realistic, did not hesitate in finding work and from April 1839 to December 1841 the two sisters had several posts as governesses. Not staying long with each family, their employment would last for some months or a single season. However, Anne did stay with the Robinsons in Thorp Green where things went well, from May 1840 to June 1845.
In the meantime, Charlotte had an idea that would place all the advantages on her side. On advice from her father and friends, she thought that she and her sisters had the intellectual capacity to create a school for young girls in the parsonage where their Sunday School classes took place. It was agreed to offer the future pupils the opportunity of correctly learning modern languages and that preparation for this should be done abroad, which led to a further decision. Among the possibilities Paris and Lille were considered, but were rejected due to aversion to the French. Indeed, the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars had not been forgotten by the Tory spirited and deeply conservative girls. On the recommendation of a pastor based in Brussels, who wanted to be of help, Belgium was chosen, where they could also study German, and music. Aunt Branwell provided the funds for the Brussels project.
School project and study trip to Brussels
Charlotte's and Emily's journey to Brussels
Emily and Charlotte arrived in Brussels in February 1842 accompanied by their father. Once there, they enrolled at Monsieur and Madame Héger's boarding school in the Rue d'Isabelle, for six months. Claire Héger was the second wife of Constantin, and it was she who founded and directed the school while Constantin had the responsibility for the higher French classes. According to Miss Wheelwright, a former pupil, he had the intellect of a genius. He was passionate about his auditorium, demanding many lectures, perspectives, and structured analyses. He was also a good-looking man with regular features, bushy hair, very black whiskers, and wore an excited expression while sounding forth on great authors about whom he invited his students to make a pastiche on general or philosophical themes.
The lessons, especially those of Constantin Héger, were very much appreciated by Charlotte, and the two sisters showed exceptional intelligence, although Emily hardly liked her teacher and was somewhat rebellious. Emily learned German and to play the piano with natural brilliance and very quickly the two sisters were writing literary and philosophical essays in an advanced level of French. After six months of study, Mme Héger suggested they stay at the boarding school free of charge, in return for giving some lessons. After much hesitation, the girls accepted. Neither of them felt particularly attached to their students, and only one, Mademoiselle de Bassompierre, then aged 16, later expressed any affection for her teacher, which in Emily's case appeared to be mutual, and made her a gift of a signed, detailed drawing of a storm ravaged pine tree.
Return and recall
The death of their aunt in October of the same year forced them to return once more to Haworth. Aunt Branwell had left all her worldly goods in equal shares to her nieces and to Eliza Kingston, a cousin in Penzance, which had the immediate effect of purging all their debts and providing a small reserve of funds. Nevertheless, they were asked to return to Brussels as they were regarded as being competent and were needed. They were each offered teaching posts in the boarding school, still English for Charlotte and music for Emily. However, Charlotte returned alone to Belgium in January 1843, while Emily remained critical of Monsieur Heger, in spite of the excellent opinion he held of her. He later stated that she 'had the spirit of a man', and would probably become a great traveller due to her being gifted with a superior faculty of reason that allowed her to deduce ancient knowledge of new spheres of knowledge, and her unbending willpower would have triumphed over all obstacles.
Charlotte returns
Almost a year to the day, enamoured already for some time of Monsieur Héger, Charlotte resigned and returned to Haworth. Her life there had not been without suffering, and on one occasion she ventured into the cathedral and entered a confessional. She may have had intention of converting to Catholicism, but it would only have been for a short time.
Life at Haworth had become more difficult during her absence. Mr. Brontë had lost his sight although his cataract had nevertheless been operated on with success in Manchester, and it was there in August 1846, when Charlotte arrived at his bedside that she began to write Jane Eyre. Meanwhile, her brother Branwell fell into a rapid decline punctuated by dramas, drunkenness, and delirium. Due partly to Branwell's poor reputation, the school project failed and was abandoned.
Charlotte wrote four long, very personal, and sometimes vague letters to Monsieur Héger that never received replies. The extent of Charlotte Brontë's feelings for Héger were not fully realised until 1913, when her letters to him were published for the first time. Héger had first shown them to Mrs. Gaskell when she visited him in 1856 while researching her biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë, but she concealed their true significance. These letters, referred to as the "Héger Letters", had been ripped up at some stage by Héger, but his wife had retrieved the pieces from the wastepaper bin and meticulously glued or sewn them back together. Paul Héger, Constantin's son, and his sisters gave these letters to the British Museum, and they were shortly thereafter printed in The Times newspaper.
Brontë sisters' literary career
First publication: Poems, by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell
The writing that had begun so early never left the family. Charlotte had ambition like her brother (though Branwell was kept at a distance from her project) and wrote to the poet laureate Robert Southey to submit several poems of his style; she received a hardly encouraging reply after several months. Southey, still illustrious although his star has somewhat waned, was one of the great figures of English Romanticism, with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and shared the prejudice of the times: literature, or more particularly poetry (for women had been publishing fiction and enjoying critical, popular and economic success for over a century by this time), was considered a man's business, and not an appropriate occupation for ladies.
However, Charlotte did not allow herself to be discouraged. Furthermore, coincidence came to her aid. One day in autumn 1845 while alone in the dining room she noticed a small notebook lying open in the drawer of Emily's portable writing desk and "of my sister Emily's handwriting". She read it and was dazzled by the beauty of the poems that she did not know. The discovery of this treasure was what she recalled five years later, and according to Juliet Barker, she erased the excitement that she had felt "more than surprise ..., a deep conviction that these were not common effusions, nor at all like the poetry women generally write. I thought them condensed and terse, vigorous and genuine. To my ear, they had a peculiar music – wild, melancholy, and elevating." In the following paragraph Charlotte describes her sister's indignant reaction at her having ventured into such an intimate realm with impunity. It took Emily hours to calm down and days to be convinced to publish the poems.
Charlotte envisaged a joint publication by the three sisters. Anne was easily won over to the project, and the work was shared, compared, and edited. Once the poems had been chosen, nineteen for Charlotte and twenty-one each for Anne and Emily, Charlotte went about searching for a publisher. She took advice from William and Robert Chambers of Edinburgh, directors of one of their favourite magazines, Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. It is thought, although no documents exist to support the claim, that they advised the sisters to contact Aylott & Jones, a small publishing house at 8, Paternoster Row, London, who accepted but rather at the authors' own risk as they felt the commercial risk to the company was too great. The work thus appeared in 1846, published using the male pseudonyms of Currer (Charlotte), Ellis (Emily), and Acton (Anne) Bell. These were very uncommon forenames but the initials of each of the sisters were preserved and the patronym could have been inspired by that of the vicar of the parish, Arthur Bell Nicholls. It was in fact on 18 May 1845 that he took up his duties at Haworth, at the moment when the publication project was well advanced.
The book attracted hardly any attention. Only three copies were sold, of which one was purchased by Fredrick Enoch, a resident of Cornmarket, Warwick, who in admiration, wrote to the publisher to request an autograph – the only extant single document carrying the three authors' signatures in their pseudonyms, and they continued creating their prose, each one producing a book a year later. Each worked in secret, unceasingly discussing their writing for hours at the dinner table, after which their father would open the door at 9 p.m. with "Don't stay up late, girls!", then rewinding the clock and taking the stairs to his room upstairs.
Fame
1847
Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights, and Anne's Agnes Grey, appeared in 1847 after many tribulations, again for reasons of finding a publisher. The packets containing the manuscripts often returned to the parsonage and Charlotte simply added a new address and did this at least a dozen times during the year. The first one was finally published by Smith, Elder & Co in London. The 23-year-old owner, George Smith, had specialised in publishing scientific revues, aided by his perspicacious reader William Smith Williams. After publishing Jane Eyre Smith remained faithful to the family. Emily and Anne's manuscripts were confided to Thomas Cautley Newby, who intended to compile a three-decker; more economical for sale and for loan in the "circulating libraries". The two first volumes included Wuthering Heights and the third one Agnes Grey. Both novels attracted critical acclaim, occasionally harsh about Wuthering Heights, praised for the originality of the subject and its narrative style, but viewed with suspicion because of its outrageous violence and immorality – surely, the critics wrote, a work of a man with a depraved mind. Critics were fairly neutral about Agnes Grey, but more flattering for Jane Eyre, which soon became a best-seller, despite some commentators denouncing it as an affront to morals and good mores.
Jane Eyre and rising fame
The pseudonymous (Currer Bell) publication in 1847 of Jane Eyre, An Autobiography established a dazzling reputation for Charlotte. In July 1848, Charlotte and Anne (Emily had refused to go along with them) travelled by train to London to prove to Smith, Elder & Co. that each sister was indeed an independent author, for Thomas Cautley Newby, the publisher of Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, had launched a rumour that the three novels were the work of one author, understood to be Ellis Bell (Emily). George Smith was extremely surprised to find two gawky, ill-dressed country girls paralysed with fear, who, to identify themselves, held out the letters addressed to Messrs. Acton, Currer and Ellis Bell. Taken by such surprise, he introduced them to his mother with all the dignity their talent merited, and invited them to the opera for a performance of Rossini's Barber of Seville.
Wuthering Heights
Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the masculine pseudonym Ellis Bell, by Thomas Cautley Newby, in two companion volumes to that of Anne's (Acton Bell), Agnes Grey. Controversial from the start of its release, its originality, its subject, narrative style and troubled action raised intrigue. Certain critics condemned it, but sales were nevertheless considerable for a novel from an unknown author and which defied all conventions.
It is a work of black Romanticism, covering three generations isolated in the cold or the spring of the countryside with two opposing elements: the dignified manor of Thrushcross Grange and the rambling dilapidated pile of Wuthering Heights. The main characters, swept by tumults of the earth, the skies and the hearts, are strange and often possessed of unheard of violence and deprivations. The story is told in a scholarly fashion, with two narrators, the traveller and tenant Lockwood, and the housekeeper/governess, Nelly Dean, with two sections in the first person, one direct, one cloaked, which overlap each other with digressions and sub-plots that form, from apparently scattered fragments, a coherently locked unit.
1848, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
One year before her death in May 1849, Anne published a second novel. Far more ambitious than her previous novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall was a great success and rapidly outsold Emily's Wuthering Heights. However, the critical reception was mixed — praise for the novel's "power" and "effect" and sharp criticism for being "coarse". Charlotte Brontë herself, Anne's sister, wrote to her publisher that it "hardly seems to me desirable to choice of subject in that work is a mistake." After Anne's death, Charlotte prevented the novel's republication and thus condemned her sister to temporary oblivion.
The master theme is the alcoholism of a man who causes the downfall of his family. Helen Graham, the central character, gets married for love to Arthur Huntingdon, whom she soon discovers to be lecherous, violent, and alcoholic. She is forced to break with the conventions that keep her in the family home that has become hell, and to leave with her child to seek secret refuge in the old house of Wildfell Hall. When the alcohol causes her husband's ultimate decline, she returns to care for him in total abnegation until his death.
Today, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is considered by most of the critics to be one of the first sustained feminist novels.
Identities revealed
In 1850, a little over a year after the deaths of Emily and Anne, Charlotte wrote a preface for the re-print of the combined edition of Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, in which she publicly revealed the real identities of all three sisters.
Charlotte Brontë
Denunciation of boarding schools (Jane Eyre)
Conditions at the school at Cowan Bridge, where Maria and Elizabeth may have contracted the tuberculosis from which they died, were probably no worse than those at many other schools of the time. (For example, several decades before the Brontë sisters' experience at Cowan Bridge, Jane Austen and her sister Cassandra contracted typhus at a similar boarding school, and Jane nearly died. The Austen sisters' education, like that of the Brontë sisters, was continued at home.) Nevertheless, Charlotte blamed Cowan Bridge for her sisters' deaths, especially its poor medical care – chiefly, repeated emetics and blood-lettings – and the negligence of the school's doctor – who was the director's brother-in-law. Charlotte's vivid memories of the privations at Cowan Bridge were poured into her depiction of Lowood School in Jane Eyre: the scanty and at times spoiled food, the lack of heating and adequate clothing, the periodic epidemics of illness such as "low fever" (probably typhus), the severity and arbitrariness of the punishments, and even the harshness of particular teachers (a Miss Andrews who taught at Cowan Bridge is thought to have been Charlotte's model for Miss Scatcherd in Jane Eyre). While Elizabeth Gaskell, a personal friend and the first biographer of Charlotte, confirmed that Cowan Bridge was Charlotte's model for Lowood and insisted that conditions there in Charlotte's day were egregious, more recent biographers have argued that the food, clothing, heating, medical care, discipline, etc. at Cowan Bridge were not considered sub-standard for religious schools of the time. One scholar has even commended Patrick Brontë for his perspicacity in removing all his daughters from the school, a few weeks before the deaths of Maria and Elizabeth.
Literary encounters
Following the overwhelming success of Jane Eyre, Charlotte was pressured by George Smith, her publisher, to travel to London to meet her public. Despite the extreme timidity that paralysed her among strangers and made her almost incapable of expressing herself, Charlotte consented to be lionised, and in London was introduced to other great writers of the era, including Harriet Martineau and William Makepeace Thackeray, who both befriended her. Charlotte especially admired Thackeray, whose portrait, given to her by Smith, still hangs in the dining room at Haworth parsonage. [[File:Crystal Palace interior.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Interior of The Crystal Palace, during the 1851 Great Exhibition]] On one occasion Thackeray apparently introduced Charlotte to his mother during a public gathering as Jane Eyre and when Charlotte called on him the next day, received an extended dressing-down, in which Smith had to intervene.
During her trip to London in 1851 she visited the Great Exhibition and The Crystal Palace. In 1849 she published Shirley and in 1853 Villette.
Marriage and death
The Brontë sisters were highly amused by the behaviour of the curates they met. Arthur Bell Nicholls (1818–1906) had been curate of Haworth for seven and a half years, when contrary to all expectations, and to the fury of Patrick Brontë (their father), he proposed to Charlotte. Although impressed by his dignity and deep voice, as well as by his near complete emotional collapse when she rejected him, she found him rigid, conventional, and rather narrow-minded "like all the curates" – as she wrote to Ellen Nussey. After she declined his proposal, Nicholls, pursued by the anger of Patrick Brontë, left his functions for several months. However, little by little her feelings evolved and after slowly convincing her father, she finally married Nicholls on 29 June 1854.
On return from their honeymoon in Ireland where she had been introduced to Mr. Nicholls' aunt and cousins, her life completely changed. She adopted her new duties as a wife that took up most of her time, she wrote to her friends telling them that Nicholls was a good and attentive husband, but that she nevertheless felt a kind of holy terror at her new situation. In a letter to Ellen Nussey (Nell), in 1854 she wrote "Indeed-indeed-Nell-it is a solemn and strange and perilous thing for a woman to become a wife."
The following year she died aged 38. The cause of death given at the time was tuberculosis, but it may have been complicated with typhoid fever (the water at Haworth being likely contaminated due to poor sanitation and the vast cemetery that surrounded the church and the parsonage) and hyperemesis gravidarum from her pregnancy that was in its early stage.
The first biography of Charlotte was written by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell at the request of Patrick Brontë, and published in 1857, helping to create the myth of a family of condemned genius, living in a painful and romantic solitude. After having stayed at Haworth several times and having accommodated Charlotte in Plymouth Grove, Manchester, and become her friend and confidant, Mrs Gaskell had certainly had the advantage of knowing the family.
Novels
Jane Eyre (1847)
Shirley (1849)
Villette (1853)
The Professor (1857)
Unfinished fragments
These are outlines or unedited roughcasts which with the exception of Emma have been recently published.
Ashford, written between 1840 and 1841, where certain characters from Angria are transported to Yorkshire and are included in a realistic plot.
Willie Ellin, started after Shirley and Villette, and on which Charlotte worked relatively little in May and July 1853, is a story in three poorly linked parts in which the plot at this stage remains rather vague.
The Moores is an outline for two short chapters with two characters, the brothers Robert Moore, a dominator, and John Henry Moore, an intellectual fanatic.
Emma, already published in 1860 with an introduction from Thackeray. This brilliant fragment would doubtlessly have become a novel of similar scope to her previous ones. It later inspired the novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett.
The Green Dwarf published in 2003. This story was probably inspired by The Black Dwarf by Walter Scott of whose novels Charlotte was a fan. The novel is a fictional history about a war that breaks out between Verdopolis (the capital of the confederation of Glass Town) and Senegal.
Branwell Brontë
Patrick Branwell Brontë (1817–1848) was considered by his father and sisters to be a genius. On the other hand, the book by Daphne du Maurier (1986), The Infernal World of Branwell Brontë, contains numerous references to his addiction to alcohol and laudanum. He was an intelligent boy with many talents and interested in many subjects, especially literature. He was often the driving force in the Brontë siblings' construction of the imaginary worlds. He was artistic and encouraged by his father to pursue this.
Whilst trying to make a name as an artist, he left for London but in several days used up in cafés of ill-repute the allowance provided by his father. His attempts to obtain low paid work failed, and very quickly he foundered in alcohol and laudanum and was unable to regain his stability.
Anne Brontë obtained employment for him in January 1843, but nearly three years later he was dismissed. In September 1848, after several years of decline, he died from tuberculosis. On his death, his father tearfully repeated, "My brilliant boy", while the clearheaded and totally loyal Emily wrote that his condition had been "hopeless".
Branwell is the author of Juvenilia, which he wrote as a child with his sister Charlotte, Glass Town, Angria, poems, pieces of prose and verse under the pseudonym of Northangerland, such as "Real Rest", published by the Halifax Guardian (8 November 1846) from several articles accepted by local newspapers and from an unfinished novel probably from around 1845 entitled And the Weary are at Rest.
Emily Brontë
Emily Brontë (1818–1848) has been called the "Sphinx of Literature", writing without the slightest desire for fame and only for her own satisfaction. She was obsessively timid outside the family circle to the point of turning her back on her partners in conversation without saying a word.
With a single novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), and poems with an elemental power, she reached the heights of literature. Though she was almost unknown during her life, posterity classes her as "top level" in the literary canon"The place of Wuthering Heights in the literary canon is assured" : see the synopsis of Wuthering Heights in the Critical commentary of Heather Glen, p. 351. of English literature. Simone de Beauvoir, in The Second Sex (1949), among writers, chooses only Emily Brontë, Virginia Woolf and ("sometimes") Mary Webb (and she mentions Colette and Mansfield), as among those who have tried to approach nature "in its inhuman freedom".
Above all, Emily loved to wander about the wild landscape of the moors around Haworth. In September 1848 her health began to decline rapidly. Consumptive, she refused all treatment, with the exception of a visit from a London doctor – because although it was already too late, her relatives insisted. Despite popular belief, Emily did not die on the dining room sofa. There is no contemporary evidence for the story and Charlotte, in her letter to William Smith Williams, mentions Emily's dog Keeper lying at the side of her dying-bed. It is possible that she left an unfinished manuscript which Charlotte burned to avoid such controversy as followed the publication of Wuthering Heights. Several documents exist that allude to the possibility, although no proof corroborating this suggestion has ever been found.
Emily Brontë's poems
Emily's poems were probably written to be inserted in the saga of Gondal, several of whose characters she identified with right into adulthood. At the age of 28 she still acted out scenes from the little books with Anne while travelling on the train to York. "Remembrance" was one of the 21 of Emily's poems that were chosen for the 1846 joint publication, before which Emily had deleted all references to Gondal.
Anne Brontë
Anne was not as celebrated as her other two sisters. Her second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, was prevented from being republished after Anne's death by her sister Charlotte, who wrote to her publisher that "it hardly appears to me desirable to preserve. The choice of subject in that work is a mistake, it was too little consonant with the character, tastes and ideas of the gentle, retiring inexperienced writer." This prevention is considered to be the main reason for Anne's being less renowned than her sisters.
Anne's health began to decline rapidly, like that of her brother and sister some months earlier. On 5 April 1849, she wrote to Ellen Nussey asking her to accompany her to Scarborough on the east coast. Anne confides her thoughts to Ellen:
Anne hoped that the sea air would improve her health, as recommended by the doctor, and Charlotte finally agreed to go.
On the Sunday morning she felt weaker and asked if she could be taken back to Haworth. The doctor confirmed that she was near to death and Anne thanked him for his candour. "Take courage, take courage" she murmured to Charlotte. She died at 2 pm on Monday 28 May. She is buried in the cemetery of St Mary's of Scarborough. Her gravestone carried an error in her age in the inscription because she died at the age of 29 and not at 28. It was noticed by Charlotte during her only visit, and she had the intention of asking the mason to correct it. Ill health did not leave him time to effect the repair and the tombstone remained in the same state until replaced by the Brontë Society in April 2013.
Northern England at the time of the Brontës
In her 1857 biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë, Mrs Gaskell begins with two explanatory and descriptive chapters. The first one covers the wild countryside of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the little village of Haworth, the parsonage and the church surrounded by its vast cemetery perched on the top of a hill. The second chapter presents an overview of the social, sanitary, and economic conditions of the region.
Social, sanitary, and economic conditions in Haworth
The death toll within the Brontë family was not unusual and left little impression on the village population, who were confronted with death on a daily basis. When Patrick Brontë arrived, the parish was suffering from unemployment. The men sought work in the quarries and local handicrafts. The only businesses were the pharmacy which supplied Branwell, and John Greenwood's stationery store in which the Brontës were the best customers.
Haworth's population grew rapidly during the first half of the 18th century, from hardly 1,000 to 3,365 in 50 years. The village did not have a sewage system and the well water was contaminated by faecal matter and the decomposition of bodies in the cemetery on the hilltop. Life expectancy was less than 25 years and infant mortality was around 41% of children under six months of age. Most of the population lived from working the poorly fertile land of the moors and supplemented their incomes with work done at home, such as spinning and weaving wool from the sheep that were farmed on the moors. Conditions changed and the textile industry, already present since the end of the 17th century, grew in the mills on the banks of the River Worth, whose waters turned the wheels which consequently required fewer people to work them.
Food was scarce, often little more than porridge, resulting in vitamin deficiencies. Public hygiene was non-existent and lavatories were basic. The facilities at the parsonage were no more than a plank across a hole in a hut at the rear, with a lower plank for the children. In her thirties, Charlotte was described as having a toothless jaw, by such persons as Mrs Gaskell, who stated in a letter dated 25 August 1850 to Catherine Winkworth: "large mouth and many teeth gone". However, food was reasonable in the family. Well filled plates of porridge in the morning and piles of potatoes were peeled each day in the kitchen while Tabby told stories about her country or Emily revised her German grammar, and sometimes Mr Brontë would return home from his tours of the village with game donated by the parishioners.
Role of the women
According to Robert Southey, poet laureate, in his response to Charlotte, ladies from a good background should be content with an education and a marriage embellished with some decorative talents. Mr Brontë also said to one of the characters in his The Maid of Kilarney, without one knowing whether it truly reflected a widespread opinion in order to support it or to condemn it: "The education of female ought, most assuredly, to be competent, in order that she might enjoy herself, and be a fit companion for man. But, believe me, lovely, delicate and sprightly woman, is not formed by nature, to pore over the musty pages of Grecian and Roman literature, or to plod through the windings of Mathematical Problems, nor has Providence assigned for her sphere of action, either the cabinet or the field. Her forte is softness, tenderness and grace." In any case, it seemed to contradict his attitude towards his daughters whom he encouraged even if he was not completely aware of what they did with their time.
Sisters' place in literature
Due to their forced or voluntary isolation, the Brontë sisters constituted a separate literary group which neither had predecessors nor successors. There is not a 'Brontë' line such as exists among authors of realist and naturalist novels, and in poetry, the romantic, and the symbolic.
Their influence certainly existed but it is difficult to define in its totality. Writers who followed them doubtlessly thought about them while they were creating their dark and tormented worlds such as Thomas Hardy in Jude the Obscure or Tess of the d'Urbervilles, or George Eliot with Adam Bede and The Mill on the Floss. There were also more conventional authors such as Matthew Arnold, who in a letter from 1853 says of Charlotte that she only pretends to heartless: "nothing but hunger, rebellion and rage". In contrast, Mrs Humphry Ward, author of Robert Elsmere and morality novels, only finds didactic among the works of Charlotte, while she appreciates the happy blend of romance and realism in the works of Emily. There is however nothing that could constitute a literary vein.
Pilgrimages to Haworth from 1860
By 1860 Charlotte had been dead for five years, and the only people living at the parsonage were Mr. Brontë, his son-in-law, Arthur Bell Nicholls, and two servants. In 1857 Mrs. Gaskell's biography of Charlotte was published, and though Mr. Brontë at its first reading approved of its commissioning, several months later he expressed doubts. The portrait of Nicholls, founded partly on the confidence of Ellen Nussey, seemed to him to be unjustified. Ellen Nussey, who hated Arthur, insists that his marital claims had perverted Charlotte's writing and she had to struggle against an interruption of her career. It is true that Arthur found Nussey to be too close to his wife, and he insisted that she should destroy her letters – although this never actually happened.
Mrs. Gaskell's book caused a sensation and was distributed nationwide. The polemic launched by Charlotte's father resulted in a squabble that only served to increase the family's fame.
During Charlotte's lifetime friends and sponsors visited the parsonage, including Sir James and Lady Kay Shuttleworth, Ellen Nussey, Elizabeth Gaskell, John Store Smith, a young writer from Manchester, Bessie Parkes, who recounted her visit to Mrs. Gaskell, and Abraham Holroyd, poet, antiquarian, and historian. However, following the publication of the book and the pastor's public remonstrations, the parsonage became a place of pilgrimage for admirers wanting to see it with their own eyes. Charlotte's husband recalled that he had to protect his father-in-law, when on the short path to the church they had to push their way through the crowds of people wanting to reach out and touch the cape of the father of the Brontë girls. The hundreds of visitors became thousands, coming from all over Britain and even from across the Atlantic. Whenever he agreed to meet them, Patrick received them with utmost courtesy and recounted the story of his brilliant daughters, never omitting to express his displeasure at the opinions held about Charlotte's husband.
The flow of visitors has never abated. Indeed, the parsonage at Haworth received an estimated 88,000 visitors in 2017.
Brontë Society
The Brontë Parsonage Museum is managed and maintained by the Brontë Society, which organises exhibitions and takes care of the cultural heritage represented by objects and documents which belonged to the family. The society has branches in Australia, Canada, France, Ireland, the Scandinavian countries, South Africa, and the USA.
Haworth
In 1904, Virginia Woolf visited Haworth and published an account in The Guardian on 21 December. She remarked on the symbiosis between the village and the Brontë sisters, the fact that utensils and clothes which would normally have disappeared before those who used them, have survived, enables one to better understand their singular presence. She also wrote: "Haworth expresses the Brontës; the Brontës express Haworth; they fit like a snail to its shell".
Descendants
The line of Patrick Brontë died out with his children, but Patrick's brother had notable descendants, including James Brontë Gatenby, whose most important work was studying Golgi bodies in various animals, including humans, and Peter Brontë Gatenby, the medical director of the UN.
In popular culture
Books, comics and graphic novels
In Catherynne M. Valente’s young-adult fiction novel The Glass Town Game (2017), "Glass Town turns into a Narnia-like world of its own, and the Brontës find themselves pulled through into their own creation".
In the comic series Die (2018) by writer Kieron Gillen and artist Stephanie Hans, three of the locations on the icosahedron shaped world are Gondal, Angria, and Glass Town based on the Brontë juvenilia. In issue #9, Charlotte is a narrative character and reveals the connection between the world of Die, her siblings and their paracosms. Charlotte is also featured on the cover of the issue.
In the graphic novel Glass Town (2020) by Isabel Greenberg, parts of the Brontë juvenilia are retold and intersected with the lives of four Brontë children — Charlotte, Branwell, Emily and Anne, as they explore the imaginary world they created. "Greenberg blurs fiction and memoir: characters walk between worlds and woo their creators. [...] This is a tale, bookended by funerals, about the collision between dreamlike places of possibility and constrained 19th-century lives".
Cinema
In the American film Devotion (1946) by Curtis Bernhardt, which constitutes a biography of the Brontë sisters, Ida Lupino plays Emily Brontë and Olivia de Havilland plays Charlotte Brontë.
In the French film Week-end (1967) by Jean-Luc Godard, Emily Brontë appears in a scene where one of the protagonists asks for geographical information.
In the French film Les Sœurs Brontë (1979) by André Téchiné, Isabelle Adjani plays Emily Brontë, Marie-France Pisier plays Charlotte Brontë, Isabelle Huppert plays Anne, Patrick Magee plays Patrick Brontë, and Pascal Greggory plays Branwell Brontë.
In the Canadian film The Carmilla Movie (2017) by Spencer Maybee, Grace Lynn Kung plays Charlotte Brontë and Cara Gee plays Emily Brontë.
Dance
Several 20th-century choreographic works have been inspired by the lives and works of the Brontë sisters.
Dancer Gillian Lynne presented a composition titled The Brontës (1995).
Music
Wuthering Heights is presented as John Lennon's favourite book in The Sky is Everywhere, a young adult fiction novel by author Jandy Nelson.
English singer-songwriter Kate Bush released a song titled "Wuthering Heights" in 1978 to critical success. Coincidentally, Bush shares the same birthday with Emily Brontë.Glass Town, a 2021 meta rock musical by Miriam Pultro, features the "Brontë siblings as band members: Anne as the modern, feminist neosoul star; Emily as the alt-rock prodigy; Branwell, singing the blues; and Charlotte, the passionate rocker frontwoman".
Objects in outer space
Charlottebrontë is the name of asteroid #39427, discovered at the Palomar Observatory, located on Palomar Mountain in southern California, on 25 September 1973. The asteroids #39428 and #39429 (both discovered on 29 September 1973, at Palomar Observatory) are named Emilybrontë and Annebrontë respectively.
The 60 km-diameter impact crater Brontë on the surface of the planet Mercury is named in honour of the Brontë family.
Opera
Wuthering Heights has been the subject of at least three completed operas of the same name: Bernard Herrmann wrote his version between 1943 and 1951, and Carlisle Floyd's setting was premiered in 1958. Frédéric Chaslin also wrote an operatic version. Frederick Delius also started work on a Wuthering Heights opera but abandoned it early.
Sport
In 2018, a new horse race at York Racecourse was named the Brontë Cup in honour of the family.
Stage productions
The play Brontë (2005), by Polly Teale, explores their lives as well as the characters they created.
The musical Schwestern im Geiste (2014; Sisters in Spirit), by Peter Lund, is about the Brontës.
Television
In the Family Guy episode "New Kidney in Town", a cutaway gag shows Charlotte and Emily congratulating each other on their literary achievements, while Anne is shown as a crude simpleton (implying her literary contributions were negligible compared to her sisters).
In the short-lived MTV animated series Clone High, the Brontë sisters were recurring background characters. In the season finale, "Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale", they go out as Clone JFK's prom dates, along with Catherine the Great and Joan of Arc. Later on, he states that he gave them away to The Three Stooges.
The creators of Clone High, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller previously made a failed pilot entitled “Super X-Treme Mega History Heroes” where it depicts a fictional toy line where the three sister action figures morph together into “Brontësaurus” à la other action figure toys such as Transformers and Power Rangers.
In the episode "Educating Doug" of the American television series The King of Queens, Doug and Carrie enrol in a course on classic literature to improve their level of sophistication. They are assigned the book Jane Eyre where Doug struggles to get past even the second page.
In the episode of CBBC children's television show Horrible Histories entitled "Staggering Storytellers", Charlotte (Jessica Ransom), Emily (Gemma Whelan), Anne (Natalie Walter) and Branwell (Thom Tuck) try to get their work published, forgetting all about the Brontë brother.
In 2016 a BBC TV drama, To Walk Invisible, was made about the initial success of their novels and the death of Branwell.
In 2018, a TV sitcom series, Mom'', episode titled, "Charlotte Brontë and a Backbone", references being a college educated waitress who knows the difference between Charlotte and Emily.
References
Informational notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Brontë Society
The Brontës
English women poets
Victorian novelists
Victorian women writers
English people of Irish descent
People from Thornton and Allerton | [
-0.342881441116333,
-0.34695082902908325,
0.14683306217193604,
-0.47747036814689636,
-0.018795998767018318,
0.31000247597694397,
0.5113235116004944,
-0.04832322150468826,
-0.5275061726570129,
0.16310721635818481,
-0.13495613634586334,
-0.3395126461982727,
-0.13672660291194916,
0.733965277671814,
-0.08143472671508789,
0.18680526316165924,
-0.6924077272415161,
0.3120953440666199,
-0.518480658531189,
-0.7078650593757629,
-0.4422973692417145,
-0.40089547634124756,
0.15437649190425873,
0.2976888418197632,
0.5191568732261658,
-0.350449800491333,
0.6728388071060181,
-0.1640769988298416,
0.24693401157855988,
0.11474160104990005,
0.21085062623023987,
0.6700475215911865,
0.14154662191867828,
-0.1364101767539978,
-0.41142433881759644,
-0.12197262048721313,
-0.31864774227142334,
-0.14824797213077545,
-0.42153263092041016,
-0.6239936351776123,
0.32023534178733826,
-0.7445811629295349,
0.19933044910430908,
0.2637355625629425,
-0.3778221607208252,
-0.1377280354499817,
-1.5646474361419678,
0.572496771812439,
-0.3720487654209137,
-0.2316417247056961,
-0.16193366050720215,
0.5015163421630859,
0.09693808853626251,
0.48671141266822815,
0.5755965709686279,
0.4031710922718048,
-0.5231835246086121,
-0.013174195773899555,
0.5663579702377319,
-0.33488789200782776,
0.04433562234044075,
0.4036440849304199,
0.7773494124412537,
0.1445102095603943,
-0.178831547498703,
0.495106041431427,
-0.4602190852165222,
0.0405752994120121,
-0.8353090286254883,
0.1102001741528511,
0.21985574066638947,
-0.40100371837615967,
-0.062125299125909805,
0.440576434135437,
0.23974741995334625,
0.2812389135360718,
-0.20191696286201477,
-0.2736778259277344,
0.6539549231529236,
0.6969497799873352,
-0.1632850021123886,
0.11878770589828491,
0.2632618248462677,
0.25469455122947693,
0.4872654378414154,
0.5430834293365479,
-0.4489157199859619,
0.24596920609474182,
0.11159201711416245,
-0.03036307729780674,
-0.07451673597097397,
-0.0549398697912693,
-0.182052344083786,
0.4402100443840027,
0.5660020709037781,
-0.20137442648410797,
0.4700617492198944,
0.12790480256080627,
-0.4613458216190338,
-0.37423083186149597,
-0.31730473041534424,
0.49754947423934937,
-0.07422227412462234,
-0.42740705609321594,
-0.513992190361023,
-0.12163050472736359,
-0.2176017463207245,
0.23325222730636597,
0.11887630075216293,
-0.14837808907032013,
-0.35656222701072693,
0.03809663653373718,
-0.6104130744934082,
-0.003393325721845031,
-0.04991443455219269,
-0.48086604475975037,
0.050042230635881424,
-0.42524483799934387,
-0.12629155814647675,
0.2397185117006302,
0.0776585265994072,
-0.06258876621723175,
-0.06116190180182457,
0.3946077227592468,
-0.3517024517059326,
0.10444082319736481,
0.0728054940700531,
0.14312639832496643,
0.07169243693351746,
0.2703079581260681,
0.014467796310782433,
0.5453919768333435,
0.14056338369846344,
-0.49613699316978455,
0.13186867535114288,
0.2459309697151184,
0.15944744646549225,
0.3522464334964752,
0.4725337624549866,
0.31386372447013855,
-1.0282073020935059,
0.45101651549339294,
-0.5606745481491089,
-0.26286089420318604,
0.5110414028167725,
-0.6395633220672607,
0.09381434321403503,
-0.6899023652076721,
0.12070374190807343,
-0.6136816740036011,
0.3831116855144501,
0.1560840755701065,
0.3778477609157562,
-0.2742176055908203,
-0.41010424494743347,
0.3351893723011017,
0.8494381904602051,
0.34865468740463257,
0.4017195403575897,
-0.026439372450113297,
-0.2061103880405426,
0.07215303927659988,
0.5494517683982849,
-0.11935630440711975,
0.7081992626190186,
0.006812599021941423,
0.16744469106197357,
-0.06631990522146225,
-0.5690557956695557,
-0.37192660570144653,
-0.8665279150009155,
-0.21885885298252106,
0.37943336367607117,
-0.22557534277439117,
-0.4860953092575073,
0.45004862546920776,
0.30914434790611267,
0.05089849233627319,
0.28024834394454956,
-0.36616429686546326,
-0.5928194522857666,
0.1345224827528,
0.3719600439071655,
-0.39157426357269287,
-0.18241821229457855,
0.1455344706773758,
0.33884263038635254,
0.06296297907829285,
-0.10697957128286362,
0.2677712142467499,
-0.24888047575950623,
-0.5718870759010315,
0.5577691793441772,
-0.3281550705432892,
1.0475330352783203,
-0.1445075124502182,
0.07947340607643127,
0.7304941415786743,
0.2807791233062744,
0.7369767427444458,
0.0588323250412941,
-0.08089053630828857,
-0.21922607719898224,
-0.4356686472892761,
-0.7068430185317993,
-0.08542465418577194,
-0.23925088346004486,
0.45644187927246094,
0.07513299584388733,
-0.07099901884794235,
0.31674259901046753,
-0.4741131067276001,
0.6025660634040833,
0.2949495315551758,
-0.014429987408220768,
-0.6652962565422058,
-0.34243690967559814,
0.06024409458041191,
0.2824675738811493,
-0.46557238698005676,
-0.028452495113015175,
-0.17378109693527222,
0.1608891785144806,
0.09324648976325989,
0.025700101628899574,
0.8137120008468628,
0.35789811611175537,
0.25308236479759216,
0.3575417399406433,
-0.8234958648681641,
-0.27485549449920654,
0.15203021466732025,
-0.06621813774108887,
-0.4315636456012726,
0.06377367675304413,
-0.5397480726242065,
-0.10979022085666656,
-0.07402095198631287,
0.14669542014598846,
-0.3405204117298126,
0.05427682399749756,
0.442082017660141,
-0.6742317080497742,
0.6563319563865662,
-0.07804752886295319,
-0.22744356095790863,
-0.28966423869132996,
0.49872317910194397,
-0.18956977128982544,
0.020523378625512123,
0.5203992128372192,
0.31238511204719543,
-0.288376122713089,
0.7763818502426147,
0.49345022439956665,
-0.28606143593788147,
0.2901625633239746,
0.43185052275657654,
0.008346975781023502,
0.10963378101587296,
-0.36486926674842834,
0.2470095157623291,
-0.5591551661491394,
0.37757813930511475,
-0.18812450766563416,
0.041533518582582474,
-0.08965253084897995,
-1.1023648977279663,
0.3854290843009949,
0.6190889477729797,
0.0798935666680336,
-0.12772609293460846,
-0.24153971672058105,
0.13870687782764435,
0.22997739911079407,
-0.5636215806007385,
0.5860671401023865,
-0.055505335330963135,
-0.28770914673805237,
-0.8092425465583801,
-0.7437839508056641,
0.22693170607089996,
0.3402595520019531,
-0.7666135430335999,
-0.05417488515377045,
-0.49257513880729675,
0.24177300930023193,
0.3655833899974823,
0.17881113290786743,
0.19854439795017242,
0.14420652389526367,
-0.14267893135547638,
-0.02944386750459671,
0.07904502749443054,
0.19886097311973572,
0.4038180410861969,
-0.3076050877571106,
0.15758681297302246,
-0.37504109740257263,
-0.37824925780296326,
-0.854806661605835,
-0.08923398703336716,
-0.7551003694534302,
0.004520871210843325,
0.3088226318359375,
0.4029344916343689,
0.1761550009250641,
-0.18205495178699493,
-5.8031182289123535,
0.2919105291366577,
-0.3237907886505127,
-0.4960694909095764,
0.4247255325317383,
0.15241177380084991,
0.5483551025390625,
-0.44290488958358765,
-0.129316508769989,
0.3133735954761505,
0.632224440574646,
0.09150245040655136,
-0.2925093173980713,
-0.4526311457157135,
0.2529158592224121,
0.07672008872032166,
-0.2518000304698944,
0.4599432647228241,
-0.268442839384079,
-0.005116191692650318,
-0.06395712494850159,
-0.04025375097990036,
-0.11599777638912201,
0.2716584801673889,
-0.04583748057484627,
0.3223940432071686,
0.3591952919960022,
-0.7445226907730103,
-0.9103624224662781,
-0.35609912872314453,
0.5125598907470703,
0.15449514985084534,
0.5963829159736633,
-0.35236263275146484,
-0.3310268223285675,
-0.4993074834346771,
0.4877883195877075,
0.29409492015838623,
0.4288693368434906,
0.09417206048965454,
-0.29248249530792236,
0.014533670619130135,
-0.5104949474334717,
-0.47103652358055115,
0.05582258850336075,
-0.6084262132644653,
-0.927471399307251,
0.6636165976524353,
-0.37492671608924866,
0.7254151701927185,
0.10323388129472733,
0.18580806255340576,
0.2665800154209137,
0.546444296836853,
0.20541135966777802,
0.10644073784351349,
0.23593197762966156,
0.001049593323841691,
-0.31870320439338684,
0.1255076676607132,
0.25955113768577576,
0.38163065910339355,
0.41318386793136597,
-0.0887698158621788,
-0.3024500012397766,
-0.5170159935951233,
0.09511031210422516,
0.5518409609794617,
-0.37308868765830994,
-0.18848395347595215,
-0.2828173041343689,
0.35119596123695374,
0.5929905772209167,
-0.8703399300575256,
-0.42364057898521423,
-0.03516159951686859,
0.21367794275283813,
-0.28919804096221924,
0.2947480380535126,
-0.7064841389656067,
0.37400156259536743,
-0.22243835031986237,
-0.1549733281135559,
0.23543797433376312,
0.1393442302942276,
-0.3856576979160309,
-0.8823614120483398,
-0.11987987905740738,
-0.11555115133523941,
-0.6109256148338318,
0.05701366439461708,
-0.3512252867221832,
-0.006751947104930878,
0.8061950206756592,
0.0426623560488224,
0.5647469162940979,
0.21428972482681274,
-0.10691901296377182,
0.1691049039363861,
-0.08603241294622421,
-0.015377423726022243,
-0.14813584089279175,
-0.17663230001926422,
0.06597327440977097,
0.11573947966098785,
0.20580334961414337,
-0.5503660440444946,
-0.18723870813846588,
0.741295576095581,
-0.7125015258789062,
0.3052264451980591,
-0.2665077745914459,
-0.45458054542541504,
-0.37261125445365906,
-0.11856074631214142,
-0.33406680822372437,
-0.15988247096538544,
0.3296147286891937,
0.465963214635849,
0.16144274175167084,
0.02892455644905567,
-0.018761496990919113,
-0.29661884903907776,
-0.16215181350708008,
-0.314959853887558,
-0.08820418268442154,
0.6028950214385986,
-0.5633857846260071,
-0.16390469670295715,
0.29682859778404236,
-0.04839329794049263,
-0.41554760932922363,
0.3599965274333954,
0.05074186250567436,
-0.6930473446846008,
-0.1293792873620987,
-0.14664755761623383,
-0.4600794017314911,
0.22882330417633057,
-0.020802602171897888,
-0.10204729437828064,
-0.02105148322880268,
-0.2568720877170563,
0.11056481301784515,
0.47161665558815,
0.28090962767601013,
0.06196139380335808,
0.5050577521324158,
-0.8423282504081726,
0.17675748467445374,
-0.06828072667121887,
0.2672480344772339,
0.6666290163993835,
-0.5075010061264038,
-0.23583176732063293,
-0.15573766827583313,
-0.226576030254364,
0.573942244052887,
0.046727534383535385,
0.21375131607055664,
-0.11562004685401917,
-0.19343924522399902,
-1.053755521774292,
0.592510461807251,
0.0037614356260746717,
0.30499792098999023,
-0.3728235960006714,
0.10920513421297073,
-0.3262644112110138,
0.28882649540901184,
-0.3825220465660095,
0.22744682431221008,
-0.27253562211990356,
-0.4109957814216614,
0.08565901964902878,
0.1765727996826172,
-0.6356547474861145,
0.3417416214942932,
-0.1204167827963829,
-0.026707302778959274,
-0.11696890741586685,
0.14398233592510223,
0.00045526455505751073,
0.5112084746360779,
0.6633069515228271,
0.20460177958011627,
-0.5636609196662903,
-0.20881173014640808,
-0.45045486092567444,
-0.2967720329761505,
-0.04834641516208649,
0.26259341835975647,
0.06637586653232574,
0.48864805698394775,
-0.19162434339523315,
-0.17368878424167633,
0.6758352518081665,
0.06737842410802841,
-0.010408737696707249,
-0.1865018755197525,
-0.6437581181526184,
0.31717830896377563,
-0.14452819526195526,
-0.06659343838691711,
0.0033041059505194426,
-0.7224664688110352,
0.1187051311135292,
-0.15217706561088562,
-0.5823544859886169,
0.7084373235702515,
-0.34403109550476074,
-0.6465519666671753,
0.5112534761428833,
0.41625308990478516,
-0.03499695286154747,
-0.09930921345949173,
0.16028650104999542,
-0.19869862496852875,
0.18124337494373322,
-0.2666272819042206,
-0.0973532572388649,
-0.2625579535961151,
-0.6044242978096008,
-0.4748494625091553,
0.08731638640165329,
0.6246429681777954,
0.12728896737098694,
-0.15359266102313995,
0.23203296959400177,
-0.27455562353134155,
-0.3091265559196472,
-0.018283622339367867,
0.0808831974864006,
-0.05315606668591499,
-0.1907808482646942,
-0.08226004987955093,
-0.002319159684702754,
-0.06045102700591087,
0.3546638786792755,
0.29365652799606323,
0.773860514163971,
0.6485759615898132,
0.48951974511146545,
-0.4970976412296295,
0.8106780648231506,
0.01962440460920334,
0.3688329756259918,
-0.24282459914684296,
-0.5662487149238586,
0.3764258921146393,
0.19924670457839966,
-0.3229330778121948,
-0.40318185091018677,
-0.1278890073299408,
0.5440802574157715,
-0.7826679944992065,
0.16097353398799896,
0.13310746848583221,
0.34818366169929504,
0.16778592765331268,
0.1608174592256546,
1.0200587511062622,
-0.4221058487892151,
0.3294392228126526,
0.03143953159451485,
0.5739861726760864,
-0.36202841997146606,
-0.39607492089271545,
0.8177018761634827,
-0.17030014097690582,
-0.09392125904560089,
0.4490157663822174,
0.1544753760099411,
-0.011798071675002575,
-0.4099585711956024,
0.36304646730422974,
0.07440165430307388,
-0.47550007700920105,
0.6782619953155518,
-0.5594884753227234,
-1.016911268234253,
0.12237445265054703,
-0.24568790197372437,
-0.7302586436271667,
-0.04850298538804054,
-0.42370712757110596,
-0.10496964305639267,
0.019840756431221962,
-0.4308772385120392,
0.20026561617851257,
-0.1454905867576599,
0.039227746427059174,
0.09598571807146072,
0.5182779431343079,
0.16706591844558716,
-0.12326862663030624,
-0.19114911556243896,
-0.3936338722705841,
-0.17227013409137726,
0.6141465902328491,
-0.735364556312561,
0.21999242901802063,
-0.1722716987133026,
-0.1788366436958313,
0.10960792005062103,
-0.06845171749591827,
-0.1096658706665039,
-0.3765818774700165,
-0.035465627908706665,
0.04359852895140648,
0.14022177457809448,
-0.46990105509757996,
0.03897892311215401,
0.5494779348373413,
-0.6520312428474426,
-0.3406487703323364,
0.17736582458019257,
0.03571717441082001,
0.4478137791156769,
0.13820365071296692,
-0.03458784893155098,
0.7233161926269531,
0.5107535123825073,
-0.24120019376277924,
0.1204662024974823,
1.0118563175201416,
-0.5576492547988892,
0.3006458282470703,
-0.4410274624824524,
0.6666100025177002,
0.45461174845695496,
0.04667247459292412,
-0.6819072961807251,
0.6615749001502991,
-0.48465973138809204,
-0.7540682554244995,
0.22880049049854279,
-0.32622626423835754,
-0.05312059074640274,
0.21215401589870453,
-0.16845914721488953,
-0.029000459238886833,
0.45608311891555786,
0.042354319244623184,
0.07320099323987961,
0.034448858350515366,
-0.18579719960689545,
0.13949383795261383,
0.19193919003009796,
-0.20692698657512665,
0.6618211269378662,
0.3458772301673889,
0.5760369300842285,
-1.081042766571045,
0.28645679354667664,
0.9929900169372559,
0.41692355275154114,
0.26896145939826965,
-0.6106650829315186,
-0.016880612820386887,
-0.041293635964393616,
-0.10146451741456985,
0.43019723892211914,
-0.32346057891845703,
-0.4157870411872864,
-0.4663500487804413,
0.19905245304107666,
-0.279513418674469,
-0.2808205485343933,
0.33893826603889465,
0.6702054142951965,
-0.06832454353570938,
-0.22092559933662415,
0.16838452219963074,
-0.47573617100715637,
0.24638308584690094,
0.6610403060913086,
0.5604308247566223,
0.3929964005947113,
0.24748438596725464,
0.1728382408618927,
-0.09715604782104492,
0.04022501781582832,
0.02036675252020359,
0.44874662160873413,
-0.9133591055870056,
0.04655249044299126,
-0.06014636904001236,
-0.35330620408058167,
-0.4029783606529236,
0.5115224719047546,
-0.454960435628891,
0.023441869765520096,
-0.00888393260538578,
-0.6887909770011902,
0.17841319739818573,
-0.38270303606987,
0.4771224558353424,
0.22375427186489105,
-0.09810958057641983,
-0.36525776982307434,
0.1920541375875473,
-0.1262420415878296,
0.03567714989185333,
-0.22588185966014862,
0.3619096875190735,
0.3316391706466675,
0.19211018085479736,
-0.416877418756485,
0.6508220434188843,
0.4656657874584198,
-0.022736428305506706,
0.19282931089401245,
0.4156186282634735,
-0.22148671746253967,
-0.6163087487220764,
0.2086656093597412,
0.16261523962020874,
-0.24595636129379272,
0.3921178877353668,
0.07309374213218689,
0.2699767053127289,
0.07988899201154709,
-0.5198631286621094,
-0.35875773429870605,
0.11803536862134933,
-0.11823372542858124,
0.051105793565511703,
-0.6480517983436584,
0.5206180810928345,
0.42309093475341797,
0.3183090388774872,
-0.7266380190849304,
-0.16921687126159668,
0.057675302028656006,
0.3830482065677643,
-0.15574613213539124,
0.7121166586875916,
-0.16541865468025208,
-0.04120597988367081,
0.29185110330581665,
-0.024897700175642967,
0.46131277084350586,
0.15833725035190582,
0.5252167582511902,
0.5411381125450134,
0.13221433758735657,
0.450636625289917,
-0.3748210668563843,
0.5483893752098083,
-0.1653868407011032,
-0.12454444915056229,
0.10412672162055969,
-0.4638112485408783,
0.04368295148015022,
-0.41418540477752686,
-0.3974412679672241,
-0.7365317940711975,
0.14681370556354523,
0.18638207018375397
] |
256811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millom | Millom | Millom is a town and civil parish on the north shore of the estuary of the River Duddon in southwest Cumbria, historically part of Cumberland, England. It is situated just outside the Lake District National Park, about north of Barrow-in-Furness ( by road) and south of Whitehaven.
Millom was constructed as a new town, beginning in 1866 and subsumed the village of Holborn Hill. Built around ironworks, the town grew to a size of over 10,000 people by the 1960s, but has struggled since the works were closed in 1968. Culturally, Millom is notable as the birthplace of poet Norman Nicholson, and for its historical links with rugby league.
The name is Cumbrian dialect for "At the mills".
History
Millom is mentioned in the Domesday Book as one of the townships forming the Manor of Hougun which was held by Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria.
Millom Castle is a grade I listed building and scheduled ancient monument which by 1739 was in dilapidated condition.
In 1251 a market charter was granted by King Henry III of England to John de Huddleston, Lord of Millom.
Millom is the most southerly town in the historic county of Cumberland.
The Whitehaven & Furness Junction Railway opened a station in 1850 known as 'Holborn Hill Halt' until Millom new town was built in 1866. It was taken over by the Furness Railway in 1866.
A map of 1862 shows that all that existed was a small hamlet by the name of Holborn Hill on the northwest side of the railway line. It had a railway station, inn and a tile and brickworks. By 1899 a small town had grown up here, with terraced streets on either side of the railway, a public library, police station, banks, hotels, school, market square and allotments.
In the intervening years, the Hodbarrow iron mines began extracting haematite from deposits between the village of Holborn Hill and the seashore at Hodbarrow. The first shafts were sunk in the 1850s, by 1881 there were seven pits operated by the Hodbarrow Mining Company. Millom & Askam Iron Company built Millom Ironworks and the first furnaces were completed in 1866. The opening of the ironworks led to the building of Millom newtown. The Hodbarrow Outer Barrier (seawall) was completed in 1905 to protect the mines from the sea. It took five years to construct at a cost of almost £600,000. The Hodbarrow Mines and Millom Ironworks were closed in 1968. The town's population of 10,997 in 1967 fell to 7,101 by the 1971 census.
In 1877 the expanding town needed more water and Whicham Beck was dammed at Baystone Bank (54.261226,-3.274237) to form Baystone Bank Reservoir. The reservoir remained in use until about 1996. It was drained in 2011, the dam removed and the valley returned to its original form. This work was carried out by water network company United Utilities.
During the Second World War an airfield, RAF Millom, was developed on flat coastal land at Haverigg. This was an advanced flying training station, mainly for Observers and also Air Gunners. Aircraft stationed there were firstly the Blackburn Botha and Fairey Battle, then the more popular and successful Avro Anson. Post-war this became the site of HM Prison Haverigg.
Throughout its history, the town has struggled with socio-economic problems, especially after the Industrial Revolution, thus being infamously called by the Mayor of Copeland, 'a place of despair'.
Governance
Millom is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency, Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.
Before Brexit, it was part of the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.
For Local Government purposes it is in the Millom ward of the Borough of Copeland and the Millom division of Cumbria County Council. With the local government changes of county boundaries in 1974, the administrative county of Cumberland was abolished and Millom formed part of the new county of Cumbria.
Millom also has its own Parish Council; Millom Town Council, The parish had a population of 7,829 in 2011 and is divided into four wards, Holborn Hill, Newtown North, Newtown South and Haverigg.
The latest round of proposals in the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies would place Millom in the Barrow and Furness constituency as part of boundary changes to abolish the Copeland and Workington constituencies.
Economy
Millom's economy is now mainly based around retail, services and tourism. It is a relatively low wage area, with a lot of people employed in skilled trades such as building, painting and decorating. Many also work in the service sector in hotels, pubs and shops within the nearby Lake District national park. Higher wage centres are Barrow-in-Furness to the south and Sellafield to the north-west with commuting each way on the road or via the railway.
The prison at Haverigg, away is a large employer.
Millom was granted the status of a Fairtrade town in 2004.
Culture and community
Millom Palladium, a theatre, bar and full multi-functional venue. Completed in 1911, it has stood on the site for over 100 years. This building and entertainments venue is home to Millom Amateur Operatic Society (MAOS) founded in 1909 and is currently an ongoing project run and managed by a registered charity and group of volunteers with hopes to re-instate the cinema facility within the building. The facility currently hosts pantomime and music events and can be hired for weddings, balls, private parties etc. It has a full in-house 30KW PA with independent onstage monitor mixing and a full theatre lighting system.
The Beggar's Theatre is a multi-function arts base with several activities, performing-arts based, for local talent and provides a venue for touring theatres, stand-up comedians etc.
In 1900 half of all its residents were cornish who had come to work in hodbarrow iron mine.
The Norman Nicholson Society
The Norman Nicholson Society promotes and explores the work of the town's most famous son, the writer Norman Nicholson, who spent his whole life in the town.
Landmarks
St. George's Church stands within the town on a small hill and with its steeple is the biggest landmark of the town being visible from quite a distance.
The area's bigger landmark is the significant hill of Black Combe standing 1,970 ft (600 m) above sea level. It forms a grand panoramic viewing platform of the south-west Lake District area and offers a view of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales on a clear day.
Millom Discovery Centre (previously known as 'Millom Folk Museum' and 'Millom Heritage Museum And Visitor Centre') presents a snapshot of past times in Millom, paying particular attention to the historical development of the area brought about by the significant iron ore mining and iron works.
Millom Rock Park is situated high on the north rim of the nearby Ghyll Scaur Quarry in the parish of Millom Without. A viewpoint in the Rock Park permits views into the working quarry and overlooks the processing machinery. There is an avenue of 15 large rock specimens with detailed interpretation panels.
There are two nature reserves near the town, both of which are located on the Duddon Estuary; an internationally important area for wildlife and designated a 'Site of Special Scientific Interest' or SSSI. Hodbarrow Nature Reserve is owned by the RSPB and is located to the south of the town, which in October 2005, saw the unveiling of its new public aid, with logos produced by local artists Stuart Edwards and Holly Parminter. Millom Iron Works Local Nature Reserve is located to the east of the town. Both reserves are important for tern species and a number of wading birds and waterfowl. Hodbarrow is renowned for large numbers of wildfowl during the winter. Various birds of prey can be seen hunting on both reserves throughout the year.
In 1866 the Hodbarrow Mining Company built a lighthouse on Hodbarrow Point to guide ships to its dock. When the company built a seawall in 1905 to protect its mineworkings, it established a new lighthouse on the wall and abandoned the old one. Both structures still stand. In 2004 the newer lighthouse (which had itself been abandoned in 1949) was refurbished as part of a local community initiative. At the time a new solar-powered light was placed in the lantern which used to operate at night, but as of 2016 it is no longer functioning.
RAF Millom Museum closed in 2010.
Transport
Millom is served by Millom railway station on the Cumbrian Coast Line.
The A5093 road goes through the town and is itself a loop off of the A595. The town council supports the building of a road bridge across the Duddon estuary between Millom and the Furness peninsula.
Education
Millom School is a secondary school and sixth form, for pupils from 11 – 19 years old. It houses the adult education centre, an all-weather sports pitch and the "Melvyn Bragg Drama Studio" which was opened in 2005. At one time it had a swimming pool however this was demolished by Cumbria County Council.
There are a number of other schools in the town including;
Millom Infants School,
The Nursery,
St James' Catholic Primary School,
Black Combe Junior School, which was built in the early 1970s; its first headmaster, Frank Eccles, died 1 January 2013 aged 89.
Health
Primary health care is provided at the town's 'community' hospital. It also provides some clinics, physiotherapy, podiatry and has a small x-ray facility. The inpatients occupy one ward spanning a six- (now five-) bed bay, a four-bed bay, twin and single rooms. The hospital does not offer A+E service nor any other 'drop-in' healthcare services. The nearest A+E (Accident and Emergency) service is at Furness General Hospital away by road at Barrow-in-Furness.
Religious sites
Millom's original parish church is Holy Trinity, a grade I listed building dating to the 12th century. In 1877 the growth of the town required the building of another church and architects Paley and Austin were commissioned to build St George's, a Grade II Listed building. There are also Roman Catholic, Baptist and Methodist churches and a community church. Jehovah's Witnesses also have a Kingdom Hall in the town.
Sport
Millom Recreation Centre comprises a large sports hall and a small multi-gym and caters for a wide range of different sports. Millom has a Crown green bowling club, tennis and cricket are also played in the town.
Millom Rugby League Club is the oldest existing amateur rugby league club in the world having been founded in 1873.
Millom has a Rugby Union club which was formed in 1873, making it one of the oldest rugby clubs in England.
Notable people
John A. Agnew, British-American political geographer.
Professor John T Andrews, (Born in Millom 1937, educated Millom School, played for the U-19 English Schools Rugby team in 1955 and 1956) University of Colorado Boulder, Fellow American Geophysical Union, Fellow American Association Science. Penrose Medal 2016 Geological Society of America.
Norman Nicholson, poet and author, whose work was published by T. S. Eliot at Faber and Faber, spent his entire life in Millom. He is commemorated by a blue plaque.
Jimmy Settle, English international footballer, was born in Millom in 1874.
See also
Listed buildings in Millom
Millom Without
:Category:People from Millom
Millom Rural District
References
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Millom (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Cumbria County History Trust: Millom, Rural (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Picture of the active Hodbarrow Point Lighthouse
Towns in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Borough of Copeland | [
-0.31641557812690735,
0.26794081926345825,
0.6642151474952698,
-0.9280799031257629,
0.3780621886253357,
0.6436417102813721,
-0.058997638523578644,
0.1336296796798706,
-0.2694522738456726,
0.007577518932521343,
0.08386626094579697,
0.11222279071807861,
0.00964093953371048,
0.6646159887313843,
-0.7071265578269958,
0.563027024269104,
-0.3038284182548523,
0.11980842798948288,
0.284492164850235,
-0.8128299117088318,
0.08631572127342224,
-0.768523633480072,
-0.008250775747001171,
0.5107436776161194,
0.362766295671463,
0.01934608817100525,
0.5094303488731384,
-0.202279731631279,
-0.17701049149036407,
0.3055081367492676,
0.054999303072690964,
0.1100526824593544,
0.18138796091079712,
-0.294567346572876,
0.4282477796077728,
0.3154695928096771,
-0.09348975121974945,
0.07267630100250244,
-0.5822523832321167,
-0.2976630926132202,
-0.257436066865921,
-0.35604792833328247,
-0.23446939885616302,
0.13577672839164734,
-0.22218933701515198,
-0.5467791557312012,
-1.1441090106964111,
0.28518587350845337,
-0.6861447691917419,
-0.2626190185546875,
-1.2211058139801025,
0.37884771823883057,
-0.32522085309028625,
-0.0635938048362732,
0.9333276748657227,
0.32002177834510803,
-0.15390311181545258,
-0.47476404905319214,
0.637251615524292,
0.3255053162574768,
-0.16782253980636597,
0.34694704413414,
-0.05986075475811958,
0.20640379190444946,
0.3230031728744507,
0.22595153748989105,
-0.04124298319220543,
0.4210822582244873,
-0.5211260914802551,
-0.6381617188453674,
0.031654488295316696,
0.036475829780101776,
-0.5008798837661743,
0.22323648631572723,
-0.3885441720485687,
-0.19498708844184875,
0.0642792135477066,
-0.01218834612518549,
0.5321686267852783,
0.21779628098011017,
0.5030147433280945,
0.17102399468421936,
0.7070727348327637,
0.16884644329547882,
0.5740403532981873,
0.20231081545352936,
-0.4372822642326355,
0.6531543135643005,
-0.5766326189041138,
0.16787056624889374,
-0.25876978039741516,
-0.17403657734394073,
-0.6287749409675598,
-0.2922026216983795,
0.422642320394516,
0.15801161527633667,
-0.3784447908401489,
0.6637091040611267,
0.141378715634346,
0.3902285099029541,
-0.34917426109313965,
0.17996834218502045,
0.5760276913642883,
0.17041966319084167,
-0.3025132119655609,
-0.07270705699920654,
-0.414850652217865,
-0.6444598436355591,
0.17191873490810394,
-0.07972710579633713,
-0.34506943821907043,
0.31167343258857727,
0.18594613671302795,
0.021959519013762474,
0.16208311915397644,
0.6249986290931702,
0.5079488754272461,
0.02683442272245884,
-0.09391438961029053,
0.3873234987258911,
0.5188816785812378,
0.8807556629180908,
-0.3254343271255493,
-0.14741311967372894,
0.5736775994300842,
-0.01940847747027874,
-0.2047087401151657,
0.6237540245056152,
-1.0516488552093506,
-0.1455899477005005,
0.503178060054779,
0.973602831363678,
-0.5872716903686523,
0.21541281044483185,
0.421006977558136,
-0.19559301435947418,
-0.298180490732193,
-0.06459175795316696,
0.6568599939346313,
0.11816254258155823,
-0.7475207448005676,
0.14108966290950775,
-0.18745653331279755,
-0.37567225098609924,
-0.08338473737239838,
-0.11883211135864258,
-0.26360124349594116,
-0.7074950337409973,
-0.09741492569446564,
-0.33090296387672424,
0.47848737239837646,
0.2230447381734848,
-0.2674276828765869,
-0.2879890203475952,
0.19105996191501617,
-0.5490966439247131,
0.42341524362564087,
0.5489639043807983,
-0.35154300928115845,
-0.13362102210521698,
-0.28643640875816345,
0.15842975676059723,
0.5493208765983582,
-0.2112777680158615,
0.32876574993133545,
-0.018849534913897514,
0.6685186624526978,
-0.8615874648094177,
0.006293408572673798,
0.13590803742408752,
-0.6003813743591309,
-0.20952777564525604,
1.1350598335266113,
-0.0012376446975395083,
-0.034215640276670456,
-0.8657015562057495,
0.4019976854324341,
0.7094411253929138,
0.14173811674118042,
0.053863152861595154,
-0.4967900514602661,
-0.016649356111884117,
0.08018495887517929,
-0.20675356686115265,
-0.5404376983642578,
0.10976463556289673,
0.1305413693189621,
-0.05460243672132492,
-0.26581788063049316,
0.2549678385257721,
0.5226335525512695,
0.14759796857833862,
0.49799391627311707,
-0.4132040739059448,
0.4303557872772217,
0.2372971475124359,
-0.4511190354824066,
0.5077888369560242,
-0.4669201076030731,
0.7052087187767029,
-0.34417852759361267,
-0.04683965444564819,
1.0969626903533936,
-1.0621423721313477,
-0.5011393427848816,
-0.1797107458114624,
0.42896023392677307,
0.38503187894821167,
-0.16740930080413818,
0.001449406030587852,
-0.36221447587013245,
-0.47307899594306946,
-0.1399364173412323,
0.4077076315879822,
-0.09985832124948502,
-0.5668303966522217,
-0.24331343173980713,
0.04643750190734863,
0.7272908687591553,
-0.8574531078338623,
0.1006239503622055,
-0.01223347894847393,
0.17294277250766754,
0.019970251247286797,
-0.04835597798228264,
0.5671931505203247,
-0.02611980214715004,
-0.3252600133419037,
0.10274603962898254,
-0.42738983035087585,
-0.2686885595321655,
0.530700147151947,
0.10575646907091141,
0.09773624688386917,
-0.4948100745677948,
-0.20939083397388458,
-0.30285483598709106,
0.06253121048212051,
0.2725227177143097,
-0.37380868196487427,
0.245459645986557,
0.1763676255941391,
-0.8220438957214355,
0.1871292144060135,
0.4557904303073883,
0.7649332880973816,
-0.07912778854370117,
0.30036109685897827,
-0.007906408049166203,
-0.12212768942117691,
-0.0875709280371666,
0.32630598545074463,
0.9533710479736328,
-0.0906766802072525,
0.06812956184148788,
-0.45951181650161743,
-0.5623263120651245,
0.68745356798172,
0.24379844963550568,
0.4988565444946289,
-0.5376646518707275,
-0.2595891058444977,
-0.0009843932930380106,
0.5968752503395081,
-0.10404932498931885,
-0.5170787572860718,
-0.13963577151298523,
-0.2857702374458313,
0.43561363220214844,
0.30499523878097534,
0.6988296508789062,
-0.3247697651386261,
-0.05544314906001091,
0.2176828235387802,
0.664437472820282,
0.2062913179397583,
0.7621320486068726,
-0.41037243604660034,
-0.6523628234863281,
-0.3696509003639221,
0.5497567057609558,
0.7181609272956848,
-0.34703418612480164,
-0.5580330491065979,
0.12868425250053406,
0.03474660590291023,
0.1475253701210022,
-0.0006099999882280827,
-0.2664889991283417,
-0.10249730944633484,
-0.3503720462322235,
-0.07883904129266739,
-0.5128002762794495,
0.7977179288864136,
-0.24070444703102112,
-0.29098421335220337,
-0.5439788103103638,
-0.26043105125427246,
0.25141027569770813,
-0.18537674844264984,
0.049063246697187424,
0.7792450189590454,
-0.0437794029712677,
0.31088700890541077,
0.047483399510383606,
-0.21895065903663635,
0.12815739214420319,
-0.3014044165611267,
-5.401144981384277,
0.2383124679327011,
0.27639809250831604,
-0.1195269450545311,
0.6757497787475586,
0.03667023405432701,
0.01752322167158127,
-0.2972162961959839,
0.08777689188718796,
0.44664257764816284,
0.18552906811237335,
-0.06793370842933655,
0.001157481805421412,
-0.01169862411916256,
1.01566481590271,
0.3613531291484833,
0.773144543170929,
0.20604175329208374,
0.33972129225730896,
-0.18237431347370148,
0.2704637944698334,
0.07746434211730957,
-0.3093043565750122,
0.5165924429893494,
-0.1030297502875328,
-0.33610787987709045,
-0.5243454575538635,
-0.31303733587265015,
-0.673150897026062,
-0.8063542246818542,
-0.06477761268615723,
0.10425450652837753,
0.3316926658153534,
-0.10310153663158417,
0.12605750560760498,
0.16042597591876984,
0.1578882783651352,
0.40302351117134094,
0.7213993072509766,
-0.6455904245376587,
0.5348256826400757,
0.24321700632572174,
-0.09246832877397537,
-0.8939875364303589,
0.8813459873199463,
-0.5637527704238892,
-0.6497393846511841,
0.08084063977003098,
-0.6931014657020569,
0.5656203627586365,
0.21248216927051544,
-0.04706490412354469,
0.8156893849372864,
0.05437672883272171,
0.010319412685930729,
-0.2062901109457016,
0.21941189467906952,
-0.1375323235988617,
-0.7569054365158081,
0.9818089604377747,
0.47783297300338745,
-0.14321184158325195,
-0.35268688201904297,
0.32051312923431396,
-0.6359408497810364,
-0.5774058699607849,
-0.2504976987838745,
-0.05396014079451561,
0.5552025437355042,
0.3385094106197357,
-0.5662779808044434,
0.20154789090156555,
-0.01612670160830021,
-0.8879162669181824,
0.1277794986963272,
-0.6577135324478149,
-0.4460846483707428,
0.1615266054868698,
-0.010581286624073982,
-0.3442683517932892,
0.04612588882446289,
-0.25027912855148315,
0.7623780369758606,
0.32936716079711914,
-0.3990340530872345,
-0.24830952286720276,
-0.7578555941581726,
-0.20257127285003662,
-0.22639340162277222,
-0.4266745448112488,
0.29943573474884033,
0.2295173853635788,
0.04368523880839348,
-0.13752427697181702,
-0.18948397040367126,
-0.24506692588329315,
0.2697516679763794,
-0.27685657143592834,
0.33920666575431824,
-0.4376014173030853,
0.6498188376426697,
0.016518427059054375,
0.1623329222202301,
-0.3931170403957367,
-0.5546996593475342,
-0.5489870309829712,
0.37663236260414124,
0.28722596168518066,
0.5755685567855835,
-0.23064705729484558,
0.428053617477417,
0.2267957478761673,
-0.5007060170173645,
-0.07192036509513855,
-0.3329404890537262,
0.07372085005044937,
-0.7181986570358276,
0.5798192024230957,
0.04510447382926941,
-0.31249135732650757,
0.2361849993467331,
-0.15535065531730652,
-0.42842820286750793,
-0.18482078611850739,
0.0015119353774935007,
-0.42751482129096985,
0.5370301604270935,
0.6948028802871704,
-0.5827841758728027,
0.7384289503097534,
-0.134598508477211,
0.2480127513408661,
-0.5701661109924316,
-0.6471325755119324,
-0.24133151769638062,
-0.0837438702583313,
-0.6233936548233032,
-0.347172349691391,
-0.002026711357757449,
0.6653618216514587,
0.9302462339401245,
-0.018903039395809174,
0.509110152721405,
-0.07041986286640167,
-0.2825455367565155,
0.34254947304725647,
0.15908409655094147,
0.2795158624649048,
-0.4548856019973755,
0.2460603415966034,
-0.361358106136322,
0.3836694657802582,
-0.3059976398944855,
-0.5559189915657043,
0.19860367476940155,
0.0995587706565857,
0.43226391077041626,
0.33779725432395935,
0.14206111431121826,
-0.348965048789978,
-0.3677670657634735,
0.2885042130947113,
-0.9995046854019165,
0.23943190276622772,
0.1513974517583847,
0.36752358078956604,
-0.7680367827415466,
0.49750956892967224,
0.27562201023101807,
0.11789832264184952,
0.49227121472358704,
-0.006027586292475462,
-1.0010398626327515,
-0.29768991470336914,
0.4390815496444702,
-0.05416354909539223,
-0.7039063572883606,
0.28248754143714905,
-0.3865734338760376,
-0.14749868214130402,
-0.13782355189323425,
-0.04780770465731621,
0.3938066065311432,
0.20156589150428772,
0.3686459958553314,
-0.8642777800559998,
-0.5056061744689941,
-0.374759316444397,
-0.40381118655204773,
-0.693988561630249,
0.13085047900676727,
-0.535736083984375,
0.4759811460971832,
0.4278237819671631,
0.010734275914728642,
-0.16125527024269104,
0.4213069677352905,
0.7538014054298401,
0.2735516428947449,
-0.1294505000114441,
-0.4752620458602905,
0.7356271743774414,
-0.5745202302932739,
0.2675541639328003,
0.2688489258289337,
-0.781786322593689,
-0.5086715817451477,
-0.16522178053855896,
-0.33408910036087036,
0.4829784035682678,
-0.8214523792266846,
-0.6601118445396423,
0.4266902208328247,
0.5746420621871948,
-0.8271452784538269,
0.05610412359237671,
0.2079634666442871,
-0.2552168071269989,
-0.1753024011850357,
-0.0826968103647232,
-0.1691361963748932,
0.029755176976323128,
-0.052831731736660004,
0.19897539913654327,
-0.3256070613861084,
0.40867599844932556,
0.31955450773239136,
-0.07319436967372894,
0.6695466041564941,
0.1322150081396103,
-0.03750358894467354,
0.09956231713294983,
0.43264007568359375,
0.4849121868610382,
0.6638956069946289,
-0.35404708981513977,
-0.38718822598457336,
-0.20354963839054108,
0.2045430690050125,
0.589674711227417,
0.6172130703926086,
0.864190936088562,
0.044691987335681915,
-0.44515594840049744,
-0.11098460108041763,
0.06444282829761505,
0.6433632373809814,
-0.3226817846298218,
-0.7741197943687439,
0.45463085174560547,
-0.18059228360652924,
-0.14026497304439545,
0.39949944615364075,
-0.19775259494781494,
0.3879474699497223,
-0.21608823537826538,
-0.09612506628036499,
0.1841406226158142,
0.2637852430343628,
-0.1824907660484314,
0.7597724795341492,
0.5687115788459778,
-0.3775273263454437,
0.32990413904190063,
0.466654896736145,
-0.5048098564147949,
-0.3479033410549164,
-0.2083372324705124,
0.6596689820289612,
-0.5178834795951843,
-0.5436146259307861,
-0.16328081488609314,
-0.1558818817138672,
0.557420015335083,
0.39703455567359924,
0.11161641031503677,
0.257477343082428,
-0.8004319667816162,
0.7497092485427856,
-0.019922466948628426,
-0.6188129782676697,
0.16537658870220184,
0.18372417986392975,
-0.5378655791282654,
-0.037045739591121674,
-0.14362449944019318,
0.14782021939754486,
-0.09506359696388245,
-0.5269359350204468,
-0.21529921889305115,
-0.1666916161775589,
0.033759672194719315,
-0.31216326355934143,
-0.06612168252468109,
-0.22840015590190887,
0.31882670521736145,
-0.024311790242791176,
0.41311371326446533,
-0.0860591009259224,
-0.3795534074306488,
-0.9626930952072144,
-0.08590608090162277,
-0.3781181573867798,
-0.8459283113479614,
-0.5998314023017883,
-0.35821688175201416,
0.0611802376806736,
0.13521690666675568,
-0.3393746018409729,
0.4533742368221283,
-0.4693184494972229,
0.1021784320473671,
0.26649290323257446,
0.8820968866348267,
0.01618029735982418,
-0.17437584698200226,
0.629185676574707,
-0.753108561038971,
0.16186456382274628,
0.31256014108657837,
0.38602927327156067,
-0.4400099813938141,
0.2447364628314972,
0.6117808818817139,
0.05919661000370979,
0.9300642013549805,
-0.33563336730003357,
-0.5737120509147644,
-0.5691835880279541,
0.46342983841896057,
-0.4798906445503235,
-0.07030390948057175,
-0.5300002694129944,
0.6504987478256226,
-0.5859463810920715,
-0.47205567359924316,
-0.04170498251914978,
0.0033560956362634897,
-0.211890310049057,
-0.03748861327767372,
0.4703250825405121,
0.3709854483604431,
0.35863155126571655,
0.000506500480696559,
0.4374781548976898,
-0.5058245658874512,
0.3517797589302063,
-0.4289883077144623,
-0.038686130195856094,
-0.19368454813957214,
0.303625226020813,
-0.4484104514122009,
0.40668240189552307,
-0.84095299243927,
-0.15394142270088196,
0.07569611072540283,
-0.017600692808628082,
-0.10797245055437088,
-0.7117672562599182,
0.5805980563163757,
-0.15038084983825684,
-0.08680816739797592,
0.02097795531153679,
-0.28398871421813965,
-0.44339969754219055,
-0.49932384490966797,
0.14168024063110352,
-0.2780980169773102,
-0.8094624280929565,
0.7515116930007935,
0.7466414570808411,
0.20392657816410065,
-0.027111543342471123,
-0.10502950847148895,
-0.5183746218681335,
0.22984734177589417,
0.10041136294603348,
1.246419906616211,
-0.1716352254152298,
-0.6453308463096619,
0.04748602956533432,
0.4838334619998932,
0.10871335119009018,
-0.6740313172340393,
-0.0677005797624588,
-0.9580977559089661,
0.1709279716014862,
0.19717039167881012,
-0.3726198077201843,
-0.3902837932109833,
0.24387820065021515,
-0.5173627734184265,
-0.6984951496124268,
0.027843086048960686,
-1.0321214199066162,
-0.145968958735466,
0.3779214024543762,
0.8699380159378052,
0.7840269207954407,
0.32981470227241516,
-0.04792514070868492,
0.45716023445129395,
-0.661706805229187,
0.5459160804748535,
0.23429393768310547,
0.14901164174079895,
-0.4152809679508209,
0.10351965576410294,
-0.01569904200732708,
0.6110278367996216,
0.43891650438308716,
0.6570677161216736,
-0.1332404911518097,
0.37166914343833923,
-0.42681363224983215,
-0.22872614860534668,
0.6938167810440063,
0.07569485902786255,
0.07149334251880646,
-0.7116073369979858,
0.41747498512268066,
0.26919758319854736,
0.06944071501493454,
0.22411948442459106,
0.3548445701599121,
-0.3040601313114166,
0.06430646777153015,
-0.2185889482498169,
-0.45930102467536926,
0.3478098213672638,
-0.1926773637533188,
0.09681044518947601,
-0.20621216297149658,
0.8030195832252502,
-0.37396666407585144,
0.30861547589302063,
-0.12972526252269745,
0.6350672841072083,
-0.010450673289597034,
0.017333749681711197,
-0.30137819051742554,
0.07663221657276154,
0.0005601951852440834,
-0.29129695892333984,
0.060657382011413574,
0.5227090716362,
0.38396474719047546,
-0.05132560059428215,
-0.3443741500377655,
-0.04681520164012909,
0.22257207334041595,
-0.7783229351043701,
-0.2936180830001831,
0.020403923466801643,
0.16415326297283173,
-0.2025085836648941,
0.1579701453447342,
-0.9288631677627563,
-0.4296964406967163,
-0.010074148885905743
] |
256817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20Ballroom | Electric Ballroom | The Electric Ballroom is a 1,500-capacity performance venue (primarily for rock bands) and indoor market located at 184 Camden High Street in Camden Town, London, England.
History
The Electric Ballroom started as an Irish ballroom in the 1930s, renamed as Electric Ballroom in the summer of 1978 and owned by Bill Fuller, up until his death in 2008, aged 91. It hosts various events.
Venue
The two-storey building has two dance floors and four bars. The ground floor has a stage and full concert facilities, with a capacity of 1,500.
Stand Up Central (formerly known as Russell Howard's Stand Up Central) is a British stand-up comedy television show in front of a live audience at the Electric Ballroom.
MTV Brand New for (2011-2018) is a showcase at Electric Ballroom.
The Electric Ballroom was a roller disco for a brief period from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. By 1990, the building had an indoor market on weekends with about fifty stalls, selling a variety of fashion-, lifestyle- and music-related goods. The market closed at short notice in 2015, resulting in unemployment for many staff and traders.
The Friday club night is Sin City, playing rock and alternative genres. The Friday club was formerly goth night Full Tilt. On Saturday, "Shake" plays mostly pop and dance from the 1970s, 1980s onwards, as well as modern hip hop and R&B.
The Electric Ballroom is the London home for PROGRESS Wrestling, holding events on a regular basis since March 2014.
On 15 April 2018, the People's Vote campaign was started there.
Camden Town tube station
Transport for London proposed to demolish the Electric Ballroom in order to allow the redevelopment of the Camden Town Underground station, but the planning application for the redevelopment was rejected by Camden London Borough Council in 2004. A revised proposal from Transport for London in 2005 to demolish the whole block including the Ballroom, Buck Street Market and the Dr Martens store was rejected by Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. In 2007 the government declared the Electric Ballroom a dilapidated building, a new argument which allows planning for the extension of the Camden Town tube station to be restarted. A public consultation ended on 22 February 2007. Details, the adoption statement and the adopted planning brief for the Camden Town Underground Station site are on the Camden Council website.
References
External links
Official website
Electric Ballroom on Camden Town London
Electric Ballroom on Camden Guide
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
Retail markets in London
Music venues in London
Nightclubs in London
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Camden | [
0.22594499588012695,
-0.22918373346328735,
0.43482863903045654,
-0.3484947681427002,
0.41247016191482544,
0.1622956544160843,
0.18100054562091827,
0.22788193821907043,
-0.2179686278104782,
0.199008047580719,
-0.49251222610473633,
-0.21159563958644867,
-0.5088220834732056,
0.18503472208976746,
0.003185250097885728,
-0.1929555982351303,
0.23956480622291565,
0.15783949196338654,
0.6702010631561279,
-0.22843310236930847,
0.27347826957702637,
0.3731396496295929,
-0.2645343244075775,
0.4259328842163086,
0.14818860590457916,
-0.31678444147109985,
-0.03636746481060982,
-0.20174232125282288,
-0.16676518321037292,
0.233677938580513,
0.2935190200805664,
0.7125068306922913,
-0.13322202861309052,
-0.5413951873779297,
0.6309999227523804,
-0.20811568200588226,
-0.27751293778419495,
-0.23440895974636078,
-0.38052845001220703,
-0.48659956455230713,
0.29867929220199585,
-0.5396117568016052,
0.8136028051376343,
0.2843625545501709,
-0.3957715332508087,
-0.467209130525589,
-0.9419576525688171,
0.24351543188095093,
-1.0232127904891968,
0.16562514007091522,
-0.38040831685066223,
0.3829284608364105,
0.15472537279129028,
0.15548858046531677,
0.6394202709197998,
0.392220675945282,
-0.8438354134559631,
0.27621227502822876,
-0.21904322504997253,
-0.22097380459308624,
0.4309331774711609,
0.5145769119262695,
-0.23266875743865967,
-0.09881003201007843,
0.39194583892822266,
-0.1556595116853714,
0.516349732875824,
0.15853510797023773,
0.22819089889526367,
-0.33582374453544617,
0.10112498700618744,
0.41096559166908264,
-0.4291711747646332,
-0.08284948766231537,
-0.5514235496520996,
-0.4387613534927368,
0.21816971898078918,
-0.28662437200546265,
0.3993189036846161,
0.7096765041351318,
0.580650806427002,
0.043674446642398834,
1.2058789730072021,
0.648751974105835,
-0.05587098002433777,
0.20348796248435974,
-0.8475204706192017,
-0.12007753551006317,
-0.5231619477272034,
0.1411055624485016,
-0.6667048335075378,
-0.10349184274673462,
0.21156178414821625,
0.3710475564002991,
0.03691767156124115,
0.3816453814506531,
-0.23006100952625275,
-0.12617000937461853,
0.45082995295524597,
-0.17772945761680603,
0.07288873195648193,
-0.4313228130340576,
-0.20871207118034363,
-1.08542001247406,
0.10437233746051788,
0.22724954783916473,
-0.5820972919464111,
-0.21055442094802856,
0.6191839575767517,
0.2956266403198242,
-0.550365149974823,
-0.0681656152009964,
-0.1454692929983139,
0.14217139780521393,
0.14489369094371796,
0.16524755954742432,
-0.09459822624921799,
-0.10730399191379547,
-0.26725518703460693,
0.15186353027820587,
0.3853054940700531,
0.6372724771499634,
-0.005088320933282375,
0.7103438377380371,
-0.11876823753118515,
0.23691831529140472,
0.45040401816368103,
0.5944803953170776,
-0.38155123591423035,
-0.6449263691902161,
0.09754391759634018,
0.6404535174369812,
0.07106028497219086,
-0.20597608387470245,
-0.36703306436538696,
-0.039969589561223984,
0.4754767417907715,
-0.3712373971939087,
0.22513027489185333,
1.0304930210113525,
-0.13265575468540192,
-0.31287890672683716,
-0.06146422028541565,
-0.24800904095172882,
0.16881421208381653,
-0.2875013053417206,
-0.19948697090148926,
-0.6157017350196838,
-0.08034150302410126,
-0.4241980016231537,
0.4320339560508728,
0.3966466188430786,
-0.9558533430099487,
-0.5705863237380981,
-0.10714750736951828,
-0.08528496325016022,
0.7451172471046448,
-0.11748605221509933,
-0.23936998844146729,
-0.186218723654747,
0.21891480684280396,
-0.20601427555084229,
-0.18375319242477417,
0.4532443881034851,
-0.2655582129955292,
-0.0722467377781868,
-0.40067315101623535,
0.060089945793151855,
-0.2718411982059479,
-0.19841594994068146,
-0.4608890116214752,
0.08618327975273132,
0.142599955201149,
0.6552135348320007,
0.08374173939228058,
-0.16788055002689362,
0.29988914728164673,
0.6493031978607178,
0.14421842992305756,
0.3909222483634949,
-0.572003185749054,
0.09377314150333405,
0.1904330998659134,
-0.33794161677360535,
0.6744407415390015,
0.1301475465297699,
0.15325582027435303,
0.45565903186798096,
-0.026878712698817253,
-0.18687109649181366,
-0.14585234224796295,
-0.21684648096561432,
-0.36607626080513,
-0.42178842425346375,
0.7175796031951904,
-0.37652111053466797,
-0.5018676519393921,
0.6357950568199158,
-0.31985193490982056,
0.23085550963878632,
0.1264995038509369,
0.46088463068008423,
0.9341566562652588,
-0.05376468598842621,
-0.34347793459892273,
-0.45829421281814575,
0.38713014125823975,
-0.38067540526390076,
-0.03837445750832558,
0.3069223463535309,
-0.05822734534740448,
-0.7338137626647949,
0.30767619609832764,
0.42440372705459595,
0.3826064169406891,
-0.6422183513641357,
-0.6188309788703918,
0.12742942571640015,
0.28460291028022766,
-0.2835744023323059,
1.4819248914718628,
0.9057908058166504,
0.6085337400436401,
-0.028835592791438103,
-0.21309827268123627,
0.4684278964996338,
-0.2810719907283783,
-0.18224284052848816,
0.7463696599006653,
0.006508474238216877,
0.0693657174706459,
0.39253759384155273,
-0.10275518894195557,
-0.5008402466773987,
0.2151062786579132,
0.04013951122760773,
-0.04230816289782524,
-0.386518657207489,
0.15620197355747223,
-0.11290302127599716,
0.15350519120693207,
-0.20304876565933228,
-0.883549153804779,
0.7184011936187744,
0.21996153891086578,
0.060142360627651215,
-0.18174618482589722,
0.18126948177814484,
0.04432053118944168,
0.4003152549266815,
-0.10564959049224854,
-0.07117007672786713,
-0.046151772141456604,
-0.04652656987309456,
0.2822498083114624,
0.5198948383331299,
0.16983097791671753,
0.22886113822460175,
0.27372124791145325,
0.3253481388092041,
-0.4190524220466614,
-0.42833414673805237,
0.23465271294116974,
0.5896193981170654,
-0.24093331396579742,
0.05639442056417465,
0.01634399965405464,
-0.8096305727958679,
0.44243553280830383,
0.02727530524134636,
0.3164900839328766,
0.34145042300224304,
-0.5500838756561279,
0.8077675104141235,
-0.47170037031173706,
-0.24813619256019592,
0.04249647632241249,
0.2957209348678589,
0.4438881576061249,
-0.45921286940574646,
0.438832551240921,
-0.09555631130933762,
-0.23546206951141357,
-0.750847578048706,
0.09612368792295456,
-0.014332963153719902,
-0.3098899722099304,
-0.24869686365127563,
-0.6144973635673523,
-0.791451096534729,
-0.37498509883880615,
0.18889471888542175,
-0.28421545028686523,
0.10020793229341507,
-0.28152725100517273,
0.012544957920908928,
0.25216975808143616,
-0.21932993829250336,
-0.10996214300394058,
0.19956360757350922,
-0.1677369326353073,
0.49278879165649414,
0.11874715238809586,
0.02841641753911972,
0.5587653517723083,
-0.502090573310852,
0.05060545355081558,
-0.720527172088623,
-5.674327850341797,
0.46254703402519226,
-0.33532389998435974,
0.4031015634536743,
-0.01000288687646389,
-0.026052968576550484,
0.28681522607803345,
-0.2231527715921402,
-0.13926862180233002,
-0.45591849088668823,
-0.4147201180458069,
-0.1407867968082428,
-0.6057173013687134,
0.20556364953517914,
0.5616855621337891,
0.7946438193321228,
0.10330166667699814,
0.03851795941591263,
0.41916075348854065,
-0.06290435045957565,
-0.2963137924671173,
0.11437712609767914,
-0.08739183098077774,
0.468079537153244,
0.05551425740122795,
0.35819435119628906,
-0.5075281262397766,
-0.260849267244339,
-0.6225401759147644,
-0.5511206388473511,
0.02197495475411415,
0.3068147897720337,
-0.7519455552101135,
-0.6050420999526978,
0.5474514365196228,
0.8695793151855469,
0.5267341732978821,
-0.36696842312812805,
-0.13185559213161469,
-0.2942739427089691,
0.48130130767822266,
0.7095661163330078,
0.29303470253944397,
0.08009073883295059,
0.17132581770420074,
-0.1868385523557663,
-0.453589528799057,
0.01623910665512085,
-0.6338335871696472,
0.44931066036224365,
-0.04375182464718819,
0.48729756474494934,
0.46842578053474426,
-0.32108286023139954,
-0.24634034931659698,
-0.05163712054491043,
-0.1447857767343521,
0.8877657651901245,
0.7777764797210693,
0.1583385169506073,
-0.028508340939879417,
-0.20109939575195312,
-0.01814780943095684,
-0.37902241945266724,
0.13117508590221405,
0.12782645225524902,
-0.24950134754180908,
0.2986837327480316,
0.5962398648262024,
0.2483743131160736,
0.2444300651550293,
-0.543039083480835,
0.0005365391843952239,
-1.0243593454360962,
-0.1606910675764084,
-0.5100457668304443,
0.24823155999183655,
-0.39923956990242004,
0.23699265718460083,
0.10513726621866226,
-0.14990268647670746,
-0.4573656916618347,
-0.6617030501365662,
0.21092145144939423,
-0.20439709722995758,
-1.0914874076843262,
-0.3979015350341797,
0.2721472680568695,
-0.2096991240978241,
-0.375482439994812,
0.16468937695026398,
-0.13351808488368988,
-0.29631736874580383,
0.28844010829925537,
0.06609261780977249,
-0.348795086145401,
0.08173289149999619,
0.15519626438617706,
0.031744349747896194,
0.03455081954598427,
0.37269333004951477,
-0.17205679416656494,
-0.21094362437725067,
-0.534982442855835,
-0.1862492561340332,
-0.5360429883003235,
0.1451561599969864,
-0.08996716141700745,
0.060639142990112305,
-0.955089807510376,
0.10961969941854477,
-0.1864103078842163,
-0.6274845600128174,
-0.034977346658706665,
0.18397702276706696,
-0.2865564227104187,
-0.34092289209365845,
0.24181602895259857,
-0.11999537795782089,
0.1365658938884735,
0.17551162838935852,
0.02385791391134262,
-0.21998147666454315,
0.04763428494334221,
-0.6771992444992065,
0.34071028232574463,
0.0435960553586483,
-0.373742938041687,
-0.2329665720462799,
-0.31903329491615295,
0.054545871913433075,
0.2734440863132477,
0.07809069752693176,
0.2825583815574646,
0.13382169604301453,
-0.10440857708454132,
-0.500607430934906,
-0.3450748026371002,
0.25831303000450134,
0.5278044939041138,
0.34082552790641785,
-0.2534313201904297,
-0.11609708517789841,
0.7012849450111389,
0.06436876952648163,
0.3694881200790405,
-0.0025370700750499964,
-0.024583153426647186,
-0.3850054144859314,
0.5691297650337219,
0.37825527787208557,
-0.17493970692157745,
0.20991286635398865,
-0.7023093700408936,
0.5515462756156921,
0.4796067774295807,
0.15715186297893524,
-0.09410497546195984,
0.2633700668811798,
0.026573963463306427,
0.762022078037262,
-0.21552172303199768,
-0.9465678930282593,
0.11150212585926056,
0.08655119687318802,
-0.15952950716018677,
-0.2807219624519348,
-0.2099805474281311,
-0.6867268085479736,
0.34369632601737976,
-0.15621306002140045,
-0.35948482155799866,
-0.07103631645441055,
-0.23549294471740723,
0.3822278380393982,
0.41563522815704346,
-0.43312597274780273,
-0.1824466437101364,
0.2824994623661041,
-0.021625513210892677,
0.615145206451416,
0.09341184049844742,
-0.6035821437835693,
0.547623336315155,
0.5169517993927002,
-0.5595138669013977,
-0.6808639764785767,
-0.33126595616340637,
0.8746582269668579,
-0.41742122173309326,
0.06804168224334717,
-0.19122529029846191,
0.14506033062934875,
-0.3153066635131836,
-0.06904921680688858,
-0.7349242568016052,
-0.368061900138855,
0.5625036358833313,
-0.49633845686912537,
-0.3407304883003235,
-0.0006014899699948728,
-0.03953007608652115,
-0.3265058696269989,
0.2181529700756073,
0.06560582667589188,
-0.31884750723838806,
0.2622774839401245,
0.022966330870985985,
-0.1774468868970871,
0.07716870307922363,
-0.8018743395805359,
-0.6657671332359314,
0.09077390283346176,
-0.008169230073690414,
-0.805147647857666,
0.1932883858680725,
-0.07883524894714355,
-0.7600006461143494,
-0.6048774719238281,
0.005381611175835133,
-0.6812689304351807,
-0.15337863564491272,
-0.38509923219680786,
-0.3272784352302551,
-0.4449145495891571,
-0.039039891213178635,
0.6090437173843384,
-0.06707414239645004,
0.0256519578397274,
-0.5227200984954834,
-0.12371326237916946,
0.35184749960899353,
0.15734662115573883,
-0.0039515625685453415,
0.22925664484500885,
0.6557328104972839,
-0.7056075930595398,
-0.05053989216685295,
0.349722683429718,
0.2462492436170578,
0.001962076872587204,
0.6207671761512756,
-0.08333373069763184,
-0.6809231638908386,
-0.05668637156486511,
0.396437406539917,
0.4045875072479248,
0.2041076272726059,
-0.7932230234146118,
-0.24282926321029663,
0.19426093995571136,
-0.11864078044891357,
-0.024204827845096588,
-0.1379258781671524,
0.5006892085075378,
-0.2313491255044937,
0.7936862707138062,
-0.1828611046075821,
-0.36564263701438904,
-0.11309611797332764,
0.19913461804389954,
-0.27389299869537354,
-0.5037476420402527,
0.2573244571685791,
0.10243014246225357,
0.6655954718589783,
-0.19330962002277374,
-0.8812852501869202,
-0.39351364970207214,
-0.6556594967842102,
0.5396662354469299,
0.05861577391624451,
0.056975945830345154,
0.028436822816729546,
-0.2102903425693512,
-0.033868033438920975,
0.09044578671455383,
-0.8034133315086365,
-0.10478746891021729,
0.22169660031795502,
0.11927501857280731,
0.35825109481811523,
0.5756630897521973,
-0.6680281162261963,
0.6208825707435608,
-0.28361472487449646,
-0.21431772410869598,
-0.23086968064308167,
0.2144402116537094,
-0.01179676316678524,
-0.07830746471881866,
-0.658119797706604,
0.10730718076229095,
0.38688141107559204,
0.07286813110113144,
0.3792964220046997,
0.621974766254425,
0.43685054779052734,
0.19400110840797424,
-0.24037837982177734,
-0.3528852164745331,
0.5723555684089661,
0.32431092858314514,
0.0107145169749856,
0.6810986399650574,
0.3111813962459564,
-0.12971152365207672,
-0.2713862359523773,
0.05057312548160553,
-0.13172294199466705,
0.26935073733329773,
-0.5996921062469482,
0.2632286548614502,
0.5763545036315918,
-0.7839246988296509,
0.24414144456386566,
0.8256533145904541,
-0.18208210170269012,
0.13857628405094147,
0.07512249797582626,
-0.14434273540973663,
-0.1557043492794037,
0.7999840378761292,
0.34855079650878906,
0.03044847957789898,
0.3980879485607147,
-0.22619691491127014,
0.3071952164173126,
-0.02124796435236931,
0.4400603175163269,
0.5021262168884277,
0.05449554696679115,
-0.17770971357822418,
0.4376204013824463,
-0.15435253083705902,
-0.2886703610420227,
-0.2581205368041992,
-0.18252119421958923,
-0.4945228099822998,
0.1887759566307068,
0.20524756610393524,
0.0733342319726944,
-0.4895227253437042,
0.26331937313079834,
-0.2326655387878418,
0.1434679925441742,
0.5569170713424683,
-0.029893454164266586,
-0.7077920436859131,
0.1831064522266388,
0.3178296685218811,
-0.2919257879257202,
0.17220520973205566,
-0.38122323155403137,
0.8426676988601685,
0.14599817991256714,
0.3000824749469757,
-0.10650217533111572,
0.5361724495887756,
0.41422468423843384,
0.30239635705947876,
0.6804535388946533,
0.5673114657402039,
0.11963377892971039,
-1.06041419506073,
-0.07119809836149216,
-0.09869404882192612,
-0.21526646614074707,
0.1322304606437683,
-0.3870091438293457,
0.19906848669052124,
0.3570418357849121,
-0.6685475707054138,
-0.4500347077846527,
0.063413105905056,
-0.14063024520874023,
0.14807885885238647,
0.1863866001367569,
0.3302592635154724,
0.08348438143730164,
-0.13693256676197052,
0.24181927740573883,
-0.5735911130905151,
-0.32180529832839966,
0.15746772289276123,
-0.1994417905807495,
-0.3404706120491028,
0.2168973684310913,
-0.9480453729629517,
0.1107860654592514,
0.7185248732566833,
-0.3405857980251312,
0.31148964166641235,
-0.5676044821739197,
-0.27790316939353943,
-0.8359473943710327,
0.22427363693714142,
0.09435645490884781,
-0.09462923556566238,
0.16753092408180237,
0.013437626883387566,
0.5199090242385864,
0.05496367812156677,
0.3659144639968872,
-0.21116138994693756,
0.940129816532135,
-1.0945980548858643,
-0.3291524648666382,
-0.8353061079978943,
0.3519556224346161,
0.3981524705886841,
-0.0950438380241394,
0.10208362340927124,
0.13277962803840637,
-0.3610876798629761,
0.8242784142494202,
0.4191337823867798,
0.4140373766422272,
-0.20635537803173065,
0.31088560819625854,
-0.4913643002510071,
-0.12915068864822388,
0.29504093527793884,
-0.16027198731899261,
0.05140689015388489,
0.2156282216310501,
0.4711802005767822,
-0.09892541170120239,
-0.20406360924243927,
1.1179945468902588,
0.057658761739730835,
-0.41616401076316833,
-0.7521247267723083,
0.3089166283607483,
-0.7971858382225037,
-0.4664505422115326,
-0.03388477489352226,
0.7733692526817322,
0.16236911714076996,
0.10553409904241562,
0.6018247008323669,
0.3217828869819641,
0.2711508870124817,
0.1556428223848343,
0.6219566464424133,
0.14231768250465393,
-0.3530815839767456,
-0.42840659618377686,
-1.1340512037277222,
0.14118582010269165,
0.36831745505332947,
-0.6295323967933655,
0.21427865326404572,
-0.3633613884449005,
-0.061861854046583176,
-0.08005942404270172,
0.15208671987056732,
-0.2222563773393631,
0.15270382165908813,
0.013331768102943897
] |
256822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth%20Castle | Tamworth Castle | Tamworth Castle, a Grade I listed building, is a Norman castle overlooking the mouth of the River Anker into the Tame in the town of Tamworth in Staffordshire, England. Before boundary changes in 1889, however, the castle was within the edge of Warwickshire while most of the town belonged to Staffordshire.
The site served as a residence of the Mercian kings in Anglo Saxon times, but fell into disuse during the Viking invasions. Refortified by the Normans and later enlarged, the building is today one of the best preserved motte-and-bailey castles in England.
History
When Tamworth became the chief residence of Offa, ruler of the expanding Mercian kingdom, he built a palace there from which various charters were issued sedens in palatio regali in Tamoworthige, the first dating from 781. Little trace of its former glory survived the Viking attack in 874 that left the town "for nearly forty years a mass of blackened ruins". Then in 913 Tamworth was rebuilt by Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, who newly fortified the town with an earthen burh. This, however, did little to defend the place when it was again sacked by the Danes in 943.
Over the following centuries there is no more mention of Tamworth as a royal residence, although a mint there struck coins for later Anglo-Saxon kings and eventually for the new Norman monarch, William the Conqueror. The place was then granted to William's steward, Robert Despenser, who built a wooden castle during the 1080s in the typical Norman motte and bailey fashion. Occupying the south western part of the earlier burh, this was the forerunner of the present building.
When Robert died childless, the castle passed to his nieces, one of whom, Matilida, married Robert Marmion. The Marmion family, hereditary champions of the Dukes of Normandy and then of the new Kings of England, held the castle for six generations from c.1100 to 1294. It was during their occupancy that the castle began to be remodelled in stone, although on one occasion it was also in danger of being demolished altogether. Robert Marmion, 3rd Baron Marmion of Tamworth, deserted King John in 1215 during the turmoil of his reign. As a consequence, the king ordered Robert's son Geoffrey to be imprisoned, all of Robert's lands to be confiscated and Tamworth Castle to be demolished. But the fabric had only been partially destroyed by the time of John's death the following year, when Robert's sons were able to regain their father's lands.
The last male of the family to own the castle was Philip Marmion. Since he had no legitimate sons, the castle passed on his death (c.1291) to his daughter and, after she died without an heir in 1294, to her niece Joan. As she was the wife of Sir Alexander Freville, Joan's descendants initiated the next dynasty of owners who held the castle until 1423. The male line then came to an end with Baldwin de Freville, whose son died a minor, and the castle passed to the eldest daughter, Elizabeth, and her husband, Thomas Ferrers of Groby.
Numerous additions were made to the castle over the centuries, especially in the Jacobean period, from which time the arms of the Ferrers family and those with whom they intermarried came to dominate the interior. The shell keep contains a 12th-century gate tower and later residential accommodation in an H plan comprising a 13th-century three-storey north range, and a 17th-century Jacobean three-storey south range linked by an oak timbered Great Hall of the 15th century. A notable exterior feature surviving from early times is the herring-bone pattern of masonry laid diagonally at the base of the causeway up to the gate tower.
The modern period
Originally entry to the castle grounds was by a gateway (little of which now remains) fronting onto the town's market-place. In his itinerary of Britain (1539/43), John Leland found the outworks “cleane decayed and the Wall fallen downe”, although on the mound there remained “a great round Tower of Stone, wherein Mr [Humphrey] Ferrers dwelleth, and now repaireth it.”
However adapted as a residence, the castle's defences had been built with the conditions of mediaeval warfare in mind. During the English Civil War, it was captured by Parliamentary forces on 25 June 1643 after only a two-day siege and was garrisoned by them. In July 1645 the garrison comprised ten officers and 77 soldiers under the command of the military governor, Waldyve Willington. Owing to this use, the castle therefore escaped the slighting ordered for so many others at that period.
After 1668 the castle passed to the relatives of the Ferrers, initially the Shirleys of Chartley and then in 1715 to the Comptons when Elizabeth Ferrers married the 5th Earl of Northampton. During their period of ownership, the castle again fell into disrepair but after the Ferrers grandniece, Charlotte Compton, had married George Townshend of Raynham, it was again refurbished. Following his death in 1811, the castle was acquired by an auctioneer, John Robbins in 1814, although he did not move in until 1821: ownership reverted to the Townshend family on his death.
The moat on the town side had fallen into disuse and from the 15th century onwards parts of it were leased to the houses on that side of Market Street. In 1810 a new gatehouse was built at the foot of the Holloway, where the road ran south along the Lady Bridge. From it a carriageway wound up through the grounds to the castle's entrance. The castle mill was sited further along the Anker, where it was depicted in J. M. W. Turner’s panoramic watercolour of the castle from the south-east (1832). Also included there is the Lady Bridge to the left and the square tower of St Editha’s Church on the right.
The castle had earlier made a brief appearance in Walter Scott’s narrative poem Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field (1808). Set in Tudor times, its anachronistic anti-hero is proclaimed at the banquet in the first canto as “Lord of Fontenaye…Of Tamworth tower and town”, although the barony of Marmion had by then been extinct for more than two centuries.
Finally in 1891 the Marquess Townshend put the castle up for sale by auction and it was purchased by its present owners, Tamworth Corporation (now Tamworth Borough Council), for £3,000 in 1897 to mark Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. It was then opened to the public by the Earl of Dartmouth as a museum in 1899.
Royal visitors
Royal visitors after the Norman Conquest:
King Henry I, sometime between 1109 and 1115
King Henry II, 1158, accompanied by Thomas á Becket
King Henry III, 1257
King Edward II, 1325
King Edward III, 1330
King James I, 1619, accompanied by Prince Charles.
See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire
Listed buildings in Tamworth, Staffordshire
Mercian Trail
Tamworth Castle Website
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Tamworth Castle
Tourist attractions in Staffordshire
Castles in Staffordshire
Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire
Grade I listed castles
History of Staffordshire
Historic house museums in Staffordshire
Motte-and-bailey castles
Buildings and structures in Tamworth, Staffordshire | [
-0.4704948663711548,
-0.014109591953456402,
0.4254330098628998,
-1.1389567852020264,
-0.21643215417861938,
0.8103815913200378,
0.8848461508750916,
-0.1531316637992859,
-0.7415745854377747,
0.33856451511383057,
-0.18201844394207,
0.3014105558395386,
-0.3708968162536621,
0.2313556969165802,
-0.9638003706932068,
0.1705353707075119,
0.4797314703464508,
0.09367121011018753,
0.5182625651359558,
-0.655744194984436,
0.3814859092235565,
-0.4743122458457947,
-0.16979171335697174,
-0.06902015954256058,
0.46057936549186707,
-0.1741684228181839,
0.7467190623283386,
0.038335345685482025,
-0.3025333881378174,
-0.03880949318408966,
0.05579821392893791,
0.30960723757743835,
-0.3047809302806854,
-0.5898628234863281,
-0.14804282784461975,
0.2083112597465515,
0.4043712913990021,
-0.39156341552734375,
-0.8301268219947815,
-0.8402699828147888,
-0.08596859872341156,
-0.35283875465393066,
-0.1226813867688179,
0.3390927016735077,
-1.0814416408538818,
0.054340895265340805,
-0.2985842823982239,
0.2497466802597046,
-1.0005496740341187,
0.2769879996776581,
-1.1999238729476929,
0.3000476658344269,
0.18140242993831635,
-0.41988644003868103,
0.8599167466163635,
0.14589276909828186,
-0.7185499668121338,
-0.008528673090040684,
0.4421023428440094,
-0.16220922768115997,
0.45605629682540894,
0.18336372077465057,
0.22884021699428558,
-0.20373794436454773,
-1.0326390266418457,
-0.4149060845375061,
0.25860095024108887,
-0.04703213647007942,
-0.007776385638862848,
-0.09064394235610962,
0.18436965346336365,
0.19170360267162323,
-0.6418312788009644,
0.47647592425346375,
-0.5436683893203735,
0.01930365338921547,
-0.028216075152158737,
0.14426691830158234,
0.1452091783285141,
0.18293823301792145,
0.37419387698173523,
0.1317310780286789,
1.4642374515533447,
-0.7346203327178955,
0.9707992672920227,
0.3363674283027649,
-0.48045995831489563,
0.4874756932258606,
-0.7585916519165039,
-0.05909029021859169,
-0.52411949634552,
0.03141562640666962,
-0.9505457282066345,
0.30366790294647217,
-0.21874676644802094,
-0.5275323390960693,
0.024950677528977394,
0.20186549425125122,
0.30040329694747925,
0.597611129283905,
0.3619634807109833,
0.3594064712524414,
0.413133442401886,
-0.485077828168869,
-0.6343547105789185,
-0.25737830996513367,
-0.786441445350647,
-0.14537470042705536,
-0.10265535116195679,
-0.30074453353881836,
-0.6168439388275146,
0.03006942942738533,
0.021516678854823112,
-0.1668236255645752,
-0.1598544716835022,
0.48552069067955017,
0.6976823210716248,
0.25237226486206055,
0.058741599321365356,
0.1977367103099823,
0.5701437592506409,
0.8661605715751648,
-0.006858251057565212,
0.30049195885658264,
0.3038906753063202,
-0.24348492920398712,
0.04697171226143837,
0.24472275376319885,
-0.22324681282043457,
0.2062695473432541,
0.6616767048835754,
0.5284057259559631,
0.1311517357826233,
-0.19339582324028015,
0.2119038701057434,
-0.314718097448349,
0.16263772547245026,
-0.33372798562049866,
0.9052420854568481,
0.4624776840209961,
-1.0258206129074097,
0.26397621631622314,
-0.027769938111305237,
-0.17780600488185883,
0.6090666651725769,
-0.35423988103866577,
-0.3011434078216553,
-0.6726945638656616,
0.24103295803070068,
0.024970168247818947,
-0.2614627778530121,
0.27429041266441345,
-0.0900263637304306,
0.03539789468050003,
-0.18192504346370697,
0.084849052131176,
0.3150797486305237,
-0.008439606986939907,
0.1263311207294464,
0.114452064037323,
-0.08066999912261963,
0.015512417070567608,
0.2757188677787781,
-0.027096187695860863,
0.5270522236824036,
0.005858378950506449,
-0.01749853789806366,
-0.033256661146879196,
-0.4790057837963104,
-0.08390109986066818,
-0.1521369218826294,
0.5273764729499817,
0.7473356127738953,
0.031461507081985474,
0.1260835826396942,
-0.12881776690483093,
0.8250854015350342,
0.672378659248352,
0.14477555453777313,
0.07506626844406128,
-0.8545255064964294,
0.2429676055908203,
0.6618099212646484,
-0.0936364158987999,
0.17916178703308105,
0.5547914505004883,
-0.05365319177508354,
-0.35893794894218445,
-0.12032542377710342,
-0.4907548427581787,
-0.5452855229377747,
-0.037227995693683624,
0.224258154630661,
-0.39638271927833557,
0.7341259717941284,
0.05061677098274231,
-0.3448525667190552,
0.14975562691688538,
-0.017972633242607117,
0.8029689192771912,
0.3683815598487854,
-0.6381998062133789,
0.5113480687141418,
-0.7038046717643738,
-0.1726083904504776,
-0.7563732266426086,
0.198240265250206,
-0.28996628522872925,
0.19622451066970825,
0.5128103494644165,
-0.13469038903713226,
-0.46944698691368103,
-0.18782173097133636,
0.6701040863990784,
0.06998921930789948,
-0.45340269804000854,
-0.2079429030418396,
0.033594727516174316,
0.7472237944602966,
-1.2324336767196655,
0.9118622541427612,
0.5297896265983582,
-0.4225429892539978,
0.44723397493362427,
-0.5984899401664734,
0.629457950592041,
-0.23001593351364136,
-0.47744429111480713,
0.4013829827308655,
-0.7678911089897156,
0.16456319391727448,
0.5358794927597046,
-0.3247871398925781,
-0.4376567006111145,
0.24272704124450684,
-0.42083948850631714,
0.10121132433414459,
0.4003823697566986,
0.5164573788642883,
-1.0347956418991089,
-0.05127931386232376,
0.37679219245910645,
-0.3131772577762604,
0.7802578806877136,
0.33075159788131714,
0.5314114093780518,
0.33730441331863403,
0.9518842101097107,
-0.5967469215393066,
-0.706132709980011,
0.498036652803421,
0.49360916018486023,
0.9254505634307861,
-0.21594448387622833,
-0.14697803556919098,
-0.16238872706890106,
-0.6403525471687317,
0.5766465663909912,
-0.2912279963493347,
0.5124750137329102,
-0.5603638887405396,
0.0729825422167778,
-0.24643419682979584,
0.2586251199245453,
0.3403201699256897,
-0.5450242757797241,
-0.05906977504491806,
-0.8976134657859802,
0.460294246673584,
-0.4524788558483124,
0.4068980813026428,
-0.8468244075775146,
-0.28404295444488525,
0.17524299025535583,
0.410411536693573,
0.10099726170301437,
-0.021138198673725128,
-0.35702431201934814,
-0.38080906867980957,
-0.08032503724098206,
0.581329345703125,
0.9007630944252014,
0.2419668436050415,
-0.5000589489936829,
-0.009650263004004955,
-0.4883577227592468,
0.3051210343837738,
-0.4767248034477234,
0.07539970427751541,
0.16067439317703247,
-0.28370460867881775,
0.0020358541514724493,
-0.273110032081604,
0.2826204001903534,
-0.616334080696106,
0.47222891449928284,
0.22902460396289825,
0.03431044518947601,
0.0093464907258749,
-0.07170882076025009,
-0.16346494853496552,
0.41268759965896606,
-0.921007513999939,
0.44559749960899353,
0.1623808741569519,
-0.18393400311470032,
-0.12218823283910751,
-0.8794257640838623,
-5.0647807121276855,
0.2225191593170166,
0.21270231902599335,
-0.45307648181915283,
1.09091317653656,
0.07798460870981216,
-0.20000463724136353,
-0.29282018542289734,
-0.23057805001735687,
-0.33113178610801697,
0.2663860619068146,
-0.17442765831947327,
0.18542450666427612,
0.3979277014732361,
0.9117188453674316,
0.05454559251666069,
0.6155377626419067,
-0.5058793425559998,
0.7052692770957947,
-0.12689653038978577,
-0.44647860527038574,
0.2829548418521881,
0.048796966671943665,
0.10877402126789093,
-0.3547588586807251,
0.9700314402580261,
-0.668716311454773,
-0.9133059978485107,
-0.8069065809249878,
-0.4494746923446655,
-0.6600291132926941,
0.003629636252298951,
0.19139708578586578,
0.14635728299617767,
-0.7863178253173828,
0.7926111221313477,
0.16549088060855865,
0.2960596978664398,
0.823091447353363,
-0.9006361961364746,
0.3966846168041229,
0.7339233756065369,
0.06489429622888565,
-0.09865543991327286,
0.7931774854660034,
-0.7106935381889343,
-0.9834288358688354,
-0.040853455662727356,
0.10836847126483917,
0.659882128238678,
-0.3782297670841217,
0.5970089435577393,
0.8146585822105408,
-0.35874077677726746,
-0.35683754086494446,
-0.18500256538391113,
0.6468439698219299,
0.028371375054121017,
0.4198276996612549,
0.5441774129867554,
-0.6092370748519897,
-0.3704036772251129,
0.05192004144191742,
0.17445451021194458,
-0.4605698883533478,
0.05060316249728203,
0.46503350138664246,
0.6543385982513428,
0.8390166759490967,
0.4328199625015259,
-0.27719128131866455,
0.29247501492500305,
-0.5376464128494263,
-0.9010019898414612,
0.5686891674995422,
-0.6429874897003174,
-0.5255782604217529,
-0.02252434939146042,
0.3853660821914673,
-0.12192478775978088,
0.22032302618026733,
-0.5031915307044983,
0.37964558601379395,
-0.22932863235473633,
-0.041129518300294876,
-1.0042649507522583,
-0.22891348600387573,
0.11851664632558823,
-0.2636474668979645,
-0.7624236941337585,
0.2429260015487671,
-0.6007965207099915,
0.09911545366048813,
0.285413533449173,
0.45947667956352234,
0.23760582506656647,
0.4569573700428009,
0.17280727624893188,
0.393936425447464,
-0.032068513333797455,
-0.0447608083486557,
-0.2521602213382721,
0.42769554257392883,
-0.3206034302711487,
-0.04698830842971802,
-0.38478392362594604,
-0.1734851449728012,
0.7442269921302795,
0.49802082777023315,
0.11994335055351257,
0.0534806028008461,
-0.3115277588367462,
-0.46938619017601013,
0.007508062291890383,
-0.2178943008184433,
-0.2810497283935547,
-0.5547508597373962,
0.7437410354614258,
0.053599968552589417,
-0.06267231702804565,
0.062337297946214676,
0.015155322849750519,
0.020973077043890953,
-0.11019178479909897,
-0.3693861961364746,
0.02147343009710312,
0.32469668984413147,
0.42022329568862915,
-0.20415912568569183,
0.15721510350704193,
-0.3653090000152588,
0.12962955236434937,
0.12194829434156418,
0.12919506430625916,
-0.7088373303413391,
-0.4371633231639862,
-0.4666406214237213,
-1.05306077003479,
0.2843446731567383,
0.1492043286561966,
0.29401564598083496,
-0.1507681906223297,
-0.15609470009803772,
0.44577351212501526,
-0.4017602205276489,
0.047023456543684006,
0.350882351398468,
0.5931748151779175,
-0.6223788261413574,
0.5632012486457825,
-0.5089338421821594,
0.18729791045188904,
0.4667026102542877,
-0.7478939890861511,
-0.155959814786911,
-0.4040915369987488,
0.08721424639225006,
0.7025269269943237,
0.12900151312351227,
-0.01726309210062027,
-0.5387978553771973,
0.21198196709156036,
-0.7567052841186523,
0.27457118034362793,
0.03381377086043358,
-0.36256277561187744,
0.27338558435440063,
-0.031663209199905396,
-0.4508095383644104,
0.1869920939207077,
0.043217916041612625,
-0.5984038710594177,
-0.5043613314628601,
0.33284398913383484,
0.07118679583072662,
0.017390433698892593,
-0.024291208013892174,
0.5743715763092041,
0.297532856464386,
0.34055134654045105,
0.09116656333208084,
0.33808135986328125,
0.2138284146785736,
0.4203154146671295,
0.49650636315345764,
-0.5467835068702698,
-0.4112894535064697,
-0.22762463986873627,
0.33001455664634705,
-0.5170609354972839,
0.5307891964912415,
-0.23531456291675568,
0.4223875403404236,
0.41476574540138245,
-0.36785584688186646,
-0.4715226888656616,
0.385760635137558,
0.23310627043247223,
0.28456708788871765,
-0.2892022430896759,
-0.2059548795223236,
0.7580096125602722,
-1.1432702541351318,
0.02250801771879196,
0.5159851908683777,
-0.555866003036499,
0.28473150730133057,
0.09737853705883026,
-0.18736806511878967,
0.5555172562599182,
-0.2071361094713211,
-0.5986413359642029,
-0.1406429260969162,
0.4809056222438812,
-0.2641338109970093,
-0.2898527681827545,
-0.1999026983976364,
-0.428308367729187,
0.1965113878250122,
-0.30511972308158875,
-0.3453018069267273,
-0.9388041496276855,
-0.083224356174469,
0.06881146878004074,
-0.9645296335220337,
-0.1608182042837143,
0.6854215860366821,
-0.46512365341186523,
0.22487090528011322,
-0.518058180809021,
0.09070418775081635,
0.4246290922164917,
0.29177236557006836,
0.7710323333740234,
0.005821493454277515,
-0.10271996259689331,
0.20535308122634888,
-0.5318437814712524,
0.3470310568809509,
0.3876645863056183,
0.48589059710502625,
1.6071243286132812,
0.39753401279449463,
-0.2608194053173065,
0.07480103522539139,
-0.40692174434661865,
0.07533181458711624,
-0.9037553071975708,
-0.687843918800354,
0.30329567193984985,
-0.14775621891021729,
0.3340201675891876,
-0.07295861840248108,
0.07642818242311478,
0.6081191897392273,
-0.5343998670578003,
0.24649828672409058,
0.06752628833055496,
0.18232311308383942,
0.08722652494907379,
0.04321536421775818,
0.5489625334739685,
-0.3865129351615906,
0.4309592843055725,
-0.16244946420192719,
-0.6676084995269775,
-0.4984017014503479,
-0.7201094031333923,
0.8250191807746887,
-0.9347676634788513,
-0.6997758746147156,
-0.6408222913742065,
0.09815304726362228,
0.549644410610199,
0.4070945382118225,
-0.014787688851356506,
0.2528984844684601,
-0.7360411286354065,
0.5322732925415039,
0.04776235669851303,
-0.651873767375946,
0.274617999792099,
0.4085243344306946,
-0.9614620804786682,
0.3738677501678467,
-0.33598101139068604,
0.2848120629787445,
-0.7619123458862305,
-0.36872485280036926,
-0.3191194534301758,
-0.3587839603424072,
-0.23398493230342865,
0.7816151976585388,
0.005819358862936497,
-0.5127480626106262,
0.3366442024707794,
-0.4159803092479706,
0.4475391209125519,
-0.3120957612991333,
0.32832348346710205,
-0.8095929622650146,
0.46763673424720764,
-0.34771379828453064,
-0.5315375924110413,
0.003289195243269205,
-0.2571350932121277,
-0.13699717819690704,
-0.448239803314209,
-0.6597976684570312,
0.23857372999191284,
-0.5579326152801514,
0.16177044808864594,
0.43069988489151,
0.7396138906478882,
-0.1759507805109024,
-0.36590343713760376,
0.4415700435638428,
-0.4312171936035156,
0.17378106713294983,
0.2725973427295685,
-0.0850699171423912,
-0.4080575108528137,
0.002730141393840313,
0.2937617003917694,
-0.04013620316982269,
1.0688121318817139,
-0.1839418113231659,
-0.1983569711446762,
-0.1275438666343689,
0.26114508509635925,
-0.18665236234664917,
0.02033512108027935,
-0.24028964340686798,
0.5361405611038208,
-0.10271649807691574,
-0.3424490690231323,
0.3494076430797577,
0.3907487690448761,
-0.16838783025741577,
0.6640160083770752,
-0.265314519405365,
0.569061279296875,
-0.3039810061454773,
-0.2894144654273987,
-0.21371224522590637,
0.3513891398906708,
0.12262216955423355,
-0.09692652523517609,
0.2395169734954834,
-0.11228662729263306,
0.6549440026283264,
0.3098587393760681,
0.8204315304756165,
-0.07754147052764893,
0.013191316276788712,
0.31240957975387573,
0.19127729535102844,
0.07406424731016159,
-0.2734212279319763,
0.14840348064899445,
0.3153092563152313,
0.11099760979413986,
-0.07335489988327026,
0.04128987342119217,
-0.03841434419155121,
-0.10041282325983047,
0.21616896986961365,
-0.1112704649567604,
-0.017755646258592606,
0.5285758972167969,
0.2198573350906372,
0.05925988033413887,
0.017690109089016914,
-0.34103143215179443,
-0.14543333649635315,
0.1751672476530075,
0.250980943441391,
0.3995634913444519,
-0.2155577391386032,
-0.4688623249530792,
-0.3884022831916809,
0.1267705261707306,
0.2975868880748749,
-0.28434205055236816,
0.2935519218444824,
-0.6139951944351196,
-0.6269751787185669,
0.38018110394477844,
-0.9889466166496277,
-0.5657719969749451,
0.20701269805431366,
-0.2318720668554306,
-0.7096620202064514,
-0.04377835988998413,
-0.40036484599113464,
-0.15371552109718323,
0.14841341972351074,
1.0734872817993164,
0.19381718337535858,
-0.13714991509914398,
0.11547678709030151,
1.0007555484771729,
-0.7131302952766418,
0.3281601369380951,
0.09773842245340347,
0.40723365545272827,
-0.5768382549285889,
-0.059497322887182236,
-0.717621386051178,
0.1833684742450714,
0.14312326908111572,
0.2575203776359558,
-0.003727169008925557,
0.20942552387714386,
-0.7951691746711731,
-0.1261277198791504,
0.5634658336639404,
0.44228115677833557,
-0.28244468569755554,
-0.49162012338638306,
0.6184839010238647,
0.07865849137306213,
0.2392796128988266,
0.11245270818471909,
-0.085407555103302,
-0.1152183786034584,
0.9916408658027649,
-0.7073266506195068,
-0.7150598764419556,
0.24773603677749634,
0.5115137696266174,
-0.11455246806144714,
-0.18321123719215393,
-0.1852191686630249,
-0.8152427673339844,
0.1516723334789276,
0.43800872564315796,
1.0753705501556396,
0.2317734956741333,
-0.05839458853006363,
-0.12135718017816544,
0.47037988901138306,
0.667567789554596,
-0.4907247722148895,
0.33307114243507385,
-0.0830906555056572,
0.15946845710277557,
-0.6304210424423218,
-1.0139026641845703,
0.5673342347145081,
0.631413996219635,
-0.4405510723590851,
-0.2141159623861313,
-0.5117502212524414,
0.21419201791286469,
0.15430644154548645,
0.2622400224208832,
-0.40140500664711,
-0.4788232445716858,
0.17375217378139496
] |
256823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20merganser | Common merganser | The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) (Mergus merganser) is a large seaduck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats mainly fish. It nests in holes in trees.
Taxonomy
The first formal description of the common merganser was by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae. He introduced the current binomial name Mergus merganser. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird, and merganser is derived from mergus and anser, Latin for "goose". In 1843 John James Audubon used the name "Buff-breasted Merganser" in addition to "goosander" in his book The Birds of America.
The three subspecies differ in only minor detail:
M. m. merganser – Linnaeus, 1758 is found throughout northern Europe and northern Asiatic Russia.
M. m. orientalis – Gould, 1845 (syn. M. m. comatus – Salvadori, 1895) is found in the Central Asian mountains. Slightly larger than M. m. merganser, it has a more slender bill.
M. m. americanus – Cassin, 1852 is found in North America. Its bill is broader-based than in M. m. merganser, and a black bar crosses the white inner wing (visible in flight) on males.
Description
It is long with a wingspan and a weight of ; males average slightly larger than females, but with some overlap. Like other species in the genus Mergus, it has a crest of longer head feathers, but these usually lie smoothly rounded behind the head, not normally forming an erect crest. Adult males in breeding plumage are easily distinguished, the body white with a variable salmon-pink tinge, the head black with an iridescent green gloss, the rump and tail grey, and the wings largely white on the inner half, black on the outer half. Females, and males in "eclipse" (non-breeding plumage, July to October) are largely grey, with a reddish-brown head, white chin, and white secondary feathers on the wing. Juveniles (both sexes) are similar to adult females but also show a short black-edged white stripe between the eye and bill. The bill and legs are red to brownish-red, brightest on adult males, dullest on juveniles.
Behaviour
Feeding
Like the other mergansers, these piscivorous ducks have serrated edges to their bills to help them grip their prey, so they are often known as "sawbills". In addition to fish, they take a wide range of other aquatic prey, such as molluscs, crustaceans, worms, insect larvae, and amphibians; more rarely, small mammals and birds may be taken. As in other birds with the character, the salmon-pink tinge shown variably by males is probably diet-related, obtained from the carotenoid pigments present in some crustaceans and fish. When not diving for food, they are usually seen swimming on the water surface, or resting on rocks in midstream or hidden among riverbank vegetation, or (in winter) on the edge of floating ice.
In most places, the common merganser is as much a frequenter of salt water as fresh water. In larger streams and rivers, they float down with the stream for a few miles, and either fly back again or more commonly fish their way back, diving incessantly the whole way. In smaller streams, they are present in pairs or smaller groups, and they float down, twisting round and round in the rapids, or fishing vigorously in a deep pool near the foot of a waterfall or rapid. When floating leisurely, they position themselves in water similar to ducks, but they also swim deep in water like cormorants, especially when swimming upstream. They often sit on a rock in the middle of the water, similar to cormorants, often half-opening their wings to the sun. To rise from water, they flap along the surface for many yards. Once they are airborne, their flight is strong and rapid. They often fish in a group forming a semicircle and driving the fish into shallow water, where they are captured easily. Their ordinary voice is a low, harsh croak, but during the breeding season, males in display, as well as young, make a plaintive, soft whistle. Generally, they are wary, and one or more birds stay on sentry duty to warn the flock of approaching danger. When disturbed, they often disgorge food before moving. Though they move clumsily on land, they resort to running when pressed, assuming a very upright position similar to penguins, and falling and stumbling frequently.
Breeding
Nesting is normally in a tree cavity, so it requires mature forest as its breeding habitat; they also readily use large nest boxes where provided, requiring an entrance hole in diameter. In places devoid of trees (like Central Asian mountains), they use holes in cliffs and steep, high banks, sometimes at considerable distances from the water. The female lays 6–17 (most often 8–12) white to yellowish eggs, and raises one brood in a season. The ducklings are taken by their mother in her bill to rivers or lakes immediately after hatching, where they feed on freshwater invertebrates and small fish fry, fledging when 60–70 days old. The young are sexually mature at the age of two years. Common Mergansers are known to form crèches, with single females having been observed with over 70 ducklings at one time.
Movements
The species is a partial migrant, with birds moving away from areas where rivers and major lakes freeze in the winter, but resident where waters remain open. Eastern North American birds move south in small groups to the United States wherever ice-free conditions exist on lakes and rivers; on the milder Pacific coast, they are permanent residents. Scandinavian and Russian birds also migrate southwards, but western European birds, and a few in Japan, are largely resident. In some populations, the males also show distinct moult migration, leaving the breeding areas as soon as the young hatch to spend the summer (June to September) elsewhere. Notably, most of the western European male population migrates north to estuaries in Finnmark in northern Norway (principally Tanafjord) to moult, leaving the females to care for the ducklings. Much smaller numbers of males also use estuaries in eastern Scotland as a moulting area.
Status and conservation
Overall, the species is not threatened, though illegal persecution by game-fishing interests is a problem in some areas. In February 2020, a rare goosander sighting was documented in Central Park, New York; the bird was in obvious distress, with its beak being trapped by a piece of debris.
Within western Europe, a marked southward spread has occurred from Scandinavia in the breeding range since about 1850, colonising Scotland in 1871, England in 1941, and also a strong increase in the population in the Alps. They are very scarce in Ireland, with regular breeding confined to a few pairs in County Wicklow.
The goosander is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.
References
External links
common merganser
common merganser
Holarctic birds
common merganser
common merganser
Extant Pleistocene first appearances | [
-0.5814730525016785,
0.19081079959869385,
-0.44788405299186707,
-0.3037201464176178,
0.29335474967956543,
0.8287991881370544,
0.8260377645492554,
0.6682367920875549,
-0.42281875014305115,
-0.7054279446601868,
-0.5996236801147461,
0.2581041157245636,
-0.3208629786968231,
0.4707582890987396,
-0.018350332975387573,
0.24721889197826385,
0.4235409200191498,
0.6145116090774536,
0.30515360832214355,
0.10520192980766296,
-0.5497342348098755,
-0.45068639516830444,
0.4068560004234314,
-0.13690422475337982,
0.8608447909355164,
0.14263442158699036,
0.5279988646507263,
0.3469974994659424,
0.09892904758453369,
0.07718997448682785,
0.04313596710562706,
0.8210412263870239,
0.1266636848449707,
-0.4462181329727173,
0.08691282570362091,
0.09939410537481308,
-0.2750564515590668,
-0.4979868531227112,
-0.42812296748161316,
-0.538610577583313,
0.08843455463647842,
0.3040911853313446,
0.17041362822055817,
0.5496363639831543,
-0.13246671855449677,
-0.09934774041175842,
-0.9659709930419922,
0.618657112121582,
-0.04457555338740349,
-0.22872555255889893,
-0.8155409097671509,
0.2538393437862396,
0.2047092765569687,
0.1898026466369629,
0.07357662171125412,
0.41462209820747375,
-0.9393832683563232,
-0.04871167242527008,
0.1058603972196579,
-0.5784856081008911,
-0.31073474884033203,
0.11523054540157318,
0.04229874908924103,
0.19391101598739624,
-0.08895166963338852,
0.6105062961578369,
0.38940462470054626,
0.4221127927303314,
-0.1779688447713852,
-0.20743760466575623,
0.20057079195976257,
-0.15297067165374756,
-0.3604124188423157,
0.5520176887512207,
-0.6921592950820923,
-0.205740287899971,
0.1392427682876587,
0.06298711150884628,
-0.07655305415391922,
0.03252052143216133,
0.31937193870544434,
0.2647499144077301,
0.6216012835502625,
0.06589306890964508,
-0.3543951213359833,
0.25191351771354675,
-0.08359760046005249,
0.2520528733730316,
-0.7754977941513062,
0.45895805954933167,
-0.16957710683345795,
0.16417036950588226,
0.3512181341648102,
-0.5275453925132751,
-0.07515541464090347,
-0.30345427989959717,
-0.2308165431022644,
-0.21296100318431854,
0.9132943153381348,
-0.034109897911548615,
-0.7962862849235535,
0.16440920531749725,
0.31880879402160645,
0.15693148970603943,
-0.7063336968421936,
0.22929520905017853,
-0.85182124376297,
-0.21173089742660522,
-0.057486455887556076,
0.32622969150543213,
0.02012760564684868,
0.414110004901886,
0.4274115264415741,
0.20596805214881897,
0.3033958375453949,
1.2062265872955322,
-0.04740709438920021,
-0.3594180643558502,
-0.43190085887908936,
-0.17120109498500824,
0.5984557271003723,
0.3443261981010437,
-0.4625062644481659,
0.0859326645731926,
-0.016890842467546463,
0.08406870812177658,
0.4330829083919525,
0.10910486429929733,
-0.7208312153816223,
-0.4064492881298065,
0.14709247648715973,
0.5334060788154602,
-0.31705841422080994,
0.12084415555000305,
-0.7187249064445496,
-0.08563334494829178,
0.4322150647640228,
-0.3880465030670166,
0.2028757631778717,
0.48608890175819397,
-1.3936128616333008,
-0.37052634358406067,
-0.2751987874507904,
-0.26942574977874756,
0.6445825099945068,
0.47327306866645813,
0.6079244613647461,
-0.6270766854286194,
-0.015219219960272312,
-0.3248375952243805,
0.31982240080833435,
0.39028993248939514,
-0.4716429114341736,
-0.0647609755396843,
-0.3197939097881317,
0.36573317646980286,
0.24808084964752197,
-0.3134189248085022,
0.7990458607673645,
-0.45913320779800415,
0.12613916397094727,
0.3084965646266937,
-0.2745044529438019,
-0.05735103040933609,
0.4018342196941376,
-0.08154401183128357,
-0.12483759224414825,
0.14148245751857758,
-0.9144469499588013,
-0.037882547825574875,
0.44260093569755554,
0.2067931443452835,
1.0116444826126099,
-0.32692816853523254,
0.08551637083292007,
-0.22790531814098358,
-0.5564770698547363,
0.4373081624507904,
0.9760134816169739,
-0.17869949340820312,
-0.9972759485244751,
0.6234841346740723,
0.5621775984764099,
-0.03785952553153038,
-0.23641091585159302,
-0.20285041630268097,
0.2085168957710266,
-0.02523711882531643,
0.4317675530910492,
0.0330117791891098,
-0.05211097374558449,
-0.5135020613670349,
-0.1492973268032074,
-0.5875740647315979,
0.6022376418113708,
0.003635907545685768,
-0.2159806191921234,
0.3337676227092743,
-0.24099566042423248,
0.1800984889268875,
-0.41341865062713623,
-0.5737245082855225,
0.5464101433753967,
-0.09390446543693542,
-1.3707683086395264,
0.42250943183898926,
-0.037253547459840775,
-0.11208658665418625,
0.6632406711578369,
0.19253754615783691,
0.07936909049749374,
-0.5355215668678284,
0.1060955673456192,
-0.19680164754390717,
0.1534767895936966,
0.23865638673305511,
-0.25328120589256287,
0.4545552432537079,
0.16046446561813354,
-0.47477057576179504,
1.3619204759597778,
0.28500276803970337,
-0.28956344723701477,
0.2698994576931,
-0.18226569890975952,
0.21150866150856018,
0.34767401218414307,
-0.19633640348911285,
0.5640023350715637,
-0.21965305507183075,
0.4155285060405731,
0.46619072556495667,
-0.07767153531312943,
-0.5440764427185059,
-0.6787275075912476,
-0.29957982897758484,
0.09073787927627563,
-0.039193976670503616,
0.7253667712211609,
0.18636652827262878,
-0.10945229232311249,
0.2861836552619934,
-0.12249266356229782,
0.28411370515823364,
0.1881795972585678,
-0.377972811460495,
0.3804382383823395,
0.17477774620056152,
-0.141608327627182,
-0.19001908600330353,
0.11815490573644638,
0.7387657761573792,
0.38323166966438293,
-0.34727001190185547,
-0.04396403208374977,
0.01135602779686451,
0.34269505739212036,
0.4638793468475342,
0.2287546843290329,
0.22600272297859192,
0.12768983840942383,
0.3352935314178467,
-0.5165581703186035,
0.3285331726074219,
-0.11125251650810242,
-0.33830079436302185,
-0.5186886787414551,
-0.4707123339176178,
0.06939630955457687,
0.3165721595287323,
0.5230966806411743,
0.4131205976009369,
-0.6026188731193542,
-0.06887078285217285,
-0.1186656653881073,
-0.5338497757911682,
0.3651621341705322,
-0.6230160593986511,
-0.11622434109449387,
-0.28721386194229126,
0.09129177778959274,
0.5899099111557007,
-0.29727402329444885,
-0.5190529823303223,
-0.03706852346658707,
-0.9088279604911804,
0.009581338614225388,
-0.40824583172798157,
0.08757396042346954,
0.14461567997932434,
0.042709704488515854,
-0.30943965911865234,
-0.17198535799980164,
0.6834704875946045,
-0.7883397936820984,
-0.22513136267662048,
-0.48007944226264954,
0.7673542499542236,
0.8856339454650879,
-0.1519675850868225,
-0.2822551727294922,
0.08360427618026733,
0.6208157539367676,
0.5294362902641296,
0.295628160238266,
-0.4370090663433075,
-0.079128198325634,
0.08414313197135925,
-5.264254093170166,
-0.10635185241699219,
-0.19413124024868011,
-0.02202656865119934,
0.5376468300819397,
0.3220369517803192,
-0.11696433275938034,
-0.1541266143321991,
-0.30393216013908386,
0.41003185510635376,
0.29813912510871887,
0.09314017742872238,
0.038434404879808426,
0.00641174241900444,
0.2458934336900711,
-0.21874631941318512,
-0.09900176525115967,
0.27387773990631104,
0.016602979972958565,
-0.1907009780406952,
-0.021255938336253166,
0.12594766914844513,
-0.20835982263088226,
0.47837594151496887,
-0.48893290758132935,
0.1594037562608719,
-0.3596751391887665,
-0.4869156777858734,
-0.7063325047492981,
-0.09953092038631439,
-0.17099666595458984,
-0.0733993723988533,
0.3209974765777588,
-0.3157154619693756,
0.05336802452802658,
-0.40554097294807434,
0.26449325680732727,
0.4314913749694824,
0.6867133378982544,
-0.6714795827865601,
0.15977853536605835,
0.16785438358783722,
0.6021069884300232,
-0.008182987570762634,
0.8036191463470459,
0.10675252228975296,
0.02823791280388832,
-0.07706379890441895,
0.1122785210609436,
0.7968042492866516,
-0.054892536252737045,
0.09474169462919235,
0.43980515003204346,
0.5320079326629639,
0.1885039359331131,
-0.12712062895298004,
0.3885655105113983,
0.0750567615032196,
0.020735513418912888,
-0.30674979090690613,
0.6953921318054199,
-0.1715962141752243,
-0.1972317099571228,
-0.678932785987854,
0.14785248041152954,
-0.4177882671356201,
-0.5323395133018494,
-0.33340638875961304,
0.17720365524291992,
-0.01488739438354969,
-0.44714391231536865,
0.3745872974395752,
-0.3158853352069855,
-0.736092746257782,
0.38654419779777527,
-0.5587617754936218,
-0.2925441265106201,
0.43579721450805664,
0.06469684839248657,
0.150002121925354,
-0.2134886085987091,
-0.3219606280326843,
-0.12940925359725952,
0.5016477704048157,
0.02247041091322899,
-1.037929654121399,
-0.3023993670940399,
-0.20642346143722534,
-0.28682050108909607,
-0.5622401833534241,
0.8179382681846619,
-0.47916147112846375,
0.4256385862827301,
0.12347574532032013,
0.7289230227470398,
0.7715822458267212,
0.22059153020381927,
0.3982338011264801,
0.4008953273296356,
-0.22209948301315308,
1.000413417816162,
-0.2380058616399765,
-0.022547245025634766,
-0.07497220486402512,
0.44626569747924805,
-0.39632606506347656,
-0.02005147747695446,
0.9557854533195496,
1.300999641418457,
-0.33154091238975525,
0.10405567288398743,
-0.6110819578170776,
-0.30724477767944336,
-0.3694564998149872,
-0.08480270206928253,
0.4637393653392792,
-0.24598529934883118,
0.009408765472471714,
0.8980137705802917,
0.29423001408576965,
-0.25561100244522095,
0.5253949761390686,
0.0008029292803257704,
0.5291682481765747,
0.5175673961639404,
-0.7473756074905396,
0.3543480932712555,
0.015739044174551964,
-1.0158768892288208,
-0.32756903767585754,
-0.03996744751930237,
-0.027830176055431366,
0.37638378143310547,
-0.6588952541351318,
0.04721534252166748,
-0.07411977648735046,
-0.16200974583625793,
-0.025024140253663063,
-0.14669252932071686,
-0.5147927403450012,
-0.6635841727256775,
-0.45658358931541443,
-0.15780645608901978,
-0.004627174697816372,
-0.14010654389858246,
0.5524749159812927,
-0.12876473367214203,
0.0088466452434659,
0.05838745832443237,
1.0060397386550903,
-0.028682369738817215,
-0.10039619356393814,
-0.40876269340515137,
0.18246833980083466,
-0.1165875792503357,
-0.6811198592185974,
0.4107014834880829,
0.6480153799057007,
-0.1535486876964569,
-0.15208975970745087,
0.2083190530538559,
-0.3759934902191162,
-0.704789400100708,
-0.6187013983726501,
-0.08194433152675629,
0.12325576692819595,
0.09711634367704391,
-0.6333187222480774,
-0.04244588688015938,
0.8931381106376648,
0.3857770264148712,
0.09999044984579086,
-0.6056857109069824,
0.061577603220939636,
-0.08320048451423645,
0.053128406405448914,
-0.2675545811653137,
0.10475096851587296,
-0.1454949527978897,
0.20661525428295135,
0.10488471388816833,
0.0380135104060173,
-0.1729390025138855,
0.06135232746601105,
0.570514440536499,
-0.7906518578529358,
-0.10142434388399124,
0.10654347389936447,
-0.19599302113056183,
-0.02824203483760357,
0.2769310772418976,
0.2008553445339203,
0.514908492565155,
0.37922969460487366,
-0.6480737924575806,
0.1785324364900589,
-0.051818620413541794,
0.8417917490005493,
-0.405525803565979,
-0.5512060523033142,
0.14918920397758484,
0.5672183632850647,
-0.7751559615135193,
0.14477314054965973,
-0.4125853478908539,
-0.6884771585464478,
0.6203557848930359,
-0.1076892837882042,
-0.654490053653717,
0.10534679144620895,
0.037135522812604904,
-0.5041080117225647,
-0.019261891022324562,
0.581853449344635,
-0.48998531699180603,
-0.024573979899287224,
-0.12177275121212006,
0.17037348449230194,
-0.5224493741989136,
0.5435728430747986,
-0.5285323262214661,
-0.7431069016456604,
0.14699356257915497,
-0.10208401829004288,
-0.7642497420310974,
0.3708452582359314,
0.6157809495925903,
0.5265271067619324,
0.5540428161621094,
-0.575466513633728,
0.17132093012332916,
-0.1879424899816513,
0.3762473464012146,
-0.15521851181983948,
0.6060347557067871,
0.2521298825740814,
0.3014925420284271,
0.06512251496315002,
0.07163479924201965,
0.961450457572937,
0.6455034017562866,
1.2765806913375854,
0.2624824345111847,
0.04539648815989494,
-0.4426340162754059,
0.40127134323120117,
-0.09433446079492569,
-0.22470882534980774,
-0.6626670956611633,
-0.7128440737724304,
0.5135958194732666,
-0.16618549823760986,
-0.011692507192492485,
-0.3555901050567627,
0.3770979046821594,
-0.46749258041381836,
-0.2451305389404297,
0.16538642346858978,
-0.17164698243141174,
0.17809447646141052,
0.2831965982913971,
0.2920456528663635,
-0.2891300618648529,
0.459380567073822,
0.1252918839454651,
-1.0169166326522827,
-0.9224821329116821,
-0.10222925990819931,
-0.13033844530582428,
0.15335431694984436,
0.4435734152793884,
-0.4522477984428406,
0.7177397012710571,
0.30245938897132874,
-0.4139534533023834,
0.34535181522369385,
-0.3349233865737915,
-0.8804455399513245,
0.8870142698287964,
-0.3947467803955078,
-0.7457998991012573,
-0.07795752584934235,
0.032274920493364334,
-0.13635315001010895,
-0.3331637978553772,
-0.36213672161102295,
-0.06930419057607651,
-0.4669073820114136,
0.07357990741729736,
-0.5135591626167297,
0.11886966228485107,
-0.027249688282608986,
-0.4569151997566223,
0.23363113403320312,
-0.1534031331539154,
0.2527696192264557,
0.15535040199756622,
0.6065974831581116,
-0.23762986063957214,
0.18872524797916412,
-0.821491003036499,
0.0061203595250844955,
-0.2975769639015198,
-1.2663898468017578,
0.739725649356842,
0.4281924366950989,
0.08497114479541779,
-0.033781878650188446,
-0.23993222415447235,
-0.6702734231948853,
0.28290361166000366,
-0.3423221707344055,
-0.0899292379617691,
0.9004220962524414,
0.3692791759967804,
0.3729380965232849,
-0.08063662797212601,
-0.8909730911254883,
0.4447043538093567,
0.5835245251655579,
0.5358353853225708,
-0.144306480884552,
0.14064578711986542,
0.49490875005722046,
0.27725401520729065,
0.7215041518211365,
-0.6174810528755188,
-0.5589450001716614,
0.36394762992858887,
1.0839289426803589,
0.2463444322347641,
-0.47176823019981384,
-0.6052677631378174,
-0.49713385105133057,
0.017198318615555763,
-0.2241327166557312,
0.24553552269935608,
-0.9970468282699585,
-0.7420499324798584,
0.7657681703567505,
1.1389631032943726,
0.0028506664093583822,
-0.4796161651611328,
-0.32215648889541626,
-0.08164427429437637,
0.12470219284296036,
-0.2468695044517517,
0.3156459629535675,
0.02696836367249489,
-0.060063280165195465,
0.6524301171302795,
-0.4973752796649933,
0.27301228046417236,
-0.30848798155784607,
-0.07972463965415955,
-0.018427105620503426,
-0.26616692543029785,
-0.2106122076511383,
-0.38258424401283264,
-0.3721911907196045,
0.08813069015741348,
0.02903020940721035,
-0.18733957409858704,
-0.46923261880874634,
-0.6718506813049316,
-0.04682368412613869,
-0.5096064805984497,
-0.8930422067642212,
-0.0207469891756773,
0.1574734002351761,
-0.20146998763084412,
0.2727680802345276,
0.09828877449035645,
-0.20833691954612732,
0.5650349855422974,
0.2766902446746826,
-0.28279075026512146,
0.53444504737854,
0.09001798182725906,
-0.1110701784491539,
-0.9929326772689819,
0.3316667377948761,
0.20950332283973694,
-0.43011969327926636,
-0.04921312257647514,
-0.3428325355052948,
-0.18974441289901733,
0.06586755812168121,
-0.6441915035247803,
0.1856292188167572,
-0.42908474802970886,
-0.6617500185966492,
-0.4738069474697113,
0.17640545964241028,
-0.018302496522665024,
-0.923625648021698,
0.46437084674835205,
0.9404967427253723,
-0.0926564484834671,
-0.34774819016456604,
0.6224689483642578,
0.16515618562698364,
-0.14179153740406036,
0.6091566681861877,
0.2665136456489563,
0.02430223859846592,
-0.36731603741645813,
0.049778494983911514,
0.0112479692324996,
0.9529104232788086,
0.5607843399047852,
-0.13884393870830536,
-0.3805564343929291,
-0.2806498110294342,
0.04227808862924576,
0.41885998845100403,
0.23353026807308197,
-0.2796582579612732,
0.026616588234901428,
-1.1151643991470337,
0.41171765327453613,
-0.47985655069351196,
0.2485337108373642,
0.6729735732078552,
0.1818855255842209,
0.0695432499051094,
0.5839511752128601,
0.2914218306541443,
-0.8312402367591858,
1.0740039348602295,
-0.40570035576820374,
0.7264413833618164,
-0.484421044588089,
0.5829797387123108,
-0.31545010209083557,
-0.7683243751525879,
0.5782831907272339,
0.06159747391939163,
-0.2599312365055084,
0.06964241713285446,
-0.12580271065235138,
-0.7436586022377014,
0.8126208782196045,
-0.3835833668708801,
0.013345266692340374,
-0.24499735236167908,
0.3488089144229889,
-0.7719166278839111,
-1.1455198526382446,
-0.21180066466331482,
0.44039541482925415,
-0.9403814673423767,
-0.20762403309345245,
0.2320122867822647,
-0.2733885645866394,
0.6492335200309753,
-0.17621305584907532,
-0.8353161215782166,
-0.1273788958787918,
0.015732131898403168
] |
256825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders%20of%20precedence%20in%20China | Orders of precedence in China | The orders of precedence in China is the ranking of political leaders in China for the purposes of event protocol and to arrange the ordering of names in official news bulletins, both written and televised. It is also sometimes used to assess perceived level of political power. Although there is no formally published ranking, there is usually an established convention and protocol, and the relative positions of Chinese political figures can usually be deduced from the order in meetings and especially by the time and order in which figures are covered by the official media.
Depending on the person and the time period, the hierarchy will vary accordingly. Since the 1980s, Chinese political positions have become increasingly institutionalized. However, part of the power Chinese leaders carry still derives from who they are, rather than what position they hold.
Individuals can hold multiple top leadership titles but also be unable to claim to be the de facto head as was the case with Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Hua Guofeng, when "paramount leader" Deng Xiaoping was present. The traditional ranking system was based upon the hierarchical line of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The names on this list includes all those officially considered "Party and State Leaders" ().
Order of precedence
Applications of protocol
The Order of Precedence has gradually become normalized as the institutions of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic became more established and stable. Internal publications and official media adhere to strict ranking protocol when reporting news items or public announcements that involve multiple leaders. Similarly, the order is strictly adhered to when seating leaders at official meetings and functions.
Often, state media news programs, such as Xinwen Lianbo, overlook the actual importance of the story attached to each leader. Rather the news order is determined by political ranking alone. For instance, if a higher-ranked leader is chairing a routine meeting, while a lower-ranked leader is visiting an earthquake disaster zone, the routine meeting will take precedence over the disaster in the order that they are reported.
Protocol ordering of leaders is perhaps most visible at large gatherings of party and state leaders, such as Party Congresses, National People's Congresses, the funeral or memorial service of former leaders, or major anniversary celebrations.
The current order of precedence applies to party, state, and military leaders. It generally follows an order set out by the institutions to which these leaders belong; further ranking of individual leaders are applied within each of the institutions. Where an individual belongs to numerous party and state institutions, they are usually only mentioned on first instance for their highest-ranking post.
Order of institutions
The organs of the party, state, and military, have a generally applied rank order, as follows:
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Central Politburo
Standing Committee of the Central Politburo
Central Secretariat
Highest state power and legislative organ: National People's Congress (NPC)
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)
Presidency (as a state organ)
Highest executive organ: State Council
Top-level United Front organisation:
National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
Highest military organ: Central Military Commission (CMC), "one institution bearing two names":
The CMC of the Chinese Communist Party
The CMC of the People's Republic of China
Highest supervisory organs (two institutions sharing one office):
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI)
National Supervisory Commission of the People's Republic of China (NSC)
Highest judicial organs:
Supreme People's Court (SPC)
Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP)
Order of leaders
Order of names in official news
Current members of the CCP Central Politburo Standing Committee, normally including:
General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee
President of the People's Republic of China
Premier of the State Council
Chairperson of the NPC Standing Committee
Chairperson of the CPPCC National Committee
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Other members of the Politburo Standing Committee, normally including:
First-ranked Secretary of the CCP Central Secretariat
Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
First-ranked Vice Premier of the State Council
Vice President
Other current members of the Politburo, normally including:
Vice Premiers of the State Council
Vice Chairmen of the Central Military Commission
Director of the National Supervisory Commission
Former General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee
Former members of the Central Politburo Standing Committee
Current Members of the CCP Central Secretariat
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Standing Committee
State Councilors
President of the Supreme People's Court
Prosectors General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate
Vice Chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee, at the bottom of the list of the current national-level "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人)
Retired "Leaders of the Party and the State", except former members of the Politburo Standing Committee, ranked by the highest office they held, repeating the same order above.
Central Military Commission members except chairpersons and vice-chairpersons are not considered national-level "Leaders of the Party and State" but merely leaders of the People's Liberation Army, and generally listed separately by protocol.
Current CMC members (except chairmen and vice-chairmen)
Former CMC members (except chairmen and vice-chairmen)
Provincial-ministerial level officials
Order of seats
Current General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee
Former General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee
Current members of the CCP Central Politburo Standing Committee except General Secretary, normally including:
President of the People's Republic of China
Premier of the State Council
Chairperson of the NPC Standing Committee
Chairperson of the CPPCC National Committee
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Other members of the Politburo Standing Committee, normally including:
First-ranked Secretary of the CCP Central Secretariat
Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
First-ranked Vice Premier of the
State Council
Vice President
Former members of the Central Politburo Standing Committee
Other current members of the Politburo, normally including:
Vice Premiers of the State Council
Vice Chairmen of the Central Military Commission
Director of the National Supervisory Commission
Current Members of the CCP Central Secretariat
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Standing Committee
State Councilors
President of the Supreme People's Court
Prosectors General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate
Vice Chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee, at the bottom of the list of the current national-level "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人)
Retired "Leaders of the Party and the State", except former members of the Politburo Standing Committee, ranked by the highest office they held, repeating the same order above.
Central Military Commission members except chairpersons and vice-chairpersons are not considered national-level "Leaders of the Party and State" but merely leaders of the People's Liberation Army.
Current CMC members (except chairmen and vice-chairmen)
Former CMC members (except chairmen and vice-chairmen)
Provincial-ministerial level officials
NB:
The ranking of a Vice President of the PRC is normally based on whether he is a current or former Politburo Standing Committee member or other member of the Politburo. Press coverage of the March 2018 National People's Congress ranked the new Vice President Wang Qishan immediately after the Standing Committee, from which he recently retired.
National Leaders
National leaders are ranked based on the offices they hold, their seniority, or sometimes simply their perceived personal prestige. During the Mao years, ranking of leaders was fairly arbitrary. For instance, during the Cultural Revolution, Mao himself dictated the exact protocol sequence depending on who was held in favour at the time.
Since 1982, rankings gradually stabilized and more consistent patterns could be observed. For instance, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party always ranked first in the protocol sequence. This is despite the fact that some General Secretaries were not the pre-eminent political leaders. For example, General Secretaries Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang (both ranked first) were, in practice, subordinate to "paramount leader" Deng Xiaoping, who was ranked behind them in protocol. Deng at the time served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission and was ranked second overall in the leadership hierarchy.
The President is a largely ceremonial post, but it is typically ranked immediately after the General Secretary and before other offices of the state. When the President and General Secretary are two different people (prior to 1993, and in brief interregnums in 2003 and 2013), the President is ranked second to the General Secretary. Between 1982 and 1987, the President ranked after the Premier.
After the President, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the Premier, and the Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference follow; this ordering seems to supersede the Standing Committee order when officeholders are not themselves part of the Standing Committee, although typically since 1993 the heads of the "four national bodies" are concurrently members of the Standing Committee. Between 1997 and 2002, NPC Chair Li Peng was ranked second. During the same period, the Premier, Zhu Rongji, as head of government, was ranked third. The Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was ranked fourth. This ordering remained consistent between 2002 and 2012, when NPC Chair Wu Bangguo ranked above Premier Wen Jiabao. However, in 2013, this ordering changed. The Premier, Li Keqiang, was ranked 2nd, immediately after the General Secretary, and in front of the NPC Chairman Zhang Dejiang.
The Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, colloquially called the Zhengzhiju Changweihui in Chinese, is the apex of political power in China. Its members (Zhengzhiju Changwei) are strictly ranked. The heads of the four national bodies typically occupy the top four ranking spots of the Standing Committee. The other members of the Standing Committee are ranked immediately after them. The rankings of the remaining Standing Committee members are determined by a combination of the offices they hold and their seniority. For example, Li Changchun served as a Standing Committee member with no strictly defined office between 2002 and 2012; between 2002 and 2007, he was ranked eighth in protocol sequence, but in 2007, having now served one term on the body, his rank rose to fifth, immediately after CPPCC chair Jia Qinglin and in front of putative successor and executive secretary of the Secretariat Xi Jinping.
The current ranking of the Politburo Standing Committee is as follows:
Vice President
Since 2018, Vice President Wang Qishan, himself a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee, has been placed in front of the other members of the Politburo and in front of former leaders, and immediately after the sitting Politburo Standing Committee members.
Other members of the CCP Politburo
From its early history, the Politburo was theoretically a "leadership collective", with equal status accorded to each of its members. In practice, the Politburo Standing Committee members have elevated status within the body and are considered its most important and powerful members. When a new Politburo member list is first announced, or when the Politburo membership is being reported independently of other bodies, it is ordered by "the number of strokes in the surname character", a traditional method of 'alphabetization' of Chinese names; in these cases, all Politburo members, including PSC members, are named in this sequence. Unlike the PSC, Politburo members are not ranked based on presumed level of power. When it comes to seating protocol and official announcements about the Politburo in conjunction with other party and state bodies, the Politburo Standing Committee members are announced first, before the rest of the Politburo members.
The members of the Politburo Standing Committee are also Politburo members; since they are already named above, they are omitted from this list
Ding Xuexiang, Chief of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party, effectively Xi's chief of staff
Wang Chen, Vice-chairperson of the National People's Congress Standing Committee
Liu He, Vice Premier
Xu Qiliang, Vice chairman of the Central Military Commission
Sun Chunlan, Vice Premier
Li Xi, party secretary of Guangdong
Li Qiang, party secretary of Shanghai
Li Hongzhong, party secretary of Tianjin
Yang Jiechi, director of the Office of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the CCP Central Committee
Yang Xiaodu, deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, director of the national supervisory commission
Zhang Youxia, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Chen Xi, head of the Central Organization Department
Chen Quanguo, party secretary of Xinjiang
Chen Min'er, party secretary of Chongqing
Hu Chunhua, Vice Premier
Guo Shengkun, Secretary of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission
Huang Kunming, head of the Central Propaganda Department
Cai Qi, party secretary of Beijing
Living former members of the Politburo Standing Committee
Immediately following the 16th Party Congress, Jiang Zemin was ranked 2nd overall on the leadership protocol hierarchy, immediately after Hu Jintao. At the conclusion of the 18th Party Congress, when Hu Jintao retired as General Secretary, Jiang was ranked 2nd overall, after Xi Jinping, and Hu Jintao was ranked 3rd, after Jiang. Since 2013, judging mostly based on the official obituary notices of various deceased party officials, Jiang and Hu seemed to have progressively moved "lower" on the protocol strata, first below all current members of the Politburo Standing Committee, and as of 2014, behind all members of the sitting Politburo.
At major functions, Jiang and Hu sat immediately next to Xi Jinping, visually giving them prominence over the other Politburo Standing Committee members on television footage. However, in the official bulletins of the functions, the names of Jiang and Hu were announced after all sitting members of the Politburo. This convention was used at the National Day banquet held on September 30, 2014, the 2015 China Victory Day Parade atop Tiananmen Gate, and the opening session of the 19th Party Congress in October 2017.
Former Politburo Standing Committee members who were not "in good standing" in official party evaluations are not included in this list; this includes those ousted from positions of power but not formally expelled from the party. For instance, Zhao Ziyang and Hua Guofeng were typically omitted from this list when they were alive. Zhou Yongkang, who was convicted on corruption charges in 2015, was also removed from this list. Hu Qili is omitted from this list.
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
All members of the Secretariat are concurrently members of the Politburo so they have already been listed above; the only Secretary of the Secretariat that does not hold Politburo membership is You Quan
You Quan, head of the Central United Front Department
Vice-Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Standing Committee
Wang Chen, already mentioned as a member of the Politburo
Cao Jianming
Zhang Chunxian
Shen Yueyue
Ji Bingxuan
Arken Imirbaki
Wan Exiang
Chen Zhu
Wang Dongming
Padma Choling
Ding Zhongli
Hao Mingjin
Cai Dafeng
Wu Weihua
State Councilors and Judiciary Chiefs
State Councilors: Wei Fenghe, Wang Yong, Wang Yi, Xiao Jie, Zhao Kezhi (in order of rank)
Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court (Zhou Qiang)
Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (Zhang Jun)
Vice-chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee
In the following order:
Zhang Qingli
Liu Qibao
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Tung Chee-hwa
Wan Gang
Edmund Ho
Lu Zhangong
Wang Zhengwei
Ma Biao
Chen Xiaoguang
Leung Chun-ying
Xia Baolong (secretary-general)
Yang Chuantang
Li Bin
Bagatur
Wang Yongqing
He Lifeng
Su Hui
Zheng Jianbang
Gu Shengzu
Liu Xincheng
He Wei
Shao Hong
Gao Yunlong
Members of the Central Military Commission
Wei Fenghe
Li Zuocheng
Miao Hua
Zhang Shengmin
Former national leaders
Each year, state media releases a list of "old comrades" that the current cohort of leaders would pay their respects to during the days leading up to Chinese New Year. These leaders are strictly ranked based on the hierarchy of their positions during their last term in office. In general, these rankings follow the rules as set out below:
Those who held paramount leadership
Those who held top leadership posts over one of the four major state or party organs - that is, the head of the Central Committee, National People's Congress, State Council, and CPPCC National Committee.
Other former members of the Politburo Standing Committee
Those who held Politburo membership
Those who held Secretariat membership
Those who served as Vice-Chairs of the National People's Congress
Those who served as Vice-Premiers or State Councilors (and not otherwise members of the Politburo)
Those who served as President of the Supreme People's Court or Supreme People's Procuratorate
Those who served as vice-chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee
In general, if leaders are of equal rank on all accounts, those who belong to an earlier cohort are ranked prior to those of later cohorts; leaders are ranked by the last substantive position they held. For example, Li Tieying is ranked among the vice-chairmen of the National People's Congress, and not among the Politburo members, even though he would have qualified for higher ranking among Politburo members - he retired while holding the post NPC vice-chair. Similarly, Hu Qili was a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee, but he was demoted following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the last position he held prior to retirement was one of the Vice-Chairs of the CPPCC, hence he is ranked among CPPCC Vice-Chairs in protocol sequence.
Rankings below the National Leadership
Within the People's Republic of China, there is a statutory "National Civil Service Rankings System" to determine ranking of officials below the minister-level, stretching from the very important positions (Provincial Party Secretaries, for instance) to the lowest positions (for example, someone who is responsible for a township office). Their relative ranking determines their annual salary, living stipends, entitlement to official residences and vehicles, pensions, benefits, and so forth. Provincial leaders do not enjoy an elevated protocol rank in their own province of jurisdiction. Rather they must still be placed behind all national leaders listed above.
For the purposes of protocol rankings, the heads of national ministries technically hold the same rank as provincial governors. Therefore, they do not qualify as "national leaders". Departmental heads of the CCP, and ministers of the State Council are both called bùzhǎng (部长; literally "Head of Department"). However, many Communist Party Department heads, such as heads of the Organization and Propaganda departments, almost always hold seats on the Politburo, and thus are ranked as "national leaders". Ministers of central government departments rarely hold Politburo seats. When all else is equal, the party department heads rank above state department heads; for example, the head of the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party will always rank ahead of the Minister of Foreign Affairs if they appear in the same function. In a similar vein, the provincial Party Secretary will always rank above the provincial Governor.
The hierarchy of party vs. state positions is strictly adhered to for official protocol, demonstrating the 'vanguard' status of the Communist Party in Chinese politics. Generally, party positions are treated with more prestige than state positions of an equal level, but technically the official civil service privileges are the same for party and state officials of the same administrative level.
Local Party Committee rankings
A Party Committee is the de facto highest ruling council of any given jurisdiction in the PRC, except for the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
In provincial, municipal, and other local-level protocol rankings, the four main institutions generally follow the ranking of:
Party Secretary
Chief of Government (Governor, usually a Deputy Secretary)
Chairman of the People's Congress
Chairman of the regional People's Political Consultative Conference
Provincial party standing committees are powerful bodies whose membership is vetted directly by the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party based on the nomenklatura system. The members of these bodies are generally ranked by date of accession to sub-provincial rank, although in practice there appears to be some variation to this rule.
See also
Politics of China
Generations of Chinese leadership
List of political parties in China#Institutional minor parties. There is an order of precedence among the eight institutional minor parties.
Notes
References
Politics of China
Orders of precedence | [
-0.2616012692451477,
0.5163348913192749,
-0.4666408598423004,
-0.5257381200790405,
-0.4895797371864319,
0.18834277987480164,
-0.027901995927095413,
0.3732123076915741,
-0.4708842635154724,
-0.3180002272129059,
-0.5476870536804199,
-0.09408842027187347,
-0.14439070224761963,
-0.056079111993312836,
-0.5835751891136169,
0.2583732604980469,
0.8257724046707153,
0.9766908884048462,
-0.26338645815849304,
-0.3276933431625366,
0.046652212738990784,
-0.22145581245422363,
-0.18726575374603271,
-0.04029087722301483,
0.06775610893964767,
-0.12841804325580597,
0.46204227209091187,
0.16220444440841675,
-0.12838169932365417,
-0.14804619550704956,
-0.3850557208061218,
0.2607523500919342,
0.2657310366630554,
0.5958284139633179,
-0.5530334711074829,
-0.127887561917305,
0.5331992506980896,
-0.28513243794441223,
-0.06737575680017471,
0.039265941828489304,
-0.13571664690971375,
-0.656112015247345,
0.1516297310590744,
0.4274212718009949,
0.26174795627593994,
-0.9019696116447449,
-1.5044491291046143,
0.3703276813030243,
-0.6919196248054504,
-0.23309101164340973,
-0.6972622275352478,
0.6065068244934082,
0.058621056377887726,
0.558814525604248,
0.11811207234859467,
-0.07465064525604248,
-0.7158308625221252,
0.023312373086810112,
-0.23594453930854797,
-0.27180129289627075,
0.32079702615737915,
0.24361088871955872,
0.6812629699707031,
-0.2043999880552292,
0.4542537331581116,
-0.3921787738800049,
-0.16815072298049927,
0.7470444440841675,
-0.5840716361999512,
-0.20250189304351807,
-0.11452613025903702,
-0.23558354377746582,
0.45666706562042236,
0.2048812061548233,
-0.8317179083824158,
-0.033698782324790955,
0.05549246072769165,
-0.37735381722450256,
-0.07791659981012344,
-0.49438557028770447,
-0.2937155067920685,
-0.2355290949344635,
0.12053149193525314,
0.4619952440261841,
-0.42280760407447815,
0.4975508153438568,
-0.36059120297431946,
-0.4133535325527191,
-0.028980866074562073,
0.7526375651359558,
-0.4237903356552124,
0.3008841872215271,
0.6577249765396118,
0.234751358628273,
-0.8345763087272644,
-0.0006720245000906289,
-0.11088672280311584,
0.40857794880867004,
-0.15032899379730225,
-0.06280778348445892,
0.11512038111686707,
0.6234945058822632,
1.0076113939285278,
-0.4326675832271576,
-0.5225784778594971,
-1.0287522077560425,
-0.16644711792469025,
0.0021376239601522684,
-0.5666555762290955,
-0.5337125062942505,
-1.2123173475265503,
0.05789702758193016,
-0.07008252292871475,
0.2051066905260086,
-0.09896935522556305,
-0.1568790227174759,
-0.2955552339553833,
-0.47315701842308044,
-0.03578612953424454,
-0.34412074089050293,
0.27228933572769165,
0.23762552440166473,
-0.16140085458755493,
0.07850442826747894,
0.3355131149291992,
0.06273766607046127,
0.5084950923919678,
0.6471975445747375,
-0.0429379940032959,
0.3663981258869171,
-0.26440292596817017,
0.14801208674907684,
-0.44610992074012756,
-0.1871996521949768,
-0.2438739836215973,
-0.41324737668037415,
0.3418337106704712,
0.5420527458190918,
0.021038098260760307,
-0.16416490077972412,
-0.9261811971664429,
-0.33960843086242676,
0.17722341418266296,
-0.32184794545173645,
0.3140973746776581,
-0.005480753257870674,
-0.2955325245857239,
-0.8841857314109802,
-0.7234958410263062,
-0.15963181853294373,
-0.06821871548891068,
-0.6192737817764282,
0.2381688952445984,
0.13433153927326202,
-0.0840812548995018,
0.9226017594337463,
0.952711820602417,
-0.5293349623680115,
0.2541411817073822,
0.04077708348631859,
0.2985868752002716,
-0.3581012189388275,
-0.2515566647052765,
-0.044966522604227066,
0.7701038718223572,
0.02434123307466507,
0.33686524629592896,
1.012208342552185,
-0.4339880645275116,
-0.07290201634168625,
-0.8548401594161987,
0.2990652620792389,
0.11110691726207733,
-0.16606879234313965,
-0.03329331427812576,
0.2811066210269928,
-0.45749562978744507,
0.0610448457300663,
0.37943562865257263,
-0.06263300031423569,
-0.7490718960762024,
0.3749794065952301,
0.3358166515827179,
0.10038309544324875,
0.5557252764701843,
0.1576695740222931,
-0.17517797648906708,
0.14952950179576874,
-0.20682629942893982,
-0.18872565031051636,
-0.465908944606781,
-0.15677569806575775,
0.39667388796806335,
0.011817204765975475,
0.2996406853199005,
-0.18278582394123077,
0.20616307854652405,
1.0210341215133667,
-0.18940134346485138,
0.46631383895874023,
-0.022610623389482498,
-0.3153298795223236,
0.33295106887817383,
-0.24898268282413483,
0.1620580106973648,
0.5494000911712646,
0.10780076682567596,
0.272015243768692,
0.1406501680612564,
0.0908389538526535,
0.06361914426088333,
-0.649095356464386,
0.33420562744140625,
0.14628909528255463,
0.05346154049038887,
0.0012265999102964997,
-0.7422022819519043,
-0.25649720430374146,
-0.5161024928092957,
-0.44525763392448425,
0.7099648118019104,
-0.1335616111755371,
-0.0285983607172966,
1.4338935613632202,
-0.5560957193374634,
0.5995976328849792,
0.24390435218811035,
0.9354674816131592,
-0.3461135923862457,
-0.1829315721988678,
0.23567458987236023,
-0.42079001665115356,
0.6432644724845886,
-0.14472085237503052,
-0.641471803188324,
-0.6353108286857605,
-0.15178638696670532,
-0.09341347962617874,
0.40949171781539917,
-0.5765596628189087,
0.5087224841117859,
0.2104995995759964,
-0.04907085373997688,
0.16765156388282776,
0.0925801619887352,
-0.07608625292778015,
-0.6141864657402039,
0.5542502999305725,
-0.0700007900595665,
-0.45808500051498413,
0.76583331823349,
-0.1314268708229065,
0.7437346577644348,
-0.7510883212089539,
0.12689237296581268,
-0.7270813584327698,
0.43958091735839844,
0.12903659045696259,
0.08081754297018051,
-0.09336864948272705,
0.4944135248661041,
-0.08309610188007355,
-0.38885828852653503,
0.21446549892425537,
-0.3544141948223114,
-0.08839505910873413,
0.11244399845600128,
-0.1877838522195816,
0.8374651670455933,
0.3236824572086334,
0.13935784995555878,
-0.14992262423038483,
-0.19999541342258453,
-0.5444676876068115,
-0.29153087735176086,
-1.169646978378296,
-0.1543145626783371,
0.3488939702510834,
-0.8501448631286621,
-1.091690182685852,
-0.31616905331611633,
0.6019803285598755,
0.5586491227149963,
-0.1632152497768402,
-0.4258347451686859,
-0.3458911180496216,
-0.02264738827943802,
-0.05856435373425484,
0.23877885937690735,
0.2559264898300171,
-0.008962014690041542,
0.48946142196655273,
0.4182557463645935,
-0.07605529576539993,
0.16010195016860962,
0.5595338940620422,
-0.053751979023218155,
0.05383450537919998,
0.31309354305267334,
-0.3422783315181732,
-0.6506853699684143,
-0.03818727284669876,
0.4096926748752594,
-0.09517780691385269,
-0.15190140902996063,
0.4247729778289795,
-0.16905303299427032,
0.6706097722053528,
-5.450966835021973,
-0.24665476381778717,
0.0801808163523674,
-0.24727162718772888,
-0.4165385663509369,
0.20469193160533905,
0.5146836042404175,
-0.3151519000530243,
-0.04782401770353317,
0.12576140463352203,
0.04452310502529144,
-0.006453666836023331,
0.44036656618118286,
0.6613845229148865,
0.38036176562309265,
0.7165477871894836,
0.31283584237098694,
-0.2754393517971039,
0.7496902942657471,
0.2271137535572052,
0.08435970544815063,
-0.31454136967658997,
0.21311788260936737,
0.5947784185409546,
0.10390912741422653,
0.2939057946205139,
-0.029536016285419464,
0.1965029090642929,
-0.29470551013946533,
-0.5075075626373291,
0.12159688025712967,
-0.09116097539663315,
-0.24402518570423126,
0.3674876391887665,
-0.2343999743461609,
-0.4246961772441864,
0.443053275346756,
0.4128141403198242,
0.0719805583357811,
0.11701115220785141,
-0.10103115439414978,
0.30867400765419006,
-0.053296562284231186,
0.5879719853401184,
0.20109756290912628,
-0.19063983857631683,
-0.3810907304286957,
-0.0803208276629448,
-0.15264995396137238,
0.3784109354019165,
-0.16533803939819336,
0.25631028413772583,
0.718376100063324,
-0.3060021996498108,
-0.2343655675649643,
0.294129878282547,
0.38507917523384094,
0.01968696340918541,
-0.5048916935920715,
-0.062016163021326065,
0.21414370834827423,
-0.5295611023902893,
-0.10677240043878555,
-0.30840063095092773,
-0.072841115295887,
-0.19702647626399994,
-0.6394058465957642,
0.070783831179142,
-0.2265137881040573,
0.597873330116272,
0.04426746070384979,
0.17650581896305084,
-0.15148407220840454,
-1.1484326124191284,
0.5949398279190063,
-0.6124119758605957,
0.31751683354377747,
0.7556115984916687,
0.3537162244319916,
0.09847517311573029,
-0.3650406301021576,
0.19495165348052979,
0.22545871138572693,
0.386138379573822,
-0.001025285106152296,
-0.1709388941526413,
0.4888180196285248,
0.4449445605278015,
-0.03808989003300667,
0.41613173484802246,
0.4817560315132141,
-0.5566295385360718,
0.3518267273902893,
0.6272196769714355,
0.03198307752609253,
0.453399121761322,
0.3972494900226593,
-0.3585653007030487,
0.4226522445678711,
-0.8272285461425781,
0.5390539169311523,
-0.2544974982738495,
-0.34551292657852173,
-0.5223511457443237,
-0.45753347873687744,
-0.2897009253501892,
0.3961818516254425,
0.6930441856384277,
0.8038944602012634,
-0.524726152420044,
0.14388996362686157,
0.1331683248281479,
0.18574820458889008,
-1.0477054119110107,
0.7993582487106323,
0.046475350856781006,
0.10442644357681274,
0.17593707144260406,
-0.10665279626846313,
0.37827247381210327,
0.013549111783504486,
0.4549882411956787,
-0.7518237829208374,
0.21667058765888214,
-0.18809957802295685,
-0.22501437366008759,
0.04309169575572014,
0.058777738362550735,
-0.18483948707580566,
-0.6204400062561035,
0.7072750329971313,
-0.1723547726869583,
-0.037859153002500534,
0.4501798748970032,
0.20274068415164948,
-0.4576829671859741,
-0.43985942006111145,
-0.11479676514863968,
0.07107333838939667,
-0.09292533248662949,
-0.12434474378824234,
0.24948222935199738,
-0.679928719997406,
0.36413970589637756,
0.3293745815753937,
0.20534028112888336,
-0.23610378801822662,
0.3441529870033264,
-0.4755589962005615,
1.2281723022460938,
0.0076509928330779076,
-0.7974262237548828,
-0.11616000533103943,
-0.3201856315135956,
-0.19959311187267303,
-0.07801524549722672,
-0.5468812584877014,
0.0013587906723842025,
-0.4534485936164856,
-0.21305766701698303,
0.27786141633987427,
-0.7014775276184082,
-0.5628650784492493,
0.14847888052463531,
-0.2407081425189972,
-0.6993451118469238,
-0.1032462790608406,
0.030310360714793205,
-0.19035673141479492,
0.4151187837123871,
-0.007441514637321234,
-0.07921171933412552,
-0.48112767934799194,
0.12278260290622711,
0.7376673817634583,
-0.08363616466522217,
0.38354599475860596,
0.8616390824317932,
-0.05870890989899635,
-0.07897848635911942,
-0.6404796242713928,
0.15560154616832733,
-0.285163551568985,
0.5711358189582825,
-0.06436564028263092,
0.4197387397289276,
0.04019434005022049,
0.2129410207271576,
-0.15821783244609833,
-0.07729919254779816,
-0.1133752092719078,
-0.3126579523086548,
-0.32852187752723694,
-0.014047359116375446,
-0.7855744361877441,
0.0797726958990097,
0.052926287055015564,
-0.5380423665046692,
-0.3784175217151642,
-0.21647880971431732,
0.2987668514251709,
0.6252574324607849,
0.08344493061304092,
-0.32895514369010925,
0.5563738346099854,
-0.4291195869445801,
0.5887519121170044,
0.4175960421562195,
-0.01367314625531435,
-0.035071197897195816,
-0.14858807623386383,
-1.298877477645874,
-0.4354170858860016,
-0.15814048051834106,
-0.49652010202407837,
-0.1556563675403595,
0.3740280866622925,
-0.5559442043304443,
-0.07890328019857407,
-0.46466967463493347,
-0.08504913747310638,
-0.1790446937084198,
-0.35219812393188477,
-0.15162444114685059,
0.06096332147717476,
-0.09035010635852814,
-0.013336584903299809,
-0.7099701762199402,
0.552856981754303,
-0.28744861483573914,
-0.36649343371391296,
0.373576283454895,
0.24416445195674896,
-0.08898868411779404,
-0.4380444288253784,
-0.5335151553153992,
-0.1793912649154663,
0.053049035370349884,
-0.22253581881523132,
0.7493895292282104,
0.07594729959964752,
1.2562192678451538,
0.006447043735533953,
-1.0204037427902222,
-0.09003179520368576,
0.7569165825843811,
0.5760454535484314,
-0.29465416073799133,
-0.07332125306129456,
0.2955763638019562,
0.7865399718284607,
-0.23068583011627197,
-0.8285696506500244,
-0.44850414991378784,
-0.06485802680253983,
-0.6203059554100037,
-0.2897518277168274,
0.14273729920387268,
0.0729687511920929,
0.47756046056747437,
-0.34590163826942444,
-0.14588749408721924,
0.47794222831726074,
-0.09564589709043503,
0.03845037892460823,
0.5656964778900146,
-0.33209237456321716,
0.11660472303628922,
0.03130633011460304,
0.12559159100055695,
-0.10253176838159561,
-0.8839287757873535,
0.0664268508553505,
0.30211517214775085,
-0.2421903908252716,
-0.17278489470481873,
-0.013102935627102852,
0.2749682366847992,
-0.3325921297073364,
0.018316995352506638,
-0.47854670882225037,
-0.47297927737236023,
0.5042708516120911,
-0.46508973836898804,
0.3054370582103729,
-0.7584543824195862,
0.5810710787773132,
0.12256816774606705,
-0.33202651143074036,
0.1464044153690338,
-0.6320583820343018,
-0.05711989477276802,
-0.2650592625141144,
0.49818965792655945,
-0.38250160217285156,
0.18818189203739166,
0.7296934127807617,
0.3583073019981384,
-0.13519345223903656,
0.03258686512708664,
0.11785005033016205,
0.32985931634902954,
0.12860722839832306,
0.07896879315376282,
0.036465834826231,
0.3274334669113159,
-0.1984802782535553,
-0.9059569835662842,
-0.11041662842035294,
0.38593006134033203,
0.13953925669193268,
-0.3775697350502014,
0.8458117246627808,
0.36920279264450073,
-0.45266714692115784,
0.4932180941104889,
0.060594342648983,
-0.23461587727069855,
0.22431322932243347,
-0.02696303091943264,
-0.009644781239330769,
-0.4093073308467865,
-0.023678191006183624,
0.6408405303955078,
0.028347183018922806,
0.6584597826004028,
-0.3089889585971832,
-0.6234232783317566,
0.4800757169723511,
0.02308637462556362,
0.4597828686237335,
1.4223734140396118,
-0.3236357271671295,
0.0620330348610878,
-0.40332305431365967,
-1.0162160396575928,
-0.09195198863744736,
-0.9631154537200928,
0.4364556074142456,
0.16107775270938873,
-0.0018649123376235366,
0.3518683910369873,
-0.24226979911327362,
0.06766675412654877,
0.1362721174955368,
0.5444850921630859,
-0.3113762140274048,
0.3685010075569153,
-0.34610167145729065,
-0.22832967340946198,
0.15108603239059448,
0.5112776756286621,
0.23765362799167633,
-0.18837273120880127,
0.43407416343688965,
0.26997125148773193,
-0.2454986572265625,
0.2879106402397156,
0.18395088613033295,
-0.09861545264720917,
-0.019729699939489365,
0.35010433197021484,
-0.028520828112959862,
0.2704927623271942,
0.07202860713005066,
0.5180672407150269,
-0.07973554730415344,
-0.014488695189356804,
-0.6193526387214661,
0.21736830472946167,
0.17678986489772797,
-0.07026077061891556,
0.02937498316168785,
-0.08333606272935867,
-0.17882025241851807,
-0.2879416346549988,
0.6311593651771545,
0.058468159288167953,
0.13390196859836578,
0.20799168944358826,
0.07689213752746582,
-0.09742788225412369,
-0.10875048488378525,
-1.3750356435775757,
-0.23180177807807922,
0.46703845262527466,
-0.6670222282409668,
0.22940237820148468,
-0.021512523293495178,
0.9337825179100037,
0.09711085259914398,
-0.026331176981329918,
-0.06409990787506104,
-0.25713855028152466,
0.3181826174259186,
0.2827673554420471,
-0.6105688810348511,
0.9498323202133179,
0.4424702227115631,
0.008375846780836582,
-0.10912472754716873,
0.45995470881462097,
-0.16801930963993073,
0.538526713848114,
0.01526863407343626,
0.2988685369491577,
-0.5566291213035583,
-0.28720730543136597,
-0.32532691955566406,
0.3376627266407013,
-0.07525724917650223,
-0.39117926359176636,
-0.12626934051513672,
1.1693872213363647,
-0.26457294821739197,
0.33758822083473206,
0.45836910605430603,
-0.49631863832473755,
0.5018553137779236,
-0.5893028378486633,
-0.7204095721244812,
-0.3821682035923004,
0.5398291349411011,
0.9160200357437134,
0.037069812417030334,
0.2062242329120636,
0.35348471999168396,
0.151038259267807,
-0.7871426343917847,
0.7220852971076965,
-0.7594130635261536,
-0.06262408941984177,
-0.6587750911712646,
-0.4677406847476959,
0.08131469041109085,
0.10653461515903473,
0.7720369100570679,
1.0318187475204468,
0.47716212272644043,
-0.034282755106687546,
-0.2114989459514618,
0.23756331205368042,
0.06362354010343552,
0.4081161618232727,
-0.4660581350326538,
0.12352651357650757,
-0.4889448583126068,
0.16317890584468842,
-0.6346936821937561,
0.18930724263191223,
-0.0778535008430481,
0.2024410516023636,
0.9536879658699036,
-0.7642361521720886,
-0.08987405151128769,
-0.3676890730857849,
0.330078661441803,
-0.06846249848604202,
0.5106706619262695,
-0.12299279868602753
] |
256829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis%20Debierne | André-Louis Debierne | André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist. He is often considered the discoverer of the element actinium, though H. W. Kirby disputes this and awards credit instead to German chemist Friedrich Oskar Giesel.
Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated.
After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie Curie carry on and worked with her in teaching and research.
In 1910, he and Marie Curie prepared radium in metallic form in visible amounts. They did not keep it metallic, however. Having demonstrated the metal's existence as a matter of scientific curiosity, they reconverted it into compounds with which they might continue their researches.
References
External links
Biographical information
20th-century French chemists
1874 births
1949 deaths
Discoverers of chemical elements
Actinium
ESPCI Paris alumni
19th-century French chemists | [
-0.12327322363853455,
0.6142124533653259,
-1.1714227199554443,
-0.36405885219573975,
-0.12476079910993576,
0.695273756980896,
0.5855015516281128,
-0.26658087968826294,
-0.05343586206436157,
-0.438994437456131,
-0.37110236287117004,
0.5924481153488159,
0.050932832062244415,
0.473238468170166,
0.5656302571296692,
0.4292089343070984,
-0.16520611941814423,
-0.11308132112026215,
0.121636763215065,
0.07164796441793442,
-0.15627048909664154,
-0.21462176740169525,
0.21079829335212708,
0.0426577590405941,
-0.2323654741048813,
0.14111965894699097,
0.15418356657028198,
0.21279838681221008,
0.5836992263793945,
0.07430785149335861,
-0.007993686012923717,
0.7832114696502686,
0.3172244131565094,
-0.1598331481218338,
-0.15066713094711304,
0.5362078547477722,
-0.5479499101638794,
-0.08356854319572449,
0.08858280628919601,
0.22671940922737122,
-0.20629483461380005,
0.4825756847858429,
-0.10336178541183472,
0.07832935452461243,
-0.3799278736114502,
-0.3188161849975586,
-1.8592627048492432,
0.41112807393074036,
-0.6684306263923645,
-0.6167969107627869,
0.3739597201347351,
0.041821349412202835,
0.7295324802398682,
0.41622698307037354,
-0.2250877469778061,
0.20972491800785065,
-0.943611204624176,
0.1577218621969223,
0.0832751989364624,
-0.10217108577489853,
0.25890251994132996,
0.009713067673146725,
0.2700662910938263,
0.14550897479057312,
0.4360212981700897,
0.4362034797668457,
-0.0772794559597969,
-0.02261711284518242,
0.03440220281481743,
0.5395988821983337,
0.07915422320365906,
0.4438333511352539,
0.556023120880127,
0.14766478538513184,
0.2954273819923401,
-0.2757543921470642,
0.06363596022129059,
-0.0062094153836369514,
-0.23714759945869446,
0.5032482147216797,
-0.08852728456258774,
-0.21073293685913086,
0.5091654658317566,
0.15241661667823792,
-0.15862274169921875,
0.107180655002594,
-0.3698768615722656,
0.4894576966762543,
-0.9516578316688538,
0.20568300783634186,
-0.408114492893219,
-0.41932204365730286,
0.11876480281352997,
-0.41736900806427,
-0.09530725330114365,
0.3548576831817627,
0.29742830991744995,
0.3197118937969208,
-0.478048712015152,
0.33015161752700806,
-0.28950822353363037,
-0.008376670069992542,
0.09721463173627853,
0.06215599924325943,
0.06584274768829346,
-0.38252970576286316,
-0.44333362579345703,
-0.8046037554740906,
-0.35836589336395264,
-0.7550436854362488,
-0.5883645415306091,
0.42121240496635437,
-0.8164710998535156,
-0.08059567213058472,
0.07702922075986862,
0.41903164982795715,
0.03490830957889557,
-0.5071937441825867,
-0.45583489537239075,
-0.07461829483509064,
-0.3127928376197815,
0.2877226769924164,
-0.044848766177892685,
-0.024487508460879326,
-0.7643788456916809,
0.28220441937446594,
0.16574209928512573,
0.2579036355018616,
-0.20960484445095062,
0.39382457733154297,
0.6168960332870483,
0.8751518726348877,
-0.1754470318555832,
-0.3980734050273895,
-0.46049174666404724,
-0.30966848134994507,
0.20823749899864197,
0.28626424074172974,
-0.284425288438797,
0.4105529487133026,
-0.512701153755188,
0.4640136659145355,
-1.1432487964630127,
0.3545645475387573,
0.08220034837722778,
0.24606545269489288,
0.19167619943618774,
0.012338419444859028,
0.37813329696655273,
0.14208462834358215,
-0.4470275044441223,
-0.021302303299307823,
-0.2879429757595062,
-0.1967536062002182,
-0.44261494278907776,
0.6674597859382629,
0.21166948974132538,
0.5950543284416199,
0.21685069799423218,
-0.041618846356868744,
0.2425207793712616,
0.03435036540031433,
-0.10075590014457703,
0.5848622918128967,
0.7504874467849731,
-0.417481005191803,
-0.011202102527022362,
0.1397067755460739,
0.04797698184847832,
0.3579087555408478,
-0.4115847647190094,
-0.5425563454627991,
-0.012484640814363956,
-0.49230432510375977,
0.13816680014133453,
0.3609507083892822,
0.10050249844789505,
0.42190805077552795,
0.362781286239624,
-0.12446528673171997,
-0.49260014295578003,
-0.2777520716190338,
-0.19327683746814728,
0.15777809917926788,
0.30260634422302246,
0.07757272571325302,
0.9802863597869873,
-0.4992561936378479,
0.5505512356758118,
-0.22596675157546997,
-0.524925172328949,
-0.3520375192165375,
0.20491886138916016,
-0.2549271583557129,
0.9089323878288269,
0.3824161887168884,
-0.24482059478759766,
0.9267001152038574,
0.08583029359579086,
0.039427801966667175,
-0.8386827111244202,
0.08926305174827576,
-0.046196289360523224,
0.02632252685725689,
-0.2777922451496124,
1.5570167303085327,
0.4147563874721527,
-0.44789919257164,
0.2368365377187729,
0.9507394433021545,
0.7486565709114075,
-0.4782985746860504,
0.4211423397064209,
0.11345013231039047,
-0.4613509178161621,
-0.322616308927536,
-0.38039588928222656,
0.10484594106674194,
0.28899598121643066,
0.1479581743478775,
0.20861323177814484,
0.46947458386421204,
-0.0674489364027977,
1.0704714059829712,
0.3456822335720062,
0.8538914918899536,
0.5036281943321228,
0.3239612281322479,
0.09443897008895874,
-0.4739966094493866,
0.25288811326026917,
-0.0011686582583934069,
0.1439087837934494,
-0.38599133491516113,
0.3067115843296051,
0.13117176294326782,
-0.3086376190185547,
-0.41783300042152405,
-0.20436261594295502,
-0.4228028357028961,
0.36753329634666443,
0.7146422863006592,
0.05254976451396942,
0.40684786438941956,
0.08559022843837738,
0.3408559262752533,
-0.20321181416511536,
0.4253218472003937,
0.031055953353643417,
0.07880090922117233,
0.1357468217611313,
0.6002864241600037,
-0.0950690284371376,
-0.19571532309055328,
-0.05599069222807884,
-0.5593253374099731,
0.09958256781101227,
0.6799355745315552,
0.696463942527771,
0.2522321939468384,
0.5074691772460938,
-0.46534430980682373,
0.08016671240329742,
0.20624183118343353,
-0.17317244410514832,
-0.35860583186149597,
-0.3342360854148865,
-0.48253974318504333,
0.23174071311950684,
-0.08947834372520447,
0.041465066373348236,
-0.14843671023845673,
0.12311374396085739,
-1.1218112707138062,
-0.3197902739048004,
-0.07785342633724213,
-0.5915108919143677,
0.5132249593734741,
-0.477506548166275,
0.06017756089568138,
0.36713144183158875,
0.8267446160316467,
-0.4810236692428589,
0.3601883053779602,
-0.06080169975757599,
0.16659142076969147,
0.021548977121710777,
-0.46975651383399963,
0.504275381565094,
-0.08932450413703918,
-0.5810958743095398,
0.6105501651763916,
-0.7246314287185669,
-0.4616013169288635,
-0.2780057489871979,
0.0710860937833786,
-0.809177815914154,
-0.7838588953018188,
0.3440439701080322,
-0.14047905802726746,
-0.6508857011795044,
0.3651714026927948,
-0.15693877637386322,
0.29683127999305725,
0.49006614089012146,
0.10207008570432663,
0.09513149410486221,
0.21030403673648834,
-5.366709232330322,
-0.07275741547346115,
0.41097185015678406,
0.23984937369823456,
0.1679723709821701,
0.2797788977622986,
0.3944673240184784,
-0.032208964228630066,
-0.2525881230831146,
-0.09620143473148346,
-0.21530567109584808,
-0.1241016834974289,
-0.08606688678264618,
0.5553966760635376,
0.44739148020744324,
0.49463221430778503,
0.6537374258041382,
-0.17474015057086945,
0.6231682300567627,
0.4178990125656128,
0.10674934834241867,
0.2651084065437317,
-0.30813872814178467,
0.3582325577735901,
-0.2494593858718872,
-0.4022124409675598,
0.0316106416285038,
0.34506934881210327,
-1.213417887687683,
-0.41865482926368713,
0.19129140675067902,
0.14705349504947662,
-0.06714979559183121,
0.04247353598475456,
0.18655002117156982,
-0.4233240485191345,
0.1683739423751831,
0.4629155695438385,
-0.1303016096353531,
0.0712958425283432,
-0.21482598781585693,
0.22590799629688263,
-0.10741372406482697,
0.588124692440033,
-0.09322681277990341,
-0.30265548825263977,
-0.4595595896244049,
0.26391005516052246,
-0.01688491925597191,
0.6045829653739929,
0.15346278250217438,
-0.0526738204061985,
0.5174728035926819,
-0.06977749615907669,
0.2631823420524597,
-0.1297997236251831,
0.04064583033323288,
-0.06148038059473038,
-0.7347557544708252,
0.052025116980075836,
0.27934005856513977,
-0.39366504549980164,
0.1289961189031601,
-0.15702064335346222,
0.03582148253917694,
-0.18680338561534882,
-0.015369398519396782,
-0.6357626914978027,
-0.18993374705314636,
-0.27662017941474915,
-0.47206220030784607,
1.0946165323257446,
-0.4453043043613434,
-1.0490057468414307,
-0.7759316563606262,
-0.1267133504152298,
-0.312550812959671,
-0.565301775932312,
-0.31037336587905884,
0.26663658022880554,
-0.11876019090414047,
-0.30910342931747437,
-0.18125596642494202,
0.95268714427948,
0.9390153288841248,
0.34050247073173523,
-0.16373905539512634,
0.4092676639556885,
-0.62824547290802,
-0.22971999645233154,
-0.031191809102892876,
0.0909942165017128,
0.4329048693180084,
-0.0020809052512049675,
-0.074580617249012,
-0.05660315975546837,
-0.1682225912809372,
-0.0588887520134449,
0.3539574146270752,
0.269390344619751,
-0.5446732044219971,
-0.10421708971261978,
-0.1202690452337265,
-0.38703009486198425,
0.3027878701686859,
-0.27616384625434875,
-0.017169978469610214,
-0.20072123408317566,
0.5103244781494141,
0.5178768634796143,
-0.21610410511493683,
0.782767653465271,
-0.24931399524211884,
0.4278007447719574,
0.9602937698364258,
-0.22950364649295807,
-0.13029420375823975,
-0.19278287887573242,
0.05494140833616257,
0.11549878120422363,
-0.1585247963666916,
0.34912994503974915,
-0.037489574402570724,
-0.04600878804922104,
1.3193598985671997,
-0.36731141805648804,
0.25637587904930115,
-0.2737964689731598,
-0.6632074117660522,
0.029481986537575722,
-0.4916944205760956,
0.9578419923782349,
-0.21786823868751526,
0.0924631878733635,
0.35099685192108154,
-0.595818817615509,
-0.6404324173927307,
-0.01967090182006359,
0.06532713025808334,
-0.22643274068832397,
0.4804094135761261,
-0.08196086436510086,
0.16278040409088135,
-0.024424007162451744,
0.36606618762016296,
0.2565993368625641,
0.556860089302063,
0.05921360105276108,
-0.04162979498505592,
0.5007920265197754,
0.13725897669792175,
-0.19331222772598267,
0.2897939085960388,
-0.033927951008081436,
-0.3910045027732849,
0.3927222788333893,
-0.28378283977508545,
0.3004106879234314,
0.33100542426109314,
-0.09309017658233643,
-0.15573851764202118,
-0.15825632214546204,
-1.379815697669983,
0.14796118438243866,
0.2647757828235626,
0.21859747171401978,
-0.3755456507205963,
0.04039561748504639,
-0.6505081057548523,
0.43739181756973267,
-0.47197598218917847,
-0.7708627581596375,
-0.3171904981136322,
-0.39782461524009705,
-0.35258251428604126,
0.34448209404945374,
0.5155971050262451,
0.04445986449718475,
-0.04472842812538147,
-0.5370740294456482,
0.5211727023124695,
0.12133908271789551,
-0.7023188471794128,
0.4860212206840515,
0.4277816414833069,
-0.2433231770992279,
-0.40040281414985657,
-0.3533511161804199,
-0.19257281720638275,
-0.417551189661026,
0.5221105813980103,
-0.3242514431476593,
0.16784727573394775,
0.38747692108154297,
0.011794835329055786,
-0.6984283924102783,
-0.24013333022594452,
-0.07187779992818832,
-0.1771038919687271,
-0.5583578944206238,
-0.04854227602481842,
0.20025025308132172,
0.08075037598609924,
0.22732356190681458,
0.25055986642837524,
-1.285465955734253,
-0.21852026879787445,
0.7336318492889404,
-0.56759113073349,
0.5465911626815796,
-0.6348870992660522,
-0.8304952383041382,
0.13156749308109283,
0.6165049076080322,
-0.633760929107666,
0.21413706243038177,
0.5330916047096252,
0.4090321660041809,
-0.6958413124084473,
-0.4703825116157532,
-0.28159740567207336,
-0.17099697887897491,
0.24367888271808624,
-0.46705830097198486,
-0.5171384215354919,
0.06094943732023239,
0.6246399879455566,
0.3970543444156647,
0.5847548842430115,
0.09436621516942978,
-0.5598537921905518,
-0.10797634720802307,
-0.15010467171669006,
-0.39536529779434204,
-0.4996784031391144,
-0.4669506549835205,
0.497116357088089,
0.49153366684913635,
-0.4314672648906708,
-0.5157164931297302,
0.020429452881217003,
0.465480238199234,
0.33974865078926086,
-0.11201944202184677,
-0.11720163375139236,
0.1745230257511139,
0.7672367095947266,
-0.16608674824237823,
0.044139210134744644,
0.19100934267044067,
-0.6502043008804321,
0.23700685799121857,
-0.8748385906219482,
-0.6743346452713013,
0.5867412090301514,
0.14775733649730682,
-0.19730153679847717,
0.14674824476242065,
0.4102587103843689,
0.4721537232398987,
-0.306668758392334,
0.3814413845539093,
0.05747333914041519,
-0.1983400583267212,
0.31363585591316223,
0.23329105973243713,
-0.20976027846336365,
-0.2751045525074005,
0.41467198729515076,
-0.24218112230300903,
0.1318594366312027,
-0.4807504713535309,
-0.811162531375885,
0.8942837715148926,
-0.21193955838680267,
0.5435504913330078,
0.21424494683742523,
-0.5832833647727966,
-0.017662616446614265,
-0.5213781595230103,
-0.3060409128665924,
0.08751160651445389,
0.5185688734054565,
0.06333089619874954,
-0.1478843092918396,
-0.35208994150161743,
-0.5555694103240967,
-0.16115005314350128,
-0.2190365046262741,
0.14293420314788818,
-0.6223849058151245,
0.15445993840694427,
0.11513681709766388,
-0.202300563454628,
-0.2403210997581482,
0.4715912342071533,
-0.6679864525794983,
0.9667696356773376,
-0.16682247817516327,
-0.2433367818593979,
-0.3054479956626892,
0.37807661294937134,
0.9064719676971436,
-0.23358558118343353,
0.6433244943618774,
0.3890169858932495,
0.28480711579322815,
0.044217195361852646,
-0.05528462305665016,
0.13156603276729584,
0.7458856701850891,
0.020408470183610916,
-0.4616766571998596,
0.1808428019285202,
-0.7229204177856445,
0.013315479271113873,
0.24706734716892242,
-0.7583733797073364,
-0.5514934062957764,
0.16481426358222961,
0.08754780143499374,
-0.32930058240890503,
0.34856054186820984,
-0.6887212991714478,
0.18366463482379913,
0.8599374890327454,
0.5247712731361389,
-0.22302068769931793,
-0.5401933789253235,
-0.20325054228305817,
0.4013242721557617,
0.02157307043671608,
-0.119258351624012,
0.2778168022632599,
-0.016476266086101532,
0.2531214952468872,
-0.32795655727386475,
-0.7310343384742737,
-0.11545781791210175,
-0.06448111683130264,
0.016302665695548058,
1.2997857332229614,
-0.43495139479637146,
-0.11661270260810852,
0.0897870808839798,
0.08631863445043564,
-0.2413768619298935,
0.2910366356372833,
-0.10333123058080673,
-0.30742132663726807,
0.31168439984321594,
-0.16379433870315552,
0.048418838530778885,
-0.11960011720657349,
-0.215668722987175,
0.013501613400876522,
0.47242653369903564,
-0.4026690721511841,
0.1354740709066391,
-0.15362457931041718,
-0.2794897258281708,
-0.24630852043628693,
0.937705934047699,
0.3013407588005066,
-0.022397220134735107,
0.01910882256925106,
-0.1499766856431961,
-0.5842728018760681,
0.21314051747322083,
0.02635635994374752,
-0.23911350965499878,
-0.5897814631462097,
-0.32539093494415283,
0.3411395251750946,
0.40550801157951355,
-0.28609415888786316,
0.5606878399848938,
-0.2594575583934784,
-0.4841376841068268,
-0.043622616678476334,
-0.16788603365421295,
0.24590809643268585,
-0.5702816843986511,
-0.045241422951221466,
0.1572120040655136,
0.31922292709350586,
-0.5126957893371582,
0.09297593683004379,
0.26668983697891235,
-0.15586638450622559,
0.6229992508888245,
-0.5552476048469543,
-0.14577354490756989,
0.07963792979717255,
-0.5818271040916443,
0.1633346974849701,
-0.10298450291156769,
0.6329917311668396,
0.379422128200531,
-0.7592775225639343,
0.054910704493522644,
0.46665406227111816,
-0.1902720183134079,
-0.19959737360477448,
0.16933301091194153,
0.22716908156871796,
-0.26892951130867004,
0.5759125351905823,
-0.9304057359695435,
0.8675105571746826,
-0.026033390313386917,
-0.10380847752094269,
-0.6899750232696533,
0.15164154767990112,
-0.09587293863296509,
-0.49199676513671875,
0.060609642416238785,
-0.13944615423679352,
-0.133928120136261,
0.3247784972190857,
0.5612229704856873,
-0.5753942728042603,
-0.07625345885753632,
-0.012453960254788399,
-0.2680703103542328,
-0.2645774185657501,
0.05026628449559212,
-0.35724836587905884,
0.5254148840904236,
-0.2048332393169403,
0.24808306992053986,
0.3246670067310333,
-0.8548539280891418,
-0.05171004310250282,
-0.4387102723121643,
-0.6762856245040894,
0.48599323630332947,
0.6082187294960022,
0.0007519579958170652,
-0.19659337401390076,
0.3551912009716034,
0.26620450615882874,
-0.010796674527227879,
-0.036626141518354416,
-2.2817745208740234,
-0.01477103866636753,
-0.3797861635684967,
-0.36865928769111633,
0.4410526156425476,
-0.02077937312424183,
0.01607823185622692,
-0.02199617587029934,
0.2688027024269104,
-0.5922735333442688,
0.21259705722332,
-0.2327376753091812,
0.09016178548336029,
-0.3185189962387085,
0.6470015048980713,
-0.15114589035511017
] |
256830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Thumb | Tom Thumb | Tom Thumb () is a character of English folklore. The History of Tom Thumb was published in 1621 and was the first fairy tale printed in English. Tom is no bigger than his father's thumb, and his adventures include being swallowed by a cow, tangling with giants, and becoming a favourite of King Arthur. The earliest allusions to Tom occur in various 16th-century works such as Reginald Scot's Discovery of Witchcraft (1584), where Tom is cited as one of the supernatural folk employed by servant maids to frighten children. Tattershall in Lincolnshire, England, reputedly has the home and grave of Tom Thumb.
Aside from his own tales, Tom figures in Henry Fielding's 1730 play Tom Thumb, a companion piece to his The Author's Farce. It was expanded into a single 1731 piece titled The Tragedy of Tragedies, or the History of Tom Thumb the Great.
In the mid-18th century, books began to be published specifically for children (some with their authorship attributed to "Tommy Thumb"), and by the mid-19th century, Tom was a fixture of the nursery library. The tale took on moral overtones and some writers, such as Charlotte Mary Yonge, cleansed questionable passages. Dinah Mulock, however, refrained from scrubbing the tale of its vulgarities. Tom Thumb's story has been adapted into several films.
History
Tom Thumb may have been a real person born around 1519, as there is a grave purporting to be his. It is set into the floor adjacent to the font of the main chapel in Holy Trinity Church at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, UK. The inscription reads: "T. THUMB, Aged 101 Died 1620". The grave measures just 16" (40 cm) in length.
The earliest surviving text is a 40-page booklet printed in London for Thomas Langley in 1621 entitled The History of Tom Thumbe, the Little, for his small stature surnamed, King Arthur's Dwarfe: whose Life and adventures containe many strange and wonderfull accidents, published for the delight of merry Time-spenders. The author is presumed to be Londoner Richard Johnson (1579–1659?) because his initials appear on the last page. The only known copy is in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York.
Tom was already a traditional folk character when the booklet was printed, and it is likely that printed materials circulated prior to Johnson's. It is not known how much Johnson contributed to Tom's character or his adventures. William Fulke referred to Tom in 1579 in Heskins Parleament Repealed, and Thomas Nashe referred to him in 1592 in his prose satire on the vices of the age Pierce Penniless, His Supplication to the Divell. Reginald Scot listed Tom in his Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) as one of the creatures used by servant maids to frighten children, along with witches, dwarfs, elves, fairies, giants, and other supernatural folk.
Tom was mentioned by James Field in Coryat's Crudities (1611): "Tom Thumbe is dumbe, until the pudding creepe, in which he was intomb'd, then out doth peepe." The incident of the pudding was the most popular in connection with the character. It is alluded to in Ben Jonson's masque of the Fortunate Isles: "Thomas Thumb in a pudding fat, with Doctor Rat."
Richard Johnson's History may have been in circulation as early as this date because the title page woodblock in the 1621 edition shows great wear. Johnson himself makes it clear in the preface that Tom was long known by "old and young... Bachelors and Maids... and Shepheard and the young Plow boy".
The tale belongs to the swallow cycle. Tom is swallowed by a cow, a giant, a fish, and by a miller and a salmon in some extensions to Johnson's tale. In this respect, the tale shows little imaginative development. Tom is delivered from such predicaments rather crudely, but editors of later dates found ways to make his deliverance more seemly and he rarely passed beyond the mouth.
Tom's tale was reprinted countless times in Britain, and was being sold in America as early as 1686. A metrical version was published in 1630 entitled Tom Thumbe, His Life and Death: Wherein is declared many Maruailous Acts of Manhood, full of wonder, and strange merriments: Which little Knight liued in King Arthurs time, and famous in the Court of Great Brittaine. The book was reprinted many times, and two more parts were added to the first around 1700. The three parts were reprinted many times.
In 1711, William Wagstaffe published A Comment upon The History of Tom Thumbe. In 1730, English dramatist Henry Fielding used Tom Thumb as the central figure of a play by that name, which he rewrote in 1731 as the farce The Tragedy of Tragedies, or the History of Tom Thumb the Great. The play is filled with 18th-century political and literary satire and is intended as a parody of heroic tragedies. The title of "The Great" may be intended as a reference to politician Sir Robert Walpole who was often called "The Great."
Henry Fielding's tragedy Tom Thumb was the basis for an opera constructed by Kane O'Hara. Fielding's Tom is cast as a mighty warrior and a conqueror of giants, despite his stature, as well as the object of desire for many of the ladies at court. The plot is largely concerned with the various love triangles amongst the characters, who include Princess Huncamunca, giantess Glumdalca, and Queen Dollalolla (Arthur's wife in this version). Matters are complicated when Arthur awards Tom the hand of Huncamunca in marriage which results in Dollalolla and the jealous Grizzle seeking revenge. Eventually, Tom dies when swallowed by a cow, but his ghost returns. At the conclusion, Tom's ghost is killed by Grizzle and most of the cast kill each other in duels or take their own lives in grief.
Fielding's play was later adapted into a spoof on opera conventions called The Opera of Operas; or Tom Thumb the Great by playwrights Eliza Haywood and William Hatchett. This version includes a happy ending in which Tom is spat back out by the cow and the others are resurrected by Merlin's magic. This is considered to be a satirical comment on the unlikely and tacked-on nature of many happy endings in literature and drama.
In the mid-18th century, books began appearing specifically for children, and Tom was cited as the author of titles such as Tommy Thumb's Song Book (1744) and Tommy Thumb's Little Story Book (c. 1760). In 1791, Joseph Ritson remarked that Tom's popularity was known far and wide: "Every city, town, village, shop, stall, man, woman, and child, in the kingdom, can bear witness to it."
Tom's story was originally intended for adults, but it was relegated to the nursery by the mid-19th century. Vulgar episodes were sanitized, and moralizing colored the tale. In Charlotte Mary Yonge's 1856 adaptation, Tom resists his natural urges to play impish pranks, renounces his ties to Fairyland, and pronounces himself a Christian. As Mordred's rebellion wears on in the last days of Arthur's reign, Tom refuses to return to Fairyland, preferring to die as an honorable Christian.
In 1863, Dinah Maria Craik Mulock refused to cleanse the tale's questionable passages and let the story speak for itself. She adds material, and Tom has adventures that again involve being swallowed by a miller and a salmon, being imprisoned in a mousetrap, angering King Thunston and his queen, and finally dying from the poisonous breath of a spider. Tom's tale has since been adapted to all sorts of children's books with new material added and existing material reworked, but his mischievous nature and his bravery remain undiminished.
Plot
Richard Johnson's The History of Tom Thumbe of 1621 tells that in the days of King Arthur, old Thomas of the Mountain, a plowman and a member of the King's Council, wants nothing more than a son, even if he is no bigger than his thumb. He sends his wife to consult with Merlin. In three months' time, she gives birth to the diminutive Tom Thumb. The "Queene of Fayres" and her attendants act as midwives. She provides Tom with an oak leaf hat, a shirt of cobweb, a doublet of thistledown, stockings of apple rind, and shoes of mouse's skin.
Tom cheats at games with other boys and because of his many tricks, the boys will not associate with him. Tom retaliates by using magic to hang his mother's pots and glasses from a sunbeam. When his fellows try the same, their pots and glasses fall and are broken. Thereafter, Tom stays home under his mother's supervision. At Christmas, she makes puddings, but Tom falls into the batter and is boiled into one of them. When a tinker comes begging, Tom's mother inadvertently gives him the pudding containing her son. The tinker farts while crossing a stile, but Tom calls out about the farting and the frightened tinker drops the pudding. Tom eats himself free and returns home to tell his mother and father of his adventure.
His mother thereafter keeps a closer watch upon him. One day, he accompanies her to the field to milk the cows. He sits under a thistle, but a red cow swallows him. The cow is given a laxative and Tom passes from her in a "cow turd". He is taken home and cleaned. Another day, he accompanies his father for the seed sowing and rides in the horse's ear. Tom is set down in the field to play the scarecrow, but a raven carries him away. His parents search for him, but are unable to find him.
The raven drops Tom at the castle of a giant. The cruel giant swallows the tiny boy like a pill. Tom thrashes about so much in the giant's stomach that he is vomited into the sea. There, he is eaten once more by a fish which is caught for King Arthur's supper. The cook is astonished to see the little man emerge from the fish. Tom then becomes King Arthur's Dwarf.
Tom becomes a favorite at King Arthur's royal court, especially among the ladies. There is revelry; Tom joins the jousting and dances in the palm of a Maid of Honour. He goes home briefly to see his parents, taking some money from the treasury with the king's permission, then returns to court. The Queene of Fayres finds him asleep on a rose and leaves him several gifts: an enchanted hat of knowledge, a ring of invisibility, a shape-changing girdle, and shoes to take him anywhere in a moment.
Tom falls seriously ill when a lady blows her nose, but is cured by the physician to King Twaddell of the Pygmies. He takes a ride in his walnut shell coach and meets Garagantua. Each boasts of his many powers. When Garagantua threatens to harm Tom, he is cast under an enchantment and Tom hurries home to safety. King Arthur listens with amazement to Tom's many adventures.
Richard Johnson's 1621 narrative ends here, but he promised his readers a sequel that has never been found, if published at all. In 1630, a metrical version in three parts was published that continues Tom's adventures.
Later narratives
Other versions paint a different picture to Tom's end. Dinah Mulock continued the tale and noted that Tom exhausted himself with jousting but recovered in Fairyland. When he returned to Arthur's court, he accidentally landed in a bowl of the king's frumenty. Tom enrages the cook and is threatened with beheading. He seeks refuge in the mouth of a passing slack-jawed miller. Sensing tiny voices and movements within him, the man believes he is possessed. He yawns and Tom emerges, but the Miller is so angry he tosses Tom into a river where he is swallowed by a salmon. The fish is caught, taken to the King's kitchen, and Tom is found and kept in a mousetrap until King Arthur forgives him.
The court goes hunting and Tom joins them upon his steed, a mouse. A cat catches the mouse and Tom is injured. He is carried to Fairyland where he recovers and dwells for several years. When he returns to court, King Thunston now reigns. Charmed by the little man, the king gives Tom a tiny coach pulled by six mice. This makes the queen jealous as she received no such gifts and she frames Tom with being insolent to her. Tom attempts to escape on a passing butterfly, but is caught and imprisoned in a mousetrap. He is freed by a curious cat and once more wins back the favor of King Thunston. Sadly, he does not live to enjoy it as he is killed by a spider's bite. Tom is laid to rest beneath rosebush and a marble monument is raised to his memory with the epitaph:
Here lies Tom Thumb, King Arthur’s knight,
Who died by a spider’s cruel bite.
He was well known in Arthur’s court,
Where he afforded gallant sport;
He rode at tilt and tournament,
And on a mouse a-hunting went;
Alive he fill’d the court with mirth
His death to sorrow soon gave birth.
Wipe, wipe your eyes, and shake your head
And cry, ‘Alas! Tom Thumb is dead.
Adaptations
Tom Thumb is the subject of several films.
Animated shorts
In 1936, a short ComiColor Cartoons, directed by Ub Iwerks was released,
in 1940 an Merrie Melodies short called Tom Thumb in Trouble. was released by Chuck Jones
Live-action
In 1958, George Pal directed a live action musical, tom thumb (rendered in lowercase to denote the character's small size) starring Russ Tamblyn, based on the Brothers Grimm's story Thumbling.
Also in 1958, although not released in the U.S. until 1967 in a dubbed version, a Mexican version of Tom Thumb (originally titled Pulgarcito) was made based loosely on Charles Perrault's "Le petit Poucet".
In 2001, a French film titled Le petit poucet was released that was directed by Olivier Dahan and starred Nils Hugon, Catherine Deneuve and Raphaël Fuchs-Willig
Feature Animation
A darker, modernized film version using stop motion animation called The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb was released in 1993
Tom Thumb Meets Thumbelina and the 2002 direct-to-DVD animated movie, The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina brought together the two most famous tiny people of literature, with Tom voiced by Elijah Wood.
Literature
Text stories and later comic strips based on the Tom Thumb character appeared in the anthology comic The Beano from the first issue in 1938 until the late fifties.
Similar tales and characters
There are many thumb-sized characters around the world: Le petit poucet (France), Der kleine Däumling (Germany), Little One Inch/Issun-bōshi (Japan), Thumbikin (Norway), Garbancito and Pulgarcito (Spain), Pollicino (Italy), Piñoncito (Chile), Липунюшка (Lipunyushka or No-Bigger-Than-A-Finger) (Russia), Palčić (Serbia), Patufet (Catalonia), The Hazel-nut Child (Bukovina), Klein Duimpje and Pinkeltje (Netherlands), Hüvelyk Matyi (Hungary), Ko Ko Nga Latt Ma (Myanmar), দেড় আঙ্গুলে (Dēṛa āṅgulē) (Bengal), Sprīdītis (Latvia) and others.
See also
Hop-o'-My-Thumb
General Tom Thumb
Erkenek
Issun-bōshi
Notes
References
Further reading
Green, Thomas. “Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant-Killer: Two Arthurian Fairytales?” In: Folklore 118 (2007): 123–140. DOI:10.1080/00155870701337296
Merceron, Jacques E. «Naître l’âme en pet: le conte du Pouçot (AT 700), la Vieille et la Vache cosmique». In: Françoise Clier-Colombani et Martine Genevois (dir.). Patrimoine légendaire et culture populaire: le Gai Savoir de Claude Gaignebet. Paris, Éditions L’Harmattan. 2019. pp. 425–458.
External links
Tom Thumb at The Camelot Project
The History of Tom Thumb by Henry Altemus at Project Gutenberg
English fairy tales
Arthurian characters
Fairy tale stock characters
Male characters in fairy tales
Child characters in fairy tales | [
-0.04846372455358505,
0.3885226249694824,
-0.1895839273929596,
-0.4831244647502899,
0.17555107176303864,
0.1889195293188095,
0.583162784576416,
0.7549815773963928,
-0.5524773001670837,
0.35241207480430603,
-0.4621090292930603,
0.3880440890789032,
-0.3477756977081299,
0.2915928065776825,
-0.6626041531562805,
0.3255035877227783,
0.0034146110992878675,
0.7299035787582397,
0.27149897813796997,
0.023482296615839005,
-0.17838764190673828,
-0.20856475830078125,
-0.027210276573896408,
-0.5365935564041138,
-0.20688068866729736,
0.3914644420146942,
0.13577066361904144,
-0.0895538404583931,
-0.5759425759315491,
0.13552707433700562,
-0.4481590986251831,
0.714311957359314,
-0.015751302242279053,
-0.17543067038059235,
-0.19575831294059753,
-0.4796302914619446,
-0.9272060394287109,
-0.45784881711006165,
-0.20709136128425598,
-0.24173499643802643,
0.15495754778385162,
0.28484347462654114,
0.6676550507545471,
0.20815548300743103,
0.20335660874843597,
-0.3599378168582916,
-1.255141258239746,
0.42420729994773865,
-0.18865369260311127,
0.17225034534931183,
-0.2539825737476349,
0.8376269340515137,
-0.4133380055427551,
0.3361259996891022,
-0.30390676856040955,
-0.11971016973257065,
-0.04108517989516258,
-0.21176455914974213,
-0.03289738669991493,
-0.0034293648786842823,
0.5342893004417419,
-0.1682421714067459,
0.22941960394382477,
0.2605428695678711,
0.09810461103916168,
0.3082789480686188,
-0.1492578685283661,
0.44440045952796936,
-0.3189440965652466,
-0.12302061170339584,
0.06095937266945839,
0.06499406695365906,
-0.31864964962005615,
-0.017283735796809196,
-0.447040319442749,
-0.468363493680954,
0.22921063005924225,
-0.038334015756845474,
0.23567040264606476,
0.4521881639957428,
0.3162594735622406,
0.13529719412326813,
0.8337439894676208,
0.8086584210395813,
0.022931240499019623,
0.5113835334777832,
0.1330278217792511,
0.26581868529319763,
-0.06951151043176651,
0.499589741230011,
-0.026905955746769905,
0.2490065097808838,
0.06987792998552322,
-0.10239049047231674,
-0.41395604610443115,
-0.22496385872364044,
-0.11221008002758026,
0.026192063465714455,
-0.2087404578924179,
-0.360927939414978,
-0.010524340905249119,
0.47688719630241394,
0.8061290979385376,
-0.1759757697582245,
-0.328145831823349,
-0.06897000968456268,
-0.0447072796523571,
-0.21204222738742828,
0.13697770237922668,
0.12261338531970978,
-0.4537501931190491,
0.16571533679962158,
0.242953822016716,
0.3780671954154968,
-0.039533358067274094,
0.18247151374816895,
0.4160514175891876,
-0.32803481817245483,
-0.04496387764811516,
-0.1369897425174713,
-0.24162721633911133,
-0.10725261270999908,
-0.030187049880623817,
-0.26419487595558167,
0.42813605070114136,
-0.022001920267939568,
0.09974626451730728,
0.20261704921722412,
-0.28017351031303406,
-0.11217953264713287,
0.3304104506969452,
1.1197590827941895,
-0.5559343099594116,
-0.8599965572357178,
-0.2575625777244568,
0.09011983871459961,
0.1605909764766693,
0.26156455278396606,
0.3881532847881317,
0.4879126250743866,
-0.5907609462738037,
-0.1471242755651474,
-1.0412516593933105,
-0.09792528301477432,
0.40715277194976807,
0.05863048881292343,
-0.647291362285614,
-0.4187650978565216,
-0.09691379964351654,
0.08111605793237686,
-0.32241663336753845,
0.08191314339637756,
0.3047355115413666,
-0.17508944869041443,
-0.25674334168434143,
-0.2162380814552307,
0.09651418775320053,
-0.4326709508895874,
0.1314668506383896,
-0.20881015062332153,
-0.21818646788597107,
-0.19741250574588776,
0.03872990235686302,
-0.08088766038417816,
0.04755896329879761,
0.08065290749073029,
0.4825156629085541,
-0.2870967388153076,
-0.39373064041137695,
-0.27385181188583374,
-0.2500261068344116,
0.4251205623149872,
0.9785138964653015,
0.11185949295759201,
0.06599044054746628,
-0.12236365675926208,
0.20881780982017517,
0.11340925097465515,
0.5854491591453552,
-0.1379561871290207,
-0.5909655094146729,
0.4071533977985382,
0.12251785397529602,
-0.057866744697093964,
-0.30476152896881104,
0.5521721243858337,
0.3152330219745636,
-0.07458813488483429,
-0.29703289270401,
-0.4376629590988159,
-0.45986318588256836,
-0.149676114320755,
0.10330809652805328,
-0.13538387417793274,
0.8679026961326599,
-0.3233484923839569,
-1.0788538455963135,
0.5187023878097534,
0.6340747475624084,
1.2826565504074097,
-0.5990156531333923,
-0.20297595858573914,
0.05492955073714256,
0.09446462988853455,
-0.432862251996994,
0.5658155679702759,
-0.029173938557505608,
0.5545963048934937,
1.2641751766204834,
-0.12302100658416748,
0.14067476987838745,
-0.6127198934555054,
-0.018089519813656807,
-0.19018897414207458,
-0.5525230765342712,
-0.45273080468177795,
0.13274642825126648,
-0.13794077932834625,
-0.1640094369649887,
-0.5111854672431946,
-0.049807753413915634,
0.04035276547074318,
-0.3362356722354889,
0.24473361670970917,
0.635408878326416,
1.1844470500946045,
-0.28260818123817444,
0.0038494248874485493,
0.04354153200984001,
-0.521428108215332,
-0.15025661885738373,
0.4728488326072693,
-0.4073673486709595,
0.21031072735786438,
-0.7691082954406738,
-0.28116732835769653,
0.4193371832370758,
-0.7136051058769226,
-0.05067530646920204,
-0.23441225290298462,
0.05276248976588249,
0.24062517285346985,
-0.2507694959640503,
0.21391412615776062,
0.446311891078949,
-0.21124142408370972,
-0.21341422200202942,
0.21087132394313812,
-0.27907058596611023,
0.13558098673820496,
0.022517753764986992,
0.4857421815395355,
0.30646422505378723,
0.027211768552660942,
0.6661129593849182,
-0.31446361541748047,
-0.06631261855363846,
0.3226264715194702,
-0.012130258604884148,
0.5790911912918091,
-0.21850146353244781,
0.6632775664329529,
-0.09864798188209534,
0.4125174283981323,
-0.5352924466133118,
-0.40726810693740845,
-0.16434964537620544,
0.0005229631788097322,
0.22499488294124603,
0.5528639554977417,
0.45469608902931213,
-0.10493447631597519,
-0.020841144025325775,
-0.31826236844062805,
0.43950706720352173,
-0.4327446520328522,
0.21812722086906433,
-0.19848300516605377,
-0.03598172590136528,
-0.37540945410728455,
-0.465950608253479,
0.4105406105518341,
-0.09569671005010605,
-0.6100228428840637,
0.10062950849533081,
-0.651466965675354,
-0.18057368695735931,
-0.014739247038960457,
0.03279035910964012,
0.10753187537193298,
-0.4366971552371979,
0.11003480851650238,
0.1172260046005249,
0.5660285353660583,
-0.6941243410110474,
0.17133750021457672,
0.022290347144007683,
0.18822170794010162,
0.1353866457939148,
-0.6107916235923767,
-0.1540578454732895,
0.2721389830112457,
-0.4112966060638428,
-0.2926807701587677,
0.6078054308891296,
0.27368971705436707,
-0.4851808547973633,
0.1372181624174118,
-5.774781703948975,
0.22608129680156708,
-0.083032988011837,
-0.5555629730224609,
0.6175897717475891,
0.7961527109146118,
0.6933373212814331,
-0.3074532747268677,
-0.03565375879406929,
0.27083447575569153,
-0.09581104665994644,
0.21553227305412292,
0.10828199982643127,
0.2120082527399063,
0.4970281422138214,
-0.1194564551115036,
0.14966100454330444,
-0.24049721658229828,
-0.15985053777694702,
-0.0778278037905693,
-0.2203722596168518,
0.44300535321235657,
-0.3994773328304291,
0.1464458703994751,
-0.45613154768943787,
0.5109807848930359,
-0.10555689036846161,
-0.33918553590774536,
-0.4720371663570404,
0.10011585801839828,
-0.0383928008377552,
0.1419798880815506,
-0.23994357883930206,
-0.5180663466453552,
-0.12801013886928558,
-0.4260188341140747,
0.2654089629650116,
0.11516565084457397,
0.6699463725090027,
-0.11016833037137985,
-0.5289309024810791,
-0.055345747619867325,
0.03435607999563217,
0.5428200960159302,
0.7104596495628357,
0.3347626328468323,
-0.026212893426418304,
-0.5869408845901489,
-0.03480977192521095,
0.13429445028305054,
-0.008864793926477432,
-0.2651187479496002,
0.4737328290939331,
-0.12087254971265793,
0.847866952419281,
-0.12511926889419556,
0.5687493681907654,
-0.43090081214904785,
-0.69745272397995,
-0.29838234186172485,
0.6367486715316772,
-0.1593298614025116,
-0.21419791877269745,
0.0647149607539177,
-0.29172345995903015,
-0.34166398644447327,
-0.4639461934566498,
-0.5993765592575073,
0.6188985705375671,
-0.03258245438337326,
0.052992723882198334,
-0.4428246021270752,
-0.5807559490203857,
-1.0763801336288452,
0.2461017370223999,
-0.01586105488240719,
-0.6629735827445984,
0.41335126757621765,
0.01312943547964096,
-0.4905155599117279,
-0.5656982660293579,
-0.22387419641017914,
-0.947384774684906,
0.21800750494003296,
-0.16936983168125153,
-0.2747374475002289,
-0.34617215394973755,
0.04177642986178398,
-0.2500958740711212,
-0.42163023352622986,
0.6110849976539612,
0.15438789129257202,
-0.3488355278968811,
0.21468405425548553,
-0.010255472734570503,
0.3524115979671478,
-0.30888527631759644,
0.10649307072162628,
-0.06640592962503433,
-0.010778752155601978,
0.5155648589134216,
-0.06721620261669159,
0.06633137166500092,
-0.44439491629600525,
0.35725170373916626,
-0.08111217617988586,
-0.19639120995998383,
0.23087400197982788,
0.7443263530731201,
0.09031536430120468,
-0.09331225603818893,
-0.19483812153339386,
-0.10614517331123352,
-0.22227387130260468,
-0.15463924407958984,
0.06642859429121017,
0.5390846133232117,
0.5186952948570251,
0.2723158895969391,
-0.15307821333408356,
-0.030921343713998795,
0.41260382533073425,
-0.597075343132019,
0.19858136773109436,
0.0010317948181182146,
-0.21496106684207916,
-0.05463354289531708,
-0.07404237985610962,
0.2613297998905182,
0.011594473384320736,
0.47567346692085266,
0.24668821692466736,
0.5863885879516602,
0.6866748929023743,
-0.14925876259803772,
0.13160103559494019,
-0.6252752542495728,
-0.6208532452583313,
-0.21294735372066498,
-0.45782506465911865,
-0.25639429688453674,
-0.40958672761917114,
0.2791292071342468,
0.2233310043811798,
0.4712389409542084,
-0.11704471707344055,
-0.10168713331222534,
0.2776576578617096,
-0.5036575198173523,
0.6823439598083496,
-0.10204526036977768,
-0.1924537569284439,
0.21005964279174805,
-0.5989299416542053,
0.05695526674389839,
-0.06808416545391083,
-0.24413251876831055,
0.3024307191371918,
-0.15017414093017578,
0.22283652424812317,
-0.31515055894851685,
-0.05522643029689789,
-0.60475754737854,
-0.18471434712409973,
-0.02816661261022091,
-0.3501113951206207,
-0.1622009426355362,
-0.3583359122276306,
0.2797558307647705,
0.3751761019229889,
-0.3582652807235718,
-0.1044941395521164,
-0.5475424528121948,
0.27903681993484497,
0.8662058115005493,
0.060119662433862686,
-0.47669100761413574,
0.6010099053382874,
-0.302388072013855,
-0.16108368337154388,
0.28005534410476685,
0.47434404492378235,
-0.023347418755292892,
0.2241804003715515,
0.281678706407547,
-0.7365685701370239,
0.46912476420402527,
-0.284831702709198,
-0.21932390332221985,
0.03428683057427406,
0.300174742937088,
0.7292650938034058,
0.2130223959684372,
0.48372548818588257,
-1.0511170625686646,
0.2667423486709595,
0.15649539232254028,
0.7105140089988708,
0.22725044190883636,
0.053775716572999954,
0.2665100693702698,
0.08841335028409958,
-0.2993435859680176,
-0.28711679577827454,
0.1821783483028412,
-0.45909008383750916,
0.17456206679344177,
0.04531924054026604,
-0.7112995386123657,
0.764352560043335,
0.431059330701828,
-0.8420296311378479,
-0.13207939267158508,
0.28984230756759644,
-0.017000028863549232,
0.026856793090701103,
0.2849675416946411,
-0.35482603311538696,
0.2288491129875183,
-0.1593722552061081,
-0.23755855858325958,
0.24939891695976257,
-0.1891140639781952,
0.14566245675086975,
0.019180893898010254,
-0.2849411368370056,
0.2779591381549835,
-0.245622456073761,
1.0851563215255737,
-0.335021436214447,
0.07910126447677612,
-0.380535751581192,
0.23442646861076355,
0.3539183437824249,
0.04087447375059128,
-0.18986646831035614,
-0.19216236472129822,
0.020482683554291725,
0.19226890802383423,
0.6128947734832764,
0.8509222865104675,
0.9205081462860107,
0.008345266804099083,
-0.1426912397146225,
-0.15100006759166718,
0.11342577636241913,
0.2355848103761673,
-0.15219822525978088,
-0.48759499192237854,
0.5764160752296448,
0.7430037260055542,
-0.21543878316879272,
-0.2238692045211792,
0.411715567111969,
0.4881397485733032,
-0.26746413111686707,
0.04022495448589325,
0.1791137009859085,
0.41322264075279236,
-0.35059094429016113,
0.08953637629747391,
0.33657166361808777,
-0.08180427551269531,
0.1675686091184616,
-0.4503268897533417,
0.2032662183046341,
-0.7408484816551208,
-0.02816491760313511,
0.058906447142362595,
-0.1581667810678482,
-0.040096063166856766,
-0.11734499037265778,
0.7098345756530762,
0.31076160073280334,
-0.6209561228752136,
0.071944959461689,
0.1202540248632431,
-0.6097725033760071,
0.07994643598794937,
-0.2861041724681854,
0.15248769521713257,
0.5063670873641968,
-0.28100502490997314,
-0.624907374382019,
-0.08121750503778458,
0.00892697088420391,
0.7331597208976746,
-0.2829291820526123,
0.6678667664527893,
0.00761543121188879,
-0.4937080144882202,
0.2966877818107605,
0.38977211713790894,
0.31878915429115295,
0.13708488643169403,
-0.06227126345038414,
-0.286652535200119,
0.7677693367004395,
0.011477334424853325,
-0.11373396217823029,
-1.011830449104309,
0.5209328532218933,
0.5454794764518738,
-0.251047819852829,
0.07209251821041107,
-0.11907954514026642,
-0.5353728532791138,
-0.12607800960540771,
-0.5654770731925964,
-0.07810278981924057,
-0.05139405280351639,
0.010617517866194248,
-0.33544015884399414,
0.6803285479545593,
0.34014949202537537,
-0.42682477831840515,
0.6800684332847595,
-0.6805084943771362,
0.09265216439962387,
0.673345148563385,
0.07512807846069336,
-0.7483628392219543,
0.4814731180667877,
-0.3795165419578552,
-0.06489025801420212,
0.281270295381546,
-0.192270427942276,
0.17275696992874146,
0.26252269744873047,
0.38907891511917114,
0.5038011074066162,
-0.6304455995559692,
-0.0919397622346878,
0.1660642772912979,
-0.008442477323114872,
-0.17366603016853333,
0.1123606413602829,
-0.3223336935043335,
-0.5138060450553894,
0.3242955803871155,
0.607770562171936,
0.15671144425868988,
-0.08720739930868149,
0.39964771270751953,
0.39714860916137695,
0.05784234032034874,
0.3025059103965759,
0.14124709367752075,
0.21334247291088104,
-0.39350199699401855,
0.8361092209815979,
-0.20407816767692566,
0.5915379524230957,
-0.7013686299324036,
1.2016857862472534,
-0.4868645966053009,
-0.028647687286138535,
-0.23820966482162476,
-0.48850271105766296,
-0.12623389065265656,
0.05272737517952919,
0.16439323127269745,
0.3877399265766144,
-0.06639252603054047,
0.03405411168932915,
0.21635712683200836,
0.3897971510887146,
-0.19358673691749573,
-0.11552014946937561,
0.5194825530052185,
0.3719393014907837,
-0.17449449002742767,
-0.624652087688446,
0.532823920249939,
0.07381772994995117,
-0.12226411700248718,
0.5513768792152405,
0.2860070765018463,
-0.1932968944311142,
-0.20745109021663666,
-0.9583047032356262,
0.3286944329738617,
0.31221961975097656,
-0.6870788335800171,
0.6769592761993408,
0.09043506532907486,
-0.3662811517715454,
-0.23625048995018005,
-0.5595837831497192,
0.07742378115653992,
-0.26506733894348145,
-0.10130868852138519,
-0.30065274238586426,
-0.05014553666114807,
-0.4498022794723511,
-0.5444121956825256,
-0.3490000069141388,
0.31510797142982483,
-0.03937026113271713,
0.2204025387763977,
0.03029485233128071,
0.462577760219574,
-0.07389727234840393,
0.13906550407409668,
-0.746121883392334,
0.39195212721824646,
-0.569055438041687,
-0.3351849615573883,
-0.7793712615966797,
0.6393909454345703,
0.41138148307800293,
0.21230526268482208,
-0.10171526670455933,
-0.3156508207321167,
-0.7472226023674011,
-0.27939969301223755,
0.7047447562217712,
-0.6709446310997009,
-0.06517457962036133,
-0.647714376449585,
0.03531358018517494,
-0.30987071990966797,
0.12382693588733673,
0.45223215222358704,
-0.8233565092086792,
-0.22757109999656677,
0.4673249423503876,
-0.24454593658447266,
-0.9169841408729553,
-0.09556436538696289,
-0.5612874031066895,
0.45220085978507996,
-0.17702998220920563,
-0.22150497138500214,
-0.1060614064335823,
-1.0344924926757812,
0.39053061604499817,
0.6042113900184631,
0.24502594769001007,
-0.25823256373405457,
0.5538217425346375,
0.3235999047756195,
0.11972477287054062,
-0.15358279645442963,
-0.5743439793586731,
-0.5096016526222229,
0.11468217521905899,
-0.2535434365272522,
-0.2994326949119568,
-0.09430660307407379,
0.42462530732154846,
-0.3056705892086029,
0.09739229083061218,
-0.12438245117664337,
0.6691179275512695,
-0.3126307725906372,
-0.47188061475753784,
-0.3415122926235199,
-0.05359295383095741,
0.3189058005809784
] |
256831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Stratton | Charles Stratton | Charles Stratton may refer to:
Charles C. Stratton (1796–1859), governor of New Jersey, 1845–1848
General Tom Thumb (Charles Sherwood Stratton, 1838–1883), circus performer for P. T. Barnum
Charlie Stratton, film director | [
0.005198927596211433,
1.0678006410598755,
-0.738410234451294,
-0.47057974338531494,
-0.1311270296573639,
0.6907809972763062,
1.066725492477417,
0.25159966945648193,
-0.639029860496521,
-0.019397161900997162,
-0.27263250946998596,
-0.3252149820327759,
-0.2767963409423828,
0.9775583148002625,
-0.020242298021912575,
0.3618699312210083,
-0.26916661858558655,
0.7792944312095642,
0.06145273521542549,
-0.41831180453300476,
0.045027654618024826,
-0.4192340075969696,
0.07759073376655579,
-0.35027989745140076,
0.09340588003396988,
-0.23624290525913239,
0.6624837517738342,
-0.311653733253479,
0.41113096475601196,
-0.14482633769512177,
0.2829516530036926,
0.8854790329933167,
0.3632616102695465,
-0.7013176083564758,
-0.3180592954158783,
-0.5212650895118713,
0.42287325859069824,
0.011926478706300259,
-0.06773047894239426,
-0.403868168592453,
0.3633667826652527,
-0.22000575065612793,
0.2703944146633148,
-0.06518058478832245,
-0.4596955478191376,
-0.5441393852233887,
-2.5296666622161865,
-0.5344405770301819,
-0.6246930956840515,
-0.8519923686981201,
0.5366051197052002,
-0.15794524550437927,
0.33288028836250305,
0.5701082944869995,
-0.3587394952774048,
0.6709197759628296,
-0.3284643292427063,
-0.07311763614416122,
1.0111916065216064,
0.7065297365188599,
0.15047980844974518,
-0.2024078667163849,
0.008798605762422085,
0.14878661930561066,
-0.0766868069767952,
0.540465772151947,
-0.4084624648094177,
0.5890912413597107,
-0.4435177743434906,
0.41203978657722473,
-0.43674975633621216,
-0.19879120588302612,
1.1907260417938232,
0.19741639494895935,
-0.1011364758014679,
0.44747334718704224,
-0.22663863003253937,
0.08668899536132812,
0.513586163520813,
-0.27105915546417236,
-0.0462905690073967,
0.15909697115421295,
0.6131066083908081,
0.05090087279677391,
0.23728816211223602,
0.3443767726421356,
-0.4529487192630768,
-0.3858571946620941,
-0.10416016727685928,
0.5014139413833618,
-0.2880682945251465,
0.2230193018913269,
-0.25462672114372253,
0.8380995392799377,
0.12472212314605713,
-0.3246292769908905,
-0.37479880452156067,
0.06755772233009338,
-0.3281864523887634,
0.47050604224205017,
0.03415513038635254,
0.8117120862007141,
0.2659572660923004,
0.29118427634239197,
0.08131053298711777,
0.3542592525482178,
-0.6471980810165405,
0.3847302496433258,
-0.15975159406661987,
-1.7454160451889038,
-0.42777472734451294,
0.045963045209646225,
-0.7253704071044922,
-0.3231656551361084,
-0.27981701493263245,
-0.009164456278085709,
0.5962872505187988,
-0.3592712879180908,
0.11113175004720688,
-0.09296652674674988,
-0.015199292451143265,
0.7118547558784485,
-0.4086739122867584,
-0.24845606088638306,
-0.743428111076355,
0.7489475011825562,
0.3162532150745392,
-0.19522926211357117,
0.44950833916664124,
0.9525917172431946,
-0.2880450487136841,
1.078830361366272,
0.09827261418104172,
-0.14403577148914337,
-0.06793958693742752,
-1.0493876934051514,
0.3534507751464844,
0.6536957025527954,
0.06461159139871597,
0.04399973154067993,
-0.5455958247184753,
-0.2621687650680542,
-2.1649999618530273,
0.19438743591308594,
0.37714290618896484,
0.23750169575214386,
-0.24436482787132263,
0.23537345230579376,
-0.10372639447450638,
0.5427876114845276,
0.31418344378471375,
-0.4171907603740692,
-0.09720954298973083,
0.06532307714223862,
-0.3413018584251404,
-0.21880820393562317,
0.5179466009140015,
-0.0789683535695076,
0.8123584985733032,
0.46348118782043457,
-0.33250778913497925,
0.24645106494426727,
0.2557932734489441,
-0.20870696008205414,
0.03142039477825165,
0.09381440281867981,
0.29374435544013977,
-0.44023990631103516,
-0.3167930245399475,
0.02798074297606945,
-1.0348795652389526,
0.27806201577186584,
0.0873173251748085,
-0.5886223912239075,
0.27344170212745667,
0.12086737155914307,
0.725426197052002,
0.61441570520401,
0.27545225620269775,
-0.892167329788208,
-0.38404279947280884,
0.03651408106088638,
0.21987919509410858,
-0.36415261030197144,
0.736701488494873,
0.35138803720474243,
0.9543351531028748,
0.19448727369308472,
-0.21745169162750244,
-0.05197136104106903,
-0.2998090982437134,
-0.5364734530448914,
0.4031372368335724,
-0.2933768332004547,
0.9846731424331665,
0.6122748255729675,
-0.320830762386322,
-0.1908198595046997,
0.6130449771881104,
1.1072014570236206,
-0.11449232697486877,
-0.563186526298523,
0.012235080823302269,
0.005484072025865316,
-0.18869797885417938,
2.644700288772583,
0.1474587619304657,
-0.16463270783424377,
0.6465635895729065,
0.6999691128730774,
0.979598879814148,
-0.39637720584869385,
0.2835112512111664,
-0.06440085917711258,
0.2338762730360031,
-0.2462131530046463,
0.11945967376232147,
0.42795678973197937,
-0.05848139524459839,
-0.8251867890357971,
-0.13509351015090942,
-0.27949535846710205,
-0.12093888968229294,
0.8207629919052124,
-0.1596977710723877,
0.8694652318954468,
-0.2623443007469177,
-0.0767284706234932,
-0.48381200432777405,
-1.1550571918487549,
0.04077756777405739,
0.405010849237442,
-0.36354514956474304,
-0.38744935393333435,
-0.4965328872203827,
-0.26234376430511475,
-0.39481881260871887,
-0.4161832332611084,
-0.12665270268917084,
0.022871701046824455,
0.21206910908222198,
0.660813570022583,
-0.6448463797569275,
0.10030660778284073,
-0.6304600834846497,
0.6530144214630127,
-0.07680495083332062,
-0.11513419449329376,
-0.3775370121002197,
0.18284226953983307,
0.7540718913078308,
0.061436813324689865,
0.02701110951602459,
-0.35383015871047974,
-0.19109408557415009,
-0.10854675620794296,
0.05273778736591339,
0.05734426528215408,
-0.5589068531990051,
-0.10434494912624359,
-0.5509782433509827,
0.4127238988876343,
-0.017983123660087585,
0.3832677900791168,
-0.28324028849601746,
-0.7895973324775696,
0.027442442253232002,
-0.0902574211359024,
0.16348738968372345,
-0.27987584471702576,
0.38036784529685974,
-0.3441525399684906,
-0.2596361041069031,
-2.322281837463379,
0.36162540316581726,
0.2926933765411377,
-0.13233622908592224,
0.4846664071083069,
-0.595813512802124,
-0.24760621786117554,
-0.27869653701782227,
0.8613650798797607,
-0.27734535932540894,
0.28342652320861816,
-0.7093966603279114,
-0.14772020280361176,
0.483601450920105,
0.12213382869958878,
0.14486144483089447,
-0.08120739459991455,
-0.007232631091028452,
-0.21904954314231873,
-0.46009355783462524,
0.6402004957199097,
-0.6295202374458313,
0.6380033493041992,
-0.3314248025417328,
-0.6090319752693176,
0.0652504712343216,
-0.29232877492904663,
-0.7744426131248474,
0.18995662033557892,
-0.48680341243743896,
0.005060635972768068,
0.2117919921875,
0.02970891445875168,
-0.2610209584236145,
-0.0701570063829422,
-3.859290361404419,
0.5443036556243896,
-0.2985377907752991,
-0.0729142427444458,
0.14838247001171112,
-0.027382923290133476,
0.47213420271873474,
-0.26801371574401855,
-0.29272642731666565,
0.2410876452922821,
-0.05715380981564522,
-0.11518508195877075,
0.0931050106883049,
0.48457857966423035,
0.8683756589889526,
0.334890753030777,
0.8099493980407715,
0.12509682774543762,
0.3491624891757965,
0.0010015435982495546,
0.1140710711479187,
0.008617391809821129,
0.13431651890277863,
-0.007966538891196251,
0.7952239513397217,
0.6583552360534668,
-0.04900144040584564,
0.04421250894665718,
-0.5982023477554321,
0.11623094230890274,
0.12195173650979996,
0.3690427243709564,
-0.1530170738697052,
-0.6200101375579834,
-0.7044699788093567,
-0.4370526671409607,
0.10345011949539185,
0.7513560652732849,
0.4464564323425293,
-0.010527683421969414,
0.06647509336471558,
0.454389363527298,
-0.27265337109565735,
0.4533225893974304,
0.25252512097358704,
-0.04926709830760956,
-1.0734057426452637,
0.1001373752951622,
-0.24705176055431366,
0.5273953676223755,
-0.10077980905771255,
-0.08165542036294937,
0.9533295631408691,
0.5021066665649414,
-0.3454504907131195,
-0.33741337060928345,
0.7525938749313354,
-0.26499828696250916,
-0.5122266411781311,
0.44497615098953247,
0.8164678812026978,
-0.5082494020462036,
0.31844279170036316,
0.13558603823184967,
-0.04512913525104523,
-0.8098282217979431,
0.11658778041601181,
-0.18557538092136383,
-0.20910173654556274,
0.04122927039861679,
-0.09461283683776855,
0.34578385949134827,
0.4237823784351349,
-0.864274799823761,
0.0611986443400383,
-0.04376436024904251,
-0.41396909952163696,
0.31378084421157837,
0.06730221956968307,
-0.14241337776184082,
0.08602254092693329,
-0.5043414235115051,
-0.19039438664913177,
1.1721521615982056,
0.057776350528001785,
0.18206118047237396,
-0.5585412383079529,
0.3358864188194275,
-0.8455996513366699,
-0.7606042623519897,
-0.2531348168849945,
-0.07737693935632706,
-0.05877358838915825,
0.4691622853279114,
0.082595095038414,
0.027337072417140007,
0.6616111993789673,
-0.5891823768615723,
0.46238985657691956,
-0.14650790393352509,
0.12680739164352417,
-0.7874183058738708,
-0.3408775329589844,
-0.5383608341217041,
-0.26328036189079285,
-0.8774049878120422,
0.07607217878103256,
0.15371465682983398,
0.21953123807907104,
0.24366770684719086,
-0.0760013535618782,
0.035870522260665894,
-0.5695861577987671,
0.004421385936439037,
0.6283606290817261,
-0.44168201088905334,
0.014522857032716274,
0.265944242477417,
0.32214322686195374,
0.1486630141735077,
0.10593263804912567,
0.033353134989738464,
0.1826847344636917,
0.013215896673500538,
-0.2846735715866089,
-0.18513935804367065,
0.39135751128196716,
-0.3254263401031494,
-0.8763077259063721,
-0.5661660432815552,
-0.18837933242321014,
0.0038167366292327642,
-0.5928109884262085,
-0.4842803180217743,
-0.4402022957801819,
-0.508172333240509,
-0.4570320248603821,
0.055736854672431946,
0.27964234352111816,
-0.4196740388870239,
0.24817664921283722,
-0.11481840908527374,
-0.4025363326072693,
0.5030034184455872,
0.1626484990119934,
0.48022469878196716,
0.44503575563430786,
-0.1128329411149025,
-0.8218593597412109,
-0.2867463529109955,
-0.740018367767334,
-0.9100549221038818,
0.16582030057907104,
-0.6063337922096252,
-0.18393264710903168,
-0.20535632967948914,
-0.23093046247959137,
0.1399773806333542,
-0.3604394495487213,
0.029962118715047836,
-0.3695065379142761,
0.14407798647880554,
-0.9178170561790466,
0.26461729407310486,
0.6499034762382507,
-0.433083176612854,
-0.0656762421131134,
-0.4214359521865845,
-0.42654159665107727,
1.2205175161361694,
-0.1135457307100296,
-0.32732653617858887,
-0.4027263820171356,
-0.1792045384645462,
0.7171023488044739,
0.013571033254265785,
0.3331989645957947,
-0.15461957454681396,
0.5921832919120789,
-0.3675713539123535,
-0.19393037259578705,
0.1475057154893875,
-0.24014641344547272,
0.5618805289268494,
0.5541728734970093,
0.3748478889465332,
-0.8517307043075562,
-0.1828920990228653,
-0.42515474557876587,
0.04093989357352257,
-0.16265489161014557,
0.10443499684333801,
0.21518243849277496,
0.23637565970420837,
-0.44107741117477417,
-0.3989706337451935,
0.07203269004821777,
0.4311412572860718,
0.45513761043548584,
-0.7485845685005188,
0.5107623338699341,
0.6592110395431519,
0.11687038093805313,
0.8950240612030029,
0.23664326965808868,
-1.1762442588806152,
0.15602022409439087,
0.3618869483470917,
-0.6836513876914978,
1.0895392894744873,
0.5364116430282593,
-0.6683506965637207,
0.39851704239845276,
0.6111702919006348,
-0.00011586625623749569,
-0.2862326502799988,
0.7928173542022705,
0.20759490132331848,
0.065549336373806,
-0.49939432740211487,
-0.07754391431808472,
-0.28763657808303833,
-0.2728479206562042,
-0.29740336537361145,
-0.756550133228302,
0.27162566781044006,
0.21724560856819153,
-0.6285980343818665,
0.6711257100105286,
-0.2554847300052643,
-0.2343372404575348,
0.606506884098053,
0.35481786727905273,
0.2902057468891144,
-0.37512120604515076,
-0.07227694988250732,
-0.1439758986234665,
0.32622092962265015,
-0.43779098987579346,
0.0031626224517822266,
0.3903856575489044,
0.9887170195579529,
0.4367997646331787,
-0.26064983010292053,
-0.3798360824584961,
0.29921621084213257,
0.20936048030853271,
0.04257771372795105,
-0.37795600295066833,
0.1920027881860733,
0.1020040437579155,
-0.5690532326698303,
-0.8275594711303711,
-0.31661659479141235,
0.8739122152328491,
-0.20433351397514343,
-0.028887122869491577,
0.4953478276729584,
0.2773981988430023,
0.3455744683742523,
-0.30721309781074524,
0.3130241930484772,
0.06809580326080322,
0.7108985781669617,
0.20907633006572723,
0.13593420386314392,
0.25113144516944885,
0.5724518895149231,
0.7886759638786316,
-0.12770284712314606,
-0.8956306576728821,
-0.3545549213886261,
-0.03678126633167267,
0.4184136986732483,
0.06032396852970123,
-0.23326800763607025,
0.41865184903144836,
-0.5571545958518982,
0.06366755068302155,
-0.1174796000123024,
0.8772807717323303,
0.25829288363456726,
-0.00002709894033614546,
-0.6715478301048279,
-0.05103601887822151,
-0.2934771478176117,
-0.2194896936416626,
-0.2812080681324005,
-0.4196697175502777,
-0.044688042253255844,
-0.7564178109169006,
0.010580589063465595,
0.153191938996315,
0.14034658670425415,
-0.2421303391456604,
0.3457140624523163,
-0.5216450691223145,
-0.16630415618419647,
0.2248554229736328,
0.06503643095493317,
-1.0993362665176392,
0.7797853350639343,
0.46281418204307556,
0.08619735389947891,
0.6447518467903137,
0.363698273897171,
-0.025979330763220787,
-0.14107036590576172,
0.027060309424996376,
-0.05787177011370659,
-0.12064900994300842,
0.22665703296661377,
0.2554439902305603,
0.40898534655570984,
-0.45275890827178955,
-0.33754512667655945,
0.6977925300598145,
-0.43132513761520386,
-0.1515713632106781,
0.37570250034332275,
-0.02517995424568653,
-0.12175917625427246,
0.7188533544540405,
0.1288614273071289,
-0.3063565492630005,
0.9353645443916321,
-0.5638124942779541,
-0.5120542645454407,
0.01959700882434845,
-0.07264435291290283,
-0.4946432411670685,
-0.5713496804237366,
-1.1476960182189941,
1.0107653141021729,
-0.340840607881546,
-0.14316171407699585,
0.3468397557735443,
-0.5741879940032959,
-0.04694651439785957,
0.5420270562171936,
0.28575441241264343,
0.7185657620429993,
0.055277999490499496,
0.032914649695158005,
-0.41831129789352417,
-0.4573730528354645,
-0.06473388522863388,
0.21437343955039978,
-0.03297658637166023,
-0.11984524130821228,
0.1678379476070404,
0.6219043731689453,
0.44663411378860474,
-0.3734665513038635,
0.1056617721915245,
-0.08381635695695877,
0.34387800097465515,
0.11825001239776611,
-0.40838247537612915,
-2.275437593460083,
-0.3725586533546448,
-0.05708407983183861,
0.35511237382888794,
-0.4064256548881531,
0.16535182297229767,
-0.5036935210227966,
-0.03898993134498596,
-0.1691930741071701,
-0.3335364758968353,
0.800109326839447,
0.504456102848053,
-0.1733328402042389,
0.7796531915664673,
0.48318082094192505,
0.43523475527763367,
0.243461474776268,
0.4208921790122986,
0.037651654332876205,
-0.022022893652319908,
-0.6179198622703552,
-0.16983520984649658,
-0.11833970248699188,
0.15657515823841095,
-0.3320618271827698,
0.5647040605545044,
0.06762809306383133,
-0.26206454634666443,
0.6012641191482544,
0.15243397653102875,
-0.708399772644043,
0.4980522692203522,
-0.006109111476689577,
0.06546548008918762,
0.40896326303482056,
-0.7218780517578125,
0.4570758044719696,
-0.45764705538749695,
0.5047539472579956,
-0.17601394653320312,
-0.5481456518173218,
-0.10827801376581192,
0.39806705713272095,
-0.1416698396205902,
-0.01044449768960476,
-0.19963054358959198,
0.09003406018018723,
-0.326027512550354,
0.6613707542419434,
-0.6706773638725281,
0.5972893834114075,
-0.12141785770654678,
-0.2510252296924591,
-0.5947747826576233,
0.3551400899887085,
-0.2705835700035095,
-0.15985167026519775,
-0.2802876830101013,
-0.43374568223953247,
-0.4135572910308838,
0.28647369146347046,
0.5554079413414001,
0.15695928037166595,
0.10969355702400208,
0.11780107021331787,
-0.21280838549137115,
-0.6589472889900208,
0.03592471778392792,
-0.046050842851400375,
-0.004394217859953642,
0.329551100730896,
-0.01964508183300495,
0.16249671578407288,
-0.2361765205860138,
-0.2866870164871216,
0.18343038856983185,
0.2827312648296356,
0.38619834184646606,
0.7758108973503113,
0.5071590542793274,
-0.19118313491344452,
0.36215659976005554,
-0.4528811573982239,
0.36611655354499817,
0.16751539707183838,
-4.757347106933594,
0.01709502562880516,
-0.20368152856826782,
-0.3390403091907501,
0.8935642838478088,
0.6546716094017029,
0.455879807472229,
-0.11998552829027176,
-0.16193686425685883,
-0.005105284508317709,
0.15449656546115875,
-0.15272577106952667,
-0.16933166980743408,
-0.8326274752616882,
0.40302574634552,
0.24002701044082642
] |
256832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical%20pricing | Geographical pricing | Geographical pricing, in marketing, is the practice of modifying a basic list price based on the geographical location of the buyer. It is intended to reflect the costs of shipping to different locations.
There are several types of geographic pricing:
FOB origin (Free on Board origin) – The shipping cost from the factory or warehouse is paid by the purchaser. Ownership of the goods is transferred to the buyer as soon as it leaves the point of origin. It can be either the buyer or seller that arranges for the transportation.
Uniform delivered pricing – (also called postage stamp pricing) – The same base price is charged to all. Any perceived variance in price results from differences in delivery costs.
Zone pricing – Prices increase as shipping distances increase. This is sometimes done by drawing concentric circles on a map with the plant or warehouse at the center and each circle defining the boundary of a price zone. Instead of using circles, irregularly shaped price boundaries can be drawn that reflect geography, population density, transportation infrastructure, and shipping cost. (The term "zone pricing" can also refer to the practice of setting prices that reflect local competitive conditions, i.e., the market forces of supply and demand, rather than actual cost of transportation.)
Zone pricing, as practiced in the gasoline industry in the United States, is the pricing of gasoline based on a complex and secret weighting of factors, such as the number of competing stations, number of vehicles, average traffic flow, population density, and geographic characteristics.
Many businesspeople and economists state that gasoline zone pricing merely reflects the costs of doing business in a complex and volatile marketplace. Critics contend that industry monopoly and the ability to control not only industry-owned "corporate" stations, but locally owned or franchise stations, make zone pricing into an excuse to raise gasoline prices virtually at will. Oil industry representatives contend that while they set wholesale and dealer tank wagon prices, individual dealers are free to see whatever prices they wish and that this practice in itself causes widespread price variations outside industry control.
Basing point pricing – Certain cities are designated as basing points. All goods shipped from a given basis point are charged the same amount.
Freight-absorption pricing – The seller absorbs all or part of the cost of transportation. This amounts to a price discount, and is used as a promotional tactic.
See also
Incoterms
Geo (marketing)
Distribution
References
External links
Zones of Contention in Gasoline Pricing (LA Times)
International trade
Pricing | [
0.13896171748638153,
0.08817528188228607,
0.05640805885195732,
0.06810199469327927,
-0.08600910007953644,
0.16195538640022278,
-0.3510121703147888,
0.30456867814064026,
0.027598561719059944,
-0.48136192560195923,
-0.4520503282546997,
1.06881582736969,
0.1244121789932251,
0.6537318229675293,
-0.3480513095855713,
0.5146006941795349,
-0.09617339819669724,
0.08845698088407516,
-0.3153529465198517,
-0.025393836200237274,
-0.7309118509292603,
-0.49138373136520386,
0.0018018089467659593,
-0.6624093651771545,
0.2576747238636017,
0.011801433749496937,
0.4283037483692169,
0.03387467935681343,
-0.47715112566947937,
0.36041903495788574,
0.2752557396888733,
0.9208410382270813,
-0.3403899073600769,
0.31175991892814636,
-0.12906821072101593,
0.13975124061107635,
0.3437840938568115,
-0.6451385617256165,
-0.4660123884677887,
-0.5488680005073547,
-0.13656596839427948,
0.4971279799938202,
0.2999011278152466,
0.4990987479686737,
0.051656994968652725,
-0.30569547414779663,
-2.1026127338409424,
-0.40935319662094116,
-0.7276095151901245,
-0.4401160180568695,
-0.38900116086006165,
0.2352360486984253,
-0.007390017155557871,
0.48903942108154297,
-0.11827198415994644,
0.9414875507354736,
-0.5620487332344055,
-0.21889765560626984,
-0.21294379234313965,
-0.35271599888801575,
0.8502536416053772,
0.4918546676635742,
0.07887719571590424,
0.29698097705841064,
0.09459156543016434,
-0.20379343628883362,
-0.32358142733573914,
0.44136953353881836,
-0.5952800512313843,
-0.4517635107040405,
-0.6760336756706238,
-0.47952306270599365,
0.018144875764846802,
0.49950259923934937,
-0.7360411286354065,
0.7569862008094788,
-0.1546650528907776,
0.17679406702518463,
-0.17768734693527222,
-0.1260707527399063,
-0.6232680082321167,
0.4058000445365906,
0.5444905757904053,
-0.4777478575706482,
0.6918452382087708,
-0.3137449622154236,
0.08203275501728058,
0.6939350962638855,
0.023377330973744392,
0.982475996017456,
0.7368524074554443,
-0.5847315788269043,
0.48026522994041443,
-0.22418621182441711,
0.09075646102428436,
-0.3338533639907837,
0.6546276807785034,
0.17116381227970123,
-0.060480400919914246,
0.5070704817771912,
-0.011841244995594025,
0.05615204945206642,
0.6369600892066956,
0.4087589383125305,
-0.11624723672866821,
-0.6018804907798767,
-0.39686623215675354,
-0.2902792990207672,
0.17979469895362854,
-0.24183009564876556,
-0.42308276891708374,
0.4809163510799408,
0.09444889426231384,
0.05138711631298065,
-0.7339739799499512,
0.24782513082027435,
-0.20836703479290009,
0.5280089974403381,
-0.5186343193054199,
0.09886609017848969,
0.3179748058319092,
0.28615668416023254,
-0.11451441049575806,
-0.6761105060577393,
-0.04829305782914162,
0.19971822202205658,
0.9174971580505371,
0.5877623558044434,
-0.4973742365837097,
-0.06224479153752327,
0.33236709237098694,
0.29764795303344727,
-0.04659862443804741,
-0.24422284960746765,
-0.48671838641166687,
-0.34924155473709106,
0.6696358919143677,
-0.255198210477829,
0.717251718044281,
-0.48140034079551697,
-0.6517983078956604,
-0.18072322010993958,
-1.0797278881072998,
-0.47722092270851135,
0.5635671019554138,
-0.2985224723815918,
0.2760469317436218,
-0.672515869140625,
-0.41912782192230225,
-0.21020084619522095,
0.32605788111686707,
0.5339975953102112,
-0.22018206119537354,
0.3038022220134735,
-0.03547016158699989,
0.021644873544573784,
0.241827592253685,
-0.7649263143539429,
-0.15837520360946655,
0.1319064050912857,
-0.004584441892802715,
-0.1832340657711029,
-0.12483537942171097,
-0.13310593366622925,
0.09246541559696198,
-0.5509639382362366,
0.1748119592666626,
0.5027450323104858,
0.252468466758728,
-0.1337568312883377,
-0.4247293174266815,
0.1767408400774002,
0.18734946846961975,
-0.4943128824234009,
0.6187456250190735,
0.6614509224891663,
0.10479648411273956,
0.2756461501121521,
1.2235426902770996,
0.2950177788734436,
-0.6211403012275696,
0.24200326204299927,
0.5910199880599976,
-0.24459083378314972,
0.3688763380050659,
-0.7317148447036743,
0.7509130239486694,
0.049876619130373,
0.24069958925247192,
-0.2902403473854065,
-0.9342330694198608,
-0.48424580693244934,
-0.1666286587715149,
-0.3178139925003052,
0.9749573469161987,
0.17519116401672363,
-0.2813158333301544,
0.3122493028640747,
-0.03949454426765442,
0.013238420709967613,
-0.49280840158462524,
0.10899773240089417,
-0.15343868732452393,
0.10027043521404266,
-0.4963889420032501,
0.4362185597419739,
0.23392808437347412,
-0.20643942058086395,
0.09985797107219696,
0.831947922706604,
0.18644393980503082,
-0.6307283639907837,
0.1661003828048706,
-0.38794514536857605,
0.23043295741081238,
0.14854471385478973,
-0.2095312476158142,
0.756863534450531,
-0.05551307648420334,
-0.2717761993408203,
0.5339608192443848,
0.42107510566711426,
-0.49593639373779297,
0.31299546360969543,
-0.26170340180397034,
0.1646839678287506,
0.09448028355836868,
-0.0014957673847675323,
0.6489946246147156,
-0.40793338418006897,
0.3953604996204376,
0.42695581912994385,
0.3550431728363037,
-0.6957951188087463,
-0.18272855877876282,
0.041762810200452805,
0.1129710003733635,
-0.2505585551261902,
-0.45815202593803406,
-0.07189325243234634,
-0.208485409617424,
0.19067975878715515,
-0.3802921772003174,
0.4210489094257355,
-0.19979578256607056,
0.05480748787522316,
-0.343795508146286,
0.7279361486434937,
-0.19354408979415894,
-0.24922128021717072,
0.4091641306877136,
0.6044076681137085,
0.3034788966178894,
-0.4080226421356201,
-0.2825443148612976,
-0.10416927188634872,
-0.1297004520893097,
0.0770661011338234,
0.27092424035072327,
-0.36780062317848206,
0.2118755578994751,
0.5469278693199158,
-0.4190787374973297,
0.03593640774488449,
-0.19383791089057922,
-0.44081953167915344,
-0.4820523262023926,
0.33000001311302185,
-0.20897479355335236,
0.352662056684494,
0.5348430871963501,
-0.1402636468410492,
-0.9027049541473389,
-0.4054737389087677,
-0.2788788378238678,
-0.737114667892456,
0.6553997993469238,
0.0882677435874939,
-0.3027660846710205,
-0.2835845649242401,
0.2501814663410187,
0.061836324632167816,
0.4632452428340912,
-0.5748084783554077,
-0.3842759430408478,
-0.5236948132514954,
0.19500632584095,
-0.10951358824968338,
0.28643593192100525,
0.0010035568848252296,
-0.375248521566391,
0.9004373550415039,
-0.22720974683761597,
0.5862727761268616,
0.21099494397640228,
0.3784368634223938,
-0.5053862929344177,
0.15649279952049255,
0.4863320589065552,
-0.3578130006790161,
-0.2034008651971817,
-0.6165143847465515,
0.10960786044597626,
-0.31544435024261475,
-0.24366503953933716,
-0.4528068006038666,
-0.11460548639297485,
-0.16358710825443268,
-5.528270244598389,
-0.32070818543434143,
-0.20380179584026337,
-0.27861034870147705,
0.17934247851371765,
-0.3106708824634552,
0.8089422583580017,
-0.1645026057958603,
-0.1736881285905838,
0.29475659132003784,
-0.6514257788658142,
-0.125000461935997,
-0.15784211456775665,
0.09661662578582764,
0.5458723902702332,
0.46423715353012085,
0.7171885371208191,
0.21856923401355743,
0.3645021915435791,
0.61250901222229,
-0.054056111723184586,
-0.2680893838405609,
0.07614963501691818,
0.8928739428520203,
-0.3173588514328003,
0.4013943374156952,
-0.2580363154411316,
0.18647031486034393,
-0.5401856303215027,
-0.0962425023317337,
0.19967463612556458,
-0.4175844192504883,
-0.0716572105884552,
0.26862868666648865,
-0.024405553936958313,
-0.04207281768321991,
-0.012812343426048756,
0.12389092892408371,
0.022161904722452164,
-0.017719006165862083,
-0.23287557065486908,
0.6853067278862,
0.062071945518255234,
0.42485126852989197,
0.6919510364532471,
-0.45161929726600647,
-0.29977574944496155,
-0.40338265895843506,
-0.3307863473892212,
0.3700067102909088,
0.3372342586517334,
0.21159528195858002,
0.43535682559013367,
-0.1839825063943863,
-0.042335595935583115,
-0.3816061019897461,
0.736932098865509,
-0.5405719876289368,
-0.12897856533527374,
0.4666203260421753,
0.5439250469207764,
-0.8819035291671753,
-0.32816281914711,
-0.2699321508407593,
-0.24339666962623596,
-0.33214250206947327,
-0.42194291949272156,
-0.7901913523674011,
0.04525944963097572,
0.44636064767837524,
-0.32305577397346497,
0.550781786441803,
0.29832878708839417,
-0.6942620277404785,
0.22206680476665497,
-0.38257452845573425,
-0.03405378758907318,
0.024328403174877167,
0.7070306539535522,
0.2036256194114685,
-0.10486652702093124,
-0.18594984710216522,
-0.09584542363882065,
0.04684383049607277,
-0.05622765049338341,
-0.7078948020935059,
-0.21654915809631348,
0.5830832719802856,
-0.33121436834335327,
-0.6118083000183105,
0.6076637506484985,
-0.03244056925177574,
0.3523250222206116,
-0.020896485075354576,
-0.4706306457519531,
0.13856945931911469,
0.4454668462276459,
0.22347001731395721,
0.04046381637454033,
-0.5172134041786194,
0.2994954586029053,
-0.09386865794658661,
-0.3124348521232605,
0.07533328235149384,
0.11969543248414993,
0.23536859452724457,
-0.29172778129577637,
0.1928732991218567,
0.9031937718391418,
0.028438037261366844,
-0.044250793755054474,
1.102172613143921,
-0.5674922466278076,
0.0769607424736023,
-0.374948650598526,
0.2810080051422119,
-0.9338181614875793,
0.23383945226669312,
0.43962743878364563,
-0.15667840838432312,
0.09334813058376312,
-0.5713480710983276,
-0.7324510216712952,
-0.13348540663719177,
0.008354498073458672,
-0.4970005750656128,
0.07610814273357391,
0.35225266218185425,
0.2604784369468689,
0.6394792795181274,
0.6801477670669556,
0.38844531774520874,
-0.23096829652786255,
-0.7147887945175171,
-0.036882948130369186,
-0.6075417399406433,
0.21406850218772888,
0.5602235794067383,
-0.019730038940906525,
-0.25162482261657715,
0.2012125551700592,
-0.24509187042713165,
0.4397844672203064,
0.05185065418481827,
0.8312796950340271,
0.07539568841457367,
-0.2116960734128952,
-0.4468732178211212,
-0.06836419552564621,
0.21166452765464783,
-0.2975791096687317,
-0.39224761724472046,
-0.16800656914710999,
-0.44376152753829956,
0.4224584698677063,
-0.35277771949768066,
0.11910609155893326,
0.06243211030960083,
-0.14144958555698395,
-0.4537193179130554,
0.1366850882768631,
-0.18959090113639832,
-0.949389636516571,
-0.05483875796198845,
-0.3645849823951721,
0.3128555119037628,
-0.42126521468162537,
-0.38273003697395325,
-0.20696908235549927,
0.685551106929779,
-0.1289845108985901,
-0.8070710897445679,
-0.4471267759799957,
-0.5758004784584045,
0.10843020677566528,
-0.45513391494750977,
0.6777728199958801,
0.27432793378829956,
-0.14442409574985504,
-0.42883560061454773,
-0.08012111485004425,
-0.2531164586544037,
-0.4730446934700012,
0.3528176248073578,
0.5837726593017578,
-0.5554394125938416,
-0.7079380750656128,
0.7012645602226257,
-0.39254018664360046,
-0.3297489583492279,
-0.03731563314795494,
0.24589978158473969,
0.67215496301651,
0.3816838562488556,
-0.005192413926124573,
-0.47533926367759705,
0.27510544657707214,
0.2138579785823822,
-0.36148321628570557,
-0.43354400992393494,
-0.014719374477863312,
0.8220769762992859,
-0.089752197265625,
0.4506289064884186,
0.24953897297382355,
-0.2538256347179413,
0.2490932196378708,
0.6444991827011108,
-0.6780685186386108,
0.04178312420845032,
-0.6300052404403687,
-0.4427727162837982,
-0.860565721988678,
0.13014231622219086,
-0.30809828639030457,
-0.2529241442680359,
0.038817692548036575,
-0.5350979566574097,
0.1944427341222763,
0.18689103424549103,
0.8379141688346863,
-0.3657313287258148,
-0.5940824747085571,
-0.23691697418689728,
-0.21428465843200684,
0.3605809211730957,
0.2300373911857605,
-0.7133710980415344,
0.48393726348876953,
0.1549455225467682,
0.18098576366901398,
-0.46383580565452576,
-0.22115516662597656,
0.7194600701332092,
0.12593293190002441,
0.3274688124656677,
-0.25061991810798645,
0.7221053838729858,
-0.10908403247594833,
-0.30221930146217346,
-0.438209593296051,
0.4627261459827423,
0.08614614605903625,
-0.17493800818920135,
0.15089371800422668,
0.5544081926345825,
0.10040628910064697,
-0.5295183062553406,
-0.9020732045173645,
0.3890959322452545,
0.11827562749385834,
-0.4845418334007263,
-0.8962857127189636,
-0.17240947484970093,
0.3291930854320526,
0.08440685272216797,
-0.2517949342727661,
-0.14565138518810272,
-0.16434422135353088,
0.7972292304039001,
0.25463950634002686,
0.23639655113220215,
0.060515936464071274,
0.04227088764309883,
0.8772208094596863,
0.452128529548645,
0.06721855700016022,
0.04532454535365105,
0.1995895504951477,
-0.21084660291671753,
0.33528414368629456,
-0.10253243148326874,
0.8712180852890015,
0.7195616960525513,
0.9774934649467468,
-0.2796872854232788,
0.18592070043087006,
-0.7163034677505493,
0.22811368107795715,
-0.41426053643226624,
0.19252705574035645,
-0.6798029541969299,
0.1592262238264084,
-0.24784381687641144,
0.44502970576286316,
-0.45822012424468994,
0.20249970257282257,
0.11628372967243195,
-0.5369729399681091,
-0.22946229577064514,
-0.46570730209350586,
-0.009671347215771675,
0.01737642101943493,
0.6757740378379822,
-0.5706398487091064,
0.21925105154514313,
0.4027441740036011,
-0.39276906847953796,
-0.39877820014953613,
0.08520770817995071,
-0.11661886423826218,
0.7491235733032227,
0.17243601381778717,
-0.6204107999801636,
0.7493168115615845,
0.08284716308116913,
0.03792446851730347,
-0.43053266406059265,
0.3306396007537842,
-0.32147082686424255,
0.24043448269367218,
-0.18888500332832336,
0.041973695158958435,
0.6616455912590027,
-0.15741246938705444,
0.059585463255643845,
0.3119907081127167,
-0.3911305367946625,
0.40082845091819763,
0.5865894556045532,
-0.25071510672569275,
0.03460824862122536,
0.7538447380065918,
-0.2122391015291214,
0.016453523188829422,
0.24623510241508484,
-0.06119919568300247,
0.12909887731075287,
0.20403683185577393,
-0.03001786768436432,
0.48301756381988525,
0.5146707892417908,
-0.3349475860595703,
0.30781781673431396,
-0.10241097956895828,
-0.32661277055740356,
0.4223177134990692,
-1.0141263008117676,
-0.09888952225446701,
0.19355371594429016,
0.44353896379470825,
-0.03989380598068237,
-0.055820852518081665,
0.4656553268432617,
-0.4502178132534027,
0.1514062136411667,
0.4951021075248718,
0.3376275300979614,
-0.39452388882637024,
0.635069727897644,
0.022315967828035355,
-0.04652539640665054,
0.03441593423485756,
-0.14772269129753113,
0.2589119076728821,
-0.06927701830863953,
0.6968643665313721,
0.006148944608867168,
-0.46040967106819153,
-0.6438314318656921,
0.10301081091165543,
0.5269372463226318,
0.008137243799865246,
-0.5290796160697937,
0.5289818644523621,
-0.11475683748722076,
0.39071041345596313,
-0.7206599116325378,
0.30543944239616394,
0.8415586948394775,
0.12763355672359467,
0.24740728735923767,
0.17272305488586426,
0.35437309741973877,
0.8903577327728271,
-0.07072309404611588,
0.36242860555648804,
0.5972980856895447,
0.019017789512872696,
0.14895667135715485,
-0.440102219581604,
-0.06084010750055313,
-0.09015928208827972,
-0.1694953292608261,
-0.10857085138559341,
0.0013971040025353432,
-0.3512781858444214,
0.19605392217636108,
-0.2092769294977188,
-0.010975728742778301,
-0.2870439291000366,
-0.28025496006011963,
-0.22379393875598907,
-0.04387526586651802,
-0.19317851960659027,
-0.13850285112857819,
-0.027446897700428963,
0.5728170275688171,
-0.31219735741615295,
-0.2830297350883484,
-0.4404149353504181,
0.18571287393569946,
-0.22006918489933014,
0.3013991713523865,
-0.38769498467445374,
0.2435830980539322,
-0.09654933959245682,
0.6780422925949097,
-0.5664656758308411,
-0.07421158999204636,
0.513336181640625,
-0.5164795517921448,
0.08113044500350952,
0.06888033449649811,
-0.008114981465041637,
-0.14036116003990173,
0.26838964223861694,
-0.12279333919286728,
0.12932400405406952,
-0.4491438865661621,
0.12563948333263397,
-0.07209658622741699,
-0.16195441782474518,
0.04118512198328972,
-0.40026792883872986,
0.1362871676683426,
0.2262929081916809,
0.2814909517765045,
-0.3735203444957733,
0.3412080407142639,
-0.21911121904850006,
0.19071932137012482,
-0.775800883769989,
-0.0514049306511879,
0.029747076332569122,
0.00775669701397419,
0.34360620379447937,
0.4587571918964386,
0.6229891180992126,
0.07717914134263992,
0.4550096094608307,
-0.4208175837993622,
-0.27158108353614807,
-0.23678673803806305,
-1.5653855800628662,
0.3445760905742645,
-0.08272680640220642,
0.004467830061912537,
-0.30495449900627136,
1.0293383598327637,
0.016693102195858955,
-0.4069061875343323,
-0.26573243737220764,
-0.02396937645971775,
-0.21885035932064056,
-0.018525486811995506,
-0.08228051662445068,
-0.8179905414581299,
-0.21548791229724884,
0.41324490308761597
] |
256840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20K.%20Dewdney | A. K. Dewdney | Alexander Keewatin Dewdney (born August 5, 1941) is a Canadian mathematician, computer scientist, author, filmmaker, and conspiracy theorist. Dewdney is the son of Canadian artist and author Selwyn Dewdney, and brother of poet Christopher Dewdney.
He was born in London, Ontario.
Art and fiction
In his student days, Dewdney made a number of influential experimental films, including Malanga, on the poet Gerald Malanga, Four Girls, Scissors, and his most ambitious film, the pre-structural Maltese Cross Movement. Margaret Atwood wrote that a poetry scrapbook by Dewdney, based on the Maltese Cross Movement film, "raises scrapbooking to an art".
The Academy Film Archive has preserved two of Dewdney's films: The Maltese Cross Movement in 2009 and Wildwood Flower in 2011.
He has also written two novels, The Planiverse (about an imaginary two-dimensional world) and Hungry Hollow: The Story of a Natural Place. Dewdney lives in London, Ontario, Canada, where he holds the position of Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Ontario.
Computing, mathematics, and science
Dewdney has written a number of books on mathematics, computing, and bad science. He also founded and edited a magazine on recreational programming called Algorithm between 1989 and 1993.
Dewdney followed Martin Gardner and Douglas Hofstadter in authoring Scientific American magazine's recreational mathematics column, renamed to "Computer Recreations", then "Mathematical Recreations", from 1984 to 1991. He has published more than 10 books on scientific possibilities and puzzles. Dewdney was a co-inventor of programming game Core War.
Since the nineties, Dewdney has worked on biology, both as a field ecologist and as a mathematical biologist, contributing a solution to the problem of determining the underlying dynamics of species abundance in natural communities.
Conspiracy theories
Dewdney is a member of the 9/11 truth movement, and has theorized that the planes used in the September 11 attacks had been emptied of passengers and were flown by remote control.
He based these claims in part on a series of experiments (one with funding from Japan's TV Asahi) that, he claims, show that cell phones do not work on airplanes, from which he concludes that the phone calls received from hijacked passengers during the attacks must have been faked.
Works
The Planiverse: Computer Contact with a Two-Dimensional World (1984). .
The Armchair Universe: An Exploration of Computer Worlds (1988). . (collection of "Mathematical Recreations" columns)
The Magic Machine: A Handbook of Computer Sorcery (1990). . (collection of "Mathematical Recreations" columns)
The New Turing Omnibus: Sixty-Six Excursions in Computer Science (1993). .
The Tinkertoy Computer and Other Machinations (1993). . (collection of "Mathematical Recreations" columns)
Introductory Computer Science: Bits of Theory, Bytes of Practice (1996). .
200% of Nothing: An Eye Opening Tour Through the Twists and Turns of Math Abuse and Innumeracy (1996). .
Yes, We Have No Neutrons: An Eye-Opening Tour through the Twists and Turns of Bad Science (1997). .
Hungry Hollow: The Story of a Natural Place (1998). .
A Mathematical Mystery Tour: Discovering the Truth and Beauty of the Cosmos (2001). .
Beyond Reason: Eight Great Problems that Reveal the Limits of Science (2004). .
References
External links
Alexander Dewdney homepage
1941 births
Canadian mathematicians
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
Canadian Muslims
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Living people
Writers from London, Ontario
Canadian conspiracy theorists
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers | [
0.09574797749519348,
0.6684179902076721,
-0.6230217814445496,
0.07178463786840439,
0.06826560199260712,
0.6678348183631897,
0.46501898765563965,
-0.21200966835021973,
0.18668395280838013,
0.45294418931007385,
-0.26687532663345337,
-0.022944143041968346,
0.12046261876821518,
0.6422855257987976,
-0.002810264006257057,
0.11102455854415894,
-0.4428723156452179,
-0.3945089876651764,
-0.024642612785100937,
0.10377828031778336,
-0.44732898473739624,
-0.5477973818778992,
0.49685990810394287,
0.41465577483177185,
-0.2222963273525238,
0.5450567603111267,
-0.13395875692367554,
-0.4740058183670044,
-0.1706446409225464,
0.24786622822284698,
0.025449354201555252,
0.8630719184875488,
0.6595115065574646,
-0.4240063428878784,
-0.7419619560241699,
-0.01652626506984234,
-0.3100530207157135,
-0.1570051610469818,
-0.06707490980625153,
0.06035858392715454,
-0.1727735847234726,
0.2071605920791626,
-0.22538912296295166,
-0.18325519561767578,
-0.6779224276542664,
-0.17991960048675537,
-2.089599370956421,
0.16879311203956604,
-0.7274607419967651,
-0.5496747493743896,
-0.11428368836641312,
0.049929454922676086,
0.3536239564418793,
-0.3831150233745575,
0.07250907272100449,
0.4248053729534149,
-0.0034070920664817095,
-0.4558616876602173,
0.24390320479869843,
-0.35512039065361023,
0.8907408118247986,
-0.28605133295059204,
0.5945439338684082,
-0.20027901232242584,
-0.10021577775478363,
0.7083612084388733,
0.11506286263465881,
0.385901540517807,
-0.25868552923202515,
0.207490935921669,
-0.004115402698516846,
0.6124290823936462,
0.027865419164299965,
0.13745270669460297,
0.1400933861732483,
-0.006433211732655764,
0.5499763488769531,
-0.012171102687716484,
0.42935416102409363,
0.1458190679550171,
-0.11017650365829468,
-0.08061138540506363,
0.4574298858642578,
0.10631109029054642,
0.21554429829120636,
-0.17431744933128357,
-0.44585487246513367,
0.2685467600822449,
-0.48349452018737793,
0.021999409422278404,
-0.595108687877655,
-0.09706487506628036,
0.1599695384502411,
0.06823618710041046,
-0.3250078558921814,
-0.6294054985046387,
0.3252406418323517,
0.07026171684265137,
0.5473593473434448,
-0.45843422412872314,
-0.3788001239299774,
-0.13010182976722717,
0.1064818874001503,
-0.0753701776266098,
-0.4944787621498108,
0.36099687218666077,
-0.04210160672664642,
-0.11532280594110489,
-0.1241682767868042,
-0.9755541682243347,
-0.7306186556816101,
0.41892293095588684,
-0.020681336522102356,
-0.1472533792257309,
0.12362916767597198,
0.644359290599823,
0.2102636694908142,
-0.24029868841171265,
-0.1664334535598755,
0.35637131333351135,
-0.14855921268463135,
0.31985771656036377,
-0.10215619206428528,
-0.0700308158993721,
-0.31676656007766724,
-0.02731834538280964,
0.08446325361728668,
-0.2931462824344635,
-0.3928108215332031,
0.27173206210136414,
0.5093204975128174,
0.6368868947029114,
-0.1133640855550766,
-0.15724720060825348,
-0.24280330538749695,
-0.017954589799046516,
0.1412181854248047,
-0.221605122089386,
-0.009709346108138561,
0.7405564785003662,
-0.3551201820373535,
-0.2009943425655365,
-1.3830876350402832,
0.12532149255275726,
0.19660137593746185,
0.428643137216568,
-0.4303795397281647,
0.0645715594291687,
-0.19043773412704468,
0.6418458223342896,
-0.2519606053829193,
0.6914227604866028,
-0.3093293309211731,
-0.6301721334457397,
-0.1399875283241272,
0.16302450001239777,
0.047426871955394745,
0.404109925031662,
0.5307676792144775,
0.1047595664858818,
0.3584690988063812,
0.3709718585014343,
0.018445365130901337,
0.1024487167596817,
0.27396389842033386,
-0.3373089134693146,
0.48350733518600464,
-0.4373469948768616,
-0.409564733505249,
0.02368479035794735,
-0.2576577961444855,
0.09271222352981567,
0.8055168986320496,
-0.22178412973880768,
0.4318483769893646,
0.27715808153152466,
0.28139790892601013,
-0.020963864400982857,
0.4849938154220581,
-0.1609809398651123,
-0.41563794016838074,
-0.2971406877040863,
-0.007728192023932934,
-0.08549224585294724,
0.04047041013836861,
0.14856962859630585,
0.30440443754196167,
-0.5735284090042114,
0.8780115246772766,
0.2119840532541275,
-0.5396329164505005,
-0.4349769353866577,
0.2757871747016907,
-0.11306487023830414,
0.6855578422546387,
0.1981455534696579,
-0.23352523148059845,
0.4123230576515198,
-0.03935405611991882,
0.4044303297996521,
0.12855632603168488,
-0.5109678506851196,
0.1238623633980751,
-0.6644020676612854,
-0.13389134407043457,
0.9902755618095398,
0.14814366400241852,
0.031282320618629456,
0.1273864358663559,
0.8295195698738098,
0.06463161110877991,
-0.4716959297657013,
-0.3443737030029297,
0.26717638969421387,
-0.23998460173606873,
-0.19288252294063568,
-0.042987655848264694,
0.057901863008737564,
0.3673100769519806,
-0.31480878591537476,
0.46305444836616516,
0.27257493138313293,
-0.31063246726989746,
0.7452112436294556,
-0.18106383085250854,
0.9690032005310059,
0.12543140351772308,
-0.11110680550336838,
0.2536374628543854,
-0.9563749432563782,
-0.12939003109931946,
0.34155988693237305,
0.06971186399459839,
-0.707656979560852,
0.15917330980300903,
0.28163519501686096,
0.28100112080574036,
-0.16555900871753693,
-0.0377044603228569,
-0.7153869271278381,
0.24269433319568634,
0.22095240652561188,
-0.2714236080646515,
0.511848509311676,
-0.018699444830417633,
0.038928329944610596,
0.00812078732997179,
0.47270360589027405,
-0.07171755284070969,
0.42926910519599915,
0.0462128110229969,
0.7183313369750977,
0.44198301434516907,
0.1287720948457718,
0.19180727005004883,
-0.05047156289219856,
0.005904284305870533,
0.00946834310889244,
0.35922160744667053,
0.5674314498901367,
-0.40339282155036926,
0.26889657974243164,
-0.13641047477722168,
0.24575813114643097,
0.16147620975971222,
0.05478474125266075,
0.6644077301025391,
-0.26888126134872437,
0.12654434144496918,
0.12182434648275375,
0.03656597062945366,
-0.6518738269805908,
-0.03900821879506111,
-0.8794512152671814,
0.2198282778263092,
-0.11509133130311966,
-0.2526826560497284,
0.1460399180650711,
-0.24416330456733704,
-0.8479669690132141,
0.285163938999176,
0.7582405805587769,
-0.743709146976471,
0.3121122717857361,
0.6733348965644836,
-0.5132613182067871,
-0.12225448340177536,
-0.4243484139442444,
0.4769302010536194,
0.08142900466918945,
-0.3343057334423065,
0.7228816747665405,
-0.19077813625335693,
0.033330287784338,
-0.19169819355010986,
0.11712051182985306,
-0.2933364510536194,
-0.5974569320678711,
-0.006922462489455938,
0.21156759560108185,
-0.7636614441871643,
0.6177470088005066,
-0.23732946813106537,
0.3960818648338318,
0.2512696385383606,
0.27453184127807617,
-0.16473084688186646,
-0.14228808879852295,
-5.651119709014893,
0.23235364258289337,
0.45784929394721985,
-0.6413576006889343,
0.41932418942451477,
0.48940226435661316,
0.009471742436289787,
0.005564735271036625,
-0.1787978857755661,
-0.367012083530426,
0.4412095546722412,
-0.2968473434448242,
-0.48413658142089844,
0.5761635303497314,
0.7624562382698059,
0.08400732278823853,
0.1934652477502823,
-0.3119538426399231,
0.11073718965053558,
0.5366771221160889,
-0.08744319528341293,
0.33385705947875977,
-0.2480301707983017,
0.13417446613311768,
0.2039838284254074,
0.2973002791404724,
-0.46405401825904846,
0.1611400842666626,
-0.9988693594932556,
-0.48455336689949036,
-0.13506771624088287,
-0.11267438530921936,
-0.3596382737159729,
0.11429153382778168,
-0.2613402009010315,
0.0664280354976654,
0.35443392395973206,
-0.015058163553476334,
0.5576382279396057,
0.13952131569385529,
-0.12610845267772675,
-0.2287142127752304,
-0.21451613306999207,
0.0901709720492363,
0.39612600207328796,
0.3216482102870941,
-0.517988920211792,
0.207784041762352,
-0.18732447922229767,
-0.12697993218898773,
-0.2637452781200409,
0.1035517081618309,
0.40749526023864746,
-0.0957975685596466,
-0.21274879574775696,
-0.21236658096313477,
0.21918374300003052,
-0.37859344482421875,
-0.6979430317878723,
0.24111025035381317,
0.4355523884296417,
-0.2667075991630554,
0.15156081318855286,
0.3790237605571747,
-0.1343299150466919,
-0.7573980689048767,
0.4342806339263916,
-0.10898138582706451,
0.5094993114471436,
-0.8048770427703857,
-0.18243031203746796,
0.3248460292816162,
0.005729742348194122,
-1.4425451755523682,
-0.23381860554218292,
-0.2602004110813141,
0.043932925909757614,
0.24915273487567902,
-0.6043246984481812,
-0.41326963901519775,
-0.4234102666378021,
-0.4900197982788086,
0.30007728934288025,
0.1515730619430542,
0.134382963180542,
-0.008607830852270126,
-0.6157481074333191,
0.4582979083061218,
0.1375170201063156,
0.16546858847141266,
-0.15367825329303741,
-0.20312078297138214,
0.850553572177887,
0.1821279227733612,
0.2461058348417282,
-0.0283905528485775,
0.6719290614128113,
0.22040799260139465,
0.37873390316963196,
-0.1330166459083557,
-0.44644832611083984,
-0.5776143670082092,
0.03104984760284424,
-0.4712355434894562,
-0.02983766980469227,
0.1062493771314621,
0.06758790463209152,
0.09002924710512161,
0.7430939078330994,
0.22839516401290894,
-0.2363518476486206,
0.43498659133911133,
-0.08449116349220276,
-0.07936962693929672,
0.2475762814283371,
0.10106853395700455,
-0.4893169105052948,
0.050416119396686554,
0.801797091960907,
-0.16231216490268707,
-0.4317065477371216,
0.43526822328567505,
-0.03887343034148216,
0.07481509447097778,
0.6925355792045593,
-0.12500496208667755,
0.4081765413284302,
-0.1873995065689087,
-0.16431789100170135,
-0.043973442167043686,
-0.19045250117778778,
0.40803956985473633,
-0.05368414893746376,
-0.43430307507514954,
-0.2632297873497009,
0.09352439641952515,
-0.2173362672328949,
-0.0294419527053833,
-0.12314270436763763,
0.45037519931793213,
0.10307128727436066,
-0.3011951148509979,
0.4573705196380615,
0.9400200843811035,
0.1866646707057953,
-0.04384729266166687,
0.5088381171226501,
0.1396060585975647,
0.17012432217597961,
0.20579087734222412,
0.3855356276035309,
-0.06918277591466904,
0.6381833553314209,
-0.5867060422897339,
-0.606050968170166,
-0.11663200706243515,
0.029640162363648415,
-0.2849394381046295,
-0.5704703330993652,
0.009627669118344784,
0.5639157295227051,
-0.2882005274295807,
-0.9208165407180786,
-0.4353615343570709,
0.24111463129520416,
0.27766627073287964,
-0.013230211101472378,
-0.10802686214447021,
-0.35020819306373596,
0.38313543796539307,
0.28045207262039185,
-0.5949347019195557,
-0.247477725148201,
0.33543363213539124,
-0.010950126685202122,
0.12380623817443848,
0.027657482773065567,
-0.17832382023334503,
-0.08381408452987671,
-0.06238336116075516,
-0.0036683736834675074,
0.17623716592788696,
-0.448979914188385,
0.09388955682516098,
0.546492338180542,
-0.004783742129802704,
-0.7440415620803833,
-0.20485267043113708,
-0.12238482385873795,
0.2083032876253128,
-0.050461966544389725,
-0.37590721249580383,
0.45074760913848877,
0.7458346486091614,
0.3106299340724945,
0.2955722510814667,
0.3598299026489258,
-0.4937647879123688,
-0.000985252088867128,
-0.1327246129512787,
0.2742179036140442,
-0.05401305481791496,
-0.1536618322134018,
0.04759407043457031,
0.43548113107681274,
-0.7901306748390198,
-0.32671502232551575,
-0.22927060723304749,
0.23058323562145233,
0.48494046926498413,
0.09125522524118423,
0.053503431379795074,
-0.2065330594778061,
0.24606499075889587,
-0.09154487401247025,
0.002136899856850505,
0.19070035219192505,
0.34590402245521545,
-0.13319706916809082,
-0.3353254795074463,
-0.08404871076345444,
-0.13954395055770874,
-0.16366170346736908,
0.08142541348934174,
-0.4820207953453064,
0.030957436189055443,
0.12310044467449188,
-0.537734866142273,
0.8333733081817627,
0.25419577956199646,
0.09366561472415924,
-0.04800314083695412,
0.11085360497236252,
0.056560344994068146,
-0.09715047478675842,
-0.48535335063934326,
0.34272903203964233,
0.9454417824745178,
-0.36218351125717163,
-0.11305604875087738,
0.12935274839401245,
0.4315824508666992,
0.21877402067184448,
-0.17086835205554962,
-0.16717006266117096,
0.12746751308441162,
0.1961759477853775,
0.10801233351230621,
-0.22518256306648254,
0.34227392077445984,
0.35447561740875244,
-0.014333903789520264,
-0.33959922194480896,
0.1614784300327301,
1.1077709197998047,
-0.22199949622154236,
0.27859893441200256,
-0.3887747526168823,
0.48077577352523804,
-0.17982704937458038,
-0.33816835284233093,
-0.6238585710525513,
0.14151279628276825,
0.3466532528400421,
-0.9381877183914185,
0.07598644495010376,
-0.4758811891078949,
-0.1267833113670349,
0.23225544393062592,
-0.9966620802879333,
-0.420930951833725,
-0.5325595736503601,
-0.18065409362316132,
0.6647753119468689,
0.10530085861682892,
-0.2823936343193054,
0.24822674691677094,
-0.525959312915802,
0.1982535719871521,
-0.05214308947324753,
-0.07635434716939926,
0.40298572182655334,
0.43603992462158203,
-0.7216358184814453,
0.3055807650089264,
-0.2778920829296112,
0.4512319266796112,
-0.10052105039358139,
-0.1199307069182396,
-0.5731528997421265,
-0.7052589654922485,
0.31021347641944885,
-0.12503832578659058,
0.3976750373840332,
-0.18522945046424866,
-0.30242490768432617,
-0.11165459454059601,
0.8399118185043335,
-0.0963057354092598,
-0.23376385867595673,
-0.4974207878112793,
0.48356500267982483,
0.8093752861022949,
-0.02176906168460846,
0.18958333134651184,
0.2514503002166748,
-0.3451726734638214,
-0.5682919025421143,
-0.22429242730140686,
-0.1686578243970871,
0.06232147663831711,
0.017113693058490753,
0.019525272771716118,
-0.175323486328125,
-0.720735490322113,
-0.10962390154600143,
0.2684726417064667,
-0.7811452746391296,
0.20846796035766602,
0.2189587503671646,
-0.04481782391667366,
0.02681371383368969,
0.6702963709831238,
-0.31693100929260254,
0.713952362537384,
0.6440406441688538,
0.0361773781478405,
0.1323300004005432,
-0.34476184844970703,
-0.15335926413536072,
-0.21916396915912628,
-0.4437427520751953,
-0.3156868517398834,
0.2951025664806366,
0.31666919589042664,
0.004704222548753023,
0.1707943081855774,
-0.24414584040641785,
-0.0653463825583458,
0.08874942362308502,
-0.19644831120967865,
1.0646504163742065,
0.1355578452348709,
0.06187034770846367,
-0.13009348511695862,
0.27041423320770264,
0.7445387244224548,
0.38017719984054565,
-0.5299859642982483,
0.2900922894477844,
0.01487890724092722,
-0.20248299837112427,
0.19000285863876343,
-0.7373435497283936,
0.053733814507722855,
0.05525144189596176,
0.19060835242271423,
-0.17637884616851807,
-0.3872881829738617,
-0.9323128461837769,
-0.08658820390701294,
-0.772599995136261,
0.6925166845321655,
0.2383488565683365,
0.3302920162677765,
-0.005751254502683878,
-0.07241032272577286,
-1.3063340187072754,
-0.19300659000873566,
0.39580535888671875,
-0.13201174139976501,
-0.272917240858078,
0.08924160152673721,
0.5965679883956909,
0.0006990145775489509,
-0.3602718412876129,
0.18973419070243835,
-0.23659327626228333,
-0.32229819893836975,
-0.28135809302330017,
-0.50897216796875,
-0.32720068097114563,
0.02635490521788597,
-0.25662657618522644,
0.390272319316864,
-0.23366141319274902,
0.027874527499079704,
0.3687819838523865,
-0.940569281578064,
0.04117678478360176,
0.24539421498775482,
-0.41447997093200684,
-0.04659046232700348,
0.566730260848999,
-0.5362160801887512,
0.269021213054657,
-0.37703123688697815,
0.3033830225467682,
0.6782900094985962,
0.1008247584104538,
-0.16156679391860962,
0.08236763626337051,
-0.06564433872699738,
-0.2655881643295288,
-0.6657290458679199,
-0.022527216002345085,
-0.20297911763191223,
-0.29126468300819397,
-0.32949724793434143,
0.25933241844177246,
0.0961403027176857,
-0.23560182750225067,
-0.38484469056129456,
0.2124261111021042,
-0.1525261253118515,
-0.1490715742111206,
0.362771213054657,
0.43027395009994507,
0.06358113139867783,
0.19980783760547638,
-0.10981880873441696,
-0.055411841720342636,
0.012947047129273415,
0.09245888888835907,
-0.484203964471817,
0.4324140250682831,
0.7684189677238464,
-0.08875448256731033,
-0.09977593272924423,
0.08589955419301987,
-0.1364412009716034,
-0.5925664305686951,
-0.9209954142570496,
0.49853187799453735,
-0.12081834673881531,
-0.7347431778907776,
0.9908941388130188,
1.087392807006836,
0.0976964458823204,
-0.09166322648525238,
0.20328105986118317,
0.07028652727603912,
0.14570868015289307,
-0.22745975852012634,
-2.0417144298553467,
0.5680312514305115,
0.0018449081107974052,
-0.6754544377326965,
0.09669814258813858,
0.15200838446617126,
-0.25918611884117126,
-0.21689847111701965,
-0.3323511481285095,
-0.8464084267616272,
0.24537567794322968,
0.12244252115488052,
0.41070449352264404,
-0.024939732626080513,
0.3392099440097809,
0.25601717829704285
] |
256842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20states%20in%20the%20Holy%20Roman%20Empire | List of states in the Holy Roman Empire | This list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs.
The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the medieval and early modern periods and was generally ruled by a German-speaking Emperor. The states that composed the Empire, while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority (called Landeshoheit) that granted them many attributes of sovereignty, were never fully sovereign states as the term is understood today. In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories, the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of Imperial Knights. This page does not directly contain the list, but it discusses the format of the various lists, and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire. The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box at the top of this page; each letter will lead the reader to a page where states of the Empire which began with that letter are listed. For a more complete history of the empire, see Holy Roman Empire.
Table of states
While any such list could never be definitive, the list attempts to be as comprehensive as possible. It is sorted alphabetically and split into separate articles linked in the box below.
There is also a separate list of Free Imperial Cities, as well as a list of participants in the Imperial Diet as of 1792.
Key
The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.
Other abbreviations used in the list are:
Definition of terms
Imperial Abbey Reichsabt: A Reichsabt, literally 'Imperial Abbot' or 'Abbot of the Empire', was an Abbot whose abbey was granted within the Holy Roman Empire the status of Reichsabtei (or Reichskloster), literally 'Imperial Abbey' (or – Monastery), meaning that it enjoyed Imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit).
Imperial Circle: An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Imperial Diet.
Imperial Diet (Reichstag): The Imperial Diet was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire. The same name was used within the North German Confederation and within Germany until 1945.
Imperial Estate: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials (such as the Hereditary Usher) were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States.
Imperial Free City: In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only – as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops. Free cities also had independent representation in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.
Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit, adjectives reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar): Immediacy was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood, which a city, religious entity or feudal principality of minor lordship could attain within the Holy Roman Empire. An immediate city, abbey or territory was under the direct authority of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Imperial Diet, without any intermediary Liege lord(s). Advantages were that immediate regions had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves, and held juridical rights (including the Blutgericht, 'high' justice including capital punishment) themselves. De facto immediacy corresponded to a semi-independence with a far-reaching autonomy.
Imperial Reform: In 1495, an attempt was made at a Diet in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Reichsreform).
Imperial State: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet.
Mediatization: defined broadly, is the annexation of one monarchy by another monarchy in such a way that the ruler of the annexed state keeps his or her noble title, and sometimes a measure of power. Thus, for example, when a sovereign county is annexed to a larger principality, its reigning count might find himself subordinated to a prince, but would nevertheless remain a count, rather than be stripped of his title.
Prince of the Empire: A Prince of the Empire is any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions) and entitled to a voting seat (or in a collective voting unit, such as the Grafenbank) in Imperial Diet or Reichstag.
Prince-abbot: A prince-abbott (Fürstabt) or prince-abbess (Äbtissin) was an abbot or abbess who had been granted the rank of prince. Prince-abbots (but not prince-abbesses) had seat and vote on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet and sat alongside the prince-bishops.
Prince-bishop: A prince-bishop (Fürstbischof) was a bishop who had been granted the rank of prince (Fürst). As a prince, he was the temporal ruler of a Hochstift and as a bishop, he exercised the spiritual duties of an ordinary bishop over his diocese, which was always larger than his Hochstift. Prince-bishops had seat and voice on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet. Nearly all the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Habsburg lands were prince-bishops.
Prince-elector: The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire (German: sing. Kurfürst, pl. Kurfürsten) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors.
Secularization: The transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession or use
Kleinstaaterei: is a German word mostly used to denote the territorial fragmentation in Germany and neighboring regions during the Holy Roman Empire (especially after the end of the Thirty Years' War). It refers to the large number of nearly sovereign small and medium-sized secular and ecclesiastical principalities and free imperial cities, some of which were little larger than a single town or the surrounding grounds of the monastery of an Imperial abbey.
Notes column
The "Notes" column shows, in capsule form,
the territorial development of the different states or polities (acquisition or loss of possessions, union of rulers or dynasties, etc.);
the royal or noble dynasties, including their various branches, which ruled over territories or polities;
the transmission of succession rights (marriage, female succession, conquest, cession, pledge, etc.);
the attributes of "statehood" (right to mint coins, holding markets and fairs, entering into treaties and pacts, appointment of civil officials, etc.); and
the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever these are available.
Estate of the Empire (Reichsstand)
The following excerpt from François Velde's Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law provides an excellent overview on what an Estate (or State) of the Empire is. For his purpose, the author deals only with the hereditary territorial rulers but it should be remembered that the Estates also included a substantial number of non-hereditary territorial rulers such as the ecclesiastical states (prince-bishoprics and imperial abbeys) and free imperial cities.
Grouped lists
The following lists are going to be included into the table above.
Ecclesiastical orders
The Teutonic Order1529: College of Princes1793: Council of Princes
The Order of St. John1793: Council of Princes
Livonian territories
Terra Mariana (the Livonian Confederation from 1435):
Archbishopric of Riga (from 1207, as Bishopric of Riga until 1255, subjugated directly to the Holy See in 1215, again from 1225, secularized and subjugated to the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1561)
Livonian Order (secularized 16th century, secularized and subjugated to the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1561)
Bishopric of Dorpat (from 1225, conquered by Russia in 1558)
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (from 1228, sold to Denmark in 1560)
Bishopric of Courland (from 1521, sold to Denmark in 1560)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Reval (from 1521, incorporated into Sweden in 1561)
Riga (from 1581, in effect in 1582, incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia in 1581)
Territories of old princely families
Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp-Oldenburg
Holstein-Glückstadt
Italian territories
Carrara
Finale
Florence
Genoa
Guastalla
Lucca
Mantua
Massa
Milan
Modena and Reggio
Montferrat
Parma
Piedmont
Piombino
Saluzzo
Siena
Tuscany
Territories of new princely families
Thurn und Taxis, held Friedberg-Scheer (1754)
See also
Imperial State
Imperial Circle Estates
List of Reichstag participants (1792)
Imperial Diet
Prince-elector
Kleinstaaterei
List of historic states of Germany (after 1815)
References
Further reading
In English
The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre. "The Dukes of Arenberg". . Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture. "aeiou: The Annotable, Elektronic, Interactive, Osterreich (Austria), Universal Information System". . Retrieved June 23, 2006.
"Austrian and German Mediatized Houses, 1871–1919". . Retrieved July 4, 2006.
"Braunschweig – Brunswick. A history". . Retrieved July 6, 2006.
Cahoon, Benjamin M. (2000–2006). "Europe Index" in WorldStatesmen.org. . June 26, 2006.
Dotor, Santiago (2004). "Historical Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)" in FOTW: Flags of the World Web Site. . Retrieved July 3, 2006.
"Freiburg's History for Pedestrians" (2006). . Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Graz, Thomas. "Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europe: Old Glasses from Old Europe" in German History Ring. . Retrieved June 20, 2006.
Hilkens, Bob (2000). "States and Regents of the World: An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries". [https://www.webcitation.org/5kmp0GkYu?url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/index.html. Retrieved June 27, 2006.
"History of the House of Sayn". . Retrieved July 13, 2006.
Kane, Ed (2000). "Castle Directory: Alphabetical Listing of German Castles and Fortifications". . Retrieved July 28, 2006.
The History Files: Kingdoms of Europe. Retrieved July 9, 2006 (Updated February 25, 2007).
"Lippe(-Detmold): Chronology of Lippe" in Genealogy.net. . Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Martinsson, Örjan. "Historical Atlas: Europe". . Retrieved July 14, 2006.
"Medieval German Counties". . Retrieved July 9, 2006.
"Milestones in Pomeranian History, with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow". . Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Pantel, Mike (2000). "The History of Baden-Wurttemberg". . Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Principality of Liechtenstein. "Liechtenstein at a Glance: History". . Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Reitwiesner, William Addams (1998). "One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word 'Mediatized'. What does it mean?". . Retrieved July 1, 2006.
Rozn, Val (1999–2003). "The German Reigning Houses: Titles, territories, regnal chronologies". . Retrieved June 9, 2006.
Rozn, Val (2002). "The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire". . Retrieved July 16, 2006.
Rozn, Val (2002). "The Last Years of the Ancient Empire". . Retrieved June 24, 2006
Sainty, Guy Stair. "European Royal Houses". . Retrieved June 23, 2006.
Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Knights of Saint John in Germany". . Retrieved July 1, 2006.
"Schaumburg-Lippe" in Genealogy.net. . Retrieved June 25, 2006.
"Sovereigns in Germany". . Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Voss, Hans Peter. "History of Schleswig Holstein". . Retrieved July 3, 2006.
In other languages
Bursik, Heinrich (1998). "Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau". . For Google-translated English version . Retrieved July 9, 2006.
"Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim-Tecklenburg". . For Google-translated English version, see . Retrieved July 11, 2006.
Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Territorial arrangement of North Rhine-Westphalia 1789". (Translation from the original in German through Google Search). . (Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire). Retrieved June 26, 2006.
"Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer". . Retrieved June 23, 2006.
Ortwein, Friedrich J. "Die Herren zu Rappoltstein" (The Lords of Rappoltstein)". . (For English translation: ). Retrieved June 25, 2006.
"Die Reichsstände". . Retrieved July 8, 2006.
Wember, Heinz. "Die Genealogie (Genealogy) von Montfort: Bludenz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Heiligenberg, Herrenberg, Langenargen, Pfullendorf, Rheinegg, Rothenfels, Sargans, Tettnang, Tosters, Tübingen, Vaduz, Wasserburg, Werdenberg, Zollern". . Retrieved June 23, 2006.
List of imperial circles of 1532
List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521
Maps and illustrations
Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Historical maps – Germany at the end of the 18th century". . Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Westermann, Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte (in German; exquisite detailed maps)
External links
Carantha: History of Slovenia-Carantania
The Catholic Encyclopedia
Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane (On ruling families and polities in present-day Republic of Italy)
HIS DATA: Historische Herrscher der Territorien (Adel)(German)
(English translation)
Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Regional Research in German-speaking Countries
World Statesmen
German feudalism | [
0.13854102790355682,
0.2664000988006592,
-0.041616715490818024,
-0.04270065948367119,
-0.7073773741722107,
0.31307122111320496,
0.7201856374740601,
0.6941466927528381,
-0.6412069797515869,
-0.08966183662414551,
0.12430168688297272,
-0.48699966073036194,
0.16859538853168488,
0.27104857563972473,
-0.10490439832210541,
0.3305497169494629,
0.2468477338552475,
0.9558588266372681,
-0.23439589142799377,
-0.661649227142334,
0.11803153902292252,
0.44535887241363525,
0.10569556802511215,
0.09911397099494934,
0.22456838190555573,
-0.3028995990753174,
1.093058705329895,
-0.5302501320838928,
-0.17634500563144684,
-0.20936816930770874,
-0.17701289057731628,
0.5566978454589844,
-0.5009873509407043,
0.04616844281554222,
-0.5028228759765625,
-0.5282385945320129,
0.30751049518585205,
-0.7764806151390076,
-0.20898258686065674,
-1.038291335105896,
-0.3142002522945404,
-0.23595935106277466,
0.06467490643262863,
0.5609738826751709,
0.022719111293554306,
-0.2544381618499756,
-1.647367238998413,
0.1383465677499771,
-0.6619834899902344,
0.22512608766555786,
-0.4293823540210724,
0.17751291394233704,
0.004641381092369556,
0.8034403324127197,
-0.005214678589254618,
0.15841852128505707,
-1.1811741590499878,
-0.3963024914264679,
0.7604545950889587,
0.2017480880022049,
0.8774700164794922,
0.277906596660614,
0.1013132855296135,
0.3266942501068115,
0.2248000204563141,
-0.38429591059684753,
-0.018279721960425377,
1.0069881677627563,
-0.5598737001419067,
-1.1005449295043945,
-0.574586808681488,
-0.5579425096511841,
-0.07906477898359299,
-0.41346627473831177,
0.28311893343925476,
-0.4671560823917389,
-0.07588280737400055,
0.1904684454202652,
0.08021175116300583,
-0.8400369882583618,
-0.4647367298603058,
0.05030185356736183,
0.42956826090812683,
-0.2023373544216156,
0.6433596611022949,
0.14025621116161346,
-0.3616899251937866,
-1.0027872323989868,
-0.36964353919029236,
0.0903199166059494,
-0.06895969808101654,
0.4833415448665619,
0.0384160652756691,
-0.10699604451656342,
-0.06989645212888718,
-0.6132802963256836,
-0.4662836492061615,
-0.15603889524936676,
0.22031919658184052,
0.8718346953392029,
-0.5460023880004883,
0.3738323450088501,
0.30316194891929626,
-0.6488683223724365,
-0.7135125398635864,
-0.1535252034664154,
0.015318410471081734,
0.13840195536613464,
-0.600690484046936,
0.19760045409202576,
-0.16709618270397186,
-0.2860686182975769,
0.30045434832572937,
0.15443487465381622,
0.10414484888315201,
0.08297459781169891,
-0.11450791358947754,
-0.6956367492675781,
0.008967754431068897,
0.04784827679395676,
-0.12368032336235046,
0.8635743260383606,
0.048144515603780746,
-0.30613335967063904,
0.010182742960751057,
0.1247057169675827,
0.4940512776374817,
0.36205220222473145,
-0.360944926738739,
0.23829659819602966,
0.1365111768245697,
1.4144141674041748,
0.15301920473575592,
-0.28358155488967896,
0.31731945276260376,
-0.17746877670288086,
0.11043726652860641,
0.5699593424797058,
0.40661635994911194,
0.08606425672769547,
-0.8847798705101013,
-0.4016425907611847,
-0.723404049873352,
0.008521993644535542,
-0.18144161999225616,
-0.5957462191581726,
0.12766872346401215,
-0.6626087427139282,
-0.46144336462020874,
0.1060570776462555,
-0.09801578521728516,
-0.13719619810581207,
-0.01248945016413927,
0.10494118928909302,
-0.1087212935090065,
0.6104170083999634,
0.42696598172187805,
-0.15980957448482513,
0.5945549011230469,
0.13730719685554504,
0.13320091366767883,
0.18599416315555573,
0.19099000096321106,
-0.13024131953716278,
0.4882628917694092,
0.04920310154557228,
-0.08503443002700806,
-0.008192053064703941,
-0.2735905051231384,
0.031388040632009506,
-0.7874732613563538,
0.26490458846092224,
-0.49760013818740845,
-0.25157636404037476,
-0.297990083694458,
0.5191107988357544,
0.7597953081130981,
-0.00030078578856773674,
0.1219710260629654,
-0.4247378408908844,
-0.8403699398040771,
0.29430273175239563,
0.21177589893341064,
0.212629497051239,
-0.042792800813913345,
0.7540708780288696,
-0.09705356508493423,
0.09547074139118195,
-0.139846533536911,
0.00616329163312912,
0.49436861276626587,
-0.4708537757396698,
0.358256071805954,
-0.6062207818031311,
0.982028067111969,
0.0639575719833374,
-0.3427773416042328,
-0.008932563476264477,
-0.35246598720550537,
0.13449859619140625,
-0.5848899483680725,
-0.4662269651889801,
0.14032606780529022,
0.41772690415382385,
-0.15578269958496094,
0.4633950889110565,
-0.21959887444972992,
-0.0013127138372510672,
0.4648427963256836,
0.2025587111711502,
0.7491840124130249,
-0.1347174197435379,
0.46270206570625305,
-0.38133376836776733,
-0.17767007648944855,
0.36464956402778625,
-0.747075617313385,
0.4268263280391693,
-0.09812720865011215,
-0.692919909954071,
0.7311509251594543,
-0.1252041757106781,
0.35611510276794434,
0.3760850727558136,
-0.23826491832733154,
0.041678521782159805,
-0.7051945924758911,
0.5558251142501831,
0.030779846012592316,
-1.2218819856643677,
0.5579800009727478,
0.2694898843765259,
0.3173152208328247,
-0.10339062660932541,
-0.03482811897993088,
-0.37544509768486023,
-0.380737841129303,
0.17988663911819458,
0.02472996711730957,
-0.04017836973071098,
0.38417431712150574,
0.11870644241571426,
-0.5042418241500854,
0.19344832003116608,
-0.43982255458831787,
0.3182625472545624,
0.36038562655448914,
-0.10502225905656815,
-0.7005250453948975,
-0.25234565138816833,
0.5875559449195862,
0.052740104496479034,
-0.30386045575141907,
-0.716253936290741,
0.4183262288570404,
-0.5192492604255676,
0.3671776056289673,
-0.19136850535869598,
0.02918834611773491,
0.006201956421136856,
0.27156946063041687,
-0.00883113220334053,
0.04791223630309105,
0.2861252427101135,
0.2532714307308197,
-0.13424243032932281,
0.19277586042881012,
-0.32794949412345886,
-0.22169096767902374,
0.38983768224716187,
-0.2204635888338089,
-0.0046358369290828705,
-0.7399231791496277,
-0.784295380115509,
0.6160929799079895,
-0.4386296570301056,
-0.5965100526809692,
0.42362040281295776,
-0.10607820004224777,
0.4101570248603821,
-0.5922044515609741,
0.5213615298271179,
-0.09129618853330612,
-0.9172757267951965,
-0.24753646552562714,
-0.1051616370677948,
0.9896941781044006,
-0.4445495903491974,
-0.010757215321063995,
0.37473490834236145,
0.42891478538513184,
-0.08011607825756073,
-0.5958435535430908,
0.07550394535064697,
0.14342127740383148,
0.6865760087966919,
-0.06194906681776047,
-0.01982227712869644,
0.1954532265663147,
-0.8953990936279297,
-1.114364743232727,
0.4301184415817261,
-0.33231237530708313,
0.06347054243087769,
0.14181220531463623,
0.2786240875720978,
-0.43237215280532837,
0.010036174207925797,
-5.130421161651611,
0.03842824697494507,
-0.3747499883174896,
-0.3465012311935425,
0.030239269137382507,
0.6079975962638855,
0.30931591987609863,
0.16677308082580566,
-0.042341407388448715,
-0.37550243735313416,
0.8813232183456421,
-0.35101789236068726,
-0.2155931144952774,
0.7205376029014587,
1.1612693071365356,
0.6126684546470642,
0.8584616184234619,
0.5912535190582275,
-0.1588730812072754,
-0.42235010862350464,
-0.3435896337032318,
-0.28602397441864014,
0.5206868052482605,
0.9023275971412659,
0.6038813591003418,
0.5499497056007385,
-0.8515945076942444,
0.5027067065238953,
-0.6574587821960449,
-0.3398348093032837,
-0.11717700958251953,
-0.15486116707324982,
-0.3014321029186249,
-0.16616004705429077,
-0.017307518050074577,
0.4852033853530884,
1.0343513488769531,
0.9946610331535339,
0.293619841337204,
-0.19895537197589874,
0.0782490223646164,
0.8997325301170349,
-0.3673246502876282,
0.752183735370636,
-0.18182219564914703,
-0.6231399774551392,
-0.7768117785453796,
0.8253565430641174,
-0.8754327893257141,
0.9827359914779663,
-0.7108132839202881,
-0.010152451694011688,
0.2338467389345169,
0.2509053349494934,
0.2246761918067932,
-0.2731962502002716,
-0.08862544596195221,
0.5844355821609497,
-0.39260849356651306,
0.12047729641199112,
0.29084867238998413,
-0.4413330554962158,
-0.25538691878318787,
0.12081298232078552,
0.27696046233177185,
-0.7092723250389099,
-1.412306308746338,
0.5538222789764404,
0.1794722080230713,
-0.004646896384656429,
-0.37057504057884216,
-0.0417926050722599,
-0.4115111529827118,
-0.8509641289710999,
0.3300727605819702,
-0.767878532409668,
-0.09688961505889893,
-0.29771342873573303,
-0.004498468711972237,
0.4936538338661194,
-0.15025748312473297,
0.44453731179237366,
-0.18297570943832397,
0.5822959542274475,
0.560245931148529,
0.4113065004348755,
-0.05416912958025932,
-0.32592180371284485,
-0.4126313626766205,
0.16890931129455566,
0.4463769793510437,
-0.5222198367118835,
0.132881298661232,
0.4195787310600281,
-0.48162999749183655,
0.424630731344223,
-0.5319857597351074,
-0.659459114074707,
0.7000401020050049,
-0.17618432641029358,
0.9490624070167542,
0.06319376081228256,
-0.19429144263267517,
0.034015435725450516,
-0.248708114027977,
0.34715500473976135,
-0.3072480261325836,
0.3929154872894287,
-0.0011973376385867596,
-0.11859975010156631,
-0.07023482769727707,
-0.47440090775489807,
-0.23360572755336761,
-0.671211302280426,
0.6537821292877197,
-0.5837176442146301,
-0.9233090877532959,
1.0069804191589355,
0.38006791472435,
-0.11974293738603592,
0.5234376192092896,
0.034895218908786774,
0.03467500954866409,
-0.16428342461585999,
-0.5059584379196167,
0.3597240746021271,
-0.18114402890205383,
0.21922937035560608,
0.21892432868480682,
0.15536201000213623,
0.022891825065016747,
-0.2712150812149048,
-0.033739931881427765,
0.3046366274356842,
0.22096264362335205,
0.12842580676078796,
0.018117019906640053,
-0.3065996468067169,
-0.144979327917099,
-0.462365061044693,
-0.0985458642244339,
-0.19941173493862152,
0.03593438118696213,
0.5690878033638,
0.7667943239212036,
0.12341509014368057,
0.1188703179359436,
-0.3291807174682617,
-0.33596307039260864,
0.6489089727401733,
-0.008928533643484116,
-0.2196962535381317,
0.13583290576934814,
-0.21680502593517303,
-0.9256166815757751,
-0.5787296295166016,
0.5573133826255798,
0.36089301109313965,
0.050950787961483,
-0.5417694449424744,
-0.025485128164291382,
-0.5806098580360413,
-0.5828712582588196,
0.8823721408843994,
0.7249231338500977,
-0.3522621989250183,
-0.17263442277908325,
-0.12758898735046387,
-0.12499070912599564,
0.8857672810554504,
0.0837806984782219,
0.11562908440828323,
-0.48595377802848816,
0.410444974899292,
0.29036590456962585,
-0.43440860509872437,
0.22286371886730194,
0.11847622692584991,
0.2707049250602722,
0.09933068603277206,
0.4069453179836273,
-0.16194194555282593,
-0.26761287450790405,
0.026224859058856964,
0.0881495550274849,
0.18967658281326294,
-0.13486666977405548,
0.35792794823646545,
-0.15209002792835236,
-0.3027554750442505,
-0.07386183738708496,
-0.0594683438539505,
-0.01571977138519287,
-0.06727954000234604,
-0.9625781774520874,
-0.7633529305458069,
0.43909886479377747,
-0.35911425948143005,
0.32881855964660645,
-0.46444064378738403,
0.38592493534088135,
-0.010992935858666897,
-0.4567388594150543,
0.11123762279748917,
0.02590102143585682,
-0.2727542817592621,
0.7637441754341125,
0.06048060953617096,
-0.3884754776954651,
0.3191872835159302,
-0.7153992652893066,
-0.5605543851852417,
-0.27440282702445984,
1.1110734939575195,
-0.3047134578227997,
-0.4160500764846802,
0.17924098670482635,
-0.5339334607124329,
-0.7692345976829529,
-0.17488700151443481,
0.07169481366872787,
0.18941166996955872,
-0.21115192770957947,
0.18760232627391815,
-0.5485284924507141,
0.11509431153535843,
0.2778359651565552,
-0.35059723258018494,
0.21394219994544983,
-0.1309371143579483,
0.4142640233039856,
0.14380884170532227,
0.1244926005601883,
-0.8140203356742859,
-0.4063388705253601,
-0.6280553340911865,
0.3770603835582733,
0.08475296199321747,
-0.11597268283367157,
0.573919951915741,
0.23953458666801453,
1.3444712162017822,
0.752056360244751,
-0.38265904784202576,
0.6484629511833191,
-0.3554494380950928,
-0.07346619665622711,
-0.5771576166152954,
-0.0948290228843689,
0.13278546929359436,
-0.3186914622783661,
-0.1887536644935608,
-0.6682208180427551,
-0.6504427790641785,
0.8073487877845764,
-0.02300865761935711,
-0.3455517888069153,
0.40078872442245483,
0.18331705033779144,
0.2518233060836792,
0.06973304599523544,
0.24299319088459015,
0.10332467406988144,
-0.21043908596038818,
0.17120707035064697,
-0.5522275567054749,
-0.2340131551027298,
0.13305968046188354,
0.6866599321365356,
-0.6946541666984558,
0.1694830358028412,
-0.3045078217983246,
-0.1385384351015091,
-0.3126281797885895,
-0.0010281584691256285,
-0.10652296990156174,
0.4455997347831726,
-0.4859303832054138,
0.549822211265564,
-0.0863189697265625,
-1.3039013147354126,
-0.24142909049987793,
0.36168843507766724,
-0.33478209376335144,
0.5503601431846619,
-0.7158710360527039,
-0.6464314460754395,
0.21754370629787445,
-0.21447306871414185,
0.44476574659347534,
-0.6062079668045044,
-0.24497543275356293,
-0.31655988097190857,
0.8803914785385132,
-0.055738162249326706,
0.35375890135765076,
-0.05401391163468361,
-0.06613455712795258,
0.17548984289169312,
0.255584180355072,
-0.06971672177314758,
0.19578619301319122,
0.42943650484085083,
0.1094505786895752,
0.3058319389820099,
0.6940132975578308,
-0.20498883724212646,
-0.32354551553726196,
-0.738071858882904,
-0.3042218089103699,
0.07190278172492981,
-0.13954614102840424,
0.31024062633514404,
0.15233436226844788,
0.1127244085073471,
0.014866329729557037,
0.40782880783081055,
-0.08865636587142944,
0.20730996131896973,
-0.02598644234240055,
0.2606455981731415,
-0.1407068371772766,
0.10012679547071457,
0.20552566647529602,
0.25342658162117004,
0.47191622853279114,
0.005096216220408678,
-0.4631829857826233,
-0.22193840146064758,
0.2589532434940338,
0.4319300353527069,
0.2965770959854126,
-0.7291078567504883,
0.33132293820381165,
-0.6211324334144592,
0.09214616566896439,
0.6213544607162476,
-0.28486213088035583,
-0.33410683274269104,
0.6490888595581055,
-0.20472170412540436,
0.5378839373588562,
-0.5053452253341675,
-0.23818065226078033,
-0.6134644746780396,
0.6435860991477966,
-0.5492035746574402,
-0.04825807362794876,
0.6197822093963623,
0.178729847073555,
0.7250679731369019,
0.21139255166053772,
-0.1979556828737259,
0.4765993058681488,
0.3320167362689972,
0.20926833152770996,
0.7043101191520691,
0.4319966435432434,
-0.150434672832489,
-0.7936347723007202,
-0.15317918360233307,
-0.30528905987739563,
0.1526961624622345,
0.05858411639928818,
-0.012224816717207432,
0.45923376083374023,
-0.23480968177318573,
-0.14038075506687164,
-0.3815910816192627,
-0.39988890290260315,
0.45631125569343567,
-0.2088979184627533,
0.59013831615448,
-0.23187962174415588,
0.444815456867218,
-0.0010536544723436236,
0.7175089716911316,
0.02636604756116867,
0.8147088885307312,
-0.3184455931186676,
-0.2521458864212036,
-0.2804816961288452,
0.14367684721946716,
-0.8402948975563049,
-0.2701985538005829,
0.2777863144874573,
-0.04865865781903267,
0.07159078121185303,
0.4049038589000702,
0.1781366467475891,
-0.4637121856212616,
-0.5181673169136047,
0.11347390711307526,
0.1751815378665924,
-1.2708768844604492,
0.0773267075419426,
-0.8326892852783203,
1.305096983909607,
0.48927247524261475,
-0.7000592350959778,
0.4980880320072174,
0.4115922152996063,
-0.3151528239250183,
0.5961828827857971,
-0.2134934961795807,
0.5211442112922668,
-0.19150778651237488,
0.13856461644172668,
0.0332002155482769,
0.7870792150497437,
-0.04762041196227074,
-0.45621559023857117,
0.16624696552753448,
0.5692427754402161,
-0.419179230928421,
0.20454931259155273,
0.6552022099494934,
0.0736960917711258,
-0.10546518117189407,
0.27303987741470337,
0.2724602520465851,
-0.32479727268218994,
-0.08547413349151611,
0.10366281867027283,
-0.06961815804243088,
0.05712581425905228,
0.4889993369579315,
0.7247275114059448,
-0.8114076256752014,
0.6497288346290588,
-0.42246928811073303,
-0.3262583613395691,
-0.22959251701831818,
-0.2253759652376175,
-0.4150567948818207,
0.609761655330658,
0.4263111352920532,
0.022841015830636024,
0.18758322298526764,
-0.679004430770874,
-0.3436281681060791,
-0.16001491248607635,
0.7233088612556458,
0.3053838014602661,
-0.8931042551994324,
-0.08343563228845596,
0.43054983019828796,
-0.6219732761383057,
-0.9426310658454895,
0.6635658740997314,
-0.049990586936473846,
0.5035638809204102,
0.35910046100616455,
-0.2693668305873871,
0.1873837113380432,
-0.26969462633132935,
0.39648500084877014,
-0.6445801258087158,
0.046564631164073944,
0.28319576382637024
] |
256843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch%20Poor | Enoch Poor | Enoch Poor (June 21, 1736 (Old Style) – September 8, 1780) was a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was a ship builder and merchant from Exeter, New Hampshire.
Biography
Poor was born and raised in Andover, Massachusetts. His father Thomas Poor had been part of the 1745 expedition that captured Louisburg, Nova Scotia, during King George's War. In 1755, Poor enlisted as a private in one of the Massachusetts units raised to accompany Jeffery Amherst's expedition to retake Louisburg during the French and Indian War. His unit enforced the expulsion of the Acadians. After the war, he came home to Andover, but only briefly. He eloped with Martha Osgood, and they settled in Exeter where he became a successful ship builder.
Poor supported the separatists as early as the Stamp Act protests in 1765. He served on various committees for Exeter throughout the period of rising rebellion. In 1775, he was twice elected to the provincial Assembly. The Battle of Lexington caused the assembly to call for three regiments of militia, and Poor became the colonel of the 2nd New Hampshire Regiment. The other regiments under colonels John Stark and James Reed were sent to Boston, but the 2nd was stationed at Portsmouth and Exeter. They were sent to Boston after the Battle of Bunker Hill, arriving on June 25. In the summer of 1775, the unit was absorbed into the Continental Army; they were ordered into the Northern Department and went with General Richard Montgomery's invasion of Canada.
After the disaster in Canada, Poor led the survivors of his regiment in early 1776 back to Fort Ticonderoga. The unit was renamed as the 8th Continental regiment and joined Washington's main army in December 1776 at winter quarters near Morristown, New Jersey.
The Continental Congress named Poor a brigadier general on February 21, 1777. That spring, his brigade was sent back to Ticonderoga. He withdrew with the rest of Arthur St. Clair's force of July 5. Moving south, they joined General Horatio Gates before the Battle of Saratoga, and his brigade was expanded by two regiments of Connecticut militia (Cook's and Latimer's).
In the Battle of Freeman's Farm, Poor's brigade was the first to come to the aid of Daniel Morgan's attack. Poor held the American left flank, extending into the woods and even wrapping around the British position. They performed well, keeping General Simon Fraser's regulars engaged while Benedict Arnold led attacks on the central column.
In the Battle of Bemis Heights, Poor's brigade was in General Benjamin Lincoln's division on the western end of the American line. They were closest to the center of the advancing British, so they came under fire from the grenadier battalion of the British center. The fire was ineffective, so Major John Dyke Acland led the grenadiers in a bayonet charge. Poor held fire until they came very close, then opened up with the massed fire of his 1,400 men. These were the first American shots in the battle. The charge was completely broken, and Acland himself fell wounded. With this collapse of Burgoyne's center, the Americans captured the wounded Acland and Major Williams along with the column's artillery. Poor then turned to his left and gave support to Ebenezer Learned and Morgan's men.
Poor's brigade again spent the winter with the main army, this time at Valley Forge. He led the last maneuvers in the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. He accompanied the Sullivan Expedition in 1779, leading a brigade in the victory at Battle of Newtown.
Afterward Poor was assigned to Lafayette's division and mainly saw garrison duty in New Jersey. Some sources say that Poor was shot in a duel near Hackensack, New Jersey, on September 6, 1780, and died two days later from the wound, although the Army surgeon reported that he died from typhus. He was buried in the First Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery in Hackensack. George Washington and Lafayette both attended his funeral, and Washington wrote to inform Congress of Poor's death. He noted that "he was an officer of distinguished merit, one who as a citizen and soldier had every claim to the esteem and regard of his country."
See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 131: Brigadier General Enoch Poor
References
External links
A General on The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign Vs. Iroquoia
State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing Manchester, NH 1903
1736 births
1780 deaths
Continental Army generals
Continental Army officers from New Hampshire
People of New Hampshire in the French and Indian War
People of colonial Massachusetts
People of New Hampshire in the American Revolution
People of colonial New Hampshire
Burials at First Reformed Dutch Church, Hackensack | [
-0.7430825233459473,
0.27510255575180054,
-0.9344346523284912,
0.16396471858024597,
0.21331337094306946,
0.5447820425033569,
0.9654891490936279,
-0.10282551497220993,
-0.19217845797538757,
-0.40455207228660583,
-0.19561786949634552,
0.12294566631317139,
-0.5938700437545776,
0.1458670049905777,
-0.720333993434906,
0.6503167748451233,
0.1353043019771576,
-0.34062594175338745,
-0.6962934732437134,
-0.42293989658355713,
0.1634497046470642,
0.09512727707624435,
0.4936099052429199,
0.43779557943344116,
0.10518717020750046,
0.3969663679599762,
0.34972018003463745,
-0.21271856129169464,
0.4383050203323364,
-0.3275052011013031,
-0.6363885402679443,
0.1868552416563034,
0.6949256658554077,
-0.3025088608264923,
-0.9569768309593201,
0.0062868292443454266,
-0.8606606721878052,
0.3120061159133911,
0.300728976726532,
0.2544220983982086,
0.006804903503507376,
0.012050260789692402,
0.06527527421712875,
0.05791933834552765,
-0.10333918035030365,
0.020668530836701393,
-1.8579031229019165,
0.23302218317985535,
-0.5298759341239929,
-0.9510499835014343,
0.04660266265273094,
-0.07030213624238968,
0.10886484384536743,
0.45842060446739197,
-0.299582839012146,
-0.04948300123214722,
-0.4804689586162567,
-0.07877819985151291,
0.2992611229419708,
-0.28583893179893494,
0.2902666926383972,
0.3289821743965149,
0.484426885843277,
-0.06800547242164612,
0.1150314137339592,
-0.5122209787368774,
-0.2832806408405304,
0.49046772718429565,
-0.02252083830535412,
-0.2593511641025543,
0.2514466941356659,
0.16653944551944733,
0.4326205253601074,
0.2209421545267105,
0.23548930883407593,
-0.45881959795951843,
-0.06012044474482536,
0.1901903599500656,
0.1164085641503334,
0.30313441157341003,
-0.23778904974460602,
-0.5502700209617615,
0.5815675854682922,
0.08838294446468353,
-0.6551811695098877,
0.313119113445282,
0.03509419038891792,
0.3032992482185364,
-0.41278836131095886,
-0.0027647328097373247,
0.3360968828201294,
-0.06824492663145065,
0.31483638286590576,
0.2567189335823059,
-0.16737329959869385,
0.06018022820353508,
-0.017229394987225533,
-0.14725281298160553,
-0.49190324544906616,
-0.4562925398349762,
0.27012497186660767,
0.41153684258461,
0.5979324579238892,
0.13232384622097015,
-0.1699313372373581,
0.29000604152679443,
0.6507200598716736,
-0.02780451439321041,
-0.1911240816116333,
0.13149681687355042,
-0.48097267746925354,
0.6362139582633972,
-0.2897893190383911,
-0.17471849918365479,
-0.13401979207992554,
0.49856090545654297,
0.4380205273628235,
-0.891956627368927,
-0.21238553524017334,
-0.3904421627521515,
-0.4159567654132843,
0.8905810713768005,
0.13632889091968536,
0.03706442192196846,
-0.7420473098754883,
0.03204123675823212,
0.5091891288757324,
0.15779168903827667,
-0.047885049134492874,
0.260838121175766,
0.42779797315597534,
0.9910824298858643,
-0.7171458601951599,
0.2463400959968567,
-0.2774842083454132,
-0.2518889904022217,
0.09186654537916183,
0.38241732120513916,
-0.4886573851108551,
-0.05200948566198349,
-0.551186740398407,
-0.01866072788834572,
-0.08112696558237076,
0.08865655958652496,
-0.12423266470432281,
0.061364028602838516,
0.3165966272354126,
0.18724878132343292,
-0.2852954566478729,
0.0913027673959732,
-0.042211003601551056,
0.14478425681591034,
0.4402189552783966,
-0.45327028632164,
-0.019881511107087135,
-0.10996436327695847,
0.7200231552124023,
0.15354511141777039,
-0.004461580887436867,
0.3609156310558319,
-0.19447802007198334,
0.015060486271977425,
-0.023292863741517067,
-0.29861605167388916,
0.46810582280158997,
0.20275746285915375,
0.1548076719045639,
-0.25028300285339355,
-0.33832547068595886,
-0.07334432750940323,
0.0645081102848053,
0.0031854663975536823,
0.15185922384262085,
0.037057261914014816,
-0.045736897736787796,
0.46535444259643555,
0.517247200012207,
0.40839630365371704,
0.18830834329128265,
-0.6913903951644897,
-0.453868567943573,
-0.27313336730003357,
0.7859287261962891,
-0.0003154959704261273,
0.7040690183639526,
0.4057140648365021,
0.1758054941892624,
-0.33795955777168274,
0.8545696139335632,
-0.08108580857515335,
-0.7042787075042725,
-0.19615307450294495,
-0.09690098464488983,
0.02371016889810562,
0.6850721836090088,
0.028066672384738922,
-0.7155065536499023,
0.22177238762378693,
0.6453137397766113,
0.4232141375541687,
0.08265869319438934,
-0.3718320429325104,
0.07021144777536392,
0.16605019569396973,
0.22286754846572876,
0.40139785408973694,
0.0705457404255867,
0.6570480465888977,
-0.05263165012001991,
0.5020938515663147,
0.4494534134864807,
-0.5904141068458557,
-0.044391945004463196,
0.5129586458206177,
-0.2884312868118286,
-0.3290415406227112,
-0.21084722876548767,
-0.4788103401660919,
0.7733703851699829,
-0.3303840756416321,
0.25449827313423157,
-0.40555354952812195,
0.13432306051254272,
0.47740235924720764,
0.13340772688388824,
0.4339107275009155,
-0.5324798822402954,
0.14811702072620392,
-0.00475475937128067,
-0.5134162902832031,
-0.27859416604042053,
-0.21852950751781464,
0.17237120866775513,
-0.3310559093952179,
0.6741675734519958,
-0.003164989873766899,
-0.27319425344467163,
-0.5826576948165894,
0.45828819274902344,
-0.59190434217453,
-0.15003906190395355,
0.24450147151947021,
-0.024547778069972992,
-0.10003907978534698,
0.14185182750225067,
0.24872414767742157,
0.05710051581263542,
-0.28734010457992554,
-0.09688421338796616,
-0.16611632704734802,
0.05589412525296211,
0.5157907009124756,
0.2972254157066345,
0.19914346933364868,
0.10765007883310318,
-0.05361778289079666,
0.09153620153665543,
0.01908092387020588,
0.23533344268798828,
0.2576584219932556,
-0.23682411015033722,
0.20492269098758698,
-0.14421091973781586,
0.35291582345962524,
0.4851728081703186,
-0.34153538942337036,
-0.31617656350135803,
-0.10750933736562729,
0.1443941444158554,
-0.30465537309646606,
0.8973596692085266,
-0.5680545568466187,
-0.12014659494161606,
0.2780188024044037,
0.45386600494384766,
-0.2777031362056732,
0.029727226123213768,
0.3274324834346771,
-0.4700360596179962,
-0.7982766032218933,
0.28671422600746155,
0.8008888363838196,
-0.04878096655011177,
0.05364430695772171,
-0.43077608942985535,
-0.2570457458496094,
0.14719732105731964,
0.041741643100976944,
0.018154317513108253,
-0.16045910120010376,
0.09161029011011124,
0.5516953468322754,
0.06966795027256012,
0.14780934154987335,
0.13973520696163177,
0.8373438119888306,
-0.20150190591812134,
-0.37403103709220886,
-0.2360655516386032,
-0.061153724789619446,
-0.4234727919101715,
-0.02944421023130417,
-0.0676836147904396,
-0.2593514621257782,
0.22018440067768097,
-0.14138486981391907,
0.12383943051099777,
0.03885933756828308,
-5.700956344604492,
0.038619812577962875,
-0.02631196565926075,
-0.013654256239533424,
-0.10961199551820755,
0.1501893550157547,
0.5972728133201599,
-0.18725892901420593,
-0.20338018238544464,
0.2674216330051422,
0.6410698890686035,
-0.055302586406469345,
0.0719127431511879,
0.17023059725761414,
0.7642314434051514,
0.3971921503543854,
0.8485363721847534,
-0.3378446102142334,
0.2825310230255127,
0.4681238830089569,
0.39491724967956543,
-0.1369514763355255,
-0.21165019273757935,
-0.40659600496292114,
0.1831912249326706,
-0.041687317192554474,
0.3606649339199066,
0.11141785979270935,
-0.42514944076538086,
-0.2548297047615051,
0.18341875076293945,
0.19605931639671326,
-0.33673110604286194,
-0.09573367238044739,
-0.08476325124502182,
-0.8303635120391846,
0.47010302543640137,
0.7246702313423157,
0.0402379147708416,
-0.08688666671514511,
0.15490750968456268,
-0.4627341330051422,
-0.964166522026062,
-0.15637913346290588,
0.11451249569654465,
-0.29016464948654175,
-0.5659117102622986,
0.5215846300125122,
-0.2062811255455017,
0.2781045734882355,
0.3713773787021637,
0.2661128342151642,
0.09010575711727142,
-0.22202803194522858,
-0.11645278334617615,
0.42759934067726135,
0.025862792506814003,
0.7120041251182556,
-0.4915233850479126,
-0.0015381909906864166,
0.10220571607351303,
-0.5504606366157532,
0.2898387014865875,
-0.23078908026218414,
0.2471354603767395,
-0.07842961698770523,
0.024851739406585693,
-0.5508626699447632,
0.2796194553375244,
-0.06877542287111282,
0.5603687167167664,
0.7305460572242737,
0.7301061153411865,
-0.9176233410835266,
0.289911150932312,
-0.2860468327999115,
-0.04366485774517059,
0.052976589649915695,
-0.7719433903694153,
-0.2063864916563034,
0.04719271883368492,
-1.0760834217071533,
0.8495794534683228,
0.7127617001533508,
0.4015117287635803,
0.22290338575839996,
-0.45485737919807434,
0.42394524812698364,
-0.42135605216026306,
-0.30344194173812866,
0.15172986686229706,
0.033073246479034424,
-0.12058905512094498,
0.3327919542789459,
0.4167470335960388,
0.19179944694042206,
0.03597968816757202,
0.3295699656009674,
0.34788084030151367,
0.6367222666740417,
-0.3328496813774109,
0.05169028788805008,
0.26358088850975037,
-0.7823438048362732,
0.51213139295578,
0.35236310958862305,
-0.500798761844635,
0.23538386821746826,
1.0798596143722534,
-0.024000870063900948,
0.3778325021266937,
-0.13048966228961945,
0.07584212720394135,
-0.5467846393585205,
-0.01857742667198181,
-0.8779647350311279,
0.9561522603034973,
0.020256852731108665,
0.8852707147598267,
0.42554304003715515,
-0.5073491334915161,
0.5266611576080322,
-0.27068620920181274,
-0.9033708572387695,
-0.6751800775527954,
-0.23778371512889862,
0.07029343396425247,
-0.3101471960544586,
-0.3609629273414612,
0.08657655119895935,
0.2888311445713043,
0.44684433937072754,
-0.3593063950538635,
0.0653546154499054,
-0.36940425634384155,
-0.42521315813064575,
-0.19330428540706635,
-0.3015840947628021,
-0.252763569355011,
0.14213518798351288,
-0.22758081555366516,
-0.45811498165130615,
-0.3228524625301361,
-0.2641434371471405,
0.5859822034835815,
0.03519761189818382,
0.5573770999908447,
-0.16870234906673431,
-0.255575954914093,
0.2887209355831146,
0.0016015328001230955,
-0.3623441755771637,
0.3601921796798706,
0.11870631575584412,
-0.2953853905200958,
0.1227530688047409,
-0.583590030670166,
-0.38627907633781433,
-0.3410847783088684,
0.054888784885406494,
-0.031831253319978714,
0.21813446283340454,
-1.231525182723999,
-0.5156432390213013,
0.39374491572380066,
0.10683254152536392,
-0.031519584357738495,
-0.29298868775367737,
-0.32058072090148926,
0.16836856305599213,
0.5989688634872437,
-0.6033376455307007,
-0.13409732282161713,
-0.27618318796157837,
0.20737548172473907,
0.4566526412963867,
-0.11515761911869049,
0.24104195833206177,
-0.1161932572722435,
-0.1854248046875,
0.1315390169620514,
0.4579308032989502,
-0.5754773020744324,
-0.4141383469104767,
0.2747628092765808,
0.01486901193857193,
-0.2256910502910614,
-0.40636593103408813,
-0.12210502475500107,
-0.06962165981531143,
-0.20978453755378723,
-0.5096791386604309,
0.13945287466049194,
0.5387510657310486,
0.14401043951511383,
0.17638669908046722,
0.41628775000572205,
-0.06710837781429291,
-0.153518944978714,
-0.25957542657852173,
-0.0027025402523577213,
0.23837199807167053,
-0.4597451984882355,
-0.25992056727409363,
-0.5353325605392456,
-0.8786908388137817,
-0.24521473050117493,
-0.15878744423389435,
-0.16310983896255493,
0.39299312233924866,
-0.2729661464691162,
-0.38393548130989075,
-0.09738019108772278,
-0.11843045055866241,
0.1744157373905182,
-0.20145826041698456,
0.04178783670067787,
0.641074001789093,
-0.12028218060731888,
-1.0966159105300903,
-0.9414545893669128,
-0.09980855882167816,
-0.2699519395828247,
-0.11735594272613525,
-0.3348331153392792,
-0.2825776934623718,
0.2121555656194687,
-0.03399308770895004,
0.7107834815979004,
-0.035158656537532806,
-0.9382462501525879,
0.20635178685188293,
-0.33564478158950806,
0.16307364404201508,
-0.4741332232952118,
-0.2526213824748993,
0.4374999403953552,
0.02330777794122696,
-0.6555598378181458,
-0.055848561227321625,
0.5263532400131226,
1.1108015775680542,
0.23442937433719635,
-0.10026119649410248,
0.06411641836166382,
-0.15697112679481506,
0.1579708606004715,
-0.3156489431858063,
-0.16526901721954346,
0.020465845242142677,
0.7164950370788574,
-0.2159854918718338,
-0.6464336514472961,
0.03970734402537346,
1.2577908039093018,
-0.2130415439605713,
0.22064274549484253,
0.1008419468998909,
0.36001846194267273,
0.1427629292011261,
0.1951470971107483,
0.1830492913722992,
-0.06734805554151535,
-0.2562304735183716,
-0.06809775531291962,
-0.3560590445995331,
-0.04389876127243042,
-0.45600271224975586,
0.15445983409881592,
-0.4638979434967041,
-0.42469435930252075,
-0.3214966356754303,
-0.24816231429576874,
0.3963495194911957,
-0.08480474352836609,
0.13502076268196106,
0.05698626488447189,
-0.21505723893642426,
0.39285504817962646,
-0.1613703966140747,
-1.1970270872116089,
-0.4188615083694458,
-0.09302328526973724,
-0.02588050439953804,
-0.4726603627204895,
-0.7854853272438049,
-0.07223580777645111,
-0.0026030864100903273,
-0.22754597663879395,
0.20673559606075287,
-0.5972302556037903,
0.6832436323165894,
-0.7085821628570557,
-0.6225599050521851,
-0.3746510148048401,
-0.017452295869588852,
-0.7399642467498779,
0.6235953569412231,
0.05039491504430771,
-0.05360051989555359,
-0.6377309560775757,
0.43647006154060364,
0.7409592866897583,
-0.16980336606502533,
-0.11155393719673157,
-0.27845364809036255,
0.15296193957328796,
0.1153566986322403,
-0.14557985961437225,
-0.20782354474067688,
0.20288854837417603,
-0.34248799085617065,
0.18840564787387848,
0.05070635303854942,
-0.6613898277282715,
-0.4412807822227478,
0.5223783254623413,
-0.03603232279419899,
-0.40038001537323,
-0.012699082493782043,
0.4921673536300659,
0.3166545033454895,
0.46141543984413147,
0.09757199883460999,
-0.024148469790816307,
0.907620370388031,
-0.13121429085731506,
-0.2360721081495285,
-0.14953233301639557,
0.12596160173416138,
-0.06010599806904793,
-0.4567646384239197,
-0.669075071811676,
0.6508090496063232,
0.17102333903312683,
0.2270837128162384,
0.02980949357151985,
-0.6143509745597839,
-0.3854109048843384,
0.2305314540863037,
0.10518226772546768,
0.9630266427993774,
0.08680597692728043,
0.059412382543087006,
-0.036837633699178696,
-0.010460478253662586,
0.012894665822386742,
0.1342102587223053,
0.13565056025981903,
-0.37953776121139526,
0.24684889614582062,
-0.052156999707221985,
0.45831984281539917,
-0.41056346893310547,
-0.3482276499271393,
0.09845411777496338,
0.7732012271881104,
0.04791933670639992,
-0.9146942496299744,
-0.10017742961645126,
0.033450935035943985,
-0.5073625445365906,
0.7184252142906189,
-0.3555506765842438,
-0.11245844513177872,
0.038446709513664246,
-0.25224557518959045,
-0.4306979477405548,
-0.282086044549942,
0.2825867831707001,
-0.022555189207196236,
-0.19786347448825836,
-0.1639328896999359,
0.4285210072994232,
0.2455117553472519,
0.8410006165504456,
0.4670364260673523,
0.4005580246448517,
0.2748728394508362,
0.12359708547592163,
-0.19932439923286438,
-0.2129872888326645,
0.03724861517548561,
-0.47705018520355225,
0.33247995376586914,
-0.03529999032616615,
0.09696628153324127,
-0.24298256635665894,
-0.4789668917655945,
-0.4955292344093323,
0.4735253155231476,
-0.6284606456756592,
-0.1312875896692276,
-0.037418995052576065,
-0.025346664711833,
0.41557976603507996,
0.1863650232553482,
1.1546046733856201,
0.2674691677093506,
0.25597018003463745,
-0.3387526869773865,
-0.33557623624801636,
0.26963895559310913,
-0.17489227652549744,
-0.022592008113861084,
0.32897305488586426,
-0.13778439164161682,
-0.16394279897212982,
-1.0304356813430786,
0.9655041694641113,
0.5663051605224609,
0.3223615288734436,
-0.3390747606754303,
0.10249926149845123,
-0.28874778747558594,
0.05839354172348976,
0.3808367848396301,
-0.2681880295276642,
-0.23935826122760773,
-0.5934310555458069,
0.2686968743801117,
-0.13876362144947052,
0.2017865926027298,
0.22012333571910858,
-0.09557169675827026,
-0.5044721364974976,
0.18578234314918518,
-0.3249090313911438,
-0.07584109157323837,
0.8028891682624817,
0.4545355439186096,
-1.061158299446106,
-0.30529090762138367,
0.04968365281820297,
-0.12168367952108383,
-0.21235568821430206,
0.7966052293777466,
0.3268820345401764,
-0.06480251997709274,
-0.3714398145675659,
-0.02026985026896,
-0.48325714468955994,
-0.14704656600952148,
-0.10387086123228073,
0.49817949533462524,
0.22271575033664703,
0.13719722628593445,
-0.10568621009588242,
0.1689639389514923,
1.0940943956375122,
0.13454407453536987,
-0.291287362575531,
0.3157600164413452,
-0.5993558764457703,
0.61257404088974,
0.2135038673877716,
-0.48565584421157837,
-0.28870245814323425,
0.3105001747608185,
0.19997717440128326
] |
256849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Tunney | Gene Tunney | James Joseph "Gene" Tunney (May 25, 1897 – November 7, 1978) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1915 to 1928. He held the world heavyweight title from 1926 to 1928, and the American light heavyweight title twice between 1922 and 1923. A highly technical boxer, Tunney had a five-fight light heavyweight rivalry with Harry Greb in which he won three, drew once, and lost once, though many ringside reporters believed Greb should have won the decision in their second meeting. Tunney also knocked out Georges Carpentier and defeated Jack Dempsey twice; first in 1926 and again in 1927. Tunney's successful title defense against Dempsey remains one of the most famous bouts in boxing history and is known as The Long Count Fight. He retired undefeated as a heavyweight after his victory over Tom Heeney in 1928, after which Tunney was named Fighter of the Year by The Ring magazine.
Early life
Mary Lyons from Culleen House, Gorthgarve, Kiltimagh, County Mayo, Ireland, emigrated to the United States after the Great Famine. She settled in New York City, where she met John Tunney, also from Cill Aodain, Kiltimagh. They married after a short courtship. The Tunneys had seven children; one son was murdered around 1920, another was a New York Police Department detective from 1924 to 1951, dying in 1971, while Gene would become famous as a World Heavyweight Boxing Champion.
At an early age, Tunney was inspired by President Theodore Roosevelt to become physically fit.
Career
Tunney fought some 68 official professional fights, losing only one, to Harry Greb, while fighting as a light heavyweight. Tunney fought many other fights whose scoring was unofficial, judged by newspaper reporters. He also lost none of these "newspaper decisions." He reported that he lost a second fight during World War I, a 10-round decision, to Tommy Loughran, as a Marine before he began his professional boxing career. Tunney was regarded as an extremely skillful boxer who excelled in defense. In addition to beating Dempsey, the most famous fighter of his era, Tunney defeated Tommy Gibbons, Georges Carpentier and many other fine boxers.
Already the U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion, Tunney spent the winter of 1921 as a lumberjack in northern Ontario for the J. R. Booth Company of Ottawa, without revealing he was a champion boxer. He explained this as "wanting the solitude and the strenuous labors of the woods to help condition himself for the career that appeared before him."
Tunney also had a brief acting career, starring in the movie The Fighting Marine in 1926. Unfortunately, no prints of this film are known to exist.
He was elected as Ring Magazine's first-ever Fighter of the Year in 1928 and later elected to the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 and the United States Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.
Military career
Tunney enlisted the Marine Corps during World War I and served as Private with 11th Marine Regiment in France and later in Germany during the occupation of the Rhineland in 1919. He saw no combat and spent most of the war in the Marine boxing team, becoming U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion. Tunney was demobilized following the war, but remained in the Marine Corps Reserve, ultimately reaching the rank of Major in the Connecticut Naval Militia.
Following the United States entry into World War II, at the request of Navy Undersecretary James Forrestal, Tunney accepted a commission in the United States Naval Reserve as a lieutenant commander to set up a physical fitness program for student pilots. He headed the Navy's physical fitness programme for the duration of the war and also made inspection trip to Hawaii and surrounding area.
Tunney was consecutively promoted to the ranks of Commander and Captain and retired shortly following the War. For his wartime service, he was decorated with the Navy Commendation Medal and also held World War I Victory Medal with France Clasp, Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal and Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal for his World War I enlisted service.
Personal life
In 1928, Tunney married a wealthy socialite Mary "Polly" Lauder (April 24, 1907 – April 19, 2008). She was born into the Lauder Greenway Family; her grandfather was billionaire George Lauder, a first cousin and business partner of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. According to a 2007 biography, Tunney promised Polly that he would quit boxing and defended his title only one more time after the second Dempsey fight, against Tom Heeney of New Zealand.
After Tunney's retirement, the couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and raised four children. They had three sons: John Varick Tunney (1934–2018), who was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from California from 1965 until 1977; Jonathan "Jay" Rowland Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut; and Gene Lauder Tunney (1931-2009), who became a lawyer and served as district attorney for Sonoma County, California, for 20 years. Their one daughter was Joan Tunney Wilkinson (1939-2008) of San Francisco, who was committed to McLean Hospital on June 6, 1970, after she murdered her husband, Lynn Carter Wilkinson Jr.
Previous to his marrying Polly Lauder, Tunney was sued in 1927 for breach of promise by Katherine King Fogarty.
Death
Tunney died on November 7, 1978, at the Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut at the age of eighty-one, after suffering from a circulation ailment. He was interred at Long Ridge Union Cemetery in Stamford, Connecticut.
Fighting style
Tunney was a thinking fighter who preferred to make a boxing match into a game of chess, which was not popular during the times when such sluggers as Jack Dempsey, Harry Greb and Mickey Walker were commanding center stage. Tunney's style was influenced by other noted boxing thinkers such as James J. Corbett and Benny Leonard. Nevertheless, it is incorrect to think of Tunney as a stick-and-move fighter in the Ali style. While Tunney's heavyweight fights against Gibbons, Carpentier, and Dempsey featured his fleet-footed movement and rapid-fire jabbing, his earlier bouts, especially the five against Harry Greb, demonstrated his vicious body punching and willingness to fight toe-to-toe. It was Benny Leonard who advised Tunney that the only way to beat Harry "The Human Windmill" Greb was to aim his punches at Greb's body rather than his head.
Always moving and boxing behind an excellent left jab, Tunney would study his opponents from the first bell. He generally preferred to stay outside and nullify any attacks, while using quick counters to keep the opponent off balance. In his fights against Jack Dempsey, today's viewer can see Tunney's style: hands held low for greater power, fast footwork that adjusts to every move his opponent makes and quick and accurate one-two style counter-punches with the left and right.
Tunney was never knocked out, while only ever being knocked down once, that in his second fight with Dempsey in the infamous Long Count. This makes him one of only five Heavyweight champions, alongside Rocky Marciano, Riddick Bowe, Sultan Ibragimov and Nicolai Valuev to retire without ever suffering a stoppage defeat. Tunney, along with Marciano, Lewis and Vitali Klitschko is one of four heavyweight champions to have retired as champion and to have ended their career with a win in a world title fight. Having avenged his only loss to Harry Greb, with whom he also drew), Tunney joins Ingemar Johansson, Rocky Marciano, Lennox Lewis and Riddick Bowe as the only five heavyweight champions to have retired while holding a victory over every opponent he faced as a professional (barring no-contests).
Publications
In 1932, Tunney published a book called A Man Must Fight, in which he gave comments on his career and boxing techniques.
The Tunney Cup
In 1928, the U.S. Marine Corps presented – as a sign of friendship – a challenge cup to the Corps of Royal Marines, in the hope it might be competed for by Royal Marines association football teams. The Royal Marines named the trophy the "Tunney Cup," in honor of then–USMC Captain Tunney, who, with Sergeant Major Charles R. Francis, presented the trophy on behalf of the U.S. Marine Corps.
Cultural references
Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis had a comedy routine in which Lewis (in boxing shorts and gear) states he's fight'n Gene Tierney (the actress). Martin corrects Lewis and suggests that he must mean "Gene Tunney." Lewis then quips "You fight who you wanna fight, I'm fight'n who I wanna fight, I'm fight'n Gene Tierney."
In the song She Twists the Knife Again from Richard Thompson's 1985 album Across a Crowded Room, describing the mismatched intensity in a strife-ladened relationship, Thompson writes: "I'm in a fist fight/She thinks she's Gene Tunney!"
He's also mentioned in Act 1 of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman: Willy tells his sons he has a punching bag with Tunney's signature on it.
Mentioned in "A Whistle in the Dark" (Act 1, pg. 31) by Tom Murphy : 'in the words of the great Gene Tunney, a man must fight back. His father was a Mayoman too'.
Mentioned in the short story "Fallon" by JD Luther, when imprisoned character Tyson Wayne Vance recalls his abusive father, "Was more than one night momma'd look like she went fifteen rounds with Gene Tunney...",
In the 1932 boxing film Winner Take All, James Cagney's character Jimmy Kane—a has-been former champion trying to get educated—laments that William Shakespeare was "the one who ruined Gene Tunney."
The novelette "A KO for Christmas" by Shawn Pollock features a character, Stitch Stanford, who hopes to fight Gene Tunney for the heavyweight title.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
See also
List of heavyweight boxing champions
List of The Ring world champions
List of undisputed boxing champions
International Boxing Hall of Fame
Boxing in the 1920s
List of people on the cover of Time magazine (30 August 1926)
References
External links
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NBA_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/NYSAC_World_Heavyweight_Title_Fights
Gene Tunney profile at Cyber Boxing Zone
Boxing Hall of Fame
ESPN.com
1897 births
1978 deaths
American male boxers
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of Irish descent
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Lauder Greenway Family
Military personnel from New York City
People associated with physical culture
Sportspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
Boxers from New York City
Sportspeople from Stamford, Connecticut
The Ring (magazine) champions
United States Marines
Writers from New York City
World heavyweight boxing champions
United States Navy captains
United States Navy reservists
Connecticut National Guard personnel | [
-0.4659898281097412,
-0.35777783393859863,
-0.9257809519767761,
-0.1250007301568985,
0.2706848978996277,
0.3549497127532959,
0.39191076159477234,
0.22749395668506622,
-0.37696537375450134,
-0.7000135183334351,
0.6804759502410889,
0.5923981070518494,
-0.557243287563324,
0.07735618948936462,
-0.5580373406410217,
0.28103888034820557,
-0.5137856602668762,
-0.23500879108905792,
0.297884464263916,
-0.08325608819723129,
-0.2974351644515991,
-0.3950892686843872,
0.37429434061050415,
-0.31019237637519836,
-0.32865220308303833,
0.7732139229774475,
-0.2565027177333832,
0.07220171391963959,
-0.3180447518825531,
0.21113531291484833,
0.11200038343667984,
0.13994579017162323,
0.607097327709198,
-0.5569779872894287,
-0.5974889993667603,
-0.020018674433231354,
0.16793102025985718,
-0.2646409869194031,
0.43918392062187195,
-0.2432561218738556,
-0.2825929522514343,
0.05041847750544548,
0.0666358545422554,
0.01239584106951952,
-0.3837595283985138,
0.11992602050304413,
-1.6277981996536255,
0.1417221575975418,
-0.9829022884368896,
-0.13666418194770813,
-0.526415228843689,
-0.25763365626335144,
0.24021507799625397,
0.23621141910552979,
0.28205031156539917,
-0.07167091965675354,
0.12312592566013336,
-0.3379700183868408,
-0.538533091545105,
-0.3054272532463074,
0.24968501925468445,
-0.15109170973300934,
0.5128944516181946,
-0.3654004633426666,
0.004072598647326231,
0.4043145477771759,
0.26996177434921265,
0.136139914393425,
0.09653861075639725,
0.09704405814409256,
0.6154330968856812,
0.6002636551856995,
0.7234725952148438,
0.3914737105369568,
0.8227207660675049,
-0.1487441509962082,
-0.30721473693847656,
0.19449716806411743,
0.0629090815782547,
0.26852867007255554,
-0.09178006649017334,
-0.7274914383888245,
0.417839914560318,
0.13451321423053741,
-0.36419448256492615,
-0.03321253880858421,
-1.0343537330627441,
0.37632259726524353,
-0.8628206849098206,
-0.03724946454167366,
-0.38983070850372314,
0.008173909969627857,
-0.17026101052761078,
0.4486469328403473,
-0.5432150363922119,
-0.525097131729126,
-0.18134991824626923,
0.22860243916511536,
0.3271426260471344,
-0.436180979013443,
0.31100350618362427,
-0.3167935013771057,
0.5965871810913086,
-0.4570430517196655,
-0.41045475006103516,
-0.12107054889202118,
-0.0317058339715004,
-0.5548965334892273,
0.22951355576515198,
0.06001489236950874,
-0.9714946746826172,
0.48511484265327454,
0.6289724707603455,
-0.618643581867218,
-0.23510025441646576,
0.42319512367248535,
0.20088033378124237,
-0.45687368512153625,
-0.4802006185054779,
-0.16739767789840698,
-0.5760069489479065,
0.02949400059878826,
-0.10210387408733368,
0.2301667183637619,
-0.8857101798057556,
0.4068850874900818,
-0.20162475109100342,
0.32549411058425903,
0.26747965812683105,
0.19760321080684662,
0.6892037391662598,
0.3333021402359009,
-0.3811132609844208,
-0.05767497792840004,
-0.17983119189739227,
0.2424527406692505,
0.13273149728775024,
-0.27440008521080017,
0.046882133930921555,
-0.11235582083463669,
-0.2124558538198471,
-0.0960879772901535,
-0.5038725733757019,
-0.2788844704627991,
-0.08835626393556595,
-0.13369369506835938,
0.23928691446781158,
0.12265442311763763,
-0.021381380036473274,
-0.2102719247341156,
-0.007622124161571264,
-0.0427195280790329,
0.7932964563369751,
-0.056656431406736374,
-0.27049481868743896,
0.6303931474685669,
-0.015370265580713749,
0.3042500615119934,
0.3197075128555298,
0.3264840841293335,
0.06953376531600952,
-0.018583474680781364,
-0.39185217022895813,
0.15576589107513428,
0.7241871356964111,
-0.26703542470932007,
-0.06810913234949112,
-0.6492177248001099,
-0.32364243268966675,
0.17903995513916016,
-0.03607610985636711,
0.31682437658309937,
0.677976667881012,
-0.3226183354854584,
-0.2169562429189682,
0.14496450126171112,
0.8131850361824036,
0.05416052043437958,
0.38494759798049927,
-0.8582746386528015,
-0.9753333330154419,
-0.21510829031467438,
0.8057926893234253,
0.31347206234931946,
-0.04671883583068848,
0.4072282910346985,
0.9077708721160889,
-0.5039867162704468,
0.13606293499469757,
-0.2870984971523285,
-0.02030598558485508,
-0.5869904160499573,
0.11810071766376495,
-0.7195955514907837,
0.9420745372772217,
0.01476458739489317,
-0.32011422514915466,
0.32181185483932495,
-0.16463585197925568,
0.6102123856544495,
0.165456160902977,
-0.37192121148109436,
0.8051765561103821,
-0.5543352961540222,
0.3707667291164398,
0.11545678973197937,
0.1769886612892151,
0.05498991534113884,
0.20244263112545013,
1.3849438428878784,
0.5391403436660767,
-0.7380096912384033,
-0.5704015493392944,
0.7920810580253601,
-0.5270737409591675,
-0.783218264579773,
-0.38475918769836426,
-0.06454179435968399,
0.4864766001701355,
-0.3778092563152313,
0.5992271304130554,
0.4067312180995941,
0.2411939650774002,
0.6454749703407288,
0.3702339828014374,
1.3508814573287964,
-0.2520577311515808,
0.047806959599256516,
-0.1789804995059967,
-0.4281434118747711,
0.20179934799671173,
-0.09641396254301071,
-0.01730392314493656,
-0.7896618247032166,
0.6122985482215881,
0.2309924066066742,
0.746276319026947,
-0.5673094391822815,
0.39632269740104675,
-0.568846583366394,
-0.5262567400932312,
0.1901230365037918,
-0.29785221815109253,
-0.018630128353834152,
-0.22761347889900208,
0.001460074563510716,
-0.06889329850673676,
0.2846202850341797,
-0.21328827738761902,
-0.5064507126808167,
0.7851487398147583,
0.5518887639045715,
0.22615991532802582,
-0.3582657277584076,
0.23399536311626434,
0.2603195011615753,
-0.22005745768547058,
-0.183793306350708,
0.42895928025245667,
-0.37333181500434875,
-0.053354669362306595,
0.3963499367237091,
0.07642605900764465,
-0.21994435787200928,
0.1150621548295021,
-0.5613148212432861,
-0.496404230594635,
-0.346505343914032,
-0.19995196163654327,
-0.32975080609321594,
0.7589305639266968,
0.08476189523935318,
0.15690207481384277,
0.011910642497241497,
-0.006123753730207682,
0.37070927023887634,
-0.3458140790462494,
-0.028233114629983902,
-1.1662163734436035,
-1.094525694847107,
0.5915923118591309,
0.6367729902267456,
-0.11624102294445038,
0.16598941385746002,
0.14214813709259033,
-0.06626030802726746,
-0.4536047875881195,
-0.48206841945648193,
0.2017473429441452,
-0.32603809237480164,
-0.3260798156261444,
1.1609880924224854,
-1.2326314449310303,
0.6145932674407959,
-0.2662173807621002,
-0.0852912962436676,
-0.24999479949474335,
-0.27263373136520386,
0.3061532974243164,
0.0676925852894783,
-0.11421044915914536,
0.6006988286972046,
-0.04115986078977585,
-0.23714041709899902,
0.3278142511844635,
0.006733718328177929,
0.008549520745873451,
-0.7168413996696472,
-5.224001407623291,
0.4488907754421234,
-0.06641416251659393,
-0.63799649477005,
0.5450513958930969,
-0.47344741225242615,
-0.007202685344964266,
0.4639069437980652,
-0.09750209748744965,
-0.16640470921993256,
0.016884757205843925,
-0.28117093443870544,
0.5312612652778625,
-0.17986218631267548,
0.30064085125923157,
-0.09477142989635468,
1.1628296375274658,
-0.7648381590843201,
-0.0034353346563875675,
0.768665075302124,
-0.3652518093585968,
-0.21884429454803467,
0.4687717854976654,
0.3394147455692291,
-0.21138353645801544,
0.02100338414311409,
-0.1093132272362709,
0.3537963330745697,
-0.4277852773666382,
-0.4634568989276886,
-0.11748296022415161,
0.5292714238166809,
-0.7558367848396301,
-0.3217780590057373,
0.031217727810144424,
-0.3357259929180145,
0.6226916909217834,
0.21611951291561127,
0.03897685930132866,
-0.5553924441337585,
0.06335800886154175,
0.05006593093276024,
-0.40662652254104614,
-0.23076675832271576,
0.7587960362434387,
-0.07322441786527634,
-0.06887701153755188,
0.2717759311199188,
-0.19990849494934082,
0.24233929812908173,
0.853314995765686,
0.22107933461666107,
0.5026213526725769,
0.5610378980636597,
0.5680939555168152,
-0.20574897527694702,
-0.2565813660621643,
-0.3364409804344177,
-1.0290749073028564,
0.16217544674873352,
-0.33359965682029724,
-1.1371580362319946,
-0.09477480500936508,
-0.4597097337245941,
-0.25780627131462097,
-0.6756539344787598,
0.10125559568405151,
0.44154518842697144,
0.5459026098251343,
-0.08374497294425964,
-0.10646793991327286,
1.182252049446106,
0.2313074916601181,
-1.0840134620666504,
0.6162068843841553,
-0.042296797037124634,
0.32074102759361267,
-0.012971899472177029,
-0.7437478303909302,
-0.14578814804553986,
0.24741293489933014,
-0.4397742450237274,
0.08935360610485077,
0.37990331649780273,
0.7808140516281128,
-0.1836390197277069,
-0.15669457614421844,
0.7715582847595215,
-0.5077160596847534,
-0.21549230813980103,
0.3789609372615814,
-0.071180559694767,
0.1053483635187149,
-0.007722416892647743,
0.3706483542919159,
-0.07611853629350662,
0.5164750218391418,
0.08506613969802856,
0.6646895408630371,
0.2690627872943878,
-0.1202278584241867,
-0.14353956282138824,
0.4923856854438782,
-0.8503090739250183,
0.06546363234519958,
-0.37352219223976135,
0.10451367497444153,
0.19987136125564575,
0.608900785446167,
-0.10521960258483887,
-0.13755713403224945,
0.011965890415012836,
-1.1231716871261597,
0.29062598943710327,
0.15863624215126038,
-0.02915503829717636,
0.11116902530193329,
-0.18479548394680023,
0.07167622447013855,
0.2588452696800232,
0.0945509597659111,
0.35401833057403564,
-0.40017464756965637,
-0.19709981977939606,
0.14959624409675598,
-0.3371097147464752,
0.3252820074558258,
-0.2530662715435028,
-0.2729380130767822,
-0.1657831072807312,
-0.7041361927986145,
0.3709229826927185,
-0.310661643743515,
0.3719243109226227,
-0.0513523630797863,
0.3962240219116211,
-0.2110668271780014,
-0.06409614533185959,
-0.35275572538375854,
-0.133098766207695,
0.22327624261379242,
-0.5535465478897095,
0.13685373961925507,
0.13326984643936157,
0.6305062174797058,
0.2064451277256012,
0.24181312322616577,
-0.09864897280931473,
-0.611580491065979,
0.5818837881088257,
-0.177406445145607,
-0.8910272717475891,
0.32283827662467957,
-0.7288686037063599,
-0.5293521881103516,
0.5997889637947083,
-0.2986185550689697,
-0.2708987891674042,
-0.07778147608041763,
-0.38003140687942505,
0.02434867061674595,
0.27488887310028076,
-0.47460711002349854,
0.16015149652957916,
0.03421686962246895,
0.5811585187911987,
-0.24018830060958862,
0.2630707323551178,
-0.634227454662323,
0.40566936135292053,
0.18372531235218048,
-0.4343598484992981,
-0.5979440808296204,
0.16505664587020874,
0.2865287959575653,
0.079091377556324,
0.037741769105196,
0.05719025060534477,
0.038592834025621414,
0.3770083785057068,
0.05606215447187424,
0.06513723731040955,
-0.835951566696167,
-0.5075696110725403,
0.6631603240966797,
-0.28834065794944763,
-0.21127420663833618,
0.2594025135040283,
0.16036474704742432,
0.03399951383471489,
0.4859468638896942,
-0.5130380988121033,
0.258688747882843,
0.7814127206802368,
-0.06761261075735092,
0.10937859117984772,
-0.36327943205833435,
0.7872077822685242,
-0.18212488293647766,
-0.019359732046723366,
0.4008063077926636,
0.01362756546586752,
0.003653528168797493,
-0.1457178145647049,
-0.10822945833206177,
-0.9368679523468018,
-0.14409410953521729,
-0.3341752886772156,
-0.13831885159015656,
0.4293641746044159,
0.009695105254650116,
-0.5388962626457214,
0.47105708718299866,
0.3123869299888611,
-0.026514684781432152,
0.3621603846549988,
0.11403724551200867,
0.8352941870689392,
-0.24660389125347137,
-1.1162830591201782,
0.08973099291324615,
-0.49736952781677246,
-0.2767336070537567,
-0.008091963827610016,
-0.6288789510726929,
-0.2467762976884842,
0.5526486039161682,
0.21838390827178955,
0.7605070471763611,
-0.0315229594707489,
-0.18854258954524994,
-0.009626287966966629,
-0.07324011623859406,
0.271660715341568,
0.3590216040611267,
0.07495802640914917,
0.6652958989143372,
0.6763877272605896,
-0.2139110118150711,
-0.3061944246292114,
0.8958713412284851,
1.7015308141708374,
0.2764878273010254,
0.131388857960701,
-0.22805893421173096,
0.1584385484457016,
0.18952956795692444,
-0.38278111815452576,
-0.1368086189031601,
-0.022864023223519325,
0.16101080179214478,
0.28713250160217285,
-0.7407118678092957,
0.7494823932647705,
0.9316359162330627,
-0.62934410572052,
0.1305382400751114,
0.5049096345901489,
-0.04310090094804764,
0.39309677481651306,
0.07397342473268509,
0.5619070529937744,
-0.18967822194099426,
0.11454888433218002,
0.24617993831634521,
-0.1288582682609558,
-0.4928126037120819,
0.06018148362636566,
0.5347572565078735,
-1.0718270540237427,
-0.5691515803337097,
-0.36665424704551697,
-0.33013495802879333,
0.4380628168582916,
-0.19939911365509033,
0.394718736410141,
0.5101386904716492,
-0.707068920135498,
-0.12495260685682297,
-0.25274354219436646,
-0.6832869052886963,
-0.20232614874839783,
-0.036779407411813736,
-0.43298012018203735,
-0.769435703754425,
-0.6421441435813904,
-0.31728067994117737,
-0.017240913584828377,
-0.24329909682273865,
-0.2708779275417328,
-0.7021374702453613,
0.5900792479515076,
-0.17459718883037567,
-0.03449803218245506,
-0.21039660274982452,
-0.022492224350571632,
0.11545417457818985,
0.763796329498291,
-0.27961838245391846,
0.09185389429330826,
-0.3737685978412628,
0.5760781764984131,
0.10048886388540268,
-0.3802395164966583,
-0.024828413501381874,
-0.3883613348007202,
0.221952423453331,
-0.6231452226638794,
-0.1386939138174057,
0.46086546778678894,
0.5021129250526428,
-0.07663962990045547,
0.306547611951828,
0.3372379541397095,
-0.4082506000995636,
0.08221764862537384,
0.7730259299278259,
-0.2824175953865051,
-0.6640456318855286,
-0.2993650436401367,
0.06213832274079323,
0.30261579155921936,
0.45051679015159607,
0.10593665391206741,
-0.23047055304050446,
0.5424498319625854,
0.17215006053447723,
-0.07905542850494385,
-0.11990988254547119,
0.10136650502681732,
-0.42023563385009766,
-0.570094108581543,
-0.1235814094543457,
0.7905287742614746,
0.16767434775829315,
-0.2942866384983063,
-0.16697460412979126,
-0.20490030944347382,
0.3715026080608368,
0.5979971885681152,
-0.058491382747888565,
0.7906761765480042,
0.2489999234676361,
0.1959579437971115,
0.2943175137042999,
-0.3330044448375702,
-0.5406341552734375,
0.4625512659549713,
0.506640613079071,
-0.4368811249732971,
0.6684218049049377,
0.029221469536423683,
0.4483810365200043,
-0.6890005469322205,
0.1539389193058014,
-0.24269717931747437,
0.11366616189479828,
-1.0390926599502563,
-0.5708333253860474,
-0.04198017716407776,
-0.21719391644001007,
-0.4897232949733734,
1.0865602493286133,
-0.20965486764907837,
-0.6155239939689636,
-0.08520935475826263,
0.04335235431790352,
-0.5410618782043457,
0.21139872074127197,
0.9416927695274353,
-0.2507670819759369,
-0.20374035835266113,
0.06141076982021332,
0.566268801689148,
-0.10825254768133163,
-0.22178766131401062,
0.551967978477478,
-0.31791338324546814,
-0.738136351108551,
-0.5253748893737793,
-0.08969470113515854,
-0.08420951664447784,
-0.4751560091972351,
-0.38568589091300964,
0.03403382748365402,
-0.20160648226737976,
-0.033379655331373215,
0.35376253724098206,
0.5220970511436462,
-0.5349274277687073,
0.33998531103134155,
-0.5497867465019226,
-0.49313127994537354,
0.5249462723731995,
-0.1264667958021164,
0.08367550373077393,
-0.4781299829483032,
0.549901008605957,
0.9976382255554199,
0.27390384674072266,
0.022262731567025185,
0.21477213501930237,
0.08315789699554443,
-0.2458183616399765,
-0.21219514310359955,
0.250894695520401,
-0.2219306081533432,
0.025958959013223648,
-0.3347223103046417,
0.9667531251907349,
0.17431838810443878,
0.3682880997657776,
-0.28514352440834045,
0.6421547532081604,
-0.24498377740383148,
-0.32769349217414856,
0.6312133073806763,
-0.0035420318599790335,
-0.43202486634254456,
-0.07306211441755295,
0.13631901144981384,
-0.20779767632484436,
0.3141747713088989,
-0.6330142021179199,
0.2935125529766083,
-0.31642910838127136,
0.3110656142234802,
-0.105433888733387,
-0.19227254390716553,
0.8606014847755432,
-0.12464769184589386,
-0.21702200174331665,
-0.607205867767334,
-0.39488327503204346,
-0.28081420063972473,
-0.626022458076477,
-0.022707084193825722,
0.8202285170555115,
0.8230732083320618,
-0.29613861441612244,
0.8873758316040039,
0.3916013240814209,
0.46105673909187317,
-0.5229372978210449,
1.0468791723251343,
-0.055654775351285934,
0.5541262030601501,
-0.6812006831169128,
0.10579200834035873,
0.5362706780433655,
-0.6094451546669006,
-0.1675306111574173,
0.4120411276817322,
-0.3914097845554352,
-0.036794714629650116,
-0.05723721161484718,
-0.1778666228055954,
-0.06732823699712753,
0.13977773487567902,
-0.15375763177871704
] |
256854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench%20fever | Trench fever | Trench fever (also known as "five-day fever", "quintan fever" (), and "urban trench fever") is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Russia and Egypt in World War I. Three noted sufferers during WWI were the authors J. R. R. Tolkien, A. A. Milne, and C. S. Lewis. From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease. The disease persists among the homeless. Outbreaks have been documented, for example, in Seattle and Baltimore in the United States among injection drug users and in Marseille, France, and Burundi.
Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, Meuse fever, His disease and His–Werner disease or Werner-His disease (after Wilhelm His Jr. and Heinrich Werner).
The disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella quintana (older names: Rochalimea quintana, Rickettsia quintana), found in the stomach walls of the body louse. Bartonella quintana is closely related to Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis.
Signs and symptoms
The disease is classically a five-day fever of the relapsing type, rarely exhibiting a continuous course. The incubation period is relatively long, at about two weeks. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden, with high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles of the legs and back, and frequently hyperaesthesia of the shins. The initial fever is usually followed in a few days by a single, short rise but there may be many relapses between periods without fever. The most constant symptom is pain in the legs. Recovery takes a month or more. Lethal cases are rare, but in a few cases "the persistent fever might lead to heart failure". Aftereffects may include neurasthenia, cardiac disturbances and myalgia.
Pathophysiology
Bartonella quintana is transmitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite wound with the faeces of an infected body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis). There have also been reports of an infected louse bite passing on the infection.
Diagnosis
Serological testing is typically used to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Most serological tests would succeed only after a certain period of time past the symptom onset (usually a week). The differential diagnosis list includes typhus, ehrlichiosis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and virus-caused exanthema (measles or rubella).
Treatment
The treatment of trench fever can vary from case to case, as the human body has the capability to rid the disease naturally. Some patients will require treatment, and others will not. For those who do require treatment, the best treatment comes by way of doxycycline in combination with gentamicin. Chloramphenicol is an alternative medication recommended under circumstances that render use of tetracycline derivates undesirable, such as severe liver disease, kidney dysfunction, in children under nine years and in pregnant women. The medication is administered for seven to ten days.
Epidemiology
Trench fever is a vector borne disease in which humans are primarily the main hosts. The vector through which the disease is typically transmitted is referred to as the human body louse “Pediculus humanus humanus”, which is better known as lice. The British Expeditionary Force Pyrexia of Unknown Origin Enquiry Sub-Committee concluded that the specific means by which the vector infected the host was louse waste entering the body through abraded skin. Although the disease is typically found in humans, the gram negative bacterium which induce the disease have been seen in mammals such as dogs, cats, and macaques in small numbers.
Being that the vector of the disease is human body louse, it can be determined that the main risk factors for infection are mostly in relation to contracting body louse. Specifically, some risk factors include: body louse infestation, overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, body hygiene, war, famine, malnutrition, alcoholism, homelessness, and intravenous drug abuse.
The identified risk factors directly correlate with the subpopulations of identified infected persons throughout the duration of the known disease. Historically, trench fever was found in young male soldiers of World War I, whereas in the 21st century the disease mostly has a prevalence in middle aged homeless men. This can be seen when looking at a 21st-century outbreak of the disease in Denver, Colorado, where researcher David McCormick and his colleagues came across the gram negative bacterium in 15% of the 241 homeless persons who were tested. Another study done in Marseille, France found the bacterium in 5.4% of the 930 homeless individuals they tested.
History
Trench fever was first described and reported by British major John Graham in June 1915. He reported symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and pain in the shins and back. The disease was most common in the military and consequently took much longer to identify than usual. These cases were originally confused for dengue, sandfly, or paratyphoid fever. Because insects were the suspected vector of transmission, Alexander Peacock published a study of the body louse in 1916. Due in part to his findings, the louse was determined to be the primary cause of transmission by many, but this was still contested by multiple voices in the field such as John Muir who believed the disease was of the viral nature. In 1917, the Trench Fever Investigation Commission (TFIC) had its first meeting. The TFIC performed experiments with infected blood and louse, and learned much about the disease and louse behavior. Also in 1917 the American Red Cross started the Medical Research Committee (MRC). The MRC performed human experiments on trench fever, and their research was published in March 1918. The MRC and TFIC findings were very similar essentially confirming the louse as the vector of transmission. It was not until the 1920s that the bacteria B Quintana was identified as the cause of trench fever.
References
External links
Bacterial diseases
Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
Trench warfare | [
0.6223755478858948,
0.26746320724487305,
-0.7646067142486572,
-0.22215238213539124,
-0.18657253682613373,
0.21099351346492767,
0.7169392704963684,
0.826120138168335,
-0.13703463971614838,
-0.7328512072563171,
-0.7205268144607544,
-0.058825816959142685,
-0.13120073080062866,
0.9885628819465637,
0.2508838176727295,
0.929226815700531,
0.0938040092587471,
0.09019603580236435,
-0.4292307198047638,
0.3217451274394989,
-0.4706113040447235,
-0.2151551991701126,
-0.0005699081812053919,
0.23837482929229736,
-0.5337799787521362,
-0.15540726482868195,
0.18894729018211365,
0.4520864188671112,
-0.037242770195007324,
-0.6036524176597595,
0.13503991067409515,
0.13447347283363342,
0.38892048597335815,
-0.3984617590904236,
-0.04156523197889328,
-0.2018955945968628,
-0.7429094314575195,
-0.8898726105690002,
-0.2235940843820572,
-0.7337561249732971,
-0.13269861042499542,
0.15956947207450867,
0.3916644752025604,
0.555080235004425,
-0.10570798814296722,
-0.08349163085222244,
-0.6643163561820984,
0.5111232399940491,
-0.8458057641983032,
0.37684789299964905,
0.29963362216949463,
0.2705013155937195,
0.4102347195148468,
-0.1532255858182907,
0.0870727077126503,
0.48679855465888977,
-0.8423473834991455,
-0.05081479623913765,
0.3634991943836212,
-0.5851660966873169,
0.47956326603889465,
-0.2230684906244278,
0.2646750211715698,
0.32456135749816895,
-0.33228200674057007,
0.15291127562522888,
-0.10685870796442032,
0.5957258343696594,
0.2636193633079529,
-0.2797880470752716,
-0.1813899576663971,
0.33578330278396606,
0.029675539582967758,
0.2208908200263977,
-0.45445215702056885,
-0.4908932149410248,
-0.2424054592847824,
-0.1782243847846985,
0.04283493012189865,
0.5200018286705017,
-0.4964993894100189,
-0.024334702640771866,
0.6786713600158691,
-0.22074662148952484,
0.6189113259315491,
0.12185737490653992,
-0.11567428708076477,
0.6933045983314514,
-0.24950683116912842,
0.6975778341293335,
-0.11023227125406265,
-0.07164103537797928,
0.4389302432537079,
-0.29446494579315186,
-0.4602181315422058,
-0.06434936076402664,
0.011677704751491547,
0.398188054561615,
0.21077166497707367,
-0.147571861743927,
-0.2919626533985138,
-0.05961768701672554,
0.48619386553764343,
0.42532214522361755,
-0.39716291427612305,
0.09012679755687714,
-0.2772271931171417,
-0.34138745069503784,
0.12546460330486298,
-0.23355233669281006,
-0.02313562110066414,
-0.20755739510059357,
-0.3028199076652527,
-0.3888561427593231,
-0.5750700235366821,
-0.40812280774116516,
-0.20863498747348785,
-0.7271219491958618,
-0.23776796460151672,
-0.7742065787315369,
-0.8839722871780396,
-0.055073730647563934,
0.26073122024536133,
0.43002256751060486,
-0.5768409371376038,
0.3673301637172699,
0.12472172826528549,
-0.33848512172698975,
-0.44264113903045654,
0.4698387086391449,
0.4947311580181122,
1.0921847820281982,
-0.047866418957710266,
-0.059751398861408234,
0.0312911681830883,
-0.4188043475151062,
-0.6950359344482422,
0.6878003478050232,
0.23481972515583038,
-0.10734831541776657,
-0.9268041849136353,
-0.5065168738365173,
-0.0578351691365242,
0.5449058413505554,
0.34502387046813965,
-0.0682632103562355,
-0.34774842858314514,
-0.2943362891674042,
0.017127154394984245,
-0.6329018473625183,
0.14829348027706146,
-0.1487341672182083,
-0.44704481959342957,
-0.010588223114609718,
-0.2705138921737671,
-0.4098680913448334,
0.3453920781612396,
-0.3730381727218628,
0.7846384048461914,
0.13526029884815216,
0.20789112150669098,
0.5364817380905151,
-0.4033080041408539,
0.12762945890426636,
0.024351317435503006,
0.05724307522177696,
-0.08315735310316086,
0.12575016915798187,
0.22143422067165375,
0.8038527965545654,
-0.1096682995557785,
0.2747921645641327,
0.38089704513549805,
-0.7844496965408325,
-0.12747350335121155,
0.340774267911911,
0.5113481879234314,
0.3438757359981537,
0.8108859062194824,
-0.17594130337238312,
-0.2849175035953522,
-0.058193389326334,
0.4150661826133728,
-0.060483627021312714,
-0.17350560426712036,
-0.2947235405445099,
0.23872104287147522,
-0.3811492323875427,
-0.538802444934845,
0.067377470433712,
-0.920325517654419,
-0.4756201207637787,
0.29185476899147034,
-0.12822940945625305,
1.5905240774154663,
-0.33092182874679565,
-0.29454919695854187,
0.8391388654708862,
0.4891020953655243,
-0.013261497020721436,
-0.11793839186429977,
0.1705029308795929,
0.799801230430603,
-0.010174193419516087,
-1.1212594509124756,
0.2500617206096649,
-0.006505526602268219,
0.06737969070672989,
0.02789008803665638,
0.09556003659963608,
0.39952218532562256,
-0.3348120152950287,
0.24360516667366028,
-0.6149882674217224,
0.10253530740737915,
0.11525262892246246,
-0.6121595501899719,
-0.04287399724125862,
0.06293894350528717,
-0.4071851074695587,
-0.05031490698456764,
-0.6853484511375427,
-0.05848976597189903,
0.3700945973396301,
0.07449246197938919,
0.1801421195268631,
-0.18215548992156982,
0.13962656259536743,
0.8480491042137146,
-0.7339658141136169,
0.29160580039024353,
0.07532627135515213,
0.20910842716693878,
-0.5654232501983643,
-0.12306906282901764,
-0.19819417595863342,
0.058232564479112625,
-0.6547133922576904,
-0.567107081413269,
0.18324720859527588,
0.2007264494895935,
0.14831291139125824,
-0.24813811480998993,
0.4334222078323364,
0.3695268929004669,
-0.27066972851753235,
0.03752155974507332,
0.3962695002555847,
-0.2608482241630554,
0.45298445224761963,
0.19376890361309052,
0.9505615234375,
0.1164628118276596,
-0.5050246119499207,
0.015574577264487743,
-0.49604299664497375,
0.6970434188842773,
-0.20949938893318176,
0.25058355927467346,
-0.16524682939052582,
-0.0016088987467810512,
0.5184219479560852,
-0.02550397999584675,
0.6325437426567078,
0.7375767230987549,
-0.4748156666755676,
-0.9524497985839844,
-0.3442324697971344,
0.09160768240690231,
0.240759015083313,
1.2389386892318726,
0.35906749963760376,
-0.7545093894004822,
-0.13055159151554108,
0.02829887717962265,
-0.4461371898651123,
0.02241608500480652,
0.4181974530220032,
-0.4275743365287781,
-0.08580003678798676,
-0.33817362785339355,
0.03015492670238018,
0.098882295191288,
-0.5301337838172913,
-0.04854404926300049,
-0.5573103427886963,
-0.12244253605604172,
-0.13598276674747467,
-0.22394554316997528,
-0.5069075226783752,
-0.8551225662231445,
0.6174941062927246,
-0.1242571473121643,
1.044556975364685,
-0.13076412677764893,
-0.5693999528884888,
-0.1054074615240097,
0.09838063269853592,
0.4702303409576416,
-0.8773598074913025,
-0.009664341807365417,
0.03071364387869835,
-0.16607104241847992,
-0.2617696523666382,
-0.074427530169487,
-0.1618506759405136,
0.06128454580903053,
0.18096290528774261,
-5.582334518432617,
0.2617911100387573,
-0.30409693717956543,
-0.37780866026878357,
0.09465527534484863,
0.2524864971637726,
0.7973928451538086,
-0.12223241478204727,
-0.1379866600036621,
-0.35136136412620544,
-0.08178503811359406,
0.4215138256549835,
0.3404274582862854,
-0.5105738043785095,
-0.2982039451599121,
-0.02451830357313156,
-0.1913965791463852,
-0.28151899576187134,
0.2831558287143707,
-0.006893330253660679,
-0.09134487062692642,
0.660999596118927,
-0.32095247507095337,
0.8111782670021057,
-0.13997574150562286,
0.26076456904411316,
-0.44229695200920105,
0.5503617525100708,
-0.7086806297302246,
0.3352302312850952,
0.06729446351528168,
-0.6262089014053345,
0.5767802596092224,
0.0664331316947937,
-0.33120742440223694,
-0.18220612406730652,
0.013836377300322056,
-0.05794323608279228,
-0.566143810749054,
-0.20480331778526306,
-0.7517589926719666,
-0.12212003767490387,
-0.23742815852165222,
-0.26913636922836304,
0.2767670750617981,
-0.07432723790407181,
0.12392766028642654,
-0.07854469120502472,
0.5468153357505798,
0.6852456331253052,
0.14203953742980957,
0.09950020164251328,
0.0942738875746727,
0.5119737982749939,
-0.16128064692020416,
-0.15041817724704742,
0.13254785537719727,
-0.23232340812683105,
-0.23918604850769043,
0.002254800172522664,
0.02659331075847149,
-0.3465263843536377,
0.007149622309952974,
-0.23968498408794403,
0.6061843633651733,
-0.2094256728887558,
-0.22104069590568542,
-0.11913710832595825,
0.2866121232509613,
-0.22270449995994568,
-0.03570708632469177,
0.18584230542182922,
0.4002419114112854,
-1.0968328714370728,
0.09362350404262543,
-0.7919288277626038,
-0.657231867313385,
-0.3059886395931244,
0.3747602105140686,
-0.2029697597026825,
-0.18218551576137543,
-0.5607246160507202,
-0.4652906358242035,
0.049645379185676575,
0.3427276611328125,
-0.6394674181938171,
0.0720471516251564,
0.1262902170419693,
0.37555840611457825,
-0.6551820039749146,
0.6384984850883484,
-0.46243828535079956,
0.44774478673934937,
-0.03215145692229271,
0.09178385138511658,
0.8457184433937073,
-0.1529092639684677,
1.0680514574050903,
0.584170937538147,
0.30990394949913025,
0.5938335657119751,
-0.5041215419769287,
-0.10651332885026932,
-0.7492989301681519,
0.14490844309329987,
-0.3395492136478424,
0.08723928034305573,
0.6245378255844116,
0.40651440620422363,
-0.05054747313261032,
0.016134312376379967,
0.3840884268283844,
-0.4716379940509796,
-0.2631129026412964,
0.5685852766036987,
0.4178713262081146,
0.01825704053044319,
0.6038382649421692,
0.6865143775939941,
0.1481112837791443,
0.3909296691417694,
0.6343828439712524,
-0.1730191856622696,
0.6845068335533142,
0.9854570031166077,
-0.11404579877853394,
0.483542263507843,
-0.2091265618801117,
-0.09995061904191971,
-0.2508658766746521,
-0.27358078956604004,
0.396893709897995,
0.14082394540309906,
-0.03394714742898941,
-0.20170190930366516,
-0.15111880004405975,
-0.6908021569252014,
-0.4292445182800293,
-0.04451771080493927,
-0.08554849028587341,
-0.7325868606567383,
-0.1132427453994751,
-0.21190708875656128,
0.5213122367858887,
0.015007237903773785,
0.16911597549915314,
-0.22642438113689423,
-0.31473851203918457,
-0.44285067915916443,
0.7241417169570923,
-0.002727348357439041,
-0.27560290694236755,
0.41187629103660583,
-0.09045695513486862,
-0.6503282189369202,
0.12212452292442322,
0.21124780178070068,
0.6060780882835388,
-0.11553864926099777,
-0.2986144721508026,
0.00677164550870657,
-0.9766983389854431,
-0.9680229425430298,
-0.04817868024110794,
-0.6242626905441284,
-0.2560203969478607,
-0.21160534024238586,
-0.9659577012062073,
-0.39178192615509033,
0.5875926613807678,
-0.6011881828308105,
0.0815792828798294,
-0.2759830951690674,
-0.024953443557024002,
0.06467148661613464,
0.08809539675712585,
-0.8244433999061584,
0.26875296235084534,
0.44608861207962036,
-0.02471085824072361,
0.17278483510017395,
0.4112526476383209,
-0.0684157982468605,
0.5441151857376099,
0.032362859696149826,
0.16155865788459778,
-0.24258418381214142,
0.0776955783367157,
-0.16114580631256104,
0.2162720263004303,
0.3752528131008148,
0.20804964005947113,
0.18518926203250885,
0.27181312441825867,
-0.5542327761650085,
0.13911807537078857,
-0.25995150208473206,
0.8151440620422363,
0.2948857545852661,
-0.01194559596478939,
-0.350246399641037,
0.3284268081188202,
-0.28367331624031067,
0.19591812789440155,
0.5306556224822998,
-0.2771679759025574,
0.24403813481330872,
-0.24347111582756042,
-1.1194490194320679,
-0.04305773973464966,
-0.11564742773771286,
-0.6668471693992615,
-0.4019215404987335,
1.0575708150863647,
-0.5363783240318298,
0.06077342852950096,
-0.09950658679008484,
-0.5611870884895325,
0.18531635403633118,
0.16824749112129211,
-0.4411683976650238,
0.19248996675014496,
-0.03940962627530098,
-0.09997853636741638,
-0.6638942360877991,
0.6435768008232117,
0.49161532521247864,
-0.5019195079803467,
0.39892083406448364,
0.12612563371658325,
0.4387664496898651,
-0.11484477669000626,
0.5942093729972839,
0.007861999794840813,
0.4357636272907257,
0.17376935482025146,
0.6163116693496704,
-0.10588835924863815,
-0.06946764141321182,
0.1727750599384308,
0.4580260217189789,
0.4971233904361725,
0.5571867227554321,
-0.2468976229429245,
0.22117549180984497,
0.1558152586221695,
0.32281994819641113,
-0.49749666452407837,
-0.6392716765403748,
0.12341675907373428,
0.7268409729003906,
-0.3686019480228424,
-0.6497201323509216,
-0.2288013994693756,
0.46035099029541016,
-0.4638710916042328,
-0.10363366454839706,
-0.14678210020065308,
-0.013460168614983559,
-0.10840784013271332,
0.2479453682899475,
0.07281198352575302,
0.2324008047580719,
0.26129150390625,
0.12120381742715836,
0.05102122947573662,
0.03491680696606636,
0.4282134473323822,
-0.6283511519432068,
-0.3275745213031769,
0.20419076085090637,
-0.3594152629375458,
1.0109105110168457,
0.4378759264945984,
0.40370434522628784,
0.3949580490589142,
-0.011240117251873016,
-0.502885639667511,
0.04337200149893761,
0.049799542874097824,
-0.2117040753364563,
-0.7106584310531616,
0.04880054295063019,
-0.3719320297241211,
0.4970720708370209,
-0.29999271035194397,
-0.12397922575473785,
-0.2447773516178131,
-0.11348983645439148,
-0.017514975741505623,
-0.3660103678703308,
0.09787752479314804,
-0.11142312735319138,
0.7554182410240173,
0.31332048773765564,
0.3681166470050812,
-0.13488951325416565,
0.5726739764213562,
-0.005554105620831251,
0.31645092368125916,
-0.6169871687889099,
1.2375389337539673,
0.43890342116355896,
-0.4308934509754181,
0.32799357175827026,
-0.28001508116722107,
0.029280241578817368,
0.13535507023334503,
0.03535371273756027,
0.23541373014450073,
0.9037718772888184,
0.1395706832408905,
-0.1324652135372162,
0.5627635717391968,
-0.20434243977069855,
0.2362118661403656,
0.1502958983182907,
-0.33061960339546204,
-0.30811741948127747,
0.24569153785705566,
0.3807670474052429,
0.2983197569847107,
0.7718676924705505,
0.11204589158296585,
0.08598972856998444,
0.33051660656929016,
-0.1032649353146553,
-0.2557191550731659,
0.5470313429832458,
0.5051398277282715,
0.6594024300575256,
-0.1677558422088623,
-0.779579758644104,
0.3406772315502167,
-0.10328368097543716,
0.1520007699728012,
0.04233464226126671,
-0.2709459662437439,
-0.257603257894516,
0.4146187901496887,
0.17464055120944977,
0.11444777250289917,
-0.12199597805738449,
0.15302181243896484,
-0.1869378536939621,
0.7069220542907715,
-0.2592465281486511,
-0.11196606606245041,
0.5092299580574036,
-0.01913498342037201,
0.4631834626197815,
-0.7208192944526672,
0.18828018009662628,
-0.26882776618003845,
0.20925778150558472,
-0.33333590626716614,
-0.15031346678733826,
0.17150567471981049,
-0.28748318552970886,
-0.05904113128781319,
-0.1396935135126114,
-0.2503829896450043,
0.24157454073429108,
-0.11901021748781204,
0.2632472813129425,
-0.14722950756549835,
-0.36896419525146484,
-0.7066107392311096,
-0.13930700719356537,
0.3144603669643402,
0.169376939535141,
-0.15193454921245575,
-0.1899435967206955,
-0.08909545093774796,
0.6653597354888916,
-0.08452288806438446,
0.12310095876455307,
0.8287861347198486,
0.10910689830780029,
0.01259534154087305,
-1.0001429319381714,
-0.17740431427955627,
-0.1082061305642128,
-0.2551860213279724,
-0.08643864840269089,
0.013871614821255207,
-0.28908565640449524,
0.3767511546611786,
-0.24925380945205688,
-0.4231921136379242,
0.0761326253414154,
-0.4860944449901581,
-0.6283478736877441,
0.045536674559116364,
-0.024318167939782143,
-0.6203530430793762,
0.36741095781326294,
0.43524226546287537,
0.053443241864442825,
0.06224033236503601,
-0.22556431591510773,
-0.10433940589427948,
-0.17077961564064026,
-0.09921618551015854,
-0.929180383682251,
0.6710881590843201,
-0.14408907294273376,
0.47396528720855713,
-0.8387846350669861,
0.5253350138664246,
0.369667649269104,
0.08688023686408997,
-0.2470015436410904,
0.62461918592453,
-0.5110827684402466,
-0.3286568224430084,
0.35969123244285583,
-0.7237376570701599,
-0.3916270136833191,
-0.7250781059265137,
0.22038163244724274,
-0.45126891136169434,
-0.15118670463562012,
0.13571757078170776,
0.02519267611205578,
0.020166201516985893,
0.4941130578517914,
-0.03827802464365959,
-0.1153901144862175,
0.019225915893912315,
-0.24861344695091248,
0.5504517555236816,
-0.6648775935173035,
-0.21358978748321533,
-0.10099261999130249,
-0.17162127792835236,
0.5334554314613342,
0.49164992570877075,
0.16927793622016907,
-0.04238307848572731,
0.7377305030822754,
-0.9897950887680054,
-0.5148547291755676,
-0.6350705623626709,
0.036427758634090424,
-0.04319542273879051,
0.05798427015542984,
0.16689959168434143,
-0.8582465052604675,
0.5544533133506775,
0.3935090899467468,
-0.0017237624851986766,
0.1905255764722824,
-0.07179070264101028,
0.5086774230003357,
-0.14729368686676025,
0.019926346838474274,
-0.16131813824176788,
0.06492258608341217,
0.667976975440979
] |
256856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Heeney | Tom Heeney | Thomas Heeney (18 May 1898 – 15 June 1984) was a professional heavyweight boxer from New Zealand, best known for unsuccessfully challenging champion Gene Tunney for the heavyweight championship of the world in New York City on 26 July 1928.
Biography
Heeney was born in Gisborne, New Zealand, and worked as a plumber until he left New Zealand. He was a strong swimmer and was awarded a bronze medal by the Royal Humane Society of New Zealand in 1918 for helping rescue two women from the sea off Waikanae Beach, Gisborne. He also retrieved a third woman who did not survive.
He learnt to box from his father and his older brother Jack Heeney, who was the New Zealand amateur welterweight champion in 1914 and middleweight champion from 1919 to 1924. He became a professional boxer when he fought Bill Bartlett in Gisborne in 1920. In October 1920, Heeney became the New Zealand heavyweight champion when he beat Brian McCleary of Dunedin on a technical knockout. Heeney was also a rugby union player and played for the Hawke's Bay — Poverty Bay team against the Springboks in 1921. He boxed in Australia and won the Australian heavyweight champion title in 1922, and fought in England and South Africa in 1924.
Heeney went to the United States in 1926. He beat Jim Maloney, Johnny Risko and Jim Delaney and eventually ranked fourth among the world's heavyweight boxers. After fighting Jack Sharkey, later a heavyweight world champion, in 1928 for the right to fight Tunney, on 26 July 1928, Heeney fought Gene Tunney at Yankee Stadium, New York City, for the world heavyweight championship title. Heeney entered the boxing ring wearing a Māori cloak that was given to him by Heni Materoa, the widow of Sir James Carroll. The referee, Ed Forbes, stopped the scheduled 15 round fight in the 11th round, and Tunney won. It was said of Heeney:
His gritty performance in this fight would have been considered by many observers to have justified his sobriquet of The Hard Rock from Down Under given by renowned writer and journalist, Damon Runyon.
A week after his defeat, Tom married Marion Dunn, an American. Heeney became an American citizen and boxed until 1934, accomplishing a fighting record of 70 professional bouts, 38 wins, 22 losses, 8 draws, and 2 no-contest.
After retiring from boxing, he owned a bar in Miami, Florida. He served with the United States Navy Civil Engineer Corps in World War II, and afterward coached boxing and refereed armed forces bouts in the South Pacific. He often fished with his friend, the famous writer Ernest Hemingway. Heeney's wife, Marion, died in 1980. They had no children.
Heeney was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Professional boxing record
References
5. Vogt, Anton: 'Tom Heeney in heaven,' New Zealand Listener, 14 October 1960
Further reading
From Poverty Bay to Broadway: The story of Tom Heeney by Lydia Monin (2008)
Kiwis With Gloves On by Brian F O'Brien, published 1960, Reed.
External links
1898 births
1984 deaths
New Zealand male boxers
American male boxers
New Zealand emigrants to the United States
New Zealand professional boxing champions
Sportspeople from Gisborne, New Zealand
Heavyweight boxers | [
-0.07999119162559509,
0.022928128018975258,
-0.4344715178012848,
-0.11052469909191132,
0.053545545786619186,
0.5075275301933289,
0.6238343715667725,
-0.1555328220129013,
-0.08547305315732956,
-0.03521173819899559,
0.3974405825138092,
0.3603284955024719,
-0.3665938973426819,
-0.06625663489103317,
-0.2987602651119232,
-0.01502531860023737,
-0.2252713441848755,
-0.4648948609828949,
0.20746178925037384,
0.1171017736196518,
-0.3440113067626953,
-0.5834077596664429,
0.409000962972641,
-0.33611154556274414,
0.25651541352272034,
0.5467183589935303,
-0.11925791949033737,
-0.29356223344802856,
-0.6506807804107666,
0.15877988934516907,
0.3231830298900604,
0.19031929969787598,
0.5380728840827942,
-0.3289351165294647,
-0.3328191637992859,
0.20411226153373718,
0.08769511431455612,
0.035687968134880066,
0.43672803044319153,
0.0017391080036759377,
-0.4347172677516937,
0.14536063373088837,
0.17448510229587555,
0.24000175297260284,
-0.3601353168487549,
0.04433058574795723,
-1.575697660446167,
-0.3337443768978119,
-1.2542179822921753,
-0.14701853692531586,
-0.22648723423480988,
0.15450391173362732,
-0.14889611303806305,
0.2479405552148819,
0.0351109616458416,
-0.2064390480518341,
-0.13279925286769867,
-0.6052972674369812,
-0.4616435468196869,
-0.4459490478038788,
0.24136623740196228,
-0.2944888770580292,
0.578858494758606,
-0.022439608350396156,
0.2262917160987854,
0.6281611323356628,
0.11701927334070206,
0.024904442951083183,
0.2064514458179474,
0.2455461323261261,
0.3355237543582916,
0.47770848870277405,
0.4232838749885559,
0.4592784643173218,
0.7610187530517578,
-0.36651360988616943,
-0.2275533229112625,
0.46077966690063477,
0.04664571210741997,
0.38813185691833496,
-0.2705765664577484,
-0.9609730243682861,
0.5173732042312622,
0.37742525339126587,
0.2338462620973587,
0.04284263774752617,
-0.34305280447006226,
0.3302997946739197,
-0.3238130807876587,
-0.1183018907904625,
-0.1469348520040512,
0.24849845468997955,
-0.5515159368515015,
0.04117758199572563,
-0.5053222179412842,
-0.3948756158351898,
0.047851935029029846,
0.11162698268890381,
0.2146121859550476,
-0.9775173664093018,
0.18100878596305847,
-0.02293623797595501,
0.8980392217636108,
-0.3801271915435791,
-0.11752082407474518,
0.06131179258227348,
0.6412598490715027,
-0.1681428700685501,
0.2938515841960907,
-0.08969120681285858,
-0.6905957460403442,
0.06206173822283745,
0.5919452905654907,
-0.7315762042999268,
-0.020496949553489685,
0.7934364676475525,
0.4013066291809082,
-0.4912920296192169,
-0.2255699783563614,
-0.08200935274362564,
-0.10331787914037704,
0.2499295175075531,
-0.22312578558921814,
0.19724716246128082,
-0.42339980602264404,
0.08097180724143982,
0.1216626688838005,
0.42708060145378113,
0.1343890279531479,
0.5128974318504333,
0.06686509400606155,
0.1955035775899887,
0.00393407279625535,
0.11272511631250381,
-0.32457664608955383,
0.7112286686897278,
0.29624783992767334,
-0.2621513307094574,
-0.024601247161626816,
0.33577728271484375,
-0.4651339054107666,
0.028029730543494225,
-0.30296590924263,
-0.2958691716194153,
0.04192861542105675,
0.07202772796154022,
0.02404203824698925,
-0.384653776884079,
-0.11604970693588257,
-0.21252456307411194,
0.02851094864308834,
0.30842238664627075,
0.4374640882015228,
-0.10886632651090622,
-0.2656071186065674,
0.08782144635915756,
0.07109560817480087,
0.07289576530456543,
0.185026153922081,
0.02304532378911972,
-0.24890363216400146,
0.14168328046798706,
-0.16358084976673126,
-0.047930698841810226,
0.4873243272304535,
-0.3867710828781128,
0.20468033850193024,
-0.45157575607299805,
-0.18525080382823944,
-0.37056994438171387,
0.1777474284172058,
0.07005692273378372,
0.6268518567085266,
0.22000902891159058,
-0.27303585410118103,
0.36025774478912354,
0.7721817493438721,
0.10849448293447495,
-0.03748297318816185,
-0.9253186583518982,
-0.8538705706596375,
0.18861494958400726,
0.21408472955226898,
0.24026410281658173,
0.4391724765300751,
0.3655518889427185,
0.9615052342414856,
-0.3410530388355255,
0.29613038897514343,
0.4009125530719757,
0.07791043817996979,
-0.7026016116142273,
-0.02385273203253746,
-0.44264763593673706,
0.91404128074646,
0.032659195363521576,
-0.05285561457276344,
0.5402510762214661,
0.13533583283424377,
0.46386510133743286,
0.12684769928455353,
0.10628863424062729,
0.22212707996368408,
-0.0997333824634552,
0.26129141449928284,
0.276208758354187,
0.21440482139587402,
0.4612838327884674,
0.5062417387962341,
0.8119773864746094,
0.49743950366973877,
-0.9732306599617004,
-0.7921081185340881,
0.46323540806770325,
-0.6392833590507507,
-0.8187299370765686,
0.012643476016819477,
0.07296166568994522,
0.4262159466743469,
-0.5051802396774292,
0.7594532370567322,
0.6146077513694763,
0.23376469314098358,
0.4340890944004059,
0.4374551475048065,
1.1937198638916016,
-0.29296886920928955,
-0.24049906432628632,
-0.3220170736312866,
-0.59394770860672,
0.4152928590774536,
0.20093263685703278,
0.15399007499217987,
-0.4685545563697815,
0.4176938235759735,
0.06268829107284546,
0.41532066464424133,
-0.4110090434551239,
0.2578744888305664,
-0.41930779814720154,
-0.3848291337490082,
0.300341933965683,
-0.2670079171657562,
0.08631631731987,
-0.07509488612413406,
0.029777351766824722,
0.025879498571157455,
0.547995924949646,
-0.22824354469776154,
-0.016338549554347992,
0.3386376202106476,
0.4178650975227356,
0.23399311304092407,
0.01809411495923996,
0.07896224409341812,
-0.1317436695098877,
-0.3664259910583496,
-0.003919295035302639,
0.7412990927696228,
0.0768493190407753,
-0.2771412432193756,
0.35835421085357666,
0.050849881023168564,
0.09276692569255829,
0.16797249019145966,
-0.32636594772338867,
-0.4096897840499878,
-0.5306556820869446,
-0.3023052215576172,
-0.3861842751502991,
0.8583503365516663,
0.18590326607227325,
-0.3785657286643982,
-0.2135518193244934,
0.13722184300422668,
0.38333868980407715,
-0.2633410394191742,
-0.10070767253637314,
-0.5935710072517395,
-0.5302769541740417,
0.4800035059452057,
0.5406721234321594,
-0.3619496524333954,
-0.1668272316455841,
0.34338685870170593,
0.21601857244968414,
-0.6578357815742493,
-0.4963776171207428,
0.38232195377349854,
-0.0856969878077507,
-0.19288696348667145,
1.1574071645736694,
-0.7178542613983154,
0.2584085762500763,
-0.4033724367618561,
0.01706046611070633,
0.003283982165157795,
-0.11846057325601578,
0.3892204165458679,
0.28225162625312805,
-0.35279905796051025,
0.3015840947628021,
-0.48463940620422363,
-0.018249636515975,
0.2719506025314331,
-0.1291387528181076,
-0.2683092951774597,
-0.7468655109405518,
-5.708567142486572,
0.4408968985080719,
0.4204912781715393,
-0.41166582703590393,
0.8330409526824951,
0.11806773394346237,
-0.07379382848739624,
0.0965324342250824,
0.001332723069936037,
0.026911748573184013,
-0.20767420530319214,
-0.2392500936985016,
0.3114439845085144,
-0.619427502155304,
0.5054645538330078,
-0.1666933298110962,
0.5352723598480225,
-0.35827046632766724,
0.02918650396168232,
0.3184692859649658,
-0.1456521898508072,
-0.19548769295215607,
0.632005512714386,
0.22262661159038544,
-0.1110687106847763,
0.4924187660217285,
0.2594479024410248,
0.01296002697199583,
-0.27003735303878784,
-0.5082724690437317,
-0.28674283623695374,
0.13354375958442688,
-0.23063579201698303,
-0.24431444704532623,
-0.03814740106463432,
-0.4026066064834595,
0.7322269082069397,
0.11364548653364182,
-0.035760536789894104,
-0.4212437570095062,
-0.0009869355708360672,
-0.06365294009447098,
-0.003474203636869788,
-0.06532955914735794,
0.34434449672698975,
0.22940512001514435,
-0.23880821466445923,
-0.0782875046133995,
-0.19824622571468353,
0.21801286935806274,
0.711665153503418,
-0.16188909113407135,
0.09194108098745346,
-0.06846263259649277,
0.38843074440956116,
-0.050682373344898224,
-0.09590645879507065,
-0.3532590866088867,
-0.5961453318595886,
-0.08526838570833206,
-0.13646695017814636,
-0.9205792546272278,
-0.47503527998924255,
-0.2530624270439148,
-0.14344331622123718,
-0.02793012373149395,
0.3119634985923767,
0.7706578969955444,
0.8296433091163635,
-0.4780515730381012,
0.07610549032688141,
0.7491378784179688,
0.4497341811656952,
-1.0604817867279053,
0.1472032219171524,
-0.16728343069553375,
0.06256119161844254,
-0.04813220724463463,
-0.4697430729866028,
-0.6975984573364258,
-0.08111870288848877,
-0.3718266487121582,
-0.3344016969203949,
0.14305442571640015,
0.7329075932502747,
-0.28782522678375244,
-0.36454489827156067,
0.7783490419387817,
-0.16305233538150787,
0.11379630863666534,
0.12652496993541718,
-0.13171061873435974,
0.19895881414413452,
0.2073260098695755,
0.946037232875824,
0.11071458458900452,
-0.15469180047512054,
0.33213406801223755,
0.2882698178291321,
0.3660622537136078,
-0.432892769575119,
-0.04328072443604469,
0.34063464403152466,
-0.9168208837509155,
0.38960668444633484,
-0.07907501608133316,
-0.36969825625419617,
0.19088028371334076,
0.4074934720993042,
0.03527136147022247,
0.34837308526039124,
0.19894342124462128,
-0.8846487402915955,
0.1992771029472351,
0.19826434552669525,
-0.007446206174790859,
-0.29916244745254517,
-0.34249696135520935,
0.3374890089035034,
-0.0877167358994484,
-0.4351249635219574,
0.43228060007095337,
-0.3860643804073334,
-0.12416554242372513,
0.2555728256702423,
0.004033082164824009,
0.27517855167388916,
0.31027403473854065,
-0.44715994596481323,
-0.2895078659057617,
-0.4107902944087982,
0.2483319640159607,
-0.03297596797347069,
0.31455567479133606,
0.13920524716377258,
0.366660475730896,
-0.2094457745552063,
-0.25427091121673584,
-0.22826677560806274,
0.43593651056289673,
-0.2800399363040924,
-0.3608064651489258,
0.46513405442237854,
0.6359503865242004,
0.41615813970565796,
0.009856188669800758,
-0.08189170062541962,
-0.21871602535247803,
-0.1828075349330902,
0.38614097237586975,
0.5099033117294312,
-0.710946261882782,
0.6845013499259949,
-0.632439136505127,
-0.30143260955810547,
0.3743440806865692,
-0.32254332304000854,
-0.2386099398136139,
-0.2614595293998718,
-0.5205802321434021,
-0.42951223254203796,
0.25412070751190186,
-0.6297059059143066,
-0.32650551199913025,
0.10067194700241089,
0.2154252976179123,
-0.08466138690710068,
-0.028231142088770866,
-0.5332021117210388,
0.002588062547147274,
0.09747350215911865,
-0.7390503287315369,
-0.6406538486480713,
0.13729695975780487,
0.12279731780290604,
-0.07679900527000427,
-0.29458925127983093,
0.03308960422873497,
0.2513270378112793,
-0.1268545687198639,
-0.018908601254224777,
0.47589385509490967,
-0.654080867767334,
0.11355477571487427,
1.0264390707015991,
-0.9812911152839661,
-0.15812502801418304,
0.02206571400165558,
-0.16616235673427582,
0.11349477618932724,
0.40020403265953064,
-0.1257166713476181,
0.5572237968444824,
0.9785920977592468,
0.01167085487395525,
0.19931325316429138,
-0.1056257039308548,
0.6527253985404968,
-0.06416647136211395,
0.21540352702140808,
-0.006273312494158745,
-0.44915929436683655,
0.023395981639623642,
-0.5722149610519409,
0.3300500214099884,
-0.7281632423400879,
-0.13838496804237366,
-0.24369922280311584,
-0.2876017093658447,
0.2735244035720825,
0.05423874780535698,
-0.20586538314819336,
0.04152873530983925,
0.36117565631866455,
-0.1566178798675537,
-0.17079180479049683,
0.10233302414417267,
0.3192896246910095,
0.08082094043493271,
-0.8456135392189026,
0.24184244871139526,
-0.2957533895969391,
-0.7013627290725708,
0.08175650984048843,
-0.3860631585121155,
-0.04706289619207382,
0.18838147819042206,
-0.40152060985565186,
0.7114113569259644,
-0.22253799438476562,
-0.2994456887245178,
-0.421779066324234,
-0.07643239945173264,
0.5790975689888,
0.20348314940929413,
0.059926945716142654,
0.826318085193634,
0.5624048113822937,
-0.1942770779132843,
0.12065470963716507,
0.6983227133750916,
1.3557809591293335,
0.3549862205982208,
0.2377399057149887,
-0.05082765966653824,
0.5298183560371399,
0.17655904591083527,
-0.6678935289382935,
-0.1042083352804184,
-0.03764962777495384,
0.1884663701057434,
0.37299758195877075,
-0.7191498875617981,
0.900796115398407,
0.4894002377986908,
-0.3129710853099823,
-0.22312301397323608,
-0.1342131495475769,
0.025067947804927826,
-0.0914929062128067,
-0.19295582175254822,
0.2150956392288208,
-0.1706712543964386,
0.23102185130119324,
-0.026650646701455116,
0.10715328902006149,
-0.6979544162750244,
0.0976233035326004,
0.19197657704353333,
-0.8427728414535522,
-0.8350922465324402,
-0.7260478734970093,
-0.21353402733802795,
0.2608683109283447,
0.09794297069311142,
0.36737918853759766,
0.41913115978240967,
-0.694390058517456,
-0.018116069957613945,
-0.032128430902957916,
-0.5203157663345337,
-0.2339034229516983,
-0.32779818773269653,
-0.6899574995040894,
-0.6282496452331543,
-0.3254019021987915,
-0.2271200269460678,
-0.3804241716861725,
-0.0004586705472320318,
0.24768614768981934,
-0.9453713297843933,
0.28850865364074707,
-0.10425863415002823,
-0.4173608720302582,
-0.29732030630111694,
0.027103474363684654,
-0.043739646673202515,
0.5959208011627197,
-0.48720794916152954,
-0.5179741978645325,
-0.666691243648529,
0.2488122135400772,
0.5764251947402954,
-0.2793540954589844,
0.15503241121768951,
-0.06359874457120895,
-0.06168114021420479,
-0.6051967740058899,
-0.3798072636127472,
0.25582003593444824,
0.5173436999320984,
-0.1515008509159088,
-0.111784927546978,
0.3316901922225952,
-0.7180253863334656,
-0.23247678577899933,
0.5647486448287964,
-0.5317128300666809,
-0.5639777183532715,
0.10552266985177994,
-0.21566253900527954,
-0.10915207862854004,
0.5736038088798523,
0.00954436231404543,
0.043243035674095154,
0.2396000325679779,
0.3202446699142456,
-0.2970818877220154,
-0.0706271305680275,
-0.16217252612113953,
-0.26449838280677795,
-0.49588921666145325,
-0.32107770442962646,
0.5775168538093567,
0.3136273920536041,
-0.19022750854492188,
0.11529822647571564,
-0.11767802387475967,
0.06815862655639648,
0.6688565015792847,
0.011482344940304756,
0.894325315952301,
0.21157388389110565,
0.37399861216545105,
-0.04514830932021141,
-0.22509151697158813,
0.24693860113620758,
0.21797716617584229,
0.43001657724380493,
0.06673231720924377,
0.5522932410240173,
0.1794096827507019,
0.45701655745506287,
-1.0242204666137695,
0.6391727328300476,
-0.20820997655391693,
0.10862299054861069,
-0.7906612157821655,
-0.48328229784965515,
0.16318415105342865,
-0.14458394050598145,
-0.22423826158046722,
0.8682839870452881,
-0.16951660811901093,
-0.24836614727973938,
-0.1715889871120453,
0.006090580951422453,
-0.46906578540802,
0.20290814340114594,
0.8670347929000854,
-0.19011501967906952,
-0.5866759419441223,
-0.06523077934980392,
0.19344446063041687,
-0.16783840954303741,
0.15607571601867676,
0.5192513465881348,
-0.34548744559288025,
-0.5468630194664001,
-0.3296838402748108,
-0.08680099993944168,
-0.30070826411247253,
-0.09494812041521072,
-0.38112398982048035,
0.27537447214126587,
-0.16249901056289673,
-0.3608914017677307,
0.22475086152553558,
-0.23674188554286957,
-0.09663297981023788,
0.1207808330655098,
-0.2975365221500397,
-0.2044897973537445,
0.6670550107955933,
0.11500124633312225,
-0.3625660836696625,
-0.1790361851453781,
0.4412687122821808,
0.7166587710380554,
-0.04739345982670784,
-0.011364622972905636,
0.2594939172267914,
-0.05774681642651558,
-0.039475154131650925,
-0.12364709377288818,
0.40110698342323303,
-0.21115942299365997,
0.06185896322131157,
-0.33636102080345154,
0.9513513445854187,
-0.10374965518712997,
0.5060041546821594,
-0.025062844157218933,
0.3532804548740387,
-0.368003785610199,
-0.3438306152820587,
0.22251883149147034,
0.11160195618867874,
-0.40207356214523315,
-0.22370100021362305,
-0.39776167273521423,
-0.23175545036792755,
0.07362892478704453,
-0.3561738431453705,
0.14677152037620544,
0.02790362387895584,
0.27934470772743225,
-0.4189913868904114,
-0.7147102355957031,
0.3910023272037506,
0.07354433089494705,
-0.1573871225118637,
-0.4263012111186981,
-0.7553156018257141,
-0.24250230193138123,
-0.4910491704940796,
0.1687394678592682,
0.625906229019165,
0.16113947331905365,
-0.6406822800636292,
1.0288673639297485,
0.2488296926021576,
0.29843106865882874,
-0.2556891441345215,
0.8615670204162598,
0.05737707018852234,
0.5538832545280457,
-0.25010377168655396,
-0.09990092366933823,
0.19190485775470734,
-0.21541886031627655,
-0.5675463676452637,
0.5645124912261963,
-0.58327716588974,
0.6288841366767883,
-0.20054522156715393,
-0.22679302096366882,
0.38032642006874084,
0.1394045352935791,
-0.22497427463531494
] |
256859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Loughran | Tommy Loughran | Thomas Patrick Loughran (November 29, 1902 – July 7, 1982) was an American professional boxer and the former World Light Heavyweight Champion. Statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Loughran as the #7 ranked light heavyweight of all time, while The Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer placed him at #4. The International Boxing Research Organization rates Loughran as the 6th best light heavyweight ever. Loughran was named the [[Ring Magazine fighters of the year|Ring Magazine'''s Fighter of the Year]] twice, first in 1929 and again 1931. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1956 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.
Boxing career
Loughran was one of seven children of an Irish immigrant motorman. His effective use of coordinated foot work, sound defense and swift, accurate counter punching is now regarded as a precursor to the techniques practiced in modern boxing.
Loughran fought many middleweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight champions in his career, including Gene Tunney, Jack Sharkey, and Georges Carpentier. Loughran even achieved a newspaper decision over fistic phenom Harry Greb, whom he first met at age 19. As a light heavyweight, he defeated two future world heavyweight champions: Max Baer and James J. Braddock. Loughran finally fought Primo Carnera for the heavyweight title but lost a decision.
In an interview late in life, Loughran said his loss to Carnera was a pre-arranged fait accompli'': "I had to knock him out to win, I had to agree to that". Footage of the fight is limited and scarce, but Loughran contended he had Carnera in trouble in Rounds 4 and 10, "but then, when I couldn't finish him, I knew the thing was over". The decision a foregone conclusion, Tommy Loughran told Peter Heller in April, 1972, "I beat (Carnera), no question about it".
Later life
On August 22, 1957, he refereed Floyd Patterson's defense of his heavyweight title vs. 1956 Olympic gold medalist Pete Rademacher, at Sick's Stadium, Seattle. The fight was notable in that Rademacher was the first and only fighter to challenge for the heavyweight crown in his professional debut. There were several knockdowns in the fight; Tommy counted out the challenger at 2:57 of the 6th round.
In the 1960s Loughran retired from having been a long-time, successful broker on Wall Street, where he had dealt in commodities (sugar). He became a keynote speaker, appearing at dinners and banquets, his message an attempt to promote and strengthen the image of boxers and boxing at what for the sport was a troubled time. In addition, Tommy lent color commentary to at least one championship bout, Carlos Ortiz vs. Johnny Bizarro in Pittsburgh, June 20, 1966.
In 2006, the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission raised a historical marker in front of St. Monica's Roman Catholic Church, in his old neighborhood, and reads in part: He boxed during the "Golden Age of Boxing" in many weight classes, beating 10 champs in his 18-year career. The "Philly Phantom" had a scientific style, built on precision and maneuverability rather than brute force. Considered a gentleman both in and out of the ring. Loughran was devoted to his neighborhood and church here.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
See also
List of light heavyweight boxing champions
References
|-
|-
External links
2 minute movie of Loughran vs Jimmy Delaney
1902 births
1982 deaths
American male boxers
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Boxers from Philadelphia
Heavyweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
United States Marines
World boxing champions | [
-0.8145623803138733,
-0.02958788350224495,
-0.7086289525032043,
-0.35467299818992615,
0.2551412880420685,
0.1565018892288208,
0.7697464823722839,
0.19095386564731598,
-0.08870956301689148,
-0.049470964819192886,
-0.2813864052295685,
0.7039812207221985,
-0.8549439311027527,
-0.2008516937494278,
0.0475308932363987,
0.1664697229862213,
0.2106843888759613,
-0.41552990674972534,
-0.039653703570365906,
0.05287865176796913,
-0.5559720396995544,
-0.15374276041984558,
0.329767644405365,
0.3509240746498108,
0.028144842013716698,
0.43531984090805054,
-0.6314350962638855,
-0.5374982357025146,
-0.313434898853302,
0.2398400902748108,
0.17374658584594727,
-0.05124979466199875,
0.5459299087524414,
-0.6062053442001343,
-0.31343743205070496,
0.10650122165679932,
-0.11148066073656082,
-0.3612024784088135,
0.04934961721301079,
0.5467565655708313,
-0.4184552729129791,
0.3284805417060852,
0.09700672328472137,
0.12181288748979568,
-0.2865931987762451,
-0.01715945266187191,
-1.3932945728302002,
0.16498219966888428,
-0.4515644609928131,
-0.404033362865448,
-0.11021755635738373,
-0.11473646759986877,
-0.08590208739042282,
0.29801174998283386,
-0.374857097864151,
0.011436829343438148,
0.14173954725265503,
0.04729494825005531,
-0.01576797105371952,
-0.37994125485420227,
-0.00989287905395031,
-0.17651386559009552,
0.5618197321891785,
-0.24651317298412323,
0.07509027421474457,
0.3173592686653137,
0.11198180168867111,
0.008871326223015785,
-0.020212097093462944,
0.2835223376750946,
0.5699711441993713,
0.3673989176750183,
0.6768395304679871,
-0.13495522737503052,
0.5713528990745544,
-0.22490520775318146,
0.03138946741819382,
0.019781900569796562,
-0.3042583763599396,
0.08707428723573685,
-0.1759898066520691,
-0.654016375541687,
0.2844301164150238,
0.6318376660346985,
-0.09546010196208954,
-0.27025115489959717,
-0.6459633111953735,
0.6134361028671265,
-0.39751890301704407,
0.18008597195148468,
-0.45080795884132385,
0.22172412276268005,
0.29543009400367737,
0.2845154404640198,
-0.3864017128944397,
-0.3575773239135742,
0.09199100732803345,
0.060376666486263275,
-0.003405928611755371,
-0.5967108607292175,
0.20118890702724457,
0.22648413479328156,
0.6644968390464783,
-0.35164231061935425,
-0.20207352936267853,
0.25680792331695557,
0.4474788010120392,
-0.17340107262134552,
0.15388792753219604,
0.040480054914951324,
-0.8726776242256165,
-0.14357805252075195,
0.14627990126609802,
-0.47225257754325867,
0.28887683153152466,
0.3132566213607788,
0.21610136330127716,
-0.33338573575019836,
-0.2668575644493103,
0.045498453080654144,
-0.4575859010219574,
0.061957262456417084,
-0.394074946641922,
0.5349953174591064,
-0.5344042778015137,
0.16007672250270844,
0.23068781197071075,
0.6574721932411194,
0.20853573083877563,
0.29248112440109253,
-0.014426443725824356,
0.4972923696041107,
-0.4502341151237488,
-0.04836972430348396,
-0.4529309570789337,
0.8475795984268188,
0.4386048913002014,
0.1529577076435089,
0.05611138418316841,
0.17583924531936646,
0.1089121550321579,
-0.1204340010881424,
-0.32778868079185486,
-0.12959825992584229,
-0.3698993921279907,
-0.2780931293964386,
0.014395649544894695,
-0.25668150186538696,
0.44131800532341003,
-0.3173220157623291,
-0.22810211777687073,
0.2730332612991333,
0.3867407739162445,
-0.13586735725402832,
-0.4959387183189392,
0.37683671712875366,
-0.19860775768756866,
0.0014988384209573269,
0.3337201476097107,
-0.45157578587532043,
-0.17989850044250488,
0.01793038472533226,
-0.14065991342067719,
0.21335561573505402,
0.14808237552642822,
0.23637627065181732,
0.35961952805519104,
-0.5672280788421631,
-0.1311340630054474,
-0.36305347084999084,
0.22133098542690277,
0.41956207156181335,
0.36981406807899475,
0.12951940298080444,
-0.4984034597873688,
0.6798801422119141,
0.7459086775779724,
0.43620583415031433,
-0.14709123969078064,
-1.1961336135864258,
-0.9010922312736511,
-0.26223915815353394,
0.16278910636901855,
0.19763213396072388,
0.4699169993400574,
0.4388633072376251,
0.7724263072013855,
-0.5504440069198608,
0.5895994305610657,
0.06895420700311661,
0.10348712652921677,
-0.41385674476623535,
-0.2402973473072052,
-0.5507714152336121,
0.7385460138320923,
-0.11428635567426682,
0.03407023847103119,
0.26489073038101196,
0.1187172532081604,
0.6612855792045593,
0.11885657161474228,
-0.18525579571723938,
0.23884271085262299,
0.0443449467420578,
0.2142990380525589,
0.23045946657657623,
0.01825687475502491,
0.6857644319534302,
0.6804068088531494,
0.5031591653823853,
0.7418636083602905,
-0.6300093531608582,
-0.3231823742389679,
0.5051981806755066,
-0.71300208568573,
-0.4950238764286041,
-0.2517129182815552,
-0.07503919303417206,
0.45184049010276794,
-0.5217441320419312,
0.8077223300933838,
0.5724823474884033,
0.13539773225784302,
0.7387905120849609,
0.32108476758003235,
1.706117033958435,
-0.19676604866981506,
-0.027278287336230278,
-0.06553150713443756,
-1.0554618835449219,
-0.03456643968820572,
-0.29827645421028137,
-0.2885507345199585,
-0.46396201848983765,
0.28619053959846497,
-0.1840001791715622,
0.40603095293045044,
-0.565649688243866,
-0.17208631336688995,
-0.7966098189353943,
-0.2673758268356323,
-0.060698673129081726,
-0.42744529247283936,
0.12571588158607483,
0.13314953446388245,
0.07821664959192276,
0.019697699695825577,
0.39640647172927856,
-0.1228194460272789,
0.13944098353385925,
0.3306024372577667,
0.14460790157318115,
0.6658205986022949,
-0.1868172287940979,
0.3051128387451172,
-0.1256081610918045,
-0.11819534748792648,
0.5192227959632874,
0.21630270779132843,
0.019456451758742332,
0.04153534770011902,
0.22881180047988892,
0.24739369750022888,
0.1689777821302414,
-0.09926328808069229,
-0.2728743851184845,
-0.10325263440608978,
-0.3237115442752838,
-0.013518983498215675,
-0.5953429937362671,
0.7794312834739685,
-0.17676092684268951,
-0.052708301693201065,
-0.23972105979919434,
0.010619906708598137,
0.6451725363731384,
-0.04652218148112297,
0.053167007863521576,
-0.6338133811950684,
-0.4850994944572449,
0.2791900932788849,
0.9289822578430176,
-0.5970538854598999,
0.15196269750595093,
0.009997889399528503,
0.045463912189006805,
-0.9529345631599426,
-0.8243567943572998,
0.1678047925233841,
-0.07504095882177353,
-0.1766892969608307,
0.324628621339798,
-0.41434770822525024,
0.285858154296875,
-0.3772342801094055,
0.23768775165081024,
0.09774675220251083,
-0.2251095473766327,
0.12789054214954376,
0.07884678244590759,
-0.5148277282714844,
0.3036094903945923,
-0.5454773902893066,
0.2061273157596588,
0.1930234730243683,
-0.10422970354557037,
-0.5008230805397034,
-0.4892405867576599,
-5.548053741455078,
0.6125375032424927,
0.026393866166472435,
-0.4489639401435852,
0.6367475986480713,
-0.11049039661884308,
0.11743935197591782,
-0.07077798247337341,
0.019083784893155098,
-0.16133365035057068,
-0.3160392642021179,
-0.38594117760658264,
0.11662938445806503,
0.29086530208587646,
0.23460541665554047,
0.13316497206687927,
0.7094262838363647,
-0.6281125545501709,
0.12524756789207458,
0.24398364126682281,
-0.10299190878868103,
-0.36475300788879395,
0.04886952415108681,
0.17852912843227386,
-0.30515167117118835,
0.6115056872367859,
0.09817436337471008,
0.14372389018535614,
-0.504650354385376,
-0.06241609528660774,
-0.5000568628311157,
0.287712424993515,
-0.7369154691696167,
0.002439818112179637,
-0.04964420571923256,
-0.8303706645965576,
0.7699304819107056,
-0.21593926846981049,
0.12540464103221893,
-0.5965405702590942,
0.020470764487981796,
0.10963206738233566,
-0.504021942615509,
-0.3024875521659851,
0.5628056526184082,
-0.3008226752281189,
-0.2823150157928467,
-0.2909185588359833,
-0.25180625915527344,
0.29056721925735474,
0.5181801915168762,
-0.049469854682683945,
0.6062268614768982,
0.16364015638828278,
0.7639970183372498,
0.03351916745305061,
-0.05623374879360199,
-0.32268285751342773,
-0.5688839554786682,
0.2146420180797577,
-0.09705827385187149,
-0.41814589500427246,
-0.45204678177833557,
-0.3482998013496399,
0.18673928081989288,
-0.37415722012519836,
0.22924037277698517,
-0.14687500894069672,
0.5895535349845886,
-0.3983360528945923,
-0.08556447923183441,
0.5928283333778381,
0.10677564144134521,
-1.139281988143921,
-0.18077461421489716,
0.32865017652511597,
0.19403672218322754,
0.03135189041495323,
-0.5291426777839661,
-0.5650044679641724,
0.15748146176338196,
-0.5484030842781067,
-0.18372784554958344,
0.010567235760390759,
0.3382681608200073,
0.13138297200202942,
-0.2537524998188019,
0.8214344382286072,
-0.033030904829502106,
0.11094361543655396,
0.636836051940918,
0.23197059333324432,
0.41243258118629456,
-0.06534010916948318,
0.6003804206848145,
0.3880920112133026,
-0.23098576068878174,
0.13064433634281158,
0.3901899456977844,
0.4004438817501068,
-0.2746862769126892,
-0.415521502494812,
0.3966997563838959,
-1.0001449584960938,
0.34021711349487305,
-0.0872463583946228,
0.046534352004528046,
0.32472965121269226,
0.7615155577659607,
-0.17637063562870026,
0.0016279002884402871,
-0.042845629155635834,
-0.7656581997871399,
0.0037073674611747265,
0.5126051902770996,
-0.446675181388855,
0.0074784355238080025,
-0.44405028223991394,
0.6216546893119812,
0.41388460993766785,
0.25898027420043945,
0.4439842700958252,
0.016008535400032997,
-0.3377491533756256,
-0.09099280834197998,
-0.25157883763313293,
0.33924826979637146,
-0.06841327995061874,
0.223030686378479,
-0.49651601910591125,
0.044934291392564774,
0.4065766930580139,
0.11852222681045532,
0.5848846435546875,
0.05134247615933418,
0.21742671728134155,
-0.11221539229154587,
-0.8058698177337646,
-0.5163548588752747,
0.2032151073217392,
0.05272989347577095,
-0.6884523034095764,
0.009779774583876133,
0.4165862202644348,
0.6521884202957153,
-0.06207767874002457,
-0.28601646423339844,
-0.06613650918006897,
-0.32328104972839355,
0.5455973744392395,
0.26095494627952576,
-0.7068994045257568,
0.4098488390445709,
-0.36552098393440247,
-0.7101097106933594,
0.5491986870765686,
-0.5414400696754456,
-0.18439121544361115,
-0.1261063516139984,
-0.5028138756752014,
0.20618627965450287,
0.2024829387664795,
-0.884605348110199,
-0.04146305471658707,
0.1889248490333557,
0.12973009049892426,
0.01747858338057995,
-0.1885942667722702,
-0.6358110308647156,
0.7872983813285828,
0.14701566100120544,
-0.4307778775691986,
-0.6273496747016907,
-0.2604515254497528,
0.1523555964231491,
0.04299526661634445,
-0.3574928045272827,
0.045263685286045074,
0.19860626757144928,
0.19562208652496338,
0.5658412575721741,
0.1980319619178772,
-0.6646007895469666,
0.10227470844984055,
0.5242340564727783,
-0.6260714530944824,
-0.3647659122943878,
-0.198424831032753,
-0.118043452501297,
0.5221111178398132,
0.6595339775085449,
-0.32396769523620605,
-0.13591361045837402,
0.6086066365242004,
-0.05578037351369858,
0.051073137670755386,
-0.24532629549503326,
0.1279081553220749,
0.008674053475260735,
0.28331443667411804,
0.35827556252479553,
-0.29716432094573975,
-0.3715691566467285,
-0.33195263147354126,
0.05893958732485771,
-0.9730122685432434,
0.01743170991539955,
-0.03781978413462639,
-0.2563886046409607,
0.5787122845649719,
0.48014479875564575,
-0.40503478050231934,
-0.009082190692424774,
0.3845892548561096,
0.06099225580692291,
0.4879990518093109,
-0.03449424356222153,
0.616288423538208,
-0.24218012392520905,
-1.0988095998764038,
-0.27077969908714294,
-0.485368937253952,
-0.21198122203350067,
0.3121744692325592,
-0.2520597279071808,
-0.5946347117424011,
0.07679301500320435,
0.17030812799930573,
0.7829061150550842,
-0.09122874587774277,
-0.7710380554199219,
0.039057064801454544,
0.23757335543632507,
0.09883330762386322,
0.2649281620979309,
-0.19054067134857178,
0.5506864786148071,
0.42167362570762634,
-0.4746417701244354,
0.003676912048831582,
0.4962064027786255,
1.4933503866195679,
0.21086570620536804,
0.31998804211616516,
-0.023710601031780243,
-0.09016108512878418,
0.35741662979125977,
-0.5407015681266785,
0.2581937313079834,
0.021878886967897415,
0.3148677945137024,
0.38140517473220825,
-0.8763404488563538,
0.4446241855621338,
0.6817243099212646,
-0.49827030301094055,
-0.03445109352469444,
0.07342137396335602,
0.21636740863323212,
0.18634150922298431,
-0.3780532777309418,
-0.07312601804733276,
-0.11225758492946625,
-0.21233788132667542,
0.09067308157682419,
-0.07564602047204971,
-0.7851166129112244,
-0.3319064974784851,
0.04777003079652786,
-0.9210449457168579,
-0.5912529826164246,
-0.13765178620815277,
0.13891254365444183,
0.0918789729475975,
-0.4128117859363556,
0.718854546546936,
0.5375327467918396,
-0.5020799040794373,
-0.24584358930587769,
0.06579738855361938,
-0.7326653003692627,
-0.042682405561208725,
-0.22067594528198242,
-0.3081411123275757,
-0.7971063256263733,
-0.5085011124610901,
0.09276705980300903,
-0.21079565584659576,
0.0155413206666708,
0.25891411304473877,
-0.7729125618934631,
0.439388632774353,
-0.4692022204399109,
-0.13872984051704407,
-0.4297478497028351,
-0.528249204158783,
-0.35999342799186707,
1.0794519186019897,
-0.4174153804779053,
-0.0312718003988266,
-0.46715107560157776,
0.22371304035186768,
0.767418622970581,
-0.2672935426235199,
-0.02335279807448387,
-0.3369066119194031,
0.16942648589611053,
-0.873460590839386,
-0.49406448006629944,
0.10682856291532516,
0.18351194262504578,
-0.2572946846485138,
0.16068518161773682,
0.09060804545879364,
-0.6966555714607239,
-0.3179400563240051,
1.2272090911865234,
-0.6354444622993469,
-0.16898126900196075,
0.04730084165930748,
0.09884189814329147,
0.05932851508259773,
0.3646135926246643,
-0.21111556887626648,
0.014857050962746143,
0.8110321164131165,
-0.10548824071884155,
0.0766194611787796,
0.06259514391422272,
0.19137239456176758,
-0.0316234715282917,
-0.47179630398750305,
-0.09322085231542587,
0.6544032692909241,
0.3098416030406952,
-0.6543861031532288,
0.4186484217643738,
-0.13874979317188263,
-0.009946567006409168,
0.9867758750915527,
0.24808426201343536,
1.0317643880844116,
0.30427443981170654,
0.1761292815208435,
0.07813727110624313,
-0.24802924692630768,
0.22272609174251556,
0.12066685408353806,
-0.2720433473587036,
-0.5093252658843994,
0.40426379442214966,
0.2099926769733429,
0.32065269351005554,
-0.34690359234809875,
0.3906394839286804,
-0.10437216609716415,
0.34289127588272095,
-0.5855047702789307,
-0.3972702622413635,
0.19996614754199982,
0.09817975014448166,
-0.1899629831314087,
1.2259784936904907,
-0.10530409216880798,
-0.21763913333415985,
0.06331172585487366,
-0.17108996212482452,
-0.35539230704307556,
-0.02193203940987587,
0.9076930284500122,
-0.4465879797935486,
-0.3025752902030945,
-0.16074877977371216,
0.03613854572176933,
-0.08104294538497925,
-0.10454492270946503,
0.811371386051178,
-0.46224626898765564,
-0.5614696741104126,
0.1090192049741745,
0.1057228073477745,
0.23902538418769836,
-0.47668924927711487,
-0.5456361174583435,
0.17922358214855194,
0.538665235042572,
-0.12060551345348358,
0.5046202540397644,
-0.012504840269684792,
0.15833863615989685,
-0.0007520890794694424,
-0.2509784698486328,
-0.25581273436546326,
0.7267077565193176,
0.40214988589286804,
0.20778529345989227,
-0.5056213736534119,
0.4347619414329529,
0.8462142944335938,
0.3527502119541168,
0.04145018011331558,
0.01893921010196209,
-0.12394443154335022,
-0.04473809897899628,
-0.6667681932449341,
0.23184698820114136,
-0.359861820936203,
-0.09224937856197357,
-0.37962988018989563,
0.5126836895942688,
0.14900898933410645,
0.6032558083534241,
-0.3978576958179474,
-0.04906782880425453,
-0.4561813771724701,
0.04659510776400566,
0.5030364394187927,
-0.23681068420410156,
-0.31271660327911377,
-0.20482270419597626,
-0.05103405937552452,
-0.18621014058589935,
0.3278736472129822,
-0.23197102546691895,
0.3006061911582947,
0.05492653325200081,
0.4771919846534729,
-0.3615862727165222,
-0.2743823230266571,
0.41758057475090027,
0.18098467588424683,
-0.4691426157951355,
-0.40869608521461487,
0.15338435769081116,
-0.21798402070999146,
-0.4643624424934387,
0.23552283644676208,
0.40767425298690796,
0.62173992395401,
-0.4269302785396576,
0.9412361979484558,
0.19394326210021973,
0.19566163420677185,
-0.09548597782850266,
0.7709616422653198,
-0.33896440267562866,
0.29707321524620056,
-0.5150583386421204,
0.3310704827308655,
0.2599591612815857,
-0.364592581987381,
-0.7698704600334167,
0.7606461048126221,
-0.4939876198768616,
0.6811776757240295,
0.22585630416870117,
-0.5435668230056763,
-0.14252282679080963,
0.3381914496421814,
-0.46044424176216125
] |
256862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ocean%20Race | The Ocean Race | The Ocean Race is a yacht race around the world, held every three or four years since 1973. Originally named the Whitbread Round the World Race after its initiating sponsor, British brewing company Whitbread, in 2001 it became the Volvo Ocean Race after Swedish automobile manufacturer Volvo took up the sponsorship, and in 2019 it was renamed The Ocean Race.
Though the route changes to accommodate various ports of call, the race typically departs Europe in October, and in recent editions has had either 9 or 10 legs, with in-port races at many of the stopover cities. The most recent race, the 2017–18 Volvo Ocean Race started in Alicante, Spain, and concluded in The Hague, Netherlands, with stopovers in Lisbon, Cape Town, Melbourne, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Auckland, Itajaí, Newport, Cardiff, and Gothenburg.
Each of the entries has a sailing crew who race day and night for more than 20 days at a time on some of the legs. Since the 2008–2009 race there has also been a dedicated media crew member called the On Board Reporter (OBR), who does not contribute to the sailing of the boat, but is responsible for sending images and video to race headquarters via satellite from the middle of the ocean. In the 2017–2018 race, the number of crew ranged between 7 and 10 (plus the OBR) depending on the gender ratio, with the rules providing an incentive to having women sailors on board.
To minimize weight, crews overwhelmingly rely on freeze-dried fare for sustenance. Crews are also subjected to temperature variations from −5 to +40 degrees Celsius and will often only take one change of clothes.
History
In 1972 England's Whitbread company and the British Royal Naval Sailing Association agreed to sponsor a globe-circling regatta, which would be called the 'Whitbread Round the World Yacht Race'.
17 yachts and 167 crew started the first race of , which began from Portsmouth, United Kingdom on 8 September 1973. Approximately 3000 spectator boats set out to witness the historic start. The first race was won by Mexican amateur Ramon Carlin in a Swan 65 yacht, Sayula II. Sayula II was followed by Adventure, Grand Louis and Kriter.
The original course was designed to follow the route of the square riggers, which had carried cargo around the world during the 19th Century.
From 2001 the ownership of the race was taken over by Volvo and Volvo Cars and the race was renamed the ‘Volvo Ocean Race’. Stopover ports were added in Germany, France, and Sweden being Volvo's three biggest car markets in Europe.
Winning the race does not attract a cash prize, as the feat of competing is presented as sufficient reward.
Many of the crew in the Volvo Ocean Race race crew other professional teams in other high-profile events, such as the Olympic Games, Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the America's Cup, or the Fastnet Race.
The worst weather conditions are usually encountered in the Southern Ocean where waves sometimes top and winds can reach .
The 2017–18 race covered 45,000 nautical miles, which is the longest route in its history.
The yachts
Early races had a very wide range of boat types, but concerns after the 1989–1990 race led to the development of the Whitbread 60 single design. This was a reaction to increasing costs of the biggest, "maxi", boats, and their advantage over the rest of the field – Steinlager 2 won every leg in the maxi division and was the winner overall, with many of the smaller boats finishing legs more than ten days after the winner.
The Whitbread 60 design was used for all smaller boats in the 1993–1994 race, and for all in the 1997–1998 race. The race continued to be restricted to a single class for the next seven races – but moved to the Volvo Open 70, then the Volvo Ocean 65.
Two classes of boats will be used for the 2021–22 edition of the race: the Volvo Ocean 65 and the IMOCA 60, an advanced open class normally raced two-handed.
The route
Though the route changes to accommodate various ports of call, the race typically departs Europe in October, and in recent editions has had either 9 or 10 legs, with in-port races at many of the stopover cities. The 2008–09 race started in Alicante, Spain, on October 11, 2008. The route for the 2008–2009 race was altered from previous years to include stopovers in India and Asia for the first time. The 2008–09 route covered nearly , took over nine months to complete, and reached a cumulative TV audience of 2 billion people worldwide.
During the nine months of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, which started in Alicante, Spain in October 2011 and concluded in Galway, Ireland, in July 2012, the teams were scheduled to sail over of the world's most treacherous seas via Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, around Cape Horn to Itajaí, Miami, Lisbon, and Lorient.
As in the previous editions the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race started in Alicante, Spain on October 11. Destination was Gothenburg, Sweden, scheduled for June 2015, with stopovers in the ports of Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, Itajaí, Newport, Lisbon, Lorient, and with a Pitstop at The Hague through the last leg.
List of races
Notable records
Netherlands, only country to have three wins
Conny van Rietschoten, only skipper to win the race twice
Steinlager 2, only yacht to ever win all six legs
Maiden, first all-female team, skippered by Tracy Edwards
See also
List of Volvo Ocean Race sailors
References
Further reading
Danger on the high seas – whales, debris and weather just some of the obstacles in the Volvo Ocean Race – Steve Elling, The National, 9 October 2014
External links
Recurring sporting events established in 1973
Yachting races
Round-the-world sailing competitions
Whitbread | [
-0.1954309195280075,
-0.21992900967597961,
0.37037163972854614,
0.1306026130914688,
0.19015640020370483,
-0.20989003777503967,
-0.28238606452941895,
0.4881327450275421,
-0.7545294761657715,
0.016085810959339142,
0.33607298135757446,
0.43723323941230774,
0.23206351697444916,
0.49099498987197876,
0.06966187059879303,
-0.0032094744965434074,
0.643311619758606,
0.11439412832260132,
0.12218348681926727,
-0.40314188599586487,
-0.4444628953933716,
0.01486379187554121,
0.49436241388320923,
-0.18590480089187622,
-0.16010108590126038,
-0.06501031666994095,
-0.10826288163661957,
0.10444049537181854,
0.14823764562606812,
0.1389210820198059,
0.016119664534926414,
0.349488765001297,
-0.2997545599937439,
0.213306725025177,
0.303264856338501,
-0.5024990439414978,
-0.17049409449100494,
-0.5327939391136169,
-0.4541265070438385,
-0.3655049204826355,
-0.21397677063941956,
0.027161216363310814,
0.08080393075942993,
0.4668745696544647,
0.15755504369735718,
0.4303058981895447,
-0.660649836063385,
-0.07681665569543839,
-0.3071521520614624,
0.22703592479228973,
-0.39510345458984375,
0.37128373980522156,
-0.16542699933052063,
0.7618759274482727,
0.6850764751434326,
0.7211295366287231,
0.19640684127807617,
0.2328345775604248,
-0.34720760583877563,
-0.5266843438148499,
0.7541694641113281,
0.5459302067756653,
0.14910008013248444,
0.25731316208839417,
0.025415264070034027,
0.04771504923701286,
0.2880248427391052,
0.17957927286624908,
0.10098081082105637,
-0.4269666075706482,
0.10741528123617172,
-0.5532600283622742,
0.05042777955532074,
0.08353304117918015,
0.26546216011047363,
-0.747263491153717,
-0.2661523222923279,
0.2604968845844269,
0.34012100100517273,
-0.5438750386238098,
0.5517481565475464,
-0.41848883032798767,
0.35406970977783203,
0.0908772349357605,
0.06345344334840775,
0.03811369836330414,
-0.07338869571685791,
0.14280858635902405,
-0.5169882774353027,
0.1642075926065445,
-0.13669487833976746,
-0.5166362524032593,
0.7895894050598145,
0.07321242243051529,
-0.07499208301305771,
-0.36866748332977295,
-0.35732683539390564,
-0.06944333761930466,
0.648099958896637,
-0.14904211461544037,
-0.1543979048728943,
-0.10076426714658737,
0.3128812611103058,
0.7643528580665588,
-0.26166442036628723,
-0.12957631051540375,
0.07694966346025467,
-0.6511234641075134,
0.41059696674346924,
0.4534560441970825,
0.10969662666320801,
0.06310862302780151,
-0.21419961750507355,
0.06551255285739899,
-0.5025457739830017,
-0.34318405389785767,
0.05938080698251724,
-0.18636955320835114,
-0.3906245827674866,
-0.5762588381767273,
0.007301900535821915,
-0.02988302707672119,
0.38506680727005005,
0.19969551265239716,
-0.21071857213974,
0.3199816942214966,
0.6185334324836731,
0.8975970149040222,
-0.6285929679870605,
-0.44613420963287354,
0.19880227744579315,
0.33573970198631287,
-0.3484702408313751,
0.3207316994667053,
-0.07520899176597595,
0.049061305820941925,
0.3141372799873352,
-0.5147602558135986,
0.5276088714599609,
0.6373967528343201,
-0.34418636560440063,
-0.181699737906456,
-0.1534053534269333,
-0.1406940519809723,
0.12723831832408905,
0.03697706386446953,
0.2713087201118469,
-0.6572701930999756,
-0.3934348523616791,
-0.35994476079940796,
0.3201340436935425,
0.0893063023686409,
-0.578497588634491,
-0.46478545665740967,
-0.1778407096862793,
0.3797489106655121,
-0.309390664100647,
0.018460754305124283,
0.5125920176506042,
0.456156849861145,
-0.2516416013240814,
0.007809919770807028,
-0.1840542107820511,
0.038627274334430695,
0.3423062264919281,
-0.5531080365180969,
0.09546849131584167,
0.34322452545166016,
-0.16963891685009003,
0.0682549774646759,
0.07086873054504395,
0.7088662385940552,
0.5351001620292664,
-0.27055680751800537,
-0.23638790845870972,
-0.5780183672904968,
1.1089109182357788,
-0.11551820486783981,
0.600132942199707,
-0.37389832735061646,
-0.6025429964065552,
0.029894601553678513,
-0.01017007976770401,
-0.32316192984580994,
0.6453563570976257,
-0.6469115018844604,
-0.03828878700733185,
0.6778316497802734,
-0.053773242980241776,
0.3968098759651184,
0.29376816749572754,
-0.30514127016067505,
0.10595027357339859,
-0.6575006246566772,
0.9330326318740845,
0.06346195191144943,
0.24246935546398163,
0.6903226971626282,
-0.19713358581066132,
0.2625995874404907,
-0.5758894681930542,
0.38919562101364136,
0.46012651920318604,
0.0027557748835533857,
-1.3355430364608765,
0.05192670598626137,
0.3112184405326843,
-0.5642030835151672,
-0.4479258358478546,
0.27812254428863525,
-0.6968413591384888,
0.07759372889995575,
0.021399375051259995,
0.0249516349285841,
-0.018386846408247948,
0.07978187501430511,
-0.15642206370830536,
0.6539478302001953,
-0.3261086046695709,
0.020442890003323555,
1.0903807878494263,
0.41470396518707275,
-0.48282501101493835,
0.765444815158844,
-0.3988756239414215,
0.5441861152648926,
-0.309438019990921,
-0.1422254741191864,
0.09293020516633987,
-0.18841418623924255,
-0.06105078384280205,
0.16691477596759796,
0.36870095133781433,
-0.7033733129501343,
0.346662312746048,
-0.02985704503953457,
0.5330238938331604,
-0.6024832725524902,
0.39251577854156494,
0.6482326984405518,
0.5914948582649231,
0.13029338419437408,
-0.9888789057731628,
1.0159046649932861,
0.23992151021957397,
0.5682042837142944,
0.34108084440231323,
0.16777403652668,
-0.307136595249176,
-0.44807565212249756,
-0.036663640290498734,
-0.1759093701839447,
0.13526076078414917,
-0.43338292837142944,
-0.4286298155784607,
0.14318524301052094,
0.2348506897687912,
0.08063820004463196,
0.6070072650909424,
-0.028835084289312363,
-0.49111104011535645,
-0.5023860335350037,
-0.4169520437717438,
0.6457447409629822,
-0.3394378125667572,
-0.6501230001449585,
-0.8707998991012573,
-0.9151853919029236,
0.26048505306243896,
0.14114119112491608,
0.14702287316322327,
0.753730297088623,
-0.2803996205329895,
0.04012368619441986,
-0.23222950100898743,
-0.38707661628723145,
-0.44021353125572205,
0.3436843156814575,
-0.41063356399536133,
-0.016609836369752884,
0.07446017116308212,
-0.0037239696830511093,
-0.13527581095695496,
-0.5157026648521423,
0.13311688601970673,
0.486124724149704,
-0.5702722072601318,
-0.1348472535610199,
-0.20169083774089813,
-0.012706934474408627,
0.20333358645439148,
-0.01523918379098177,
-0.08343870937824249,
0.48400387167930603,
0.03017621859908104,
0.07230054587125778,
-0.1579909324645996,
-0.37299296259880066,
0.21507123112678528,
-0.03171929717063904,
0.24194024503231049,
-0.40983590483665466,
-0.3873560428619385,
-0.1888187825679779,
0.33160069584846497,
-0.16769875586032867,
-0.36749669909477234,
0.12161285430192947,
-5.760622501373291,
-0.24931712448596954,
-0.5135607123374939,
0.31955957412719727,
-0.6496797800064087,
0.18568088114261627,
0.8208731412887573,
-0.010130432434380054,
0.4104386270046234,
-0.3472159802913666,
-0.09232661128044128,
0.16112498939037323,
-0.21402199566364288,
0.665532112121582,
0.2296142280101776,
0.447716623544693,
0.4693228602409363,
-0.20534458756446838,
-0.11213590949773788,
-0.029186448082327843,
-0.2171507328748703,
-0.1299406737089157,
-0.059657566249370575,
0.031788647174835205,
0.0885651633143425,
0.7115585207939148,
-0.3727303445339203,
-0.2257244735956192,
-0.23859438300132751,
0.12956108152866364,
-0.3884885311126709,
-0.04104325920343399,
-0.040999334305524826,
-0.2943020164966583,
-0.06432996690273285,
-0.01763116382062435,
0.2612806558609009,
0.15576133131980896,
0.22168056666851044,
-0.2658686339855194,
-0.8339654803276062,
0.14921888709068298,
-0.1908731460571289,
-0.4196125864982605,
0.33678025007247925,
-0.32286742329597473,
0.10100328922271729,
0.48742181062698364,
0.21315898001194,
0.9601806402206421,
-0.21553178131580353,
0.14281055331230164,
0.2796916663646698,
-0.142067089676857,
0.2514441907405853,
-0.08920765668153763,
-0.05380554497241974,
-0.026826951652765274,
0.04040805250406265,
0.12210257351398468,
0.3414062261581421,
-0.41543954610824585,
0.41953322291374207,
-0.8846240639686584,
0.057921379804611206,
-0.38970664143562317,
0.0841062068939209,
-0.35047996044158936,
0.10798432677984238,
0.5712436437606812,
0.13780109584331512,
0.5772445201873779,
-0.2746535837650299,
-0.6519033312797546,
-0.1313924938440323,
-0.38291817903518677,
0.3028668165206909,
0.030937567353248596,
0.12454814463853836,
0.11490993946790695,
-0.0881919264793396,
-0.1477264016866684,
-0.9039492607116699,
0.5699361562728882,
-0.1473901867866516,
-1.1271358728408813,
0.16234493255615234,
-0.26611852645874023,
-0.13811783492565155,
-0.35893869400024414,
0.9377440214157104,
0.20803098380565643,
0.11605820059776306,
0.16716697812080383,
0.597693681716919,
0.6137866973876953,
-0.349724143743515,
-0.13956724107265472,
0.9261571764945984,
-0.6894708275794983,
0.37071341276168823,
-0.23635251820087433,
0.5058594942092896,
-0.3191033601760864,
-0.40441909432411194,
-0.8758893609046936,
0.4315476417541504,
0.048613954335451126,
0.2665691077709198,
0.5699560046195984,
0.01900440827012062,
-0.3396160900592804,
-0.6261237263679504,
-0.38442742824554443,
-0.06451839208602905,
0.3746741712093353,
-0.03623785823583603,
0.30631309747695923,
0.6146343350410461,
-0.042171869426965714,
0.4464986026287079,
0.5161035060882568,
0.025791479274630547,
-0.18870651721954346,
0.39311376214027405,
0.28451499342918396,
0.036556426435709,
-0.10493570566177368,
-0.19708380103111267,
0.26373061537742615,
0.1886213719844818,
0.6613163948059082,
0.6822811961174011,
-0.118361696600914,
0.19478537142276764,
0.20342466235160828,
-0.0548018254339695,
-0.4225452244281769,
0.27009618282318115,
0.22440187633037567,
0.19075125455856323,
-0.11082346737384796,
-0.1487613320350647,
0.0006709554581902921,
-0.03329380229115486,
0.6380431652069092,
-0.4374978840351105,
-0.33824217319488525,
0.789137065410614,
1.0496127605438232,
-0.3025810122489929,
-0.4402652084827423,
0.13182994723320007,
-0.5582587122917175,
0.006673147436231375,
0.040021877735853195,
0.519558846950531,
-0.3482946753501892,
-0.551643431186676,
-0.15310406684875488,
0.3959253132343292,
-0.48738592863082886,
-0.7358087301254272,
-0.22479203343391418,
-0.019032087177038193,
0.31744062900543213,
-0.8158897757530212,
-0.32450583577156067,
0.1407759040594101,
0.05754012614488602,
0.017135413363575935,
-0.5183254480361938,
-0.7801197171211243,
-0.05063125118613243,
0.1887672394514084,
-0.13827620446681976,
-0.09129119664430618,
0.16558317840099335,
-0.019133392721414566,
-0.8724772930145264,
-0.2459200769662857,
0.17637166380882263,
-0.46123966574668884,
0.3032872676849365,
0.4286525845527649,
-0.45641469955444336,
-0.0881619080901146,
0.04455351456999779,
-0.09007512778043747,
0.6259172558784485,
-0.0009616827010177076,
0.8620185256004333,
0.26003456115722656,
0.10808850824832916,
-0.3337682783603668,
-0.15460552275180817,
-0.2652105987071991,
0.4960080683231354,
-0.13866618275642395,
-0.4537368416786194,
-0.22277049720287323,
-0.07690990716218948,
-0.3272763788700104,
0.10261012613773346,
-0.02555190399289131,
-0.3748125731945038,
0.2740839123725891,
0.1668384075164795,
-0.24893730878829956,
0.3312761187553406,
-0.32192328572273254,
-0.5917537212371826,
0.3739140033721924,
0.6906734108924866,
-0.627927839756012,
0.2931897044181824,
-0.305756151676178,
-0.5412693619728088,
-0.018746089190244675,
-0.17993834614753723,
0.05456387996673584,
-0.3209149241447449,
-0.6912253499031067,
-0.6889321804046631,
-0.5552567839622498,
0.8432146906852722,
0.0965404286980629,
-0.2576048672199249,
-0.3921548128128052,
-0.08806315064430237,
-0.2704513370990753,
-0.3898378610610962,
-0.5841646194458008,
-0.48914799094200134,
0.6082739233970642,
-0.22789841890335083,
0.21589629352092743,
0.5475881099700928,
-0.3489479422569275,
0.12835608422756195,
0.5083628296852112,
0.30944904685020447,
0.0316452719271183,
-0.4437657296657562,
0.24405670166015625,
0.7715420126914978,
0.11453598737716675,
-0.05131082236766815,
-0.17601101100444794,
-0.25941401720046997,
0.01712392456829548,
-0.48215439915657043,
-0.4774037003517151,
-0.3408389985561371,
0.11373759806156158,
-0.0072874282486736774,
0.10455042868852615,
-0.2401152402162552,
0.07935505360364914,
-0.2313445806503296,
0.6916792988777161,
0.0854506716132164,
-1.0728240013122559,
0.047882676124572754,
0.6256074905395508,
0.5020423531532288,
-0.5670103430747986,
-0.029666423797607422,
-0.5045584440231323,
0.2659926116466522,
0.4550445079803467,
0.07152171432971954,
0.07583454251289368,
0.292950838804245,
-0.19632312655448914,
0.5731519460678101,
-0.4705564081668854,
-0.31770819425582886,
0.45945310592651367,
0.31204870343208313,
-0.5287196636199951,
0.3332403004169464,
-0.5452465415000916,
-0.05578862503170967,
-0.07195392996072769,
-0.13768579065799713,
-1.0173139572143555,
0.26657426357269287,
-0.0910007655620575,
-0.14255748689174652,
0.28919628262519836,
-0.8635087609291077,
-0.2516587972640991,
-0.003318571485579014,
0.233974888920784,
0.0847841426730156,
0.24188223481178284,
0.3496811091899872,
-0.2896193563938141,
0.023356696590781212,
-0.5302157998085022,
0.7505516409873962,
0.06944559514522552,
-0.6992325186729431,
0.03115813434123993,
0.06576044112443924,
0.3842690885066986,
0.19678527116775513,
0.17824748158454895,
0.4232306480407715,
0.45191240310668945,
-0.05220045894384384,
-0.545414924621582,
0.9381357431411743,
-1.026100754737854,
0.24527472257614136,
0.3268791437149048,
-0.6642895936965942,
0.4402647912502289,
0.281311959028244,
-0.2532893717288971,
0.25830700993537903,
-0.07019627839326859,
0.12536722421646118,
-0.055088527500629425,
-0.1514841616153717,
-0.4695592224597931,
-0.5915475487709045,
0.4068746864795685,
0.8383835554122925,
0.15583941340446472,
0.13643550872802734,
-0.31958767771720886,
0.18123388290405273,
-0.9316752552986145,
0.030004674568772316,
-0.15513229370117188,
-0.5454071164131165,
-0.4645535349845886,
0.48363247513771057,
0.391032338142395,
0.13066068291664124,
-0.009507169015705585,
-0.0721658393740654,
0.10595570504665375,
0.09502888470888138,
-0.6683906316757202,
0.01332136057317257,
0.11342139542102814,
-0.08341298252344131,
0.2278333306312561,
-0.19584715366363525,
0.22283126413822174,
-0.9690222144126892,
0.1973012089729309,
-0.1746719777584076,
-0.13067205250263214,
0.0701032429933548,
0.4774116575717926,
-0.08191414922475815,
0.21804799139499664,
0.2667834460735321,
0.19099801778793335,
0.24503496289253235,
-0.22274719178676605,
0.7480848431587219,
0.19017179310321808,
-0.34050512313842773,
0.08651836216449738,
-0.050806790590286255,
-0.14159251749515533,
0.2965173125267029,
-0.5944011211395264,
-0.14128708839416504,
-0.41072723269462585,
0.3803621232509613,
-0.5682969093322754,
0.04684213176369667,
-0.15117789804935455,
0.6413400173187256,
-0.4884915351867676,
-0.16216030716896057,
-0.39834627509117126,
-0.12043779343366623,
-0.35156476497650146,
0.07299069315195084,
-0.19660165905952454,
0.3898669183254242,
0.1312769204378128,
0.1308349370956421,
0.20154738426208496,
-0.10774235427379608,
-0.3646726608276367,
0.46257391571998596,
-0.6123591065406799,
-0.9446315169334412,
0.26402661204338074,
0.6342687606811523,
0.3881645202636719,
0.08810467272996902,
-0.08491186052560806,
-0.2670481204986572,
0.15524700284004211,
0.3911186158657074,
-0.5629567503929138,
-0.2086048424243927,
-0.3005329966545105,
0.03953820839524269,
-0.15740466117858887,
0.364189475774765,
0.27177944779396057,
-0.5994459986686707,
0.09702816605567932,
0.21801193058490753,
-0.0416601337492466,
0.49330756068229675,
0.5337048768997192,
-0.2283664345741272,
0.12505529820919037,
0.2991694211959839,
-0.964809775352478,
0.5740554928779602,
-0.7583203911781311,
0.5624921917915344,
0.3687565326690674,
0.19286254048347473,
-0.15891656279563904,
-0.598591148853302,
-0.5262919664382935,
0.18264716863632202,
-0.13049648702144623,
-0.2903285324573517,
-0.6842100024223328,
0.3201107084751129,
-0.1155267283320427,
-1.0173099040985107,
0.6082374453544617,
-0.1169726625084877,
0.93234783411026,
0.12854410707950592,
0.24212484061717987,
0.23533150553703308,
0.5121476650238037,
-0.23739740252494812,
0.6185916066169739,
-0.28268784284591675,
0.1649714559316635,
0.04522739723324776,
-0.41770002245903015,
0.1354571282863617,
0.7364761829376221,
0.3419373333454132,
0.11496815830469131,
-0.4800545573234558,
0.4751383662223816,
-0.13929350674152374,
0.7783228158950806,
-0.6182270646095276,
0.06901898980140686,
0.11750614643096924
] |
256865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Martin%20%28boxer%29 | Bob Martin (boxer) | 'Fighting' Bob Martin (November 11, 1897 – 1978) was a heavyweight boxer who became the Heavyweight Champion of the American Expeditionary Forces
and Inter-Allied Armies during World War I. He fought against future heavyweight champion, Gene Tunney, in 1918, but lost in 4 rounds.
External links
http://www.tunney.org/bobmartin.html
1897 births
1978 deaths
Heavyweight boxers
Place of birth missing
United States Army personnel of World War I
American male boxers | [
0.03751930594444275,
0.4228571057319641,
-0.319718599319458,
-0.19378116726875305,
0.09940063953399658,
0.060679636895656586,
0.9656631350517273,
0.08246934413909912,
-0.7155492305755615,
-0.5991361737251282,
-0.1431892365217209,
0.26895537972450256,
-0.4177113175392151,
0.12278784811496735,
0.23434042930603027,
0.528934121131897,
-0.19220809638500214,
0.059569891542196274,
0.15873847901821136,
-0.3788611888885498,
-0.5950630903244019,
-0.4909306764602661,
0.7047384977340698,
-0.059394970536231995,
-0.28457459807395935,
0.48860418796539307,
-0.09532038122415543,
-0.16452139616012573,
-0.08429043740034103,
0.34852495789527893,
-0.01468055322766304,
-0.1700170636177063,
0.32459932565689087,
-0.42663460969924927,
-0.15748687088489532,
-0.0794769823551178,
0.08682731539011002,
0.1464589685201645,
0.19942624866962433,
-0.024978769943118095,
-0.14084647595882416,
0.13061755895614624,
0.1898009479045868,
0.02528206631541252,
-0.11344867944717407,
-0.14048896729946136,
-1.599083423614502,
-0.33616185188293457,
-0.4910440146923065,
-0.7956867218017578,
0.0608750581741333,
0.18771953880786896,
0.05488608404994011,
0.2538134753704071,
-0.29620546102523804,
0.7887005805969238,
-0.018056683242321014,
-0.2833755314350128,
-0.31676679849624634,
-0.9275760650634766,
0.0848647877573967,
0.4389547109603882,
0.29841408133506775,
-0.41407275199890137,
0.23131954669952393,
0.09555594623088837,
-0.021077819168567657,
0.22208163142204285,
0.1636887788772583,
-0.2554745376110077,
-0.07720313966274261,
-0.09019142389297485,
0.6420263051986694,
0.18178808689117432,
0.4855220317840576,
-0.23133552074432373,
0.21375934779644012,
0.0364350862801075,
0.09238864481449127,
0.038679175078868866,
-0.020122047513723373,
-0.49105212092399597,
0.6545918583869934,
0.5455493330955505,
-0.2391936033964157,
0.3336191475391388,
-0.5121077299118042,
-0.1869567632675171,
-0.24314501881599426,
-0.21157540380954742,
-0.03616786375641823,
-0.2245885729789734,
0.4719400703907013,
0.083006851375103,
-0.19630339741706848,
0.07164790481328964,
0.017657676711678505,
0.3974338471889496,
0.0049762423150241375,
-0.04131815955042839,
-0.004362436942756176,
-0.3978356420993805,
0.8059842586517334,
0.3877357542514801,
-0.5600035190582275,
0.07572882622480392,
0.2209741324186325,
-0.08884629607200623,
0.09120029956102371,
-0.2558629512786865,
-0.4147596061229706,
-0.08187279850244522,
-0.0024714323226362467,
-0.7041475176811218,
-0.22534321248531342,
0.5365921854972839,
0.22575503587722778,
-0.5692440271377563,
-0.14232788980007172,
-0.009399090893566608,
-0.39977362751960754,
0.6778714060783386,
-0.5236687660217285,
0.31545406579971313,
-0.48939380049705505,
0.3107411563396454,
0.2574930489063263,
0.27645695209503174,
-0.34649738669395447,
0.07416313141584396,
0.24846181273460388,
0.8365540504455566,
-0.36719733476638794,
0.27655863761901855,
-0.09811252355575562,
0.13411109149456024,
0.34970536828041077,
-0.35727986693382263,
-0.790248453617096,
0.03117193467915058,
-0.4354749619960785,
-0.4497124254703522,
-0.41642284393310547,
0.13490070402622223,
0.29174643754959106,
-0.32318419218063354,
0.40152618288993835,
-0.12162353843450546,
0.4201991558074951,
-0.5249126553535461,
0.3761855363845825,
0.03647039830684662,
0.31651580333709717,
0.2947908341884613,
-0.5673720240592957,
0.4254269301891327,
0.2646273970603943,
-0.4268268048763275,
0.5986490249633789,
-0.004355538170784712,
-0.34182319045066833,
0.1061401292681694,
-0.2468695342540741,
0.7083046436309814,
0.33937472105026245,
-0.0017047678120434284,
0.11824904382228851,
-0.37015071511268616,
-0.6133993864059448,
-0.07472480833530426,
0.01089999359101057,
0.20374274253845215,
0.24240835011005402,
-0.23629134893417358,
-0.7276604175567627,
0.1451999694108963,
0.8780643343925476,
0.2952337861061096,
0.04265490546822548,
-0.9192824363708496,
-0.5823549628257751,
-0.047445207834243774,
0.316121369600296,
-0.11423534899950027,
0.6262503266334534,
0.2058001011610031,
0.6785717010498047,
-0.25391885638237,
0.7315489053726196,
-0.06822609156370163,
0.15970979630947113,
-0.2931348383426666,
-0.003650165628641844,
-0.7928706407546997,
1.0294783115386963,
0.10737617313861847,
-0.3263964354991913,
0.48817941546440125,
0.40728482604026794,
0.6335397362709045,
0.4970444440841675,
-0.4783876836299896,
0.30768483877182007,
0.16576716303825378,
0.13784639537334442,
0.3944624364376068,
0.1925947070121765,
0.3411499261856079,
0.5816112160682678,
0.9216905236244202,
0.7150465846061707,
0.15039095282554626,
-0.5726954340934753,
0.4005475640296936,
-0.39302051067352295,
-0.4138200879096985,
-0.0761340782046318,
0.09179981052875519,
0.46971285343170166,
-0.6001060009002686,
0.5195149779319763,
0.0019864102359861135,
0.057463519275188446,
0.6129862666130066,
0.41620102524757385,
0.6009718775749207,
-0.28016138076782227,
-0.11941926181316376,
-0.2545367181301117,
-0.823209822177887,
0.05716145038604736,
0.4407809376716614,
-0.20035439729690552,
-0.6935389041900635,
0.22307729721069336,
-0.172046959400177,
0.3777916729450226,
-0.49081897735595703,
-0.01871119812130928,
-0.2880692481994629,
0.053729988634586334,
0.05572476610541344,
0.11139612644910812,
-0.05908304825425148,
-0.17514386773109436,
0.3155369460582733,
0.04589162394404411,
0.6916614770889282,
0.033931273967027664,
-0.3959951400756836,
0.40530678629875183,
0.09755294770002365,
0.2565758228302002,
-0.11949921399354935,
0.18989412486553192,
0.3013896644115448,
-0.37516406178474426,
-0.09059354662895203,
-0.03979664295911789,
-0.15762470662593842,
0.174279123544693,
-0.16001544892787933,
0.04236896336078644,
0.054483477026224136,
0.07464731484651566,
-0.44605085253715515,
-0.9229954481124878,
-0.42323431372642517,
-0.10231375694274902,
0.24570366740226746,
0.7163023352622986,
0.2851060628890991,
-0.008310503326356411,
-0.08496461063623428,
0.3545231521129608,
0.5661897659301758,
-0.33478331565856934,
0.19895440340042114,
-0.823213517665863,
-0.7905930280685425,
0.3480159044265747,
0.5224308371543884,
0.11453168839216232,
-0.020246000960469246,
-0.15820744633674622,
-0.5393783450126648,
-0.4185916781425476,
-0.1266343891620636,
0.16322708129882812,
-0.09252521395683289,
-0.25303030014038086,
0.5647099018096924,
-0.5561628937721252,
0.37260904908180237,
0.1425337791442871,
0.29391738772392273,
0.1426563262939453,
-0.31724125146865845,
0.338190495967865,
0.0837169960141182,
-0.6166065335273743,
-0.052936896681785583,
-0.008175685070455074,
-0.3876963257789612,
0.7403625249862671,
-0.34075427055358887,
-0.2154274880886078,
-0.4161064922809601,
-5.854117393493652,
0.2571663558483124,
-0.07199103385210037,
-0.47185811400413513,
0.1374748945236206,
-0.21557283401489258,
-0.040031109005212784,
0.01519125234335661,
-0.1388137936592102,
-0.10071047395467758,
-0.04188784211874008,
0.042721979320049286,
0.06613404303789139,
0.09181558340787888,
0.7089280486106873,
0.5098501443862915,
1.0220530033111572,
-0.10556332767009735,
0.21280641853809357,
0.20380505919456482,
0.24111458659172058,
-0.03341973200440407,
0.029290884733200073,
0.01661311462521553,
0.5584300756454468,
0.8295525908470154,
-0.2544782757759094,
0.508087694644928,
-0.22129349410533905,
0.21599413454532623,
-0.1251148134469986,
0.7263693809509277,
-0.05808929353952408,
-0.3695233464241028,
0.0748974159359932,
-0.36871373653411865,
0.47616881132125854,
-0.013323990628123283,
0.2316616028547287,
-0.22470712661743164,
0.06779909133911133,
-0.20542065799236298,
-0.57794588804245,
-0.2096865177154541,
0.40026038885116577,
-0.21979665756225586,
-0.3509548604488373,
0.07465331256389618,
-0.06927190721035004,
-0.01845436729490757,
0.7164830565452576,
-0.012529842555522919,
0.31762194633483887,
0.4249587059020996,
0.48300379514694214,
-0.149580180644989,
0.12342286854982376,
-0.23667852580547333,
-0.6196615695953369,
0.0379701629281044,
-0.3396972417831421,
-0.48723340034484863,
-0.4119615852832794,
-0.4131108820438385,
0.23148544132709503,
-0.7585359215736389,
0.11447873711585999,
-0.3078397810459137,
0.26055631041526794,
0.09144225716590881,
0.21282963454723358,
0.6982582211494446,
0.5378546714782715,
-0.7600358128547668,
0.17338277399539948,
0.3469519317150116,
-0.0069192019291222095,
0.30028003454208374,
-0.554240882396698,
0.06356459110975266,
0.09220016747713089,
-0.46040239930152893,
-0.24647600948810577,
0.1926310509443283,
-0.13575948774814606,
-0.08707970380783081,
-0.06394042819738388,
0.5127685070037842,
-0.6403428912162781,
0.22492951154708862,
0.5425605773925781,
0.21418391168117523,
0.17737071216106415,
0.12035059928894043,
0.5901058316230774,
0.1482110172510147,
-0.1383049190044403,
0.27988991141319275,
0.8217501640319824,
-0.07618754357099533,
-0.050146088004112244,
-0.28775832056999207,
0.42351993918418884,
-0.9312437176704407,
0.21597795188426971,
-0.13912628591060638,
-0.20627562701702118,
0.1639339178800583,
0.7155284881591797,
0.2658958435058594,
0.05382467433810234,
-0.08343576639890671,
-0.585403561592102,
0.25031423568725586,
0.2632564604282379,
-0.532529890537262,
0.055108070373535156,
0.012909418903291225,
0.9243732690811157,
-0.21168136596679688,
-0.0723128393292427,
0.4596644937992096,
0.021272318437695503,
-0.3093927800655365,
0.026580296456813812,
-0.017847923561930656,
-0.04123103991150856,
-0.015448939055204391,
-0.47745269536972046,
0.09821419417858124,
0.16519306600093842,
0.5506511330604553,
0.01835835911333561,
0.43935906887054443,
0.2408761978149414,
0.0585203692317009,
0.23757679760456085,
-0.3929831087589264,
0.23999938368797302,
-0.17089660465717316,
0.021778438240289688,
-0.36467230319976807,
-0.050326358526945114,
0.3828209638595581,
0.00876846443861723,
0.3178723156452179,
0.15655258297920227,
-0.28597986698150635,
-0.08351888507604599,
0.6966923475265503,
-0.161568745970726,
-0.3907564878463745,
0.3347030282020569,
-0.30771398544311523,
-0.5040475726127625,
0.12744392454624176,
-0.2807576358318329,
0.015208307653665543,
-0.4760622978210449,
-0.4515165686607361,
0.06464416533708572,
0.060196295380592346,
-1.0291105508804321,
-0.06120704859495163,
0.2526648938655853,
-0.4966251850128174,
0.12879757583141327,
-0.48512372374534607,
-0.44800037145614624,
0.6755359172821045,
0.2542823255062103,
-0.6337783932685852,
-0.7360462546348572,
0.04475173354148865,
-0.11056385189294815,
-0.4348038136959076,
-0.4192131757736206,
-0.24796365201473236,
0.27841734886169434,
-0.11803080886602402,
0.02848745696246624,
-0.06769847869873047,
-0.7829916477203369,
-0.1559675633907318,
0.18269284069538116,
-0.20211923122406006,
-0.20541168749332428,
-0.25991031527519226,
-0.40684711933135986,
0.12420320510864258,
0.006297015119343996,
-0.14016616344451904,
0.32138878107070923,
0.39042356610298157,
-0.4105755388736725,
0.2392776906490326,
-0.36536145210266113,
0.3259992003440857,
0.032367635518312454,
-0.08157972991466522,
0.12744140625,
0.05257381126284599,
-0.4655502736568451,
-0.281351774930954,
-0.1256331354379654,
-0.7913614511489868,
0.25824421644210815,
0.0314423032104969,
-0.07052887976169586,
0.5034584999084473,
0.05420544743537903,
-0.45365914702415466,
0.2850198745727539,
0.5508785247802734,
-0.15782491862773895,
0.39193496108055115,
0.29392722249031067,
0.6776564121246338,
-0.24195405840873718,
-0.6173725128173828,
0.0275201965123415,
-0.11546523869037628,
-1.1082664728164673,
0.044576019048690796,
-0.5767484903335571,
0.7109680771827698,
0.01345614343881607,
-0.18189038336277008,
0.636151134967804,
-0.32927408814430237,
-0.7163504958152771,
-0.24907799065113068,
0.3408293128013611,
0.37238603830337524,
0.45417091250419617,
0.14139051735401154,
0.35400769114494324,
0.12228986620903015,
-0.33552685379981995,
-0.17559108138084412,
0.6233618259429932,
1.1545230150222778,
0.033300042152404785,
0.10088704526424408,
-0.04535634070634842,
0.4365895092487335,
0.4494684338569641,
-0.5896950364112854,
0.09120500087738037,
-0.08682823926210403,
-0.015199054963886738,
-0.17463178932666779,
-1.0479326248168945,
0.6801439523696899,
1.0818259716033936,
-0.5394853949546814,
-0.5196687579154968,
0.5611689686775208,
-0.07574576139450073,
-0.15377135574817657,
0.08438605815172195,
0.41261905431747437,
-0.5478218197822571,
0.22152824699878693,
0.043335504829883575,
-0.09190316498279572,
-0.32615360617637634,
0.17323456704616547,
-0.186403289437294,
-0.4643436670303345,
-0.44501182436943054,
0.29604968428611755,
-0.05608522519469261,
0.3924398422241211,
0.173651784658432,
0.6148025393486023,
0.2509901225566864,
-0.30246075987815857,
-0.1912318617105484,
0.1876431107521057,
-0.7381646037101746,
-0.30067116022109985,
-0.40348753333091736,
-0.7573997378349304,
-0.32405781745910645,
-0.7596283555030823,
-0.20741026103496552,
0.08387034386396408,
0.057576023042201996,
-0.06312283128499985,
-0.589648425579071,
0.24747243523597717,
-0.43508976697921753,
-0.6314321160316467,
-0.3668736517429352,
-0.15661406517028809,
-0.4557720720767975,
0.505056619644165,
0.025294093415141106,
-0.12594281136989594,
-0.580928385257721,
0.7655308246612549,
0.18007692694664001,
-0.3356204330921173,
0.14419804513454437,
-0.29839661717414856,
0.45363882184028625,
-0.4318946897983551,
-0.37457436323165894,
0.21048928797245026,
-0.23457327485084534,
-0.503176212310791,
-0.09244094043970108,
0.061236422508955,
-0.5684207677841187,
-0.19376644492149353,
0.6384868025779724,
-0.22995610535144806,
-0.5355653762817383,
0.29529669880867004,
-0.12018266320228577,
-0.03307618945837021,
0.5806897282600403,
-0.2502518892288208,
0.021928196772933006,
0.39287495613098145,
-0.4353131055831909,
-0.21551521122455597,
0.2585057020187378,
0.06217731907963753,
-0.039749693125486374,
-0.26807257533073425,
-0.5927293300628662,
0.754008412361145,
0.13104291260242462,
-0.27619943022727966,
-0.1303812861442566,
-0.5219491720199585,
-0.1903040111064911,
0.6116338968276978,
0.006507212296128273,
0.49162814021110535,
-0.01885536126792431,
0.070083387196064,
0.11196237802505493,
-0.3598518967628479,
-0.10631898790597916,
0.25342071056365967,
0.2507423162460327,
-0.3414221704006195,
0.019158322364091873,
0.07640029489994049,
0.12861977517604828,
-0.5766404867172241,
0.1752827763557434,
-0.7189357280731201,
0.5180579423904419,
-0.7536469101905823,
-0.13908086717128754,
0.021583495661616325,
0.06987973302602768,
-0.49762338399887085,
1.0872610807418823,
-0.2629573345184326,
-0.138126403093338,
0.35825905203819275,
0.0826113373041153,
-0.3851264715194702,
-0.23072947561740875,
0.7166718244552612,
0.04510195925831795,
-0.11950831860303879,
0.204151913523674,
0.3891710638999939,
-0.1611679643392563,
0.31872713565826416,
0.31219762563705444,
-0.2318173497915268,
-0.31079238653182983,
-0.18987604975700378,
0.3482118248939514,
-0.06283948570489883,
-0.4367922842502594,
-0.30790531635284424,
-0.09448526054620743,
-0.6862167716026306,
0.13606317341327667,
0.49202418327331543,
0.38055911660194397,
-0.360371470451355,
0.10477125644683838,
-0.49997246265411377,
-0.7215732932090759,
0.18802672624588013,
0.307978093624115,
-0.08435112237930298,
-0.35074561834335327,
0.6464132070541382,
0.9852147102355957,
0.253329336643219,
0.11805911362171173,
0.01167296338826418,
-0.13344646990299225,
0.06958876550197601,
0.025878924876451492,
0.11145099252462387,
-0.404910683631897,
-0.14208818972110748,
-0.653432309627533,
0.8324060440063477,
-0.2886837422847748,
0.18097758293151855,
-0.4545488953590393,
0.11668744683265686,
-0.3060011565685272,
-0.009032606147229671,
0.7404668927192688,
-0.5753352642059326,
-0.2511313259601593,
-0.6254091262817383,
0.3177592158317566,
-0.2180125117301941,
0.12739568948745728,
-0.20334607362747192,
0.19123460352420807,
-0.4140576124191284,
0.026353465393185616,
-0.40727293491363525,
-0.040444519370794296,
0.4206288754940033,
0.11781073361635208,
-0.4596901834011078,
-0.39374858140945435,
-0.26031723618507385,
-0.49492618441581726,
-0.5295150279998779,
0.4467167854309082,
0.6404056549072266,
0.38688191771507263,
-0.6133615374565125,
0.5008496642112732,
-0.05078458413481712,
0.28430914878845215,
0.049419570714235306,
0.6613600254058838,
0.044528529047966,
0.5053967833518982,
-0.3614192605018616,
0.5830397009849548,
0.4810337722301483,
0.08583439886569977,
-0.14149194955825806,
0.5834769010543823,
-0.20665055513381958,
0.47324150800704956,
0.7076423168182373,
-0.3658859133720398,
-0.007325034588575363,
0.41817623376846313,
0.17473098635673523
] |
256867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington%20Rand%20409 | Remington Rand 409 | The Remington Rand 409 control panel programmed punched card calculator, designed in 1949, was sold in two models: the UNIVAC 60 (1952) and the UNIVAC 120 (1953). The model number referred to the number of decimal digits it could read from each punched card.
The machine was designed in "The Barn", at 33 Highland Ave. in Rowayton, Connecticut, a building that currently houses the Rowayton Public Library and Community Center.
These machines were discontinued when the UNIVAC 1004 was introduced in 1962. About 1000 total had been produced by 1961.
Architecture
Numbers were fixed-point and of variable length (one to ten digits). Arithmetic was done in floating point, but all results were converted to fixed point when stored in memory.
Digits are represented in bi-quinary coded decimal. Each digit of memory storage contained five tubes. Four of these represented the digits 1, 3, 5, and 7, while the fifth tube represented 9 if activated alone but added 1 to the value if activated together with another tube.
Hardware
See also
List of UNIVAC products
History of computing hardware
List of vacuum tube computers
Notes
External links
Rowayton, Connecticut: Birthplace of the World's First Business Computer
Rowayton Public Library Website
Universal Automatic Computer Model 60 A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems Report No. 1115, March 1961 by Martin H. Weik
Universal Autometic Computer Model 120 A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems Report No. 1115, March 1961 by Martin H. Weik
Service and Programming documentation at bitsavers.org
Programmable calculators
UNIVAC unit record equipment
Vacuum tube computers
Computer-related introductions in 1952 | [
-0.3789168894290924,
0.2773730456829071,
-0.38854914903640747,
0.5294512510299683,
0.08078654855489731,
0.6070570349693298,
0.052633825689554214,
-0.052534010261297226,
-0.21452583372592926,
-0.3286188840866089,
0.04001106321811676,
0.5487099885940552,
-0.27361923456192017,
-0.3853921592235565,
0.04961678758263588,
0.32376623153686523,
0.4712772071361542,
-0.18239560723304749,
-0.1633344143629074,
-0.5220045447349548,
-0.09905768185853958,
-0.42995670437812805,
0.5163867473602295,
0.1583203673362732,
-0.5473109483718872,
0.4062899351119995,
0.6014965176582336,
-0.4106234312057495,
0.186661958694458,
0.6291673183441162,
0.10123393684625626,
0.6876344084739685,
0.5940630435943604,
-0.19228914380073547,
0.1773628145456314,
0.050320032984018326,
-0.01407026220113039,
0.12656991183757782,
0.28852444887161255,
-0.20789003372192383,
0.28994444012641907,
-0.3296520411968231,
0.1149207279086113,
0.37334132194519043,
0.27863696217536926,
0.109067901968956,
-1.663602352142334,
-0.4319717288017273,
-0.20316782593727112,
0.28305038809776306,
-0.36354321241378784,
0.681743860244751,
-0.09470146894454956,
0.7445803880691528,
0.5837999582290649,
1.3162004947662354,
-0.432844877243042,
-0.25137537717819214,
0.1477978378534317,
0.203682079911232,
0.16716521978378296,
-0.23633284866809845,
-0.38882678747177124,
0.41593697667121887,
-0.4309944212436676,
-0.010417947545647621,
0.04025207459926605,
0.21194782853126526,
-0.25292062759399414,
-0.4140280485153198,
-0.3853660523891449,
-0.2979065477848053,
0.024150054901838303,
-0.26101386547088623,
0.20356646180152893,
-0.15475891530513763,
-0.0866287499666214,
-0.4079802334308624,
-0.1650109440088272,
-0.09747448563575745,
0.008949867449700832,
0.2669386565685272,
1.3151479959487915,
-0.14880289137363434,
0.21383090317249298,
-0.3255993723869324,
-0.2939136028289795,
-0.1463339775800705,
-0.02595093660056591,
-0.005169588141143322,
-0.41656923294067383,
-0.4757693409919739,
0.092115119099617,
0.19099754095077515,
-1.0971553325653076,
-0.22398890554904938,
-0.3081178665161133,
0.09743577986955643,
0.07749569416046143,
0.24201969802379608,
0.663000762462616,
0.24012327194213867,
0.8447616100311279,
-0.24357323348522186,
-0.5703142881393433,
-0.4439270496368408,
0.21720847487449646,
-0.6966979503631592,
0.30173835158348083,
0.32314586639404297,
-0.8807558417320251,
-0.13924264907836914,
0.2940979301929474,
-0.4754490256309509,
-0.2583169937133789,
0.4827060401439667,
0.4078335165977478,
-0.4813026487827301,
0.12224506586790085,
0.5258848667144775,
0.5225440263748169,
0.40707722306251526,
0.2397245317697525,
0.5099468231201172,
0.0802660807967186,
0.6340316534042358,
0.2691046893596649,
0.5107954740524292,
-0.48774445056915283,
-0.04923798143863678,
0.31910231709480286,
1.055690884590149,
0.08743301033973694,
0.21255530416965485,
-0.11497087776660919,
0.22690565884113312,
0.5818305015563965,
-0.2976594567298889,
-0.6403701901435852,
0.5648022294044495,
0.06628897786140442,
0.09088611602783203,
-0.11546935886144638,
-0.6752814650535583,
-0.03895501792430878,
-0.09795695543289185,
0.5392155051231384,
-0.22578121721744537,
-0.31786757707595825,
-0.023753071203827858,
0.5827517509460449,
-0.7431488037109375,
0.5343390703201294,
-0.2854542136192322,
0.2183683216571808,
0.006780512165278196,
-0.42534154653549194,
0.020501306280493736,
-0.2035217434167862,
0.18833164870738983,
-0.3113047182559967,
0.009758394211530685,
-0.9563983082771301,
0.4246005117893219,
-0.2298727184534073,
0.3675157129764557,
0.8284817337989807,
-0.09859750419855118,
0.13873805105686188,
0.2893207371234894,
-0.3277839720249176,
-0.5514028072357178,
0.42326679825782776,
0.12751537561416626,
-0.4221956133842468,
0.11021367460489273,
1.1821614503860474,
0.6267098784446716,
0.39310815930366516,
-0.5640813708305359,
-0.7312092185020447,
-0.3226948082447052,
0.08825305104255676,
0.12300775200128555,
0.6600837111473083,
0.05727221071720123,
0.2830715775489807,
-0.1113453358411789,
-0.41201695799827576,
-0.045693352818489075,
-0.8389575481414795,
-0.4245189428329468,
0.8810848593711853,
-0.4269354045391083,
1.008850336074829,
-0.38987353444099426,
-0.6144964694976807,
-0.33500611782073975,
0.16120395064353943,
0.7152087688446045,
-0.01733102835714817,
-0.11618553102016449,
1.2019273042678833,
0.0733707994222641,
0.06862997263669968,
-0.07014885544776917,
-0.1334889829158783,
0.06914026290178299,
0.1610872596502304,
0.47048771381378174,
0.5642848014831543,
-0.7360816597938538,
-0.337444007396698,
0.23645910620689392,
0.2846415638923645,
0.3296808898448944,
-0.31347978115081787,
0.12039897590875626,
-0.17537856101989746,
-0.4032817780971527,
0.27890679240226746,
0.04782716929912567,
-0.05047343298792839,
0.5625800490379333,
-0.356273353099823,
0.49211356043815613,
0.2685891389846802,
0.26021045446395874,
0.07660716772079468,
-0.060113489627838135,
-0.20914673805236816,
-0.4134097099304199,
0.23410803079605103,
-0.5325431227684021,
0.21049073338508606,
0.5319021940231323,
-0.14747503399848938,
-0.46010276675224304,
0.6504486799240112,
-0.0013748076744377613,
0.35588937997817993,
0.36682209372520447,
-0.5002707242965698,
-0.056096114218235016,
0.36279526352882385,
0.04045915976166725,
-0.07139180600643158,
0.5565491914749146,
0.3804371953010559,
-0.3167674243450165,
0.3952976167201996,
0.7105052471160889,
0.05619623884558678,
-0.1288878470659256,
-0.5879030823707581,
0.47812241315841675,
0.11540091037750244,
-0.5249688625335693,
0.5878404378890991,
-0.2582396864891052,
-0.4200827181339264,
-0.20346032083034515,
0.4942992329597473,
-0.3604496419429779,
0.041458435356616974,
-0.7108383178710938,
-0.2981216013431549,
0.4319767355918884,
-0.46988052129745483,
0.16285037994384766,
-0.1728258728981018,
0.29080966114997864,
-0.77573561668396,
-0.019017325714230537,
-0.050620000809431076,
-0.41892990469932556,
-0.08755049109458923,
0.3704729676246643,
-0.8231005072593689,
-0.13853740692138672,
0.5918589234352112,
0.5621156096458435,
0.6576027870178223,
-0.3034854829311371,
-0.10245267301797867,
0.42500820755958557,
-0.12065558135509491,
-0.1555570513010025,
-0.39506828784942627,
-0.9860351085662842,
-0.21803012490272522,
0.33502987027168274,
-0.866709291934967,
0.015332267619669437,
0.35196399688720703,
0.8084557056427002,
-0.19813720881938934,
0.21472415328025818,
0.6319109797477722,
-0.08933461457490921,
0.20919093489646912,
0.040732491761446,
0.09039392322301865,
-0.09977211058139801,
-0.10574862360954285,
-0.854579508304596,
-0.4564591944217682,
-0.3550543785095215,
-5.249068260192871,
0.9113602638244629,
-0.4811585545539856,
-0.21969909965991974,
0.0328226201236248,
0.460752010345459,
0.6356092095375061,
0.32736510038375854,
-0.12475552409887314,
-0.7174031734466553,
0.13581539690494537,
-0.2602803409099579,
-0.10356588661670685,
0.25806212425231934,
-0.1453271210193634,
0.7154787182807922,
0.763822615146637,
-0.4264458417892456,
0.38302913308143616,
0.01760714501142502,
0.790658175945282,
-0.9792948365211487,
-0.16076919436454773,
-0.1922018975019455,
0.759652316570282,
0.16227789223194122,
-0.343799889087677,
0.41053158044815063,
-0.3134986162185669,
0.32974889874458313,
-0.1250033974647522,
-0.0843377634882927,
-0.39230749011039734,
-0.22806400060653687,
-0.03900034353137016,
-0.3934275805950165,
0.7997550368309021,
-0.020387625321745872,
0.45204752683639526,
-0.414823055267334,
0.3888815939426422,
0.2958691120147705,
0.18403902649879456,
0.15103700757026672,
0.5383691787719727,
0.5529753565788269,
-0.08825591951608658,
0.10042653232812881,
0.046101365238428116,
0.35506758093833923,
0.050247322767972946,
-0.044908713549375534,
0.07044427841901779,
0.17210368812084198,
-0.16945196688175201,
-0.2827746570110321,
-0.20439672470092773,
0.7473303079605103,
-0.2753373980522156,
0.27450066804885864,
0.15830719470977783,
-0.9023476839065552,
-0.28910449147224426,
-0.8044533729553223,
-0.6097691655158997,
-0.2735046446323395,
-0.9088112115859985,
-0.00756186805665493,
0.909127950668335,
0.358512282371521,
0.16856181621551514,
1.0114699602127075,
0.08702626824378967,
-0.7686688899993896,
0.2211499959230423,
-0.3147514760494232,
-0.10244526714086533,
0.10801541060209274,
-0.20146489143371582,
0.04246702045202255,
-0.020060166716575623,
-0.6491596102714539,
-0.5670942664146423,
0.6864878535270691,
0.26436176896095276,
-0.15907590091228485,
-0.47974151372909546,
0.4052114486694336,
-0.32738691568374634,
0.12633031606674194,
1.0452914237976074,
-0.4546120762825012,
0.21205516159534454,
0.07343720644712448,
0.21711060404777527,
-0.6699594259262085,
0.5117483139038086,
-0.23590654134750366,
-0.005089167505502701,
-0.20010823011398315,
-0.3659915328025818,
-0.17151829600334167,
-0.13550050556659698,
-1.0742582082748413,
-1.032545566558838,
0.16840648651123047,
-0.8037102818489075,
0.3578953146934509,
0.3917555510997772,
0.07753869146108627,
-0.47223612666130066,
-0.594240665435791,
-0.5951671600341797,
-0.33463677763938904,
0.5510995984077454,
-0.3801376223564148,
0.08949113637208939,
0.07920141518115997,
0.4774607717990875,
-0.6665023565292358,
-0.03508184477686882,
0.5325260758399963,
-0.08560818433761597,
-1.1369916200637817,
-0.3481732904911041,
-0.3869359791278839,
-0.11842718720436096,
-0.11254328489303589,
-0.07381937652826309,
-0.14774222671985626,
-0.31765061616897583,
0.5631445646286011,
0.20552869141101837,
0.6053581833839417,
-0.37918707728385925,
-0.18206463754177094,
-0.62488853931427,
0.4811629056930542,
-0.061801936477422714,
-0.08673818409442902,
-0.1055082306265831,
-0.23534804582595825,
0.38472795486450195,
-0.7103909254074097,
0.6529086828231812,
0.5834197998046875,
0.5814536213874817,
-0.3840261697769165,
-0.46018916368484497,
0.6392487287521362,
0.3026006519794464,
-0.5018794536590576,
0.3447340130805969,
-0.04186985641717911,
-0.599220335483551,
0.5435766577720642,
0.015230870805680752,
0.0005079625989310443,
-0.05616084113717079,
-0.7593154311180115,
0.6694874167442322,
0.49925822019577026,
-0.45628687739372253,
-0.1988661140203476,
0.6254197955131531,
0.1770288348197937,
0.4741382300853729,
-1.2708872556686401,
0.008723537437617779,
1.0381488800048828,
0.4922976791858673,
-0.27653706073760986,
-0.17642655968666077,
0.3436290919780731,
0.5797703862190247,
0.10046420246362686,
-0.16551333665847778,
-0.328475683927536,
-0.30549928545951843,
0.28805896639823914,
0.17704831063747406,
-0.6514132618904114,
-0.5595406889915466,
0.6568069458007812,
0.2841101586818695,
-0.9008165001869202,
-0.43706339597702026,
0.10254756361246109,
-0.47879883646965027,
-0.580881655216217,
0.021893376484513283,
-0.13909302651882172,
0.7792311310768127,
0.41284048557281494,
-0.5902801752090454,
-0.3436090648174286,
0.07991814613342285,
1.3182584047317505,
-0.7579442858695984,
-0.6245207190513611,
-0.3324146270751953,
0.7356981039047241,
-0.23208309710025787,
0.16389422118663788,
0.2586721181869507,
-0.22790992259979248,
0.2728692889213562,
-0.38534367084503174,
-0.06759743392467499,
0.4214401841163635,
-0.10162908583879471,
-0.39086753129959106,
0.030784972012043,
0.21041688323020935,
-0.5478410720825195,
0.38624054193496704,
0.5310778021812439,
-0.07968581467866898,
-0.6798175573348999,
-0.33995959162712097,
-0.2559819519519806,
0.12484251707792282,
-0.551224410533905,
-0.2888392508029938,
-0.6781900525093079,
0.14077332615852356,
0.37968504428863525,
-0.3978455662727356,
0.3597109317779541,
-0.11998656392097473,
-0.4674537479877472,
-0.5058552622795105,
0.18709948658943176,
-0.17803911864757538,
-0.05553698539733887,
0.23044143617153168,
-0.1883169412612915,
0.005624185316264629,
0.0643395185470581,
0.4143493175506592,
0.14507566392421722,
0.6213530898094177,
-0.30043530464172363,
-0.10333556681871414,
-0.39087194204330444,
-0.11853838711977005,
0.26579537987709045,
-0.8044967651367188,
-0.26745885610580444,
0.5184774994850159,
0.2045127898454666,
-0.2341574728488922,
-0.7260450720787048,
-0.034185804426670074,
0.9689647555351257,
-0.16391707956790924,
-0.44458916783332825,
0.1563407927751541,
-0.1048927754163742,
0.44691264629364014,
0.06039644032716751,
0.7771063446998596,
-1.1765544414520264,
0.20560088753700256,
0.3313402235507965,
0.6202301979064941,
0.1943059116601944,
-0.5690503716468811,
0.8647778034210205,
-0.1546836942434311,
-0.08911391347646713,
0.1054539754986763,
-0.17444540560245514,
0.562401294708252,
0.11234217882156372,
-0.3350367546081543,
-0.3079296350479126,
-0.49838247895240784,
-0.19425487518310547,
-0.5006428360939026,
-0.8421463370323181,
0.33413395285606384,
0.6856819987297058,
-0.3773297965526581,
0.020754843950271606,
-0.3659706711769104,
-0.6874978542327881,
-0.580048143863678,
-0.23740644752979279,
0.0064414264634251595,
-0.08736331015825272,
-0.05064447596669197,
-0.28316766023635864,
-0.21282681822776794,
-0.5595961809158325,
0.19537940621376038,
0.32485759258270264,
0.14399829506874084,
-0.3611466586589813,
0.5556913614273071,
-0.21044892072677612,
0.8982465863227844,
0.5126444697380066,
-0.33704864978790283,
0.2347315102815628,
-0.18406787514686584,
0.011653820984065533,
0.3241071105003357,
-0.4796048700809479,
0.08181539922952652,
-0.2651773691177368,
-0.8886801600456238,
-0.10627517849206924,
0.5424049496650696,
-0.7183536887168884,
-0.35669371485710144,
0.5096641182899475,
-0.05379001796245575,
-0.4599016308784485,
-0.2953495383262634,
0.3916448652744293,
0.7036005854606628,
0.5131217241287231,
0.0548597127199173,
-0.8518213033676147,
0.34414786100387573,
-0.23755121231079102,
-0.3623850345611572,
0.8975045680999756,
0.03906285762786865,
0.28959256410598755,
-0.31207582354545593,
-0.32749804854393005,
0.4924999177455902,
-0.21432195603847504,
0.2135143131017685,
-0.01132983434945345,
-0.931574285030365,
-0.011560993269085884,
0.41317206621170044,
0.4920421242713928,
0.7806209921836853,
0.5786259174346924,
-0.38808533549308777,
0.04546434059739113,
0.23914563655853271,
0.31279078125953674,
-0.40908315777778625,
0.43612509965896606,
-0.2653290927410126,
-0.3266254961490631,
-0.33493056893348694,
-0.09776592999696732,
-0.17072780430316925,
0.009811125695705414,
-0.2904425859451294,
-0.0691041499376297,
-0.12219272553920746,
0.6009852886199951,
0.20544975996017456,
-0.5406461954116821,
0.23556320369243622,
0.681221604347229,
-0.47207438945770264,
-0.590578556060791,
0.6613345146179199,
-0.03252390772104263,
-0.9650431275367737,
0.24628673493862152,
0.2314385622739792,
-0.10344013571739197,
0.5023385286331177,
0.21994486451148987,
0.0869181826710701,
0.12896285951137543,
-0.11383151262998581,
0.5315519571304321,
0.044463034719228745,
-0.12398702651262283,
0.655268132686615,
-0.23395395278930664,
-0.36244481801986694,
-0.537213921546936,
-0.7796944975852966,
0.3445828855037689,
-0.011130246333777905,
0.1996987909078598,
-0.11649670451879501,
0.8748178482055664,
-0.809279203414917,
0.06661460548639297,
-1.2614011764526367,
-0.10991235822439194,
-0.46313145756721497,
-0.16620035469532013,
-0.10065203905105591,
-0.32838040590286255,
0.5059013962745667,
0.031768303364515305,
1.176490306854248,
0.37737902998924255,
-0.11537215858697891,
0.055538810789585114,
0.28658342361450195,
-0.28147703409194946,
0.19289882481098175,
-0.11087309569120407,
0.29255059361457825,
-0.6607103943824768,
0.6585118174552917,
0.07981432229280472,
0.5194384455680847,
0.30646345019340515,
0.2616047263145447,
-0.2709605097770691,
0.006937722209841013,
0.5865009427070618,
-0.397796630859375,
-0.45589277148246765,
-0.09493545442819595,
-0.3033045828342438,
-0.7074525356292725,
0.24516256153583527,
0.3449377119541168,
-0.2479092925786972,
-0.4290677309036255,
0.5650694370269775,
-0.5150074362754822,
0.13020950555801392,
0.10920843482017517,
-0.1450880765914917,
0.4872877895832062,
-0.22200492024421692,
0.09018271416425705,
-0.7505515217781067,
0.07281403243541718,
0.597050666809082,
0.4297061562538147,
-0.3302290737628937,
-0.15867841243743896,
0.2527841627597809,
0.028317853808403015,
-0.011210856027901173,
0.5042378306388855,
-0.2253621369600296,
-0.15826374292373657,
-0.20909635722637177,
-1.0620853900909424,
-0.2982317805290222,
0.8897802829742432,
0.163386732339859,
-0.47342464327812195,
0.0674523115158081,
-0.5036069750785828,
0.39266419410705566,
0.23312459886074066,
0.1954253613948822,
-0.4918767213821411,
-0.11144103109836578,
-0.15319176018238068
] |
256869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitania | Chiquitania | Chiquitania ("Chiquitos" or "Gran Chiquitania") is a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia.
Geography
"Chiquitos" is the colonial name for what is now essentially five of the six provinces that make up the Chiquitania, a region in Bolivia's Santa Cruz department. "Chiquitos" refers to a region, not a tribe.
Today, the Chiquitania lies within five modern provinces: Ángel Sandoval, Germán Busch, José Miguel de Velasco, Ñuflo de Chávez and Chiquitos province.
Peoples
One of the many tribes inhabiting Chiquitos were the Chiquitano, who still speak the Chiquitano language today.
The name Chiquitos means "little ones" in Spanish. It was chosen by the Spanish conquistadores, when they found the small doors of the Indian huts in the region. Around 20 ethnic groups live in the Chiquitania.
Languages
Languages historically spoken in the Chiquitania included:
Chiquitano
Gorgotoqui (extinct)
Otuke (extinct)
Ayoreo
Guarani
Today, Camba Spanish is the main vernacular lingua franca.
Missions
A notable feature are the 18th-century Jesuit reductions and Franciscan settlements scattered throughout the region. Six churches still remain in the zone and were selected in 1990 as UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the name Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos.
Ecosystem
The Chiquitano dry forest is the ecosystem which connects South America's two largest biomes, the Amazon and the Gran Chaco, a dense dry forest of thorn-covered trees and scrub that extends south into Paraguay and Brazil.
Thousands of fires swept through eastern Bolivia in August 2019,(August is the driest month in the region), to the fury of environmentalists and locals who accused the country's president, Evo Morales, of incentivising the blazes after he passed legislation in July that encourages slash-and-burn farming to create pasture and arable land.
See also
Jesuit Reductions
List of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos
Beni savanna
Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
References
External links
La gran Chiquitania: The Last Paradise.
Geography of Bolivia
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands | [
-0.12182166427373886,
0.14878273010253906,
0.15841560065746307,
0.003922472707927227,
-0.25035297870635986,
0.040111809968948364,
-0.03271407634019852,
1.3971291780471802,
-0.3246959447860718,
-0.48730963468551636,
-0.15160557627677917,
0.15796415507793427,
-0.20978502929210663,
0.928763747215271,
-0.22873982787132263,
0.9818736910820007,
0.33846738934516907,
0.482806921005249,
-0.3571494221687317,
-0.4171088635921478,
-0.08689934015274048,
-0.5440749526023865,
0.3602233827114105,
-0.42587894201278687,
0.20557479560375214,
-0.25922125577926636,
0.0538676418364048,
0.723410964012146,
0.7077165246009827,
0.3673020005226135,
-0.3407101035118103,
0.12237884849309921,
-0.36641016602516174,
-0.22399871051311493,
0.19256295263767242,
0.20417053997516632,
0.13793328404426575,
-0.36424720287323,
-0.2555551826953888,
-0.7361111640930176,
0.3696645498275757,
-0.1394340544939041,
0.05227282643318176,
0.5960979461669922,
0.3294285833835602,
-0.06362655013799667,
-0.7630524039268494,
0.7048916816711426,
-0.6429251432418823,
-0.22030368447303772,
-0.6597737073898315,
0.8482695817947388,
0.37297606468200684,
0.3282136023044586,
-0.2374504804611206,
0.6157947182655334,
-0.9993024468421936,
-0.43305331468582153,
-0.0013126740232110023,
-0.14325758814811707,
-0.05145829916000366,
1.4576995372772217,
-0.35055944323539734,
-0.11799288541078568,
-0.4224476218223572,
0.29788607358932495,
-0.3372253477573395,
0.2977169156074524,
-0.024141879752278328,
-0.5504488945007324,
-0.15308627486228943,
-0.09911494702100754,
-0.04774634167551994,
0.19059765338897705,
-0.19244851171970367,
-0.046743813902139664,
-0.45514535903930664,
0.06839630007743835,
0.11125683039426804,
0.4908561110496521,
-0.3585415184497833,
0.07072296738624573,
0.4402388334274292,
-0.5766834616661072,
0.5315883755683899,
0.2230030745267868,
-0.25843122601509094,
0.10507404804229736,
-0.19556286931037903,
0.33150237798690796,
-0.5273470282554626,
-0.42990729212760925,
0.42421260476112366,
0.4755907356739044,
0.4701398015022278,
-0.6678368449211121,
0.22560018301010132,
-0.45348450541496277,
-0.6883161664009094,
0.3898867070674896,
-0.5413607358932495,
0.4285679757595062,
0.13643379509449005,
0.5532076358795166,
-0.5449268221855164,
0.026153087615966797,
-0.5936095714569092,
0.004211979452520609,
0.14449633657932281,
-0.5667597651481628,
-0.31139278411865234,
-0.2734205722808838,
-0.13283999264240265,
0.3323422372341156,
0.24070540070533752,
0.4291006624698639,
0.30691131949424744,
-0.1364617496728897,
-0.006610860116779804,
-0.20401370525360107,
-0.3785285949707031,
0.32336658239364624,
-0.18864388763904572,
-0.23912468552589417,
-0.5300809144973755,
0.489064484834671,
1.1103261709213257,
-0.5869130492210388,
-0.5277315974235535,
0.4464838206768036,
0.3896699547767639,
0.6938589215278625,
0.019972460344433784,
0.30579739809036255,
0.6338421702384949,
-0.9032576680183411,
0.10978382080793381,
0.446618914604187,
0.6877743005752563,
0.3662269711494446,
-0.7897969484329224,
-0.10590935498476028,
-0.5768933296203613,
-0.29526984691619873,
0.8395971059799194,
-0.30540433526039124,
-0.016860101372003555,
-0.5069975256919861,
0.13198892772197723,
-0.7573571801185608,
-0.05976376309990883,
-0.5634447932243347,
0.22030507028102875,
-0.04845651984214783,
-0.8013332486152649,
-0.575417697429657,
0.18093489110469818,
-0.335645854473114,
0.9094399809837341,
-0.09767381101846695,
-0.06097836047410965,
0.08365704119205475,
0.1827608048915863,
-0.16773052513599396,
-0.13052327930927277,
-0.13332577049732208,
0.3531924784183502,
0.9849033355712891,
0.05321412533521652,
0.6770219802856445,
-0.5004220604896545,
0.29843348264694214,
0.8672854900360107,
-0.7988796830177307,
-0.3151305019855499,
0.801474392414093,
0.3067832291126251,
0.23104941844940186,
-0.03544561192393303,
0.015115752816200256,
-0.7813507318496704,
0.4361119866371155,
-0.07645503431558609,
-0.1991174966096878,
-0.06490682810544968,
-0.12004504352807999,
0.8834975361824036,
0.5335345268249512,
-0.3385697305202484,
0.21327410638332367,
-0.42997291684150696,
-0.07956031709909439,
0.1925579309463501,
-0.15891729295253754,
1.0351901054382324,
0.21422964334487915,
-0.155120849609375,
0.32860761880874634,
-0.7179781794548035,
0.6074491143226624,
-0.8871743679046631,
0.13033916056156158,
0.7781089544296265,
0.09041770547628403,
-0.6904164552688599,
0.3743578791618347,
-0.028947539627552032,
0.3009066879749298,
0.1720903068780899,
1.0514715909957886,
-0.10115676373243332,
0.14368824660778046,
0.050415460020303726,
0.20439301431179047,
-0.5646092295646667,
-0.3889505863189697,
0.11062678694725037,
0.14516229927539825,
-0.018875714391469955,
-0.6632230281829834,
0.3835577368736267,
0.3238236904144287,
-0.384111613035202,
0.205313578248024,
-0.07207418233156204,
0.25501900911331177,
0.5521986484527588,
0.5889304280281067,
0.37866753339767456,
-0.24717830121517181,
0.04901185631752014,
0.19619031250476837,
0.1296888142824173,
-0.4714202880859375,
-0.21067021787166595,
-0.34488800168037415,
0.16044531762599945,
-0.5687416791915894,
-0.4610872268676758,
-0.249468594789505,
-0.05034292861819267,
-0.23684974014759064,
-0.3529890477657318,
0.2531566023826599,
0.3472730219364166,
0.6138911843299866,
-0.4658519923686981,
0.5550181269645691,
-0.6930795311927795,
0.06513068825006485,
0.11167541891336441,
0.6891822814941406,
0.24020591378211975,
-0.3305175006389618,
-0.37809401750564575,
0.06123916059732437,
0.2398030012845993,
0.010725355707108974,
0.6938482522964478,
0.3014683425426483,
-0.10808361321687698,
0.16326667368412018,
-0.6352665424346924,
0.5411424040794373,
0.06370814144611359,
-0.6774192452430725,
0.22334906458854675,
-0.7074698805809021,
0.2842104434967041,
-0.3690849244594574,
0.06618928164243698,
-0.4098667502403259,
-0.06800345331430435,
-0.7638258934020996,
-0.26154783368110657,
-0.16210795938968658,
0.039652831852436066,
-0.3571435511112213,
-0.8895854353904724,
0.015608732588589191,
-0.3084127902984619,
0.7028323411941528,
0.06336794048547745,
-0.3146568238735199,
-0.722461462020874,
0.12952293455600739,
0.23137590289115906,
-1.252826452255249,
-0.11763644963502884,
0.21983148157596588,
0.02619236335158348,
0.35963496565818787,
-0.31756332516670227,
0.6240299940109253,
-0.6070308685302734,
-0.6415868401527405,
-0.05351899564266205,
-0.7304244041442871,
0.8895958662033081,
-0.750712513923645,
-0.8859429359436035,
0.5086496472358704,
-0.19982650876045227,
0.06466732174158096,
0.1073470339179039,
-0.35370203852653503,
-0.35064205527305603,
0.09598596394062042,
-5.157210826873779,
0.5338391661643982,
-0.2742727994918823,
-0.6063521504402161,
-0.08408942073583603,
-0.22984746098518372,
0.09061192721128464,
-0.20770467817783356,
-0.5045714974403381,
0.09225352108478546,
-0.0841183289885521,
0.09889020770788193,
-0.18998141586780548,
0.7374398708343506,
0.4155683219432831,
1.1025805473327637,
-0.7076795101165771,
0.23759502172470093,
-0.04980785772204399,
-0.37450242042541504,
-0.6510614156723022,
0.3476325571537018,
0.2007024884223938,
0.3521333932876587,
0.6978371739387512,
0.22853100299835205,
-0.6271299719810486,
-0.6042742133140564,
-0.5302958488464355,
-0.24589763581752777,
0.1404382586479187,
0.6473222374916077,
-0.21969647705554962,
0.4733905494213104,
-0.23589864373207092,
0.3949040174484253,
0.30597856640815735,
0.06961477547883987,
0.16435174643993378,
-0.11283884942531586,
-0.18662767112255096,
0.5917081832885742,
-0.31935247778892517,
-0.07578951120376587,
0.25677934288978577,
0.33944910764694214,
-0.5573065876960754,
-0.6032212972640991,
0.241170272231102,
0.6107311248779297,
-0.2271265834569931,
-0.3953719139099121,
0.1750563085079193,
0.12093383818864822,
-0.00020534376380965114,
-0.16239814460277557,
0.5625997185707092,
-0.21070732176303864,
-0.7457984089851379,
0.5766074657440186,
0.5907638669013977,
-0.307905375957489,
-0.13420233130455017,
-0.7199531197547913,
0.11782917380332947,
-0.23822776973247528,
0.263286292552948,
0.04691177234053612,
0.2816378176212311,
0.10945405066013336,
-0.1576082855463028,
0.3686501085758209,
-0.6536765694618225,
-0.44413602352142334,
-0.545120894908905,
-0.442439466714859,
-0.6619755029678345,
-0.10885410010814667,
-0.678184986114502,
0.6142629384994507,
0.2770979702472687,
-0.39062201976776123,
-0.24667386710643768,
0.13339783251285553,
-0.303755521774292,
-1.1454206705093384,
0.2493293136358261,
0.2293069064617157,
-0.20401929318904877,
0.14661046862602234,
0.16957007348537445,
-0.8121663331985474,
0.633307158946991,
-0.8135474920272827,
-0.10178685188293457,
0.20626325905323029,
0.03820936009287834,
-0.013389729894697666,
-0.09255652129650116,
-0.16889001429080963,
0.38695046305656433,
-0.6104333400726318,
0.4896696209907532,
0.6453062891960144,
-0.25251176953315735,
-0.4913872182369232,
0.5428810119628906,
0.5017780065536499,
0.4334632158279419,
-0.13845068216323853,
0.15765979886054993,
0.031365085393190384,
-0.5339992046356201,
-0.19969427585601807,
0.22785356640815735,
0.12891635298728943,
0.1613989621400833,
-0.20170797407627106,
0.6400806903839111,
0.2998085916042328,
0.29708027839660645,
-0.13341787457466125,
-0.15063974261283875,
0.12576691806316376,
-0.30379170179367065,
0.15757963061332703,
0.5587122440338135,
0.6072373390197754,
0.10302258282899857,
0.47940802574157715,
-0.22543413937091827,
-0.2478223294019699,
0.01863497868180275,
-0.6567783951759338,
0.7001076936721802,
0.0287703238427639,
0.006839023437350988,
-0.7975564002990723,
0.5524809956550598,
-0.5111737251281738,
-0.09465216100215912,
-0.5709454417228699,
-0.23372003436088562,
0.8251523375511169,
0.5797275900840759,
-0.12142476439476013,
-0.3345542848110199,
-0.6679612398147583,
-1.1389535665512085,
0.40395113825798035,
-0.008340532891452312,
-0.25781938433647156,
-0.591968834400177,
0.015334115363657475,
-0.08378712087869644,
-0.4164632260799408,
0.2321423888206482,
0.3360394537448883,
0.2287086397409439,
-0.04198437184095383,
-0.0244731642305851,
-0.5552837252616882,
-0.8538655638694763,
0.508929431438446,
0.34663885831832886,
-0.45333606004714966,
-0.7371970415115356,
-0.7829253077507019,
-0.1761143058538437,
0.8369719386100769,
0.2618068754673004,
-0.1176973432302475,
-0.39992567896842957,
-0.8951770067214966,
0.5602714419364929,
0.05468602478504181,
0.7271421551704407,
0.2964881956577301,
0.06889436393976212,
0.5379951000213623,
-0.2043464034795761,
0.13053707778453827,
0.13660573959350586,
-0.04326583817601204,
0.2201395183801651,
-0.4408639669418335,
-0.5312695503234863,
0.6222044229507446,
-0.2074737697839737,
0.11559980362653732,
1.04511296749115,
0.41910597681999207,
-0.43485987186431885,
0.26485535502433777,
-0.7413556575775146,
-0.4902397394180298,
0.08017605543136597,
0.0408693365752697,
0.23278525471687317,
-0.5682447552680969,
0.04202796518802643,
0.38088712096214294,
-0.3456217050552368,
1.1738697290420532,
-0.29787278175354004,
-0.6052034497261047,
0.4109434485435486,
-0.1897822767496109,
-1.3077009916305542,
0.20802879333496094,
-0.6585209965705872,
-0.7570554614067078,
0.33731865882873535,
0.747911274433136,
-0.20103998482227325,
0.4770045578479767,
0.23199349641799927,
-0.1838398426771164,
-0.46318426728248596,
0.1392817497253418,
-0.34101536870002747,
0.013559217564761639,
0.2812988758087158,
-0.09515219926834106,
-0.7254507541656494,
0.6886342167854309,
0.5636758208274841,
-0.5312474370002747,
0.17981018126010895,
-0.3770832121372223,
0.3658563196659088,
-0.06302736699581146,
0.2542761266231537,
0.0426676981151104,
0.014937109313905239,
0.06660948693752289,
-0.06810993701219559,
0.3941405415534973,
0.7561231255531311,
0.2193378061056137,
0.5503880381584167,
0.3071381747722626,
0.3660222589969635,
-0.7366943359375,
-0.3395613133907318,
0.046117376536130905,
0.08421126753091812,
-0.3772965669631958,
-0.9894880652427673,
-0.2636776566505432,
-0.18481510877609253,
-0.8422093391418457,
-0.342976838350296,
-0.15722663700580597,
0.33573615550994873,
0.3308754861354828,
-0.44496533274650574,
0.474333256483078,
0.2729814052581787,
-0.10746393352746964,
0.002015473321080208,
-0.13165655732154846,
0.13432160019874573,
0.2554774880409241,
0.08398327231407166,
-0.34535855054855347,
0.11501049250364304,
0.031710729002952576,
0.43642836809158325,
-0.26126959919929504,
0.12619392573833466,
0.13881751894950867,
0.19697439670562744,
-0.1039954125881195,
0.06322479248046875,
-0.02775379829108715,
0.2341621220111847,
-0.39992663264274597,
-0.07843830436468124,
-0.2700594961643219,
-0.3357396721839905,
-0.12422863394021988,
0.16215230524539948,
0.6429847478866577,
0.42485785484313965,
-0.2376023530960083,
-0.4175448417663574,
-0.1725720465183258,
-0.5646007061004639,
0.2631242871284485,
-0.07198397815227509,
-0.08753558993339539,
0.28377610445022583,
-0.4028361439704895,
0.25280633568763733,
0.09364204108715057,
0.1617293804883957,
0.13433583080768585,
0.21055014431476593,
0.04565460607409477,
-0.6929652094841003,
0.7416456937789917,
0.17377221584320068,
-0.319601446390152,
0.35430192947387695,
-0.13744598627090454,
0.2975940406322479,
0.15437543392181396,
-0.26966068148612976,
0.03199224919080734,
-0.04548157379031181,
0.7760141491889954,
0.1609945148229599,
0.4648033082485199,
-0.03621935099363327,
0.40391021966934204,
0.4289714992046356,
-0.09807123988866806,
0.23824477195739746,
0.8344178199768066,
0.44726815819740295,
0.14051862061023712,
-0.032087624073028564,
0.41131022572517395,
0.5097960233688354,
1.2345601320266724,
-1.0748425722122192,
-0.4362461566925049,
0.28384795784950256,
0.28664737939834595,
0.11648575961589813,
0.42547062039375305,
-0.5918778777122498,
0.13983725011348724,
-0.34264031052589417,
-0.4631885886192322,
0.1389794796705246,
-0.2699447274208069,
-0.21689970791339874,
1.1544275283813477,
0.7760107517242432,
0.5236091613769531,
0.4590890109539032,
0.1225646436214447,
-0.3956061005592346,
-0.032446231693029404,
-0.12725239992141724,
0.4971247613430023,
0.682936429977417,
-0.2467726469039917,
0.869878351688385,
0.4892383813858032,
0.04687855392694473,
-0.15405744314193726,
-0.037227701395750046,
0.302825927734375,
0.3127424418926239,
0.18881890177726746,
-0.7083885073661804,
-0.23735402524471283,
-0.2222783863544464,
0.06500054150819778,
-0.7110365033149719,
-0.26781076192855835,
-0.305650532245636,
-0.39854130148887634,
-0.6247637867927551,
-0.3300856351852417,
-0.3814864158630371,
0.5311197638511658,
0.15454982221126556,
0.15924440324306488,
0.40753018856048584,
0.3188503086566925,
0.37963801622390747,
-0.3268539607524872,
0.023462075740098953,
1.1332345008850098,
-0.15351706743240356,
0.8675935864448547,
-0.34456610679626465,
0.16722099483013153,
-0.20474761724472046,
0.013067052699625492,
0.27713674306869507,
-0.11725325882434845,
0.334291011095047,
0.47574663162231445,
-0.18781635165214539,
0.14015419781208038,
-0.08155983686447144,
-0.5557584166526794,
-0.29093068838119507,
0.3345597982406616,
-0.3366861045360565,
-0.3501274585723877,
0.01793072558939457,
1.0108158588409424,
0.4740089774131775,
-1.1222608089447021,
0.5373289585113525,
-0.36874842643737793,
0.024390913546085358,
-0.11292243003845215,
-0.2541464567184448,
-0.18588373064994812,
-0.29343560338020325,
0.4822399616241455,
-0.9717954993247986,
-0.11962118744850159,
0.3937648832798004,
-0.5640923976898193,
-0.35873886942863464,
0.2655504047870636,
0.4635554552078247,
0.3940978944301605,
-0.22633571922779083,
-0.243129163980484,
-0.18094265460968018,
-0.7273336052894592,
0.3062986731529236,
-0.7102886438369751,
0.3557983338832855,
0.5083626508712769,
0.312618613243103,
-0.27173808217048645,
0.3898667097091675,
0.490294486284256,
-0.423778772354126,
0.7296852469444275,
0.4634754955768585,
-0.1967083215713501,
-0.8092653155326843,
-0.03378190100193024,
0.09976238012313843,
-0.40533575415611267,
0.03932761028409004,
0.9832389950752258,
0.6135895252227783,
-0.07187331467866898,
-0.054429084062576294,
-0.6047065854072571,
0.5447893738746643,
-0.6202068328857422,
-1.045517086982727,
0.4456038177013397,
-0.421019971370697,
-0.516964316368103,
-1.327579140663147,
0.5072229504585266,
-0.4258597493171692,
0.30871087312698364,
-0.14090994000434875,
-0.09742196649312973,
0.1292673945426941,
-0.33767813444137573,
0.30373615026474,
-1.0091590881347656,
0.8412117958068848,
-0.08607373386621475
] |
256880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Greb | Harry Greb | Edward Henry "Harry" Greb (June 6, 1894 – October 22, 1926) was an American professional boxer. Nicknamed "The Pittsburgh Windmill", he is widely regarded by many boxing historians as one of the best pound for pound boxers of all time.
He was the American light heavyweight champion from 1922 to 1923 and world middleweight champion from 1923 to 1926. He fought a recorded 298 times in his 13 year-career, which began at around 140 pounds. He fought against the best opposition the talent-rich 1910s and 20s could provide him and despite starting as a welterweight, he was frequently squaring off against and beating light heavyweights and even heavyweights.
Greb had a highly aggressive, very fast, swarming style of fighting and buried his opponents under a blizzard of punches. He was elusive with very good footwork to jump in and out on opponents. He was also a master at dirty fighting and had no qualms about employing all manner of dubious tactics, such as spinning his opponent and using the heel and laces of his gloves. Greb often got as much as he gave and unbeknownst to the press continued to fight a number of matches even as he became blind in one eye, due to an injury suffered in an earlier match. The 'Pittsburgh Windmill' was also very durable, suffering only 2 TKO losses in his whole career. The first was in his seventh bout when he was knocked out by an opponent who heavily outweighed him, the second happened 3 years later when Greb broke the radius of his left arm. Greb finished the round but was unable to continue the fight. Greb's ultimate weakness may have been his lack of knockout power; although he was able to hurt and bust up many opponents due to the constant onslaught of clean punches he landed on them, he struggled to stop them but this mostly due to the fact that his opponents were much larger than him. He launched a vicious beating on the much larger Tunney on two occasions, cutting him and hurting him badly, but was unable to knock him out both times. It was the same process with many opponents.
Widely considered one of the best fighters of all time, Greb is currently ranked by BoxRec as the 9th greatest fighter of all time. Greb was also named the 7th greatest fighter of the past 80 years by the Ring Magazine, the 5th greatest fighter of all-time by historian Bert Sugar, the 4th greatest fighter of all-time by historian and boxing commentator Max Kellerman and ranked as the #1 middleweight and the #2 pound-for-pound fighter of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization.
Professional career
Born as Edward Henry Greb to a German immigrant father and mother of German descent, Pius and Annie Greb, who raised him in a working class household. Blue collar Greb began his professional boxing career in 1913, fighting mostly around his hometown of Pittsburgh. By 1915, he was fighting world class opposition, notably hall of famer Tommy Gibbons and reigning middleweight champion George Chip, whom he faced twice during 1915–1916 in non-title fights. Greb would lose both fights by "newspaper" decision (at the time, the rendering of an official decision at the end of a fight was prohibited, so newspapers covering the fight would render a decision), losses he would later avenge.
Greb would fight 37 times in the sole year 1917 (a record), winning 34 of those fights either officially or unofficially. Among his victims that year were the reigning light heavyweight champion Battling Levinsky (in a non-title fight), former light heavyweight champion Jack Dillon, middleweight George Chip and heavyweight Willie Meehan, who had beaten future heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey earlier in the year.
Despite all these great results, Greb was still denied a chance to fight for a title. A February 1918 newspaper draw against Mike O'Dowd, who would go on to win the middleweight title during the year, and a newspaper lost to Billy Miske, didn't help in his effort. After that setback though, Greb would win his next 52 fights in a row. During that stretch, he would beat future light heavyweight champion Mike McTigue, heavyweight contenders Billy Miske, Mike Gibbons, Bill Brennan, Jeff Smith, Leo Houck 3 times and Battling Levinsky no less than four times during that stretch (6 times altogether) in newspaper decisions. Levinsky was the reigning light heavyweight champion at the time.
Vision problems
In 1921, during a fight with tough light heavyweight Kid Norfolk (real name William Ward), he was thumbed in the right eye and is believed to have suffered a retinal tear, which would eventually lead to permanent blindness. Greb fought on admirably, winning via ten-round newspaper decision and finally getting a shot at the middleweight title. It is commonly believed that Greb completely lost sight in the eye after his fifth bout with Bob Roper, taking almost two months to recover and being seen in a hospital with patches over both eyes. Incredibly, he kept the injury a secret from all but his wife and closest friends, fooling physicians during pre-fight physicals by memorizing the order of the letters on the eye chart (Greb would later lose some vision in his good eye and his gradual loss of sight led him to always go to bed with the light on).
Greb vs. Tunney
On May 23, 1922, Harry Greb was matched with Gene Tunney, the undefeated American light heavyweight champion (the world title was then in the hands of Frenchman Georges Carpentier) in what would arguably end up being the defining bout of his career. In the first round Greb immediately fractured Tunney's nose in two places and then proceeded to open a deep gash over the reigning champ's left eye. According to eye-witness reports, Greb was subsequently forced to commission the referee to intermittently wipe off his bloodstained gloves with a towel. Throughout the bout, Greb would repeatedly petition the referee to stop the fight while a determined Tunney concurrently implored him to allow the contest to continue. Round after round, the beating continued with Tunney refusing to submit and even smiling during the bloodshed to keep the referee from halting the match. At the end of fifteen brutal rounds, Tunney was a bloody mess and Greb was crowned champion via unanimous decision. This was the first and only professional loss in Tunney's career, with the bout being hailed as the Fight of the Year for 1922 by the Ring Magazine.
After defending his title against Tommy Loughran, Greb granted Tunney a rematch. In a hotly disputed battle, fought at Madison Square Garden in February 1923, Tunney regained his title by a highly controversial split decision. Multiple eye witness reports state that Greb controlled the fight and battered Tunney, cutting him and rocking him from punches on more than one occasion. But Tunney was able to fight back unlike in the first encounter and at some points was competitive with Greb. The crowd booed heavily when Tunney was announced as the winner.
The two men would meet three more times, with Tunney successfully defending his regained title in another fifteen round bout and then fighting to a no decision newspaper draw, where most newspapers had Greb winning but referee Matt Hinkel stated he would have ruled a draw, so the record books have it that way. The fifth battle was reminiscent of the first fight in their series, except this time it was Tunney bludgeoning Greb for the duration of the bout. According to Tunney, near the end of the match while the two fighters were locked in a clinch, Greb straightforwardly asked Tunney not to knock him out. Tunney reputedly acquiesced to this request and later acknowledged the incident as the highest tribute he received in his career, stating "Here was one of the greatest fighters of all time laying down his shield, admitting defeat and knowing I would not expose him". Tunney would go on to beat Jack Dempsey for the heavyweight title. Greb remained the only man ever to have beaten Tunney, and the latter would be among the pall-bearers at Greb's funeral.
Middleweight champion
One month after losing his light heavyweight title to Tunney, Greb set his sights on middleweight champion Johnny Wilson; however, when Wilson's manager Marty Killelea refused to offer him the bout Greb reportedly devised an ingenious solution. He apparently paid a few speakeasy waiters in Pittsburgh and New York to serve him water in colored tumblers, and then proceeded to feign intoxication in a highly theatrical spectacle. When Killelea witnessed one of these performances, he assumed Greb was ripe for the taking and hurriedly arranged for the bout to take place. On August 31, 1923, Greb faced Wilson for the world middleweight title, winning a workmanlike 15-round decision in what would be nothing short of a roughhouser battle. When referee Jack O'Sullivan stepped in to separate the fighters during a particular rough clinch, he incredulously asked Greb what he thought he was doing, to which Greb responded, "Gouging Johnny in the eye, can't you see?" Greb would grant Wilson a rematch on January 18, 1924, in Madison Square Garden, winning another 15-round decision.
Greb vs. Walker
Greb's most notable defense of the title was against reigning world welterweight champion, Mickey Walker in July 1925, at the Polo Grounds in New York. Most pundits and even Walker himself believed that Greb would have trouble making the 160 lb weight limit, but when it was reported that Greb weighed in at 157 1/2 lbs he was inserted as the 9–5 odds favorite. During the first few rounds of the battle, Walker came out attacking Greb to the body as the defending champion apparently tried to stave off cramps in both his legs. The middle rounds saw Greb starting to relax and control the pace of the bout while Walker was still able to land some eye-catching combinations. The championship rounds were all Greb, who during the 14th round, attempted to knock out a tiring Walker by overwhelming him with a torrid onslaught of punches. Walker was able to withstand the assault, and Greb was awarded a unanimous decision by the judges and retained the championship. Walker, a great fighter who would win the middleweight title the following year, stumbled upon Greb at a nightclub after their fight, and, according to the legend, the two fought an impromptu rematch there. According to some reports, Greb easily won the spontaneous rematch while the general consensus maintains that Walker landed a sucker punch on Greb that knocked him out cold. According to Walker himself, the two were sitting down discussing their fight over a drink when Walker made a comment stating that he felt had it not been for Greb thumbing him in the eye, he would have won the fight. The heavily intoxicated Greb took great offence to this and jumped to his feet to fight. As he was struggling to take off his jacket, Walker seized the moment and landed a vicious uppercut that put him down for the proverbial count.
Later career
At 32, a shopworn Greb was years past his best when he was matched with tricky southpaw Tiger Flowers (who was a one-year junior of Greb) in Madison Square Garden in February 1926. Flowers, a defensive specialist, countered the Smoke City Wildcat's attacks well and won a disputed decision after fifteen rounds to annex Greb's middleweight title. Flowers beat Greb again in their rematch six months later, on an even more controversial decision, with the fans storming the ring in protest of the outcome. Greb later stated, "Well that was one fight I won if I ever won any.", in reference to what would end up being the last battle in a legendary career.
Retirement and death
Greb retired following the second Flowers loss and relayed to a friend that he planned on opening a gym in downtown Pittsburgh. In September 1926, he had his right eye removed and replaced with a glass prosthesis. Having declined a job as Jack Dempsey's sparring partner in preparation for Dempsey-Tunney I (Greb declaring: "I'd feel like a burglar taking Jack's money. Nobody can get him in good enough condition to whip Gene"), Greb checked into an Atlantic City clinic for surgery to repair damage to his nose and respiratory tract caused by his ring career and several car crashes. However, complications occurred and he died of heart failure on October 22, 1926, at 2:30 pm. Greb was buried at Calvary Cemetery in his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Legacy
Greb is remembered for his indomitable fighting spirit and the will to face all viable opposition despite assumed disadvantages. Especially laudable was his willingness to box highly skilled African-American fighters that included Jack Blackburn, Kid Norfolk and Tiger Flowers in an era when many white boxers refused to do so. In total, Greb faced 16 Hall of Famers, including Jack Blackburn, who got in as a trainer, not a fighter, a combined total of 48 times during his career, going 32–11–5 against men who would later be defined as all-time greats. In 1919 alone, he fought 45 fights and went 45–0, a feat that is extremely unlikely to be repeated given the current trajectory taken by modern boxers. Greb was enshrined in the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1955, the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1970, the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame as a first-class inductee in 1990.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
See also
List of middleweight boxing champions
References
Further reading
External links
Harry Greb - CBZ Profile
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:Middleweight--1920s
Harry Greb's Website
Gene Tunney's Description of Harry Greb
Harry Greb's and Gene Tunney's Pictures
https://titlehistories.com/boxing/na/usa/ny/nysac-m.html
https://titlehistories.com/boxing/wba/wba-world-m.html
|-
1894 births
1926 deaths
Boxers from Pittsburgh
American people of German descent
Burials at Calvary Catholic Cemetery (Pittsburgh)
Middleweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
World boxing champions
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
American male boxers
Sportspeople with a vision impairment | [
-0.38224339485168457,
-0.15460994839668274,
-0.8293359875679016,
0.11003907024860382,
-0.2369195818901062,
0.3441554605960846,
0.408527135848999,
0.0765819251537323,
-0.005536346696317196,
-0.9403719305992126,
0.14683175086975098,
0.21581286191940308,
-0.6217226982116699,
-0.08899126201868057,
0.0004880786582361907,
0.2714146077632904,
-0.5106559991836548,
-0.031696923077106476,
0.28745779395103455,
-0.1237095445394516,
-0.3932516276836395,
-0.2554509937763214,
0.3120887577533722,
-0.013903903774917126,
-0.17899703979492188,
0.39976564049720764,
-0.12922684848308563,
-0.11485911905765533,
-0.32745474576950073,
0.0881558284163475,
0.22781331837177277,
0.3365035355091095,
0.45055487751960754,
-0.07970460504293442,
-0.7861588597297668,
0.07222510129213333,
-0.264478474855423,
-0.20979492366313934,
0.2270873785018921,
0.08653689920902252,
-0.1876319795846939,
0.5427603721618652,
-0.024179523810744286,
-0.11961512267589569,
-0.047767605632543564,
-0.2994720935821533,
-1.8236136436462402,
-0.2432762235403061,
-0.8599179983139038,
-0.8062063455581665,
-0.471794068813324,
-0.020427746698260307,
0.23386472463607788,
0.39047273993492126,
-0.39477765560150146,
-0.1507268100976944,
0.18944412469863892,
-0.11412342637777328,
-0.13357217609882355,
0.0017167198238894343,
0.2860724925994873,
-0.25680452585220337,
0.49397900700569153,
-0.18470358848571777,
0.26913195848464966,
0.21242959797382355,
0.19527281820774078,
0.4208691120147705,
0.10746490955352783,
0.08229362964630127,
0.04796195402741432,
0.3568462133407593,
0.4030650556087494,
0.05889541283249855,
0.7548658847808838,
-0.199085533618927,
-0.05727115646004677,
0.008585741743445396,
-0.30708780884742737,
0.26566651463508606,
0.012155288830399513,
-0.6596815586090088,
0.28356730937957764,
0.18255135416984558,
0.20915433764457703,
0.003451291937381029,
-0.8875390887260437,
0.4338902235031128,
-0.6683165431022644,
0.30996832251548767,
0.052237194031476974,
-0.28826138377189636,
-0.13015151023864746,
-0.19995567202568054,
-0.27883607149124146,
-0.6381922960281372,
0.2982867360115051,
0.18275217711925507,
-0.3512265682220459,
-0.8204647898674011,
0.048325225710868835,
0.1620631366968155,
0.4506552815437317,
-0.1849319040775299,
-0.2515566945075989,
0.1592700332403183,
0.2828631103038788,
-0.4481160640716553,
0.28413403034210205,
0.07959308475255966,
-0.08311305195093155,
0.08792874962091446,
-0.06979615241289139,
-0.24802044034004211,
-0.11875992268323898,
0.3648754954338074,
0.3781604468822479,
-0.532336950302124,
-0.19522948563098907,
-0.23714441061019897,
0.05887340009212494,
0.49129313230514526,
0.07344480603933334,
0.3230253756046295,
-0.4235006868839264,
0.16489946842193604,
-0.125915989279747,
0.054024022072553635,
0.06833615154027939,
0.600801408290863,
0.7906178832054138,
0.56439208984375,
0.1084635853767395,
0.14100401103496552,
-0.6198918223381042,
0.39073285460472107,
0.3558270037174225,
-0.19112487137317657,
-0.20144908130168915,
-0.26419132947921753,
0.0910060778260231,
-0.15184155106544495,
-0.6293856501579285,
0.12893806397914886,
0.0017127601895481348,
-0.3180355429649353,
0.21765302121639252,
-0.1493050456047058,
0.3029811978340149,
-0.3053012192249298,
0.016812697052955627,
0.23114338517189026,
0.4600241780281067,
-0.08150306344032288,
-0.42521044611930847,
0.1673709750175476,
0.27080610394477844,
-0.03693639114499092,
-0.04425319284200668,
0.098484106361866,
-0.13435781002044678,
0.13063079118728638,
-0.49858778715133667,
0.3925062417984009,
0.33908477425575256,
-0.12833818793296814,
0.14342449605464935,
-0.734523355960846,
-0.2718643248081207,
-0.28260013461112976,
-0.3747190833091736,
0.2910947799682617,
0.536283552646637,
-0.24863682687282562,
-0.8248469829559326,
0.6471591591835022,
0.9546738266944885,
0.011566024273633957,
0.42818546295166016,
-0.9926814436912537,
-0.5646648406982422,
-0.5044334530830383,
0.326203852891922,
0.40118804574012756,
0.9874818921089172,
0.4232310354709625,
0.48295122385025024,
-0.5215061902999878,
0.10824058204889297,
-0.18546244502067566,
-0.41332384943962097,
-0.4657542109489441,
0.2289295494556427,
0.014159295707941055,
0.5370364189147949,
0.2332049310207367,
-0.06656558811664581,
0.1652875691652298,
0.27746322751045227,
0.02229599840939045,
-0.5814288854598999,
-0.48288384079933167,
0.15482290089130402,
-0.20066796243190765,
0.1891724318265915,
0.5611075162887573,
0.18769530951976776,
0.3101124167442322,
-0.04904736578464508,
0.5264570713043213,
0.4579877257347107,
-0.11028517782688141,
-0.23620112240314484,
0.21688981354236603,
-0.37096813321113586,
-0.5824113488197327,
-0.6156021356582642,
-0.14886638522148132,
0.2811800539493561,
-0.5495958924293518,
0.3191361427307129,
0.02025306224822998,
-0.19714225828647614,
0.36020106077194214,
0.3630448281764984,
0.9934970736503601,
-0.46444714069366455,
-0.17441125214099884,
0.03038976714015007,
-0.5453684329986572,
-0.051145363599061966,
0.008388537913560867,
0.38402414321899414,
-0.4976227581501007,
0.40500566363334656,
0.41376757621765137,
-0.07361974567174911,
-0.6867045164108276,
0.18421430885791779,
-0.736914336681366,
-0.11932191997766495,
0.1536758989095688,
-0.01971212960779667,
0.06923361867666245,
0.08237108588218689,
0.5674076080322266,
0.4065935015678406,
0.8540126085281372,
-0.7499163746833801,
-0.08856091648340225,
0.2321464717388153,
0.4967076778411865,
0.21372054517269135,
-0.0872775986790657,
0.23324577510356903,
-0.28368332982063293,
0.08349151164293289,
0.03418585658073425,
0.35029613971710205,
-0.1485065072774887,
0.3252530097961426,
-0.08080393075942993,
0.2992175817489624,
0.1327161192893982,
-0.07440746575593948,
-0.47294631600379944,
-0.6399836540222168,
-0.35122594237327576,
-0.05377103015780449,
-0.2691631019115448,
0.912024199962616,
0.2311137318611145,
-0.3225662112236023,
0.321859210729599,
0.2484193742275238,
0.33708998560905457,
0.0813046544790268,
0.2652009427547455,
-0.8000978231430054,
-0.6855299472808838,
0.14059364795684814,
1.1601098775863647,
0.1869431734085083,
-0.3903769850730896,
0.14484326541423798,
0.0390249565243721,
-0.1226281076669693,
-0.16567522287368774,
0.17563045024871826,
-0.20191030204296112,
-0.09582407027482986,
1.2989698648452759,
-0.6728169322013855,
0.6848669052124023,
-0.325320303440094,
0.37052345275878906,
-0.20205214619636536,
-0.4072233736515045,
0.14853748679161072,
-0.10373277962207794,
-0.0967973917722702,
0.5619023442268372,
-0.012621590867638588,
-0.23785652220249176,
0.3645403981208801,
0.017696315422654152,
-0.44160524010658264,
-0.16454356908798218,
-5.61065149307251,
0.37901586294174194,
0.21747389435768127,
-0.5116412043571472,
0.6272518634796143,
-0.1122707948088646,
0.2862528860569,
0.18753208220005035,
-0.630820095539093,
-0.13258346915245056,
0.03876890242099762,
-0.6184791326522827,
0.49033322930336,
0.09685327857732773,
0.8242475390434265,
0.38222938776016235,
1.4239680767059326,
-0.07473649829626083,
0.0978805422782898,
0.5800922513008118,
-0.03442803770303726,
-0.4316522479057312,
0.15559159219264984,
-0.0806264877319336,
0.14975103735923767,
0.2691364586353302,
-0.29002323746681213,
0.15833239257335663,
-0.16350075602531433,
-0.5300168991088867,
0.3818577229976654,
0.41463425755500793,
-0.627346396446228,
-0.06349911540746689,
0.2233036309480667,
-0.555706262588501,
0.5073374509811401,
0.20186755061149597,
0.07930439710617065,
0.2657804489135742,
0.22216589748859406,
0.47475430369377136,
-0.8641495108604431,
-0.44071218371391296,
0.3496547043323517,
0.047313857823610306,
-0.3249349594116211,
0.2431633025407791,
-0.5033514499664307,
0.10539402067661285,
0.8736154437065125,
-0.2898072600364685,
-0.22459928691387177,
0.0046973819844424725,
0.5081456303596497,
0.18276463449001312,
-0.372270792722702,
0.023119010031223297,
-0.8935955762863159,
0.17201080918312073,
-0.13331390917301178,
-0.45325374603271484,
-0.1463879644870758,
-0.07930967956781387,
0.06371552497148514,
-0.4952842891216278,
0.11187797784805298,
-0.1950497329235077,
0.3615227937698364,
-0.00479572918266058,
0.2708996534347534,
0.8262211680412292,
0.4980730414390564,
-1.0753625631332397,
0.24033859372138977,
-0.01830601505935192,
-0.04484279453754425,
-0.4502008259296417,
-0.46221765875816345,
-0.6631454229354858,
0.40753835439682007,
-0.805708110332489,
0.052266981452703476,
0.15787020325660706,
0.7393662333488464,
-0.0511605367064476,
-0.09861806035041809,
0.7928066253662109,
-0.5536978244781494,
-0.17086996138095856,
0.07762469351291656,
0.10128337144851685,
0.3058321177959442,
0.328021377325058,
0.1412537544965744,
0.29821330308914185,
0.13821135461330414,
0.05612768605351448,
0.24798481166362762,
0.4885002374649048,
0.06268469244241714,
-0.24294382333755493,
0.4030500650405884,
-1.0376707315444946,
0.5374404191970825,
0.3917626440525055,
0.2687058746814728,
0.05501202866435051,
1.0692009925842285,
-0.25805234909057617,
0.09366343915462494,
0.6625953912734985,
-0.8503274917602539,
-0.037944357842206955,
0.4751201272010803,
-0.44817495346069336,
-0.09187241643667221,
-0.670831024646759,
0.15523585677146912,
0.055753108114004135,
0.20006242394447327,
0.3773644268512726,
-0.5650692582130432,
-0.7344540357589722,
-0.5244979858398438,
-0.010682926513254642,
0.258905291557312,
-0.2589085102081299,
-0.334800660610199,
-0.040004145354032516,
-0.10949172079563141,
0.7181065678596497,
-0.26385465264320374,
0.13968423008918762,
0.010305101051926613,
-0.04697875306010246,
-0.31544312834739685,
-0.33736252784729004,
-0.5356385707855225,
-0.24806760251522064,
-0.1896260678768158,
0.05365932732820511,
0.18243363499641418,
-0.051862627267837524,
0.3670409917831421,
-0.19357216358184814,
0.37512490153312683,
-0.5050250291824341,
-0.5782454609870911,
0.5406280755996704,
0.1357284039258957,
-0.6366886496543884,
0.3311494290828705,
-0.46260055899620056,
-0.4313211143016815,
0.5549296140670776,
-0.02127150446176529,
-0.1290089339017868,
-0.009568736888468266,
-0.5571841597557068,
-0.10401780158281326,
0.14853104948997498,
-1.2049851417541504,
0.17643138766288757,
0.034244388341903687,
-0.2327556312084198,
0.041116680949926376,
-0.0640469416975975,
-0.3445255160331726,
0.3853554427623749,
0.018733469769358635,
-0.5043879747390747,
-0.4311045706272125,
0.2444027066230774,
-0.31540948152542114,
0.19487622380256653,
-0.6045669317245483,
-0.5116102695465088,
0.002929375972598791,
-0.07058152556419373,
-0.13087235391139984,
0.36569979786872864,
-0.8474254012107849,
-0.42291632294654846,
-0.20053008198738098,
-0.6047664284706116,
-0.1889752894639969,
0.07321351021528244,
-0.1440165489912033,
-0.24395312368869781,
0.25316494703292847,
-0.6913083791732788,
0.27929624915122986,
0.9887552261352539,
-0.16494667530059814,
-0.06952754408121109,
-0.031323451548814774,
0.34161585569381714,
-0.3074820935726166,
0.24011781811714172,
0.1789373904466629,
-0.3466130793094635,
-0.16904316842556,
-0.5723385810852051,
0.19591566920280457,
-1.0201294422149658,
0.0014062616974115372,
0.21256262063980103,
-0.1067468598484993,
0.551776647567749,
-0.02327776700258255,
-0.49708592891693115,
0.14969556033611298,
0.24718418717384338,
-0.06527028232812881,
0.11766594648361206,
0.4664898216724396,
0.6751154661178589,
-0.22519776225090027,
-1.0522822141647339,
-0.603061318397522,
-0.17255227267742157,
-0.3781266510486603,
0.002844940172508359,
-0.2982858419418335,
-0.03560176491737366,
0.04685886949300766,
0.1666712909936905,
0.49445176124572754,
-0.17989978194236755,
-0.4699656665325165,
-0.049393877387046814,
0.5619133710861206,
0.19666549563407898,
0.1620015650987625,
0.12069928646087646,
0.39921456575393677,
0.045242104679346085,
-0.09786182641983032,
-0.5295242667198181,
0.5894972085952759,
1.3489481210708618,
0.09294372797012329,
0.3366304337978363,
-0.07643920183181763,
0.34959882497787476,
0.2971380054950714,
-0.19482149183750153,
0.20491908490657806,
-0.19105780124664307,
0.22644324600696564,
0.11762814968824387,
-0.7890446186065674,
0.6633450388908386,
0.6609671115875244,
0.1879686862230301,
0.06849601864814758,
0.21525757014751434,
-0.0036911822389811277,
0.5070245265960693,
-0.05685529485344887,
1.0867847204208374,
0.38560324907302856,
0.4879489839076996,
-0.13069546222686768,
0.19931334257125854,
-0.25700265169143677,
-0.07576769590377808,
-0.17803002893924713,
-0.5210717916488647,
-0.22028860449790955,
-0.1594420224428177,
-0.1273236870765686,
0.13658471405506134,
0.20585091412067413,
0.5012727975845337,
0.02744317054748535,
-0.5882733464241028,
-0.6248478889465332,
0.10490354150533676,
-0.757411003112793,
-0.4506600499153137,
0.09911826252937317,
-0.7147070169448853,
-0.8442451357841492,
-0.777732789516449,
-0.4139217138290405,
-0.05952149257063866,
-0.42685335874557495,
-0.20376306772232056,
-0.43281126022338867,
0.46784043312072754,
-0.5522300004959106,
-0.45205822587013245,
-0.22218073904514313,
-0.2017667144536972,
-0.6947222352027893,
0.8738404512405396,
-0.1070658415555954,
0.05701802298426628,
-0.5542982816696167,
0.5327295660972595,
0.4798671305179596,
0.030268371105194092,
0.3650878071784973,
-0.19855688512325287,
0.030115537345409393,
-0.21819914877414703,
-0.46924689412117004,
-0.1731194704771042,
0.10155150294303894,
-0.3811451196670532,
0.2088438719511032,
0.4062269330024719,
-0.9524171948432922,
-0.42903605103492737,
0.6370776295661926,
-0.059320081025362015,
-0.18760164082050323,
-0.1489957869052887,
-0.3266943693161011,
-0.08467839658260345,
1.1087193489074707,
0.04487864673137665,
-0.6270151138305664,
0.5190176963806152,
0.06599312275648117,
0.04686791077256203,
0.019507743418216705,
-0.16210702061653137,
0.048990316689014435,
-0.35099560022354126,
-0.12195724993944168,
0.699634850025177,
0.06887917965650558,
-0.23194628953933716,
0.382885217666626,
-0.15778833627700806,
0.03614337742328644,
0.5510548949241638,
-0.13730275630950928,
0.695193886756897,
0.41321274638175964,
0.4342927932739258,
-0.2500923275947571,
-0.4018818736076355,
-0.15230299532413483,
0.4524702727794647,
0.1565985530614853,
-0.14664830267429352,
0.16389203071594238,
0.23454166948795319,
0.2859548330307007,
0.15754690766334534,
0.06227148324251175,
-0.6035146713256836,
0.7881913781166077,
-0.3714374899864197,
-0.9949893355369568,
0.005334807559847832,
-0.0046785385347902775,
-0.10856103152036667,
1.2950059175491333,
0.03473266586661339,
-0.4251250624656677,
0.07890433818101883,
-0.18217825889587402,
-0.4552255868911743,
0.00105036492459476,
0.5873551368713379,
-0.13629098236560822,
0.00039449339965358377,
0.019152218475937843,
0.38877904415130615,
-0.08959183096885681,
0.12074717879295349,
0.42517679929733276,
-0.2462964504957199,
-0.04471784457564354,
-0.2578967213630676,
0.16336624324321747,
0.12639860808849335,
-0.22811390459537506,
-0.608910083770752,
0.005839117802679539,
-0.07864975184202194,
-0.34279754757881165,
-0.03264344111084938,
0.21869471669197083,
-0.37952086329460144,
0.19572268426418304,
-0.21037276089191437,
-0.4343773424625397,
0.38896799087524414,
-0.0625762864947319,
-0.014214441180229187,
-0.0815979540348053,
0.5783448219299316,
0.53460693359375,
-0.03053339384496212,
0.16333512961864471,
0.5163988471031189,
-0.17584513127803802,
-0.04539031907916069,
-0.34066104888916016,
0.19134414196014404,
-0.123011514544487,
0.34472420811653137,
-0.3745786249637604,
0.9268203377723694,
-0.0589115284383297,
0.38184791803359985,
-0.17386502027511597,
0.42703309655189514,
0.009778385981917381,
0.01354909036308527,
0.6274179816246033,
0.062011998146772385,
-0.3832889497280121,
0.05605507642030716,
-0.05412701889872551,
0.015865378081798553,
0.14121057093143463,
-0.7425097823143005,
0.09866660833358765,
0.10957857221364975,
0.20770525932312012,
-0.02236488088965416,
-0.01182987168431282,
0.7467667460441589,
-0.27162060141563416,
-0.4041467010974884,
-0.5784274339675903,
-0.08351577073335648,
-0.4208296537399292,
-0.5924661159515381,
0.35565245151519775,
0.4838940501213074,
0.5969991683959961,
-0.9464036822319031,
0.8937680125236511,
0.10432285070419312,
0.15154507756233215,
-0.147820383310318,
0.967693030834198,
0.2675454616546631,
0.13315023481845856,
-0.1573176234960556,
0.3236197233200073,
0.5981920957565308,
-0.0646977424621582,
-0.40447577834129333,
0.7375116348266602,
-0.4246789515018463,
0.25830575823783875,
0.22488290071487427,
-0.3060055673122406,
0.4697588384151459,
0.5916954874992371,
0.07504992932081223
] |
256883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille | Bataille | Bataille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christian Bataille (born 1946), French politician
Frédéric Bataille (1850–1946), French educator, poet and mycologist
Georges Bataille (1897–1962), French intellectual and literary figure
Henri Jules Bataille (1816–1882), French general
Henry Bataille (1872–1922), French dramatist and poet
Laetitia Bataille, French journalist and writer
Laurence Bataille (1930–1986), French psychoanalyst and writer
Matthieu Bataille (born 1978), French judoka
Nicolas Bataille (1926–2008), French comedian and director
Sylvia Bataille (1908–1993), French actress | [
-0.18124239146709442,
0.46663737297058105,
-0.6002928614616394,
-0.4324690103530884,
-0.21992546319961548,
0.3244771957397461,
0.47837984561920166,
0.5528070330619812,
-0.480317622423172,
-0.8317501544952393,
-0.45841023325920105,
0.2909952700138092,
-0.37019288539886475,
0.3430440127849579,
-0.024866284802556038,
0.05585309863090515,
-0.1529792994260788,
0.3007183074951172,
0.31348714232444763,
-0.8682347536087036,
-0.09845972806215286,
0.08739615231752396,
-0.06300476938486099,
-0.5045208930969238,
0.3372524380683899,
0.09710490703582764,
0.0604051873087883,
0.4652259051799774,
0.40941476821899414,
0.5093515515327454,
-0.1258942037820816,
0.7851859331130981,
0.1165127232670784,
-0.22485168278217316,
-0.2832236886024475,
-0.049862589687108994,
0.17162156105041504,
-0.38086721301078796,
0.17638185620307922,
-0.27298250794410706,
0.3954855799674988,
-0.22910913825035095,
0.291885107755661,
-0.00010548741556704044,
-0.4510624408721924,
-0.2438707798719406,
-1.7793681621551514,
0.5140425562858582,
-0.33765077590942383,
-0.4211100935935974,
0.4318924844264984,
-0.040439289063215256,
0.19234375655651093,
0.4649261236190796,
0.2319137006998062,
0.5021774172782898,
-1.1561200618743896,
0.18652218580245972,
0.19528961181640625,
-0.14087489247322083,
0.1757580190896988,
-0.03415263816714287,
0.6048902273178101,
0.1332392692565918,
0.350757360458374,
0.12420252710580826,
-0.1804833859205246,
0.021942617371678352,
-0.346560537815094,
0.28517812490463257,
0.012053485959768295,
-0.228655144572258,
0.5264912247657776,
0.06279753148555756,
-0.5343230366706848,
0.2687574326992035,
-0.5620137453079224,
0.17725497484207153,
0.06412826478481293,
0.3859296441078186,
0.0563526414334774,
-0.4097709655761719,
0.2756563425064087,
0.17386983335018158,
0.1875000298023224,
0.7708570957183838,
-0.5883303880691528,
0.19882524013519287,
-0.2070123255252838,
0.5553615689277649,
-0.3585355877876282,
-0.5219342112541199,
0.13969162106513977,
-0.04680446907877922,
0.12235768884420395,
0.17577838897705078,
-0.16986750066280365,
-0.06433907896280289,
-0.22709709405899048,
0.4904986321926117,
0.09934502094984055,
0.23950976133346558,
0.22980642318725586,
-0.0347253680229187,
-0.2375468760728836,
-0.39739173650741577,
-1.075092077255249,
0.0040442864410579205,
-0.20352444052696228,
-1.377504825592041,
-0.37809523940086365,
0.32761138677597046,
-0.1678084284067154,
-0.1859743595123291,
0.13770633935928345,
0.21881502866744995,
0.63883376121521,
-0.5493857264518738,
0.29551002383232117,
0.21965983510017395,
0.03985603153705597,
0.4081132113933563,
-0.0564928874373436,
0.21252024173736572,
0.10386671870946884,
0.060821037739515305,
0.33595505356788635,
-0.07051048427820206,
0.0722157284617424,
0.12685610353946686,
-0.006036475300788879,
0.8130258917808533,
-0.3279480040073395,
-0.3412308394908905,
0.0018457700498402119,
-0.5010034441947937,
0.3540758788585663,
0.42680594325065613,
0.13564933836460114,
0.4148058295249939,
-0.8756404519081116,
0.2922922968864441,
-1.6419130563735962,
0.19814950227737427,
0.39401164650917053,
0.06429413706064224,
-0.18606869876384735,
-0.4737565219402313,
0.5925913453102112,
0.14878609776496887,
-0.12793995440006256,
-0.20206382870674133,
0.15609340369701385,
0.24177707731723785,
-0.4259805679321289,
0.010147289372980595,
0.7342124581336975,
-0.14664572477340698,
0.496585488319397,
0.1553642898797989,
-0.04431964457035065,
-0.23987889289855957,
0.6248526573181152,
0.42261025309562683,
0.2578672468662262,
-0.0011549171758815646,
-0.30542415380477905,
0.07938319444656372,
-0.14039504528045654,
-0.04364565387368202,
-0.8137381672859192,
-0.25709447264671326,
0.3868078887462616,
-0.5903711915016174,
0.13322189450263977,
0.29488101601600647,
0.3121686577796936,
-0.30715715885162354,
0.5984240770339966,
-0.48377782106399536,
-0.18917688727378845,
0.4992501437664032,
0.3684907853603363,
-0.17676414549350739,
0.735588788986206,
0.13327574729919434,
0.5105190873146057,
-0.532098650932312,
0.026413658633828163,
0.10131673514842987,
-0.3963886499404907,
-0.32026463747024536,
0.42768606543540955,
-0.5971676111221313,
0.4422678053379059,
-0.35512790083885193,
-0.02484426647424698,
0.7405340671539307,
0.3811917006969452,
0.9221460819244385,
-0.5663803815841675,
-0.12835311889648438,
0.3817967176437378,
-0.08631791174411774,
-0.5879129767417908,
1.898500919342041,
0.25579068064689636,
0.5762349963188171,
0.42061784863471985,
0.5448523759841919,
0.927717924118042,
-0.12042929232120514,
0.4232387840747833,
0.08760363608598709,
0.15764494240283966,
-0.1907094120979309,
-0.10653766244649887,
0.34824836254119873,
-0.3305710554122925,
0.10821410268545151,
0.09823399037122726,
-0.35514602065086365,
-0.20273321866989136,
0.7111966609954834,
0.08586100488901138,
0.8234151601791382,
0.4843340218067169,
-0.09845126420259476,
-0.11403438448905945,
-0.9462249279022217,
0.28288137912750244,
-0.16054308414459229,
-0.05746513977646828,
-0.2272179275751114,
-0.6177995800971985,
0.033573977649211884,
-0.034751396626234055,
-0.45829325914382935,
0.09747777879238129,
-0.32850751280784607,
0.32147061824798584,
0.743751049041748,
-0.058632075786590576,
0.068586066365242,
0.11536375433206558,
0.1895255297422409,
-0.027945861220359802,
0.2862415313720703,
0.7376305460929871,
-0.18878458440303802,
0.6039799451828003,
0.03192498907446861,
0.025215383619070053,
-0.47058048844337463,
0.0777992457151413,
-0.4279884397983551,
0.27241426706314087,
0.6948940753936768,
0.004593805409967899,
0.07307735085487366,
-0.14291468262672424,
0.12408065050840378,
0.19899329543113708,
0.5071916580200195,
-0.23385542631149292,
-0.33183422684669495,
0.21862542629241943,
0.1195332407951355,
0.5475850701332092,
0.3186923563480377,
-0.24555563926696777,
-0.12213299423456192,
-0.20908032357692719,
-2.124537229537964,
0.19203750789165497,
0.34827014803886414,
-0.6052721738815308,
0.7375428080558777,
-0.5908092260360718,
0.3062419891357422,
-0.12555427849292755,
0.6738158464431763,
-0.04233234375715256,
0.11885599046945572,
0.1404172033071518,
-0.4954681098461151,
0.5898526310920715,
-0.6050153374671936,
0.1572553962469101,
-0.0371127650141716,
0.1952880322933197,
-0.5497764348983765,
-0.551658034324646,
0.31761065125465393,
-0.4224188029766083,
-0.4209800660610199,
-0.2704346477985382,
-0.33537378907203674,
-0.3718377649784088,
-0.7169380187988281,
-0.42349883913993835,
0.3209344446659088,
-0.1486373245716095,
-0.0322907492518425,
0.599083423614502,
0.37465032935142517,
0.04444379359483719,
0.3751017153263092,
-5.169917106628418,
0.026625312864780426,
0.5314388871192932,
0.07338154315948486,
-0.07734128832817078,
-0.06807954609394073,
0.5636242628097534,
-0.3324488699436188,
-0.2671508491039276,
-0.0294790118932724,
-0.35551369190216064,
-0.3138006925582886,
0.3632376790046692,
0.26622965931892395,
0.35322341322898865,
0.4113963842391968,
0.24316582083702087,
-0.09992620348930359,
0.28456583619117737,
-0.08460380136966705,
0.19564110040664673,
0.38493290543556213,
0.1318967193365097,
0.03482376039028168,
-0.1025480404496193,
0.03815397247672081,
0.07911920547485352,
0.040623076260089874,
-0.9587792754173279,
-0.07810139656066895,
-0.054405711591243744,
0.20094025135040283,
0.639735758304596,
-0.23513539135456085,
-0.42913636565208435,
-0.6978599429130554,
0.606018602848053,
0.10093619674444199,
0.30871710181236267,
-0.314989298582077,
-0.19072362780570984,
1.0179334878921509,
-0.22720132768154144,
0.3207067549228668,
0.11987815052270889,
-0.4146480858325958,
-0.7138082385063171,
0.054399773478507996,
0.042078424245119095,
0.46963873505592346,
-0.0778919905424118,
-0.7468652129173279,
0.5101591348648071,
-0.1407153159379959,
0.8989386558532715,
-0.28048843145370483,
0.6259488463401794,
-0.5150724053382874,
-0.1506318598985672,
0.4877054691314697,
0.41518402099609375,
-0.27883225679397583,
0.7851647138595581,
-0.27408358454704285,
0.5941405296325684,
-0.8755062818527222,
-0.3532510995864868,
0.010772662237286568,
-0.04157928377389908,
-0.09385383129119873,
0.10123104602098465,
0.18967273831367493,
-0.3386732041835785,
-0.8030399680137634,
-0.0987846851348877,
-0.1363055258989334,
-0.22471173107624054,
0.11952391266822815,
0.22389285266399384,
-0.13152168691158295,
-0.1570603847503662,
-0.11333561688661575,
-0.71650630235672,
0.03818351402878761,
0.22143349051475525,
-0.16951103508472443,
-0.48227980732917786,
0.5576717257499695,
-0.4035699665546417,
-0.11849522590637207,
0.2542933523654938,
-0.2961390018463135,
0.3515663146972656,
0.02448219805955887,
-0.5383145809173584,
0.3545050621032715,
-0.09743981063365936,
-0.9232994318008423,
0.31600505113601685,
0.42489656805992126,
-0.16862814128398895,
-0.27363866567611694,
0.078948475420475,
-0.4918659031391144,
0.07225889712572098,
-0.15721704065799713,
0.18887390196323395,
0.43180039525032043,
0.6059066653251648,
0.3662806749343872,
-0.06988514959812164,
0.30103856325149536,
-0.4025343358516693,
-0.7080317139625549,
0.5708494782447815,
-0.5655094385147095,
0.030971575528383255,
0.07680629193782806,
0.0007178473751991987,
-0.1192503273487091,
-0.1498526781797409,
0.5653897523880005,
-0.4102124869823456,
-0.0054768966510891914,
-0.08294287323951721,
-0.36276036500930786,
-0.042524199932813644,
-0.43935322761535645,
-0.3353748619556427,
-0.19416579604148865,
-0.24901926517486572,
0.30133339762687683,
0.10636107623577118,
-0.06581804901361465,
0.07979317009449005,
-0.7842144966125488,
-0.47663480043411255,
-0.21773846447467804,
0.06656013429164886,
-0.7469973564147949,
0.2919667363166809,
-0.012670069932937622,
0.09777747094631195,
0.11440173536539078,
0.08358290046453476,
0.35906943678855896,
0.1390066295862198,
0.3371026813983917,
-0.6610726714134216,
0.6880781054496765,
0.20974303781986237,
-0.1420668512582779,
0.44809916615486145,
-0.3663283586502075,
-0.413401335477829,
0.08905894309282303,
0.2507081925868988,
0.5052182078361511,
-0.1674041748046875,
0.28929129242897034,
0.05199198052287102,
-0.01194064412266016,
-1.1139339208602905,
0.15867936611175537,
0.507112443447113,
-0.6244848966598511,
-0.10512121021747589,
-0.6285067796707153,
-0.8002506494522095,
0.6022080183029175,
-0.4829293191432953,
-0.7992082238197327,
-0.5327965617179871,
-0.5610069036483765,
0.22874067723751068,
-0.19119693338871002,
0.16035085916519165,
0.588641881942749,
-0.07523152977228165,
-0.15550652146339417,
0.26289835572242737,
0.24125808477401733,
0.027899812906980515,
1.0422170162200928,
0.2364417165517807,
-0.3719022274017334,
0.1592709869146347,
-0.030694685876369476,
-0.5025607943534851,
-0.18781854212284088,
-0.22124578058719635,
0.27064794301986694,
0.22322021424770355,
0.4093816876411438,
-0.49491438269615173,
-0.2939205765724182,
0.019526805728673935,
0.24407857656478882,
-0.09484443813562393,
-0.2443818897008896,
-0.17806746065616608,
0.5091156959533691,
0.19024939835071564,
0.23661752045154572,
0.04966503009200096,
-0.25596097111701965,
0.5678821206092834,
0.09707822650671005,
-0.6064091920852661,
0.35788726806640625,
-0.24709095060825348,
-1.4071882963180542,
0.41674622893333435,
0.5449353456497192,
-0.18407371640205383,
-0.611556351184845,
0.4221374988555908,
0.029914312064647675,
-0.34189504384994507,
-0.12387927621603012,
0.506199061870575,
-0.5459026098251343,
-0.07270219922065735,
-0.11645027995109558,
-0.3564116060733795,
0.40996354818344116,
0.3544122576713562,
0.5845831036567688,
0.9960066676139832,
-0.2144397795200348,
-0.2824343740940094,
0.12501052021980286,
-0.062000520527362823,
-0.3061613142490387,
-0.3568946421146393,
-0.07610061764717102,
0.12367220968008041,
0.31400081515312195,
-0.05621952563524246,
-0.36842915415763855,
0.6059248447418213,
0.9017726182937622,
0.15483108162879944,
-0.05656826123595238,
-0.18944817781448364,
0.36926618218421936,
-0.2217944860458374,
-0.5458020567893982,
-0.24342162907123566,
0.4886489808559418,
-0.6488639116287231,
0.036073680967092514,
-0.8399039506912231,
-0.08616016805171967,
0.755045473575592,
-0.020565669983625412,
0.05102059990167618,
0.5479668378829956,
0.308402955532074,
0.9361080527305603,
-0.2512419819831848,
0.22516821324825287,
-0.26285281777381897,
0.07195395231246948,
0.1832832247018814,
0.3322213888168335,
-0.10676231235265732,
0.17774786055088043,
0.2860867977142334,
-0.0007163332775235176,
-0.2843058109283447,
-0.3104894161224365,
0.03967408090829849,
0.060933515429496765,
-0.4246293902397156,
0.22460250556468964,
0.22714103758335114,
-0.2077944576740265,
0.17677144706249237,
-0.468557745218277,
0.3062945604324341,
0.15538986027240753,
0.5867570638656616,
-0.49741408228874207,
0.5001372694969177,
-0.22373707592487335,
-0.09506495296955109,
0.13749197125434875,
-0.19136112928390503,
0.1628410518169403,
-0.39200645685195923,
-0.3244355618953705,
-0.04621708393096924,
0.4621013104915619,
0.14341267943382263,
0.1001497209072113,
-0.6342660188674927,
0.3556322753429413,
0.21352317929267883,
0.408994197845459,
-0.6374022960662842,
0.6305479407310486,
-0.026826201006770134,
-0.34384164214134216,
-0.059115298092365265,
0.48260021209716797,
0.039458028972148895,
-0.6385040283203125,
0.31159377098083496,
0.00768123148009181,
-0.20969414710998535,
0.3070879578590393,
-0.18888570368289948,
0.44203662872314453,
-0.10898921638727188,
0.3307061195373535,
0.30397453904151917,
-0.5665448307991028,
-0.3757384419441223,
0.016412202268838882,
0.013523847796022892,
-0.6146823167800903,
0.2617504298686981,
0.05879988893866539,
-0.1091807410120964,
0.922093391418457,
-0.06033550947904587,
-0.22420690953731537,
0.08183909952640533,
-0.6123426556587219,
0.7845137119293213,
0.1895386278629303,
-0.8751410245895386,
0.2723540663719177,
-0.6017295718193054,
-0.31631991267204285,
0.05363752320408821,
-0.19962160289287567,
0.16839508712291718,
0.2400394231081009,
0.3371509909629822,
0.49867311120033264,
-0.3607347905635834,
-0.3002011179924011,
-0.16191396117210388,
-0.08669177442789078,
-0.37356048822402954,
0.5490622520446777,
0.3521590530872345,
0.27387434244155884,
0.420260488986969,
0.15610866248607635,
0.03099857084453106,
0.011168969795107841,
0.318695992231369,
-0.21446026861667633,
0.03845880925655365,
-0.1775313764810562,
-0.33902135491371155,
-1.3638418912887573,
-0.03248519077897072,
-0.5901481509208679,
0.24405069649219513,
0.15718430280685425,
-0.34932541847229004,
-0.011184999719262123,
0.4784749746322632,
0.012749898247420788,
0.08512374013662338,
0.22492451965808868,
0.15410888195037842,
-0.04291629046201706,
-0.08320033550262451,
0.4087241291999817,
0.24661995470523834,
-0.12303601950407028,
0.0380353219807148,
-0.08205506950616837,
0.22013159096240997,
-0.36487963795661926,
0.27826324105262756,
-0.00006612043216591701,
-0.4727339446544647,
-0.5088958144187927,
0.13031595945358276,
-0.14318576455116272,
-0.5916017889976501,
0.2783884108066559,
0.4489658772945404,
0.24844413995742798,
0.48287129402160645,
-0.5057038068771362,
-0.1646486222743988,
-0.08318787068128586,
-0.3598948121070862,
-0.33806082606315613,
-0.6183010935783386,
0.6149615049362183,
-0.18279729783535004,
-0.11227013170719147,
0.037375643849372864,
0.1745532602071762,
-0.0616927370429039,
-0.4949306845664978,
0.6196926236152649,
-0.05689266696572304,
-0.03447001799941063,
0.17104513943195343,
-0.6531924605369568,
0.17008845508098602,
0.3480570912361145,
-0.3696947395801544,
-0.42343273758888245,
0.47168809175491333,
0.14124168455600739,
-0.5906450748443604,
0.42327219247817993,
-0.22456763684749603,
0.08195267617702484,
-0.6428853273391724,
0.6842878460884094,
-0.1898573935031891,
0.4312678873538971,
0.3178091049194336,
-0.21350330114364624,
-0.5933530926704407,
0.08901868760585785,
-0.4076734781265259,
0.12083788961172104,
0.03625110536813736,
0.02973354235291481,
0.7273375391960144,
-0.3769230246543884,
-0.4144538640975952,
-0.27596619725227356,
-0.19827216863632202,
0.5975513458251953,
0.645001232624054,
0.11813993752002716,
0.1329461634159088,
0.28986552357673645,
-0.1092863604426384,
0.44667473435401917,
0.17321598529815674,
-3.8053202629089355,
0.11657854914665222,
-0.24365238845348358,
-0.20867449045181274,
0.31225019693374634,
-0.004134494811296463,
0.0179966539144516,
0.0631161630153656,
0.8234949111938477,
0.1899561882019043,
-0.050687797367572784,
-0.5109763145446777,
0.00936740543693304,
-0.8058209419250488,
-0.021898936480283737,
-0.08392450213432312
] |
256893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAA | RAA | RAA or Raa may refer to:
RAA
Ralph Appelbaum Associates, museum exhibition design firms
Ramos Arizpe Assembly, a General Motors automobile factory in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico
Reasoned action approach, a psychological theory to explain behavior
Reciprocal Access Agreement, a bilateral defense and security pact between Australia and Japan
Recreation and Amusement Association, a system of brothels set up by the Japanese government for US occupation forces
Recreational Aviation Australia, governing body for ultralights in Australia
Reductio ad absurdum, a style of logical argument or formal rule inference
Reeve Aleutian Airways, an airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska
Regional Airline Association
Requiem: Avenging Angel, a 1999 first-person shooter video game
Research on Armenian Architecture
Resource acquisition ability, a term in social psychology.
Right atrial appendage
Royal Artillery Association, an association of serving or former Royal Regiment of Artillery soldiers
Royal Australian Artillery, a corps in the Australian Army
Royal Automobile Association, of South Australia, also known as RAA
Ruby Application Archive
The Rural Alberta Advantage, a Canadian indie band
, the Swedish National Heritage Board
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, another name for the renin–angiotensin system
Raa
, or , the personification of the sun in Māori mythology
Raa (film), a 2001 Telugu film
Raa (surname)
Raa Atoll, an administrative division of the Maldives
Raa, the fourth consonant of the Thaana abugaida used in Dhivehi | [
0.4644390344619751,
0.5062872171401978,
-0.4877219796180725,
-0.04043423756957054,
0.11760162562131882,
0.5550308227539062,
0.03417211025953293,
-0.24712461233139038,
-0.1862463653087616,
0.26643070578575134,
-0.19758647680282593,
0.1540113091468811,
0.023983463644981384,
0.2301909327507019,
-0.20528504252433777,
0.4767089784145355,
0.12491141259670258,
0.14225342869758606,
0.15146134793758392,
0.21163789927959442,
-0.3305009603500366,
-0.1243593841791153,
0.5300915241241455,
-0.5298793911933899,
0.296416699886322,
-0.2530880570411682,
0.19199329614639282,
0.4072968363761902,
-0.33598196506500244,
0.3480696380138397,
0.1670672446489334,
0.29294848442077637,
0.019363392144441605,
-0.40028631687164307,
0.19670630991458893,
0.17150089144706726,
-0.2840820252895355,
0.02798871509730816,
-0.13252456486225128,
-0.3738963305950165,
0.045086003839969635,
-0.21512846648693085,
0.4356847107410431,
-0.101873978972435,
-0.26568323373794556,
-0.0569002591073513,
-1.6562016010284424,
0.3845873475074768,
-0.38945624232292175,
0.4169404208660126,
-0.11393433809280396,
0.35357964038848877,
0.11535940319299698,
-0.006866959389299154,
0.10930974781513214,
0.6553910970687866,
-0.40015968680381775,
-0.5447202324867249,
0.14556419849395752,
-1.119221806526184,
0.33798572421073914,
0.20767849683761597,
0.3507201373577118,
0.2749711871147156,
0.24418051540851593,
0.2251565307378769,
0.04945870488882065,
-0.4463077485561371,
-0.33853158354759216,
-0.2014942616224289,
-0.13783448934555054,
-0.15674881637096405,
-0.5420244336128235,
0.0035806256346404552,
-0.39334630966186523,
-0.4721986651420593,
-0.315497487783432,
0.08717402070760727,
-0.19502559304237366,
0.17709901928901672,
0.462938517332077,
-0.0632234513759613,
0.5536335110664368,
-0.2981113791465759,
0.5786486268043518,
-0.2234647125005722,
-0.8038068413734436,
-0.32343071699142456,
-0.2924341559410095,
-0.09849328547716141,
-0.2541995942592621,
-0.33046939969062805,
0.3895275592803955,
0.48770084977149963,
-0.5155569911003113,
-0.005885915365070105,
0.24342869222164154,
-0.12215298414230347,
0.2098226696252823,
0.051115117967128754,
-0.565443217754364,
-0.08399363607168198,
0.3645484447479248,
0.10089746862649918,
-0.3453906774520874,
0.079017274081707,
-0.38030949234962463,
-0.11720848828554153,
-0.13011544942855835,
0.02424805797636509,
-0.1620299071073532,
0.22803914546966553,
0.2917254567146301,
-0.289333313703537,
-0.13436391949653625,
-0.16312362253665924,
0.3954600691795349,
-0.3977365493774414,
-0.0007027892279438674,
0.1660667508840561,
0.6140037775039673,
0.9093949794769287,
-0.08434293419122696,
0.32628726959228516,
0.13585351407527924,
-0.06398869305849075,
0.681578516960144,
0.32594063878059387,
-0.8559728860855103,
0.1886468529701233,
-0.03406626731157303,
-0.05386577546596527,
-0.02060147002339363,
0.39744898676872253,
-0.1354612410068512,
0.14057865738868713,
-0.3225802779197693,
-0.25655797123908997,
0.6344495415687561,
0.3767847716808319,
-0.7242835760116577,
-0.5695717334747314,
-0.19045311212539673,
-0.3705499470233917,
0.3492361307144165,
-0.18590369820594788,
0.0679897889494896,
0.011822068132460117,
-0.42537736892700195,
-0.4081151783466339,
0.23196949064731598,
-0.3238743245601654,
-0.6437247395515442,
0.1655634343624115,
0.046994760632514954,
0.44340434670448303,
0.4712253212928772,
-0.3772704005241394,
0.16095051169395447,
0.2986181378364563,
0.00195877393707633,
0.4810231924057007,
-0.65072101354599,
0.31816473603248596,
0.10672376304864883,
-0.010617236606776714,
-0.2933617830276489,
0.45046043395996094,
0.0837092474102974,
-0.2876734733581543,
0.0035660648718476295,
-0.22348062694072723,
0.7861420512199402,
0.09022925794124603,
-0.5657764077186584,
0.0005971740465611219,
0.7252780199050903,
-0.054656706750392914,
-0.013385715894401073,
0.4152509272098541,
-0.5213912725448608,
0.23679374158382416,
-0.5004525184631348,
0.04438959062099457,
-0.2047559767961502,
-0.37434127926826477,
0.44167229533195496,
-0.1947944164276123,
-0.201174795627594,
0.09315672516822815,
-0.5304599404335022,
-0.32221147418022156,
0.39571651816368103,
-0.7525041699409485,
0.6418758034706116,
-0.10227999836206436,
-0.7829431295394897,
1.1764100790023804,
0.001436346909031272,
0.4467993378639221,
-0.1770849972963333,
0.3459252119064331,
0.41501477360725403,
-0.45116177201271057,
-0.1426878422498703,
0.032046783715486526,
0.47308310866355896,
0.4601442217826843,
-0.00017106176528614014,
0.12045014649629593,
0.07355604320764542,
-0.2794067859649658,
0.25791671872138977,
-0.3490188717842102,
0.5630041360855103,
-0.5333879590034485,
-0.718191921710968,
0.27763357758522034,
-0.17101863026618958,
0.0021803888957947493,
0.8704030513763428,
-0.1698625385761261,
-0.04080706089735031,
0.05270681157708168,
-0.1580909788608551,
0.7561708688735962,
0.530329704284668,
0.2536778151988983,
0.5394611954689026,
-0.4401685297489166,
0.6983823776245117,
-0.06379996985197067,
0.022628867998719215,
-0.7960644960403442,
0.29287299513816833,
0.18052159249782562,
-0.0877370536327362,
-0.17291754484176636,
0.8435258865356445,
0.12409055978059769,
-0.2926972806453705,
0.2509459853172302,
-0.28036120533943176,
0.045475538820028305,
0.35957959294319153,
-0.6198267340660095,
0.0863739401102066,
-0.2962418496608734,
-0.1949782520532608,
0.6200202703475952,
-0.3932202160358429,
0.4097825586795807,
0.23069283366203308,
0.2795708179473877,
0.19171614944934845,
0.3581351339817047,
-0.2200150042772293,
-0.39241281151771545,
-0.07148910313844681,
-0.715289294719696,
-0.5676379203796387,
-0.07027167826890945,
0.2920677661895752,
-0.20907914638519287,
0.6622991561889648,
-0.3714918792247772,
-0.18163399398326874,
-0.4116291403770447,
0.5658535957336426,
0.557279646396637,
0.5709655284881592,
-0.1341124027967453,
-0.040804218500852585,
0.08055233955383301,
-0.2980237901210785,
-0.34372323751449585,
-0.08893333375453949,
0.1670745462179184,
-0.35012131929397583,
-0.08973418176174164,
0.2751023471355438,
0.09667520970106125,
-0.01194614265114069,
-0.7188246250152588,
0.17682261765003204,
0.35644418001174927,
0.3980865776538849,
0.13068857789039612,
-0.3394441604614258,
-0.04031344875693321,
-0.25759509205818176,
-0.00527193583548069,
-0.32371383905410767,
-0.057277336716651917,
0.42642050981521606,
0.1590806096792221,
0.050867073237895966,
0.0004963729297742248,
0.01262839324772358,
-0.1372966766357422,
-0.25623297691345215,
0.15661989152431488,
-0.48837360739707947,
0.13573916256427765,
0.28853681683540344,
0.41180646419525146,
-0.06937692314386368,
-0.15162009000778198,
-6.212632656097412,
-0.2699195444583893,
-0.5476013422012329,
0.02334672212600708,
0.07918901741504669,
0.15671686828136444,
0.40990185737609863,
-0.11196471005678177,
-0.0472753532230854,
-0.6114151477813721,
0.4995197057723999,
-0.2953251302242279,
0.5071758031845093,
0.526445209980011,
0.12866924703121185,
0.25009700655937195,
0.26554667949676514,
0.3002855181694031,
0.05713622272014618,
0.285494863986969,
0.1581461876630783,
-0.2634357810020447,
-0.0811803862452507,
0.20038612186908722,
0.12411681562662125,
0.20725759863853455,
-0.6478264331817627,
0.26001477241516113,
-0.16811156272888184,
-0.43560242652893066,
0.058759238570928574,
-0.22268988192081451,
-0.41557076573371887,
0.02006475254893303,
0.05638279765844345,
0.26461896300315857,
0.403970867395401,
-0.20371268689632416,
0.5746938586235046,
0.297775000333786,
-0.11713253706693649,
0.2642047703266144,
0.09982780367136002,
-0.14992420375347137,
0.10583163797855377,
-0.26362043619155884,
-0.41090860962867737,
0.3783279359340668,
-0.20658625662326813,
0.49147266149520874,
0.2700013518333435,
0.5284765958786011,
0.49787914752960205,
0.5701807737350464,
0.0010865996591746807,
0.02498069405555725,
-0.07748614251613617,
0.05907970666885376,
0.30272725224494934,
0.48582595586776733,
0.36372828483581543,
-0.7511005997657776,
0.18406546115875244,
-0.5762689113616943,
-0.6711719632148743,
-0.0960143655538559,
0.16004370152950287,
-0.11367736756801605,
0.28982672095298767,
0.0028991030994802713,
-0.23198872804641724,
-0.06949959695339203,
-0.5318441987037659,
-1.1272239685058594,
0.12276546657085419,
-0.31488552689552307,
0.6230485439300537,
-0.1377636045217514,
0.11188995838165283,
0.058261897414922714,
0.06379903107881546,
-0.23654380440711975,
-0.10312731564044952,
-0.6208066344261169,
-0.039969101548194885,
-0.11423984915018082,
0.24667295813560486,
0.6427595019340515,
-0.2355777770280838,
0.22448576986789703,
0.474504679441452,
0.03898075222969055,
0.2454557567834854,
0.10674453526735306,
0.3111409544944763,
0.3300924599170685,
0.14956435561180115,
-0.3676735460758209,
0.916286051273346,
0.1776839643716812,
-0.18199563026428223,
-0.20117542147636414,
-0.050224777311086655,
-0.29822030663490295,
0.01946866512298584,
0.013741450384259224,
-0.0033489898778498173,
-0.24254484474658966,
0.46289414167404175,
-0.10341797769069672,
-0.18869814276695251,
-0.04342402517795563,
-0.12417490035295486,
-0.06796902418136597,
0.5282014608383179,
0.023018717765808105,
-0.11745482683181763,
0.44762998819351196,
0.2508942782878876,
-0.06663351505994797,
0.0014306689845398068,
-0.11285914480686188,
-0.37768977880477905,
0.1889432817697525,
0.05804647132754326,
-0.23823407292366028,
-0.023539043962955475,
0.5235776901245117,
-0.108846515417099,
0.19358329474925995,
0.056514352560043335,
0.2742762863636017,
0.07767310738563538,
0.5377066731452942,
0.20831608772277832,
0.07062675803899765,
0.07664667814970016,
-0.07733763754367828,
0.1388801634311676,
-0.03217001259326935,
0.19318565726280212,
-0.2630122900009155,
-0.0691898763179779,
0.08156599849462509,
0.13922905921936035,
0.6362441778182983,
-0.04711956903338432,
-0.5808439254760742,
0.1258472055196762,
0.17701950669288635,
0.0169582087546587,
-0.3333066999912262,
0.3014846742153168,
-0.2063029259443283,
-0.3987393081188202,
-0.3647705316543579,
0.14117126166820526,
-0.2282877117395401,
-0.08907659351825714,
0.12566401064395905,
0.5923637747764587,
0.23582521080970764,
-1.4266180992126465,
-0.4069317579269409,
-0.22697751224040985,
-0.35117512941360474,
-0.09895679354667664,
-0.2582437992095947,
-0.13485193252563477,
-0.12149058282375336,
0.08344826102256775,
-0.6095367074012756,
-0.011072793044149876,
-0.17421242594718933,
0.14050202071666718,
0.20191910862922668,
0.16954489052295685,
-0.7254658937454224,
-0.12501046061515808,
-0.12362821400165558,
0.17120127379894257,
0.13671498000621796,
-0.34668514132499695,
0.4110982418060303,
0.014286844059824944,
-0.31685036420822144,
0.11226138472557068,
0.35429254174232483,
-0.0011901597026735544,
-0.5540551543235779,
-0.2647881805896759,
-0.10066317021846771,
0.6251192688941956,
0.11110298335552216,
-0.21855583786964417,
-0.286088764667511,
0.33526790142059326,
0.3549240827560425,
-0.11182404309511185,
0.06957125663757324,
0.15178513526916504,
-0.1151161715388298,
-0.5822552442550659,
0.17990045249462128,
-0.06499288976192474,
-0.22273322939872742,
0.35300585627555847,
0.03239552676677704,
0.16132792830467224,
-0.042022619396448135,
-0.22853727638721466,
-0.48433253169059753,
-0.11959588527679443,
0.6582407355308533,
-0.11086583882570267,
0.10905531048774719,
-0.02862377092242241,
0.12518644332885742,
-0.5290164947509766,
-0.2390032559633255,
0.2399878054857254,
-0.17415568232536316,
0.20653168857097626,
-0.13203871250152588,
-0.49591264128685,
0.40177014470100403,
0.06366480141878128,
-0.9732146859169006,
0.12758924067020416,
0.09674550592899323,
-0.4584786295890808,
-0.014716553501784801,
-0.2168300598859787,
-0.006224178709089756,
-0.3936740756034851,
-0.017984358593821526,
-0.30148014426231384,
-0.17499296367168427,
-0.0584709569811821,
0.20328742265701294,
-0.2061663717031479,
0.5855868458747864,
0.2818448841571808,
-0.21911457180976868,
-0.10458038747310638,
0.12941938638687134,
-0.02126866579055786,
-0.0027926235925406218,
-0.272766649723053,
0.39685824513435364,
-0.17054730653762817,
-0.2437530905008316,
-0.0890122801065445,
-0.01582947000861168,
0.690133273601532,
0.056192558258771896,
-0.26438161730766296,
-0.21007570624351501,
-0.30208736658096313,
0.11187168955802917,
-0.15443134307861328,
-0.4767443835735321,
-0.5308191776275635,
-0.043154213577508926,
-0.3122851252555847,
0.1343597024679184,
-0.11247022449970245,
-0.1588914394378662,
0.3817251920700073,
-0.7060706615447998,
0.4345054030418396,
0.2845325469970703,
0.7396320700645447,
0.7513679265975952,
-0.013328044675290585,
-0.4587777256965637,
0.10122760385274887,
-0.5921176075935364,
0.05215010419487953,
0.40645402669906616,
-0.27053090929985046,
0.24835710227489471,
-0.23811423778533936,
-0.33366766571998596,
0.07923680543899536,
-0.4003789722919464,
0.10802645981311798,
-0.017337804660201073,
-0.6365724802017212,
-0.07125313580036163,
-0.42301833629608154,
-0.02397686429321766,
0.09118753671646118,
0.14186042547225952,
-0.6510227918624878,
-0.09569410234689713,
0.3610588312149048,
0.28525930643081665,
0.056804679334163666,
0.06886841356754303,
-0.7667563557624817,
0.09303147345781326,
0.16105951368808746,
-0.3094017505645752,
-0.16140326857566833,
-0.020371679216623306,
-0.10295271128416061,
-0.3110727071762085,
-0.027665605768561363,
-0.10777032375335693,
0.24275733530521393,
-0.6008613109588623,
0.32170775532722473,
0.4076482653617859,
-0.1932176649570465,
0.49868491291999817,
0.13774113357067108,
-0.49267956614494324,
0.3745970129966736,
0.2959613800048828,
-0.19766469299793243,
0.3453958332538605,
0.36693277955055237,
0.03608972951769829,
0.14647093415260315,
-0.2098909169435501,
0.07019580900669098,
0.048092711716890335,
0.1341167688369751,
0.4731898903846741,
0.48862558603286743,
-0.1931246668100357,
0.21388043463230133,
0.2520255744457245,
-0.44993022084236145,
-0.23972465097904205,
0.3129871189594269,
-0.8893232941627502,
-0.5006266236305237,
0.3553116023540497,
0.5944268703460693,
0.3843519985675812,
-0.16087006032466888,
-0.14645056426525116,
0.0694766417145729,
0.016360074281692505,
0.46257346868515015,
0.19595560431480408,
-0.2030443549156189,
0.8341399431228638,
-0.2822856903076172,
0.2446584850549698,
0.19681519269943237,
-0.3533990979194641,
0.29774758219718933,
-0.1134890764951706,
0.04013354331254959,
-0.090021513402462,
0.060375750064849854,
0.061889033764600754,
-0.17158782482147217,
0.24225415289402008,
0.4278773367404938,
-0.0059517244808375835,
-0.7942885160446167,
-0.3638698160648346,
-0.11171197891235352,
-0.3106401264667511,
0.4649466872215271,
-0.2317720651626587,
-0.005175610072910786,
0.26495158672332764,
-0.7918340563774109,
0.08697053045034409,
-0.007171515841037035,
0.2161627560853958,
0.6834887862205505,
0.22947463393211365,
-0.18335168063640594,
0.5479652285575867,
-0.026758190244436264,
-0.14058353006839752,
0.07204989343881607,
-0.3749655783176422,
0.2118397206068039,
-0.07050915062427521,
0.30539846420288086,
0.1083332747220993,
0.12323198467493057,
-0.06755375862121582,
0.10827940702438354,
-0.245291605591774,
0.15358850359916687,
0.5056737661361694,
0.00502204243093729,
0.28780633211135864,
-0.24129030108451843,
-0.10391461849212646,
0.2770872712135315,
0.21545884013175964,
-0.05693648383021355,
0.26138076186180115,
0.15473434329032898,
-0.20709900557994843,
-0.46284767985343933,
-0.3170393407344818,
-0.10526188462972641,
0.03826438635587692,
-0.3081057667732239,
0.13974688947200775,
0.15340164303779602,
-0.059586890041828156,
0.10337942838668823,
0.2421770542860031,
-0.13930298388004303,
0.08105476945638657,
0.41253340244293213,
0.2329365760087967,
0.4176860749721527,
0.40529900789260864,
-0.021687226369976997,
-0.4198415279388428,
0.3187703490257263,
-0.2891267240047455,
-0.027616648003458977,
-0.43023204803466797,
0.45852869749069214,
-0.1923888921737671,
-0.4560936987400055,
0.16275830566883087,
0.3981562852859497,
-0.6047358512878418,
-0.29948610067367554,
0.6413895487785339,
-0.44059833884239197,
-0.5611822009086609,
-0.2566348910331726,
0.49526140093803406,
0.4429972767829895,
-0.4210833013057709,
0.3660840690135956,
0.13723333179950714,
-0.02445829100906849,
-0.5209757089614868,
0.33275502920150757,
0.6480093598365784,
-0.3875824213027954,
-0.6257100701332092,
-0.022046079859137535,
0.5169385075569153,
-0.1925884485244751,
-0.5733725428581238,
-0.20670601725578308,
-0.10410569608211517,
-0.1009213924407959,
-0.47170892357826233,
0.36753222346305847,
-0.1674315333366394,
0.09443603456020355,
-0.36283740401268005
] |
256895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Crossley | Herbert Crossley | Herbert Crossley (5 May 1901 – 15 November 1921) was a heavyweight boxing contender against Gene Tunney on 5 September 1921, shortly after arriving in the United States from England. Crossley died from pneumonia and sepsis on 15 November 1921 at the age of 20.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20030619004915/http://www.genetunney.org/crossleyfights.html
1901 births
1921 deaths
English male boxers
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Heavyweight boxers | [
-0.18091078102588654,
0.21261757612228394,
-0.29522520303726196,
-0.2163488119840622,
0.0027474178932607174,
0.3176518380641937,
0.6496197581291199,
-0.13705824315547943,
-0.06936419010162354,
-0.8343024253845215,
0.31547337770462036,
-0.08575870841741562,
-0.34108108282089233,
0.6035686731338501,
-0.1893940269947052,
0.3869032859802246,
-0.6218912601470947,
0.18649089336395264,
0.33666256070137024,
-0.4413284361362457,
-0.12649410963058472,
-0.3744245171546936,
0.20725296437740326,
-0.5225208401679993,
-0.047239888459444046,
0.20647042989730835,
-0.14536747336387634,
-0.37806370854377747,
-0.19326667487621307,
-0.0023388750851154327,
0.6915762424468994,
0.213017076253891,
0.39700594544410706,
-0.21457351744174957,
-0.75504070520401,
-0.23968735337257385,
0.4305897653102875,
-0.14824965596199036,
0.4055670201778412,
-0.09343020617961884,
-0.21013668179512024,
0.2910984754562378,
0.23140554130077362,
0.18753938376903534,
-0.24448315799236298,
-0.22895298898220062,
-1.6080451011657715,
-0.25886276364326477,
-0.9114261865615845,
-0.5260193943977356,
-0.1275908350944519,
0.3163944184780121,
-0.0038699202705174685,
0.416883260011673,
-0.21380756795406342,
0.3760630190372467,
0.03074650838971138,
-0.3256833255290985,
-0.17983214557170868,
-0.35021984577178955,
0.2025803178548813,
-0.3954848647117615,
0.7944511771202087,
-0.04787840321660042,
-0.021802648901939392,
0.49260857701301575,
0.35731297731399536,
0.11052009463310242,
0.13452789187431335,
0.11121789366006851,
0.428622841835022,
-0.05671354755759239,
0.5366714596748352,
0.30741938948631287,
0.643439531326294,
-0.06723044812679291,
-0.34813541173934937,
0.2213040292263031,
0.46706685423851013,
0.3012561798095703,
-0.15920785069465637,
-0.5709710121154785,
-0.0416109561920166,
0.34371376037597656,
0.04103560373187065,
0.1728922426700592,
-0.7772677540779114,
0.2141791433095932,
-0.4226486384868622,
0.31915518641471863,
-0.12719635665416718,
0.00617090193554759,
-0.0108535410836339,
0.0592854768037796,
0.02513342723250389,
-0.15439680218696594,
0.08551531285047531,
0.19856193661689758,
-0.20397771894931793,
-0.6282391548156738,
0.05482826009392738,
0.20359176397323608,
0.5307668447494507,
-0.27347904443740845,
-0.5760766863822937,
0.4157349467277527,
0.17485253512859344,
-0.4363289773464203,
0.4894191324710846,
0.10905713587999344,
-0.6938751339912415,
0.052607279270887375,
0.1698431819677353,
-0.47185859084129333,
-0.47446969151496887,
0.15726129710674286,
0.15308384597301483,
-0.5705242156982422,
0.09966226667165756,
-0.049174342304468155,
-0.31079432368278503,
0.7202029228210449,
-0.30947014689445496,
0.4318825304508209,
-0.481929212808609,
0.2942630648612976,
0.22419923543930054,
0.24680189788341522,
-0.09036875516176224,
0.49697476625442505,
0.44112861156463623,
0.5638109445571899,
0.07965625077486038,
-0.16226951777935028,
-0.3001047670841217,
0.41279497742652893,
0.2746981680393219,
-0.215558722615242,
-0.5471418499946594,
-0.09503156691789627,
0.11811792105436325,
-0.388223797082901,
-0.452439546585083,
0.08093934506177902,
0.40278053283691406,
-0.2483311891555786,
0.11609853059053421,
-0.15994541347026825,
0.008783475495874882,
-0.2106546014547348,
0.06932631134986877,
0.2712026536464691,
0.2653714418411255,
0.14652130007743835,
0.035118039697408676,
0.45263853669166565,
0.07030927389860153,
-0.22806808352470398,
0.624508798122406,
0.1563013792037964,
-0.1762624979019165,
-0.012974499724805355,
0.0037759174592792988,
-0.0589495487511158,
0.327324241399765,
0.17108361423015594,
0.16905280947685242,
-0.7213618159294128,
-0.5419294238090515,
-0.2486807107925415,
-0.08364394307136536,
0.24950438737869263,
0.42072340846061707,
0.03686933591961861,
-0.3744237422943115,
0.11442336440086365,
0.8851999640464783,
0.4169088900089264,
0.3624701201915741,
-0.9161139726638794,
-0.7301446199417114,
-0.33146411180496216,
0.11870278418064117,
0.22684228420257568,
0.4580625891685486,
0.38400086760520935,
0.7519797086715698,
-0.22917230427265167,
0.08944305032491684,
0.20108133554458618,
-0.10024213045835495,
-0.5826618075370789,
-0.030896317213773727,
-0.8005172610282898,
1.3147380352020264,
0.09011919051408768,
-0.39750054478645325,
0.525685727596283,
0.12451345473527908,
0.6175526976585388,
0.027408042922616005,
0.01629583351314068,
0.18733879923820496,
-0.1989700049161911,
0.10424906760454178,
0.44294115900993347,
0.3589451313018799,
0.38580086827278137,
0.3385845720767975,
0.8510094285011292,
0.4438977837562561,
-0.5837082862854004,
-0.6335867047309875,
0.7369011640548706,
-0.5187268853187561,
-0.41014137864112854,
0.10674899816513062,
-0.15513455867767334,
0.4299657940864563,
-0.5637736916542053,
0.6647539734840393,
0.25456729531288147,
0.4648316204547882,
0.28328919410705566,
0.27110588550567627,
0.9254739284515381,
-0.1998714804649353,
0.10379449278116226,
-0.3934277892112732,
-0.9474265575408936,
0.18661242723464966,
0.4889689087867737,
0.2276928871870041,
-0.48130953311920166,
0.24510303139686584,
-0.3540624976158142,
0.40933042764663696,
-0.5000478029251099,
0.11404238641262054,
-0.4042604863643646,
0.1571330577135086,
0.31963440775871277,
0.30078932642936707,
-0.20151324570178986,
-0.473952054977417,
0.21050326526165009,
0.13734270632266998,
0.3308582603931427,
-0.2298503816127777,
0.08911260962486267,
0.6550238728523254,
0.4211026728153229,
0.05943113565444946,
-0.2762431204319,
0.29090964794158936,
0.1628270149230957,
-0.4618820250034332,
-0.23342478275299072,
0.12055505812168121,
-0.14841945469379425,
-0.044121816754341125,
0.3465323746204376,
0.011587302200496197,
0.16845524311065674,
0.08015821129083633,
-0.7452795505523682,
-0.6169542670249939,
-0.7289352416992188,
-0.20931731164455414,
-0.3588165044784546,
1.1063982248306274,
0.2933014929294586,
-0.024813437834382057,
0.039571721106767654,
0.37405091524124146,
0.5083070993423462,
-0.26816999912261963,
0.1311817616224289,
-1.1767675876617432,
-0.7973901033401489,
0.5754018425941467,
0.631126344203949,
0.08790595829486847,
0.06452689319849014,
0.4015357792377472,
-0.3818674683570862,
-0.4196404218673706,
-0.5467849969863892,
-0.22014018893241882,
-0.1307927817106247,
-0.24212932586669922,
1.0352306365966797,
-0.7978460192680359,
0.15339435636997223,
-0.29636090993881226,
0.34880146384239197,
-0.3947673738002777,
-0.26167580485343933,
0.6239758133888245,
0.3005939722061157,
-0.10536152869462967,
0.5257042050361633,
-0.24170123040676117,
-0.09012281149625778,
0.4598463177680969,
-0.11075957864522934,
-0.6029029488563538,
-0.47375789284706116,
-5.734761714935303,
0.15383103489875793,
0.12633062899112701,
-0.3291550576686859,
0.7014559507369995,
-0.3019568920135498,
-0.11574190109968185,
-0.04818945378065109,
-0.2118215560913086,
-0.1340957134962082,
0.22831971943378448,
-0.13321885466575623,
0.07475373148918152,
-0.436565637588501,
0.6039513349533081,
0.28210294246673584,
0.7540910840034485,
-0.12204313278198242,
-0.008568503893911839,
0.3144819140434265,
-0.24151703715324402,
-0.05284418165683746,
0.3174729645252228,
0.23353473842144012,
0.16202925145626068,
0.46996304392814636,
-0.14668487012386322,
0.2563592195510864,
-0.007620228920131922,
-0.2164836823940277,
-0.09429479390382767,
0.2470284104347229,
-0.5529882907867432,
-0.1590113341808319,
-0.2571583390235901,
-0.10975834727287292,
0.5458332896232605,
-0.22311078011989594,
0.02666560374200344,
-0.22972217202186584,
-0.15551064908504486,
0.004851901903748512,
-0.5960384607315063,
-0.03853045403957367,
0.6234630346298218,
-0.12887883186340332,
-0.20581835508346558,
0.49535706639289856,
-0.19278863072395325,
0.20383554697036743,
0.4969107210636139,
-0.005311166401952505,
0.19231925904750824,
0.39399170875549316,
0.32523009181022644,
0.10400357842445374,
-0.1648540049791336,
-0.531580924987793,
-0.6640647649765015,
0.27140018343925476,
0.16924886405467987,
-0.8930435180664062,
0.009544730186462402,
-0.3593740165233612,
0.03827696666121483,
-0.5115596652030945,
0.3427029848098755,
0.19300900399684906,
0.3536074161529541,
-0.09929292649030685,
-0.025079580023884773,
0.885473370552063,
0.6362150311470032,
-1.0836292505264282,
0.233072891831398,
-0.08624563366174698,
0.33093154430389404,
-0.05332203581929207,
-0.4126104414463043,
-0.19685831665992737,
0.1140531450510025,
-0.536913275718689,
0.004617355763912201,
-0.0398525632917881,
0.5309352874755859,
-0.2159050554037094,
-0.10196574032306671,
0.5284491181373596,
-0.49809688329696655,
0.08305814117193222,
0.09696901589632034,
-0.04963322728872299,
0.23631900548934937,
0.2881799340248108,
0.4402994215488434,
0.1298530101776123,
0.2885069251060486,
0.16668783128261566,
0.257443904876709,
0.3538264334201813,
0.012684979476034641,
-0.522962749004364,
0.20263978838920593,
-0.9358206391334534,
0.5035569667816162,
-0.1780095249414444,
-0.11967962235212326,
0.1698170155286789,
0.37869906425476074,
-0.08688530325889587,
0.3375280201435089,
0.031248873099684715,
-1.3447414636611938,
0.34077006578445435,
0.2037382423877716,
-0.4489215016365051,
0.17651040852069855,
-0.3102306127548218,
-0.07036146521568298,
-0.07088802009820938,
-0.24917684495449066,
0.4290430545806885,
-0.1692056655883789,
-0.42678260803222656,
-0.4297858774662018,
-0.25866928696632385,
0.4248422086238861,
0.0020351852290332317,
-0.606179416179657,
-0.3398731052875519,
-0.4916621148586273,
0.3877517282962799,
0.038266971707344055,
0.22714996337890625,
-0.11048359423875809,
0.14034289121627808,
-0.34296053647994995,
0.06375303119421005,
-0.06547882407903671,
0.02268947847187519,
0.06665700674057007,
-0.23310938477516174,
-0.21545566618442535,
0.27531981468200684,
0.4744787812232971,
0.1657179594039917,
0.07570908963680267,
0.09793706983327866,
-0.4977915585041046,
0.5025243759155273,
0.12347132712602615,
-0.6591841578483582,
0.2897137701511383,
-0.5595686435699463,
-0.46948903799057007,
0.2355947196483612,
-0.22252534329891205,
-0.2940635085105896,
-0.46499353647232056,
-0.34919625520706177,
-0.6723572611808777,
0.35066652297973633,
-0.8922219276428223,
-0.20103086531162262,
0.4659205973148346,
-0.17627716064453125,
0.01467209868133068,
0.23402418196201324,
-0.5175182223320007,
0.4656871259212494,
0.03555935248732567,
-0.7066569328308105,
-0.3742382526397705,
-0.0592995211482048,
0.036715973168611526,
0.11981912702322006,
-0.4384557604789734,
-0.1188092976808548,
0.1794484555721283,
0.03526122868061066,
0.031368158757686615,
-0.06551571935415268,
-0.9525918364524841,
0.0035618471447378397,
0.3209007680416107,
-0.5008724331855774,
-0.552341639995575,
-0.2237580418586731,
-0.17126032710075378,
-0.344101220369339,
0.3133092522621155,
-0.2815151810646057,
0.44887733459472656,
0.8822843432426453,
-0.13785943388938904,
0.2357357293367386,
-0.053625401109457016,
0.5689765810966492,
0.258192777633667,
-0.1364762783050537,
-0.09731363505125046,
-0.1416226029396057,
-0.10043781995773315,
-0.21394795179367065,
0.45609164237976074,
-0.9957365989685059,
-0.12540864944458008,
-0.1196674183011055,
-0.20051157474517822,
0.321743905544281,
-0.07737614214420319,
-0.42050230503082275,
0.2327287644147873,
0.25977951288223267,
0.05838329717516899,
-0.002596653066575527,
0.29125818610191345,
0.7402249574661255,
-0.2747354805469513,
-0.5106784701347351,
0.43912631273269653,
-0.4149281680583954,
-0.8503050208091736,
-0.16834373772144318,
-0.4304446578025818,
0.4038374125957489,
0.19741959869861603,
-0.4331676661968231,
0.9143379926681519,
-0.011555692180991173,
-0.28107157349586487,
-0.33327504992485046,
0.07409927994012833,
0.927895188331604,
0.49735701084136963,
0.06957495957612991,
0.31335577368736267,
0.16615356504917145,
-0.3388465940952301,
-0.44970154762268066,
0.9460903406143188,
1.2431936264038086,
0.37860894203186035,
-0.03777773305773735,
-0.1436968594789505,
0.36410191655158997,
0.09315036237239838,
-0.6087320446968079,
0.2230171114206314,
-0.20673681795597076,
0.03626158833503723,
-0.008743352256715298,
-0.6810835599899292,
0.6096354126930237,
0.5763394832611084,
0.01778506487607956,
-0.3508075177669525,
0.21395792067050934,
0.19246652722358704,
0.2780764698982239,
0.05976066738367081,
0.8540721535682678,
-0.16331377625465393,
0.47333744168281555,
0.171482115983963,
0.1291348934173584,
-0.06710836291313171,
0.055851828306913376,
0.3011076748371124,
-0.6485438346862793,
-0.34841856360435486,
-0.44033724069595337,
-0.5648519396781921,
0.2616558074951172,
0.04135739430785179,
0.3197609782218933,
-0.10248330235481262,
-0.6960775852203369,
-0.11696654558181763,
0.16727757453918457,
-0.5873598456382751,
-0.4638904929161072,
-0.38293394446372986,
-0.860280454158783,
-0.7747896313667297,
-0.3917228877544403,
-0.2449544370174408,
-0.1317995935678482,
-0.1378951072692871,
-0.2010863870382309,
-0.3862327039241791,
0.23702549934387207,
-0.1024928167462349,
-0.4738457202911377,
-0.3825049102306366,
-0.10830032825469971,
-0.531223475933075,
0.5767773985862732,
-0.1442711353302002,
-0.15186776220798492,
-0.48766106367111206,
0.7508019208908081,
-0.03599884733557701,
-0.6399117708206177,
0.15973882377147675,
-0.026666725054383278,
-0.0976952537894249,
-0.3577600121498108,
-0.2332402616739273,
0.20839357376098633,
0.3974425196647644,
-0.3909582495689392,
-0.12447548657655716,
0.35510027408599854,
-0.8164165019989014,
-0.4857937693595886,
0.5287876725196838,
-0.27406948804855347,
-0.4119090735912323,
0.10171255469322205,
-0.24645110964775085,
-0.1088007315993309,
0.7553541660308838,
0.14043064415454865,
-0.3450235426425934,
0.5072746872901917,
0.22093705832958221,
-0.088463194668293,
-0.22675660252571106,
0.10095670074224472,
0.05717606097459793,
-0.686923086643219,
-0.5586877465248108,
0.6468750834465027,
0.24243579804897308,
-0.24416102468967438,
0.23941506445407867,
-0.2779877781867981,
-0.10357540100812912,
0.46012991666793823,
0.13056528568267822,
0.25149255990982056,
0.11710967868566513,
0.3724674582481384,
-0.3294657766819,
-0.28399670124053955,
-0.15291978418827057,
0.4083385467529297,
0.25165319442749023,
-0.02682803012430668,
0.6997248530387878,
0.40081319212913513,
0.5497377514839172,
-0.8114039897918701,
0.22846610844135284,
-0.4162876307964325,
0.23628035187721252,
-0.5446351766586304,
-1.0498945713043213,
0.16432002186775208,
0.10375826805830002,
-0.42668548226356506,
1.333014726638794,
-0.43109646439552307,
-0.22999343276023865,
0.02600198984146118,
0.030535539612174034,
-0.5009505748748779,
-0.44152283668518066,
0.6288022994995117,
-0.17765893042087555,
-0.333605021238327,
0.11404938995838165,
0.3291553854942322,
-0.3494485914707184,
0.00757003715261817,
0.22333256900310516,
-0.13300083577632904,
-0.0808631032705307,
-0.39634308218955994,
0.47191011905670166,
-0.11761092394590378,
-0.43286874890327454,
-0.2858424782752991,
0.05379832908511162,
-0.630107581615448,
-0.2253066897392273,
0.594687819480896,
0.38694605231285095,
-0.5303213000297546,
0.08744722604751587,
-0.40004056692123413,
-0.1478947550058365,
0.3488892614841461,
0.016027702018618584,
-0.18930457532405853,
-0.45847511291503906,
0.7826229333877563,
0.703582763671875,
0.014619403518736362,
-0.03865811228752136,
-0.008174180053174496,
0.12124118208885193,
0.045209649950265884,
-0.2828500270843506,
0.3751043677330017,
-0.2697766125202179,
0.11318705976009369,
-0.38312992453575134,
1.0514549016952515,
-0.17341655492782593,
0.43864649534225464,
-0.16738446056842804,
0.2615278959274292,
-0.19619910418987274,
-0.04192207753658295,
0.45067548751831055,
0.1082051545381546,
-0.055766500532627106,
-0.15620259940624237,
-0.04218640550971031,
0.12928880751132965,
0.08719385415315628,
-0.17417305707931519,
0.2579048275947571,
-0.06525436043739319,
0.26578328013420105,
-0.2582569420337677,
-0.0437995046377182,
0.7168753743171692,
0.1596430242061615,
0.2648649215698242,
-0.47839659452438354,
-0.5055450201034546,
-0.6427361965179443,
-0.335554301738739,
-0.00315323774702847,
0.5170601606369019,
0.3093564510345459,
-0.3917916715145111,
0.5795872807502747,
0.019096143543720245,
0.4544706344604492,
-0.2685219943523407,
1.1751471757888794,
-0.017626117914915085,
0.26640012860298157,
-0.551317036151886,
0.4448726177215576,
0.998267412185669,
0.2732585072517395,
0.01886330358684063,
0.25395187735557556,
-0.4905172884464264,
0.4723885655403137,
0.2782300114631653,
-0.18452098965644836,
-0.23845474421977997,
0.34497326612472534,
-0.07465915381908417
] |
256899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Farr | Bruce Farr | Bruce Kenneth Farr (born 1949 in Auckland) is a New Zealand designer of racing and cruising yachts. Farrdesigned boats have won, challenged for, or placed highly in the Whitbread Round the World Race, America's Cup, and Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, among others.
Farr's services to yacht design were recognised in the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, when he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He currently lives near Annapolis, Maryland.
Early boats
Farr began building boats at the age of 13 near Warkworth north of Auckland. His first boats were plywood hard chine Moth class designs. He later designed and built variants of Cherubs and especially Flying 18s. His early designs were built in plywood with a focus on light weight and good planing shapes. By his late teens he was designing small lightweight keel boats that were successful on the race course.
He first achieved acclaim as a sailboat designer in the highly competitive 18ft Skiff class, popular in Australia and New Zealand. Farr designs won the 18 ft Skiff Giltinan World title several times in the early 70s.
Ocean racing
Boats designed by Farr Yacht Design competed in every Whitbread Round the World Race after 1981, and won the 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998 races.
The first Bruce Farr yacht in the Whitbread Race was the Farr-designed Ceramco New Zealand, which competed in the 1980 Whitbread Race and won the Sydney to Hobart the same year. Farr's design proved exceedingly fast, and Ceramco New Zealand would have won the Round the World Race, save for an unfortunate dismasting on the first leg, a trans-Atlantic crossing. The deltas for the rest of the legs would have put Ceramco New Zealand 30 hours ahead of her next competitor. This yacht was helmed and captained by New Zealand's most famous yachtsman Sir Peter Blake.
Farr designed the 58-foot yacht which came to be known as Maiden, with the first all-female crew in the 1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race, skippered by Tracy Edwards MBE. The yacht had previously been skippered by South African Bertie Reed in the 1986-87 BOC single-handed challenge. Maiden is still active in 2018.
In 2001 the event was renamed the Volvo Ocean Race. The Farr Yacht Design-designed Illbruck Challenge was victorious in 2002. Farr's Volvo Ocean Race boats fared less well in 2006 as all four of his designs experienced problems after various failures in their Farr-designed keel canting mechanisms, including an abandonment of the yacht Movistar which was unable to prevent the flow of water through the keel box and, to this day, lies on the ocean floor, unrecovered.
Farr's Volvo Ocean 65 was the first ever One-Design selected for the Volvo Ocean Race, for the 2014-15 race, and again in the 2017-18 edition.
Farr is the most successful designer of winners of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, having designed 15 overall winners between 1945 and 2003.
Cookson Boatworks developed a new 50' design, using the Farr office to collaborate, called the Cookson 50.
Irish-owned yacht Chieftain, conceived, developed and constructed in 2005 at Cookson's in New Zealand, was the overall winner of the 2007 Rolex Fastnet race. Shortly after it was launched, Chieftain finished 5th at Australia's Hamilton Island Race Week, then won class in the 2005 Rolex Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.
Chieftain competed in all of the 2006 season Royal Ocean Racing Club races and won class in the Round Ireland, won overall in Round Britain and Ireland Races, was awarded Boat of the Year in Ireland in 2006, and finished as the overall winner of the Rolex Fastnet Race.
America's Cup
Farr is also a designer of America's Cup competitors, including New Zealand's entries in 1986 (co-designed with Ron Holland and Laurie Davidson) and 2000, and Larry Ellison's United States's BMW Oracle Racing Challenger in 2003 (accepted as Challenger of Record for the 2007 Cup). Farr's design Young America (USA-36) proved faster than the other American sailed yachts, but was unsuccessful in defending the Cup in the 1995 Finals, losing 0–5 to a Davidson designed Black Magic of New Zealand, led by the late Sir Peter Blake.
Among the most impressive of Farr's design boats was the 90-foot-long KZ-1, the Michael Fay-sponsored boat brought forth to challenge the San Diego Yacht Club immediately following their gaining the cup in 1987. The challenge was unusual in that it did not allow the host yacht club the conventional three to four years to prepare for the event, nor did the challenging boat adhere to the 12-metre class design that the America's Cup had been contested in for thirty-five years, nor did it allow time for other international challengers and defenders to participate. The unconventional challenge was answered with an unconventional defence, and the entire episode serves as an excellent case study on how the process of yacht racing can be mired in the legal system when America's Cup participants radically depart from the spirit of the rules. Farr sailed on the boat during the 1988 America's Cup.
Cruising yachts
Farr's cruising yachts have been sold and sailed the world around. His production designs (mass-produced as opposed to custom) have been produced by a variety of yacht manufacturers including Cookson Boats, Carroll Marine, Beneteau, Concordia, Baltic, and Nauta.
Some of the larger cruising luxury yachts Farr has designed include Bavaria, Mirabella, Philanderer, Sojana, and the two Southern Wind-built 100 footers: Farewell and Farandwide.
Designs
Farr 3.7
Farr 38
Farr 5000
Farr 6000
Farr 7500
Laser 28
Farr 1020
Farr 1220
Farr 920
Farr 1104
Farr 9.2
Ceramco NZ
Steinlager 2
Fisher & Paykel
NZ Endeavour
Noelex 30
NZI Enterprise
Jenny H
Disque D'or
Farr MRX
Atlantic Privateer
UBS Switzerland
Farr Phase 4
The Card
Merit
Maiden
Brindabella
Yamaha
Intrum Justitia
Winston
La Poste
Merit Cup
Tokio
Tag Heuer
Beneteau First 40.7
Mumm 36
Ragamuffin
Beneteau First 42S7
Sayonara
Farr 44
Beneteau First 45F5
Flash Gordon
Farr 40
Cookson 12
Gerontius
See also
Ron Holland
Bruce Nelson
Doug Peterson
Laurie Davidson
Greg Elliott
Juan Kouyoumdjian
Frank Bethwaite
Zamazaan (racing sailboat)
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Farr Yacht Design company website
About Bruce Farr
Design list
1949 births
Living people
People from Auckland
New Zealand yacht designers
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Boat and ship designers
America's Cup yacht designers
New Zealand expatriates in the United States
1988 America's Cup sailors
People educated at Mahurangi College | [
0.11795217543840408,
0.4871111512184143,
-0.23303437232971191,
-0.42981481552124023,
0.4289643466472626,
0.354810893535614,
-0.30697914958000183,
-0.43107250332832336,
-0.30057492852211,
0.36662766337394714,
-0.0737629383802414,
0.5881004333496094,
0.27506691217422485,
0.2710825204849243,
0.16713233292102814,
0.7488569021224976,
-0.290993332862854,
0.05890366807579994,
-0.6984382271766663,
0.2081342190504074,
-0.4207364618778229,
-0.7284764051437378,
0.49721646308898926,
0.06021077185869217,
-0.13993002474308014,
0.07884443551301956,
0.39385855197906494,
0.3485325574874878,
-0.47847720980644226,
0.17519758641719818,
0.5988295078277588,
0.7605295777320862,
-0.23381845653057098,
-0.16236859560012817,
0.19296228885650635,
-0.3902859389781952,
0.5521252155303955,
-1.1095504760742188,
-0.23502342402935028,
0.23717792332172394,
-0.19635215401649475,
0.3388884961605072,
0.45507484674453735,
0.07773818075656891,
0.026753688231110573,
-0.15470397472381592,
-1.289119005203247,
-0.03281274437904358,
-0.1344889998435974,
0.03633727505803108,
-0.45915475487709045,
0.3787676990032196,
0.2367635816335678,
-0.043336205184459686,
0.844245195388794,
0.29096195101737976,
0.0334087610244751,
-0.13025358319282532,
0.03616407513618469,
-0.8873052597045898,
0.9100366830825806,
0.059136226773262024,
0.5750954747200012,
0.39585453271865845,
0.6526926755905151,
0.5434147715568542,
0.09550230205059052,
-0.059914298355579376,
-0.3179246783256531,
0.25432515144348145,
-0.4070577323436737,
-0.1662081927061081,
0.35270369052886963,
-0.42548486590385437,
-0.19541272521018982,
0.24955053627490997,
-0.20051321387290955,
-0.12854942679405212,
0.2850916385650635,
-0.255638062953949,
0.3743942975997925,
-0.31504806876182556,
0.2531082332134247,
0.7496444582939148,
0.31230032444000244,
-0.028689833357930183,
-0.7855728268623352,
0.19718345999717712,
-0.07951304316520691,
0.47688063979148865,
-0.5109823942184448,
-0.6484988927841187,
0.37458160519599915,
0.6469951868057251,
-0.047913484275341034,
-0.5236677527427673,
-0.49306854605674744,
0.314003586769104,
0.05324961617588997,
-0.1820632815361023,
0.16278298199176788,
0.10096766799688339,
0.18806084990501404,
0.03697811812162399,
-0.35889124870300293,
-0.14739379286766052,
-0.027526751160621643,
0.03447914868593216,
0.494223415851593,
0.14256058633327484,
-0.3493823707103729,
-0.01782444678246975,
-0.2682870626449585,
-0.041182395070791245,
-0.13973172008991241,
0.43605780601501465,
0.21597819030284882,
-0.7905613780021667,
-0.8981093168258667,
0.007368849124759436,
0.24359290301799774,
0.13655009865760803,
-0.5593975782394409,
0.44606471061706543,
-0.7305824160575867,
0.29647088050842285,
0.1085713729262352,
0.512450098991394,
-0.9027717113494873,
0.32453638315200806,
0.08317912369966507,
0.6436230540275574,
-1.006028175354004,
-0.0500321090221405,
-0.7132641077041626,
0.30587172508239746,
-0.051325514912605286,
0.009381883777678013,
-0.036022789776325226,
0.42025285959243774,
-0.47912195324897766,
-0.05519859865307808,
-0.4649810194969177,
-0.5967910885810852,
0.25513359904289246,
0.1469612419605255,
0.07516667991876602,
-0.282867968082428,
-0.23152486979961395,
-0.16437509655952454,
0.6736350655555725,
0.1688820719718933,
-0.3164151906967163,
-0.4590362310409546,
0.14287596940994263,
0.3236638307571411,
0.8240743279457092,
0.06183359771966934,
-0.04619545117020607,
-0.09523618966341019,
-0.2809985876083374,
-0.13173627853393555,
-0.3834749162197113,
0.5226072072982788,
0.7891059517860413,
-0.029727062210440636,
0.004410270601511002,
-0.3253189027309418,
0.040489550679922104,
-0.26739662885665894,
-0.5475384593009949,
-0.14263485372066498,
0.6259800791740417,
-0.7307248115539551,
0.3720473349094391,
0.13980579376220703,
0.742843747138977,
0.23131641745567322,
0.3419938385486603,
-0.37132325768470764,
-0.38331878185272217,
-0.26467010378837585,
-0.08692687004804611,
0.13778097927570343,
0.6272851228713989,
-0.38642314076423645,
-0.029715055599808693,
-0.28921520709991455,
0.23868730664253235,
0.11582023650407791,
0.2107146829366684,
-0.6484387516975403,
0.46442484855651855,
-0.8969613909721375,
0.3507707715034485,
0.3904728889465332,
-0.35378172993659973,
0.22333186864852905,
-0.271666020154953,
1.1348952054977417,
-0.35472020506858826,
0.5595490336418152,
-0.046151675283908844,
-0.5853124856948853,
-0.3152522146701813,
0.372361958026886,
0.9388532042503357,
0.14926233887672424,
-0.21383875608444214,
0.7975667715072632,
0.15638722479343414,
-0.6383758187294006,
-0.11289972066879272,
0.326811820268631,
0.030714338645339012,
-0.9614030122756958,
-0.16697561740875244,
-0.3967801332473755,
-0.1772945374250412,
-0.4585878252983093,
0.6724722981452942,
1.0754224061965942,
-0.2332286834716797,
0.8930286765098572,
0.03187384456396103,
0.8125232458114624,
0.16933488845825195,
-0.5783749222755432,
-0.05362308770418167,
-0.18379563093185425,
-0.12651585042476654,
0.5217791795730591,
0.3081255555152893,
-0.9866819381713867,
-0.3322654962539673,
0.2109365314245224,
0.2444080263376236,
0.049519676715135574,
0.6309048533439636,
0.16373862326145172,
0.39818358421325684,
0.197767972946167,
-1.0516563653945923,
0.18417276442050934,
0.6757482886314392,
0.04631401598453522,
-0.45004716515541077,
0.09936302155256271,
-0.11864622682332993,
0.009103886783123016,
0.32762473821640015,
0.4015260636806488,
1.0597212314605713,
0.1900823563337326,
0.21376584470272064,
-0.17794165015220642,
-0.4754469692707062,
-0.2550371289253235,
0.33129432797431946,
-0.03890619054436684,
-0.239329531788826,
0.03557570278644562,
0.1548440009355545,
0.25898098945617676,
-0.305683970451355,
-0.5758770704269409,
-0.0236208513379097,
-0.42941901087760925,
0.5238243937492371,
0.04840943217277527,
-0.6673861145973206,
0.011004711501300335,
0.03712661191821098,
-0.4333409368991852,
0.1617906391620636,
0.12244608253240585,
-0.41180849075317383,
-0.08739985525608063,
0.012666276656091213,
-0.2676324248313904,
1.169044852256775,
0.8494548201560974,
-0.23642592132091522,
-0.7437816858291626,
0.3236139714717865,
0.7417383790016174,
-0.3184017837047577,
0.0228334441781044,
0.025920124724507332,
-0.3159428536891937,
0.3510015606880188,
0.43838220834732056,
-0.7233914732933044,
0.6276904940605164,
-0.241649329662323,
0.5432734489440918,
-0.6323072910308838,
-0.8092529773712158,
0.027509091421961784,
-0.37231436371803284,
-0.1746561974287033,
0.33079424500465393,
-0.3833889365196228,
0.40233784914016724,
-0.05049273371696472,
0.6226333379745483,
-0.6091673970222473,
-0.7019829750061035,
-5.268824100494385,
-0.5932841300964355,
0.07966041564941406,
-0.1527363359928131,
-0.03706628084182739,
0.12930721044540405,
0.34109824895858765,
-0.6019658446311951,
0.3143787682056427,
-0.7896325588226318,
0.28262966871261597,
-0.20675691962242126,
0.07823626697063446,
0.8522588014602661,
0.894641101360321,
1.0030039548873901,
0.6059216260910034,
0.07106742262840271,
0.38977178931236267,
-0.18453559279441833,
0.35404109954833984,
-0.21139612793922424,
-0.552937388420105,
-0.166620135307312,
-0.27181699872016907,
0.16437697410583496,
-0.6089038848876953,
-0.19681508839130402,
-1.202582597732544,
-0.08431864529848099,
-0.4333474934101105,
-0.1303771287202835,
-0.526390790939331,
0.2332654595375061,
0.03049013391137123,
-0.44085726141929626,
0.5665897727012634,
0.16499148309230804,
0.5566497445106506,
-0.03424082323908806,
-0.3518923223018646,
0.1192481517791748,
-0.16840848326683044,
-0.12022820860147476,
0.4038396179676056,
-0.2520103454589844,
-0.7573250532150269,
-0.14708422124385834,
-0.26486068964004517,
1.092188835144043,
0.10679615288972855,
0.6936696171760559,
0.7885717153549194,
0.4945722818374634,
0.166866272687912,
-0.2197505384683609,
0.22099654376506805,
-0.1164129227399826,
-0.9343177676200867,
0.4965081214904785,
-0.21898013353347778,
-0.5360812544822693,
0.4220220148563385,
-0.4080501198768616,
-0.8294268846511841,
0.03690653666853905,
0.12848743796348572,
-0.2599211037158966,
-0.03257603943347931,
-0.6678160429000854,
-0.46555840969085693,
0.5960202813148499,
-0.33825817704200745,
-1.160803198814392,
0.10849311202764511,
-0.22369015216827393,
0.6393582224845886,
0.49541276693344116,
0.062198955565690994,
-0.7982414364814758,
-0.05657554417848587,
-0.5833668112754822,
-0.9764252305030823,
1.2099785804748535,
0.15115880966186523,
-0.364615261554718,
-0.5135272145271301,
0.4711723327636719,
0.23430249094963074,
-0.36071279644966125,
0.02099308744072914,
-0.10307928919792175,
0.2731468975543976,
0.05476872995495796,
0.5905382037162781,
0.06762019544839859,
0.14290228486061096,
-0.1533968597650528,
1.4350329637527466,
-0.7753055095672607,
-0.6146876215934753,
-0.46829941868782043,
-0.5317974090576172,
-0.3136407732963562,
-0.35334548354148865,
-0.37166252732276917,
0.16526712477207184,
-0.14582481980323792,
0.5113030076026917,
0.6141907572746277,
0.35580652952194214,
-0.04838457703590393,
-1.1188251972198486,
0.07586023211479187,
0.32455337047576904,
0.13278885185718536,
-0.5175654888153076,
0.30482545495033264,
0.48828399181365967,
0.410645067691803,
0.496263325214386,
0.04647332802414894,
-0.1294124871492386,
-0.2390521764755249,
-0.2564353346824646,
-0.0436481311917305,
0.5829638838768005,
0.029692912474274635,
-0.5070400238037109,
0.26783788204193115,
0.10514836758375168,
0.9010663628578186,
-0.3103305995464325,
-0.11000652611255646,
-0.20826569199562073,
0.012441705912351608,
-0.5271797180175781,
-0.22499868273735046,
0.2538962662220001,
0.3279246687889099,
0.1976044923067093,
0.2542892098426819,
0.32063814997673035,
0.14616554975509644,
0.17978432774543762,
0.6131947040557861,
0.39494821429252625,
0.4593096375465393,
0.3513807952404022,
0.5547167658805847,
-0.38270387053489685,
-0.4552214741706848,
0.06752936542034149,
-1.0698468685150146,
-0.29895269870758057,
-0.01819661818444729,
-0.43594029545783997,
0.04595795273780823,
-0.5267348885536194,
0.07466354966163635,
0.8240535259246826,
0.6360586285591125,
-1.0965423583984375,
-0.2036537081003189,
0.03188005089759827,
0.11001981794834137,
-0.9221916198730469,
-0.37826111912727356,
-0.30579832196235657,
0.3927091062068939,
0.2964419722557068,
-0.4357410967350006,
-0.7562074661254883,
-0.40549927949905396,
0.46184608340263367,
0.18461662530899048,
-0.33333128690719604,
-0.4973618686199188,
0.08327026665210724,
-0.13308610022068024,
-0.09440819919109344,
0.37182092666625977,
-0.6926389336585999,
0.23202010989189148,
0.8111914992332458,
-0.3143819272518158,
-0.7762242555618286,
-0.5151306986808777,
-0.048255570232868195,
0.0731271356344223,
0.10206110030412674,
0.0696539506316185,
0.6879898309707642,
0.9737937450408936,
-0.06777212768793106,
0.008753761649131775,
-0.0009076910209842026,
0.11627151817083359,
-0.30289939045906067,
-0.2946709394454956,
-0.15209296345710754,
0.04667895659804344,
-0.018906764686107635,
0.09072276204824448,
0.03578254207968712,
-0.8510999083518982,
0.1037912517786026,
-0.07971318066120148,
-0.3096431493759155,
0.7858800292015076,
-0.3860374987125397,
-0.5286281704902649,
0.012303170748054981,
0.4095071256160736,
-1.2387453317642212,
-0.07907798886299133,
0.1047704741358757,
0.31135818362236023,
-0.208086296916008,
-0.31455886363983154,
-0.08294221013784409,
-0.40615999698638916,
-0.06745859235525131,
-0.1961597204208374,
-0.8938854336738586,
0.03211858868598938,
0.24293331801891327,
-0.018192412331700325,
0.28945571184158325,
-0.1701713502407074,
-0.22276116907596588,
-0.5674131512641907,
0.014371725730597973,
-0.5701575875282288,
0.3713882863521576,
0.43680039048194885,
-0.1347799450159073,
0.9051917195320129,
-0.2844386398792267,
-0.21550901234149933,
0.390873521566391,
1.3833515644073486,
0.9534879922866821,
-0.5077090859413147,
-0.1870833784341812,
0.20485326647758484,
0.45292577147483826,
-0.09461157023906708,
-0.5311235189437866,
0.40129098296165466,
-0.32282358407974243,
-0.5008695721626282,
-0.47117850184440613,
-0.12928630411624908,
1.0386112928390503,
-0.1784897893667221,
-0.23043107986450195,
-0.3462703227996826,
0.31747639179229736,
-0.40929046273231506,
0.23288820683956146,
0.2006051242351532,
-0.3743187189102173,
0.13870252668857574,
-0.03529474139213562,
0.7185136675834656,
-0.4495698809623718,
0.03696687892079353,
0.506894588470459,
-0.20717155933380127,
-0.34981465339660645,
-0.2892831563949585,
0.12056833505630493,
0.6579869985580444,
-0.6141579151153564,
0.07824431359767914,
-0.12887045741081238,
-0.6147676706314087,
0.6931529641151428,
-0.39535602927207947,
-0.570411741733551,
0.5054701566696167,
0.30740025639533997,
-0.5007015466690063,
-0.17006687819957733,
-0.21914520859718323,
-0.2845829725265503,
0.2275468111038208,
-0.23433631658554077,
0.06369151175022125,
-0.28902536630630493,
-0.8670427799224854,
-0.7218608856201172,
0.14586597681045532,
-0.1073601096868515,
-0.1702314019203186,
0.003772174706682563,
0.14425338804721832,
-0.5304299592971802,
0.22428345680236816,
-0.27361011505126953,
0.5738584399223328,
0.24624589085578918,
-0.2931777536869049,
0.47066038846969604,
0.19427534937858582,
0.0859903022646904,
0.08779750019311905,
0.7142265439033508,
0.45382726192474365,
0.20942319929599762,
-0.7629926800727844,
-0.06799806654453278,
0.7236726880073547,
-0.8977406024932861,
-0.17646083235740662,
0.7428314685821533,
-0.6221999526023865,
0.5074954628944397,
0.2700735628604889,
-0.1307646930217743,
-0.004496149718761444,
0.2732546627521515,
-0.1298930048942566,
0.054117877036333084,
0.5101969838142395,
-0.3905157446861267,
-0.0081045376136899,
0.2607511579990387,
0.3410802185535431,
-0.3705928325653076,
0.21712498366832733,
-0.524528443813324,
0.2603059411048889,
-0.675921618938446,
0.0705675408244133,
-0.06150340661406517,
0.13427734375,
-0.14882898330688477,
0.36178120970726013,
0.36694255471229553,
0.5967016220092773,
0.18407782912254333,
-0.1637699156999588,
0.36064374446868896,
0.10126826912164688,
0.13088358938694,
0.30531567335128784,
0.11208155751228333,
-0.11377076804637909,
0.350214421749115,
-0.10754513740539551,
0.5179756879806519,
-1.0576144456863403,
-0.17537078261375427,
0.07823654264211655,
0.6112305521965027,
-0.8245335221290588,
-0.16960066556930542,
-0.10890277475118637,
0.09605582058429718,
-0.10994088649749756,
0.5574135780334473,
0.3596952259540558,
-0.3692629039287567,
-0.4145873785018921,
0.1959630697965622,
-0.9493420720100403,
0.22842271625995636,
0.221035435795784,
0.4869943857192993,
0.3984891176223755,
-0.21879394352436066,
0.3035932183265686,
-0.2599107325077057,
-0.12558217346668243,
0.4632929563522339,
0.2244413197040558,
-0.45716312527656555,
0.23662494122982025,
-0.6019109487533569,
0.32988542318344116,
-0.24796338379383087,
-0.1678561270236969,
0.26847007870674133,
-0.11380814760923386,
-0.20951610803604126,
0.1610858291387558,
0.11834278702735901,
0.579850971698761,
0.47328120470046997,
-0.36669498682022095,
-0.7655187845230103,
0.7736614942550659,
-1.1139768362045288,
-0.6331937909126282,
0.07655086368322372,
0.489185094833374,
0.0929466113448143,
-0.20514048635959625,
-0.2716979682445526,
0.3084755837917328,
0.03354938328266144,
0.27156317234039307,
-0.2163553386926651,
-0.20555022358894348,
-0.2734677493572235,
0.012310897000133991,
-0.14816538989543915,
0.5209814310073853,
-0.1629994660615921,
0.3041623532772064,
-0.2548697888851166,
0.42424318194389343,
-0.5345287919044495,
-0.07443701475858688,
0.01741836406290531,
-0.1405855417251587,
0.07214820384979248,
0.49723687767982483,
-0.20220917463302612,
0.3864111006259918,
0.3126414120197296,
-0.07120593637228012,
0.07505552470684052,
0.3634665608406067,
-0.3193645775318146,
-0.006590341217815876,
-0.2557068169116974,
0.5791958570480347,
-0.2016390562057495,
0.11254579573869705,
-0.7263270020484924,
0.20628879964351654,
-0.007116199936717749,
-0.6827307939529419,
0.43259650468826294,
0.3855434060096741,
0.6213253736495972,
0.1714799702167511,
0.6925584077835083,
0.18713688850402832,
0.1405760943889618,
-0.045123141258955,
-0.4370976388454437,
-0.13339374959468842,
-0.12505927681922913,
-0.4445630609989166,
0.4650145173072815,
0.2582204043865204,
0.30224481225013733,
-0.38950011134147644,
-0.017810553312301636,
-0.831550121307373,
0.4974716901779175,
-0.15412503480911255,
0.08713120967149734,
-0.3995910882949829,
0.08506198972463608,
-0.4244152009487152
] |
256906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar | Globalstar | Globalstar, Inc. is an American satellite communications company that operates a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation for satellite phone and low-speed data communications, somewhat similar to the Iridium satellite constellation and Orbcomm satellite systems. The Globalstar second-generation constellation consists of 24 low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.
History
The Globalstar project was launched in 1991 as a joint venture of Loral Corporation and Qualcomm. On March 24, 1994, the two sponsors announced the formation of Globalstar LP, a limited partnership established in the U.S., with financial participation from eight other companies, including Alcatel, AirTouch, Deutsche Aerospace, Hyundai, and Vodafone. At that time, the company predicted the system would launch in 1998, based on an investment of $1.8 billion.
Globalstar received its US spectrum allocation from the FCC in January 1995 and continued to negotiate with other nations for rights to use the same radio frequencies in their countries.
The first satellites were launched in February 1998, but system deployment was delayed due to a launch failure in September 1998 that resulted in the loss of 12 satellites in a launch by the Russian Space Agency. In February 2000, it launched the last of 52 satellites—48 satellites and four in-orbit spares. Another eight un-launched satellites were maintained as ground spares.
The first call on the original Globalstar system was placed on November 1, 1998, from Qualcomm chairman Irwin Jacobs in San Diego to Loral Space & Communications CEO and chairman Bernard Schwartz in New York City.
In October 1999, the system began "friendly user" trials with 44 of 48 planned satellites. In December 1999, the system began limited commercial service for 200 users with the full 48 satellites (no spares in orbit). In February 2000, it began full commercial service with its 48 satellites and 4 spares in North America, Europe, and Brazil. Initial prices were $1.79/minute.
On February 15, 2002, the predecessor company Globalstar (old Globalstar) and three of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.
In 2004, restructuring of the old Globalstar was completed. The first stage of the restructuring was completed on December 5, 2003, when Thermo Capital Partners LLC was deemed to obtain operational control of the business, as well as certain ownership rights and risks. Thermo Capital Partners became the principal owner.
Globalstar LLC was formed as a Delaware limited liability company in November 2003 and was converted into Globalstar, Inc., on March 17, 2006.
In 2007, Globalstar launched eight additional first-generation spare satellites into space to help compensate for the premature failure of their in-orbit satellites. Between 2010 and 2013, Globalstar launched 24 second-generation satellites in an effort to restore their system to full service.
Between 2010 and 2011, Globalstar moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Covington, Louisiana in part to take advantage of the state's tax breaks and low cost of living.
In April 2018, Globalstar announced it would merge with FiberLight in a deal valued at $1.65 billion. That deal was called off in August 2018 following a lawsuit from Globalstar's largest investor, Mudrick Capital Management.
In March 2020, Globalstar announced that the Third Generation Partnership Project ("3GPP") had approved the 5G variant of Globalstar's Band 53, to become known as n53.
On March 6, 2021, Globalstar announced to customers that the Sat-Fi2 (Satellite Wifi Hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (Remote Antenna Station) services would be discontinued as of March 12, 2021.
Products and services
Globalstar is a provider of mobile satellite voice and data services. Globalstar offers these services to commercial and recreational users in more than 120 countries around the world.
The company's products include mobile and fixed satellite telephones, simplex and duplex satellite data modems, and satellite airtime packages.
In late 2007, Globalstar subsidiary SPOT LLC launched a handheld satellite messaging and tracking personal safety device known as the SPOT Satellite Messenger.
Many land-based and maritime industries make use of the various Globalstar products and services from remote areas beyond the reach of cellular and landline telephone services.
Global customer segments include oil and gas, government, mining, forestry, commercial fishing, utilities, military, transportation, heavy construction, emergency preparedness, and business continuity as well as individual recreational users.
Globalstar data communication services are used for a variety of asset and personal tracking, data monitoring, and "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition" or SCADA applications.
Portable telephones
Globalstar GSP-1600
Globalstar GSP-1700
Fixed telephones
Globalstar GSP-2900
Simplex data modems
Globalstar STINGR
Globalstar STX2
Globalstar STX3
Globalstar ST100
Globalstar SmartOne C
Globalstar SmartOne Solar
Duplex data modems
SPOT Trace
SPOT Gen4
SPOT X
Duplex voice/data modules
Globalstar GSP-1620
Globalstar GSP-1720
Services
Voice Telephony
One-way mobile terminated SMS text messaging
9,600 bit/s circuit switched data calls (Direct Dial-Up)
9,600 bit/s packet switched Internet access (Direct Internet)
One-way mobile originated short-burst messages (simplex devices only)
Two-way mobile originated / mobile terminated short-burst messages (SPOT X device only)
Device geolocation within approximately 30 km
Discontinued Products and Services
Sat-Fi2 (Satellite WiFi Hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (Remote Antenna Station)
72 kbit/s packet switched Internet access (on 2nd-gen WCDMA network)
System architecture
Gateways
Globalstar satellites are simple "bent pipe" analog repeaters, unlike Iridium.
A network of ground gateway stations provides connectivity from the 40 satellites to the public switched telephone network and Internet. A satellite must have a Gateway station in view to provide service to any users it may seem. Twenty Four Globalstar Gateways are located around the world, including 7 in North America. Globalstar Gateways are the largest cellular base station in the world with a design capacity for over 10,000 concurrent phone calls over a coverage area that is roughly 50% of the size of the US. Globalstar supports CDMA technology such as the rake receiver and soft handoffs, so a handset may be talking via two spot beams to two Gateways for path diversity.
Globalstar users are assigned telephone numbers on the North American Numbering Plan in North America or the appropriate telephone numbering plan for the country that the overseas gateway is located in, except for Brazil, where the official Globalstar country code (+8818) is used. The use of gateway ground stations provides customers with localized regional phone numbers for their satellite handsets. But if there are no gateway stations to cover certain remote areas (such as areas of the South Pacific and the polar regions), service cannot be provided in these remote areas, even if the satellites may fly over them. As of May 2012, voice and full-duplex data services are currently non-functional over much of Africa, the South Asian subcontinent, and most mid-ocean regions due to the lack of nearby gateway earth stations.
The Globalstar system uses the Qualcomm CDMA air interface; however, the Ericsson and Telit phones accept standard GSM SIM cards, while the Qualcomm GSP-1600/1700 phones do not have a SIM card interface, but use CDMA/IS-41 based authentication. Therefore, the Globalstar gateways need to support both the CDMA/IS-41 and the GSM standards.
Globalstar has roaming agreements with local cellular operators in some regions, enabling the use of a single phone number in satellite and cellular mode on multi-mode Globalstar handsets. These cellular roaming agreements are not in place in North America. Because of improvements in cellular phones and networks and the limitations inherent to satellite phones, the newest Globalstar handset (released in 2006) does not include cellular connectivity as Globalstar does not expect subscribers to carry it as their only mobile phone.
First Generation Satellites
Globalstar orbits have an inclination of 52 degrees. Therefore, Globalstar does not cover polar areas, due to the lower orbital inclination.
Globalstar orbits have an orbital height of approximately 1400 km and latency is still relatively low (approximately 60ms).
A Globalstar satellite has two body-mounted, Earth-facing arrays. First-generation Globalstars weigh approximately 550 kg. However, the second-generation Globalstar design will gain significant mass.
In 2005, some of the satellites began to reach the limit of their operational lifetime of 7.5 years. In December 2005, Globalstar began to move some of its satellites into a graveyard orbit above LEO.
First-generation satellite problems
According to documents filed with the SEC on January 30, 2007, Globalstar's previously identified problems with its S-band amplifiers used on its satellites for two-way communications are occurring at a higher rate than expected, possibly eventually leading to reduced levels of two-way voice and duplex data service in 2008. The company's simplex data services used to support the asset tracking products as well as the SPOT Satellite Messenger are not affected by the S-band satellite issue mentioned above. Globalstar also launched eight ground spare satellites in 2007 to help reduce the impact of the issue.
In the filing, Globalstar made the following statements:
Industry analysts speculate the problem is caused by radiation exposure the satellites receive when they pass through the South Atlantic Anomaly in their 876-mile (1414 km) altitude orbits.
The S-band antenna amplifier degradation does not affect adversely the Company's one-way "Simplex" data transmission services, which utilize only the L-band uplink from a subscriber's "Simplex" terminal to the satellites.
The Company is working on plans, including new products and services and pricing programs, and exploring the feasibility of accelerating procurement and launch of its second-generation satellite constellation, to attempt to reduce the effects of this problem upon its customers and operations. The Company will be able to forecast the duration of service coverage at any particular location in its service area and intends to make this information available without charge to its service providers, including its wholly owned operating subsidiaries, so that they may work with their subscribers to reduce the impact of the degradation in service quality in their respective service areas. The Company is also reviewing its business plan in light of these developments.
The Company's liquidity remains strong. At December 31, 2006, in addition to its credit agreement, the Company had unrestricted cash on hand and undrawn amounts under the Thermo Funding Company irrevocable standby stock purchase agreement of approximately $195 million.
Globalstar's interim solution to premature first-generation satellite problems
In 2007, Globalstar launched eight spare satellites for its existing constellation with a view to reducing the gaps in its two-way voice and data services pending commercial availability of its second-generation satellite constellation, scheduled for initial launch in the second half of 2009. Globalstar will continue to operate its existing satellite constellation to provide and support services until the second-generation Globalstar satellites are available for service.
Until the new second-generation Globalstar satellite constellation is operational, Globalstar is offering its Optimum Satellite Availability Tool (OSAT) on its Internet site, which subscribers may use to predict when one or more unaffected satellites will be overhead at any specific geographic location.
To help customers deal with the S-band communication issues, Globalstar has provided a call times tool that calculates optimum calling times for a given location.
Second-generation satellites
In December 2006, Globalstar announced that Alcatel Alenia Space, now Thales Alenia Space in its Cannes headquarters, has been awarded a €661 million contract for the second-generation constellation. The satellites were designed with a life expectancy of 15 years, significantly longer than the design life of Globalstar's first-generation constellation. The second- generation constellation will consist of 24 satellites.
In addition, Globalstar announced on April 3, 2007, that it has signed a €9 million agreement with Thales Alenia Space to upgrade the Globalstar satellite constellation, including necessary hardware and software upgrades to Globalstar's satellite control network facilities.
In August 2008, Thales Alenia Space began production assembly, integration, and testing of the second-generation flight model satellites, in its Rome factory, for launch as early as Q3 2009.
In July 2009, Globalstar, Inc. announced that it has received complete financing for its second-generation satellite constellation and signed an amendment to the initial contract, specifying in particular, the adjusted conditions for production and the new satellite delivery timetable.
The first six second-generation satellites were launched on October 19, 2010, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The launch used a Soyuz-2 launch vehicle with a Fregat upper stage. These second-generation satellites are expected to provide Globalstar customers with satellite voice and data services until at least 2025. Six more second-generation satellites were launched in July 2011 followed by another six satellites in December 2011.
As of July 16, 2012, 18 of 24 new satellites had been launched.The launch of the second-generation constellation was completed on February 6, 2013, with the launch of the final six satellites using a Soyuz 2-1a launch vehicle. The 24 second-generation spacecraft weighed approximately each at launch, and are 3-axis stabilized.
Business operations
Corporate structure and financing
Predecessor Company - Globalstar LP. In February 1995, Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd. raised $200 million from its initial public offering in the NASDAQ market. The IPO price of $20 per share was equivalent to $5 per share after two stock splits. The stock price peaked at (post-split) $50 per share in January 2000, but institutional investors began predicting bankruptcy as early as June 2000. The stock price eventually fell below $1 per share, and the stock was delisted by NASDAQ in June 2001.
After the IPO, the publicly traded Globalstar Telecommunications (NASDAQ symbol GSTRF) owned part of system operator Globalstar LP. From that point on, the primary financing for Globalstar LP was vendor financing from its suppliers (including Loral and Qualcomm), supplemented by junk bonds.
After a total debt and equity investment of $4.3 billion, on February 15, 2002, Globalstar Telecommunications filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, listing assets of $570 million and liabilities of $3.3 billion. The assets were later bought for $43 million by Thermo Capital Partners LLC.
Globalstar LLC and Globalstar, Inc. When the new Globalstar emerged from bankruptcy in April 2004, it was owned by Thermo Capital Partners (81.25%) and the original creditors of Globalstar L.P. (18.75%). Globalstar LLC was incorporated in April 2006 to become Globalstar, Inc.
Globalstar, Inc. completed an IPO in November 2006. The stock currently trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol GSAT.
SPOT LLC
In August 2007, Globalstar announced the introduction of the SPOT Satellite Messenger product, to be marketed through its latest subsidiary SPOT, Inc., later named SPOT LLC. The SPOT Messenger is manufactured by Globalstar partner Axonn LLC and combines the company's simplex data technology with a Nemerix GPS chipset. SPOT is intended to leverage Globalstar's still adequate L-Band uplink, which is used by simplex modems. The product was launched in early November 2007. Subsequent launches included the SPOT Trace, SPOT X with Bluetooth and Gen4.
Employees
The first five employees of Globalstar were transferred from the founding companies in 1991. Although few figures were publicly disclosed, the company apparently reached a peak of about 350 employees until layoffs in March 2001. However, this figure was misleading, as most of the development, operations, and sales employees were employed by the company's strategic partners.
Loral's chairman Bernard Schwartz served as Globalstar's chairman and CEO until May 2001.
The company then appointed satellite telecommunications veteran Olof Lundberg to lead a turnaround at the company to serve as chairman and CEO. After beginning his career with Swedish Telecom, Lundberg had been founding Director General (later CEO) of Inmarsat from 1979 to 1995. He served as founding CEO and later CEO and Chairman of ICO Global Communications from 1995 to 1999.
Lundberg resigned from the company (then in bankruptcy) on June 30, 2003.
David Kagan serves as the current CEO of Globalstar Inc.
See also
Mobile-satellite service
Satellite phone
Broadband Global Area Network
Gonets
ICO Satellite Management
Inmarsat
Iridium Satellite LLC
O3b Networks
SkyWave Mobile Communications
Starlink (SpaceX)
Teledesic
TerreStar
Thuraya
Thales Alenia Space
Orbcomm
References
External links
Companies listed on NYSE American
Mobile phone companies of the United States
Satellite telephony
Communications satellite operators
Companies established in 1998
Qualcomm
Loral Space & Communications
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets
2006 initial public offerings
Satellites in low Earth orbit | [
-0.42628538608551025,
0.3126383423805237,
0.08944382518529892,
0.14245760440826416,
-0.39216676354408264,
0.2722202241420746,
-0.04909045994281769,
0.7991830110549927,
-0.2772422134876251,
-0.32767820358276367,
-0.2486020177602768,
0.4063088893890381,
-0.11099537461996078,
0.29828667640686035,
-0.17903931438922882,
0.14972643554210663,
-0.4284179210662842,
0.7563108205795288,
-0.4056825339794159,
-0.7036998867988586,
-0.7190123796463013,
0.0544683076441288,
0.4344044029712677,
-0.7833755016326904,
0.1919647604227066,
0.168559730052948,
-0.08287493884563446,
0.11369813233613968,
-0.06855098158121109,
0.47661063075065613,
-0.15483205020427704,
0.49448081851005554,
-0.11544407159090042,
0.0400601290166378,
-0.4216030240058899,
-0.25355657935142517,
0.016705147922039032,
0.06225927546620369,
-0.3536788821220398,
-0.7037529945373535,
0.009319573640823364,
-0.11362719535827637,
0.10020710527896881,
0.5153319239616394,
0.21935153007507324,
-0.46432024240493774,
-1.9190340042114258,
0.14420932531356812,
-0.6166025996208191,
0.06892473250627518,
-0.4293025732040405,
0.3492946922779083,
0.28730958700180054,
0.17889843881130219,
-0.054619815200567245,
0.6773614883422852,
-0.45495814085006714,
0.3280062675476074,
0.23603034019470215,
-0.20272953808307648,
0.11924578994512558,
-0.3069305717945099,
0.10995031148195267,
0.12813003361225128,
0.17528457939624786,
-0.24819117784500122,
0.2401135414838791,
0.5799388289451599,
-0.44772711396217346,
-0.20146411657333374,
0.35527467727661133,
-0.4138406813144684,
0.17414076626300812,
0.837350070476532,
-0.30224940180778503,
-0.39904144406318665,
0.15243646502494812,
-0.095807746052742,
0.11079828441143036,
0.24638792872428894,
0.16327491402626038,
0.14798060059547424,
0.8498746156692505,
-0.37354108691215515,
0.028524737805128098,
0.39934784173965454,
-0.5480819940567017,
-0.2896256148815155,
0.014002221636474133,
0.6414610743522644,
-0.11172866076231003,
-0.10854849219322205,
0.46248626708984375,
0.5427727699279785,
0.19293221831321716,
-0.22993458807468414,
-0.030263317748904228,
0.1306169331073761,
0.14603781700134277,
0.011224262416362762,
-0.1903771162033081,
0.44473570585250854,
-0.1464361995458603,
-0.7839562892913818,
-0.2623509168624878,
-0.07298916578292847,
0.3783726990222931,
-0.3822675347328186,
-0.018270831555128098,
-0.2494726926088333,
-0.45345956087112427,
-0.03271433711051941,
0.020866237580776215,
0.15186691284179688,
-0.004079407546669245,
0.7741639614105225,
0.004755490925163031,
-0.2875400483608246,
0.3963617980480194,
-0.4912879765033722,
0.8341391086578369,
1.1301110982894897,
-0.4989190697669983,
-0.18155795335769653,
0.0016959744971245527,
0.4695858657360077,
0.6095073223114014,
0.08761090040206909,
0.16130392253398895,
0.23389287292957306,
0.0438736192882061,
0.4188164472579956,
-0.0694984719157219,
0.15652254223823547,
0.22779686748981476,
-0.1412268877029419,
0.8029398322105408,
-0.32629814743995667,
0.13829950988292694,
-0.24124930799007416,
-0.5416744947433472,
-0.3661489188671112,
-1.2886662483215332,
-0.7560622096061707,
0.8192071318626404,
-0.07820623368024826,
0.5084585547447205,
-0.2523474395275116,
-0.4639517068862915,
-0.1750207543373108,
-0.2951841354370117,
0.05497494712471962,
-0.35254597663879395,
0.3979295790195465,
-0.236516073346138,
0.04557950049638748,
0.49923551082611084,
-0.4357670843601227,
0.4465753734111786,
0.33808818459510803,
-0.023813683539628983,
0.15185119211673737,
-0.23589804768562317,
-0.34357690811157227,
-0.12585052847862244,
-0.3620082139968872,
0.16784819960594177,
0.14180442690849304,
0.05589555948972702,
0.00045215841964818537,
-0.45709389448165894,
-0.27502086758613586,
0.015922902151942253,
0.03435821086168289,
0.5105748772621155,
0.058230895549058914,
0.742997944355011,
0.2652622163295746,
-0.06369853764772415,
-0.16119025647640228,
-0.8303737640380859,
-0.13292330503463745,
0.851170003414154,
0.0831466019153595,
0.3594787120819092,
-0.35546234250068665,
0.7508676052093506,
0.13226762413978577,
-0.015191430225968361,
0.2468184381723404,
-0.6775714755058289,
-0.10924451798200607,
0.5062156915664673,
-0.30812427401542664,
0.26627808809280396,
-0.011265968903899193,
-0.3113872706890106,
0.11466369032859802,
-0.03427129611372948,
0.20022350549697876,
-0.31453588604927063,
0.19148001074790955,
-0.1384490728378296,
-0.452936053276062,
-0.24932114779949188,
0.7295063138008118,
-0.05613939091563225,
-0.18142491579055786,
0.19671843945980072,
0.2565971612930298,
0.24107149243354797,
-0.43389707803726196,
0.000007360549261647975,
0.10082259029150009,
0.223395437002182,
-0.44178062677383423,
-0.22942206263542175,
0.19228357076644897,
0.050621453672647476,
-0.05267559364438057,
1.2535079717636108,
-0.07937724888324738,
0.2186667025089264,
0.2568666934967041,
0.009056221693754196,
0.6482187509536743,
0.05218076333403587,
0.28355491161346436,
0.3698399066925049,
-0.03194041922688484,
0.4448520541191101,
-0.007254641968756914,
-0.37113818526268005,
-0.9316724538803101,
0.20918917655944824,
-0.08261916786432266,
-0.11432118713855743,
-0.3177239000797272,
0.5442020893096924,
-0.018088921904563904,
0.08516515791416168,
0.10832875967025757,
-0.38176798820495605,
0.2339499443769455,
0.36552727222442627,
-0.3372991681098938,
-0.41289791464805603,
-0.26392102241516113,
-0.3251381516456604,
-0.5520846247673035,
0.27579760551452637,
-0.19618499279022217,
-0.3111132085323334,
-0.1733088344335556,
0.0711795836687088,
0.02052801102399826,
-0.33343833684921265,
0.3142538368701935,
-0.3573390245437622,
-0.09182729572057724,
0.1385551393032074,
-0.22446922957897186,
-0.11523402482271194,
0.04985513910651207,
0.0008070660405792296,
-1.1096707582473755,
-0.4318080246448517,
-0.2013787031173706,
0.3092317581176758,
-0.3139313757419586,
0.049054209142923355,
-0.2706868052482605,
0.17537543177604675,
-0.5994765758514404,
0.05234692990779877,
-0.2982160449028015,
-0.06468133628368378,
0.6581733822822571,
-0.3860105872154236,
-0.05926519259810448,
0.5230444073677063,
0.27849143743515015,
0.47033777832984924,
-0.09822344034910202,
-0.08047164231538773,
0.6470740437507629,
0.17894330620765686,
-0.21403995156288147,
-0.7328035831451416,
0.08040487766265869,
0.06296087801456451,
-0.20878282189369202,
-0.2925798296928406,
0.35679686069488525,
0.4015176296234131,
0.33530542254447937,
0.33132776618003845,
0.1666632443666458,
-0.27310189604759216,
-0.10741397738456726,
-0.3141820728778839,
-0.04903928190469742,
-0.6545525789260864,
-0.8121460676193237,
-0.38315722346305847,
-0.6626461148262024,
-0.07672777771949768,
-0.6750600337982178,
-5.894064903259277,
-0.1356257200241089,
-0.27003011107444763,
-0.5658636093139648,
0.1654529869556427,
-0.5443945527076721,
0.49399444460868835,
0.034241192042827606,
0.15511968731880188,
0.5926728844642639,
0.32106465101242065,
-0.12283957004547119,
0.008805172517895699,
-0.2739788889884949,
0.1549030989408493,
0.8453034162521362,
0.6162304282188416,
0.2153255045413971,
0.17867305874824524,
-0.2801794111728668,
-0.056742481887340546,
-0.8303333520889282,
0.013329075649380684,
0.28680774569511414,
0.19094035029411316,
0.373899906873703,
-0.10638835281133652,
-0.07691065967082977,
-0.431861937046051,
0.18872873485088348,
0.2827526032924652,
-0.32834845781326294,
-0.2152092009782791,
0.15070289373397827,
-0.18497250974178314,
-0.43267467617988586,
0.4746973216533661,
0.11726853996515274,
0.4710771143436432,
-0.6134315133094788,
0.09238505363464355,
0.35076209902763367,
-0.07104504853487015,
-0.030118528753519058,
0.7508162260055542,
-0.34966808557510376,
-0.7424863576889038,
0.4981748163700104,
-0.15785330533981323,
0.9187244176864624,
0.15529590845108032,
-0.3111555278301239,
0.050566237419843674,
0.037514302879571915,
-0.2700394093990326,
-0.3494926691055298,
0.1955118328332901,
-0.14100025594234467,
0.027573125436902046,
0.4097672402858734,
0.5787417888641357,
-0.1408277004957199,
-0.055965814739465714,
-0.6696762442588806,
0.020882144570350647,
-0.15932565927505493,
-0.045103054493665695,
-0.5230929851531982,
0.09354051202535629,
-0.3300935626029968,
0.047102075070142746,
0.6499788761138916,
0.058514080941677094,
-0.3997362554073334,
-0.39125335216522217,
-0.6067250370979309,
0.29199647903442383,
0.1497013121843338,
-0.3199233114719391,
0.1300358921289444,
-0.11186958104372025,
0.010581701062619686,
-0.22097645699977875,
-0.10192691534757614,
-0.08715398609638214,
-0.10787303745746613,
-0.5834636092185974,
0.1330859363079071,
-0.3155250549316406,
0.07590266317129135,
1.0178641080856323,
-0.6078580617904663,
0.2725985646247864,
0.5915068984031677,
0.25627291202545166,
0.1767890453338623,
0.7196770906448364,
0.4082825779914856,
-0.023318033665418625,
-0.690733790397644,
0.26984623074531555,
0.0690784677863121,
0.2205313891172409,
-0.5839899182319641,
-0.14202049374580383,
0.0683990865945816,
0.15434810519218445,
-0.5722442269325256,
0.7762357592582703,
-0.22418934106826782,
0.2395566701889038,
-0.3762136995792389,
-0.7194330096244812,
-0.2507944703102112,
0.2466021478176117,
0.2224566489458084,
-0.4318486154079437,
0.31278541684150696,
0.07960660010576248,
0.12093645334243774,
0.23072069883346558,
0.09751904755830765,
0.3099755048751831,
0.04424320533871651,
-0.6581775546073914,
-0.29147160053253174,
-0.04101024568080902,
0.7254518270492554,
0.0399215891957283,
-0.10921845585107803,
0.07823052257299423,
0.33683258295059204,
0.07776243984699249,
-0.08463075757026672,
-0.10987070947885513,
-0.7041916847229004,
-0.07917474955320358,
-0.18103300034999847,
0.03651935234665871,
-0.11397463083267212,
-0.0506773442029953,
0.7155666947364807,
-0.16413787007331848,
0.07251029461622238,
0.41549423336982727,
0.8019554018974304,
-0.051555462181568146,
-0.24773277342319489,
-0.15219630300998688,
0.4920670986175537,
0.22996890544891357,
-0.6755539178848267,
0.439016729593277,
-0.17974980175495148,
-0.47737476229667664,
0.024198949337005615,
0.22776581346988678,
-0.1278388947248459,
-0.3134104013442993,
-0.36564740538597107,
0.24256904423236847,
0.28511133790016174,
-0.6533952355384827,
0.08246652036905289,
0.3786289095878601,
-0.08969229459762573,
-0.09604300558567047,
-0.5050004720687866,
-0.1695522516965866,
0.43852463364601135,
0.1141110211610794,
-0.05918465554714203,
-0.65128093957901,
-0.5499536991119385,
0.45356449484825134,
0.3486817479133606,
0.43082061409950256,
-0.09722953289747238,
0.3820251226425171,
0.2494780570268631,
0.2940320372581482,
0.08013429492712021,
-0.8564026355743408,
0.7229298949241638,
0.2512105405330658,
-0.5126845240592957,
0.06388156116008759,
0.035656366497278214,
-0.06092990189790726,
-0.3382837474346161,
0.29024577140808105,
0.33891138434410095,
0.2624024450778961,
-0.01637875661253929,
0.1193266436457634,
-0.7781072854995728,
0.12486644089221954,
0.24211996793746948,
-0.31344255805015564,
-0.986443042755127,
-0.5584202408790588,
0.69106125831604,
-0.7042129039764404,
0.3192048966884613,
0.2912670373916626,
-0.6120696067810059,
0.5010746717453003,
-0.044940344989299774,
-0.4374137222766876,
0.10348132997751236,
-0.45724499225616455,
-0.5005010366439819,
0.08395733684301376,
-0.30728673934936523,
0.08355657011270523,
0.2301587611436844,
0.4052022695541382,
-0.28292468190193176,
-0.5103594064712524,
-0.530971109867096,
0.040937166661024094,
-0.4660769999027252,
-0.43078118562698364,
-0.20683078467845917,
-0.4941428601741791,
0.6114529967308044,
0.22412848472595215,
-0.2662173807621002,
-0.03851950913667679,
-0.37933504581451416,
-0.45875227451324463,
0.3904080092906952,
0.0723106786608696,
0.28911641240119934,
0.20348647236824036,
0.1701146960258484,
-0.2653737962245941,
0.23272813856601715,
0.35392218828201294,
0.03173170983791351,
-0.13763472437858582,
-0.004864784423261881,
-0.2436271607875824,
0.01599798910319805,
0.16453061997890472,
-0.1408194601535797,
0.23922063410282135,
0.048310138285160065,
-0.5249446630477905,
-0.19583936035633087,
0.17689956724643707,
-0.5917139649391174,
-0.41361141204833984,
0.0851350650191307,
1.2442957162857056,
-0.5742740631103516,
-0.03861992433667183,
-0.10837927460670471,
-0.6450669765472412,
-0.36617225408554077,
-0.30745095014572144,
0.08771775662899017,
-0.32900792360305786,
0.29994088411331177,
0.2310277819633484,
0.8269229531288147,
-0.2645302414894104,
-0.3906526267528534,
0.017332233488559723,
-0.40181881189346313,
0.5287854075431824,
-0.0022004558704793453,
0.2864678204059601,
0.5117303729057312,
0.01622963510453701,
-0.2961443066596985,
0.32078978419303894,
-0.3924640715122223,
-0.26154404878616333,
-0.0390092208981514,
0.052267685532569885,
-0.12613320350646973,
0.3445858061313629,
-0.4240424931049347,
0.331069678068161,
-0.6941782832145691,
-0.06573508679866791,
-0.21996966004371643,
-0.4726523756980896,
0.198667973279953,
-0.17633263766765594,
0.5067692399024963,
0.018200162798166275,
0.010918807238340378,
-0.507552981376648,
0.22925454378128052,
0.699322521686554,
-0.48972591757774353,
-0.10661603510379791,
0.022919464856386185,
-0.7228065729141235,
0.762601912021637,
0.0617058239877224,
-0.6242875456809998,
0.4870956540107727,
-0.15836134552955627,
-0.051789283752441406,
-0.010309708304703236,
-0.026059865951538086,
-0.7669028639793396,
0.03593659773468971,
-0.16995683312416077,
0.3601357638835907,
0.6788261532783508,
-0.5518450736999512,
0.04618475213646889,
0.47166135907173157,
-0.1070893183350563,
-0.12101107835769653,
0.0007572224130854011,
-0.12396512925624847,
0.36740297079086304,
0.6208518147468567,
0.021827412769198418,
-0.11725770682096481,
0.8112622499465942,
-0.39527949690818787,
0.009898479096591473,
0.45064491033554077,
0.019747454673051834,
0.20003773272037506,
0.114308662712574,
-0.4023118019104004,
0.5659456849098206,
0.10728544741868973,
-0.22013525664806366,
0.349959135055542,
0.025768600404262543,
-0.7117093205451965,
0.3950243890285492,
0.6563273668289185,
0.35993850231170654,
0.4327954053878784,
0.1338881254196167,
-0.34752076864242554,
0.3631052076816559,
0.13502256572246552,
0.7249857187271118,
0.12749652564525604,
-0.08269412815570831,
-0.08350968360900879,
-0.10896991193294525,
-0.21048304438591003,
0.21024870872497559,
-0.10237172245979309,
-0.5049624443054199,
-0.06693350523710251,
0.06144241616129875,
0.14412520825862885,
-0.4566093683242798,
0.036723487079143524,
0.6609567999839783,
0.7059282064437866,
-0.09002435207366943,
-0.3146052658557892,
-0.2700824737548828,
0.08026236295700073,
-0.8261998891830444,
0.2772264778614044,
0.607283353805542,
-0.2647053003311157,
0.6773167848587036,
0.08972375839948654,
0.6034346222877502,
-0.07134474813938141,
0.02766851708292961,
0.06135128438472748,
0.11310060322284698,
0.006010319106280804,
0.41159915924072266,
-0.35310128331184387,
0.2581845819950104,
0.06492841988801956,
-0.30567818880081177,
0.1661863923072815,
0.15191346406936646,
-0.3837171792984009,
0.41922715306282043,
0.3148956298828125,
-0.038338951766490936,
0.18318785727024078,
-0.5376516580581665,
-0.414101243019104,
0.43773654103279114,
0.17063608765602112,
0.1819327026605606,
-0.08312022686004639,
0.11612752079963684,
0.15587227046489716,
0.19952376186847687,
0.620195746421814,
-0.16162516176700592,
0.696106493473053,
0.05474141240119934,
-0.2277408242225647,
-0.0937165915966034,
-0.2633620500564575,
0.23879730701446533,
-0.6295077800750732,
0.24543191492557526,
0.17666243016719818,
0.20773616433143616,
0.18841682374477386,
0.2945077419281006,
-0.05427763611078262,
0.35800686478614807,
0.8620954155921936,
0.47521644830703735,
0.21758897602558136,
0.042266201227903366,
-0.19331562519073486,
-0.1425544172525406,
0.37954822182655334,
0.2372240275144577,
0.28687673807144165,
-0.14978349208831787,
0.21052859723567963,
0.36462152004241943,
-0.11665362864732742,
0.5758450627326965,
-0.05950889736413956,
0.04998285323381424,
0.1409502923488617,
0.09729789197444916,
-0.6122184991836548,
-0.1427900195121765,
-0.27249863743782043,
0.04008573293685913,
0.6471642255783081,
-0.38533663749694824,
-0.30986467003822327,
-0.22135016322135925,
0.18861237168312073,
-0.25054994225502014,
-1.385789394378662,
-0.32075124979019165,
0.17318637669086456,
-0.6928842663764954,
-0.7784149646759033,
0.4816654324531555,
-0.25791022181510925,
-0.45832890272140503,
0.6219853162765503,
-0.02943079173564911,
0.16163186728954315,
0.29185909032821655,
0.5071694850921631,
-0.3057417571544647,
0.20596985518932343,
0.17785070836544037
] |
256911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Valerius%20Messalla%20Corvinus | Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus | Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64 BC – AD 8 or c. 12) was a Roman general, author, and patron of literature and art.
Family
Corvinus was the son of the consul in 61 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, and his wife, Palla. Some dispute his parentage and claim another descendant of Marcus Valerius Corvus to be his father. Valeria, one of his sisters, married Quintus Pedius, a maternal cousin to the Roman emperor Augustus. His great-grandnephew from this marriage was the deaf painter Quintus Pedius. Another sister, also named Valeria married Servius Sulpicius Rufus (a moneyer).
Corvinus married twice. His first wife was Calpurnia, possibly the daughter of the Roman politician Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Corvinus had two children with Calpurnia: a daughter, Valeria Messalina, who married the Roman senator Titus Statilius Taurus, consul in AD 11; and a son called Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, consul in 3 BC. His second son was Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus, consul in AD 20, who is believed to have been born to a second unknown wife on the basis of a 23-year gap between the consulship of the elder son and the consulship of the second son. The writings of the poet Ovid (Ex Pontis XVI.1-52) reveal that the second wife of Corvinus was a woman called Aurelia Cotta. Another fact supporting the theory that Aurelia Cotta was the mother of Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus is that he was later adopted into the Aurelii Cottae.
Life
Corvinus was educated partly at Athens, together with Horace and the younger Cicero. In early life he became attached to republican principles, which he never abandoned, although in later life he avoided offending Caesar Augustus by not mentioning them too openly.
In 43 BC he was proscribed, but managed to escape to the camp of Brutus and Cassius. After the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, he went over to Antony, but subsequently transferred his support to Octavian. In 31 BC, Corvinus was appointed consul in place of Antony and took part in the Battle of Actium. He subsequently held commands in the East and suppressed the revolt in Gallia Aquitania; for this latter feat he celebrated a triumph in 27 BC.
Corvinus restored the road between Tusculum and Alba, and many handsome buildings were due to his initiative. He moved that the title of pater patriae should be bestowed upon Augustus. Yet he also resigned from the post of Prefect of the city in 25 BC after six days of holding this office because it conflicted with his ideas of constitutionalism. It may have been on this occasion that he uttered the phrase "I am disgusted with power".
Patronage and writings
His influence on literature, which he encouraged after the manner of Gaius Maecenas, was considerable, and the group of literary personalities whom he gathered around him—including Tibullus, Lygdamus and the poet Sulpicia—has been called "the Messalla circle". With Horace and Tibullus he was on intimate terms, and Ovid expresses his gratitude to him as the first to notice and encourage his work. The two panegyrics by unknown authors (one printed among the poems of Tibullus as iv. 1; the other included in the Catalepton, the collection of small poems attributed to Virgil) indicate the esteem in which he was held.
Corvinus was himself the author of various works, all of which are lost. They included memoirs of the civil wars after the death of Caesar, used by Suetonius and Plutarch; bucolic poems in Greek; translations of Greek speeches; occasional satirical and erotic verses; and essays on the minutiae of grammar. As an orator, he followed Cicero instead of the Atticizing school, but his style was affected and artificial. Later critics considered him superior to Cicero, and Tiberius adopted him as a model. Late in life he wrote a work on the great Roman families, wrongly identified with an extant poem De progenie Augusti Caesaris which bears the name of Corvinus, but in fact is a 12th-century production.
Places associated with Corvinus
Corvinus had a house on the Palatine Hill in Rome that used to belong to Mark Antony before Augustus presented it to Corvinus and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. An inscription (CIL 6.29789 = ILS 5990) records Corvinus as the owner of the famed Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Luculliani) located on the Pincian Hill where the Villa Borghese gardens are today.
The Casale Rotondo, a cylindrical tomb near the sixth milestone on the Appian Way, is often identified as being the tomb of Corvinus, but this is debatable. Corvinus is also recorded in an inscription as being one of the three friends of Gaius Cestius responsible for erecting statues that once stood at the site of the famous Pyramid of Cestius which is located close to the Porta San Paolo in Rome.
In 2012, a luxurious villa of Corvinus was found on the via dei Laghi near Ciampino. The finds included seven colossal statues of Niobids that had toppled into the piscina apparently due to an earthquake.Seven Statues Linked to Ovid Recovered from Roman Pool, https://www.archaeology.org/news/433-130110-rome-ovid-statues
In 2014 another luxurious villa of Corvinus on the island of Elba was identified as his. It was burnt down in the 1st c. AD. Since its original excavation in the 1960s it was believed to belong to his family since he was a patron of Ovid who wrote of his visit to Corvinus's son on Elba before his exile on the Black Sea. Recent excavations below the collapsed building revealed five dolia for wine which were stamped with the Latin inscription “Hermia Va(leri) (M)arci s(ervus)fecit” (made by Hermias, slave of Marcus Valerius).
Legendary ancestor of Hungarian royalty
The Wallachian-Hungarian family of Corvin, which came to prominence with Janos Hunyadi and his son, Matthias Corvinus Hunyadi, King of Hungary and Bohemia, claimed to be descended from Corvinus. This was based on the assertion that he became a big landowner on the Pannonian-Dacian frontiers, the future Hungary and part of Romania, that his descendants continued to live there for the following 1400 years, and that the Hunyadis were his ultimate descendants – for which there is scant if any historical evidence. The connection seems to have been made by Matthias' biographer, the Italian Antonio Bonfini, who was well-versed with the classical Latin authors.
Bonfini also provided the Hunyadis with the epithet Corvinus. This was supposedly due to a case in which the tribune, Marcus Valerius Corvus in 349 BC, while on the battlefield, accepted a challenge to single combat issued to the Romans by a barbarian warrior of great size and strength. Suddenly, a raven flew from a trunk, perched upon his helmet, and began to attack his foe's eyes with its beak so fiercely that the barbarian was blinded and the Roman beat him easily. In memory of this event, Valerius' agnomen Corvinus (from Corvus, "Raven") was interpreted as derived from this event. The Hunyadis called themselves "Corvinus" and had their coins minted displaying a "raven with a ring". This was later taken up in the coat of arms of Polish aristocratic families connected with the Hunyadis, and also led to Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus' triumph over the Aquitanians (27 BC) being commemorated in the pediment of the Krasiński Palace in Warsaw.
See also
Korwin coat of arms
Ślepowron coat of arms
References
Monographs by L. Wiese (Berlin, 1829), J. M. Valeton (Groningen, 1874), L. Fontaine (Versailles, 1878); H. Schulz, De MV aetate (1886); "Messalla in Aquitania" by J. P. Postgate in Classical Review, March 1903; WY Sellar, Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Horace and the Elegiac Poets'' (Oxford, 1892), pp. 213 and 221 to 258; the spurious poem ed. by R. Mecenatë (1820).
External links
Online extracts from Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press OUP, 1986
64 BC births
0s deaths
1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria
1st-century BC Roman augurs
1st-century Romans
Ancient Roman generals
Patrons of literature
Roman patricians
Urban prefects of Rome
Corvinus, Marcus | [
-0.6514133810997009,
-0.06880931556224823,
-0.6692439913749695,
-0.16904103755950928,
-0.5944815874099731,
0.8607038259506226,
0.6074892282485962,
0.5404554605484009,
-0.4274504780769348,
-0.5212141871452332,
0.15776647627353668,
-0.1080002635717392,
-0.7486849427223206,
0.38889825344085693,
0.308285653591156,
0.36764582991600037,
-0.47472047805786133,
0.4005970358848572,
0.28830987215042114,
0.1037348136305809,
0.7447224259376526,
-0.3219378590583801,
0.196156308054924,
-0.061255015432834625,
-0.6370124220848083,
0.06083547696471214,
0.1447441726922989,
0.09892947971820831,
0.08482470363378525,
-0.43950989842414856,
-0.08836991339921951,
0.7126443982124329,
0.37194180488586426,
-0.2914157211780548,
-0.976491391658783,
-0.4158047139644623,
0.7725989818572998,
0.23641029000282288,
0.4817167818546295,
0.06358738988637924,
-0.36592158675193787,
0.4493670165538788,
0.6410226225852966,
-0.1780478060245514,
-0.3183082938194275,
-0.7353366613388062,
-1.6753692626953125,
-0.011294327676296234,
-0.20901085436344147,
-1.2609813213348389,
0.12258711457252502,
0.1393047571182251,
0.32911601662635803,
0.9573453664779663,
-0.4125358462333679,
1.2180649042129517,
-0.6339813470840454,
-0.9896848201751709,
0.18874222040176392,
0.26165804266929626,
0.8235372304916382,
-0.5350916981697083,
0.17869770526885986,
0.29934999346733093,
0.7473167777061462,
0.22967271506786346,
0.028718607500195503,
1.5086581707000732,
0.0331285260617733,
0.3255171775817871,
-0.6867688298225403,
0.6158929467201233,
0.203043594956398,
0.3315853476524353,
0.1635335236787796,
-0.05696292966604233,
-0.013774335384368896,
0.006217163521796465,
0.021666118875145912,
-0.5383089780807495,
-0.5202669501304626,
-0.6706265211105347,
0.6535145044326782,
0.242468923330307,
0.24071449041366577,
0.41853010654449463,
-0.27953964471817017,
-0.4216315746307373,
-0.5517560243606567,
0.039255715906620026,
-0.8473318815231323,
-0.4028191864490509,
0.7262277603149414,
0.6404796838760376,
-0.28005993366241455,
0.1704334169626236,
-0.558721125125885,
-0.19037199020385742,
-0.5454222559928894,
-0.8886255621910095,
-0.04281822592020035,
1.0636508464813232,
0.35365450382232666,
-0.44907063245773315,
-0.7320652604103088,
0.35129496455192566,
-0.1690700352191925,
-0.5717683434486389,
-0.5166441798210144,
0.8198898434638977,
-0.30954521894454956,
0.08164635300636292,
-0.5226617455482483,
-1.0209606885910034,
-0.8016915917396545,
0.11424127221107483,
-0.2585819959640503,
-0.2845180034637451,
-0.28173014521598816,
-0.5137537717819214,
-0.054763518273830414,
0.6251199841499329,
-0.6636742353439331,
0.35470420122146606,
-0.6275669932365417,
0.45098963379859924,
-0.22749212384223938,
-0.4253810942173004,
0.3273999094963074,
0.9564863443374634,
0.7943723201751709,
0.7498961687088013,
-0.8175647854804993,
0.6183489561080933,
-0.01476733572781086,
0.24477511644363403,
0.2609825134277344,
0.6051874160766602,
-0.32802027463912964,
-0.2556493580341339,
-0.6908447742462158,
-0.5412570238113403,
0.06020117551088333,
0.03986911475658417,
0.39274823665618896,
0.6152084469795227,
0.376995325088501,
-0.018917977809906006,
-0.1751043051481247,
-0.2843868136405945,
0.18239325284957886,
-0.9803900122642517,
0.1383080929517746,
-0.07856582850217819,
-0.2626364827156067,
0.8100879192352295,
0.4307786822319031,
-0.7330504059791565,
0.7229995727539062,
0.532197117805481,
0.5822324156761169,
0.2909679114818573,
-1.1258723735809326,
0.09745585173368454,
0.5738885998725891,
0.20625942945480347,
0.35669344663619995,
-0.3754729926586151,
0.14145797491073608,
-0.4246695935726166,
-0.758882462978363,
0.5689438581466675,
0.2436893731355667,
-0.7682482600212097,
0.11909788101911545,
0.7682816982269287,
0.5376124382019043,
0.6040844321250916,
-0.2036251425743103,
-0.6893188953399658,
-0.6391897201538086,
0.20813672244548798,
-0.619171679019928,
0.5768857598304749,
0.8147127628326416,
0.5927096009254456,
0.21799132227897644,
-0.28024861216545105,
-0.17454659938812256,
-0.790222704410553,
-1.2324131727218628,
-0.2517209053039551,
-0.4246945083141327,
-0.4906753897666931,
0.9379037022590637,
-0.17716769874095917,
-1.051836371421814,
0.8641713857650757,
0.36459583044052124,
0.9220390319824219,
-0.5217673182487488,
-0.5561091303825378,
0.7819049954414368,
0.37492069602012634,
-0.42191410064697266,
0.7346667647361755,
0.2473934441804886,
0.024547720327973366,
0.29328763484954834,
1.8361222743988037,
0.40779128670692444,
-0.13375520706176758,
-0.3715430200099945,
0.4643188416957855,
-0.14948338270187378,
0.39499548077583313,
-0.4096997082233429,
0.057060014456510544,
-0.18363572657108307,
-0.554602324962616,
0.718992292881012,
-0.24308472871780396,
-0.5605756640434265,
0.5864954590797424,
-1.219829797744751,
0.8581792712211609,
0.3516317903995514,
-0.031646136194467545,
-0.8239179849624634,
-1.2380149364471436,
0.5535873174667358,
0.6038100719451904,
0.07230319827795029,
-0.3169945180416107,
-0.20023487508296967,
-0.3337894380092621,
-0.16187167167663574,
-0.3447866439819336,
0.08024247735738754,
-0.42127057909965515,
0.2659143805503845,
0.48446109890937805,
0.022479448467493057,
0.10808680951595306,
-0.6348950862884521,
1.089581847190857,
0.09725724905729294,
0.10606148093938828,
0.37134599685668945,
0.2887042164802551,
0.3636029362678528,
0.6181542277336121,
0.36103758215904236,
-1.015761137008667,
-0.007284662686288357,
-0.0926450863480568,
0.33626729249954224,
-0.5022571086883545,
0.5380690097808838,
-0.10518108308315277,
-0.12207773327827454,
0.03632489591836929,
0.5320121049880981,
0.6240787506103516,
0.1887095421552658,
-0.1035851538181305,
-0.07220064848661423,
-0.22967813909053802,
-0.552556037902832,
-0.6339393854141235,
0.3463708162307739,
-0.2076525092124939,
0.028281603008508682,
0.17507100105285645,
0.69591224193573,
-0.2875758409500122,
-0.9738701581954956,
0.3808636963367462,
-0.6724174618721008,
-0.1446794718503952,
0.1736033707857132,
0.758516252040863,
-0.05703108385205269,
0.10027879476547241,
-1.0652880668640137,
0.41762804985046387,
0.168031707406044,
0.4541266858577728,
-0.09900899976491928,
-0.5011366605758667,
0.4921012818813324,
-0.33246877789497375,
-0.7530264854431152,
1.003328561782837,
-0.5341600179672241,
1.1392722129821777,
-0.38315218687057495,
-0.058612216264009476,
0.5335333347320557,
-0.02181977964937687,
-0.6283465027809143,
0.9017053842544556,
-0.1313418745994568,
-0.03619666025042534,
0.22144658863544464,
-0.46148017048835754,
-0.243381068110466,
0.031483106315135956,
-3.7594447135925293,
0.09008609503507614,
-0.2160823792219162,
-0.43870285153388977,
-0.11461596935987473,
-0.10804921388626099,
0.23257720470428467,
-0.28225380182266235,
-0.20326218008995056,
0.3585348427295685,
0.6775508522987366,
0.019773220643401146,
-0.4133821129798889,
0.6691640019416809,
1.4838441610336304,
0.2555748522281647,
0.8844530582427979,
-0.596369743347168,
0.7098252177238464,
0.2317042201757431,
0.496019572019577,
0.6519851684570312,
0.09031503647565842,
-0.07570397853851318,
0.3038945198059082,
0.03800123929977417,
-0.23271116614341736,
-0.11764272302389145,
-0.8738475441932678,
-0.0831923633813858,
0.27099350094795227,
0.30142492055892944,
-0.1273946315050125,
-0.19854091107845306,
-0.934471845626831,
-0.0010362910106778145,
0.6617046594619751,
0.4732983708381653,
0.8765625357627869,
0.3627874553203583,
-0.36315006017684937,
-0.2531112730503082,
-0.47805267572402954,
0.7358501553535461,
0.14246252179145813,
-0.0021913733799010515,
-0.8835961222648621,
0.515654444694519,
-0.10788414627313614,
0.7083041667938232,
0.5191469192504883,
-0.22510994970798492,
-0.09633829444646835,
0.9449530839920044,
-0.4079359173774719,
-0.013761538080871105,
0.3449762761592865,
0.291050523519516,
-0.6439967751502991,
-0.1343798041343689,
0.8587016463279724,
-0.9714664220809937,
-0.10166865587234497,
-0.531243085861206,
0.5664544105529785,
-0.6802528500556946,
0.23542582988739014,
-0.49786490201950073,
0.04054632410407066,
0.4979677200317383,
-0.32021135091781616,
0.5013612508773804,
0.10862663388252258,
-0.7268721461296082,
0.8328093886375427,
-0.4390333890914917,
-0.734150767326355,
0.6537950038909912,
0.019644154235720634,
0.23568648099899292,
-0.11439891904592514,
-0.6042001247406006,
-0.21417754888534546,
0.4690608084201813,
0.7884839773178101,
0.6608028411865234,
0.3012324571609497,
0.3179284930229187,
-0.8527891039848328,
-0.5439993739128113,
-0.05352669581770897,
-0.44447803497314453,
-0.014499898999929428,
0.6916053295135498,
0.022274073213338852,
0.699393630027771,
-0.240461066365242,
-0.38866502046585083,
1.0865334272384644,
0.3281450867652893,
0.23354336619377136,
-0.23729972541332245,
-0.8054326176643372,
-0.46041765809059143,
-0.5340536832809448,
-1.0229061841964722,
-0.574252724647522,
0.43907690048217773,
0.0665009468793869,
-0.22654572129249573,
0.28620824217796326,
-0.031062010675668716,
-0.5966734886169434,
0.659255862236023,
0.6680948734283447,
-0.7800258994102478,
0.013683192431926727,
0.9049543738365173,
0.4328991770744324,
0.0660223662853241,
-0.10763848572969437,
-0.06855478137731552,
-0.29496312141418457,
-0.944663405418396,
-0.41646021604537964,
-0.027330316603183746,
-0.40797513723373413,
0.11367358267307281,
-0.5439096093177795,
-0.06493938714265823,
-0.15177389979362488,
-0.2791707515716553,
-0.8589667677879333,
0.23447611927986145,
0.06769353896379471,
-1.3088023662567139,
-0.0812903344631195,
0.1346038430929184,
0.30138853192329407,
0.022254562005400658,
-0.2701002359390259,
-0.08088712394237518,
-1.1121602058410645,
0.36097460985183716,
-0.07246367633342743,
0.713017463684082,
0.778247058391571,
-0.2570463716983795,
-0.16803568601608276,
0.6158335208892822,
-0.46184906363487244,
-0.9765905141830444,
-0.0571766272187233,
-0.4207918345928192,
-0.19192786514759064,
0.3435986638069153,
0.47572916746139526,
-0.007894984446465969,
-0.17019225656986237,
-0.41566038131713867,
-0.8609637022018433,
-0.04120625555515289,
-0.5478923320770264,
0.18971863389015198,
0.16011440753936768,
0.15016679465770721,
0.03736511245369911,
-0.9759917855262756,
-0.800904393196106,
1.2225501537322998,
-0.3790535628795624,
0.26264604926109314,
-0.08212080597877502,
0.08769319951534271,
0.6574510931968689,
0.2828359305858612,
0.316057026386261,
-0.7036244869232178,
0.2687050402164459,
0.07825251668691635,
-0.8470253944396973,
0.07863108813762665,
-0.05793099105358124,
0.19197571277618408,
-0.1975708156824112,
0.029336275532841682,
-0.2766704857349396,
-1.0776695013046265,
-0.3640832304954529,
-0.5178005695343018,
-0.16486819088459015,
0.5179498195648193,
0.09039023518562317,
0.1399763524532318,
-0.04006902500987053,
-0.1637728065252304,
0.4756816327571869,
-0.02113020420074463,
0.189546599984169,
-0.6068461537361145,
-0.3072913587093353,
0.6607091426849365,
-0.3403943181037903,
0.12931127846240997,
-0.5932815670967102,
-0.3888968527317047,
0.2759292721748352,
-0.06955084949731827,
-0.997596025466919,
0.9482412338256836,
-0.16564220190048218,
-0.24491868913173676,
-0.319686621427536,
0.6997649073600769,
-0.631622850894928,
0.30655336380004883,
-0.12506920099258423,
0.8468202352523804,
-0.8855658769607544,
-0.29636961221694946,
-0.7851631045341492,
-1.3749353885650635,
-1.0259647369384766,
-1.0163843631744385,
-0.5085711479187012,
0.39228349924087524,
0.11919431388378143,
-0.4917275309562683,
0.8869874477386475,
-0.029748599976301193,
0.21543313562870026,
-0.13294599950313568,
0.18389886617660522,
-0.47785207629203796,
-0.5938485860824585,
0.2887016534805298,
-0.40923070907592773,
-0.12690651416778564,
-0.8435777425765991,
0.1626373529434204,
1.2443937063217163,
1.0470736026763916,
0.08189523965120316,
-1.155906081199646,
-0.3467981219291687,
0.6488850116729736,
-0.04635319858789444,
-0.3055480718612671,
0.11202273517847061,
-0.5085749626159668,
0.640137791633606,
-0.7977867722511292,
-0.5989475846290588,
-0.5066105127334595,
0.7441422343254089,
-0.5992706418037415,
-0.3666084408760071,
0.30560973286628723,
-0.4153318405151367,
0.3087814152240753,
0.2318592220544815,
0.8572190403938293,
0.20319864153862,
-0.03196878731250763,
0.3011848032474518,
0.7631381154060364,
0.4076676070690155,
-0.1865830272436142,
0.4157145023345947,
-0.8553728461265564,
-0.6816005706787109,
-1.1296687126159668,
0.20080511271953583,
0.2045246660709381,
0.07181008160114288,
-0.08169256895780563,
0.4026046097278595,
-0.6145801544189453,
0.7643858194351196,
-0.5626444816589355,
-1.0458799600601196,
0.04354336857795715,
0.1997089385986328,
-0.036870330572128296,
0.09036266058683395,
-1.15732741355896,
-0.9763829112052917,
0.49703237414360046,
-0.4058645963668823,
0.6159273982048035,
-0.6539947390556335,
0.12810118496418,
0.051386550068855286,
0.09536723792552948,
0.2106756716966629,
0.7538154721260071,
-1.4351375102996826,
0.27630576491355896,
-0.2303164303302765,
0.09929052740335464,
-0.8535757064819336,
0.9212467074394226,
0.9466561079025269,
-0.20277120172977448,
0.3379386067390442,
0.6291264891624451,
0.08775666356086731,
-0.24603593349456787,
0.08912442624568939,
-0.09189010411500931,
-0.16276246309280396,
-1.0273727178573608,
0.44081565737724304,
-0.2316848784685135,
-0.9685565233230591,
-0.7696200013160706,
0.7874140739440918,
-0.2860725224018097,
0.2705213725566864,
0.0725356787443161,
0.5161599516868591,
-0.41825804114341736,
0.8024449348449707,
0.6930826902389526,
0.1338731348514557,
0.3265078663825989,
-0.3865959048271179,
0.6694071888923645,
-0.043881550431251526,
0.4139489531517029,
-0.28610873222351074,
-0.1647501289844513,
-0.7142060399055481,
1.1239428520202637,
-0.599841296672821,
-0.10915672034025192,
0.2320414036512375,
-0.6812975406646729,
0.21439975500106812,
0.1090012863278389,
0.6499192118644714,
1.2702465057373047,
0.11606264114379883,
0.06108800694346428,
-0.4339158535003662,
0.7202730774879456,
-0.6664113402366638,
-0.15540935099124908,
0.47149479389190674,
-0.6922539472579956,
0.6949566006660461,
0.3884618282318115,
0.03492109477519989,
0.10046527534723282,
0.06366491317749023,
0.09186726808547974,
0.8884601593017578,
0.6965512037277222,
-0.25940629839897156,
-0.07401246577501297,
0.23929958045482635,
-0.19647090137004852,
1.098950743675232,
-1.0356535911560059,
-0.09585745632648468,
-0.32950228452682495,
-0.18417243659496307,
-0.24884143471717834,
-0.5391214489936829,
0.2797812521457672,
-0.391564279794693,
-0.8752682209014893,
0.3100185692310333,
0.5904930830001831,
0.786849319934845,
-0.33251968026161194,
0.38846084475517273,
0.30047938227653503,
-0.1561833769083023,
0.6962723135948181,
-0.4972488582134247,
0.2914288640022278,
-0.10788755863904953,
-0.4156084656715393,
0.14689438045024872,
-0.20021456480026245,
-0.07302617281675339,
0.13927362859249115,
0.5685632228851318,
-0.40547123551368713,
0.47923198342323303,
-0.1346496045589447,
-0.4070798456668854,
-0.12275449186563492,
-0.17017704248428345,
-0.14777971804141998,
0.36674702167510986,
0.2552400827407837,
-0.022753365337848663,
-1.3602973222732544,
-0.11805050820112228,
0.13388381898403168,
-0.31592297554016113,
0.3752411901950836,
-0.02569228783249855,
0.490831196308136,
-0.017047278583049774,
0.5421525239944458,
-0.9460282325744629,
0.7334181666374207,
-0.5900987386703491,
0.6106241345405579,
-0.9368530511856079,
0.6461166739463806,
-0.2499002069234848,
0.05255482718348503,
0.6857542395591736,
-0.6852050423622131,
-0.4265803396701813,
-0.04067503288388252,
0.17915037274360657,
0.19278524816036224,
0.5323238968849182,
0.6576409935951233,
0.03422527387738228,
-0.5060443878173828,
0.1523621678352356,
-0.14238137006759644,
-0.05439935252070427,
1.0369514226913452,
0.2510491907596588,
-0.374281644821167,
0.5745055079460144,
-0.38025999069213867,
-0.5428810119628906,
-0.22805780172348022,
0.8041092753410339,
0.629183828830719,
0.5018669962882996,
-0.18918907642364502,
0.6655101776123047,
-0.7097544074058533,
0.6634478569030762,
-0.5270361304283142,
0.6480088233947754,
-0.26063382625579834,
-0.6853722333908081,
-0.9430192112922668,
0.2112431526184082,
0.578594982624054,
0.5343490242958069,
0.5307754874229431,
0.6248937249183655,
-0.8644328117370605,
0.044096313416957855,
-0.03472478687763214,
-0.5922778844833374,
-0.3106573522090912,
0.4241584539413452,
-0.061544403433799744
] |
256913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm | Qualcomm | Qualcomm () is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware. It creates semiconductors, software, and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G, 4G, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.
Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin M. Jacobs and six other co-founders. Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two-way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, the 2G standard was adopted with Qualcomm's CDMA patents incorporated. Afterwards there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard.
Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model. It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles, watches, laptops, wi-fi, smartphones, and other devices.
History
Early history
Qualcomm was created in July 1985 by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs. The company was named Qualcomm for "QUALity COMMunications". It started as a contract research and development center largely for government and defense projects.
Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding in order to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies. Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs. By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenue, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National. Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks.
1990–2015
Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research. To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offering in September 1991 raising $68 million. An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard. The company had $383 million in annual revenue in 1995 and $814 million by 1996.
In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its base station and cell-phone manufacturing businesses were spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents and chipset businesses. Since the base station division was losing $400M a year (having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale), profits skyrocketed in the following year, and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year. By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 million in profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%). Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America. By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea.
In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO. Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the internet of things. In the same year they have acquired Flarion Technologies, a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) technology.
Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013. Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm's focus to wireless technology for cars, wearable devices, and other new markets.
2015–present: NXP, Broadcom and NUVIA
Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016. The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 2017 with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved by antitrust regulators.
As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcom made a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm, and Qualcomm rejected the offer. Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover, and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion. The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment and blocked by an executive order from U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns.
Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war. U.S. President Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm. The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement, but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods. Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval, before abandoning the deal in July 2018.
On January 6, 2021, Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive. On January 13, 2021, Qualcomm announced agreement to acquire NUVIA for approximately $1.4 billion. NUVIA was a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex-Apple and ex-Google architects. On March 16, 2021, Qualcomm announced the completion of their acquisition of NUVIA, and the first products will be laptop CPUs and would be sampling in the second half of 2022.
Wireless CDMA
2G
Early history
In mid-1985, Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The following year, Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent (No. 4,901,307). This patent established Qualcomm's overall approach to CDMA and later became one of the most frequently cited technical documents in history. The project with the FCC was scrapped in 1988, when the FCC told all twelve vendors that submitted proposals to form a joint venture to create a single proposal.
Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA) in 1989 as an alternative to the time-division multiple access (TDMA) standard for second-generation cell-phone networks. A few months later, CTIA officially rejected Qualcomm's CDMA standard in favor of the more established TDMA standard developed by Ericsson.
At the time, CDMA wasn't considered viable in high-volume commercial applications due to the near-far field effect, whereby phones closer to a cell tower with a stronger signal drown out callers that are further away and have a weaker signal. Qualcomm filed three additional patents in 1989. They were for: a power management system that adjusts the signal strength of each call to adjust for the near-far field effect; a "soft handoff" methodology for transferring callers from one cell-tower to the next; and a variable rate encoder, which reduces bandwidth usage when a caller isn't speaking.
Holy wars of wireless
After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA, Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers. This started what is often referred to as "the Holy Wars of Wireless", an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks. Qualcomm-supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America, due to its network capacity.
Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989 in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City. In 1990, Nynex Mobile Communications and Ameritech Mobile Communications were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA. Motorola, a prior TDMA advocate, conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles. This was followed by a $2 million trial network in San Diego for Airtouch Communications. In November 1991, 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large-scale CDMA field tests.
Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re-open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard. CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993, adopting Qualcomm's CDMA as the IS-95A standard, also known as cdmaOne. This prompted widespread criticism in forums, trade press, and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA's developer, Ericsson.
The first commercial-scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995. On July 21, 1995, Primeco, which represented a consortium of Cox Communications, Comcast, Sprint and others, announced it was going to implement CDMA-based services on networks in 15 states. By this time, 11 out of 14 of the world's largest networks supported CDMA. By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market, whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA.
International
In 1991, Qualcomm and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) agreed to jointly develop CDMA technologies for the Korean telecommunications infrastructure. A CDMA standard was adopted as the national wireless standard in Korea in May 1993 with commercial CDMA networks being launched in 1996. CDMA networks were also launched in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, India, and Venezuela. Qualcomm entered the Russian and Latin American markets in 2005. By 2007, Qualcomm's technology was in cell phone networks in more than 105 countries. Qualcomm also formed licensing agreements with Nokia in Europe, Nortel in Canada, and with Matsushita and Mitsubishi in Japan.
Qualcomm entered the Chinese market through a partnership with China Unicom in 2000, which launched the first CDMA-based network in China in 2003. China became a major market for Qualcomm's semiconductor products, representing more than fifty percent of its revenues, but also the source of many legal disputes regarding Qualcomm's intellectual property. By 2007, $500 million of Qualcomm's annual revenues were coming from Korean manufacturers.
Manufacturing
Initially, Qualcomm's manufacturing operations were limited to a small ASIC design and manufacturing team to support the Omnitracs system. Qualcomm was forced to expand into manufacturing in the 1990s in order to produce the hardware carriers needed to implement CDMA networks that used Qualcomm's intellectual property. Qualcomm's first large manufacturing project was in May 1993, in a deal to provide 36,000 CDMA phones to US West.
For a time, Qualcomm experienced delays and other manufacturing problems, because it was in-experienced with mass manufacturing. In 1994, Qualcomm partnered with Northern Telecom and formed a joint partnership with Sony, in order to leverage their manufacturing expertise. Nokia, Samsung and Motorola introduced their own CDMA phones in 1997. Qualcomm's manufacturing business was losing money due to large capital equipment costs and declining prices caused by competition. Also, in March 1997, after Qualcomm introduced its Q phone, Motorola initiated a lawsuit (settled out of court in 2000) for allegedly copying the design of its Startac phone.
In December 1999, Qualcomm sold its manufacturing interests to Kyocera Corporation, a Japanese CDMA manufacturer and Qualcomm licensee. Qualcomm's infrastructure division was sold to competitor Ericsson in 1999 as part of an out-of-court agreement for a CDMA patent dispute that started in 1996. The sale of the infrastructure division marked the beginning of an increase in Qualcomm's stock price and stronger financial performance, but many of the 1,200 employees involved were discontented working for a competitor and losing their stock options. This led to a protracted legal dispute regarding employee stock options, resulting in $74 million in settlements by 2005.
3G
3G standards were expected to force prior TDMA carriers onto CDMA, in order to meet 3G bandwidth goals. The two largest GSM manufacturers, Nokia and Ericsson, advocated for a greater role for GSM, in order to negotiate lower royalty prices from Qualcomm. In 1998, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) voted in support of the WCDMA standard, which relied less on Qualcomm's CDMA patents. Qualcomm responded by refusing to license its intellectual property for the standard.
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Third Generation Partnership Program 2, advocated for a competing CDMA-2000 standard developed primarily by Qualcomm. American and European politicians advocated for the CDMA-2000 and WCDMA standards respectively. The ITU said it would exclude Qualcomm's CDMA technology from the 3G standards entirely if a patent dispute over the technology with Ericsson was not resolved. The two reached an agreement out-of-court in 1999, one month before a deadline set by the ITU. Both companies agreed to cross-license their technology to each other and to work together on 3G standards.
A compromise was eventually reached whereby the ITU would initially endorse three standards: CDMA2000 1X, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA. Qualcomm agreed to license its CDMA patents for variants such as WCDMA. There were 240 million CDMA 3G subscribers by 2004 and 143 carriers in 67 countries by 2005. Qualcomm claimed to own 38 percent of WCDMA's essential patents, whereas European GSM interests sponsored a research paper alleging Qualcomm only owned 19 percent.
Qualcomm consolidated its interests in telecommunications carriers, such as Cricket Communications and Pegaso into a holding company, Leap Wireless, in 1998. Leap was spun-off later that year and sold to AT&T in 2014.
4G
Qualcomm initially advocated for the CDMA-based Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) standard for fourth generation wireless networks. UMB wasn't backwards compatible with prior CDMA networks and didn't operate as well in narrow bandwidths as the LTE (long-term evolution) standard. No cellular networks adopted UMB. Qualcomm halted development of UMB in 2005 and decided to support the LTE standard, even though it didn't rely as heavily on Qualcomm patents. Then, Qualcomm purchased LTE-related patents through acquisitions. By 2012, Qualcomm held 81 seminal patents used in 4G LTE standards, or 12.46 percent.
Qualcomm also became more focused on using its intellectual property to manufacture semiconductors in a fabless manufacturing model. A VLSI Technology Organization division was founded in 2004, followed by a DFX group in 2006, which did more of the manufacturing design in-house. Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit (CPU) for mobile devices in November 2005. This was followed by the first shipments of the Snapdragon system-on-chip product, which includes a CPU, GPS, graphics processing unit, camera support and other software and semiconductors, in November 2007. The Gobi family of modems for portable devices was released in 2008. Gobi modems were embedded in many laptop brands and Snapdragon system on chips were embedded into most Android devices.
Qualcomm won a government auction in India in 2010 for $1 billion in spectrum and licenses from which to offer broadband services. It formed four joint ventures with Indian holding companies for this purpose. A 49 percent stake in the holding companies was acquired by Bharti in May 2012 and the remaining was acquired in October 2012 by AT&T.
5G
According to Fortune Magazine, Qualcomm has been developing technologies for future 5G standards in three areas: radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to, creating larger ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces, and a set of services for internet of things applications. Qualcomm's first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016 and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017. Qualcomm's first 5G antennas were announced in July 2018. As of 2018, Qualcomm has partnerships with 19 mobile device manufacturers and 18 carriers to commercialize 5G technology. By late 2019, several phones were being sold with Qualcomm's 5G technology incorporated.
Software and other technology
Early software
Qualcomm acquired an email application called Eudora in 1991. By 1996, Eudora was installed on 63 percent of PCs. Microsoft Outlook eclipsed Eudora, since it was provided for free by default on Windows-based machines. By 2003 Qualcomm's Eudora was the most popular alternative to Microsoft Outlook, but still had only a five percent share of the market. Software development for Eudora was retired in 2006.
In 2001, Qualcomm introduced Brew, a smartphone app development service with APIs to access contacts, billing, app-stores, or multimedia on the phone. South Korean carrier KTFreeTel was the first to adopt the Brew system in November 2001, followed by Verizon in March 2002 for its "Get it Now" program. There were 2.5 million Brew users by the end of 2002 and 73 million in 2003.
Other technology
In 2004, Qualcomm created a MediaFLO subsidiary to bring its FLO (forward link only) specification to market. Qualcomm built an $800 million MediaFLO network of cell towers to supplement carrier networks with one that is designed for multimedia. In comparison to cellular towers that provide two-way communications with each cell phone individually, MediaFLO towers would broadcast multimedia content to mobile phones in a one-way broadcast. Qualcomm also sold FLO-based semiconductors and licenses.
Qualcomm created the FLO Forum standards group with 15 industry participants in July 2005. Verizon was the first carrier to partner with MediaFlo in December 2005 for its Verizon Wireless' V Cast TV, which was followed by the AT&T Mobile TV service a couple months later. The MediaFlo service was launched on Super Bowl Sunday in 2007. Despite the interest the service got among carriers, it was unpopular among consumers. The service required users to pay for a subscription and have phones that were equipped with special semiconductors. The service was discontinued in 2011 and its spectrum was sold to AT&T for $1.93 billion. Qualcomm rebooted the effort in 2013 with LTE Broadcast, which uses pre-existing cell towers to broadcast select content locally on a dedicated spectrum, such as during major sporting events.
Based on technology acquired from Iridigm in 2004 for $170 million, Qualcomm began commercializing Mirasol displays in 2007, which was expanded into eight products in 2008. Mirasol uses natural light shining on a screen to provide lighting for the display, rather a backlight, in order to reduce power consumption. The amount of space between the surface of the display and a mirror within a 10 micron-wide "interferometric modulator" determines the color of the reflected light. Mirasol was eventually closed down after an attempt to revive it in 2013 in Toq watches.
In June 2011, Qualcomm introduced AllJoyn, a wireless standard for communicating between devices like cell phones, televisions, air-conditioners, and refrigerators. The Alljoyn technology was donated to the Linux Foundation in December 2013. Qualcomm and the Linux Foundation then formed the Allseen Alliance to administer the standard and Qualcomm developed products that used the AllJoyn standard In December 2011, Qualcomm formed a healthcare subsidiary called Qualcomm Life. Simultaneously, the subsidiary released a cloud-based service for managing clinical data called 2net and the Qualcomm Life Fund, which invests in wireless healthcare technology companies. The subsidiary doubled its employee-count by acquiring HealthyCircles Inc., a healthcare IT company, the following May. Qualcomm life was later sold to a private equity firm, Francisco Partners, in 2019.
Developments since 2016
In 2016, Qualcomm developed its first beta processor chip for servers and PCs called "Server Development Platform" and sent samples for testing. In January 2017, a second generation data center and PC server chip called Centriq 2400 was released. PC Magazine said the release was "historic" for Qualcomm, because it was a new market segment for the company. Qualcomm also created a Qualcomm Datacenter Technologies subsidiary to focus on the PCs and servers market. In 2017, Qualcomm introduced embedded technology for 3D cameras intended for augmented reality apps. Qualcomm is also developing and demonstrating laptop processors and other parts, as of 2017.
In 2000, Qualcomm formed a joint venture with Ford called Wingcast, which created telematics equipment for cars, but was unsuccessful and closed down two years later. Qualcomm acquired the wireless electric car charging company, HaloIPT, in November 2011 and later sold the company to WiTricity in February 2019. Qualcomm also started introducing Snapdragon system-on-chips and Gobi modems and other software or semiconductor products for self-driving cars and modern in-car computers.
In 2020, Qualcomm hired Baidu Veteran, Nan Zhou, to head Qualcomm's push into AI.
Patents and patent disputes
In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Qualcomm's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 5th in the world, with 2,173 patent applications being published during 2020. This position is down from their previous ranking as 4th in 2019 with 2,127 applications.
In 2017, Qualcomm owned more than 130,000 current or pending patents. An increase from the early 2000s when Qualcomm had more than 1,000 patents. As the sole early investor in CDMA research and development, Qualcomm's patent portfolio contains much of the intellectual property that is essential to CDMA technologies.
Since many of Qualcomm's patents are part of an industry standard, the company has agreed to license those patents under "fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory" terms. Qualcomm's royalties come out to about 5% or $30 per mobile device. According to Fortune Magazine, this is about 5–10 times more than what is typically charged by other patent-holders. Qualcomm says its patents are more expensive because they are more important and its pricing is within the range of common licensing practices. However, competitors, clients, and regulators often allege Qualcomm charges unreasonable rates or engages in unfair competition for mandatory patents.
Broadcom
In 2005, Broadcom and Qualcomm were unable to reach an agreement on cross-licensing their intellectual property, and Broadcom sued Qualcomm alleging it was breaching ten Broadcom patents. Broadcom asked the International Trade Commission to prohibit importing the affected technology. A separate lawsuit alleged Qualcomm was threatening to withhold UMTS patent licenses against manufacturers that bought their semiconductors from competitors, in violation of the standards agreement.
Qualcomm alleged Broadcom was using litigation as a negotiation tactic and that it would respond with its own lawsuits. Qualcomm sued Broadcom, alleging it was using seven Qualcomm patents without permission. By late 2006, more than 20 lawsuits had been filed between the two parties and both sides claimed to be winning.
In September 2006, a New Jersey court judge ruled that Qualcomm's patent monopoly was an inherent aspect of creating industry standards and that Qualcomm's pricing practices were lawful. In May 2007, a jury ordered Qualcomm to pay Broadcom $19.6 million for infringing on three Broadcom patents. In June 2007, the ITC ruled that Qualcomm had infringed on at least one Broadcom patent and banned corresponding imports. Qualcomm and Broadcom reached a settlement in April 2009, resulting in a cross-licensing agreement, a dismissal of all litigation and Qualcomm paying $891 million over four years.
During the litigation, Qualcomm claimed it had never participated in the JVT standards-setting process. However, an engineer's testimony led to discovery of 21 JVT-related emails Qualcomm lawyers had withheld from the court, and 200,000 pages of JVT-related documents. Qualcomm's lawyers said the evidence was overlooked by accident, whereas the judge said it was gross misconduct. Qualcomm was fined $8.5 million for legal misconduct. On appeal, the court held that Qualcomm could only enforce the related patents against non-JVT members, based on the agreements signed to participate in JVT.
Nokia and Project Stockholm
Six large telecommunications companies led by Nokia filed a complaint against Qualcomm with the European Commission's antitrust division in October 2005. They alleged Qualcomm was abusing its market position to charge unreasonable rates for its patents. Qualcomm alleged the six companies were colluding together under the code name Project Stockholm in a legal strategy to negotiate lower rates. These events led to a protracted legal dispute.
Qualcomm filed a series of patent-infringement lawsuits against Nokia in Europe, Asia, the US, and with the ITC. The parties initiated more than one dozen lawsuits against one another. Several companies filed antitrust complaints against Qualcomm with the Korean Fair Trade Commission, who initiated an investigation into Qualcomm's practices in December 2006. The dispute between Qualcomm and Nokia escalated, when their licensing agreement ended in April 2007.
In February 2008, the two parties agreed to halt any new litigation until an initial ruling is made on the first lawsuit in Delaware. Nokia won three consecutive court rulings with the German Federal Patent Court, the High Court in the United Kingdom, and the International Trade Commission respectively. Each found that Nokia was not infringing on Qualcomm's patents. In July 2008, Nokia and Qualcomm reached an out-of-court settlement that ended the dispute and created a 15-year cross-licensing agreement.
Recent disputes
ParkerVision filed a lawsuit against Qualcomm in July 2011 alleging that it infringed on seven ParkerVision patents related to converting electromagnetic radio signals to lower frequencies. A $173 million jury verdict against Qualcomm was overturned by a judge.
In November 2013, the China National Development and Reform Commission initiated an anti-trust investigation into Qualcomm's licensing division. The Securities and Exchange Commission also started an investigation into whether Qualcomm breached antibribery laws through its activities in China. The Chinese regulator raided Qualcomm's Chinese offices in August 2013. The dispute was settled in 2015 for $975 million.
In late 2016 The Korea Fair Trade Commission alleged Qualcomm abused a "dominant market position" to charge cell phone manufacturers excessive royalties for patents and limit sales to companies selling competing semiconductor products. The regulator gave Qualcomm a fine of $854 million, which the company said it will appeal.
In April 2017, Qualcomm paid a $814.9 million settlement with BlackBerry as a refund for prepaid licensing fees.
In October 2017, Taiwan's Fair Trade Commission fined Qualcomm another $773 million. In late 2018 Qualcomm paid a settlement to Taiwan for $93 million in fines and a promise to spend $700 million in the local Taiwan economy.
Apple
In January 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) initiated an investigation into allegations that Qualcomm charged excessive royalties for patents that are "essential to industry standards". That same year, Apple initiated a $1 billion lawsuit against Qualcomm in the U.S. alleging Qualcomm overcharged for semiconductors and failed to pay $1 billion in rebates. Apple also filed lawsuits in China and the United Kingdom.
Apple alleged Qualcomm was engaging in unfair competition by selling industry-standard patents at a discount rate in exchange for an exclusivity agreement for its semiconductor products. An FTC report reached similar conclusions. Qualcomm filed counter-claims alleging Apple made false and misleading statements to induce regulators to sue Qualcomm. Qualcomm also sued Apple's suppliers for allegedly not paying Qualcomm's patent royalties, after Apple stopped reimbursing them for patent fees. Qualcomm petitioned the International Trade Commission to prohibit imports of iPhones, on the premise that they contain stolen Qualcomm patents after Apple's suppliers stopped paying.
In August 2017, the International Trade Commission responded to Qualcomm's complaints by starting an investigation of Apple's use of Qualcomm patents without royalties. Qualcomm also filed suit against Apple in China for alleged patent infringement in October 2017. The following month, Apple counter-sued, alleging Qualcomm was using patented Apple technology in its Android components.
In December 2018, Chinese and German courts held that Apple infringed on Qualcomm patents and banned sales of certain iPhones. Some patents were held to be invalid, while others were infringed by Apple.
In April 2019, Apple and Qualcomm reached an agreement to cease all litigation and sign a six-year licensing agreement. The settlement included a one-time payment from Apple of about $4.5 to $4.7 billion. Terms of the six-year licensing agreement were not disclosed, but the licensing fees were expected to increase revenues by $2 per-share.
In January 2018, the European Competition Commission fined Qualcomm $1.2 billion for an arrangement to use Qualcomm chips exclusively in Apple's mobile products. Qualcomm is appealing the decision.
Federal Trade Commission
Stemming from the investigation that led to the Apple lawsuit actions, the FTC filed suit against Qualcomm in 2017 alleging it engaged in antitrust behavior due to its monopoly on wireless broadband technology. The complaints filed by the FTC included that Qualcomm charged "disproportionately high" patent royalty rates to phone manufacturers and refused to sell them broadband chips if they did not license the patents, a policy referred to as "no license, no chips", that Qualcomm refused to license the patent to other chip manufacturers as to maintain their monopoly, and that Qualcomm purposely offered Apple a lower license cost to use their chips exclusively, locking other competitors as well as wireless service providers out of Apple's lucrative market. The trial starting in January 2019, heard by Judge Lucy Koh of the federal Northern District Court that also oversaw the Apple case. Judge Koh ruled in May 2019 against Qualcomm, asserting that Qualcomm's practices did violate antitrust. As part of the ruling, Qualcomm was forced to stop its "no license, no chips" bundling with phone manufacturers, and was required to license its patents to other chip manufacturers. As Qualcomm had expressed its intent to appeal, a panel of judges on the 9th circuit of appeals stayed the orders pending the litigation action.
Qualcomm appealed to the Ninth Circuit, which reversed the decision in August 2020. The Ninth Circuit determined that Judge Koh's decision strayed beyond the scope of antitrust law and that whether Qualcomm's patent licensing may be considered reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing does not fall within the scope of antitrust law, but rather is a matter of contract and patent law. The court concluded that the FTC failed to meet its burden of proof and that Qualcomm's business practices were better characterized as "hypercompetitive" rather than "anticompetitive".
Operations and market-share
Qualcomm develops software, semiconductor designs, patented intellectual property, development tools and services, but does not manufacture physical products like phones or infrastructure equipment. The company's revenues are derived from licensing fees for use of its intellectual property, sales of semiconductor products that are based on its designs, and from other wireless hardware, software or services.
Qualcomm divides its business into three categories:
QCT (Qualcomm CDMA Technologies): CDMA wireless products; 80% of revenue
QTL (Qualcomm Technology Licensing): Licensing; 19% of revenue
QSI (Qualcomm strategic initiatives): Investing in other tech companies; less than 1% of revenue
Qualcomm is a predominantly fabless provider of semiconductor products for wireless communications and data transfer in portable devices. According to the analyst firm Strategy Analytics, Qualcomm has a 39 percent market-share for smartphone application processors and a 50 percent market-share of baseband processors. Its share of the market for application processors on tablets is 18 percent. According to analyst firm ABI Research, Qualcomm has a 65 percent market-share in LTE baseband. Qualcomm also provides licenses to use its patents, many of which are critical to the CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA wireless standards. The company is estimated to earn $20 for every smartphone sold.
Qualcomm is the largest public company in San Diego. It has a philanthropic arm called The Qualcomm Foundation. A January 2013 lawsuit resulted in Qualcomm voluntarily adopting a policy of disclosing its political contributions. According to The New York Times, Qualcomm's new disclosure policy was praised by transparency advocates.
See also
List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems-on-chip
Adreno
Qualcomm Hexagon
References
External links
1985 establishments in California
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Display technology companies
Electronics companies established in 1985
Fabless semiconductor companies
Graphics hardware companies
HSA Foundation
Information technology companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in San Diego
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Networking hardware companies
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Technology companies based in San Diego
Technology companies established in 1985
Telecommunications companies established in 1985
American companies established in 1985
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications equipment vendors
1991 initial public offerings | [
-0.06588669121265411,
0.3027130663394928,
0.5303691625595093,
0.220235213637352,
0.1245655044913292,
-0.14666658639907837,
-0.6848563551902771,
0.4839608371257782,
0.028868187218904495,
0.4945473074913025,
-0.4602932035923004,
0.5813071131706238,
-0.013162459246814251,
0.7135877013206482,
-0.023837987333536148,
-0.4189649224281311,
0.41040679812431335,
0.21223017573356628,
-0.017042119055986404,
0.020032092928886414,
-0.5535847544670105,
-0.07089535146951675,
0.14181505143642426,
-0.47140833735466003,
0.22203092277050018,
-0.06248679384589195,
-0.32885491847991943,
-0.19652757048606873,
-0.10823354125022888,
0.34963899850845337,
0.4977566599845886,
0.5110293030738831,
-0.4832766652107239,
-0.005774779245257378,
0.1008157879114151,
0.45826420187950134,
-0.007951346226036549,
0.11323866248130798,
-0.3586105406284332,
-0.7266392707824707,
0.06833048164844513,
0.09642518311738968,
-0.5246623158454895,
0.5318260788917542,
-0.1454160064458847,
0.00032306709908880293,
-1.0602428913116455,
-0.29922109842300415,
-0.686547577381134,
0.38252800703048706,
-1.1843761205673218,
0.011469680815935135,
-0.2170836478471756,
0.3194916844367981,
0.05586222931742668,
0.0980846956372261,
-0.17587310075759888,
-0.09752131998538971,
0.13115550577640533,
-0.379130095243454,
0.1891040802001953,
-0.19788658618927002,
0.1484510451555252,
-0.05694838613271713,
0.11992760002613068,
-0.09869398921728134,
0.43893545866012573,
0.047728683799505234,
-0.6211442947387695,
0.01556242536753416,
-0.1489027589559555,
0.1573718935251236,
-0.4791158139705658,
-0.2504075765609741,
0.16900070011615753,
0.22711199522018433,
-0.010471961461007595,
-0.24784329533576965,
0.3358902335166931,
0.9177127480506897,
-0.2581924796104431,
0.5482020378112793,
0.739535927772522,
-0.3197900950908661,
0.01703459769487381,
-0.003507192712277174,
-0.3607207238674164,
-0.1924363076686859,
-0.2830779552459717,
0.3886760175228119,
-0.27787289023399353,
0.10005410015583038,
0.3722754120826721,
0.1597861498594284,
-0.23546478152275085,
-0.6813982725143433,
0.2839086353778839,
-0.09460281580686569,
0.10555819422006607,
0.25246545672416687,
0.13108158111572266,
0.2769883871078491,
-0.7043777704238892,
-0.5774572491645813,
-0.17407356202602386,
0.26141348481178284,
-0.3188002407550812,
-0.7004334330558777,
0.3617769777774811,
-0.015781095251441002,
-0.06744900345802307,
-0.06554395705461502,
0.36489197611808777,
-0.27657201886177063,
-0.5194945335388184,
0.4580131769180298,
0.48864030838012695,
0.18759594857692719,
0.1944117695093155,
0.12376853078603745,
0.5306362509727478,
0.7937572002410889,
-0.4161916971206665,
-0.45505356788635254,
0.1491098254919052,
-0.10048254579305649,
0.33783793449401855,
-0.015447822399437428,
-0.0018063649768009782,
-0.3214307129383087,
-0.07148779928684235,
0.27728450298309326,
0.16127824783325195,
-0.16086988151073456,
0.7907004952430725,
-0.04697270318865776,
0.28464508056640625,
-0.11821974813938141,
0.27453404664993286,
0.31844639778137207,
-0.2023240476846695,
-0.3868594765663147,
-1.1578130722045898,
-0.5160781145095825,
0.28247395157814026,
-0.1744079440832138,
-0.4423174262046814,
-0.5108922123908997,
-0.3788650333881378,
0.18212386965751648,
-0.4122874438762665,
0.021381450816988945,
0.02513369545340538,
0.0736892893910408,
0.026300685480237007,
0.027470169588923454,
0.4003772437572479,
0.22301289439201355,
0.07505236566066742,
-0.1664634793996811,
-0.14791825413703918,
0.08101452887058258,
-0.3180103600025177,
-0.4913426339626312,
-0.5538702011108398,
0.013879522681236267,
0.3795050382614136,
0.054709576070308685,
-0.052778296172618866,
-0.4958098828792572,
-0.26797690987586975,
-0.7309731841087341,
0.5854363441467285,
-0.2591898739337921,
-0.12441446632146835,
-0.04037017747759819,
0.616452693939209,
0.2830018699169159,
0.07516789436340332,
0.49331313371658325,
-0.5688359141349792,
0.35194823145866394,
0.03431464359164238,
0.1299673467874527,
0.3316141963005066,
-0.1783163994550705,
0.6433672904968262,
-0.3328455090522766,
-0.18870662152767181,
-0.30316922068595886,
-0.18388482928276062,
-0.2996428608894348,
0.04392949864268303,
-0.31414884328842163,
1.061559796333313,
0.0292586088180542,
-0.6769683957099915,
0.4882968068122864,
-0.4001973569393158,
0.2100854516029358,
-0.3541560471057892,
0.3279322385787964,
0.12956160306930542,
-0.52803635597229,
-0.35234713554382324,
0.07529165595769882,
0.5662291646003723,
-0.35559317469596863,
0.2989349067211151,
-0.06783238053321838,
0.2922842800617218,
-0.3693057596683502,
0.24093057215213776,
-0.28006139397621155,
0.38087183237075806,
-0.9060978889465332,
-0.4417642652988434,
0.10878705233335495,
0.04779971018433571,
-0.3099157214164734,
1.2511537075042725,
-0.09385941177606583,
0.019239123910665512,
1.0453804731369019,
-0.6340367794036865,
1.0439453125,
0.07944153994321823,
0.20203231275081635,
0.3479710817337036,
0.3887743353843689,
0.3542509078979492,
-0.1346908062696457,
-0.02284165471792221,
-0.7018282413482666,
-0.5038855075836182,
-0.013725023716688156,
-0.03434847295284271,
-0.2260522097349167,
0.4580179452896118,
-0.06359722465276718,
0.2903296947479248,
0.532569169998169,
-0.7248725295066833,
0.5315718054771423,
0.4404909312725067,
-0.5560240149497986,
-0.10265959799289703,
-0.27974823117256165,
-0.07086852192878723,
-0.2238481342792511,
-0.019427964463829994,
0.2543387711048126,
-0.20120465755462646,
0.37047380208969116,
0.34027281403541565,
-0.1906861662864685,
0.08824000507593155,
0.3286532461643219,
-0.17575694620609283,
0.2947027385234833,
-0.04965415224432945,
0.1132836565375328,
0.06636308133602142,
0.21143607795238495,
-0.30921483039855957,
-0.9404270648956299,
0.6399194598197937,
-0.5291499495506287,
0.08681221306324005,
-0.03897109255194664,
0.21139688789844513,
-0.24794912338256836,
-0.11648271977901459,
-0.1117471307516098,
-0.2420760542154312,
-0.14704012870788574,
0.041826698929071426,
0.06892404705286026,
-0.4378994107246399,
-0.06882920861244202,
0.8270204663276672,
0.16072747111320496,
0.2758576273918152,
-0.44102129340171814,
0.19385303556919098,
-0.07581037282943726,
-0.23596088588237762,
-0.341045081615448,
-0.15788523852825165,
0.356777548789978,
-0.2654355764389038,
-0.2690660357475281,
-0.5625180006027222,
0.4110601246356964,
-0.22897006571292877,
0.36394351720809937,
0.38088300824165344,
-0.19238559901714325,
-0.10886494070291519,
0.07796984910964966,
-0.6160895824432373,
0.5216078162193298,
-0.368571400642395,
0.11157666891813278,
-0.21684585511684418,
-0.7301599979400635,
0.05257914587855339,
-0.31659722328186035,
-5.93899393081665,
-0.1508832424879074,
-0.5245642066001892,
-0.5714397430419922,
0.5710961222648621,
0.04245844483375549,
0.10281281918287277,
-0.40817442536354065,
-0.007929463870823383,
0.03804913908243179,
-0.04451596736907959,
0.40343260765075684,
-0.17592842876911163,
0.11792708188295364,
0.3532690405845642,
0.4087175130844116,
0.11397825181484222,
0.4979000389575958,
0.33957263827323914,
0.15083229541778564,
-0.015483292751014233,
-0.36615321040153503,
0.007931913249194622,
-0.16736477613449097,
0.02503933012485504,
0.13711681962013245,
-0.9778173565864563,
-0.03402848541736603,
-0.08397021889686584,
0.031244173645973206,
-0.3858106732368469,
-0.3317315876483917,
-0.33083003759384155,
-0.11309714615345001,
0.004243487026542425,
0.14209915697574615,
0.07742438465356827,
0.17818062007427216,
0.45740869641304016,
-0.4227356016635895,
0.38353976607322693,
0.23417317867279053,
0.4569149911403656,
0.21680305898189545,
0.2719103991985321,
-0.14042285084724426,
-0.6803802251815796,
0.4148462414741516,
-0.25600650906562805,
0.7184163928031921,
0.036528024822473526,
-0.056001774966716766,
-0.045754414051771164,
-0.00039946704055182636,
-0.47244805097579956,
-0.5271758437156677,
0.6316294074058533,
0.0010373950935900211,
-0.36443689465522766,
0.7447614669799805,
0.4588123857975006,
-0.3468945026397705,
-0.13235171139240265,
-0.5149462819099426,
-0.4756811857223511,
-0.2801487147808075,
-0.2672613263130188,
-0.06128806248307228,
0.4829889237880707,
0.32588791847229004,
0.2522960305213928,
0.5892810225486755,
0.2348528802394867,
-0.9019233584403992,
0.26229768991470337,
-0.3356429934501648,
0.13123293220996857,
-0.06333590298891068,
0.02631930075585842,
0.30192825198173523,
-0.019939865916967392,
0.10735893994569778,
-0.22045502066612244,
-0.10883865505456924,
-0.46184006333351135,
-0.8051503896713257,
-0.5435761213302612,
0.10386358201503754,
-0.06068463623523712,
-0.1899750530719757,
0.5768672823905945,
-0.7135998606681824,
0.34548652172088623,
-0.15215975046157837,
-0.34341707825660706,
-0.19560205936431885,
0.2673081159591675,
0.7568061351776123,
0.07949624955654144,
-0.5738657712936401,
0.33181485533714294,
0.21598908305168152,
-0.1895207017660141,
-0.8966872692108154,
-0.21590068936347961,
-0.013247203081846237,
-0.08089004456996918,
-0.6232191324234009,
0.4770490825176239,
0.2304742932319641,
-0.18944106996059418,
0.16164717078208923,
-0.1533035933971405,
-0.7669165134429932,
-0.27735936641693115,
-0.049205999821424484,
-0.7895227670669556,
0.43056297302246094,
-0.07294823229312897,
-0.3442167341709137,
0.23977211117744446,
0.4099932014942169,
0.39085930585861206,
-0.4364129304885864,
-0.6730800271034241,
0.05450994521379471,
-0.4216059744358063,
-0.0531332828104496,
-0.016633668914437294,
-0.12972687184810638,
-0.38504818081855774,
0.3089520037174225,
0.3039846122264862,
0.2349601835012436,
-0.48344743251800537,
-0.4418850839138031,
-0.5117605328559875,
0.4035128355026245,
-0.17332662642002106,
-0.13640494644641876,
0.9914582371711731,
0.5061907172203064,
0.18144969642162323,
0.2673804759979248,
0.06427492201328278,
0.17376039922237396,
0.1470174938440323,
-0.05005490779876709,
-0.2699824571609497,
0.3786888122558594,
0.18914489448070526,
-0.7337443828582764,
0.34985488653182983,
0.2693382203578949,
-0.5475731492042542,
0.1279170662164688,
0.3979589641094208,
0.4230448007583618,
-0.35356608033180237,
-0.15378615260124207,
-0.3027303218841553,
0.44754424691200256,
-0.8574819564819336,
-0.3056311309337616,
0.7323257923126221,
0.038361769169569016,
-0.2697967290878296,
0.31010672450065613,
-0.007029330357909203,
0.4629107713699341,
0.1513400375843048,
0.00024907986517064273,
-0.6822514533996582,
-0.42101213335990906,
0.134515643119812,
0.6920550465583801,
0.3284077048301697,
0.05686851963400841,
-0.23260703682899475,
0.5411747694015503,
0.5573152303695679,
0.014403196983039379,
-0.3309456706047058,
0.2008250206708908,
0.35647469758987427,
-1.1992018222808838,
0.17161066830158234,
-0.10552751272916794,
0.003009087173268199,
-0.5824671983718872,
0.4435913860797882,
-0.23176570236682892,
0.21723881363868713,
0.13122768700122833,
-0.045075275003910065,
-0.7536556720733643,
0.04446765407919884,
0.652060329914093,
-0.21576762199401855,
-0.5260946750640869,
-0.10354393720626831,
0.5312455296516418,
-0.5108868479728699,
0.41295820474624634,
0.5165145993232727,
-0.5854724645614624,
0.10653043538331985,
-0.01875150017440319,
0.36092409491539,
0.40156280994415283,
-0.4313432276248932,
-0.45427408814430237,
0.17995880544185638,
-0.2322455644607544,
-0.08803396672010422,
-0.17499998211860657,
0.34859272837638855,
-0.41871246695518494,
-0.8932142853736877,
-0.19165560603141785,
-0.34002602100372314,
-0.12240353226661682,
-0.03586994856595993,
-0.17242513597011566,
-0.4421057105064392,
0.6706791520118713,
-0.21035493910312653,
-0.02812756597995758,
0.3005788028240204,
-0.14778335392475128,
0.05979880690574646,
-0.18016965687274933,
-0.11886284500360489,
0.3511946201324463,
-0.11307916790246964,
-0.10869135707616806,
-0.2778042256832123,
0.03633936867117882,
0.17579403519630432,
0.3373355269432068,
0.10472636669874191,
-0.22043122351169586,
-0.4576421082019806,
-0.08165010064840317,
-0.29771846532821655,
0.4667912721633911,
0.4626965820789337,
0.08442829549312592,
-0.6892951726913452,
0.3055098056793213,
0.22072625160217285,
-0.30405211448669434,
-0.04718296602368355,
-0.06615753471851349,
0.971360445022583,
0.5426488518714905,
0.2200002372264862,
-0.287874311208725,
-0.09036292135715485,
-0.6052062511444092,
-0.05364926531910896,
0.29399505257606506,
-0.34702789783477783,
0.548185408115387,
-0.3549272119998932,
0.2408353090286255,
-0.3405109643936157,
-0.4046739339828491,
0.14463992416858673,
-0.11676725745201111,
0.127706378698349,
-0.0288961511105299,
0.30951106548309326,
1.0644599199295044,
-0.28602075576782227,
-0.2714904844760895,
0.09196396917104721,
-0.23948633670806885,
0.16261668503284454,
0.01610739342868328,
-0.1749556064605713,
0.5121757984161377,
0.1234852746129036,
-0.10007479041814804,
0.6867222785949707,
-0.4084007143974304,
0.3515053391456604,
0.06679140776395798,
0.02487640455365181,
-0.1798098385334015,
-0.3175143003463745,
0.4099510908126831,
0.642778754234314,
0.037651292979717255,
-0.5771507620811462,
-0.24353933334350586,
0.2004515528678894,
0.0394115075469017,
-0.34133249521255493,
-0.08144931495189667,
-0.5625373721122742,
0.32649168372154236,
0.6939117312431335,
-0.5867903828620911,
0.09911701828241348,
-0.011697537265717983,
-0.014775572344660759,
-0.0013166952412575483,
-0.5329232811927795,
-0.7813657522201538,
0.15237900614738464,
-0.1314089000225067,
0.1419665366411209,
0.5050175189971924,
-0.4349571168422699,
-0.44237422943115234,
0.1727532595396042,
-0.408456414937973,
0.5365079045295715,
0.2116820067167282,
-0.020119212567806244,
0.017282230779528618,
0.17995764315128326,
-0.19334502518177032,
0.026069093495607376,
0.8702248930931091,
0.10419916361570358,
-0.03408866375684738,
0.30621954798698425,
0.12715870141983032,
0.5033851265907288,
-0.6610828042030334,
-0.01760256662964821,
-0.005006385035812855,
-0.08832703530788422,
-0.48389506340026855,
0.3025038540363312,
-0.012846903875470161,
-0.9321977496147156,
0.5940250158309937,
0.780876100063324,
0.26212167739868164,
0.001382415764965117,
0.42410409450531006,
-0.6385626196861267,
0.6434613466262817,
0.40766945481300354,
0.7522006630897522,
0.0660584345459938,
0.04256817698478699,
0.4709388315677643,
-0.0006621739594265819,
0.54836106300354,
0.41199925541877747,
0.21836768090724945,
-0.4021642506122589,
0.07583341002464294,
0.31165438890457153,
0.30272912979125977,
-0.1947292685508728,
-0.2778427004814148,
0.4911985993385315,
1.0774322748184204,
0.19261546432971954,
-0.013622216880321503,
-0.23974645137786865,
0.11343535780906677,
-0.31911617517471313,
0.31864485144615173,
0.2259664535522461,
-0.26940059661865234,
0.5311845541000366,
0.028536086902022362,
0.2663131058216095,
-0.18505284190177917,
0.3454751968383789,
0.11462589353322983,
0.5525153875350952,
0.0534021370112896,
0.11908356845378876,
-0.3289385437965393,
0.11478029191493988,
-0.13339859247207642,
0.01272665522992611,
0.09764248132705688,
-0.06860075145959854,
-0.04731421545147896,
0.8769885897636414,
0.06286920607089996,
0.07155831158161163,
0.10869942605495453,
-0.7399910092353821,
0.002187113044783473,
-0.12947185337543488,
0.08998481929302216,
0.23909896612167358,
0.3504210114479065,
0.17478734254837036,
-0.18389283120632172,
0.21373620629310608,
0.5826898217201233,
0.1208624467253685,
0.44846439361572266,
-0.041366223245859146,
-0.48418644070625305,
0.15016216039657593,
-0.2574221193790436,
0.0709661990404129,
-0.6048862338066101,
-0.05120057240128517,
-0.10560603439807892,
0.19350029528141022,
0.009286317974328995,
0.173076331615448,
-0.07211115211248398,
0.27379611134529114,
0.3054039776325226,
0.35168662667274475,
-0.08518896996974945,
-0.1288227140903473,
-0.42141032218933105,
-0.0911649689078331,
0.07473693042993546,
0.2992372214794159,
0.4466509222984314,
0.07688279449939728,
1.0039042234420776,
0.11744316667318344,
-0.24288514256477356,
0.4906759262084961,
-0.3438383638858795,
-0.04061117768287659,
0.033492106944322586,
0.3194364011287689,
-0.4338013231754303,
-0.7307786345481873,
-0.38641735911369324,
0.39173027873039246,
-0.10112784057855606,
-0.1853209137916565,
0.01227936428040266,
0.28250476717948914,
-0.19327840209007263,
-0.35089340806007385,
-0.5905582308769226,
-0.0807650238275528,
-0.1748291701078415,
-0.6776854395866394,
-0.5313087105751038,
0.16651658713817596,
0.26172223687171936,
-0.551205575466156,
0.12013930827379227,
-0.4922770857810974,
0.22449234127998352,
0.2604713439941406,
0.38932114839553833,
0.13037917017936707,
0.4042692482471466,
0.2621326148509979
] |
256916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%20%28programming%20language%29 | Oz (programming language) | Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming.
Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996, development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. Since 1999, Oz has been continually developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of Saarland University, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and the Université catholique de Louvain. In 2005, the responsibility for managing Mozart development was transferred to a core group, the Mozart Board, with the express purpose of opening Mozart development to a larger community.
The Mozart Programming System is the primary implementation of Oz. It is released with an open source license by the Mozart Consortium. Mozart has been ported to Unix, FreeBSD, Linux, Windows, and macOS.
Language features
Oz contains most of the concepts of the major programming paradigms, including logic, functional (both lazy evaluation and eager evaluation), imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, and concurrent programming. Oz has both a simple formal semantics (see chapter 13 of the book mentioned below) and Oz is a concurrency-oriented language, as the term was introduced by Joe Armstrong, the main designer of the Erlang language. A concurrency-oriented language makes concurrency easy to use and efficient. Oz supports a canonical graphical user interface (GUI) language QTk.
In addition to multi-paradigm programming, the major strengths of Oz are in constraint programming and distributed programming. Due to its factored design, Oz is able to successfully implement a network-transparent distributed programming model. This model makes it easy to program open, fault-tolerant applications within the language. For constraint programming, Oz introduces the idea of computation spaces, which allow user-defined search and distribution strategies orthogonal to the constraint domain.
Language overview
Data structures
Oz is based on a core language with very few datatypes that can be extended into more practical ones through syntactic sugar.
Basic data structures:
Numbers: floating point or integer (real integer)
Records: for grouping data : circle(x:0 y:1 radius:3 color:blue style:dots). Here the terms x,y, radius etc. are called features and the data associated with the features (in this case 0,1,3 etc.) are the values.
Tuples: Records with integer features in ascending order: circle(1:0 2:1 3:3 4:blue 5:dots) .
Lists: a simple linear structure
'|'(2 '|'(4 '|'(6 '|'(8 nil)))) % as a record.
2|(4|(6|(8|nil))) % with some syntactic sugar
2|4|6|8|nil % more syntactic sugar
[2 4 6 8] % even more syntactic sugar
Those data structures are values (constant), first class and dynamically type checked. Variable names in Oz start with an uppercase letter to distinguish them from literals which always begin with a lowercase letter.
Functions
Functions are first class values, allowing higher order functional programming:
fun {Fact N}
if N =< 0 then 1 else N*{Fact N-1} end
endfun {Comb N K}
{Fact N} div ({Fact K} * {Fact N-K}) % integers can't overflow in Oz (unless no memory is left)
end
fun {SumList List}
case List of nil then 0
[] H|T then H+{SumList T} % pattern matching on lists
end
end
Functions may be used with both free and bound variables. Free variable values are found using static lexical scoping.
Higher-order programming
Functions are like other Oz objects. A function can be passed as an attribute to other functions or can be returned in a function.
fun {Square N} % A general function
N*N
end
fun {Map F Xs} % F is a function here - higher order programming
case Xs
of nil then nil
[] X|Xr then {F X}|{Map F Xr}
end
end
%usage
{Browse {Map Square [1 2 3]}} %browses [1 4 9]
Anonymous functions
Like many other functional languages, Oz supports use of anonymous functions (i.e. functions which do not have a name) with higher order programming. The symbol $ is used to denote these.
In the following, the square function is defined anonymously and passed, causing [1 4 9] to be browsed.
{Browse {Map fun {$ N} N*N end [1 2 3]}}
Since anonymous functions don't have names, it is not possible to define recursive anonymous functions.
Procedures
Functions in Oz are supposed to return a value at the last statement encountered in the body of the function during its execution. In the example below, the function Ret returns 5 if X > 0 and -5 otherwise.
declare
fun {Ret X}
if X > 0 then 5 else ~5 end
end
But Oz also provides a facility in case a function must not return values. Such functions are called procedures. Procedures are defined using the construct "proc" as follows
declare
proc {Ret X}
if X > 0 then {Browse 5} else {Browse ~5} end
end
The above example doesn't return any value, it just prints 5 or -5 in the Oz browser depending on the sign of X.
Dataflow variables and declarative concurrency
When the program encounters an unbound variable it waits for a value. For example, below, the thread will wait until both X and Y are bound to a value before showing the value of Z.
thread
Z = X+Y
{Browse Z}
end
thread X = 40 end
thread Y = 2 end
The value of a dataflow variable cannot be changed once it is bound:
X = 1
X = 2 % error
Dataflow variables make it easy to create concurrent stream agents:
fun {Ints N Max}
if N == Max then nil
else
{Delay 1000}
N|{Ints N+1 Max}
end
end
fun {Sum S Stream}
case Stream
of nil then S
[] H|T then S|{Sum H+S T}
end
end
local X Y in
thread X = {Ints 0 1000} end
thread Y = {Sum 0 X} end
{Browse Y}
end
Because of the way dataflow variables work, it is possible to put threads anywhere in a program and guaranteed that it will have the same result. This makes concurrent programming very easy. Threads are very cheap: it is possible to have 100,000 threads running at once.
Example: Trial division sieve
This example computes a stream of prime numbers using the trial division algorithm by recursively creating concurrent stream agents that filter out non-prime numbers:
fun {Sieve Xs}
case Xs of nil then nil
[] X|Xr then Ys in
thread Ys = {Filter Xr fun {$ Y} Y mod X \= 0 end} end
X|{Sieve Ys}
end
end
Laziness
Oz uses eager evaluation by default, but lazy evaluation is possible. Below, the fact is only computed when value of X is needed to compute the value of Y.
fun lazy {Fact N}
if N =< 0 then 1 else N*{Fact N-1} end
end
local X Y in
X = {Fact 100}
Y = X + 1
end
Lazy evaluation gives the possibility of storing truly infinite data structures in Oz. The power of lazy evaluation can be seen from the following code sample:
declare
fun lazy {Merge Xs Ys}
case Xs#Ys
of (X|Xr)#(Y|Yr) then
if X < Y then X|{Merge Xr Ys}
elseif X>Y then Y|{Merge Xs Yr}
else X|{Merge Xr Yr}
end
end
end
fun lazy {Times N Xs}
case Xs
of nil then nil
[] X|Xr then N*X|{Times N Xr}
end
end
declare H
H = 1 | {Merge {Times 2 H} {Merge {Times 3 H} {Times 5 H}}}
{Browse {List.take H 6}}
The code above elegantly computes all the Regular Numbers in an infinite list. The actual numbers are computed only when they are needed.
Message passing concurrency
The declarative concurrent model can be extended with message passing via simple semantics:
declare
local Stream Port in
Port = {NewPort Stream}
{Send Port 1} % Stream is now 1|_ ('_' indicates an unbound and unnamed variable)
{Send Port 2} % Stream is now 1|2|_
...
{Send Port n} % Stream is now 1|2| .. |n|_
end
With a port and a thread, asynchronous agents can be defined:
fun {NewAgent Init Fun}
Msg Out in
thread {FoldL Msg Fun Init Out} end
{NewPort Msg}
end
State and objects
It is again possible to extend the declarative model to support state and object-oriented programming with very simple semantics. To create a new mutable data structure called Cells:
local A X in
A = {NewCell 0}
A := 1 % changes the value of A to 1
X = @A % @ is used to access the value of A
end
With these simple semantic changes, the whole object-oriented paradigm can be supported. With a little syntactic sugar, OOP becomes well integrated in Oz.
class Counter
attr val
meth init(Value)
val:=Value
end
meth browse
{Browse @val}
end
meth inc(Value)
val :=@val+Value
end
end
local C in
C = {New Counter init(0)}
{C inc(6)}
{C browse}
end
Execution speed
The execution speed of a program produced by the Mozart compiler (version 1.4.0 implementing Oz 3) is very slow. On a set of benchmarks it averages about 50 times slower than that of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) for the C language, solving the benchmarks-tasks.
See also
Alice (programming language), a concurrent functional constraint language from Saarland University
Dataflow programming
Functional logic programming languages
Curry (programming language)
Mercury (programming language)
Visual Prolog, an object-oriented, functional, logic language
References
Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi (2004). Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. MIT Press. There is online supporting material for this book. The book, an introduction to the principles of programming languages, uses Oz as its preferred idiom for examples.
External links
Tutorial of Oz
Programming Language Research at UCL: One of the core developers of Mozart/Oz, this group does research using Mozart/Oz as the vehicle
Multiparadigm Programming in Mozart/Oz: Proceedings of MOZ 2004: Conference which gives a snapshot of the work being done with Mozart/Oz
Programming in Oz
Oz Basics
Multi-paradigm programming languages
Functional logic programming languages
Logic programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
Prototype-based programming languages
Concurrent programming languages
Educational programming languages
Programming languages created in 1991 | [
0.24985221028327942,
0.5690760016441345,
-0.39755430817604065,
-0.09797541797161102,
0.13058671355247498,
0.18925601243972778,
0.16577038168907166,
0.15485559403896332,
-0.250400185585022,
-0.33059030771255493,
-0.504418671131134,
0.4543333947658539,
-0.5803256034851074,
-0.28352102637290955,
0.25272276997566223,
0.29859548807144165,
0.12405090779066086,
0.41169261932373047,
-0.5039165616035461,
-0.42966288328170776,
-0.1070685014128685,
-0.4309200644493103,
0.11819767206907272,
-0.012152482755482197,
-0.10141955316066742,
0.3445837199687958,
0.5293346047401428,
0.7985354661941528,
-0.1583341509103775,
-0.07673604786396027,
-0.3489782214164734,
0.5064577460289001,
0.21326935291290283,
-0.49228838086128235,
-0.30078011751174927,
0.24941731989383698,
-0.3923577666282654,
-0.050133246928453445,
-0.185342475771904,
-0.29351356625556946,
0.6018593907356262,
-0.3053911328315735,
-0.24406374990940094,
-0.026900915428996086,
-0.14031706750392914,
-0.37168076634407043,
-1.3691110610961914,
-0.06183813139796257,
-0.7141205668449402,
-0.3505910038948059,
-0.7169455885887146,
0.2622365951538086,
0.08168607950210571,
-0.19618600606918335,
0.14428329467773438,
0.23892909288406372,
-0.7470588684082031,
-0.37775805592536926,
0.1342458426952362,
0.1734429895877838,
-0.4066874384880066,
0.10511007905006409,
-0.11632277071475983,
0.19607168436050415,
0.15494997799396515,
0.45481693744659424,
-0.3818504810333252,
0.32687604427337646,
-0.5432444214820862,
-0.4147188365459442,
-0.13558654487133026,
-0.299808144569397,
-0.17066535353660583,
0.359761506319046,
-0.1500096172094345,
-0.3683507740497589,
0.22769173979759216,
-0.39615941047668457,
0.07134006172418594,
0.8139334321022034,
-0.041373495012521744,
0.22336946427822113,
1.0309247970581055,
-0.40656110644340515,
0.8460196852684021,
-0.013739010319113731,
-0.3462737798690796,
0.8079517483711243,
-0.5275154709815979,
0.34575432538986206,
0.08441978693008423,
-0.5217925310134888,
0.22687923908233643,
0.5098670125007629,
0.10591966658830643,
0.4145781397819519,
-0.5152981281280518,
0.47639498114585876,
0.05539937689900398,
0.6556208729743958,
0.21750371158123016,
0.09516078233718872,
-0.21925850212574005,
0.054378584027290344,
-0.893473207950592,
-0.21137461066246033,
-0.5334205031394958,
-0.9763625860214233,
-0.28504568338394165,
-0.040024299174547195,
-0.49671751260757446,
0.427465558052063,
0.26590511202812195,
-0.3194013833999634,
-0.06723857671022415,
0.18319906294345856,
0.37768301367759705,
0.0024721024092286825,
0.3009284436702728,
0.49163520336151123,
0.14657366275787354,
1.1904724836349487,
0.22259844839572906,
0.570212721824646,
0.20512299239635468,
0.29766252636909485,
0.018720531836152077,
0.35868027806282043,
-0.24022261798381805,
0.1320764571428299,
0.413563996553421,
0.5285153388977051,
0.32922840118408203,
-0.00704239122569561,
-0.20993638038635254,
-0.0013872511917725205,
-0.12769141793251038,
0.05799561366438866,
0.029822951182723045,
0.40124693512916565,
-1.092941403388977,
0.0018051255028694868,
-0.2082197666168213,
0.15814225375652313,
0.08030623942613602,
-0.08799796551465988,
-0.27313417196273804,
-0.1407182663679123,
-0.09519920498132706,
0.40380898118019104,
-0.37901416420936584,
0.14938709139823914,
-0.7244691848754883,
0.0994681715965271,
-0.6397196650505066,
0.8014397621154785,
-0.040030788630247116,
0.08319595456123352,
0.3629443347454071,
0.11112406849861145,
0.20866291224956512,
0.2953924536705017,
-0.7092604041099548,
-0.14075863361358643,
-0.22285857796669006,
-0.5981304049491882,
0.18020972609519958,
0.4433109164237976,
0.29335451126098633,
-0.13853606581687927,
-0.3758958578109741,
0.037650834769010544,
0.09470660984516144,
-0.09074242413043976,
-0.03801468014717102,
-0.5990805625915527,
0.5548132061958313,
0.22196538746356964,
0.29535433650016785,
-0.10815159231424332,
-0.5851448774337769,
-0.3263428509235382,
0.4122611880302429,
0.4554308354854584,
0.5215444564819336,
0.30147427320480347,
0.4156746566295624,
-0.11157552152872086,
-0.09112092852592468,
0.24247156083583832,
-0.7848525047302246,
-0.28895604610443115,
0.3933391273021698,
-0.6369562745094299,
0.8926423788070679,
0.09825053811073303,
-0.3831261694431305,
0.6384642124176025,
-0.38210242986679077,
0.5534003973007202,
0.13996362686157227,
-0.2417285442352295,
0.3759034276008606,
0.0540357269346714,
-0.027223164215683937,
-0.08635662496089935,
0.10039107501506805,
0.0531216599047184,
-0.748113751411438,
0.43511897325515747,
0.0640789344906807,
-0.22056613862514496,
0.7013734579086304,
-0.3650742769241333,
-0.005984632298350334,
-0.15825368463993073,
-0.3572883605957031,
0.1949780136346817,
-0.0010492289438843727,
0.4931119680404663,
1.1769908666610718,
-0.6719071269035339,
-0.09265173971652985,
0.3173503577709198,
-0.44692468643188477,
0.5880518555641174,
0.9833362102508545,
0.23795941472053528,
1.0189104080200195,
-0.7449909448623657,
0.017731256783008575,
-0.19248220324516296,
0.006552751176059246,
-0.553443431854248,
0.06679531186819077,
-0.03491469845175743,
-0.14080576598644257,
-0.16381987929344177,
0.302172988653183,
0.18392227590084076,
-0.04555192217230797,
0.5083561539649963,
-0.4892621338367462,
-0.2718738615512848,
0.12237800657749176,
-0.2687695622444153,
-0.11098210513591766,
0.12555579841136932,
-0.03474847599864006,
-0.0866585373878479,
0.25216397643089294,
0.16043376922607422,
0.25295254588127136,
-0.14638563990592957,
-0.15612706542015076,
0.13970975577831268,
-0.12013620138168335,
-0.21614280343055725,
0.16900688409805298,
0.758785605430603,
-0.6058611273765564,
-0.1570434719324112,
0.12862424552440643,
-0.0873803123831749,
0.16120995581150055,
-0.5270193815231323,
-0.11197053641080856,
-0.3520485460758209,
-0.14669238030910492,
0.36024320125579834,
0.3578806221485138,
-0.03024277277290821,
-0.11647547036409378,
-0.08113514631986618,
-0.18192467093467712,
-0.3355053961277008,
-0.02320682816207409,
0.050180669873952866,
-0.9718354940414429,
-0.705358624458313,
-0.17033153772354126,
0.7187697291374207,
0.020256299525499344,
-0.14134910702705383,
-0.39427998661994934,
0.21104423701763153,
0.014011971652507782,
-0.5523930191993713,
-0.3678373396396637,
-0.4682813584804535,
0.029024532064795494,
0.2805185616016388,
-0.07559817284345627,
0.33008676767349243,
0.45645737648010254,
0.24140822887420654,
0.12894177436828613,
0.10502888262271881,
0.24345269799232483,
-0.07547285407781601,
-0.3777399957180023,
0.24571619927883148,
-0.8379013538360596,
0.06929253041744232,
0.12998509407043457,
-0.2326599657535553,
-0.18151268362998962,
0.15918079018592834,
-5.772546768188477,
0.01700851134955883,
-0.8431926965713501,
0.12491834908723831,
-0.07383754104375839,
0.07365778833627701,
0.17766153812408447,
-0.33287128806114197,
0.16101644933223724,
0.01788467913866043,
-0.637322187423706,
0.17908285558223724,
-0.07727613300085068,
0.4731833338737488,
0.29135316610336304,
0.4267719089984894,
0.10057070851325989,
0.060845497995615005,
0.22514872252941132,
0.18206755816936493,
0.37932026386260986,
-0.3933596909046173,
-0.3854523301124573,
0.21104981005191803,
0.5364739298820496,
-0.07443524152040482,
-0.14827120304107666,
0.17671579122543335,
-0.5131877064704895,
-0.08964311331510544,
0.21970932185649872,
-0.5629505515098572,
-0.026718562468886375,
-0.5807483792304993,
-0.2197888344526291,
-0.14451459050178528,
0.7931260466575623,
0.25046879053115845,
0.6071128249168396,
-0.35543394088745117,
0.15043655037879944,
0.08772490173578262,
0.39144209027290344,
-0.3524576425552368,
0.14379052817821503,
-0.5204977989196777,
-0.7200480699539185,
-0.09515324980020523,
-0.17169643938541412,
0.4987889230251312,
-0.7245442867279053,
-0.1980527639389038,
0.1662442684173584,
0.4237525761127472,
-0.3707854151725769,
-0.35679125785827637,
0.47262436151504517,
0.16720908880233765,
-0.19004853069782257,
0.7088952660560608,
0.7382026314735413,
-0.7882184386253357,
0.023423094302415848,
-0.9950543642044067,
-0.42359331250190735,
0.18892963230609894,
-0.5167862176895142,
-0.24346421658992767,
-0.04573890566825867,
0.3590312898159027,
-0.5994976162910461,
0.4723300337791443,
-0.23239126801490784,
-0.7990766167640686,
0.06626805663108826,
-0.18451383709907532,
-0.40387892723083496,
-0.30830830335617065,
-0.1060735285282135,
0.2783333361148834,
-0.25696882605552673,
-0.7664697766304016,
0.0025964819360524416,
0.9266152381896973,
0.05899674445390701,
-0.2513110041618347,
-0.19535963237285614,
0.2918734550476074,
-0.14882585406303406,
0.2878960967063904,
0.744960367679596,
-0.4375053346157074,
0.32531094551086426,
0.2054588794708252,
0.6474254727363586,
0.41881200671195984,
0.4019228219985962,
0.14189289510250092,
0.5670602917671204,
-0.09784203767776489,
-0.003960958682000637,
-0.4463967978954315,
-0.05434689298272133,
-0.35313302278518677,
0.14383526146411896,
0.19788560271263123,
0.006833537016063929,
-0.059221699833869934,
1.0416216850280762,
0.0633312240242958,
-0.14882099628448486,
0.14520381391048431,
-0.2506902515888214,
-0.0038222381845116615,
0.07639092206954956,
-0.09582341462373734,
-0.21010218560695648,
0.400841623544693,
0.18886981904506683,
-0.19572484493255615,
-0.5344209671020508,
0.47918614745140076,
0.207031711935997,
-0.08167191594839096,
0.28591153025627136,
-0.6040037870407104,
0.6354528665542603,
0.04819369688630104,
-0.31468892097473145,
-0.44913801550865173,
-0.5519672632217407,
0.124557264149189,
0.07796379178762436,
-0.34021058678627014,
0.0043739452958106995,
-0.19420212507247925,
-0.27472299337387085,
0.18809762597084045,
0.0699443519115448,
-0.7828675508499146,
0.5827826857566833,
-0.4261343479156494,
0.1649806946516037,
-0.0766923576593399,
0.3163009285926819,
0.42908185720443726,
0.22693555057048798,
0.007182193920016289,
-0.8147974610328674,
-0.22812655568122864,
0.2153431624174118,
-0.4317954182624817,
0.690651535987854,
0.4415287375450134,
-0.5966160893440247,
-0.09612427651882172,
0.29976728558540344,
0.45685434341430664,
0.502223789691925,
-0.2958127558231354,
0.5460690259933472,
-0.4839015305042267,
-0.7674212455749512,
0.09047304093837738,
0.6949781775474548,
0.1598706990480423,
-0.037456680089235306,
-0.2302580624818802,
-0.2859307527542114,
0.5747064352035522,
0.11900413781404495,
-0.05912250652909279,
-0.26199278235435486,
-0.3156578540802002,
0.10432922095060349,
-0.24410830438137054,
0.18255871534347534,
-0.27623337507247925,
-0.243643656373024,
0.05645066499710083,
0.2870050072669983,
-0.28024622797966003,
0.41555190086364746,
0.32032549381256104,
0.27690261602401733,
0.05775787681341171,
-0.29065781831741333,
0.3100167512893677,
-0.6675666570663452,
-0.3653717041015625,
-0.28053292632102966,
0.17187628149986267,
0.8082039952278137,
0.20365892350673676,
-0.29843905568122864,
-0.3877211809158325,
-0.12425509095191956,
0.47011566162109375,
-0.25279003381729126,
-0.9168308973312378,
-0.005302306730300188,
0.14710916578769684,
-0.28958195447921753,
0.3758417069911957,
0.08476635813713074,
-0.6739848852157593,
0.11821065843105316,
-0.6551417112350464,
0.13408687710762024,
0.03515849635004997,
-0.4531569182872772,
-0.5651257634162903,
0.09339355677366257,
-0.38169044256210327,
-0.4534396529197693,
-0.1285640448331833,
0.34045249223709106,
-0.006647394970059395,
-0.6233142614364624,
-0.3708611726760864,
-0.5094256401062012,
-0.19757001101970673,
-0.29514873027801514,
0.08425135910511017,
-1.0343438386917114,
0.31360000371932983,
0.6351112127304077,
-0.31865692138671875,
0.08707866072654724,
0.13031256198883057,
0.14611318707466125,
-0.07304596900939941,
0.13505339622497559,
0.593177855014801,
-0.531382143497467,
-0.6863526701927185,
0.19655399024486542,
0.4010556638240814,
-0.2039983719587326,
-0.1370786875486374,
0.11215145140886307,
0.5338837504386902,
0.0366901233792305,
-0.1868998408317566,
-0.4276118874549866,
-0.05518380552530289,
0.13962627947330475,
-0.3998262584209442,
-1.2032126188278198,
-0.26057255268096924,
0.11874125152826309,
-0.17450051009655,
-0.15293973684310913,
-0.49063220620155334,
0.9821305871009827,
-0.015601078979671001,
-0.5332326292991638,
-0.01689259149134159,
-0.23784418404102325,
0.3498191833496094,
0.4357154369354248,
-0.21466563642024994,
-0.6683597564697266,
0.14913469552993774,
0.03486170247197151,
0.19802454113960266,
-0.07369916886091232,
-0.8660215735435486,
0.38654661178588867,
-0.2842526435852051,
-0.2547509968280792,
-0.020753540098667145,
0.45840567350387573,
1.0458872318267822,
0.3925136625766754,
-0.24522064626216888,
-0.09734899550676346,
-0.31983551383018494,
0.6124669313430786,
0.33218914270401,
-0.6283854842185974,
0.1338200867176056,
0.09085256606340408,
-0.46294501423835754,
0.4282127618789673,
-0.2730676233768463,
0.12007424980401993,
-0.16865526139736176,
-0.1699570119380951,
0.4599490165710449,
-0.2725670039653778,
0.3911726176738739,
-0.3115149736404419,
0.05804819241166115,
-0.3581925630569458,
-0.025191372260451317,
-0.13186712563037872,
-0.4332883656024933,
0.3524772822856903,
-0.049580227583646774,
-0.2152823954820633,
1.224521279335022,
0.7571675777435303,
-0.8258294463157654,
0.20234906673431396,
-0.003436432220041752,
0.1973557323217392,
0.24832089245319366,
-0.2144659012556076,
-0.1074979305267334,
0.16280525922775269,
0.2407495081424713,
0.38915619254112244,
0.7497902512550354,
-0.2879234254360199,
0.5126474499702454,
0.332864910364151,
-0.7908220887184143,
0.45528191328048706,
0.15057888627052307,
0.2275361567735672,
0.10205761343240738,
0.24258725345134735,
-0.04750783368945122,
-0.3901956081390381,
0.7967952489852905,
-0.3806228041648865,
-0.17886583507061005,
0.6548641920089722,
-0.2624041438102722,
0.0996490865945816,
0.15431499481201172,
-0.2694863975048065,
0.3904140889644623,
0.007278652861714363,
-0.10694997757673264,
-0.33260253071784973,
-0.025531651452183723,
0.019767260178923607,
0.5686348080635071,
0.639930009841919,
0.770757257938385,
-0.22345392405986786,
0.03535998985171318,
-0.10211193561553955,
0.49474936723709106,
-0.21513749659061432,
0.4852556884288788,
-0.14567966759204865,
0.49656111001968384,
0.11586056649684906,
0.23600973188877106,
-0.0917532667517662,
-0.41684603691101074,
-0.594576358795166,
-0.338054358959198,
-0.31237733364105225,
0.06137159466743469,
0.23218446969985962,
0.60836261510849,
0.3512902855873108,
0.38187190890312195,
0.5657680034637451,
-0.02030995674431324,
-0.4294804036617279,
0.155112624168396,
0.5382102727890015,
-0.15895524621009827,
0.2779320478439331,
0.04344979301095009,
-0.28314951062202454,
-0.08536724746227264,
-0.08252812922000885,
0.5186625123023987,
-0.4102780222892761,
0.057398371398448944,
0.5923879146575928,
0.29441016912460327,
-0.6495110392570496,
-0.21724766492843628,
-0.053592097014188766,
0.03637843206524849,
-0.21625927090644836,
-0.13936102390289307,
0.14316481351852417,
-0.18856270611286163,
0.32198506593704224,
0.33974170684814453,
0.3550492227077484,
-0.148340106010437,
-0.40834668278694153,
-0.4271049201488495,
0.09572320431470871,
-0.03113059513270855,
0.08887124806642532,
-0.09960005432367325,
-0.9180859923362732,
1.0257196426391602,
0.44987642765045166,
-0.1431485116481781,
0.496381551027298,
-0.05621007829904556,
0.31306910514831543,
0.2524453103542328,
-0.3534814119338989,
0.12278551608324051,
-0.3402719795703888,
0.1892755627632141,
-0.8283607363700867,
0.18304035067558289,
0.963291347026825,
0.7418317198753357,
-0.07725660502910614,
0.09051571041345596,
0.2765429615974426,
0.38745254278182983,
0.48951926827430725,
-0.3696683347225189,
-0.14296479523181915,
-0.5013651847839355,
-0.31771257519721985,
-0.40229150652885437,
0.2954336106777191,
0.42088139057159424,
0.1458604484796524,
0.034117188304662704,
0.6944420337677002,
-0.27445223927497864,
-0.3360555171966553,
0.12868909537792206,
0.5396953225135803,
-0.09298411011695862,
-0.6247795224189758,
0.9239497780799866,
-0.962297797203064,
0.35803914070129395,
0.2053833305835724,
0.6424591541290283,
0.09480144083499908,
-0.3147681951522827,
-0.679794430732727,
0.1511264592409134,
0.1829644739627838,
0.23219022154808044,
-0.6647183299064636,
0.2075418382883072,
-0.3839928209781647,
-0.38829508423805237,
-0.5500532984733582,
0.2924271821975708,
0.11590292304754257,
-0.18860918283462524,
-0.06027451530098915,
0.054095860570669174,
-0.39588549733161926,
0.553281307220459,
0.5345502495765686,
-0.756333589553833,
-0.16450487077236176,
0.19416913390159607
] |
256917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius%20Valerius%20Maximus%20Messalla | Manius Valerius Maximus Messalla | Manius Valerius Maximus Messalla was Roman consul in 263 BC.
Biography
Manius Valerius Maximus was the son of Marcus Valerius Maximus Corvinus, consul in 289 BC, and grandson of the legendary Marcus Valerius Corvus. With his colleague, Manius Otacilius Crassus, he gained a brilliant victory over the Carthaginians and Syracusans: more than sixty of the Sicilian towns acknowledged the supremacy of Rome, and the consuls concluded a peace treaty with Hiero, which lasted the remainder of his long life. This acknowledgment proved equally advantageous to both Syracuse and Rome. He alone was awarded the triumph De Paeneis et Rege Siculorum Hierone.
His relief of Messana obtained him the cognomen Messalla, which remained in the family for nearly 800 years. To commemorate his Sicilian victory, he arranged for it to be pictorially represented on the wall of the Curia Hostilia, the first example of an historical fresco at Rome. He is also said to have brought the first sundial from Catana to Rome, where it was set up on a column in the forum.
Messalla was censor in 252 BC, when he degraded 400 equites to aerarians for neglect of duty in Sicily.
References
Sources
3rd-century BC Roman consuls
Catania
Roman censors
Ancient Roman generals
Roman patricians
Roman triumphators
Manius | [
-0.5236871838569641,
-0.039995159953832626,
-0.6335673332214355,
-0.16219989955425262,
-0.27998244762420654,
1.2544877529144287,
0.34521156549453735,
0.4978952407836914,
-0.4166145324707031,
-0.7389327883720398,
0.03521158918738365,
-0.05063607543706894,
-0.723501443862915,
0.3257336914539337,
0.6369566321372986,
0.49862298369407654,
-0.4911332428455353,
0.1367456167936325,
0.37206193804740906,
0.08909872174263,
0.57688969373703,
-0.2811410129070282,
0.4228097200393677,
-0.16502425074577332,
-1.3201088905334473,
0.04792650789022446,
0.17533083260059357,
0.3803921639919281,
-0.3313506543636322,
-0.4353243112564087,
-0.10502975434064865,
0.8486228585243225,
0.19323518872261047,
-0.4432487487792969,
-1.03890860080719,
-0.3704070746898651,
0.4406149685382843,
0.3147372305393219,
0.42932015657424927,
0.24728505313396454,
-0.38365787267684937,
0.38913190364837646,
0.2996438145637512,
-0.27909359335899353,
-0.5145955085754395,
-0.803073525428772,
-1.3267260789871216,
0.06986232101917267,
-0.8161505460739136,
-1.0466340780258179,
0.15643185377120972,
0.46470245718955994,
0.09457041323184967,
0.9761647582054138,
-0.2589983344078064,
0.9762172698974609,
-0.7406188249588013,
-0.5470845103263855,
0.2798876464366913,
0.4140688478946686,
0.6264159083366394,
-0.20214954018592834,
0.3566713333129883,
0.19468139111995697,
0.9094446301460266,
0.00840169470757246,
0.24547457695007324,
0.6580561995506287,
0.11038078367710114,
0.11141009628772736,
-0.32319357991218567,
0.48478901386260986,
-0.04190517216920853,
0.6079850196838379,
-0.04680686444044113,
-0.2602284550666809,
-0.11088983714580536,
-0.034107357263565063,
0.0028903866186738014,
0.18109256029129028,
-0.2806479036808014,
-0.6742053031921387,
1.124398112297058,
0.2620237469673157,
0.21490129828453064,
0.48019716143608093,
-0.6903058290481567,
0.07477886974811554,
-0.4310818910598755,
-0.24552905559539795,
-0.581750750541687,
-0.1747516691684723,
0.660659909248352,
0.29048919677734375,
-0.1745847761631012,
0.17592912912368774,
-0.41855892539024353,
0.04511427879333496,
-0.46966907382011414,
-0.4723221957683563,
-0.04227485880255699,
1.037777066230774,
0.39083150029182434,
-0.18445435166358948,
-0.5135830640792847,
0.05731172487139702,
-0.10470355302095413,
-0.3537135422229767,
-0.4181589186191559,
0.9375593066215515,
-0.11236576735973358,
0.4429057240486145,
-0.28642410039901733,
-0.8325774669647217,
-0.4064660370349884,
-0.011625879444181919,
-0.10949916392564774,
-0.826953113079071,
-0.22294564545154572,
-0.25906699895858765,
-0.3173287808895111,
0.2961939871311188,
0.3109685182571411,
0.3264102339744568,
-0.5587477087974548,
0.25342172384262085,
0.19742266833782196,
-0.021861156448721886,
-0.04692535102367401,
1.1580911874771118,
0.833845853805542,
0.6439436078071594,
-0.5225010514259338,
0.44707998633384705,
0.28751128911972046,
-0.23305581510066986,
0.20442631840705872,
0.4778340458869934,
-0.44535940885543823,
-0.21334011852741241,
-0.9660013318061829,
-0.09292189031839371,
0.23267342150211334,
0.1343911737203598,
0.2015259563922882,
0.24699848890304565,
0.43077677488327026,
-0.5474239587783813,
-0.14741761982440948,
-0.3736596405506134,
0.3878246247768402,
-0.6028239727020264,
0.19520418345928192,
-0.65286785364151,
-0.06029461324214935,
0.6808615326881409,
0.5828694701194763,
-0.18898485600948334,
0.26720738410949707,
0.42752334475517273,
0.643133819103241,
0.05939655005931854,
-0.9657663106918335,
0.12543635070323944,
0.7985844612121582,
0.2103465348482132,
-0.025405636057257652,
-0.2178005576133728,
0.43483877182006836,
-0.2787490785121918,
-0.2628800868988037,
0.12602534890174866,
0.282765656709671,
-0.5383967161178589,
0.012968217022716999,
0.4776807725429535,
0.5052424669265747,
0.5283180475234985,
0.09423871338367462,
-0.9718011617660522,
-0.6489377617835999,
0.08100687712430954,
0.030153263360261917,
0.604576051235199,
0.6956308484077454,
0.41383180022239685,
0.48964518308639526,
-0.39441820979118347,
-0.13655973970890045,
-0.4473230838775635,
-1.2512178421020508,
-0.09690558165311813,
-0.45293232798576355,
-0.7061235904693604,
0.5508366227149963,
0.13370011746883392,
-1.1804364919662476,
0.9404848217964172,
-0.07861330360174179,
0.8266220688819885,
-0.447305291891098,
-0.19816076755523682,
0.5487310290336609,
0.3335631489753723,
-0.16687390208244324,
0.47135114669799805,
0.12133648246526718,
0.10851804912090302,
0.039683111011981964,
1.5569745302200317,
0.686099112033844,
-0.5267674326896667,
0.03497423231601715,
0.4463214874267578,
-0.5125748515129089,
0.1219906434416771,
-0.6138544678688049,
0.020393943414092064,
-0.27119743824005127,
-0.5558165311813354,
1.0015391111373901,
-0.5161958932876587,
-0.22945275902748108,
0.4519975781440735,
-0.7376573085784912,
0.6565378904342651,
0.11585299670696259,
0.17483213543891907,
-0.5015957951545715,
-1.1196269989013672,
0.4000313878059387,
0.7188970446586609,
0.01311905961483717,
-0.14599235355854034,
0.02778249979019165,
-0.5083618760108948,
0.0857224240899086,
-0.47420305013656616,
0.39380812644958496,
-0.1132623702287674,
0.2208588719367981,
0.20623409748077393,
-0.08188877254724503,
-0.017073268070816994,
-0.20087634027004242,
0.7626937031745911,
-0.09927492588758469,
0.07988477498292923,
0.4308595061302185,
0.1117059737443924,
0.38516879081726074,
0.33497902750968933,
0.40948882699012756,
-0.708386242389679,
0.10300711542367935,
-0.4321279227733612,
0.25647953152656555,
-0.243691086769104,
0.7779625058174133,
-0.14992618560791016,
-0.24553780257701874,
-0.01188940554857254,
0.5759726762771606,
0.525708794593811,
0.4048764407634735,
0.03010520152747631,
0.236863911151886,
-0.32074710726737976,
-0.6964685916900635,
-0.24528619647026062,
0.5280346274375916,
-0.3219727873802185,
0.3691555857658386,
0.4783574342727661,
0.5664523839950562,
-0.4480850100517273,
-1.2177680730819702,
-0.07676281034946442,
-1.0812735557556152,
-0.39036300778388977,
0.1514589935541153,
0.3862948715686798,
-0.05090882256627083,
0.042976729571819305,
-0.8589358925819397,
-0.024225754663348198,
-0.03956391662359238,
0.3438186049461365,
0.25481081008911133,
-0.23110274970531464,
0.12000051140785217,
-0.06536313891410828,
-0.7157102823257446,
1.0666723251342773,
-0.493204265832901,
0.7239422798156738,
-0.1477588415145874,
-0.6796287894248962,
0.8034591674804688,
-0.09346501529216766,
-0.6315742135047913,
0.8633452653884888,
-0.18849779665470123,
0.46894800662994385,
0.0005211617099121213,
-0.5215907692909241,
0.08748491108417511,
0.1106838583946228,
-4.449694633483887,
-0.17883752286434174,
-0.40590259432792664,
-0.39649301767349243,
-0.24263420701026917,
0.09131494164466858,
0.23171931505203247,
-0.1282561719417572,
-0.05668601021170616,
0.13123735785484314,
0.41495391726493835,
-0.297399640083313,
-0.3152652680873871,
0.9354144930839539,
1.4073948860168457,
0.46508780121803284,
0.523227334022522,
-0.771757960319519,
0.3679813742637634,
0.3015856444835663,
0.17530249059200287,
0.3478245437145233,
-0.07061627507209778,
0.08228915929794312,
0.14408716559410095,
-0.02884860709309578,
0.002972150919958949,
0.19636255502700806,
-0.7077284455299377,
-0.139215350151062,
0.06465955823659897,
0.07296500355005264,
-0.43349841237068176,
-0.5041371583938599,
-0.6516860127449036,
-0.057777825742959976,
0.525006890296936,
0.4147220551967621,
0.6458698511123657,
0.0169126708060503,
-0.3773461878299713,
-0.14097096025943756,
-0.4935038983821869,
0.4381324350833893,
0.12333190441131592,
-0.1127699613571167,
-0.7625312805175781,
0.43882089853286743,
-0.150138720870018,
0.35196104645729065,
0.48542118072509766,
-0.1801990568637848,
-0.3249434232711792,
0.8323349356651306,
-0.5060287117958069,
0.22851629555225372,
0.22057950496673584,
0.3382281959056854,
-0.8711376190185547,
0.20878571271896362,
0.903343915939331,
-0.8611193895339966,
-0.03634679317474365,
-0.2916914224624634,
0.16395285725593567,
-0.0985373854637146,
-0.0055297743529081345,
-0.43900755047798157,
0.04781872034072876,
0.49904364347457886,
0.030445069074630737,
0.6693986058235168,
0.124970443546772,
-0.635405421257019,
0.6705424189567566,
-0.3310418426990509,
-0.8240413665771484,
0.21074891090393066,
-0.1303052008152008,
0.19689668715000153,
-0.16961674392223358,
-0.9138152003288269,
0.21610645949840546,
-0.030351530760526657,
0.789073646068573,
0.43473994731903076,
0.22094011306762695,
0.44410160183906555,
-0.42409729957580566,
-0.5800516605377197,
0.11105993390083313,
-0.5472444295883179,
0.38154077529907227,
0.4199858605861664,
-0.21813800930976868,
0.7664206027984619,
-0.35722264647483826,
0.23784372210502625,
1.208188772201538,
0.5338132977485657,
-0.24673683941364288,
0.0730627104640007,
-0.5070852637290955,
-0.04484553635120392,
0.025528347119688988,
-0.6521462202072144,
-0.7428954839706421,
0.3012378215789795,
0.052749790251255035,
-0.1102440133690834,
0.47549882531166077,
0.23193521797657013,
-0.5143069624900818,
0.7050820589065552,
0.6353333592414856,
-0.12893567979335785,
-0.0800102949142456,
0.9632894396781921,
0.5374019145965576,
-0.1788792461156845,
-0.09225630760192871,
-0.22533705830574036,
-0.10021591931581497,
-0.8616725206375122,
0.08922550082206726,
0.0011023337719962,
-0.39189308881759644,
0.15517054498195648,
-0.38013312220573425,
0.1295606940984726,
-0.272978812456131,
-0.06966529041528702,
-0.7345905303955078,
-0.04917034134268761,
0.25488346815109253,
-1.0027601718902588,
-0.33512333035469055,
0.08787669986486435,
0.19173824787139893,
0.11667493730783463,
-0.1353057622909546,
-0.4509969651699066,
-1.011091709136963,
0.020674673840403557,
0.015067149884998798,
0.4618628919124603,
0.4315618574619293,
-0.24219247698783875,
-0.5886049866676331,
0.5892962217330933,
-0.5131480097770691,
-0.7336981296539307,
-0.1345420926809311,
-0.3150419592857361,
-0.3345576822757721,
0.22838641703128815,
0.07829389721155167,
0.07592170685529709,
-0.02110002562403679,
-0.3041965961456299,
-0.5289836525917053,
-0.44604986906051636,
-0.8731634020805359,
0.008320801891386509,
-0.08440275490283966,
0.17956748604774475,
-0.0899055004119873,
-1.0958479642868042,
-0.6822040677070618,
0.9054505825042725,
-0.1901458352804184,
0.20137770473957062,
-0.10236699134111404,
-0.004129137843847275,
0.17557276785373688,
0.2630981504917145,
0.013190709985792637,
-0.2945154905319214,
0.14971254765987396,
0.5933244824409485,
-0.930686354637146,
0.14778906106948853,
-0.4237236976623535,
0.03233417123556137,
0.06274854391813278,
0.21021528542041779,
-0.13971774280071259,
-0.7990045547485352,
-0.5415499806404114,
-1.021614909172058,
-0.24660100042819977,
0.07914847135543823,
-0.07340977340936661,
0.12900099158287048,
0.32510238885879517,
-0.46192827820777893,
0.14637231826782227,
-0.4700596332550049,
-0.035156525671482086,
-0.5587500333786011,
-0.3475688099861145,
0.3897784948348999,
-0.20668841898441315,
-0.025204898789525032,
-0.7502514123916626,
-0.7305031418800354,
0.5217239260673523,
0.008645561523735523,
-0.612402617931366,
0.8543165326118469,
-0.42776593565940857,
-0.27960968017578125,
-0.2535982131958008,
0.6186379194259644,
-0.5674070119857788,
0.14077338576316833,
-0.1855686604976654,
0.7150295376777649,
-0.5854764580726624,
-0.19647647440433502,
-0.8672869205474854,
-1.002861738204956,
-0.791326642036438,
-1.011008620262146,
-0.73785400390625,
0.4235907793045044,
0.16951952874660492,
-0.5350965857505798,
0.7629019021987915,
0.017279019579291344,
0.5157294869422913,
-0.27706170082092285,
0.1901114583015442,
-0.33813440799713135,
-0.18028892576694489,
0.3967939615249634,
-0.2784677743911743,
0.14947688579559326,
-0.7768585085868835,
0.19203171133995056,
1.0869512557983398,
0.8674415349960327,
0.13536734879016876,
-0.8819084763526917,
0.06707657873630524,
0.570359468460083,
-0.0379837267100811,
-0.1260521411895752,
-0.016771871596574783,
-0.456435889005661,
0.6214082837104797,
-0.7479529976844788,
-1.0150949954986572,
-0.28605082631111145,
0.643033504486084,
-0.6031184196472168,
0.21623076498508453,
0.3396245837211609,
-0.3096424341201782,
0.48494213819503784,
0.15235161781311035,
0.7023828029632568,
0.3762137293815613,
-0.4802316725254059,
0.026683630421757698,
0.5874149203300476,
0.6102477312088013,
0.05495992302894592,
0.6100513339042664,
-0.6068187355995178,
-0.5751768946647644,
-0.966049075126648,
-0.12107734382152557,
0.4902091920375824,
-0.016357900574803352,
-0.03420607000589371,
0.2496105432510376,
-0.6291080117225647,
0.762409508228302,
-0.6369659900665283,
-1.3576637506484985,
0.05430057644844055,
-0.164032444357872,
0.08212746679782867,
0.24776007235050201,
-0.7587587237358093,
-0.5471013784408569,
0.6691836714744568,
-0.41394028067588806,
0.6696805953979492,
-0.734512984752655,
0.19665028154850006,
0.24251964688301086,
-0.12399232387542725,
0.3275894224643707,
0.6949094533920288,
-1.2203853130340576,
0.5889174342155457,
-0.23340259492397308,
-0.283385694026947,
-0.5291597247123718,
1.0839906930923462,
0.6799627542495728,
-0.3356172740459442,
0.1078539714217186,
0.5375365614891052,
0.24260686337947845,
-0.09480861574411392,
-0.13608911633491516,
0.07518631219863892,
0.17135953903198242,
-1.0318776369094849,
0.37042370438575745,
-0.09152773767709732,
-0.603119969367981,
-0.7027405500411987,
0.8722699880599976,
-0.34163698554039,
0.22251589596271515,
0.2262820154428482,
0.48395800590515137,
-0.41345110535621643,
0.5108538269996643,
0.07847385108470917,
0.09854748100042343,
0.6556717753410339,
-0.08453287929296494,
0.2851530611515045,
-0.07822387665510178,
0.4745956063270569,
-0.41107410192489624,
-0.16445480287075043,
-0.7250070571899414,
0.6283479928970337,
-0.29024434089660645,
-0.5194591283798218,
0.007387200836092234,
-0.7920290231704712,
0.20786944031715393,
-0.3518279194831848,
0.5583580732345581,
1.167291283607483,
-0.18645337224006653,
0.5135128498077393,
-0.02742265909910202,
0.7740734815597534,
-0.6505247354507446,
-0.36682844161987305,
0.6152517795562744,
-0.6558107137680054,
0.47124192118644714,
0.5351941585540771,
0.15339288115501404,
-0.019630463793873787,
-0.18602417409420013,
-0.09759478271007538,
0.5981990098953247,
0.36497941613197327,
-0.8498232364654541,
0.7988290786743164,
0.15177173912525177,
-0.21396301686763763,
0.85902339220047,
-0.7305605411529541,
-0.3314441740512848,
-0.07035363465547562,
-0.04519782215356827,
-0.23506224155426025,
-0.6584208011627197,
0.09759785234928131,
-0.4046213924884796,
-0.6697922348976135,
-0.27234894037246704,
0.40145087242126465,
0.7045959830284119,
-0.37777307629585266,
0.6315513849258423,
0.33722227811813354,
-0.06341372430324554,
0.4917411804199219,
-0.25216877460479736,
0.1916085034608841,
0.13239899277687073,
0.030389854684472084,
0.20963439345359802,
-0.2577779293060303,
-0.13716214895248413,
-0.07327486574649811,
0.7878602147102356,
-0.22758015990257263,
0.5284088253974915,
-0.12401546537876129,
-0.0981871634721756,
-0.2332645207643509,
-0.31771647930145264,
-0.21329236030578613,
0.20187102258205414,
0.6216722130775452,
0.09192991256713867,
-1.2715345621109009,
0.17556926608085632,
0.03286490961909294,
-0.20739945769309998,
0.33174946904182434,
-0.0619339793920517,
0.4638645052909851,
-0.14550745487213135,
0.13708317279815674,
-0.9422711730003357,
0.8223594427108765,
-0.5009546875953674,
1.0706952810287476,
-0.7013792991638184,
0.4755823016166687,
-0.34157562255859375,
-0.11694615334272385,
0.40650153160095215,
-0.6131572723388672,
-0.4088113307952881,
0.009930706582963467,
0.06874360889196396,
0.2715165913105011,
0.5253689289093018,
0.5440200567245483,
0.1620500385761261,
-0.1082855686545372,
-0.15771248936653137,
-0.25429823994636536,
-0.12658783793449402,
1.0005124807357788,
0.23298051953315735,
0.15662889182567596,
0.3524334132671356,
-0.5897479057312012,
-0.07872498780488968,
0.12418199330568314,
0.36530280113220215,
0.7859500646591187,
0.4951413571834564,
-0.04688819497823715,
0.8335286974906921,
-0.580647349357605,
0.20832252502441406,
-1.0835140943527222,
1.3609623908996582,
0.0060714418068528175,
-0.9190500974655151,
-0.6245471239089966,
-0.09577383100986481,
0.6798598170280457,
0.45149344205856323,
0.34709781408309937,
0.8984305262565613,
-0.7022948861122131,
-0.14666679501533508,
-0.10340378433465958,
-0.3236403465270996,
-0.23231074213981628,
0.2604679763317108,
-0.25956544280052185
] |
256924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelton%2C%20Connecticut | Shelton, Connecticut | Shelton is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 40,869 at the 2020 United States Census.
History
Origins
Shelton was settled by the English as part of the town of Stratford, Connecticut, in 1639. On May 15, 1656, the Court of the Colony of Connecticut in Hartford affirmed that the town of Stratford included all of the territory inland from Long Island Sound, between the Housatonic River and the Fairfield town line. In 1662, Stratford selectmen Lt. Joseph Judson, Captain Joseph Hawley and John Minor had secured all the written deeds of transfer from the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation for this vast territory that comprises the present-day towns of Trumbull, Shelton and Monroe. Shelton was split off from Stratford in 1789, as Huntington (named for Samuel Huntington).
The current name originated in a manufacturing village started in the 1860s named for the Shelton Company founded by Edward N. Shelton—also founder of Ousatonic Water Power Company.
The rapidly growing borough of Shelton incorporated as a city in 1915 and was consolidated with the town of Huntington in 1919 establishing the present city of Shelton.
Decline of Shelton's industry
Shelton was the site of one of the largest arson fires in the United States history. It happened in 1975 when the Sponge Rubber Products plant (formerly owned by B.F. Goodrich) was set on fire. Charles Moeller, president of parent company Grand Sheet Metal Products, was acquitted of criminal charges, but in a suit under civil law (where preponderance of evidence suffices to establish a factual claim), a jury found in 1988 the insurer was entitled to disallow claims on the fire losses, based on the finding that the company's top officials arranged the fire to claim insurance money. Eight others were convicted or pleaded guilty.
The explosion that destroyed the Sponge Rubber Plant on Canal Street in 1975 marked the start of the decline of Shelton's industries. During the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s several firms that operated factories along the banks of the Housatonic River either went out of business or relocated to areas where labor and operating costs were cheaper. In 1995, Sikorsky Aircraft closed a plant off Bridgeport Avenue that manufactured electrical components for helicopters.
Rise of Shelton's office space
With the completion of Route 8, new office spaces and businesses were attracted to the town, due to its Fairfield County location coupled with low costs of doing business as opposed to places such as Stamford or Greenwich. Major firms such as Tetley Tea, TIE Communication, I.T.T., Black and Decker, Sikorsky Aircraft, Gama Aviation, Chesebrough-Pond's, Tetra-Pak, General Electric, and Bunker Ramo. Over of corporate office space spread across 12 buildings was constructed by the R.D. Scinto corporation alone.
Downtown revitalization
Efforts are underway to restore nineteenth-century industrial buildings in the downtown area; those that were beyond repair were demolished in the late 1990s and early 2000s and replaced with the Veteran's Memorial and a farmer's market. The Riverwalk Park next to the Veterans Memorial was created on the site of the former Sponge Rubber Plant. Other buildings along Howe Avenue, one of the city's main thoroughfares, have been restored, while developers have renovated two 19th-century factory buildings on Bridge Street, converting them into luxury condominiums. Several downtown streets have been reconstructed as part of a streetscape improvement project: sidewalks were reconstructed with brick and cobblestone, trees were planted, and some power lines were rerouted underground to improve the appearance of Shelton's central business district. In March 2008, Connecticut Governor M. Jodi Rell announced that after negotiations with State Senator Dan Debicella and State Representative Jason Perillo, state bond funds in the amount of $2 million would be directed toward additional infrastructure improvements leading to over $100 million in private investment in the city's downtown.
Other events
In November 2007, a tree growing on Soundview Avenue in Shelton was selected and felled to be the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree.
On May 30, 2008, producers and staff for the upcoming movie All Good Things shot one scene on Canal St. in downtown Shelton. The scene was underneath the train trestle and involved one of the characters dragging a body and dumping it into the Housatonic River.
On July 31, 2009, a line of heavy thunderstorms with weak rotation spawned an EF1 tornado, which touched down with wind speeds between 95 and 105 miles per hour. According to WTNH, the most concentrated damage was along the Oronoque Trail, where many trees were blown down. There were no injuries or fatalities.
In November 2013, a tree located on Kazo Drive was picked to be the second Rockefeller Center Christmas tree from Shelton.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 4.26%, is water.
Neighborhoods
Downtown
Coram Gardens
White Hills
Soundview Avenue
South End
Booth Hill Road
Bridgeport Avenue
Huntington
Pine Rock Park
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 38,101 people, 14,190 households, and 10,543 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,246.4 people per square mile (481.2/km). There were 14,707 housing units at an average density of 481.1 per square mile (185.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.44% White, 1.12% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 2.08% Asian, 0.89% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.48% of the population.
There were 14,190 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $67,292, and the median income for a family was $75,523 (these figures had risen to $80,694 and $94,485 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $50,210 versus $36,815 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,893. About 2.5% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.
Government and politics
Republican Mark Lauretti has served as mayor since taking office in 1991.
The Republican Party has controlled the city government since the 1980s. Before the 2007 Elections, the Board of Aldermen consisted of five Republican members, two Citizens' United members, and one Democratic member. Mayor Lauretti was re-elected for a fourteenth term on November 7, 2017. The current Board of Aldermen consists entirely of eight Republicans.
Political representation at the state level has been Republican since the 1960s. Republican State Senator Kevin Kelly of Stratford replaced Senator Dan Debicella in 2010 after Debicella sought election to the U.S. Congress. There are two State Assembly districts that cover Shelton. In 2007, Republican State Representative Jason Perillo of the 113th District took office. He won in a special election following the death of Richard O. Belden, who had represented the town for 32 years. Republican State Representative Ben McGorty of the 122nd District took office after winning a special election in 2014 following the death of previous State Representative Larry Miller.
At the federal level, Shelton is represented by Democratic U.S. Senators Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy in the United States Senate, along with the rest of the state. Representation of Shelton in the U.S. House of Representatives is split between the 3rd and 4th congressional districts, which are represented by Democratic U.S. Representatives Rosa DeLauro and Jim Himes, respectively. The boundary between the two congressional districts lies roughly along Route 8; Himes represents the portion of the city to the north and west of Route 8 while DeLauro represents sections of Shelton to the south and east.
Shelton is a Republican stronghold in presidential elections, as the city has voted for the GOP presidential nominee in every election since 1964 when Lyndon B. Johnson carried the municipality in his landslide election.
Sheriff
Shelton is currently one of the few municipalities in Connecticut with its own Sheriff's Department, the Shelton Sheriff's Department, whose main task is the due process within the city lines and to execute judicial warrants within the city, much like the Fairfield County Sheriff's Department did before its abolishment in December 2000.
Landscape, geology, and natural environment
The City of Shelton's goal is to preserve at least 15% of the land as permanently protected, locally controlled open space in the following three forms: City of Shelton Public Open Space properties, Privately owned farmland protected by the purchase of development rights, and properties held by the non-profit Shelton Land Conservation Trust. As of 2009, these forms of open space amount to 13% of the City and more than . The City of Shelton owns close to of Public Open Space, Protected Farmland is , and the Shelton Land Trust organization has preserved .
There are over of hiking trails in Shelton, including a portion of the Paugussett "Blue Blazed" trail, part of an network of hiking trails throughout the state. There is opportunity for fishing, boating, geocaching and letterboxing, hiking, walking and biking. Dogs are welcomed when on leash. There is no hunting on city-owned open space, by ordinance.
Education
Shelton Public Schools include Shelton High School for grades 9 through 12, Shelton Intermediate School for grades 7 and 8. Perry Hill School for grades 5 and 6, and five primary schools for pre-kindergarten through fourth grade, including Elizabeth Shelton Elementary, Mohegan Elementary School, Long Hill Elementary School, Booth Hill Elementary School, and Sunnyside Elementary School.
Fire department
The City of Shelton is protected by the 246-member all-volunteer Shelton Fire Department, which consists of four companies operating out of four stations located throughout the city. There is also a board of fire commissioners with a representative from each company.
Recreation
There are two private golf courses in town. Highland Golf Club of Shelton is located in the downtown Shelton area where it was founded in 1900, only six years after the USGA was organized. It is a 9-hole course (with 10 greens to allow alternating #2 and #11 where the tee shot goes over Perry Hill Road) in which an unknown original designer created difficult greens. The clubhouse's 1920s era structure still remains as the core to the current structure. Brownson Country Club is an 18-hole venue located in the Huntington section of Shelton. There is an annual competition between the clubs for the "Mayor's Trophy", alternating the venue each year. The 2009 Champion and holder of the Trophy is Highland.
Notable companies
Bic Corporation conducts U.S. operations from Shelton
Cartier SA has an office in Shelton
Computershare (formerly Transcentive, Inc.), 2 Enterprise Drive
Hubbell Incorporated is headquartered in Shelton, 40 Waterview Drive
NEC Unified Solutions (formerly Nitsuko America), manufacturer of business telephone systems, 4 Forest Parkway
PerkinElmer, Inc. houses their Life and Analytical sciences division on Bridgeport Avenue. PerkinElmer, formerly Perkin-Elmer Instruments, is best known for building the optical components of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Pitney Bowes employs 1,460 in the city
Prudential Annuities headquarters
Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation has an Overhaul and Repair (O&R) facility in Shelton
Tetley USA is headquartered in Shelton
Notable people
Helen Barnes (1895–1925) Ziegfeld Follies Girl
Dan Debicella (1974–), the only State Senator (2006–2010) from Shelton since World War II
Peter Leo Gerety (1912–2016), Roman Catholic bishop
Doug Henry (1969–), Motocross Hall of Famer
Isaac Hull (1773–1843), Commodore in the U.S. Navy; commanded among other ships
Dan Orlovsky (1983–), Former NFL Quarterback, grew up in Shelton
On the National Register of Historic Places
Commodore Hull School: 130 Oak Ave. (added July 30, 1983)
Huntington Center Historic District: Roughly along Church and Huntington Sts., from Ripton Rd. to the Farmill River (added April, 2000)
Plumb Memorial Library: 47 Wooster St. (added December 7, 1978)
Media
The Valley Independent Sentinel, an online-only, non-profit news site, launched in June 2009, thanks to the efforts of The Valley Community Foundation and The Knight Foundation.
Shelton also has a weekly newspaper, the Shelton Herald. The Connecticut Post and the New Haven Register also cover the city. Both are daily papers.
References
Further reading
Reverend Samuel Orcutt, History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport Connecticut, Fairfield County Historical Society, 1886
External links
City of Shelton official website Portal style website, Government, Business, Library, Recreation and more
Shelton Historical Society
City-Data.com Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Shelton
Cities in Connecticut
Naugatuck River Valley
Populated places established in 1789
Cities in the New York metropolitan area
Cities in Fairfield County, Connecticut
1789 establishments in Connecticut | [
-0.30257123708724976,
0.36948251724243164,
0.00011259732855251059,
-0.5935264825820923,
0.5157307386398315,
0.5793989300727844,
0.7837529182434082,
0.34562650322914124,
-0.4691992700099945,
-0.12382274866104126,
-0.554882824420929,
0.1206825003027916,
-0.19700777530670166,
0.3271643817424774,
-1.2015933990478516,
0.30449220538139343,
0.40911513566970825,
0.929245114326477,
0.4029778838157654,
-0.32582199573516846,
0.10946318507194519,
-0.20504848659038544,
0.5804867148399353,
0.5475447177886963,
-0.051728568971157074,
-0.20932148396968842,
0.7301434874534607,
0.07465826719999313,
-0.18896186351776123,
-0.15152159333229065,
-0.44179531931877136,
-0.14453639090061188,
-0.3893013298511505,
-0.9282501935958862,
0.37583255767822266,
-0.08060804009437561,
0.1237550601363182,
-0.23510535061359406,
-0.035406455397605896,
-0.36807912588119507,
-0.5622408986091614,
0.09899970144033432,
0.0000045554988901130855,
0.2074662446975708,
-0.39616838097572327,
-0.4067520499229431,
-1.3916397094726562,
0.2843334972858429,
-0.7857345938682556,
-0.4466482698917389,
-1.038439154624939,
-0.09501267969608307,
0.5333986282348633,
0.2908286452293396,
0.952785074710846,
0.21746698021888733,
-0.720862865447998,
0.026955941691994667,
0.8669867515563965,
0.5542665123939514,
-0.036952462047338486,
0.10642942786216736,
0.25311970710754395,
-0.3082260191440582,
-0.14725586771965027,
-0.15022680163383484,
-0.04436860978603363,
0.10677999258041382,
0.4604964256286621,
-0.4985526204109192,
-0.023911811411380768,
0.3276810348033905,
-0.45640847086906433,
0.4110131859779358,
-0.14118310809135437,
0.830511748790741,
-0.2444775402545929,
-0.2794381380081177,
0.24290069937705994,
-0.16197815537452698,
-0.1372571885585785,
0.018741831183433533,
0.5563872456550598,
-0.19973747432231903,
0.3115239143371582,
0.4862900972366333,
-0.42884361743927,
0.31109073758125305,
-0.22457367181777954,
0.6537449955940247,
-0.5288065075874329,
-0.09083931893110275,
-0.47203102707862854,
0.48027345538139343,
-0.17867141962051392,
-0.5089747309684753,
0.27902138233184814,
0.2348303347826004,
-0.13074801862239838,
0.4409686028957367,
-0.03686188906431198,
0.5418543815612793,
1.1507673263549805,
-0.251932829618454,
-0.072995126247406,
-0.6447455286979675,
-0.4151040017604828,
0.15869447588920593,
-0.02567715011537075,
-0.30943864583969116,
-0.19729316234588623,
-0.010239046066999435,
0.3266466557979584,
-0.7535966634750366,
-0.2417427897453308,
0.8330997228622437,
0.2239050567150116,
-0.8420158624649048,
-0.29782813787460327,
-0.047859832644462585,
0.395305335521698,
1.0211654901504517,
0.266561895608902,
-0.2381785809993744,
-0.3467997610569,
0.1060580313205719,
0.2976158857345581,
0.5971440076828003,
-0.07269499450922012,
0.1626078486442566,
-0.6877146363258362,
0.39947813749313354,
-0.23450805246829987,
0.4506143629550934,
-0.12748393416404724,
-0.517781138420105,
0.03676785156130791,
0.24824009835720062,
0.6468388438224792,
0.2618534564971924,
-0.3713480532169342,
0.12977077066898346,
-0.14200018346309662,
-0.34027549624443054,
0.16799473762512207,
-0.7806200385093689,
-0.209107905626297,
-0.6089887022972107,
0.24560455977916718,
0.10200347006320953,
-0.10822609812021255,
0.4060856103897095,
0.07953888177871704,
0.08575017750263214,
-0.43806084990501404,
-0.37180858850479126,
0.7659811973571777,
0.06707017868757248,
0.1674056500196457,
0.48332005739212036,
-0.2673620581626892,
0.7128762602806091,
0.7560253143310547,
-0.024036865681409836,
0.09722868353128433,
0.2412084937095642,
0.5932290554046631,
-0.21670132875442505,
0.5924896597862244,
-0.14347925782203674,
-0.2890620231628418,
-0.03926348313689232,
0.794440507888794,
-0.29468733072280884,
0.1738968789577484,
-0.3760935664176941,
0.7866376638412476,
-0.13864043354988098,
-0.017308127135038376,
-0.23043648898601532,
-0.6771687865257263,
0.7608944177627563,
0.3899568021297455,
0.16641445457935333,
0.23976537585258484,
0.3556528687477112,
0.0688999593257904,
0.1952221691608429,
-0.295340895652771,
-0.522216796875,
0.6050640940666199,
-0.3189137578010559,
0.588137149810791,
0.1480710655450821,
-0.000776410277467221,
0.18448686599731445,
-0.5708000063896179,
0.3956136405467987,
-0.30115583539009094,
0.30007174611091614,
0.11641336232423782,
-0.4824352264404297,
0.3252052664756775,
-0.013578085228800774,
0.07120849192142487,
0.0895315632224083,
0.4854731857776642,
0.05576673522591591,
0.14696012437343597,
0.5147533416748047,
0.13348349928855896,
-1.0112740993499756,
-0.16679687798023224,
0.40992751717567444,
-0.6086253523826599,
-0.615577757358551,
-0.1974445879459381,
0.03071279078722,
0.01597282476723194,
-0.5318737030029297,
0.8682475090026855,
0.42354223132133484,
-0.31901711225509644,
0.0025667957961559296,
0.21469621360301971,
0.9288756847381592,
0.06512495875358582,
-0.3433859944343567,
-0.2895929515361786,
0.698898196220398,
0.22031809389591217,
0.1511872559785843,
-0.4830170273780823,
-0.8075973987579346,
-0.5058043599128723,
-0.3994686007499695,
0.0076242852956056595,
-0.3031034469604492,
0.8425542712211609,
-0.5913517475128174,
-0.35918310284614563,
0.2724002003669739,
-0.9262306690216064,
0.06653499603271484,
0.43492645025253296,
0.7569134831428528,
-0.20629668235778809,
-0.14658671617507935,
-0.30955347418785095,
-0.8053048849105835,
0.11909851431846619,
0.1114782989025116,
0.913041889667511,
-0.1078963354229927,
0.5320621132850647,
-0.3797314763069153,
-0.29076746106147766,
0.38982945680618286,
0.3577042818069458,
0.662427544593811,
-0.2852506637573242,
0.2139597088098526,
0.07267067581415176,
0.04577179625630379,
0.12358031421899796,
-0.5203532576560974,
-0.5753117799758911,
-0.6750218868255615,
0.19235414266586304,
0.3961648643016815,
0.5491330027580261,
-0.5737878084182739,
-0.35094133019447327,
-0.059544965624809265,
0.8710715174674988,
0.4624437391757965,
-0.22271279990673065,
-0.08355779945850372,
-0.8686202168464661,
0.05704130604863167,
0.1440640538930893,
1.082051396369934,
-0.6182827949523926,
-0.560326337814331,
-0.011214996688067913,
-0.4689688980579376,
1.03114914894104,
-0.46384403109550476,
-0.1810304820537567,
0.169211745262146,
-0.12389945983886719,
-0.20999692380428314,
0.35022321343421936,
0.9005287885665894,
-0.5186598300933838,
0.1727224886417389,
0.37302765250205994,
-0.6234350204467773,
-0.3022964894771576,
-0.16456098854541779,
-0.5158401131629944,
0.4582279920578003,
-0.2536151111125946,
0.04253920912742615,
-0.3015923798084259,
-0.26305344700813293,
0.03778523951768875,
-0.5892794132232666,
-5.0886054039001465,
0.5027169585227966,
-0.34090283513069153,
-0.039823420345783234,
0.1892448365688324,
-0.3273019790649414,
-0.3562045097351074,
-0.44884365797042847,
-0.32830727100372314,
0.5591029524803162,
0.26673173904418945,
-0.8869391083717346,
0.06789983808994293,
0.3969452381134033,
0.3846937119960785,
-0.33784690499305725,
0.8302853107452393,
-0.6247473359107971,
0.9186401963233948,
0.5030001401901245,
-0.6954484581947327,
-0.17207741737365723,
0.16524562239646912,
-0.21989792585372925,
0.8687300086021423,
0.3426941931247711,
-0.1545167714357376,
-0.3433036506175995,
-0.4250560700893402,
0.157388374209404,
-0.15539920330047607,
0.4084639251232147,
-0.4374440908432007,
0.07840557396411896,
0.12764382362365723,
0.1022985652089119,
0.2966533303260803,
-0.6081607937812805,
0.8955896496772766,
-0.7963219881057739,
0.5573562979698181,
0.7467963695526123,
-0.6266003251075745,
-0.38663119077682495,
0.4365183413028717,
-0.39127930998802185,
-0.5785958766937256,
-0.12495949119329453,
-0.175581157207489,
0.5112268328666687,
0.5503605604171753,
0.08209753781557083,
0.6220889687538147,
-0.1397133469581604,
0.17107410728931427,
-0.7926862239837646,
0.4485810697078705,
-0.1919417381286621,
-0.09549469500780106,
0.46871957182884216,
0.21520738303661346,
-0.09084261208772659,
0.0494832880795002,
0.2864372730255127,
-0.17605428397655487,
-0.3470724821090698,
0.3839385509490967,
-0.02065885439515114,
0.5442562103271484,
-0.09369280934333801,
-0.2653394937515259,
0.05026048421859741,
0.1092379242181778,
-0.7612197995185852,
0.2352333813905716,
-0.6971222162246704,
-0.6731497049331665,
-0.21839076280593872,
-0.31388235092163086,
-0.46657904982566833,
0.061556626111269,
-0.12798267602920532,
0.7087972164154053,
1.0606474876403809,
0.3495549261569977,
-0.6549631357192993,
-0.5077032446861267,
0.8756288290023804,
-0.5259267687797546,
-0.7510409951210022,
0.7694061994552612,
-0.14009864628314972,
0.35164526104927063,
-0.3306052088737488,
-0.06887994706630707,
0.2499704509973526,
0.464061439037323,
0.01852954737842083,
0.09005433320999146,
-0.17141392827033997,
0.12617599964141846,
0.014529380016028881,
-0.11909185349941254,
-0.3448655307292938,
-0.07971435785293579,
-0.15767188370227814,
-0.4324316382408142,
0.6019729971885681,
0.8623204827308655,
-0.23580390214920044,
-0.7285742163658142,
-0.7218324542045593,
-0.47652286291122437,
-0.5891584157943726,
0.24066273868083954,
-0.5219758749008179,
-0.12352492660284042,
0.7984111309051514,
0.17898650467395782,
0.35904189944267273,
0.0707881823182106,
0.3594057559967041,
-0.10675903409719467,
-0.05885861814022064,
-0.7060373425483704,
-0.24804581701755524,
0.08519542962312698,
0.5172737836837769,
-0.5348546504974365,
0.6309149861335754,
-0.13172532618045807,
0.08601848781108856,
-0.7066738605499268,
-0.08669784665107727,
-0.46702897548675537,
0.16740189492702484,
-0.5081472992897034,
-1.5083298683166504,
-0.20443253219127655,
0.6944475769996643,
0.5473217368125916,
0.03215380758047104,
-0.09963273257017136,
0.21535898745059967,
-0.29802072048187256,
0.07893454283475876,
1.0232983827590942,
0.017987947911024094,
-1.1296327114105225,
0.33268383145332336,
-0.16749367117881775,
-0.5702844262123108,
-0.15068656206130981,
-0.7450122833251953,
0.36871787905693054,
-0.09042184799909592,
0.4093075096607208,
0.17582543194293976,
-0.08984530717134476,
-0.15046921372413635,
0.23060154914855957,
0.07976614683866501,
-0.20131610333919525,
0.4807318150997162,
0.07340023666620255,
-0.16150249540805817,
-0.4770727753639221,
0.287151038646698,
-0.7704244256019592,
0.08998753875494003,
0.20602048933506012,
-0.4606926143169403,
-0.4387062191963196,
-0.24872875213623047,
0.4464799463748932,
-0.02216951921582222,
0.08090215921401978,
0.4455815553665161,
0.06393785774707794,
-0.18699032068252563,
0.13313958048820496,
-0.11433238536119461,
-0.8471020460128784,
-0.3271631896495819,
0.5752577781677246,
-0.8001985549926758,
0.1827937364578247,
-0.6415439248085022,
-0.04283370077610016,
-0.2655903100967407,
0.11693234741687775,
-0.4970584809780121,
0.45936447381973267,
0.08819664269685745,
-0.07157260179519653,
-0.537711501121521,
0.6474964618682861,
-0.2099461406469345,
-0.4782180190086365,
-0.5142326951026917,
0.33280807733535767,
0.3455824553966522,
-0.9815582633018494,
0.6408737301826477,
0.23207814991474152,
-0.8698815107345581,
0.46445268392562866,
0.4872512221336365,
-0.5107313394546509,
1.0510448217391968,
0.11476408690214157,
-0.3472421169281006,
0.5504336953163147,
0.09504889696836472,
-0.10984835773706436,
0.46962153911590576,
0.0047934819012880325,
0.1566695272922516,
-0.24605461955070496,
-0.19205939769744873,
-0.5302832126617432,
-0.25306421518325806,
0.3527623414993286,
-0.6957871913909912,
-0.6599299907684326,
0.0015630568377673626,
0.05034801363945007,
0.1018567904829979,
0.41164660453796387,
-0.8904565572738647,
-0.08743353188037872,
0.2591741383075714,
0.3650720715522766,
0.28939390182495117,
0.3247627913951874,
-0.13335423171520233,
-0.20006629824638367,
-0.6099031567573547,
0.4195696711540222,
0.01914822682738304,
0.46299290657043457,
1.1431682109832764,
-0.05639595910906792,
-0.25791653990745544,
-0.7179400324821472,
0.365343302488327,
0.9068081974983215,
-0.2937243580818176,
-0.8268234133720398,
0.5355098247528076,
0.5365599989891052,
-0.42700275778770447,
-0.9462946057319641,
-0.004078966099768877,
0.842559814453125,
-0.20795314013957977,
-0.13245250284671783,
0.7069160342216492,
-0.2845151424407959,
-0.19153816998004913,
0.14923661947250366,
-0.07363210618495941,
0.3305107057094574,
0.06780596077442169,
0.11976559460163116,
-0.6126179099082947,
-0.2623235285282135,
0.006848696153610945,
0.4184325933456421,
-0.49041447043418884,
-0.4321634769439697,
-0.17017310857772827,
-0.02933657355606556,
0.12466605752706528,
-0.4718816876411438,
0.3425506055355072,
0.052399687469005585,
-0.7554770112037659,
-0.1980370134115219,
0.4454854130744934,
0.19002626836299896,
0.17392413318157196,
-0.35662931203842163,
-0.13899767398834229,
0.3346753716468811,
-0.6574578285217285,
0.18676388263702393,
0.03992774337530136,
-0.279147207736969,
0.1082443967461586,
-0.4436163902282715,
-0.5808783769607544,
-0.03380729258060455,
-0.22950811684131622,
-0.4515033960342407,
0.7946422696113586,
0.1327013075351715,
0.9767227172851562,
-0.07127752155065536,
0.15561063587665558,
-0.900576651096344,
0.5664491653442383,
-0.28864729404449463,
-0.9098414778709412,
0.25502991676330566,
-0.036240894347429276,
-0.7289244532585144,
-0.7773885130882263,
0.1327608823776245,
0.013277778401970863,
-0.24075856804847717,
-0.20250652730464935,
0.39813390374183655,
1.2621909379959106,
-0.4679393470287323,
-0.07856478542089462,
0.649142324924469,
-0.5419440865516663,
-0.6316810846328735,
0.4798099994659424,
-0.2752947509288788,
-0.5271276831626892,
0.4511958062648773,
0.7899708151817322,
-0.33857694268226624,
1.0131800174713135,
0.24327050149440765,
0.32612746953964233,
-0.33481961488723755,
0.07770247757434845,
-0.06955067068338394,
-0.7278329133987427,
-0.5569228529930115,
0.18034213781356812,
-0.23659105598926544,
-0.4050869345664978,
0.20276562869548798,
0.1327238231897354,
-0.8742137551307678,
0.3173002004623413,
0.02513728477060795,
0.28059130907058716,
-0.010958715341985226,
-0.14322194457054138,
0.1888204663991928,
-0.06010594218969345,
0.3832024037837982,
0.28069883584976196,
0.5636327862739563,
-0.12396420538425446,
0.2116161435842514,
-0.11206769198179245,
0.27385246753692627,
-0.10451511293649673,
-0.3607097864151001,
-0.4288131594657898,
0.2883407175540924,
-0.3588544726371765,
-0.17668376863002777,
-0.3673161566257477,
-0.2527284026145935,
-0.6001172661781311,
0.5701814293861389,
-0.07263091206550598,
0.21650759875774384,
-0.6072056889533997,
0.40477174520492554,
0.4205705225467682,
-0.19181029498577118,
0.8983773589134216,
-0.16206248104572296,
0.7434595823287964,
0.2549517750740051,
-0.011164085008203983,
0.41506364941596985,
0.9216676950454712,
0.001297792186960578,
0.5520464777946472,
-0.4951666295528412,
0.39063116908073425,
-0.39450299739837646,
0.0317976251244545,
-0.5047076344490051,
-0.5054672360420227,
-0.4819553792476654,
0.2680725157260895,
0.2063872516155243,
0.10524190217256546,
-0.09143216907978058,
-0.4869944751262665,
-0.037311531603336334,
0.18269246816635132,
-0.36497172713279724,
0.217207133769989,
-0.30313095450401306,
0.21008360385894775,
-0.15241022408008575,
0.773705244064331,
0.512036144733429,
0.02960173785686493,
0.7295193076133728,
0.7747795581817627,
0.235078826546669,
0.04405246302485466,
0.2712154984474182,
0.1765303760766983,
-0.5609944462776184,
0.22807319462299347,
-1.1901623010635376,
0.5338782072067261,
0.012080133892595768,
0.5318159461021423,
-0.36230385303497314,
0.7485533952713013,
-0.41672998666763306,
0.2688191831111908,
0.3736954927444458,
0.059240713715553284,
-0.6802961826324463,
0.26564785838127136,
0.8179559707641602,
0.15207257866859436,
-0.0762956440448761,
0.39554381370544434,
-0.22815154492855072,
-0.7087896466255188,
0.1277761161327362,
-0.3190777003765106,
-0.5279517769813538,
0.2724919617176056,
-0.12999333441257477,
-0.9276895523071289,
0.29516687989234924,
0.2869598865509033,
-0.7961675524711609,
-0.16458189487457275,
0.13092540204524994,
1.009434461593628,
0.5147767663002014,
-0.5017330050468445,
-0.10900735855102539,
-0.1487797349691391,
0.08066840469837189,
0.624176561832428,
-0.17114165425300598,
-0.38228848576545715,
-0.6314964294433594,
-0.41441670060157776,
-0.5776100754737854,
0.48388102650642395,
-0.2353781759738922,
-0.5925989151000977,
0.48398715257644653,
-0.1156364306807518,
0.433078408241272,
0.3088890016078949,
0.5278780460357666,
-0.17965026199817657,
0.2329043447971344,
0.05322427675127983
] |
256925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford%2C%20Connecticut | Stamford, Connecticut | Stamford () is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is the state's second-most populous city (behind Bridgeport). With a population of 135,470, the city passed Hartford and New Haven in population as of the 2020 census. About halfway between Manhattan and New Haven at approximately from each, Stamford is in the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk-Danbury metropolitan statistical area, which is part of the New York City metropolitan area (specifically, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area).
Stamford is home to nine Fortune 500 companies as of 2019, as well as numerous divisions of large corporations. This gives it the largest financial district in the New York metropolitan region outside New York City and one of the largest concentrations of corporations in the nation. Dominant sectors of its economy include financial services, tourism, information technology, healthcare, telecommunications, transportation, and retail. Its metropolitan division is home to colleges and universities including UConn Stamford and Norwalk Community College.
History
Stamford was known as Rippowam by the Siwanoy Native American inhabitants of the region, and the very first European settlers in the area also called it that. The present name is after the town of Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. The deed to Stamford was signed on July 1, 1640, between Captain Turner of the New Haven Colony and Chief Ponus. By the 18th century, one of the town's primary industries was merchandising by water, which was possible due to Stamford's proximity to New York.
In 1692, Stamford was home to a less famous witch trial than the well-known Salem witch trials, which also occurred in 1692. The accusations were less fanatical and on a smaller scale, but they also grew to prominence through gossip and hysterics.
New Canaan officially separated from Stamford when it incorporated as a town in 1801, followed by Darien in 1820.
Starting in the late 19th century, New York residents built summer homes on the shoreline, and some moved to Stamford permanently and started commuting to Manhattan by train. Stamford incorporated as a city in 1893.
In 1950, the U.S. Census Bureau reported the city's population as 94.6% white and 5.2% black.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Stamford's commercial real estate boomed as corporations relocated from New York City to peripheral areas. A massive urban redevelopment campaign during that time resulted in a downtown with many tall office buildings. The F.D. Rich Company was the city-designated urban renewal developer of the downtown area in an ongoing, contentious project beginning in the 1960s and continuing through the 1970s. The company put up what was the city's tallest structure, One Landmark Square, at 21 floors high, and the GTE building (now One Stamford Forum), along with the Marriott Hotel, the Stamford Town Center and many other downtown office buildings. One Landmark Square has since been dwarfed by the new 34-story Trump Parc Stamford condominium tower, and again by the Atlantic Station development, another Rich Company project in partnership with Cappelli Enterprises. Over the years, other developers have joined in building up the downtown, a process that continued through the 1980s and 1990s and into the new century.
Since 2008, an 80-acre mixed-use redevelopment project for Stamford's Harbor Point neighborhood has added additional growth south of downtown. The redevelopment plan included 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) of new residential, retail, office and hotel space, and a marina. In July 2012, roughly 900 of the projected 4,000 Harbor Point residential units had been constructed. New restaurants and recreational activities have come up in the Harbor Point area, which is considered New Stamford. From 2008 to 2017, the city issued permits for 4,341 housing units.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S., many New Yorkers fled to Stamford and its metropolitan area.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and is water. Stamford is the state's largest city by area. The population density was 3,101.9 people per square mile (1,197.5/km2) in 2010. The city is halfway between Manhattan and New Haven at approximately from each; it is 79 miles from the state capital of Hartford.
Stamford is near the southwestern point of Connecticut, on Long Island Sound; it is part of the Gold Coast. Stamford comprises approximately 45 distinct neighborhoods and villages, and two historic districts, including Cove, East Side, Downtown, North Stamford, Glenbrook, West Side, Turn Of River, Waterside, Springdale, Belltown, Ridgeway, Newfield, South End, Westover, Shippan, Roxbury, and Palmers Hill.
North of the Merritt Parkway is considered the North Stamford section of the city, encompassing its largest land mass though it is the least densely populated. North Stamford functionally and legally acts as one municipality with the city of Stamford. Stamford borders Pound Ridge, New York to the north, the Long Island Sound to the south, Greenwich to the west, Darien to the east, and New Canaan to the northeast.
The city has islands in Long Island Sound: Cove Island, Grass Island, Greenway Island, Jack Island, and Cuties Island (also known as Vincent Island). Cove Island is a prominent beach and recreation area. It lies approximately 9 miles from Norwalk.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Stamford has a temperate climate (Cfa), with long, hot summers, and cool to cold winters, with precipitation spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Like the rest of coastal Connecticut, it lies in the broad transition zone between the colder continental climates of the northern U.S. and southern Canada to the north, and the warmer temperate and subtropical climates of the middle and south Atlantic states to the south.
The warm/hot season in Stamford is from mid-April through early November. Late day thundershowers are common in the hottest months (June, July, August, September), despite the mostly sunny skies. The cool/cold season is from late November though mid-March. Winter weather is far more variable than summer weather along the Connecticut coast, ranging from sunny days with higher temperatures to cold and blustery conditions with occasional snow. As on much of the Connecticut coast and nearby Long Island, some of the winter precipitation is rain or a mix and rain and wet snow. Stamford averages about of snow annually, compared to inland areas like Hartford and Albany that average .
Although infrequent, tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the Stamford metropolitan area. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), Hurricane Gloria in 1985, and Hurricane Sandy in 2012.
Stamford lies in USDA garden zone 7a. It averages about 90 days annually with freeze. Coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can be cultivated. As such, Southern Magnolias, Needle Palms, Windmill palm, Loblolly Pines, and Crape Myrtles are grown in private and public gardens. As in much of coastal Connecticut, Long Island, and coastal New Jersey, the growing season is rather long in Stamford, averaging 210 days from April8 to November5 according to the National Weather Service in Bridgeport.
Demographics
Census data from 2020 showed the City of Stamford with a population of 135,470. This was a 10.5% increase from 2010. Census data also showed Stamford had surpassed New Haven’s population, making it the state's second-most populous city, behind Bridgeport.
In 2020, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% non-Hispanic white, 14.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 8.6% Asian American, 3.2% from two or more races, and 27.2% Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 2018 estimates show that the Hispanic or Latin American population, Puerto Ricans form the largest group (4.8%) followed by Mexicans, Cubans, and other Hispanics or Latinos. The median age was 37.2 in 2018, lower than the national average of 37.9.
There were 54,513 housing units at the 2018 estimates and 50,847 households. The average household size was 2.53 and there were approximately 31,347 families living in the city. The owner-occupied housing rate was 46.6% and the renter-occupied housing rate was 53.4%. Stamford's median household income in 2019 was $93,059 and the per capita income was $55,049, the highest of any city in Connecticut. The average household income was $140,868. About 9.3% of the population was at or below the poverty line.
In 2010, its population was 122,643. At the U.S. Census Bureau's mid-year 2010 estimates, it grew to 122,902. Roughly 49.8% of the population was non-Hispanic white, 12.9% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 6.8% Asian, 1.6% from two or more races, and 28.3% Hispanic or Latino. The American Community Survey determined there were 46,396 households. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.15. The owner-occupied housing rate was 56.5% and the renter-occupied rate was 43.5%.
The 2000 census determined Stamford had a population of 117,083. The proportion of the population under the age of 18 was 21.6%, age 18 to 24 was 7.8%, age 25 to 44 was 32.5%, age 45 to 64 was 25.0%, and 65 years of age or older was 13.1%. The median age of 37.1 was slightly lower than the U.S. median age of 37.2. Composition of the population based on sex was 50.7 females to 49.3 males.
According to Sperling's BestPlaces, 64.0% of the city's inhabitants are religious or religiously affiliated. The largest religious group in the city are Christians, followed by Judaism, Islam, and eastern religions including Hinduism and Buddhism. The largest Christian denomination in the city is the Roman Catholic Church, served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport.
Crime
According to FBI statistics in 2014, Stamford is the 16th safest of the 269 cities in the nation and well ahead of any in Connecticut with a population greater than 100,000 that report crime statistics to the FBI. In 2015, Stamford had three murders, 19 rapes, and 92 robberies. Crime in Stamford is much more controlled in comparison to cities with similar population size in Connecticut and nationally. Lower crime rates in Stamford are attributed to the city's robust economic growth in recent decades. Criminal cases are prosecuted by the State's Attorney's Office, and Stamford is home to a State Superior Court, at 123 Hoyt Street, adjacent to the Stamford Police Headquarters.
Economy
Stamford's cluster of corporate headquarters includes a number of Fortune 500, Fortune 1000, and Forbes Global 2000 companies. In 2017, Stamford had four Fortune 500, nine Fortune 1000, three Forbes Global 2000, and one Fortune Global 500 company.
Among the larger companies with headquarters in Stamford are Charter Communications, Synchrony Financial, Indeed.com, United Rentals, Conair, Gartner, Henkel North American Consumer Goods, WWE, Pitney Bowes, Gen Re, NBC Sports Group, Nestle Waters North America, Crane Co. and Vineyard Vines. UBS's Stamford trading floor holds the Guinness World Record as the largest columnless trading floor in the world. The Royal Bank of Scotland moved its North American operations into Stamford in 2009, including its RBS Greenwich Capital subsidiary.
The Harbor Point development, in the South End, is one of the nation's largest private-sector development projects. Many large retail stores, such as Design within Reach (also headquartered in Stamford) and Fairway Market, have moved in, along with multiple companies including ITV America, McKinsey & Company, Bridgewater Associates, and Kayak.com.
Arts and culture
Science and nature
The Stamford Museum and Nature Center on a site in the northern end of town has a collection of works by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mount Rushmore, who was a Stamford resident for a decade.
The Fairfield County Astronomical Society was started in 1954 and runs the Stamford Observatory, which has a telescope.
Bartlett Arboretum and Gardens is a botanical gardens and science education center with over 850 specimen trees and plants from around the world. It is also home to several Champion Trees, the largest of their species in Connecticut.
SoundWaters Community Center for Environmental Education is in Cove Island Park.
Theater, film, and video
Curtain Call Inc. presents plays and other entertainment at the Sterling Farms Theatre Complex, 1349 Newfield Avenue.
Stamford Center for the Arts: The Palace Theatre, originally opened as a vaudeville house in 1927 and reopened as a nonprofit theater in 1983. It was joined in 1992 by the Rich Forum, another downtown venue. Both have been run by the Stamford Center for the Arts.
Latham Park
The Rich Forum is occupied by NBCUniversal as a television studio where various television shows are taped and produced, including Jerry Springer, Maury, The Steve Wilkos Show, The Trisha Goddard Show, and Crazy Talk.
Bow Tie Cinemas has two first-run movie houses in Stamford with a total of 14 movie screens: Landmark8 and Majestic6. The Avon Theatre Film Center, a two-screen nonprofit movie house focusing on first-run independent movies, is on Bedford Street. The Ferguson Library also shows movies.
Movies shot in Stamford
Music
In a typical season, the Stamford Symphony Orchestra gives five pairs of classical concerts and three pops concerts at the 1,586-seat Palace Theatre, as well as a concert for elementary school students and a family concert series.
Connecticut Grand Opera, a not-for-profit, professional opera company, performs at the Palace Theatre. On its website, the CGO claims to offer "the most ambitious opera season of any company between New York and Boston".
Alive @ Five is an annual summer concert series in Columbus Park typically lasting six weeks.
Treetops CMS, a nonprofit chamber music organization, is in Westover, providing six chamber music concerts annually, as well as art exhibits and installations.
Fine art
UCONN Stamford Art Gallery showcases both emerging and established artists.
Franklin Street Works maintains an art space in the downtown area.
Fernando Luis Alvarez Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in Connecticut with diverse international exhibitions.
Stamford Loft Artists Association provides support for visual artists and opportunities to exhibit their work.
Libraries
Stamford's public library, the Ferguson Library, is one of the largest in Connecticut. The library also shows movies and has a used book store run by Friends of Ferguson Library.
The library has branches in South End, Springdale, and the Turn of River sections of the city, it also has a bookmobile that runs daily to different neighborhoods. The Turn of River branch, officially called the Harry Bennett Branch, is the largest library branch in the state. That branch also has a used book store run by Friends of Ferguson Library.
Parks and recreation
Mill River Park is in the center of downtown. Its ancient grist mill (present when George Washington traveled through Stamford) was modernized in the 1920s. There are numerous community activities offered at the park coordinated by the Mill River Park Collaborative.
Cummings Park, a public beach, was once a popular spot for shell fishing. The park was developed in 1906 and had been known as Halloween Park because Mayor Homer Cummings cast the deciding vote to create it on Halloween Night.
The Cove Island Park, once a farm and then an enormous factory site (Stamford Manufacturing Company), has beaches, picnic grounds and bluffs. It has a small wildlife sanctuary in the southwest corner that might be interesting for bird watchers. The SoundWaters Community Center for Environmental Education is in the park.
Jackie Robinson Park on the West Side is named after baseball legend Jackie Robinson, who lived in Stamford.
Terry Connors Ice Rink shares a parking lot with Cove Island Park. It offers public ice skating, group lessons, and ice hockey. It is the home of the Stamford Youth Hockey Association.
Scalzi Park on Bridge Street has a playground, baseball and softball fields, volleyball courts, tennis courts, bocce courts, basketball courts, roller hockey courts, and a baseball park, Cubeta Stadium. A concrete skate park was opened at Scalzi in July 2007 for $309,850, designed and built by Grindline Skateparks Inc.
Stamford has two municipal golf courses. Sterling Farms Golf Course opened in May 1972 and is the more popular. The facility also has a driving range, restaurant, and six tennis courts.
The E. Gaynor Brennan Golf Course, known locally as Hubbard Heights, opened for play in 1922 as a private course and was purchased by the city in 1949.
Dorothy Heroy Park is in North Stamford.
Mianus River Park is 187 acres of nature reserve in Stamford, owned by the city.
The Italian Center features tennis courts, swimming pools, fitness centers, a playground and a miniature golf course.
The Stamford YMCA offers swimming lessons and sports, including basketball and indoor soccer. Programs are also available periodically for physical fitness.
The Stamford Yacht Club is a private organization that provides members with access to boating activities and additional amenities.
Politics and government
Stamford is predominantly Democratic but not nearly as heavily Democratic as Connecticut's more urban cities like Bridgeport and New Haven. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama received 64.06% of the city vote to Republican John McCain's 35.35%.
Democrat Caroline Simmons is Stamford's incumbent mayor. Notable Republicans from the city include former U.S. Representative Chris Shays, former Lieutenant Governor Michael Fedele, and former mayor Michael Pavia. Prominent Democrats from Stamford include current Attorney General William Tong, former two-term Governor Dannel Malloy, former Attorney General and incumbent senior U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal, former Attorney General George Jepsen, former U.S. Attorney General and former mayor Homer Stille Cummings, Connecticut Supreme Court Justice Andrew J. McDonald, and Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court Richard A. Robinson. Other notable politicians with Stamford roots include Carrie Clyde Holly, the first woman (along with two colleagues) elected to serve in a State Legislature (Colorado, from Pueblo County in the 1894 election) in U.S. history, Joe Lieberman, former Attorney General of Connecticut and Independent/Democratic U.S. Senator who was Al Gore's vice-presidential nominee in the 2000 presidential election; William F. Buckley, Jr., conservative commentator; and French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau.
In 2016, Stamford was rated as having the LGBT-friendliest policies of nine Connecticut municipalities assessed by the Human Rights Campaign.
Education
Stamford has branches of the University of Connecticut, University of Bridgeport and Sacred Heart University. The University of Connecticut's campus is in a large modern building downtown that opened in 1998 after extensive renovations to an abandoned former Bloomingdale's store that had closed in 1990. The University of Bridgeport has an branch at the River Bend Executive Center, and Sacred Heart University has an branch at Landmark Square. In 2017, UCONN Stamford opened a 300-student dormitory around the corner from the Stamford Campus on Washington Blvd.
As no study has been conducted to assess the cost of education in Stamford, it is difficult to tell whether Stamford has a well-funded public education system. Public education is a state responsibility, and Connecticut ranks near the bottom in state share of public education expenditures. Thus most education funding must come from local governments like Stamford's. According to the State Department of Education, in the 2004–05 academic year, 42.7% of Stamford's public school students were economically disadvantaged, 34.8% did not have English as a home language and 11.6% were students with disabilities. Research has shown that these populations need additional resources to meet state academic standards. Owing to the state school finance system, the burden of these extra necessary costs of education falls primarily on Stamford's local government. The public school system is an integrated district with racial balance requirements exceeding those of the state. State standards require that a school's racial makeup be within 25% of the community's racial makeup. Stamford's standard is 10%. Over the years, schools have become unbalanced.
Stamford has three public high schools: Westhill High School, Stamford High School, and the Academy of Information Technology and Engineering. The city also has several private schools, including Villa Maria School, and Bi-Cultural Jewish Day School, King Low Heywood Thomas, and The Long Ridge School.
Stamford has one of the nation's most highly educated populations: nine out of ten are high school graduates, and those possessing a bachelor's degree or higher are estimated at 43.6% of the population. Stamford is tied with Iowa City, Iowa, for the U.S. metropolitan area with the highest percentage of the adult population holding a bachelor's degree or higher; 44% of adults hold a degree.
Media
NBC Sports Group world headquarters is in Stamford, connected to Chelsea Piers Connecticut. All studios are based in Stamford, including Football Night in America, and all the NBC Olympic coverage.
Three NBCUniversal syndicated programs relocated to Stamford's Rich Forum: Maury came to Stamford from New York City, while Jerry Springer and The Steve Wilkos Show were previously based in Chicago.
Television show The People's Court has taped in Stamford since 2012.
ITV America announced the opening of a major production office in Stamford with 450 employees, along with a digital media incubator program. Televisions shows produced in Stamford include Hell's Kitchen, Pawn Stars, The Real Housewives of New Jersey, Queer Eye on Netflix, and The Four: Battle for Stardom.
WWE has had its global headquarters in Stamford since 1985, when it was Titan Sports.
Fortune 100 company Charter Communications' world headquarters has been based in Stamford since 2012. Charter distributes services through its Spectrum brand.
Stamford serves as a major office for YES Network, The Yankee Entertainment and Sports Network.
A+E Networks has a major production studio based in Stamford.
Soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live were taped in Stamford in 2013.
This Old House relocated its headquarters to Stamford from Manhattan in 2016, and has about 50 employees in the city.
Stephen David Entertainment, a division of Banijay Group, opened a production office in Stamford in 2019.
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire started taping in 2014 at the Connecticut Film Center.
Synapse Group, part of Time Inc. now owned by Meredith Corporation, is headquartered in Stamford.
Chief Executive Group is headquartered in Stamford, and publishes Chief Executive Magazine.
The fictional movie Take My Hand from the episode "I Heart Connecticut" of the NBC show 30 Rock was set and shot in Stamford.
Stamford served as a location for one of five branches of the fictional Dunder Mifflin paper company on the US television series The Office. The branch was shown during several episodes during the 3rd season of the show, and exterior shots were of the former Starwood headquarters building at 333 Ludlow in Stamford's South End.
The TBS sitcom Are We There Yet, starring Terry Crews, was shot at the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford.
Print media
Stamford Magazine, published by Moffly Media
Stamford Advocate, daily newspaper
The Stamford Times, weekly newspaper, owned by The Hour Newspapers.
Stamford Plus magazine is published by Canaiden LLC.
El Sol News, weekly Spanish-language newspaper.
La Voz, weekly Spanish-language newspaper.
Radio stations in the city
WEDW-FM 88.5; 2,000 watts, a National Public Radio station
WSTC-AM 1400; 1,000 watts; shares programming with WNLK-AM 1350
WEBE 108 -107.9 1400; 50,000 watts
Emergency services
Stamford Emergency Medical Services
A not-for-profit agency, Stamford Emergency Medical Services (SEMS) provides pre-hospital emergency care in Stamford, Connecticut. SEMS also provides contracted paramedic intercept response to Darien Emergency Medical Services, located in Darien, Connecticut. SEMS is the only Connecticut EMS service accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation of Ambulance Services (CAAS). All SEMS units are staffed by at least one Connecticut-licensed paramedic. Stamford EMS responds to 14,000 calls annually.
In Stamford, medical facilities include:
Stamford Hospital, Level II Trauma Center
Tully Health Center
Franklin Street Community Health Center
Fire department
Fire protection in the city of Stamford is provided by the paid Stamford Fire Department (SFD) and four all-volunteer fire departments—Glenbrook-New Hope, Belltown, Springdale, and Turn of River—plus a combination company (paid and volunteer members), Long Ridge.
Budgeting and districting of the various fire departments throughout the city had been unstable since 2007, due to an extended legal conflict between the volunteer departments and the Malloy administration. As of May 16, 2012, a decision was reached by the city's charter revision committee to combine the paid and volunteer fire departments into one combination fire department, known as the Stamford Fire Department.
Police department
The Stamford Police Department (SPD) is Stamford's only police force, and has lost four officers in the line of service since 1938. The police force has about 280 sworn police officers making it the fifth largest police force in Connecticut after Hartford, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Waterbury. Most Stamford Officers were trained at the Connecticut Police Training Academy before patrolling in the city. Aside from Police Headquarters, located at 725 Bedford St., opened in 2019, in Downtown Stamford, SPD also operates substations in Stamford's West Side at Wilson St. and W. Main St., and at 1137 High Ridge Rd and Hope Street. The current Chief of Police is Tim Shaw since April 9, 2020 who was a police officer in Stamford before leaving to Easton, Connecticut and coming back to Stamford to become police chief.
Transportation
Mass transit
Stamford is on the New Haven Line of the Metro-North Railroad, the commuter rail system for northern metropolitan New York City. Stamford is the second-busiest station on the Metro-North system, after Grand Central Terminal, and serves as a major transfer point for local trains. Stamford Station is also the terminus of a Metro-North branch that ends in New Canaan, away, known as the New Canaan Branch, and a part-time terminal of Shore Line East and Danbury Branch trains. Two smaller train stations in Stamford are Glenbrook and Springdale, both a part of the New Canaan branch.
Commuter trains come into Stamford from all points between New London to the east and New York (Grand Central Terminal) to the south. The average nonstop commute is 47 minutes. Trains operate from the Stamford station between 4:43 a.m. (first departure to Grand Central) until 12:55 a.m. (last departure to Grand Central).
Stamford also serves as a station along the Amtrak route. Acela, the high speed train service between Boston and Washington, makes several daily stops in Stamford. Amtrak's Northeast Regional (Springfield, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C.) and Vermonter (Saint Albans, Vermont to Washington, D.C.) also make daily stops in Stamford. Amtrak tickets can be purchased on the upper level of the Stamford station.
Airports
Stamford is within reasonable distance of 11 airports: four general aviation, two regional, five international.
Buses
City bus transportation is provided by CT Transit, which is run and financed by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. The main terminal is adjacent to the train station on State Street, under the I-95 highway. Bus service runs along major arterial roads through the towns of Darien, Norwalk, Greenwich and Port Chester, New York. A non-stop direct route is also offered to White Plains, New York. Commuters can connect in Norwalk to points as far east as Milford and as far north as Danbury. Additional connections can be made in Port Chester and White Plains to all points covered by the Bee-Line bus system in Westchester County.
Greyhound provides inter-city bus service from the lower level of the Stamford train station. Bus service is provided to New Haven (Union Station), Boston (South Station), and New York (Port Authority).
Highways
Two limited-access highways run through the city. Interstate 95 serves as the main route through downtown Stamford with four exits (6–9). The Merritt Parkway runs through the northern part of the city. This road is designated for passenger vehicles only. Any congestion on the Merritt Parkway is mostly likely to occur on the southbound lane in the morning and the northbound in the evening (route to and from New York). At night, due to the absence of lighting, visibility on the Merritt Parkway is relatively poor. Stamford exits on the Merritt Parkway are 33–35, and exit 36 is just over the border in New Canaan.
Stamford is also served by four other state highways. Route1, also known as Main Street in Stamford, is also used as a major artery during the morning and evening commute. Most traffic via Route1 is short distance or fairly local, yet vehicles have utilized Route1 during times of heavy congestion on I-95 as a re-route. Route 137 (Washington Boulevard and High Ridge Road) is the main north–south road of the city and runs from the Stamford Transportation Center and serves the Turn of River, North Stamford, and High Ridge sections of the city. Route 104 (Long Ridge Road) branches off from Route 137 to serve the Long Ridge section. Route 106 (Courtland Avenue) serves the Glenbrook neighborhood and continues towards the town of Darien.
Notable people
Noteworthy past and present residents include:
Alvin Alden (1818–1882), Wisconsin state legislator
Andrew P. Bakaj (born 1982), former Department of Defense and CIA official, lead counsel for the whisteblower during the inquiry and subsequent impeachment of President Donald Trump, born and raised in Stamford
Albert K. Dawson (1885-1967), photojournalist and film correspondent in World War I. His firm, Brown & Dawson, was based in Stamford from 1912 to 1919.
Dana Delany (born 1956), actress, grew up in Stamford
Willy DeVille (1950–2009), R&B singer and composer, born in Stamford
Greg Farshtey (born 1965), author and editor at Lego, known for his work on Bionicle, grew up in Stamford
Bernard Jackson (born 1959), singer of R&B music, born in Stamford
Harry Houdini (1874–1926), escape artist, had a summer home in Stamford
Cyndi Lauper (born 1953), singer, has a home in North Stamford
Christopher Lloyd (born 1938), actor, born in Stamford
Dan Malloy (born 1955), former Governor of Connecticut
Vince McMahon (born 1945) and Linda McMahon (born 1948), founders of World Wrestling Entertainment
Meat Loaf (Michael Lee Aday; 1947-2022), rock singer and songwriter, lived in Stamford 1979–1981, coached Babe Ruth League and Little League baseball
Don Morrow (1927–2020), actor, announcer, voiceover artist
Chris Noth (born 1954), actor, grew up in Stamford
Gilda Radner (1946–1989), comedian, actress, wife of Gene Wilder, lived in the city
Jackie Robinson (1919–1972), baseball player, made North Stamford his home later in his life; one of the Stamford little leagues is named after him
Alex Rodriguez (born 1975), baseball player
Stephen Sondheim (1930–2021), composer, lived in North Stamford as a boy
Grant Tinker (1926–2016), former husband of Mary Tyler Moore and former chairman and CEO of NBC (1981–1986), was born in the city
Bobby Valentine (born 1950), former baseball player manager, owner of downtown sports bar "Bobby V's"
Vivian Vance (1909–1979), actress who starred as Ethel Mertz in I Love Lucy
Mort Walker (1923–2018), cartoonist for Beetle Bailey and Hi and Lois
Gene Wilder (1933–2016), actor and director, lived and died in the city
Sister cities
Afula, Israel
Jiangdu, Jiangsu, China
Lima, Peru
Minturno, Lazio, Italy
Settefrati, Lazio, Italy
Sparta, Greece
See also
History of Stamford, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Stamford, Connecticut
References
Further reading
External links
Stamford Historical Society
Stamford Downtown Special Services District
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in the New York metropolitan area
Cities in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Populated coastal places in Connecticut
Year of establishment missing | [
-0.18979206681251526,
-0.007635658141225576,
0.18705801665782928,
-0.5476585030555725,
0.23402874171733856,
0.2537762522697449,
-0.02879910357296467,
0.6585156321525574,
-0.41550979018211365,
-0.21639978885650635,
-0.4681793749332428,
-0.2463998645544052,
-0.39408496022224426,
0.13686275482177734,
-0.8624700307846069,
0.11458059400320053,
0.3627159297466278,
0.6278089880943298,
0.26808595657348633,
-0.5581421256065369,
-0.368685781955719,
-0.09744659066200256,
0.2725139856338501,
0.27495911717414856,
0.2854158282279968,
0.22367627918720245,
0.4457797706127167,
-0.13592097163200378,
-0.401443213224411,
0.3134952187538147,
0.020177438855171204,
0.05165651813149452,
-0.11601647734642029,
-0.3037678897380829,
0.38456928730010986,
-0.02284448780119419,
-0.16419850289821625,
-0.23480789363384247,
-0.04592178761959076,
-0.6450982093811035,
-0.13708917796611786,
-0.04110172018408775,
0.17661705613136292,
0.5897482633590698,
-0.42671439051628113,
-0.28300800919532776,
-1.6405022144317627,
0.3309630751609802,
-0.9811947345733643,
-0.4762897193431854,
-0.8475160002708435,
-0.1668349951505661,
-0.05330318212509155,
0.7194162607192993,
0.527610719203949,
0.3237278461456299,
-0.6095950603485107,
-0.004737990442663431,
0.5660255551338196,
0.4781051576137543,
-0.2394849956035614,
0.1016012579202652,
-0.121968112885952,
-0.018049338832497597,
-0.3114806115627289,
-0.10164395719766617,
0.20673120021820068,
-0.08294163644313812,
0.4140549600124359,
-0.3405584990978241,
0.3257709741592407,
0.3367369472980499,
-0.5558409690856934,
0.4656067490577698,
-0.23908574879169464,
0.44546833634376526,
-0.17414262890815735,
-0.09055258333683014,
0.2999999225139618,
-0.038117438554763794,
0.2262626439332962,
-0.29129913449287415,
0.8036463856697083,
-0.3798038959503174,
0.4658038020133972,
0.09763987362384796,
-0.6039663553237915,
-0.07159227877855301,
-0.03097458742558956,
0.9549155235290527,
0.0010558184003457427,
-0.1698729246854782,
-0.08828244358301163,
0.8231474757194519,
-0.1475832462310791,
-0.7071424722671509,
0.17277950048446655,
-0.11224543303251266,
0.06656991690397263,
-0.16964305937290192,
-0.27362164855003357,
0.4319102466106415,
1.0389540195465088,
-0.3170085549354553,
0.032119616866111755,
-0.18628323078155518,
-0.03236813098192215,
-0.03421792760491371,
0.4242895245552063,
-0.5610856413841248,
-0.15181903541088104,
0.31082677841186523,
0.4427115023136139,
-0.32489073276519775,
-0.3165140450000763,
0.3319629728794098,
0.35134127736091614,
-0.42712876200675964,
-0.2581470012664795,
-0.3828480541706085,
-0.056132301688194275,
1.4646902084350586,
0.3182712495326996,
-0.2831264138221741,
0.0973747968673706,
-0.07337868213653564,
0.44561120867729187,
0.26993876695632935,
0.004906773567199707,
0.02588915266096592,
-0.5151901245117188,
0.6387907266616821,
-0.3662124574184418,
0.5719895958900452,
0.2404307872056961,
-0.5997531414031982,
0.1532464474439621,
0.4414352476596832,
0.7559835910797119,
0.07181477546691895,
-0.6381514668464661,
0.296072781085968,
-0.4222157597541809,
-0.11491348594427109,
0.1977773755788803,
-0.5901424884796143,
-0.09343025088310242,
-0.6459330916404724,
0.34092023968696594,
0.3422481417655945,
0.057750262320041656,
0.695807695388794,
-0.16313152015209198,
0.11010334640741348,
-0.7180595993995667,
-0.3326774835586548,
0.7182432413101196,
0.005126792937517166,
0.22026950120925903,
0.45743340253829956,
0.0014672295656055212,
0.3204458951950073,
0.7587092518806458,
-0.16737647354602814,
-0.02031870372593403,
-0.09868846833705902,
0.16291241347789764,
-0.20292004942893982,
0.1470697671175003,
-0.09412229061126709,
-0.11213714629411697,
-0.16028669476509094,
0.5505067110061646,
-0.6657609939575195,
0.1751072257757187,
-0.11617350578308105,
0.5276065468788147,
0.009238426573574543,
0.06459812074899673,
-0.4341011047363281,
-0.2596404254436493,
1.1264203786849976,
0.3744061291217804,
-0.2855205833911896,
-0.11675634235143661,
0.5840755701065063,
0.1151624247431755,
0.43791458010673523,
-0.45978492498397827,
-0.2589542269706726,
0.7159226536750793,
-0.4585168659687042,
0.013810255564749241,
0.01090993545949459,
0.24350471794605255,
-0.18088704347610474,
-0.7060582041740417,
0.5133729577064514,
-0.05008506029844284,
0.42420363426208496,
-0.5184102058410645,
-0.4101419746875763,
0.6358861327171326,
-0.1926630139350891,
0.06596343219280243,
0.8931288123130798,
0.4625329375267029,
-0.08019665628671646,
0.5453272461891174,
0.5742534399032593,
0.7201336026191711,
-0.9612661004066467,
-0.5385081768035889,
0.6583783626556396,
0.026550544425845146,
-0.7717222571372986,
-0.6529512405395508,
-0.2887030243873596,
0.05709315463900566,
-0.18476910889148712,
1.087852120399475,
0.5589301586151123,
0.3167421221733093,
0.0563201904296875,
0.5143775939941406,
0.6545900106430054,
-0.06600417196750641,
-0.17164064943790436,
-0.00870328489691019,
0.26393941044807434,
0.16141851246356964,
0.009154976345598698,
-0.5326788425445557,
-0.5320377945899963,
-0.3505080044269562,
-0.8956850171089172,
0.44622722268104553,
-0.43854400515556335,
1.0535043478012085,
-0.005636911373585463,
-0.34269028902053833,
-0.25281861424446106,
-0.5909475684165955,
0.26799842715263367,
-0.24169835448265076,
0.3781019449234009,
0.05047841742634773,
0.03421369567513466,
-0.12546847760677338,
-0.7141327857971191,
-0.24378570914268494,
-0.0119840819388628,
0.378528356552124,
0.030053285881876945,
0.6528312563896179,
0.1736501008272171,
-0.42479443550109863,
0.2107621431350708,
0.20635557174682617,
0.2574225068092346,
-0.621692419052124,
0.2457781881093979,
0.2503277659416199,
-0.011788127943873405,
0.08646320551633835,
-0.4971616268157959,
-0.4651264548301697,
-0.7913129925727844,
0.6047835946083069,
0.5664865970611572,
0.512289822101593,
0.1549081951379776,
-0.1380375325679779,
-1.0362731218338013,
0.8765023350715637,
0.27311527729034424,
-0.06362657248973846,
0.3096010982990265,
-0.9551826119422913,
-0.20435144007205963,
0.24041879177093506,
1.160940170288086,
-0.38228639960289,
-0.8445745706558228,
0.0036187819205224514,
-0.5156533718109131,
0.8790683150291443,
-0.5984402298927307,
-0.04406515136361122,
0.1277868151664734,
-0.08755283802747726,
0.0749957337975502,
0.16142627596855164,
0.22919799387454987,
0.005170341581106186,
0.2081598937511444,
0.6427604556083679,
-0.15804842114448547,
-0.08939256519079208,
-0.14741158485412598,
-0.23379956185817719,
0.2851566970348358,
-0.09890523552894592,
-0.04866017401218414,
0.07940173894166946,
-0.34825554490089417,
0.027776818722486496,
-0.5112589001655579,
-5.5497026443481445,
0.7424067258834839,
-0.27562886476516724,
-0.12820525467395782,
0.11767946183681488,
-0.6673957705497742,
0.2622765004634857,
0.04467816650867462,
-0.30582526326179504,
0.16032199561595917,
0.08204816281795502,
-0.690441370010376,
-0.07414502650499344,
0.4142523407936096,
0.3228529095649719,
-0.4743700623512268,
0.6654799580574036,
-0.4011244773864746,
0.31408724188804626,
0.4923558831214905,
-0.4022279977798462,
-0.4389307200908661,
0.233938530087471,
0.00017069416935555637,
1.1037753820419312,
0.3673757016658783,
-0.38831326365470886,
0.011425398290157318,
-0.3418317139148712,
-0.12598536908626556,
-0.016305463388562202,
0.41277626156806946,
-0.15378476679325104,
-0.29059743881225586,
0.12455087155103683,
-0.1974024772644043,
-0.13317152857780457,
-0.14486928284168243,
0.5906297564506531,
-0.9116727113723755,
0.6680334806442261,
0.9318069815635681,
-0.014016938395798206,
-0.4916519522666931,
0.3211645781993866,
-0.39314374327659607,
-0.18299107253551483,
-0.025778699666261673,
-0.15005671977996826,
0.22148936986923218,
0.7335697412490845,
0.006425900850445032,
0.5859428644180298,
-0.13410291075706482,
0.12533606588840485,
-1.1055490970611572,
0.22556553781032562,
-0.2226085364818573,
-0.23583923280239105,
0.30641934275627136,
0.5666410326957703,
0.016922611743211746,
-0.2526983916759491,
0.16559603810310364,
0.08109455555677414,
-0.23089087009429932,
-0.03131607919931412,
-0.30168357491493225,
0.3938196897506714,
0.19257348775863647,
-0.029034966602921486,
-0.09933798760175705,
0.02341211959719658,
-0.6868600845336914,
-0.1905689537525177,
-0.6068665981292725,
-0.7787548303604126,
-0.34571897983551025,
0.24537795782089233,
-0.4565209150314331,
-0.25384366512298584,
0.03498508781194687,
0.47454938292503357,
0.8230716586112976,
0.4865124225616455,
-0.4668680429458618,
-0.6873636245727539,
0.5050596594810486,
-0.7639433145523071,
-0.6463897228240967,
0.4744039475917816,
-0.39799538254737854,
0.5272424817085266,
-0.04656379669904709,
-0.3662942349910736,
0.11290937662124634,
0.25918829441070557,
-0.16998539865016937,
0.04453100636601448,
-0.23573626577854156,
0.5645039081573486,
0.3935796916484833,
-0.18562045693397522,
-0.13074509799480438,
-0.025347670540213585,
-0.2971595227718353,
-0.22639358043670654,
0.7804955244064331,
0.4692726135253906,
-0.32199132442474365,
-0.5445986986160278,
-0.6293342113494873,
-0.3603551983833313,
-0.5117617845535278,
0.39017051458358765,
-0.13541917502880096,
-0.08908261358737946,
0.2671468257904053,
0.26735085248947144,
-0.12690021097660065,
0.29170703887939453,
0.5578916072845459,
0.06720905750989914,
0.22913497686386108,
-0.045721396803855896,
-0.4469152092933655,
-0.6164655089378357,
0.24166454374790192,
-0.4493482708930969,
0.35021069645881653,
-0.02946815825998783,
0.1261920928955078,
-0.09501075744628906,
-0.177318274974823,
-0.22988925874233246,
0.36654943227767944,
-0.5395628809928894,
-0.6035444140434265,
-0.030492212623357773,
0.35672426223754883,
0.8894534707069397,
0.1788347065448761,
0.1128733903169632,
0.4938609004020691,
0.09146866202354431,
-0.02280493639409542,
0.7710655927658081,
0.004762510769069195,
-0.5590352416038513,
0.2923421263694763,
0.08831732720136642,
-0.40398576855659485,
0.07946097105741501,
-0.20379389822483063,
0.17941449582576752,
-0.32135698199272156,
0.4061904847621918,
0.19577276706695557,
0.1669388711452484,
0.2131558209657669,
0.38505473732948303,
-0.30759039521217346,
0.001487920992076397,
0.2817171812057495,
0.07364287972450256,
-0.39544177055358887,
0.052172597497701645,
0.2402186542749405,
-0.5944358110427856,
0.06655211746692657,
0.303338885307312,
0.014136445708572865,
-0.36485812067985535,
-0.327033668756485,
-0.18117767572402954,
-0.16424576938152313,
-0.15878494083881378,
0.5608627200126648,
-0.21295994520187378,
-0.32606127858161926,
0.4517745077610016,
-0.2570398151874542,
-0.35135915875434875,
0.1493557244539261,
0.41227981448173523,
-0.5865688323974609,
0.15292201936244965,
-0.4164201021194458,
0.004554455634206533,
-0.48263266682624817,
0.05539102107286453,
-0.4444657862186432,
0.1719112992286682,
-0.27149608731269836,
-0.16055341064929962,
-0.23305009305477142,
0.41802549362182617,
0.12317941337823868,
-0.4702288508415222,
-0.007608319632709026,
0.07343266904354095,
0.6720999479293823,
-0.8812572360038757,
0.354021817445755,
0.25290611386299133,
-0.8302205801010132,
0.08453743159770966,
0.5254055261611938,
-0.2974569797515869,
0.5021699666976929,
0.3016529679298401,
-0.16684550046920776,
0.6871961951255798,
-0.233124241232872,
-0.3679969608783722,
0.434017539024353,
0.14890751242637634,
0.18544965982437134,
-0.13763770461082458,
-0.47297799587249756,
0.12830844521522522,
0.08949952572584152,
0.18840391933918,
-0.6129589080810547,
-0.0205678790807724,
0.49354463815689087,
0.1670900285243988,
0.14524529874324799,
0.4593585431575775,
-0.6261188983917236,
0.09291651099920273,
0.258455365896225,
0.2083604782819748,
0.1588793694972992,
0.48853835463523865,
-0.059685904532670975,
-0.16638416051864624,
-0.763523519039154,
0.17350701987743378,
-0.0388372428715229,
0.11717545986175537,
0.7795612215995789,
-0.0679238811135292,
-0.23162196576595306,
-0.8008085489273071,
0.38576340675354004,
0.5515878200531006,
0.055661819875240326,
-1.0161280632019043,
0.2952880263328552,
0.3749583065509796,
-0.2138630598783493,
-0.46184998750686646,
-0.17307406663894653,
0.26432719826698303,
0.023802099749445915,
-0.1626855581998825,
0.6330864429473877,
-0.15566779673099518,
0.06234845891594887,
-0.07360191643238068,
-0.2330588549375534,
-0.1122363805770874,
0.6325204372406006,
-0.010599907487630844,
-0.44350865483283997,
-0.5716463327407837,
-0.2286163866519928,
-0.016634386032819748,
-0.6274380683898926,
-0.28577885031700134,
-0.18265143036842346,
0.06468438357114792,
0.29215946793556213,
0.2876845896244049,
0.2105228453874588,
0.3153291940689087,
-0.5523760318756104,
0.08115740120410919,
-0.011429356411099434,
0.5577709078788757,
0.16459113359451294,
-0.2207038402557373,
-0.34862738847732544,
0.286976158618927,
-0.7532818913459778,
-0.1303233951330185,
-0.10753127187490463,
0.041306935250759125,
-0.10049840062856674,
-0.3632608652114868,
-0.19633081555366516,
-0.05737968534231186,
-0.48926207423210144,
-0.6003735661506653,
0.5693399906158447,
0.25660404562950134,
0.8058806657791138,
0.16348890960216522,
-0.23288893699645996,
-0.7254359722137451,
0.457806795835495,
-0.17984597384929657,
-0.8286529779434204,
0.31805354356765747,
-0.13010184466838837,
-0.30057892203330994,
-0.6574942469596863,
-0.054723501205444336,
-0.12247882783412933,
0.35169604420661926,
-0.2453310191631317,
0.023400483652949333,
0.9936872124671936,
-0.4973316788673401,
0.3455337584018707,
0.36901527643203735,
-0.7512267231941223,
-0.3705403506755829,
0.44610077142715454,
-0.5382512211799622,
-0.5268710255622864,
0.40981441736221313,
0.8256505727767944,
-0.20253705978393555,
0.6100382208824158,
0.5438805818557739,
0.225899800658226,
0.03504236787557602,
0.12484090030193329,
-0.17221970856189728,
0.11828550696372986,
-0.5391749143600464,
-0.30179256200790405,
-0.4967794418334961,
-0.2051355093717575,
-0.19262294471263885,
-0.15711870789527893,
-0.9489902853965759,
0.10479705780744553,
0.2608221769332886,
0.6003398299217224,
0.03364882245659828,
0.45903724431991577,
0.08079845458269119,
-0.030026836320757866,
0.3113964796066284,
0.3818192481994629,
0.013803302310407162,
-0.08773647248744965,
0.12282201647758484,
-0.040188465267419815,
0.06937475502490997,
-0.14996959269046783,
-0.09432411938905716,
-0.7110315561294556,
0.12701578438282013,
0.0010019841138273478,
-0.26466256380081177,
-0.9049079418182373,
-0.3039824366569519,
-0.3209420442581177,
0.5246180891990662,
-0.007054748944938183,
-0.010738931596279144,
-0.5154063701629639,
0.41037681698799133,
0.1708078682422638,
-0.3843006193637848,
0.6355876922607422,
-0.31682854890823364,
0.35680219531059265,
0.12659187614917755,
-0.021653704345226288,
-0.03586617484688759,
0.3767639100551605,
-0.23186993598937988,
0.1765202283859253,
-0.047276031225919724,
0.08792496472597122,
-0.30027616024017334,
-0.0840558260679245,
-0.37539851665496826,
0.020959239453077316,
-0.2160843014717102,
0.36637336015701294,
-0.31963658332824707,
0.034786492586135864,
-0.29476165771484375,
-0.3639325797557831,
0.002190119121223688,
0.05688819661736488,
0.0018269940046593547,
0.40968096256256104,
0.04888460040092468,
-0.10209786146879196,
-0.24543990194797516,
0.4576188921928406,
0.5455840826034546,
0.15151537954807281,
0.3165832459926605,
0.4017379581928253,
0.09952045977115631,
0.02744397707283497,
0.4035274386405945,
0.48650380969047546,
-0.45591914653778076,
0.21735912561416626,
-1.0983848571777344,
0.35895517468452454,
-0.18801598250865936,
0.06690468639135361,
-0.29751554131507874,
0.7036483287811279,
0.2600787281990051,
0.19981808960437775,
0.2243330329656601,
0.34100645780563354,
-0.7919604182243347,
0.15260952711105347,
0.7378740906715393,
0.2877258360385895,
-0.2243918627500534,
-0.0831667110323906,
-0.13766007125377655,
-0.7766268253326416,
0.0761306956410408,
-0.0036155800335109234,
-0.7244043946266174,
0.25538963079452515,
0.06245224177837372,
-0.569755494594574,
-0.207055002450943,
0.3679955303668976,
-0.475585013628006,
0.06933045387268066,
0.08560716360807419,
0.6686426401138306,
0.4416092038154602,
-0.44912078976631165,
-1.012095332145691,
-0.10282431542873383,
0.048943668603897095,
0.31257638335227966,
-1.4383630752563477,
-0.27379634976387024,
-0.503881573677063,
-0.417497456073761,
-0.9934917688369751,
1.0979869365692139,
-0.12830348312854767,
-0.30722320079803467,
0.26846185326576233,
0.45216459035873413,
0.13129697740077972,
0.050499361008405685,
0.1107979491353035,
0.170684814453125,
0.5926787853240967,
0.40002551674842834
] |
256927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull%2C%20Connecticut | Trumbull, Connecticut | Trumbull is a town located in Fairfield County, Connecticut. It borders on the cities of Bridgeport and Shelton and the towns of Stratford, Fairfield, Easton and Monroe. The population was 36,827 during the 2020 census. Trumbull was the home of the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation for thousands of years before the English settlement was made in 1639. The town was named after Jonathan Trumbull (1710–1785), a merchant, patriot and statesman when it was incorporated in 1797. Aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky lived in Trumbull during his active years when he designed, built, and flew fixed-wing aircraft and put the helicopter into mass production for the first time.
History
The area comprising the town of Trumbull was occupied by the Paugusset Indian nation for thousands of years before English colonists arrived here during the Great Migration from England and established the town of Stratford, Connecticut in 1639.
In 1725, Stratford residents living in the northern part of the town petitioned the Colony of Connecticut to establish their own separate village. They wished to call their new village Nickol's Farms, after the family who lived in its center. However, the Colony named it Unity instead. The village of Unity merged with the village to its west called Long Hill (organized in 1740), to form the town of "North Stratford" in 1744.
In the late 1780s, North Stratford began to petition the Connecticut General Assembly seeking independence from Stratford. The Assembly finally granted full town rights in October 1797 and named the new town after Jonathan Trumbull (1710–1785), a merchant, patriot, statesman and slave owner when it was incorporated in 1797. Aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky lived in Trumbull during his active years when he designed, built, and flew fixed-wing aircraft and put the helicopter into mass production for the first time.
Geography
Bodies of water
The Pequonnock River is the only major waterway in Trumbull, beginning northwest of Old Mine Park at the Monroe border and flowing southeasterly through the Pequonnock River Valley State Park, Trumbull Center and Twin Brooks Park. The river leaves Trumbull and continues into Beardsley Park in Bridgeport.
Major bodies of water include Canoe Brook Lake, Pinewood Lake, Tashua Hills Golf Club Pond, and the six Twin Brooks Park ponds. Minor bodies of water include Dogwood Lake, Frog Pond, Kaatz Pond, Kaechele Pond, Porters Pond, Secret Pond, Thrush Wood Lake and Unity Park Pond.
Land
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.98%, is water. According to the U.S. Geological Survey in 1986, the lowest point in town is approximately above sea level at Beach Park. The highest point is the top of Monitor Hill at above sea level.
According to the U.S. Geological Society, at 615 ft Monitor Hill (Tashua Hill) in Trumbull is the highest coastal point on the east coast of the United States. It is marked with a plaque on Monitor Hill Road.
Parks
Trumbull has of park facilities. These areas include:
Abraham Nichols Park/Wood's Estate ()
Aldo Memorial Park (Westwind Road) ()
Robert G. Beach Memorial Park ()
Davidow Park ()
Great Oak Park ()
Gunther Pond Park ()
Indian Ledge Park ()
Island Brook Park ()
Kaatz Pond Park ( )
Kaechele Soccer Fields ()
Long Hill Green ()
Middlebrooks Park ()
Mischee Brook Park ()
Nothnagle Memorial Field ()
Old Mine Park (Historic Mine Area Dedication) ()
Parlor Rock Historic Amusement Area ()
Strawberry Brook Estates ()
Tashua Recreation Area ()
Twin Brooks Park ()
Unity Park ()
State parks
The town of Trumbull, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and the Bridgeport Hydraulic Company agreed to make a joint Town and State purchase of land in the Pequonnock River Valley in 1989. The parcel cost $9,275,000 and is maintained by the Department of Environmental Protection.
Neighborhoods
Daniels Farm
Long Hill
Nichols
Tashua
Trumbull Center
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 34,243 people, 11,911 households, and 9,707 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,470.6 people per square mile (567.7/km). There were 12,160 housing units at an average density of 522.2 per square mile (201.6/km). The racial makeup of the town was 94.02% White, 2.70% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 2.38% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.
There were 11,911 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living within them, 71.7% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.17.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males. As of the 2000 census, males had a median income of $62,201 versus $41,384 for females. The per capita income for the town was $34,931. About 1.4% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those over age 65.
2008 estimates
According to the American Community Survey (ACS) 2008 estimate, there were 37,134 people, 12,338 households, and 10,021 families residing in the town.
The population density was 1,593.73 people per square mile. There were 12,651 housing units (93% ownership, 7% rental) with an average density of 542.9 per square mile.
There were 12,338 households, out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living within them, 69% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.8% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.31.
In the town, the population includes 25.5% under the age of 18 and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $103,082, and the median income for a family was $115,686.The per capita income for the town was $46,307. About 1.7% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those over age 65.
The racial makeup of the town was 92.0% White, 4.1% Asian, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.5% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.70% of the population. The ten largest ethnicities were Italian 11,025 (29.70%), Irish 9,166 (24.70%), German 4,363 (11.70%), English 3,112 (8.40%), Polish 2,762 (7.40%), Russian 1,558 (4.20%), Hungarian 1,447 (3.90%), French (except Basque) 1,087 (2.90%), Portuguese 885 (2.40%), & Slovak 881 (2.40%).
Notable locations
Bicentennial fountain and time capsule
The town's Bicentennial fountain is located at the corner of Quality Street and Church Hill Road (Connecticut Route 127), near the main branch of the library and the town hall. It features the Trumbull town seal and a memorial plaque of donors. In 1997 a time capsule was laid at the base of the Bicentennial Fountain with an opening date of October 12, 2097, Trumbull's tricentennial.
On the National Register of Historic Places
Christ Episcopal Church and Tashua Burial Ground – 5170 Madison Ave. (added May 25, 2001)
David Mallett Jr. House – 420 Tashua Road (added March 20, 1986)
Nichols Farms Historic District – Center Road, 1681–1944 Huntington Turnpike, 5–34 Priscilla Place, and 30-172 Shelton Road (added September 20, 1987)
Old Mine Park Archeological Site (added 1990)
Economics
The revised town budget for 2009–2010 is $140,054,187.23.
For 2009, Trumbull maintained a AA bond rating on $26.3 million in new general obligation issues. The total of Trumbull GOs is $98.1 million. Trumbull has approximately 1400 businesses.
Commerce
Shopping
The Westfield Trumbull Mall is located on Route 111, or Main Street, on the town boundary with Bridgeport, has over 180 stores including Target, J.C. Penney and Macy's.
The Hawley Lane Mall is located on Hawley Lane south of Route 8 on the town boundary with Stratford and features Best Buy, Kohl's and Target.
Corporate and industrial parks
Located north of the Merritt Parkway and east of Route 8 near the town boundary with Shelton and Stratford, of commercial space is zoned and includes offices for large firms such as Helicopter Support, Sun Products, Unilever, and United Healthcare. It is also home to the Market Integrity office of the NASDAQ OMX Group.
Economic development
Planning and Zoning Regulations
Professional Office Overlay Zones (formerly Design Districts) have been established on certain areas along White Plains Road (Route 127), Church Hill Road and Main Street (Route 111). A combination Business Commercial Multi-Family Residential Zone, or Mixed-use, has been created around the historic Long Hill Green (dating to 1720), to encourage new commercial development.
Adaptive reuse has been adopted to permit the reuse of all antique structures situated on state numbered roads which have been previously occupied by a non-conforming use, or are deemed historic by the town, and for which uses allowed by the existing zones are no longer viable - resulting in structures that may become badly maintained, under-utilized, vacant or demolished by neglect.
Blight Ordinance
The town amended its Municipal Code effective on October 1, 2012, to establish a Blight Prevention Ordinance pursuant to Section 7-148(c) (7) (H) (xv) of the Municipal Powers Act of the State of Connecticut General Statutes. This new ordinance encourages the rehabilitation of blighted premises by prohibiting any owner(s), or occupant(s) of real property from; allowing, creating, maintaining or causing the creation or maintenance of a blighted premises.
Taxes
The town's grand list assesses the taxable value in Trumbull at $5.114 billion, with a 2017 mill rate of 33.39. The cumulative value of Trumbull real estate is $4.615 billion.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Roads
Route 8 runs through the southeast part of town. Route 8 is a freeway that leads to Waterbury and Interstate 84, continues into Massachusetts as Massachusetts Route 8 and finally terminates in Searsburg, Vermont. Nichols residents petitioned the legislature and won a bypass for Route 8 which was initially proposed to be built directly through the center of the historic village in the early 1900s.
Route 15, the historic Merritt Parkway, runs north (east) to New Haven (eventually connecting to Interstate 91) and south (west) towards New York City. Route 15 was built through Nichols center displacing a home, the old Nichols Store and Trinity Episcopal Church in 1939.
Route 25 runs north to south, merging with Route 8 at the Bridgeport line and continues overlapped with Route 8 (commonly known as the Route 8/25 connector) into Bridgeport ending at Interstate 95. Continuing north on Route 25, the freeway ends as it crosses Route 111 and continues as a surface road towards I-84 in Newtown leading to Danbury.
Route 108, also known as Nichols Avenue and Huntington Turnpike, heads north into Trumbull from Stratford at Hawley Lane. The Nichols Avenue portion in Trumbull was completed and its dimensions and abutting landowners were entered into the land records on December 7, 1696, making it the third oldest documented highway in Connecticut. It terminates in Shelton at the intersection with Route 110 (Howe Avenue). Route 108 can be reached via exit 52 from Route 15 or exit 8 from Route 8.
Route 111, also known as Main Street, begins at the intersection of Route 15 (exit 48) at the North End of Bridgeport. In 1801, the road connecting Bridgeport to Newtown was called the Bridgeport and Newtown Turnpike. From 1826 to 1852, the road from Trumbull to Stevenson was chartered as a turnpike and called the Monroe and Zoar Bridge Turnpike. Route 111 terminates at Route 34 in Monroe. Prior to the last section of the Route 25 highway opening in 1982, the portion of the current Route 111 from Route 15 to the intersection with the northern terminus of the divided-highway section of Route 25 was known as Route 25 instead of Route 111, with Route 111 starting at the Route 25 intersection.
Route 127, also known as White Plains Road and Church Hill Road, runs through the town center from south to north from the East Side of Bridgeport. The section in Trumbull was laid out to Pulpit Rock in 1705. Route 127 ends at the intersection of Main Street (Route 111) at the Town Hall.
Bus
The Greater Bridgeport Transit Authority provides bus service for Trumbull.
Train
3 train stations are nearby Trumbull:
Bridgeport, 4.6 miles away.
Stratford, 4.9 miles away.
Fairfield Metro, 5.7 miles away.
All three stations are served by Metro-North's New Haven Line. Bridgeport's station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the Vermonter. All are easily accessible by bus routes or driving. The New Haven Railroad used to serve the town.
Education
Public education
Public schools are managed by the Trumbull Public Schools System and include approximately 6,955 students, 450 teachers and 240 staff. The district has been ranked 18th (of 164) in Connecticut by the National Center for Education Statistics.
The system includes Trumbull High School, which is also home to an Agriscience & Biotechnology program, the Alternative High School, and REACH. Trumbull has two middle schools: Hillcrest Middle School and Madison Middle School. The six elementary schools in town include Booth Hill Elementary, Daniels Farm Elementary, Frenchtown Elementary, Jane Ryan Elementary School, Middlebrook Elementary, and Tashua Elementary. The Trumbull Early Childhood Education Center serves as the town's pre-school.
Private education
Trumbull has several private schools, including the (non-denominational) Christian Heritage School (K-12) and (Catholic) St. Catherine of Siena School (K-8), St. Joseph High School, and St. Theresa School (K-8). A private pre-school, the Montessori Center for Early Learning, is located in Trumbull.
Continuing education
Trumbull provides adult education in a variety of subjects at Trumbull High School, typically in the early evening.
Emergency services
Emergency Medical Services
Trumbull EMS is a combined volunteer/paid organization founded in 1976. Trumbull EMS Headquarters is at 250 Middlebrooks Avenue. Their fleet of vesicles includes two Ford Ambulances, one Mercedes Benz ambulance, and two paramedic rapid response cars. EMT-B and EMT re-certification classes are regularly offered.
Fire departments
Firefighting in the town of Trumbull is served by three independent and all-volunteer fire departments. Each fire department handles its own tax structure and fundraising but receives no funding from the town. There are a total of seven fire stations, equipped with an apparatus fleet of six engines, three ladder trucks (including one quint), three rescues, two squads, two fireboats, one town-wide command trailer, five utility units, and numerous support units. The current Town Fire Marshal is Megan Murphy.
Long Hill Fire District (since 1921)
Nichols Fire District (since 1917)
Trumbull Center Fire District (since 1925)
Fire station locations and apparatus
Police department
The Trumbull Police Department was created in 1941 through an act of the State Legislature. It is under the jurisdiction of a six-member Board of Police Commissioners appointed by the First Selectman. The department currently has eighty officers and ten civilian workers, including the dog warden. The current Chief of Police is Micahel Lombardo. The police department is located at 158 Edison Road. The 2009–2010 revised departmental budget is $6,819,421.00.
Government and politics
Trumbull is a reliably Republican stronghold in presidential elections. However, the town has seen a few swings in favor of the Democrats in recent years, representing a leftward shift in suburban areas. In 2008, John McCain only carried the town by 0.86%
In 2016, Hillary Clinton only lost by 2.28%. In 2020, Democrat Joe Biden flipped the town blue.
Notable sport teams
The National Little League of Trumbull defeated the Kang-Tu Little League of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in the championship game of the 1989 Little League World Series.
Activities and organizations
The Nichols Improvement Association was founded in 1889 and has of open space. Its gazebo is used for wedding pictures, social gatherings and for the sale of Christmas trees.
Tashua Recreation Facility, at in size, includes basketball, tennis courts, swimming pool, playground, picnic area, multi-purpose field and Tashua Knolls, an 18-hole golf course built in 1976 and designed by noted golf architect Al Zikorus. The course features a driving range, two putting greens, pro shop, locker rooms, Eagle's Nest Grille restaurant and banquet facility. There is also Tashua Glen, a 9-hole "Executive style" course opened in 2004. Both courses feature cart paths. There is a Men's Club, Senior Men's Club, Ladies 9-holer, and Ladies 18-holer organizations active at the course.
The Trumbull Community Women is a group dedicated to promoting civic service. It is open to all women over 18, and runs a Young Women's Club as well. They meet at the Trumbull Library Community Room, generally on the first Tuesday of the month September through June.
The Town Hall Gazebo is host to concerts, mainly on Tuesday nights during the Summer.
The Trumbull Historical Society, founded in 1964, maintains a museum of Trumbull's past at 1856 Huntington Turnpike on the site of Abraham Nichols farm.
The Trumbull Nature & Arts Center is located at 7115 Main Street and coordinate trips for fishing, butterfly searches, gardening, outdoor photography and other nature related activities.
The Trumbull Teen Center was located at the barn at Indian Ledge Park and featured activities such as air hockey, Foosball, local band concerts, ping pong and basketball for Trumbull residents. The barn has not served as a teen center for several years, but there are efforts underway to reopen it.
Trumbull's Senior Center is located at 23 Priscilla Place. The senior transportation department continues to provide effective door-to-door services to seniors age 60 and over without transportation or unable to drive. Services include doctor’ s appointments, shopping, nutrition program, dentist appointments and legal appointments. It provides a variety of resources such as Continuing Education and Social Services as well as activities.
The Society Farsharotu, an Aromanian cultural organization, has its headquarters at Trumbull.
Library
The Trumbull Library System (TLS) is the town's main lending library with a staff of fifteen and two locations. The library features online book searches & renewal, statewide inter-library loan, adult & youth sections, and several meeting rooms. Internet terminals and photocopy machines are also available for use. Various groups utilize the library for meetings and workshops. The catalog of the library includes over 148,000 printed materials, 10,000 video materials, 4,500 audio materials and 200 subscriptions available as audio books on CD/tape/MP3, books, DVD's, graphic novels, magazines, music CD's, and VHS tapes. Annual circulation exceeds 373,000 transactions.
There are two branches of the library:
The Trumbull Library (main branch) is adjacent to Town Hall at 33 Quality Street.
The Fairchild-Nichols Memorial Library is located at 1718 Huntington Turnpike.
Media
Local outlets
Trumbull Community Television, is available via Charter Cable on channel 17 and via Frontier Communications on channel 99. The Educational-access television cable TV station's programming features coverage of school events and programs, Government-access television (GATV) provides coverage of all town government commissions, boards and legislative meetings. It also provides emergency announcements, community information and announcements regarding town services.
Public-access television is available via Charter Cable Community Vision 192.
The Trumbull Times is the local community newspaper, published weekly on Thursdays.
Movies filmed in Trumbull
Isn't it Delicious?, Independent film (2011)
A Dance for Grace (2010)
Revolutionary Road (2008)
Oprah Winfrey presents For One More Day which aired on ABC in December 2007
Accolades
Family Circle magazine has ranked Trumbull 7th in their "10 Best Towns for Families" 2011. U.S. News & World Report magazine has ranked Trumbull one of the best 15 places to retire in Connecticut. RelocateAmerica.com ranked Trumbull in their annual list of America's "Top 100 Places to Live". Money magazine ranked Trumbull #68 in their 100 best places to live rankings of U.S. cities in 2007 and #77 in 2009.
Notable people
Lee Abbamonte, travel blogger and the youngest American to visit all 193 United Nations member states
Dick Allen (1939-2017), American poet and poet laureate of the state of Connecticut
John W. Beach (b. 1825), seventh President of Wesleyan University
James Beebe (1717–1785), Reverend at Unity Parish, Army Preacher in the French and Indian War and patriot
Truman Bradley (1826–1900), American Indian from the Schaghticoke tribe
Craig Breslow (b. 1980), professional baseball player (pitcher) Oakland Athletics and Boston Red Sox, 1998 Trumbull High School graduate
P. W. Catanese, author of the Books of Umber and Further Tales Adventures series
Joseph DiMenna, hedge-fund manager and patron of the arts
Nancy DiNardo, Chairwoman of the Democratic Party of Connecticut
Chris Drury, professional hockey player, won the Stanley Cup, 2-time Olympic silver medalist and member of the 1989 Little League World Series championship team from Trumbull
Ted Drury, former NHL player
Felly, rapper
Will Geer, (1902–1978), actor and folklorist, maintained "Geer-Gore Gardens"
Nero Hawley, (1742–1817), slave, served in the Continental Army earning his freedom
Robert Hawley, (1729–1799), Captain North Stratford Train Band in the American Revolutionary War
Carolyn Hax (b. 1966), writer and columnist for the Washington Post and the author of the advice column "Tell Me About It"
Tony Horton, actor, personal trainer and creator of p90x home fitness program
Harvey Hubbell (1857–1927), inventor
Joseph Judson (1619–1690), early settler, militia officer and local official. Negotiated the purchase of Long Hill area from the Paugussett Indians
Burt Kearns, television and motion picture writer and producer, journalist and Tabloid Baby author
Lisa Lampanelli, comedian, actress and writer
January LaVoy, Broadway and television actress
Mark Longwell, professional soccer player and United States men's national soccer team member
Brian E. Luther, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral
Manya Makoski, professional soccer player (Los Angeles Sol)
Charlie Morton, two-time MLB All-Star pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays, who was the winning pitcher in Game 7 of the 2017 World Series with the Houston Astros
Alyssa Naeher, United States women's national soccer team goalkeeper in the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), aviation pioneer and helicopter inventor
Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864), first professor of science at Yale and first to distill petroleum
Chris Soule, Olympic skeleton (sport) athlete
Jim Tennant, former MLB player
Sister city
Xinyi, Jiangsu (China), since 2008. A plaque in Twin Brooks Park commemorates this friendship.
See also
Ephraim Hawley House
Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation
Gregory's Four Corners Burial Ground
Little League World Series Trumbull 1989 World Champions
Nichols Farms Historic District
Unity Burial Ground
References
Sources
Reverend Orcutt, History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fairfield Historical Society, 1886
History of Trumbull Dodrasquicentennial 1797–1972 Commemorative Book, Trumbull Historical Society, 1972
Isaac William Stuart, Life of Jonathan Trumbull Sen., Governor of Connecticut, Crocker and Brewster, 1859
Henry Phelps Johnston, The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781, Ayer Publishing, 1971
Charles S. Hall, Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Ostenigo Publishing Co., Binghamton, NY, 1905
E. Merrill Beach, "They Face the Rising Sun", Trumbull Historical Society, 1971
E. Merrill Beach, "Trumbull, Church and Town", Trumbull Historical Society, 1972
Dorothy Seeley, "Tales of Trumbull's Past", Trumbull Historical Society, 1984
External links
Town of Trumbull official website
Trumbull Historical Society
Trumbull, Connecticut
Towns in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Populated places established in 1797
Populated places established in 1639
Towns in the New York metropolitan area
Towns in Connecticut
1639 establishments in Connecticut | [
-0.7893853783607483,
0.6923202276229858,
-0.22993096709251404,
-0.6560606956481934,
0.7857012748718262,
0.7482315301895142,
0.4867006540298462,
0.7442114949226379,
-0.5445806384086609,
-0.163922980427742,
-0.30159738659858704,
0.05152751877903938,
0.07077500969171524,
0.5839855074882507,
-0.8173269033432007,
0.5367767810821533,
0.24320490658283234,
0.7007172703742981,
0.3694349527359009,
-0.4054538905620575,
0.06775370240211487,
0.24539826810359955,
0.511694610118866,
0.2961372137069702,
-0.2651926875114441,
-0.07631701231002808,
0.8528173565864563,
0.1412818431854248,
-0.03583194315433502,
-0.2706091105937958,
-0.5548107624053955,
0.3397635221481323,
-0.7480188608169556,
-0.7783923745155334,
0.7114036679267883,
-0.36005958914756775,
0.042837489396333694,
0.05663364380598068,
0.3014415502548218,
-0.5105343461036682,
-0.5345003604888916,
-0.03366417437791824,
-0.17180252075195312,
0.2809635102748871,
-0.47716662287712097,
-0.3436146378517151,
-1.365236759185791,
0.09114383161067963,
-1.3423794507980347,
-0.9864128828048706,
-0.5010809898376465,
0.3843481242656708,
0.7464643716812134,
0.45847809314727783,
0.5135501623153687,
0.2631271183490753,
-1.1254312992095947,
-0.09715685993432999,
1.162096619606018,
0.985706627368927,
0.1322970986366272,
0.31139302253723145,
-0.3623911142349243,
0.028393208980560303,
-0.25303465127944946,
-0.21237964928150177,
-0.002786977682262659,
0.19738824665546417,
0.01731102168560028,
-0.29664742946624756,
-0.17777976393699646,
0.30330657958984375,
-0.5172466039657593,
0.10350525379180908,
-0.08792085945606232,
0.8588252663612366,
-0.30336517095565796,
-0.22147327661514282,
0.19612321257591248,
-0.25263291597366333,
0.11989618092775345,
0.021872572600841522,
0.7826353311538696,
-0.2114577442407608,
0.5226182341575623,
0.505852460861206,
-0.47262319922447205,
0.05439715459942818,
0.05849269777536392,
0.7809430956840515,
-0.5938029289245605,
-0.24751509726047516,
-0.5352928638458252,
0.48508965969085693,
-0.3126380145549774,
-0.34911173582077026,
-0.03997403010725975,
0.26210933923721313,
-0.29394257068634033,
0.2762322723865509,
0.00789314229041338,
0.5977254509925842,
1.3210948705673218,
-0.34070977568626404,
-0.27488115429878235,
-0.08484870940446854,
-0.461313933134079,
-0.005550610367208719,
0.01849335804581642,
-0.3689305782318115,
-0.03337246924638748,
0.2441767305135727,
0.3104828894138336,
-0.5963440537452698,
-0.4131607115268707,
0.2864491641521454,
0.21597738564014435,
-0.9484540224075317,
-0.19864751398563385,
-0.01551816426217556,
0.42083486914634705,
1.1310932636260986,
0.3864392042160034,
-0.010596975684165955,
0.18448160588741302,
0.3763847351074219,
0.6711995601654053,
0.03485248610377312,
-0.13093942403793335,
0.29827335476875305,
-0.4532390236854553,
0.9455202221870422,
-0.15565215051174164,
0.06281125545501709,
0.05499523878097534,
-0.21479608118534088,
-0.042982980608940125,
0.25448301434516907,
0.6485062837600708,
0.4727168679237366,
-0.5210734605789185,
-0.06263912469148636,
-0.22567453980445862,
-0.07661078125238419,
0.013518030755221844,
-0.6756016612052917,
-0.08456122130155563,
-0.6982550621032715,
0.29796817898750305,
0.31905367970466614,
0.2645071744918823,
0.24678553640842438,
0.2249128222465515,
0.02708732709288597,
-0.4434690475463867,
-0.09938907623291016,
0.6745840907096863,
-0.10451658070087433,
0.24014703929424286,
0.3202633559703827,
-0.3566286265850067,
0.3353603780269623,
0.6374814510345459,
-0.022881055250763893,
0.0794195905327797,
0.35064440965652466,
0.7638046741485596,
-0.39055800437927246,
0.5080089569091797,
0.3849453330039978,
-0.6378058195114136,
0.08971696346998215,
1.1752772331237793,
-0.3847423791885376,
-0.05486669763922691,
-0.49780887365341187,
1.186344861984253,
-0.07015391439199448,
-0.2045387476682663,
-0.46966105699539185,
-0.5124198794364929,
0.46256208419799805,
0.4807527959346771,
0.03281160071492195,
-0.16288571059703827,
0.23606224358081818,
0.3133755028247833,
0.18502001464366913,
-0.13252009451389313,
0.17874816060066223,
0.5257577896118164,
-0.2936040163040161,
0.372224897146225,
-0.08979281038045883,
0.5616766214370728,
0.2482818365097046,
-0.7943145036697388,
0.7996202111244202,
-0.5367043614387512,
0.2563462257385254,
-0.2478650063276291,
-0.5516396760940552,
0.17265474796295166,
-0.18993008136749268,
0.07304751127958298,
0.0867273285984993,
0.2014215588569641,
0.10731792449951172,
0.4139529764652252,
0.19817788898944855,
0.349700391292572,
-0.9191248416900635,
-0.2695695459842682,
0.196180060505867,
-0.30050668120384216,
-0.8238701224327087,
-0.1958400309085846,
-0.3473672568798065,
-0.1538732945919037,
-0.1413097381591797,
0.7930279970169067,
-0.172220841050148,
0.30886271595954895,
-0.11178289353847504,
0.10246633738279343,
1.0006662607192993,
-0.5317009091377258,
-0.04253813624382019,
-0.3312179744243622,
0.2107549011707306,
0.28177621960639954,
-0.2603888511657715,
-0.06981129944324493,
-0.38365277647972107,
-0.45516422390937805,
-0.825212836265564,
-0.3790489435195923,
-0.45114779472351074,
0.6926108002662659,
-0.627652108669281,
-0.5517969131469727,
0.5203148722648621,
-1.1458081007003784,
0.34466129541397095,
0.2407839596271515,
0.2929389178752899,
-0.4441259205341339,
-0.07919488102197647,
-0.5764802694320679,
-0.9023463129997253,
0.046007994562387466,
0.3072950839996338,
0.4670984447002411,
0.15399090945720673,
0.29555535316467285,
-0.22169698774814606,
0.04304566606879234,
0.3701167702674866,
0.28202521800994873,
0.5115320086479187,
-0.4262863099575043,
0.31846490502357483,
0.1710888296365738,
0.21092838048934937,
-0.18213704228401184,
-0.5935347080230713,
-0.29153046011924744,
-0.7441648840904236,
0.31625741720199585,
0.39315474033355713,
0.5881145000457764,
-0.7131825089454651,
-0.1584363430738449,
0.11425303667783737,
1.0142755508422852,
0.30502527952194214,
-0.44132333993911743,
-0.2000204175710678,
-1.1873071193695068,
0.22564326226711273,
0.10784007608890533,
1.1773267984390259,
-0.44069406390190125,
-0.22107237577438354,
0.21570070087909698,
-0.3793652057647705,
1.2657347917556763,
0.18025800585746765,
-0.12128601968288422,
0.4272964298725128,
-0.3139283359050751,
-0.09136789292097092,
0.3447604477405548,
0.7257080674171448,
-0.25366106629371643,
0.511292576789856,
0.45313510298728943,
-0.5025860667228699,
0.09878268092870712,
-0.15037520229816437,
-0.39087051153182983,
0.5522161722183228,
-0.26370784640312195,
0.004022620618343353,
-0.37332671880722046,
-0.5971661806106567,
0.0966726765036583,
-0.49575018882751465,
-4.7347941398620605,
0.41075828671455383,
-0.023449910804629326,
-0.4830266535282135,
0.7574513554573059,
-0.4007081389427185,
0.0030595529824495316,
-0.2042771726846695,
-0.7646744847297668,
0.7976887226104736,
0.2595636546611786,
-0.9244818687438965,
0.010162296704947948,
0.3775612711906433,
0.5843415856361389,
-0.1581198126077652,
0.7379627823829651,
-0.12384510785341263,
0.44308650493621826,
0.5939217805862427,
-0.5919962525367737,
-0.26624467968940735,
-0.07205265015363693,
-0.3124619424343109,
0.6469822525978088,
0.4869559407234192,
-0.23002438247203827,
-0.3324773907661438,
-0.20717057585716248,
0.10887353867292404,
-0.016277743503451347,
0.3917713761329651,
-0.4006075859069824,
-0.2568875551223755,
0.11845988780260086,
-0.5581397414207458,
0.15800556540489197,
-0.212492436170578,
0.8518549203872681,
-0.9380598664283752,
0.6452293992042542,
1.0973180532455444,
-0.8574872612953186,
-0.34478580951690674,
0.5542674660682678,
-0.5279814600944519,
-0.43785226345062256,
0.2553410530090332,
-0.0021097613498568535,
0.8364419937133789,
0.4781520664691925,
-0.34121182560920715,
0.9090083837509155,
0.14087314903736115,
0.73646479845047,
-0.4343798756599426,
0.15079258382320404,
-0.22902445495128632,
-0.023281434550881386,
0.4778105318546295,
0.43507781624794006,
-0.4967765510082245,
0.11552950739860535,
0.14084970951080322,
-0.14529459178447723,
-0.7045417428016663,
-0.0035051382146775723,
0.14436109364032745,
0.6383314728736877,
0.09933873265981674,
-0.01723223365843296,
-0.15511204302310944,
0.2659098207950592,
-0.4327388405799866,
0.31679609417915344,
-0.6304435133934021,
-0.7345796823501587,
-0.3165131211280823,
-0.2225797325372696,
-0.41572821140289307,
0.026107991114258766,
-0.0633590966463089,
0.3891361355781555,
0.9784411787986755,
0.6131168007850647,
-0.3810703754425049,
-0.5821533203125,
0.5195114612579346,
-0.9576060771942139,
-0.9222404956817627,
0.5158747434616089,
-0.239640012383461,
0.19060704112052917,
-0.47354039549827576,
-0.18304197490215302,
-0.13930974900722504,
0.22096967697143555,
-0.08996215462684631,
-0.22892321646213531,
-0.0025437441654503345,
0.6694604158401489,
-0.3726080060005188,
-0.19222094118595123,
-0.4820069372653961,
-0.3244398534297943,
-0.07632981240749359,
-0.21199586987495422,
0.6216938495635986,
0.8239818811416626,
-0.33889520168304443,
-0.8506486415863037,
-0.5702504515647888,
-0.27578818798065186,
-0.3790980279445648,
0.19597408175468445,
-0.5466993451118469,
-0.1302088350057602,
0.36370784044265747,
0.005247401539236307,
0.33607590198516846,
0.0502583272755146,
0.1494785100221634,
-0.19761113822460175,
-0.551447868347168,
-0.41433438658714294,
-0.6164330840110779,
0.3972736597061157,
-0.08293253928422928,
-1.0083317756652832,
0.4200264513492584,
-0.420437216758728,
-0.19402411580085754,
-0.8885570764541626,
-0.10532662272453308,
-0.2187141478061676,
-0.22492432594299316,
-0.7037265300750732,
-0.9903821349143982,
-0.38697782158851624,
0.35021066665649414,
0.45687156915664673,
-0.07941519469022751,
-0.3242245614528656,
-0.1263013482093811,
-0.4339618384838104,
-0.02072707749903202,
0.852662980556488,
0.4295642375946045,
-1.1618847846984863,
0.4924948513507843,
-0.35319983959198,
-0.544808566570282,
-0.4027814269065857,
-0.6579458713531494,
0.6084054112434387,
-0.24325242638587952,
0.04063306376338005,
0.2328815758228302,
0.4269322156906128,
-0.12476745247840881,
0.35016751289367676,
0.2761330008506775,
-0.3308606445789337,
0.6718959808349609,
-0.1833226978778839,
-0.15964940190315247,
-0.059094950556755066,
0.2538995146751404,
-0.7430256009101868,
0.2511177361011505,
0.11842487752437592,
-0.19213663041591644,
-0.40159913897514343,
-0.4733346104621887,
0.37255042791366577,
-0.05592866986989975,
-0.04444349557161331,
0.7010836005210876,
0.19707725942134857,
0.044045884162187576,
-0.17279328405857086,
0.3030168116092682,
-0.6393142342567444,
-0.4747895300388336,
0.43501707911491394,
-0.6826722621917725,
-0.0721859410405159,
-0.46930286288261414,
-0.08381249010562897,
-0.7409228086471558,
-0.025968514382839203,
-0.363012433052063,
0.5539280772209167,
0.12053482234477997,
-0.08901023119688034,
-0.4320726990699768,
0.8966968059539795,
0.10125786066055298,
-0.4881761074066162,
-0.1457066684961319,
0.27543243765830994,
0.602255642414093,
-0.671465277671814,
0.6629729866981506,
0.5665392875671387,
-1.0244652032852173,
0.37856587767601013,
0.4857648015022278,
-0.406158447265625,
1.4502240419387817,
0.04732155799865723,
-0.6995417475700378,
0.7985897064208984,
0.01598178967833519,
-0.21843098104000092,
0.003664302406832576,
0.5103397369384766,
-0.3497302532196045,
-0.13777342438697815,
-0.15609502792358398,
-0.738580584526062,
0.187860906124115,
0.28735461831092834,
-0.4870225489139557,
-0.6083580851554871,
-0.17416150867938995,
0.023550093173980713,
0.13218973577022552,
0.7172009348869324,
-0.7852009534835815,
-0.23332209885120392,
-0.1774253249168396,
0.4831523001194,
0.008305014111101627,
0.7211300730705261,
0.04718457907438278,
-0.0016059948829934,
-0.7570444345474243,
0.0030423372518271208,
0.3767327070236206,
0.2764832377433777,
0.8681476712226868,
0.26691845059394836,
-0.13877972960472107,
-0.6737630367279053,
0.039091505110263824,
1.3674827814102173,
0.017359361052513123,
-1.010273814201355,
0.5155278444290161,
0.7562522292137146,
-0.4991990923881531,
-1.4059759378433228,
0.019282139837741852,
0.9022176265716553,
0.2500113844871521,
-0.3362768590450287,
0.656505823135376,
0.21074116230010986,
-0.18429464101791382,
0.16300296783447266,
-0.00015484415052924305,
0.2047278732061386,
-0.18304553627967834,
0.450920432806015,
-0.7166882753372192,
-0.2606315314769745,
-0.20325568318367004,
0.38231387734413147,
-0.4770638644695282,
-0.328182578086853,
-0.2432144582271576,
-0.28042078018188477,
-0.021783746778964996,
-0.6268115043640137,
0.14843332767486572,
-0.09010158479213715,
-0.9778352975845337,
0.236519917845726,
0.20428350567817688,
-0.1279793381690979,
0.2779789865016937,
-0.17138317227363586,
-0.014206626452505589,
0.575486958026886,
-0.5948274731636047,
-0.004269201774150133,
0.04246576875448227,
-0.03770701214671135,
0.2820667624473572,
-0.7016969919204712,
-0.13716097176074982,
-0.24960622191429138,
-0.35296952724456787,
-0.37399211525917053,
0.6438843011856079,
0.06943611800670624,
0.7606350779533386,
-0.1603633016347885,
0.15655417740345,
-0.9416072368621826,
0.7484276294708252,
0.2126266211271286,
-0.6354001760482788,
0.4304415285587311,
-0.03518560901284218,
-0.8981800079345703,
-0.255748987197876,
0.2787758708000183,
0.1644238531589508,
-0.022408096119761467,
-0.40085214376449585,
0.41949594020843506,
1.204280138015747,
-0.2829825282096863,
-0.404903769493103,
0.8125530481338501,
-0.661794126033783,
-0.677581250667572,
0.3249339461326599,
-0.2214331179857254,
-0.25785255432128906,
0.7030014395713806,
0.6417142152786255,
-0.18701231479644775,
1.5997430086135864,
-0.18582318723201752,
0.007485400419682264,
-0.328438937664032,
-0.04464389756321907,
0.25491514801979065,
-0.34723174571990967,
-0.7334597706794739,
-0.0242070984095335,
-0.4320901036262512,
-0.5043473243713379,
0.163825124502182,
-0.15462952852249146,
-0.7687557935714722,
0.41225704550743103,
0.44687145948410034,
0.3422815501689911,
0.046073734760284424,
-0.04800095409154892,
0.36658963561058044,
0.01890215463936329,
0.5279422998428345,
0.48420119285583496,
0.24002602696418762,
-0.5648218989372253,
0.6211488842964172,
-0.0070405746810138226,
0.23283302783966064,
-0.42783668637275696,
-0.022640880197286606,
-0.3625542223453522,
0.2504411041736603,
0.028244033455848694,
-0.570368230342865,
-0.44157132506370544,
0.10959694534540176,
-0.263852059841156,
0.8603371381759644,
-0.3541463017463684,
-0.13057731091976166,
-0.4303511679172516,
0.5337902307510376,
0.4911029636859894,
-0.24067336320877075,
0.8900545239448547,
0.07970432937145233,
0.8395124077796936,
0.12728410959243774,
-0.25245705246925354,
0.11632507294416428,
0.34864115715026855,
0.23109686374664307,
0.5731634497642517,
-0.4232591986656189,
0.594720184803009,
-0.39876383543014526,
-0.20404179394245148,
-0.4315233826637268,
-0.2198236733675003,
-0.4198235273361206,
0.10610697418451309,
0.10747029632329941,
-0.049181438982486725,
-0.08229916542768478,
-0.7459362149238586,
0.06639273464679718,
0.16513828933238983,
-0.42054852843284607,
0.3041417598724365,
-0.3313446640968323,
-0.23351183533668518,
-0.0029415383469313383,
0.650345504283905,
0.37352511286735535,
0.7323958873748779,
0.45952722430229187,
0.5485017895698547,
-0.2694171965122223,
0.3111482262611389,
0.0984894186258316,
0.14036060869693756,
-0.597865104675293,
0.7031233310699463,
-1.377905011177063,
0.7119894623756409,
0.2925628125667572,
0.7091624736785889,
-0.39324191212654114,
0.7623862028121948,
-0.8351382613182068,
-0.21343044936656952,
0.6743202805519104,
0.026012754067778587,
-0.7631701827049255,
0.016279304400086403,
0.7937451601028442,
0.05181807652115822,
-0.01939440332353115,
0.4457462430000305,
-0.41290363669395447,
-0.5492768287658691,
0.16473087668418884,
-0.33960017561912537,
-0.9667811989784241,
0.02870885841548443,
-0.08054441213607788,
-1.038140058517456,
0.33927562832832336,
0.2993088364601135,
-0.5125001072883606,
0.12925320863723755,
-0.2163533717393875,
0.6628279089927673,
0.304095596075058,
-0.7192368507385254,
-0.46876993775367737,
-0.1411845088005066,
0.25199592113494873,
0.6790739893913269,
-0.3843691349029541,
-0.2778799831867218,
-0.5707844495773315,
-0.41138550639152527,
-0.6271256804466248,
0.732201337814331,
-0.16079801321029663,
-0.6981230974197388,
0.5084924101829529,
-0.13579145073890686,
0.5557604432106018,
0.20615053176879883,
-0.1355876922607422,
-0.4647602140903473,
0.04801637679338455,
0.11115357279777527
] |
256928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport%2C%20Connecticut | Westport, Connecticut | Westport is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, along the Long Island Sound within Connecticut's Gold Coast. It is northeast of New York City. The town had a population of 27,141 according to the 2020 U.S. Census.
History
The earliest known inhabitants of the Westport area as identified through archaeological finds date back 7,500 years. Records from the first white settlers report the Pequot Indians living in the area which they called Machamux translated by the colonialists as beautiful land. Settlement by colonialists dates back to the five Bankside Farmers; whose families grew and prospered into a community that continued expanding. The settlers arrived in 1693, having followed cattle to the isolated area. The community had its own ecclesiastical society, supported by independent civil and religious elements, enabling it to be independent from the Town of Fairfield. As the settlement expanded its name changed: it was briefly known as "Bankside" in 1693, officially named Green's Farm in 1732 in honor of Bankside Farmer John Green and in 1835 incorporated as the Town of Westport.
During the Revolutionary War, on April 25, 1777, a British force of 1,850 under the command of the Royal Governor of the Province of New York, Major General William Tryon, landed on Compo Beach to destroy the Continental Army's military supplies in Danbury. Minutemen from Westport and the surrounding areas crouched hiding while Tryon's troops passed and then launched an offensive from their rear. A statue on Compo Beach commemorates this plan of attack with a crouching Minuteman facing away from the beach, looking onto what would have been the rear of the troops. A sign on Post Road East also commemorates this event.
The Town of Westport was officially incorporated on May 28, 1835, with lands from Fairfield, Weston and Norwalk. Daniel Nash led 130 people of Westport in the petitioning of the Town of Fairfield for Westport's incorporation. The driving force behind the petition was to assist their seaport's economic viability that was being undermined by neighboring towns' seaports. For several decades after that, Westport was a prosperous agricultural community, distinguishing itself as the leading onion-growing center in the U.S. Blight caused the collapse of Westport's onion industry, leading to mills and factories replacing agriculture as the town's economic engine.
Agriculture was Westport's first major industry. By the 19th century, Westport had become a shipping center in part to transport onions to market.
Starting around 1910 the town experienced a cultural expansion. During this period artists, musicians, and authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald moved to Westport to be free from the commuting demands experienced by business people. The roots of Westport's reputation as an arts center can be traced back to this period during which it was known as a "creative heaven."
In the 20th century, a combination of industrialization and popularity among New Yorkers attracted to fashionable Westport—which had attracted many artists and writers—resulted in farmers selling off their land. Westport changed from a community of farmers to a suburban development.
In the 1950s through to the 1970s, New Yorkers relocating from the city to the suburbs discovered Westport's culture of artists, musicians and authors. The population grew rapidly, assisted by the ease of commuting to New York City and back again to rolling hills and the "natural beauty of the town." By this time Westport had "chic New York-type fashion shopping" and a school system with a good reputation, both factors contributing to the growth.
By the 21st century, Westport had developed into a center for finance and insurance, as well as professional, scientific and technical services.
Geography and environment
According to a publication by the 2010 Census, Westport has a total area of of which (59.67%) is land with the remaining area of (40.20%) water.
Westport is bordered by Norwalk on the west, Weston to the north, Wilton to the northwest, Fairfield to the east and Long Island Sound to the south.
Climate
Topology
Both the train station and a total of 26 percent of town residents live within the 100-year floodplain. The floodplain was breached in 1992 and 1996 resulting in damage to private property, the 1992 flooding of the train station parking lot and the implementation of flood mitigation measures that include town regulations that affect renovations and additions to building within the floodplain zone.
Neighborhoods
Saugatuck – around the Westport railroad station near the southwestern corner of the town – a built-up area with some restaurants, stores and offices. Saugatuck originates from the Paugussett tribe meaning mouth of the tidal river.
Saugatuck Shores – a curved peninsula surrounded by the Long Island Sound, this area was once part of the town of Norwalk. Today several hundred residents live on the peninsula, which became part of Westport in the 1960s.
Saugatuck Island – founded in the 1890s as Greater Marsh Shores, the island was renamed to its current name in 1920 and became a special taxing district on November 5, 1984.
Downtown Westport - The area around Post Road and Main Street on and near the Saugatuck River that serves as the center of Westport, with many shops and restaurants. The downtown stores include many well-known brands including J. Crew, Eileen Fisher, Theory, Pottery Barn, West Elm, Lulu Lemon and more. There has been recent growth in the downtown area, including Levitt Pavilion, National Hall (The area where Post and Riverside intersect), and Bedford square (opening in 2017), a mixed use development on Church St, Elm St, Main St and Post Rd that will have apartments, public spaces, including a courtyard, underground parking, stores, and restaurants, as well as the incorporation of the historic Bedford Mansion.
Greens Farms – Westport's oldest neighborhood, starting around Hillspoint Road and ending at Westport's boundary on the east side. Greens Farms has its own post office and train station.
Cockenoe Island (pronounced "KuhKEEnee") – just off the southeastern coast of the town. Cockenoe Island is an uninhabited island that was purchased by Westport for $212,740 from the United Illuminating Company in 1969 so that the company could not use the land to build a nuclear plant.
Old Hill – west of the Saugatuck River and north of the Post Road, a historic section of town with many homes from the Revolutionary and Victorian eras. Prior to the road being called the Boston Post Road it was called the Connecticut Turnpike.
Coleytown – Located at the northern edge of town, near the Weston town line. Home to Coleytown fire station, Middle and Elementary school. Named for Farmer Coley, who owned lots of land in this area.
Compo – Located around the main beach in the town, Compo Beach. Compo (Compaug), can be traced back to the early Paugussett tribe and means the bear's fishing ground.
SewTrol - The area containing the Town Sewage Treatment Plant, the Town Animal Control, and the State Boat Launch.
Demographics
The 2019 US Census reported a population estimate of 28,491 with the median household income at $206,466.
The 2010 US Census counted the total number of households in Westport being 9,573 of which 7,233 (75.6%) were family households. The population density was . There were 10,065 housing units at an average density of 503.0 per square mile (194.2/km2).
According to the 2010 Census, the population of Westport was 92.6% White, 4.0% Asian, 1.2% Black or African American, and 0.1% American Indian. Individuals from other races made up 0.6% of Westport's population while individuals from two or more races made up 1.6%. In addition, Latinos of any race made up 3.5% of Westport's population. About 29.8% of Westport residents were younger than age 18 as of 2010; higher than the U.S. average of 24%.
According to the 2000 Census, there were 9,586 households, of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 6.8% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 25.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $147,391, and the median income for a family was $176,740. As of the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $100,000 versus $53,269 for females. The per capita income for the town was $73,664. 2.6% of the population and 1.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.7% are under the age of 18 and 2.1% are 65 or older.
In July 2008, Westport was named the fifth top-earning city in the US, with a median family income of $193,540 and median home price of $1,200,000. In 2018, data from the American Community Survey revealed that Westport was the 9th wealthiest city in the United States.
Government
Westport, like Connecticut as a whole, is heavily Democratic. Hillary Rodham Clinton outscored Donald J. Trump by 42 points in 2016, marking the best performance for a Democratic presidential nominee in the town in over 60 years.
Westport was one of five towns in Connecticut that backed former Governor John Kasich over Donald J. Trump in the 2016 Republican presidential primary. Kasich received 1,098 votes (46.19 percent) ahead of Trump who garnered 1,053 votes (44.30 percent). U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas finished third with 165 votes (6.94 percent).
The town switched to a Representative Town Meeting style governance in 1949. The government consists of a three-member Board of Selectmen, a Representative Town Meeting (RTM), a Board of Finance, a Board of Education, a Planning and Zoning Commission, and various other commissions, boards, and committees.
Taxes
As of 2019, the current mill rate of Westport is 16.86.
Police department
As of 2020, the Westport Police Department has a full-time complement of 64 sworn police officers that serve the Town of Westport. This department is one of few Police Departments in the country to invest in electric and hybrid fleets.
Fire department
The town of Westport is protected by the paid, full-time firefighters of the Westport Fire Department (WFD). Established in 1929, the Westport Fire Department currently operates out of 4 fire stations, located throughout the town, and maintains a fire apparatus fleet of 6 Engines, (4 first line and 2 reserve) 1 truck, 1 rescue, 1 fireboat, 1 High Water Unit, 1 utility unit and 1 Shift Commander's unit. The fire department also holds the Fairfield County Hazardous Materials Truck, housed at Westport Fire Headquarters. The Westport Fire Department responds to, on average, approximately 4,000 emergency calls annually.
Below is a complete listing of all fire station locations and apparatus in the town of Westport.
Education
Schools
Public schools
Staples High School is Westport's only public high school. Staples High School was ranked No. 4 for best high schools in Connecticut and 279th best nationwide." The school is in the Staples neighborhood.
The district has two middle schools, Bedford Middle School and Coleytown Middle School, the latter being down for renovations due to mold issues. In September 2009, Bedford Middle School was awarded the government-honored Blue Ribbon Award. In 2020, Bedford Middle and Coleytown Middle schools were ranked No. 3 and No. 7 in the state, respectively.
There are five elementary schools with a total of 2,556 students:
Coleytown Elementary School
King's Highway Elementary School
Green's Farms Elementary School
Saugatuck Elementary School
Long Lots Elementary School
There are numerous preschools in Westport, including Stepping Stones Pre-school, Greens Farms Nursery School, Saugatuck Nursery School, Earthplace Nursery School and the YMCA Childcare.
For the 2020–21 fiscal year, the school district's adopted budget is $121.9 million. The school district had an estimated $109.1 million budget for the 2009–10 fiscal year, giving it an average per pupil expenditure of $16,266. The average 2010 class size for kindergarten through first grade was 22 students and 25 students for second through fifth grade.
Private schools
Greens Farms Academy, located in the 1920s Vanderbilt estate overlooking Long Island Sound, is a K-12 private preparatory school located in the Greens Farms section of town. Pierrepont School, opened in 2002 on Sylvan Road, is a private K-12 school for gifted students.
Scientific institutions
The Rolnick Observatory, operated by the Westport Astronomical Society, is open to the public for free on clear Wednesday and Thursday evenings. The observatory is located at 182 Bayberry Lane, on a former Nike missile site.
Earthplace, The Nature Discovery Center, is a natural history museum, nature center and wildlife sanctuary located at 10 Woodside Lane. The organization is dedicated to the promotion of public environmental education, preservation and conservation. Activities include maintaining a open space wildlife sanctuary with trails, presenting public nature education programs, a water quality monitoring program, an interactive nature discovery area, a nursery school and summer camp.
Media
Westport's first newspaper dates back to the printing and publication of the first issue of The Saugatuck Journal on December 26, 1828.
Westport is served by both English-language newspapers and news websites including Westport News and WestportNow. The town is also home to a monthly magazine Westport.
Economy
Commerce and industry
The financial services sector employs 7,171 in Westport; half of whom commute daily to Westport. The financial services industry is a major segment of the local economy. The major financial services companies in Westport now are Bridgewater Associates, a global investment manager and Westport's largest employer, Canaan Partners, an early stage venture capital firm focusing on IT and life sciences, and BNY Mellon. Professional, scientific, and technical services companies include Terex, a Fortune 500 company manufacturing industrial equipment and offering professional and technical services around those products, and dLife, a multimedia diabetes education (and marketing) company.
Nonprofits
The Westport Country Playhouse, founded in 1930, is a regional theater known for its excellent theatrical performances. After Paul Newman moved to Westport in 1960, he became a principal "driving force" behind the playhouse reported as "one of the country’s most respected summer theaters." The playhouse went through a renovation process that was completed in 2005 on its seventy-fifth anniversary.
Westport Museum for History & Culture, Formerly the Westport Historical Society, Westport Museum for History & Culture (WM), has been a cultural and educational organization dedicated to preserving, presenting and celebrating the history of Westport since its founding in 1889. Their mission is to inspire the holistic discovery of our town's history inclusive of our collective heritage and its place in the larger American story.
Save the Children, the American charity, governed entirely separately from the British charity of the same name, was headquartered in Westport before moving to Fairfield.
The Smith Richardson Foundation, a public policy think tank, is headquartered in Westport, Connecticut.
The Westport Animal Shelter Advocates (WASA) support the town's animal shelter located on Elaine Road, as well as other Fairfield County animal shelters.
The Joseph J. Clinton Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 399 has been a Westport institution since 1920. Named for World War I veteran, Private Joseph J. Clinton from Westport who was killed in France just 4 days before the armistice. VFW Post 399 is committed to making a meaningful and positive contribution to the veterans and families that have served our country with honor. We are part of the national Veterans of Foreign Wars organization and are a 501(c)(19) Non-Profit charity.
Attractions
Parks and recreation
Comprising , Sherwood Island State Park is located on Long Island Sound and includes beach access. Compo Beach and Burying Hill Beach are municipal beaches that are open to out-of-town visitors in the summer for a fee. The state's 9/11 memorial was put in Sherwood Island State Park in Westport; on a clear day the New York City skyline can be seen.
In 1960, Westport purchased Longshore Club Park.
In 2011, Paul Newman's estate gave land to Westport to be managed by the Aspetuck Land Trust.
In 2010, the historic Wakeman Farm was reopened to the public as the Wakeman Town Farm and Sustainability Center. The town's website describes as an "organic demonstration homestead open to the public. The Farm is a model facility created to educate the community with local healthy food production, responsible land stewardship, sustainable practices and community service orientation."
Transportation
Interstate 95, the Merritt Parkway, and U.S. 1, as well as the Saugatuck River, run through Westport.
Westport has two train stations, Green's Farms and Westport on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, which serves Stamford and Grand Central Terminal in New York City or New Haven-Union Station. This line is shared with Amtrak trains as it is part of the Northeast Corridor, but no Amtrak services stop at Green's Farms or Westport. The nearest Amtrak stations are at Bridgeport (10 miles) and Stamford (12 miles).
"Main to Train" study
A recent initiative by residents of the Town of Westport, Connecticut, culminating in a 2019 report. It is part of a greater interest to improve pedestrian and cyclist options from the major places of interest in town: downtown Westport to the Westport Train Station. This approximate two-mile stretch of road is most directly accessible via Post Road East (U.S. Route 1) to Riverside Avenue. The third iteration of the study will more specifically address ways in which this path can be improved for people not traveling by car; the first report considered the conditional state of the path and the second analyzed traffic conditions.
The Westport Planning and Zoning Commission is interested in offering more sustainable and accessible transit options: in 2017 the Commission released a report on alternate transit options, complete with surveys of town residents and maps of current sidewalks and bike paths. The lack of sidewalks on some two-way arterial and many collector streets may increase the potential for accidents. This is occurring in tandem with the Connecticut Department of Transportation’s notable laws which support users of all transit forms: the Complete Streets Law of 2009, the 2014 Vulnerable User Law, and the 2015 Bike Bill. A true application of change in the post-Complete Streets law is the restriping of road shoulders by the DOT across the state, including the many, already narrow, two-way streets. The narrowing of roads is known to encourage slower, safer driving, which protects pedestrians and cyclists, as well as auto users. This form of traffic calming is thus in line with Vision Zero, an interest by New Urbanists and city planners focused on reducing traffic-caused injuries and fatalities.
The Norwalk Transit District, with several routes available for Westporters due to support by the Town of Westport, offers another form of transit for mainly commuting use.
In popular culture
In the television series The West Wing, Josh Lyman is a native of Westport.
Westport was the location of the fictional residence (1164 Morning Glory Circle) of Darrin and Samantha Stephens on the television series Bewitched.
In the sixth and final season of I Love Lucy, the Ricardos and Mertzes leave New York and move to Westport.
The Twilight Zone had one episode called "A Stop at Willoughby", wherein the main character worked in NYC and commuted by train to his home in Westport. It aired on May 6, 1960, and the episode was written by then-Westport resident Rod Serling.
The 1955 film The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit includes a scene where Jennifer Jones meets Gregory Peck at the Westport station
The Swimmer (1968), a film starring Burt Lancaster, is based on a short story by John Cheever. Most of the film was shot in backyard pool locations in Westport.
The Stepford Wives (1975) filmed in various Westport locations and used a colonial house in the Williamsburg district as the home of the main characters.
Don DeLillo's Underworld (1997) features an ad executive named Charlie Wainwright who in 1961 lives in Westport.
The 1998 production This Is My Father was partly filmed in Westport.
The 2004 film The Girl Next Door was vaguely based on Westport – director Luke Greenfield grew up in town. It was filmed and set in California. That same decade parts of the 2008 production of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 were filmed in Westport
American Housewife takes place in Westport.
Robert Lawson's children's novel Rabbit Hill depicts a colony of anthropomorphic rabbits living in the countryside near Westport.
In The Last Olympian, the final novel of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan, the titular character, Percy Jackson, travels to Westport to visit antagonist Luke Castellan's childhood home.
The Land of Steady Habits is set in Westport.
Notable people
Among the many actors, singers and other entertainers who have lived in town is Paul Newman who resided in Westport from 1960 until his death in 2008. His wife, Joanne Woodward, still resides in town. Fala (1940–1952), President Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog, was an early Christmas gift from Mrs. Augustus G. Kellogg, a town resident. Actress Grace Carney moved to Westport in 1979, when she became president of United Tool and Die, a company started by her father. She died in the city in 2009. Actress Gene Tierney grew up in Greens Farms. Adult film star Marilyn Chambers grew up in Westport under her given name Marilyn Briggs. Martha Stewart also lived in Westport at her historic estate of Turkey Hill. Jean Donovan, a lay Roman Catholic missioner martyred in El Salvador in 1980 grew up in Westport and graduated from Staples High School. She is honored on the litany of saints by the Lutheran World Federation and by The Anglican Communion. Academy Award winner Sandy Dennis lived in Westport until her death in 1992. Former FDA chief Dr. Scott Gottlieb is a resident of Westport.
Sister cities
, Westport has three sister cities:
Marigny-le-Lozon, France
St. Petersburg, Russia
Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
References
External links
Westport Public Library
WestportNow
Populated coastal places in Connecticut
Towns in Connecticut
Towns in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Towns in the New York metropolitan area | [
-0.43657341599464417,
0.38899847865104675,
-0.2671429216861725,
-0.4854118824005127,
0.8049635291099548,
0.1892097145318985,
0.142365962266922,
0.352125883102417,
-0.08982918411493301,
-0.17686855792999268,
-0.5835269093513489,
0.12867574393749237,
0.10135646909475327,
0.6210794448852539,
-1.227510690689087,
0.4867269694805145,
0.35527482628822327,
0.6144591569900513,
0.12068314850330353,
-0.49739569425582886,
-0.34457749128341675,
0.09475668519735336,
0.6001096367835999,
0.4530167281627655,
-0.20720165967941284,
-0.05501672998070717,
0.6181556582450867,
0.0538899227976799,
-0.30644115805625916,
-0.2798101305961609,
-0.2670356035232544,
0.2763243019580841,
-0.5297945737838745,
-0.5959152579307556,
0.6057971715927124,
0.003482324071228504,
-0.02958310768008232,
-0.08714286237955093,
-0.3347635269165039,
-0.760644257068634,
-0.5778024196624756,
-0.12289454787969589,
-0.02446107752621174,
0.2470657080411911,
-0.13876688480377197,
-0.21263426542282104,
-1.3482497930526733,
0.10974451154470444,
-1.3023900985717773,
-0.7457200288772583,
-0.7151868939399719,
0.0833432748913765,
0.4284646213054657,
0.3122040927410126,
0.9283355474472046,
0.05587734654545784,
-1.1484434604644775,
-0.25670844316482544,
1.1679965257644653,
0.6728792786598206,
-0.020547710359096527,
0.2948524057865143,
-0.18293531239032745,
0.06403254717588425,
0.022203076630830765,
-0.19308018684387207,
0.05308834835886955,
0.11840976029634476,
0.37616652250289917,
-0.5538769364356995,
0.17275814712047577,
0.24071739614009857,
-0.4197338819503784,
-0.01089492067694664,
-0.16999834775924683,
0.6736017465591431,
-0.2088811993598938,
-0.3839275538921356,
0.2245626002550125,
-0.0662747323513031,
-0.2681821882724762,
-0.04562724754214287,
0.7862012982368469,
-0.39636799693107605,
0.543333113193512,
0.195471853017807,
-0.3163944482803345,
-0.1600717306137085,
-0.49797073006629944,
1.2008579969406128,
-0.49911659955978394,
-0.3780762553215027,
-0.43000274896621704,
0.32096007466316223,
-0.14319054782390594,
-0.4268450140953064,
0.33868834376335144,
0.6803213953971863,
-0.3141499161720276,
0.1515665501356125,
-0.6059263348579407,
0.7949916124343872,
1.2753031253814697,
-0.5163728594779968,
-0.2799408435821533,
0.15711697936058044,
-0.18668009340763092,
0.11918755620718002,
0.1261933445930481,
-0.2695324420928955,
0.1492653638124466,
0.0003656986518763006,
0.7018771767616272,
0.05854280665516853,
-0.27391138672828674,
0.2942400276660919,
0.30941909551620483,
-0.4910356104373932,
-0.15086987614631653,
-0.4956623911857605,
0.48327475786209106,
1.516195297241211,
0.19898828864097595,
-0.6302621364593506,
0.2943687438964844,
0.24744488298892975,
0.6473073959350586,
0.06740999966859818,
-0.11978432536125183,
-0.15148477256298065,
-0.4341297745704651,
0.9432005286216736,
-0.2818382680416107,
0.15244561433792114,
0.0743599385023117,
0.22402355074882507,
-0.20872575044631958,
0.1353740096092224,
0.6659318804740906,
0.3080037236213684,
-0.483906090259552,
-0.0052577536553144455,
0.14736518263816833,
0.12686999142169952,
0.0024824331048876047,
-0.4297456443309784,
0.1082424521446228,
-0.6411824226379395,
0.14900155365467072,
0.7558653354644775,
-0.04823635518550873,
0.37136760354042053,
0.13440385460853577,
-0.31118834018707275,
-0.2860822379589081,
-0.273968368768692,
0.7485634088516235,
0.17125914990901947,
0.26461976766586304,
0.21511298418045044,
-0.5196525454521179,
0.4282517731189728,
0.9167389869689941,
-0.2935532033443451,
0.13688546419143677,
0.0923459380865097,
0.6591848731040955,
-0.2964373826980591,
0.19296084344387054,
0.16228419542312622,
-0.4054349958896637,
-0.01915435865521431,
0.9606940150260925,
-0.5352721214294434,
-0.0018127132207155228,
-0.36586689949035645,
1.1655596494674683,
0.056381646543741226,
-0.14612022042274475,
-0.16462981700897217,
-0.4681176245212555,
0.7428556680679321,
0.17072662711143494,
-0.0855298563838005,
-0.1509861797094345,
0.3957575857639313,
-0.015460753813385963,
0.3838682472705841,
-0.3628265857696533,
-0.11060132831335068,
0.2358492761850357,
-0.3759090304374695,
0.396345317363739,
-0.25607505440711975,
-0.011877331882715225,
0.20987825095653534,
-0.5798057317733765,
0.8347336649894714,
-0.35044020414352417,
0.3046347498893738,
-0.20165090262889862,
-0.3204244375228882,
0.35378503799438477,
-0.4041826128959656,
0.08588621020317078,
0.2948899269104004,
0.46743106842041016,
0.2079666554927826,
0.29707008600234985,
0.31105995178222656,
0.04324765130877495,
-0.87248694896698,
-0.16294358670711517,
0.5536874532699585,
-0.22378388047218323,
-0.8902956247329712,
-0.33623573184013367,
-0.14063648879528046,
-0.1935405284166336,
-0.2561773359775543,
0.40531909465789795,
0.09335637092590332,
0.33737999200820923,
-0.1742812991142273,
0.24319569766521454,
0.9616233110427856,
-0.5709664821624756,
-0.11392711102962494,
-0.0445217527449131,
0.37955349683761597,
0.3492257297039032,
-0.18110451102256775,
-0.3042730987071991,
-0.6080085039138794,
-0.3616287112236023,
-0.3330778479576111,
-0.24519304931163788,
-0.4521074891090393,
0.9501801133155823,
-0.5876418352127075,
-0.32842400670051575,
0.395517498254776,
-1.0398328304290771,
0.44676801562309265,
0.2781953513622284,
0.7145695090293884,
-0.43770894408226013,
-0.10352068394422531,
-0.7647938132286072,
-0.7308588027954102,
0.07035448402166367,
0.3555731773376465,
0.5120901465415955,
0.15709911286830902,
0.43107497692108154,
-0.17207323014736176,
-0.275298148393631,
0.3855491280555725,
0.34607869386672974,
0.44471246004104614,
-0.13551218807697296,
0.21519111096858978,
0.09785066545009613,
0.3753565549850464,
-0.09281493723392487,
-1.0377098321914673,
-0.08890151977539062,
-0.7823066115379333,
0.47309601306915283,
0.19016069173812866,
0.182602196931839,
-0.32207584381103516,
-0.015077021904289722,
0.3546728491783142,
0.8388242721557617,
0.20968259871006012,
-0.35799145698547363,
-0.2398129105567932,
-0.6926407814025879,
0.025499751791357994,
0.1546008437871933,
0.7296934127807617,
-0.6398380994796753,
-0.4684373736381531,
0.40889012813568115,
-0.6812839508056641,
0.907572329044342,
0.03621910884976387,
-0.2112414836883545,
0.6091100573539734,
-0.5576003789901733,
-0.2547607719898224,
0.22377997636795044,
0.7281188368797302,
-0.2786021828651428,
0.16326826810836792,
0.288175106048584,
-0.3514446020126343,
-0.3046698272228241,
-0.2943176329135895,
-0.5736231207847595,
0.6018197536468506,
-0.4329296946525574,
0.103605255484581,
-0.27731558680534363,
-0.28627681732177734,
0.14634892344474792,
-0.5195377469062805,
-4.948031425476074,
1.0981260538101196,
-0.3345996141433716,
-0.2291983664035797,
-0.11057350784540176,
-0.3629768192768097,
-0.320922315120697,
-0.30661481618881226,
-0.16037563979625702,
0.6999507546424866,
0.4567161500453949,
-0.9638354778289795,
-0.025072284042835236,
0.23582632839679718,
0.5790652632713318,
-0.15482722222805023,
0.4703638255596161,
-0.37288686633110046,
0.0789388045668602,
0.23614957928657532,
-0.2850985825061798,
-0.10735571384429932,
-0.08818217366933823,
0.12365055084228516,
0.5643875002861023,
0.059655699878931046,
0.06158638745546341,
-0.16598007082939148,
-0.21275697648525238,
-0.1198907420039177,
0.1560390442609787,
0.2810811996459961,
-0.14445699751377106,
0.25305798649787903,
0.417080283164978,
-0.3283569812774658,
0.29321569204330444,
-0.2979778051376343,
0.7654767036437988,
-0.9390488862991333,
0.9905856847763062,
1.2475520372390747,
-0.5833193063735962,
-0.6458385586738586,
0.36084434390068054,
-0.31686586141586304,
-0.05493215471506119,
0.7370240688323975,
0.12389756739139557,
0.38189497590065,
0.7494021058082581,
-0.2836766242980957,
0.22316640615463257,
0.10037742555141449,
0.602138876914978,
-0.9012218117713928,
0.024744827300310135,
-0.42796966433525085,
-0.5918136835098267,
0.6528924703598022,
0.13650821149349213,
-0.2819249629974365,
-0.26605933904647827,
0.2580855190753937,
-0.029332861304283142,
-0.5853000283241272,
-0.07587413489818573,
0.2707490921020508,
0.5931100249290466,
0.12602576613426208,
0.07772769778966904,
0.0336405411362648,
-0.20482133328914642,
-0.509728193283081,
0.12888838350772858,
-0.7629446387290955,
-0.6706167459487915,
-0.07337503135204315,
-0.248027503490448,
-0.335745245218277,
0.02428712695837021,
-0.1430707424879074,
1.0790680646896362,
1.133158802986145,
0.4646678566932678,
-0.462138831615448,
-0.2585854232311249,
0.7508905529975891,
-0.9082996845245361,
-0.5169450640678406,
0.5390206575393677,
-0.039774246513843536,
0.10887805372476578,
-0.4540683627128601,
-0.48327115178108215,
-0.3174980580806732,
0.2572426199913025,
0.14508654177188873,
0.11386307328939438,
-0.0588095523416996,
0.7859430909156799,
0.025372812524437904,
-0.2094215452671051,
-0.39252331852912903,
-0.9033464789390564,
0.14054132997989655,
0.13876232504844666,
0.19936710596084595,
0.9888277053833008,
-0.4436570703983307,
-0.544360876083374,
-0.082856684923172,
-0.19510263204574585,
-0.24812178313732147,
0.40579670667648315,
-0.4597916603088379,
-0.6162229776382446,
0.38714709877967834,
0.207855686545372,
-0.010073619894683361,
0.49648401141166687,
-0.0013311856891959906,
-0.5223170518875122,
-0.13208237290382385,
-0.20458120107650757,
-0.6061850786209106,
0.1701781153678894,
0.46247828006744385,
-0.6401262879371643,
0.7351714968681335,
-0.21891653537750244,
-0.1194082647562027,
-0.7485418915748596,
-0.2538451552391052,
0.06717013567686081,
-0.07159748673439026,
-1.15147066116333,
-0.8884996175765991,
-0.6252591609954834,
0.7841240167617798,
0.4932848811149597,
0.04962463676929474,
0.1649128496646881,
0.31554651260375977,
-0.3812664747238159,
-0.040554024279117584,
0.6854289770126343,
0.12638452649116516,
-1.0512038469314575,
-0.05120353400707245,
0.05685142055153847,
0.02208208478987217,
-0.33115050196647644,
-0.326389878988266,
0.502810001373291,
-0.3402385711669922,
-0.034508589655160904,
0.07934626191854477,
0.6244003176689148,
0.06200474500656128,
0.3394675552845001,
0.21272554993629456,
-0.2539607584476471,
0.4669390618801117,
0.15295468270778656,
-0.014962045475840569,
-0.5633804798126221,
0.3291274607181549,
-0.4733627438545227,
0.06322996318340302,
0.5608633756637573,
-0.3000679314136505,
-0.48276734352111816,
-0.7153964042663574,
0.3477587401866913,
-0.07671401649713516,
-0.25897496938705444,
0.43850547075271606,
0.1866239458322525,
-0.4533916711807251,
0.19721291959285736,
-0.20793546736240387,
-0.3938849866390228,
-0.25428012013435364,
0.4092334508895874,
-0.7357562780380249,
0.1191936582326889,
-0.529170036315918,
-0.26656657457351685,
-0.4450959265232086,
0.18568845093250275,
0.04210798814892769,
0.3944530487060547,
0.3065597712993622,
-0.08151622861623764,
-0.47689223289489746,
0.5655980110168457,
0.35538771748542786,
-0.5913270115852356,
-0.09866347908973694,
0.09908036142587662,
0.250137060880661,
-0.7282475233078003,
0.3941400945186615,
0.44037753343582153,
-0.7931000590324402,
0.17845064401626587,
0.5150924921035767,
-0.41964539885520935,
1.3120026588439941,
-0.45885488390922546,
-0.23877497017383575,
0.9154638051986694,
0.006193694192916155,
-0.22849228978157043,
-0.019905751571059227,
0.3231702148914337,
-0.35275042057037354,
-0.3738744556903839,
-0.36907172203063965,
-0.22999872267246246,
0.48067599534988403,
-0.03299309313297272,
-0.5166152715682983,
-0.5675643086433411,
0.028668059036135674,
0.4259401261806488,
-0.19081565737724304,
0.3745914399623871,
-0.7056189775466919,
-0.13047784566879272,
-0.1801435351371765,
0.3138678967952728,
0.23465168476104736,
0.8181356191635132,
0.1269121915102005,
-0.08138163387775421,
-0.8927903771400452,
0.4839496910572052,
0.10875275731086731,
0.5810461640357971,
0.6127005219459534,
0.01580408774316311,
-0.12006200850009918,
-0.7919268608093262,
0.3209224045276642,
0.9128416180610657,
-0.029639894142746925,
-1.1531434059143066,
0.6563551425933838,
0.5508090853691101,
-0.3837587535381317,
-1.0176595449447632,
0.04818667471408844,
0.7195016741752625,
-0.48017168045043945,
-0.2729540765285492,
0.5959371328353882,
-0.15112024545669556,
-0.09537804126739502,
0.40914642810821533,
-0.1874624490737915,
0.2690965235233307,
-0.047113679349422455,
0.3923881947994232,
-0.6377168297767639,
-0.3626098930835724,
-0.3758987784385681,
0.13534054160118103,
-0.7994971871376038,
0.4136825203895569,
-0.3008650541305542,
-0.1836320012807846,
0.17810223996639252,
-0.41181084513664246,
-0.005235837306827307,
0.1323612630367279,
-1.0547183752059937,
-0.06837539374828339,
-0.33216020464897156,
-0.19350656867027283,
0.18226756155490875,
-0.6421451568603516,
-0.36099672317504883,
0.23373858630657196,
-0.8186546564102173,
-0.01956760324537754,
-0.5512499809265137,
-0.14782321453094482,
0.012940601445734501,
-0.22779005765914917,
-0.2047967165708542,
-0.3182409405708313,
-0.5012391209602356,
-0.5812084674835205,
0.2652152180671692,
0.4047906696796417,
0.8067117929458618,
0.2387191504240036,
0.23363003134727478,
-0.9796769618988037,
0.3489212989807129,
-0.026471424847841263,
-1.2799358367919922,
0.30439940094947815,
-0.12368995696306229,
-0.8312792778015137,
0.004330234602093697,
0.14572517573833466,
0.33153584599494934,
0.20477019250392914,
-0.30635207891464233,
0.28263741731643677,
0.9675395488739014,
-0.4989895522594452,
-0.1905924379825592,
0.7384507656097412,
-0.6936320662498474,
-0.14266468584537506,
0.3998471200466156,
-0.35101085901260376,
-0.3423459529876709,
0.7208819389343262,
0.5465710163116455,
-0.07395526766777039,
1.4055324792861938,
-0.023632364347577095,
-0.16950641572475433,
-0.42951151728630066,
0.3166346251964569,
0.15561260282993317,
-0.38792991638183594,
-0.6171002388000488,
0.13193544745445251,
-0.616668701171875,
-0.2046937644481659,
-0.241066575050354,
-0.19025090336799622,
-0.6519857048988342,
0.05884631350636482,
0.2439112514257431,
0.4253809452056885,
0.17003418505191803,
0.051193442195653915,
0.2897789180278778,
-0.1350231170654297,
0.7935636043548584,
0.290813148021698,
0.31486842036247253,
-0.3600398600101471,
0.902975857257843,
-0.2983549237251282,
0.3673720061779022,
-0.38281765580177307,
0.35897085070610046,
-0.3574606478214264,
0.04833317548036575,
0.03655938059091568,
-0.7156708240509033,
-0.038537491112947464,
-0.001345646451227367,
-0.230839341878891,
1.1031439304351807,
-0.3473140597343445,
0.2204459309577942,
-0.5255633592605591,
0.5671407580375671,
0.14275780320167542,
-0.39250680804252625,
1.0712590217590332,
0.11276061832904816,
1.0377610921859741,
0.13375988602638245,
0.11652345955371857,
-0.14441774785518646,
0.3476419448852539,
0.22595395147800446,
0.6143081784248352,
-0.173084557056427,
0.16506828367710114,
-0.8399587273597717,
-0.2043161541223526,
-0.20988589525222778,
-0.2423628866672516,
-0.43414077162742615,
-0.48055070638656616,
0.2945021688938141,
0.10396124422550201,
-0.4863440692424774,
-0.7134501338005066,
-0.17274528741836548,
-0.13690504431724548,
-0.5985180735588074,
0.27291348576545715,
-0.382676899433136,
0.004275207873433828,
-0.19161151349544525,
0.873070478439331,
0.20983989536762238,
0.7102529406547546,
0.22978533804416656,
0.6482597589492798,
-0.03415609523653984,
0.2526073455810547,
-0.06453149765729904,
0.26913967728614807,
-0.7640017867088318,
0.3176422715187073,
-1.0172621011734009,
0.960849940776825,
0.304371178150177,
0.6658343076705933,
-0.46358028054237366,
0.6916597485542297,
-0.5338814854621887,
-0.01893302984535694,
0.9750670194625854,
0.5100414156913757,
-0.39127063751220703,
-0.059108637273311615,
0.6549537181854248,
0.14574699103832245,
-0.05599110946059227,
0.3120608627796173,
-0.6083072423934937,
-0.4680781066417694,
0.29911214113235474,
0.06359834223985672,
-0.7559645175933838,
0.34956005215644836,
0.006663310807198286,
-0.8291851878166199,
-0.12045218795537949,
0.5408342480659485,
-0.6980386972427368,
-0.4804694652557373,
-0.1689998209476471,
0.4487330913543701,
0.5147764086723328,
-0.2973698079586029,
-0.21153445541858673,
0.14068721234798431,
0.013496077619493008,
0.37271517515182495,
-0.14508584141731262,
-0.15915809571743011,
-0.3823826014995575,
-0.03958013653755188,
-1.049750804901123,
0.8587784171104431,
-0.15110424160957336,
-0.7283414602279663,
0.200125053524971,
0.11174759268760681,
0.7083346843719482,
0.07506846636533737,
0.21062272787094116,
-0.42527109384536743,
0.15998870134353638,
-0.2702730894088745
] |
256932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Britain%2C%20Connecticut | New Britain, Connecticut | New Britain is a city in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is located approximately southwest of Hartford. According to 2020 Census, the population of the city is 74,135.
Among the southernmost of the communities encompassed within the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, New Britain is home to Central Connecticut State University and Charter Oak State College. The city was noted for its industry during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and notable sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places include Walnut Hill Park developed by the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and Downtown New Britain.
The city's official nickname is the "Hardware City" because of its history as a manufacturing center and as the headquarters of Stanley Black & Decker. Because of its large Polish population, the city is often playfully referred to as "New Britski."
History
New Britain was settled in 1687 and then was incorporated as a new parish under the name New Britain Society in 1754. The name is a transfer from Great Britain. Chartered in 1850 as a township and in 1871 as a city, New Britain had separated from the nearby town of Farmington, Connecticut. A consolidation charter was adopted in 1905.
During the early part of the 20th century, New Britain was known as the "Hardware Capital of the World", as well as "Hardware City". Major manufacturers, such as The Stanley Works, the P&F Corbin Company (later Corbin Locks), Landers, Frary & Clark (LF&C) and North & Judd, were headquartered in the city.
In 1843 Frederick Trent Stanley established Stanley's Bolt Manufactory in New Britain to make door bolts and other wrought-iron hardware. In 1857 his cousin Henry Stanley founded The Stanley Rule and Level Company in the city. Planes invented by Leonard Bailey and manufactured by the Stanley Rule and Level Company, known as "Stanley/Bailey" planes, were prized by woodworkers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and remain popular among wood craftsmen today. The two companies merged in 1920, and the Stanley Rule and Level Company became the Hand Tools Division of Stanley Works.
The wire coat hanger was invented in 1869 by O. A. North of New Britain.
In 1895, the basketball technique of dribbling was developed at the New Britain YMCA.
In 1938, New Britain High School competed in the high school football national championship game in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1954 saw the development of racquetball, also at the YMCA.
Paul Manafort Sr., the father of Paul Manafort, was once the mayor of New Britain; the Manafort family had immigrated from Italy to New Britain prior to 1919.
The heads of the fire and police departments and seven other municipal employees were arrested as part of a corruption scandal in the 1970s.
City motto
New Britain's motto, – translated from Latin – means "Industry fills the hive and enjoys the honey." This phrase was coined by Elihu Burritt, a 19th-century New Britain resident, diplomat, philanthropist and social activist.
In 2007 it was reported that the Latin word for "honey" in the motto had been a typo for decades; it should be , but it had long been misspelled as mele. Former mayor William McNamara, who unsuccessfully tried to fix it during his term, suggested "to either fix the spelling immediately" or "switch to the English version of the motto." As controversy arose from the matter, the word was superseded with the correct spelling, .
Geography and topography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.4 square miles (34.7 km), of which, 13.3 square miles (34.6 km) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km) of it (0.52%) is water.
New Britain's terrain is mostly made up of soft, rolling hills and young Connecticut forest. The many parks are populated with trees, and in small, undeveloped areas, there is also brushy woods. New Britain's streets also have many trees lining the sides of the roads. Many front yards in the northern half of the city have at least one tree. One or two streams flow through New Britain, undisturbed by the development.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 73,153 people. The racial makeup of the city was 47.7% Non-Hispanic White, 36.8% Hispanic or Latino(of any race), 10.9% African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander and 1.9% from two or more races.
There were 29,888 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.
In 2010 The median income for a household in the city was $35,357, and the median income for a family was $42,056. Males had a median income of $36,848 versus $28,873 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,404. 24.5% of the population below the poverty line (Poverty Rate is 19.2% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 36.8% for Hispanic or Latino residents).
Government and politics
Ethnic groups
In the 1960s various European ethnic groups had ethnic enclaves, including those from Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Ukraine.
Polish community
New Britain has the largest Polish population of any city in Connecticut, and by 1930 a quarter of the city was ethnically Polish. Also referred to as "Little Poland", the city's Broad Street neighborhood has been home to a considerable number of Polish businesses and families since 1890. On September 23, 2008, through the urging of the Polonia Business Association, the New Britain City Council unanimously passed a resolution officially designating New Britain's Broad Street area as "Little Poland." In recent years, the Polish community has been credited with revitalizing the area both culturally and economically. Media is served by three Polish language newspapers and a television station, and many businesses and civil agencies are bilingual. The post office branch in Little Poland is the only one in the nation with the word "post" written in Polish to welcome visitors. Each year, a Little Poland festival is held on the last Sunday of April.
Notable visitors to the Polish district have included Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan on July 8, 1987. In 1969, as then-Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II gave a mass at Sacred Heart Church. A statue was erected in his honor in 2007. Dubbed the city's "Polish heart" by The Boston Globe, Little Poland caught the attention of Polish Ambassador to the US Ryszard Schnepf, who toured the area with US Senators Chris Murphy and Richard Blumenthal, US Congresswoman Elizabeth Esty, as well as several members of the Polish Sejm.
An honorary Polish consulate was established in March 2017. The first of its kind in Connecticut, it was established by Polish diplomat to the United States Piotr Wilczek.
In September 2019, Polish President Andrzej Duda became the first head of state to visit New Britain when he addressed thousands in Walnut Hill Park prior to traveling to New York City for the United Nations General Assembly. Duda was joined by a variety of Connecticut politicians, including Governor Ned Lamont, U.S. Representative Jahana Hayes and Senators Chris Murphy and Richard Blumenthal.
Accent
Natives of New Britain have a fairly unmarked Connecticut accent, though there is some local perception of a distinct accent, popularly attributed to the Polish-American community, such as the use of a glottal stop in place of before syllabic : in other words, in words like cattle and bottle. The short "a" vowel as in may be raised to for some speakers in Connecticut, including New Britain, though this feature appears to be declining among younger residents.
Economy
New Britain is home to the global headquarters of the Fortune 500 manufacturing conglomerate Stanley Black & Decker. Other notable companies headquartered in New Britain include Gaffney, Bennett and Associates, Tomasso Group, Creed Monarch, Guida's Dairy, and Polamer Precision.
Top employers
According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Sites of interest
Central Connecticut State University
New Britain Little League.
New Britain Museum of American Art, the oldest art museum in the United States devoted to American art.
Sudbury School – an independent alternative school.
New Britain Industrial Museum, a museum of New Britain's industrial past and present
The Hospital of Central Connecticut, the city's largest employer.
Walnut Hill Park – Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed Central Park in New York City.
Walnut Hill Rose Garden, the recently restored landmark with over 800 roses.
Connecticut Theatre Company, located in the historic Repertory Theatre of New Britain.
Hole in the Wall Theater.
New Britain Youth Museum, contains children's artifacts and exhibits on regional culture.
Stag Arms, a firearms manufacturer.
The Polish district or "Little Poland": Located primarily in the vicinity of Broad Street, visitors can find unique amber jewelry, handcrafted items, blown glass, Christmas ornaments, carved chess sets, as well as eat Polish food.
Sports
New Britain Bees, minor league professional baseball team playing in New Britain Stadium.
Hartford City FC, professional soccer team playing at CCSU Soccer field.
New Britain Fagan Cal Ripken Baseball League, a youth baseball program that serves children from the City of New Britain between the ages of 4 and 12.
New Britain Little League (NBLL, previously known as Walicki – A.W. Stanley Little League), a youth baseball and softball organization that serves the children of New Britain who are between the ages of 4 and 16.
Connecticut United Football Club, a professional soccer team affiliated with the American Soccer League
Education
Colleges and universities
The city is home to Central Connecticut State University and Charter Oak State College, a public liberal arts college.
Primary and secondary schools
New Britain Public Schools operates public schools. The local high school is New Britain High School. New Britain is also home to the Mountain Laurel Sudbury School.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford is responsible for the operation of Catholic schools. A Catholic elementary school, Sacred Heart School, is in New Britain. St. Thomas Aquinas High School closed in 1999.
The Holy Cross Catholic School was established in 1954. The Holy Cross, St. Francis of Assisi and St. Joseph Catholic schools merged into Saint John Paul II School in 2006; the Holy Cross parish sponsored the consolidated school. The archdiocese closed the SJP School in 2015. At the time of its closing, SJP school had debts of over $300,000.
Transportation
Connecticut Route 9 is the city's main expressway connecting traffic between Hartford (via I-84 and I-91) and Old Saybrook and Middletown. I-84 itself clips the northwestern corner of the city. Public transportation is provided by Connecticut Transit.
Downtown New Britain serves as the southern terminus of CTfastrak, a bus rapid transit line. Operated by Connecticut Transit, the project officially broke ground in May 2012, and became operational in March 2015. The route's northern terminus is Union Station in Hartford. There are also CTfastrak stations on East Main Street and East Street, the latter near Central Connecticut State University. New Britain is served by Connecticut Transit New Britain.
New Britain has a nearby Amtrak station in adjacent Berlin. The Vermonter (once daily) and Shuttle (multiple daily arrivals/departures) provide service to destinations throughout the northeastern United States. There are also plans underway for a Springfield–Hartford–New Haven commuter rail, which would have Berlin as one of its stations.
Notable people
Paul S. Amenta (1922–2014), state senator
Anita Antoinette (1989–), reggae singer and songwriter
Charles Avedisian (1917–1983), NB Athletic Director (1952–1966), member of 1944 New York Giants team ranked as #1 defensive unit in NFL history
Robert S. Barton (1925–2009), computer designer and system architect, inventor of stack architecture
Christopher A. Bray, member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
Elihu Burritt (1810–1879), diplomat, philanthropist, social activist, appointed by Abraham Lincoln as U.S. Consul in Birmingham, England
Harold V. Camp (1935-2022), lawyer, politician, and busibessman
Walter Camp (1859–1925), Yale football player and coach, often referred to as the "Father of American Football"
Phillip Corbin (1824–1910), founder of P&F Corbin Co. – a major manufacturer of locks and keys
Steve Dalkowski (1939–2020), former pitcher in the minor leagues famous for his high speed fastball
Daym Drops (1977–), YouTube food reviewer
Anna Eshoo (1942–), U.S. Representative of California's 18th congressional district
Willie Hall (1949–), linebacker for the Super Bowl XI champion Oakland Raiders; Pulaski High School, University of Southern California
Charles K. Hamilton (1881–1914), aviator
Harry Jacunski (1915–2003) professional football player with Green Bay Packers, member of Fordham University Seven Blocks of Granite, Yale football coach for 33 years
Nancy Johnson (1935–), U.S. Representative for 5th and 6th CT districts (1983–2007)
Byron Jones (1992–), NFL player currently free safety for the Dallas Cowboys and unofficial world record holder of the standing long jump
Tebucky Jones (1974–), professional football player
James Kilbourne (1770-1850), founder of Worthington, Ohio
David LaFlamme, virtuoso violinist in both classical and rock music
Tony Leone (1969–), rock and jazz drummer
Sol LeWitt (1928–2007), Modern artist
Bruce H. Mahan, (1930–1982) noted Professor of Chemistry at UC-Berkeley, thesis advisor of Nobel Laureate Y.T. Lee
Paul Manafort (1949–), lobbyist, advisor to political campaigns of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Robert Dole, George W. Bush, John McCain and Donald Trump
Thomas J. Meskill, (1928–2007) NB Mayor (1962–1964), Governor (1971–1975), appointed by Richard Nixon to the US Court of Appeals for 2nd Circuit (1975–2007)
Chris Murphy (1973–), U.S. Congressman for 5th CT district (2007–2013) and U.S. Senator for Connecticut (2013–present)
Lamar Odom (1979–), St. Thomas Acquinas basketball great, NBA player with the Los Angeles Clippers, Miami Heat, Los Angeles Lakers and Dallas Mavericks
Jon Olsen (1969–), swimmer, winner of four Olympic gold medals
Charles Patterson, author and historian
Carl Pavano (1976–), professional baseball player
Joe Porcaro, drummer in Los Angeles and father to the Porcaro brothers who founded the band [Toto]
Charles J. Prestia (1909–1953), Secretary of the State of Connecticut from 1945 to 1947
Charles Quigley (1906-1964), actor
Adolfas Ramanauskas (1918–1957), one of the prominent leaders of the Lithuanian partisans
Abraham A. Ribicoff (1910–1998), Congressman (1949–1953), Governor (1955–1961), Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare ('61–'62), U.S. Senator from Connecticut (1963–81)
Velvet Sky (born 1981), ring name of professional wrestler Jamie Szantyr with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
George Springer (1989–), professional baseball player currently with the Toronto Blue Jays
Frederick Trent Stanley (1802–1883), first mayor of NB (1870), founder of Stanley Bolt Manufacturing (1843) that became The Stanley Works (1857) and (2010) Stanley Black & Decker.
Erin Stewart (1987–), Mayor of NB (2013–), currently (2016) youngest female mayor in United States
Tom Thibodeau (1958–), current head coach of the New York Knicks of the NBA
Sister cities
New Britain's sister cities are:
Atsugi, Japan
Giannitsa, Greece
Pułtusk, Poland
Rastatt, Germany
Solarino, Italy
References
Further reading
History of New Britain by Camp, New Britain, 1889
Legendary Locals of New Britain by Amy Melissa Kirby, 2014
A Walk Around Walnut Hill, 1975, by Kenneth Larson
New Britain, by Alfred Andrews, 1867
A History of New Britain, by Herbert E. Fowler, 1960
The Story of New Britain, by Lillian Hart Tryon, 1925
Images of America, New Britain, by Arlene Palmer, 1995
New Britain, The City of Invention, by Patrick Thibodeau
External links
City of New Britain
BBC special on the Polish community in New Britain, 2010 (4 min.)
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in Hartford County, Connecticut
Populated places established in 1687
1687 establishments in Connecticut
Polish communities in the United States
Greater Hartford | [
-0.7661203145980835,
0.374083012342453,
-0.15753798186779022,
-0.6413606405258179,
0.6998465657234192,
0.5626041889190674,
0.4555845260620117,
0.12561824917793274,
-0.21307356655597687,
-0.19994843006134033,
-0.4329993724822998,
0.1656491607427597,
0.015101089142262936,
0.5686588287353516,
-1.1284294128417969,
0.484347939491272,
0.3202097713947296,
0.4551770091056824,
0.30579912662506104,
-0.21474109590053558,
-0.19322939217090607,
0.026130996644496918,
0.5880158543586731,
0.5630367994308472,
-0.09462309628725052,
-0.10836886614561081,
0.7606208920478821,
0.03133578225970268,
-0.36555612087249756,
-0.36463963985443115,
-0.5765917301177979,
-0.11619767546653748,
-0.6190375685691833,
-0.7155225872993469,
0.7560612559318542,
0.0017831668956205249,
0.00993300136178732,
-0.18810254335403442,
-0.08409011363983154,
-0.6047061681747437,
-0.5421832203865051,
-0.29501286149024963,
-0.3049693703651428,
0.7971687316894531,
-0.5967230796813965,
-0.2328033149242401,
-1.2882728576660156,
0.5326876044273376,
-1.4959449768066406,
-0.8398001194000244,
-0.6249610185623169,
0.2225969433784485,
0.5689618587493896,
0.5514727234840393,
0.6070736050605774,
-0.05505097657442093,
-1.0252434015274048,
-0.16695614159107208,
1.0075619220733643,
0.9518049955368042,
0.03890993818640709,
0.4133785367012024,
-0.009876992553472519,
-0.12476683408021927,
0.19809193909168243,
-0.26967093348503113,
0.08065076172351837,
0.03251797705888748,
0.30843406915664673,
-0.35185790061950684,
-0.3727836608886719,
0.2778817117214203,
-0.6421642899513245,
0.10599523037672043,
-0.29084572196006775,
0.783595085144043,
-0.14590898156166077,
-0.32203009724617004,
0.2835976481437683,
0.07686512917280197,
-0.14990511536598206,
-0.2433089315891266,
0.6918771862983704,
-0.35158953070640564,
0.5028478503227234,
0.39038586616516113,
-0.47549182176589966,
-0.1559923142194748,
-0.08089420944452286,
1.0034865140914917,
-0.7547301650047302,
-0.2919197678565979,
-0.2946855127811432,
0.4664168655872345,
-0.5605788230895996,
-0.6716530919075012,
0.24704022705554962,
0.2817365527153015,
0.03441625460982323,
0.15498077869415283,
-0.2998967468738556,
0.1889343112707138,
1.3644814491271973,
-0.27961626648902893,
-0.18117745220661163,
-0.2117626667022705,
-0.28891220688819885,
0.08976136147975922,
0.29399463534355164,
-0.42524728178977966,
0.23831190168857574,
0.3206486701965332,
0.5336692929267883,
-0.31258970499038696,
-0.12241987138986588,
0.5548918843269348,
0.41374942660331726,
-0.7126508355140686,
-0.4316186308860779,
-0.44195154309272766,
0.15917880833148956,
1.1221808195114136,
0.2270621359348297,
-0.3282369077205658,
0.3160136640071869,
0.3514517545700073,
0.6583741903305054,
0.2800227999687195,
-0.12541384994983673,
-0.2752593457698822,
-0.5854769945144653,
0.7061681747436523,
-0.21561436355113983,
0.10001008957624435,
0.01208504382520914,
-0.2418658286333084,
-0.24109207093715668,
0.36408501863479614,
0.5627468824386597,
0.2646426558494568,
-0.5107377767562866,
-0.012194286100566387,
0.028272639960050583,
-0.031417254358530045,
0.34466680884361267,
-0.5950857400894165,
-0.043901942670345306,
-0.8375244140625,
0.14664144814014435,
0.6187022924423218,
0.14789247512817383,
0.3171696066856384,
0.1478189378976822,
0.09316017478704453,
-0.49947234988212585,
-0.3190719187259674,
0.582345724105835,
0.07878390699625015,
0.2511026859283447,
0.2473275512456894,
-0.5651608109474182,
0.34496602416038513,
0.7209837436676025,
0.20086489617824554,
0.06240697205066681,
0.28533628582954407,
0.5120312571525574,
-0.1150703951716423,
0.6686089038848877,
0.2015681117773056,
-0.39690327644348145,
-0.020139561966061592,
0.9670136570930481,
-0.5072014927864075,
-0.09579618275165558,
-0.2953742444515228,
0.7792068123817444,
-0.2205628752708435,
-0.0629367083311081,
-0.42498281598091125,
-0.4621773660182953,
0.8400208353996277,
0.4898572564125061,
-0.02958911657333374,
-0.5042874813079834,
0.33701395988464355,
-0.09039284288883209,
0.2270735651254654,
-0.21384374797344208,
0.02380584180355072,
0.8287380337715149,
0.06374993920326233,
0.12722904980182648,
-0.36452460289001465,
0.2673145830631256,
0.06581287086009979,
-0.4715363383293152,
1.1357758045196533,
-0.40794917941093445,
0.20720520615577698,
-0.26003947854042053,
-0.12318569421768188,
0.4156219959259033,
-0.05388529226183891,
0.35629725456237793,
0.2273489236831665,
0.37447690963745117,
0.24120111763477325,
0.5871018171310425,
0.35979050397872925,
0.21151329576969147,
-0.6673652529716492,
-0.09846515953540802,
0.5054047107696533,
-0.1293937712907791,
-0.784745454788208,
-0.18896029889583588,
0.00771353580057621,
-0.09841389954090118,
-0.1532532423734665,
0.5246572494506836,
0.2679651379585266,
0.2639971077442169,
-0.2721787095069885,
0.4688136875629425,
0.8866686224937439,
-0.6729797720909119,
-0.20345985889434814,
-0.19814245402812958,
0.3045004606246948,
0.39856356382369995,
-0.01450387667864561,
-0.13258396089076996,
-0.5225886702537537,
-0.2842920422554016,
-0.8086580038070679,
-0.014943280257284641,
-0.4664759635925293,
1.0577443838119507,
-0.44524022936820984,
-0.5191590785980225,
0.3102074861526489,
-1.000108003616333,
0.3169582784175873,
0.3850996494293213,
0.3557213246822357,
-0.3140118420124054,
0.008394384756684303,
-0.4014599621295929,
-0.717453122138977,
-0.07736887782812119,
0.054168008267879486,
0.6901323199272156,
0.26294833421707153,
0.921721875667572,
-0.45235684514045715,
-0.4026535153388977,
0.26194292306900024,
0.4383575916290283,
0.7343364953994751,
-0.43744662404060364,
0.4094148278236389,
0.11717282235622406,
0.32908815145492554,
-0.05145926773548126,
-0.5644820928573608,
-0.11090083420276642,
-0.7755177021026611,
0.25673308968544006,
0.29175013303756714,
0.4750363230705261,
-0.43936648964881897,
0.045490898191928864,
-0.11339309811592102,
0.9527783989906311,
0.14317995309829712,
-0.3551892638206482,
0.1163538247346878,
-0.8229970932006836,
0.12184878438711166,
0.14359503984451294,
1.3014471530914307,
-0.6631553173065186,
-0.3940448462963104,
0.18987128138542175,
-0.38581234216690063,
1.0112696886062622,
-0.4471285045146942,
0.10786311328411102,
0.2057148665189743,
-0.24715518951416016,
-0.25638440251350403,
0.1817379891872406,
0.7603618502616882,
-0.3219425678253174,
0.32048332691192627,
0.546440839767456,
-0.3563949763774872,
-0.37237468361854553,
0.013078358955681324,
-0.41099363565444946,
0.5978370308876038,
-0.41434577107429504,
0.14426913857460022,
-0.23486965894699097,
-0.5891042947769165,
0.09117825329303741,
-0.46884801983833313,
-5.086221218109131,
0.6988343000411987,
0.04356555640697479,
-0.12539537250995636,
0.2358730584383011,
-0.4462050497531891,
-0.0691475197672844,
-0.1736268699169159,
-0.4789682924747467,
0.5591816306114197,
0.4494205117225647,
-1.1810064315795898,
-0.18723197281360626,
0.556527316570282,
0.4088320732116699,
-0.08397968858480453,
0.48538869619369507,
-0.14415432512760162,
0.16544599831104279,
0.6461725831031799,
-0.2815600335597992,
-0.004554989747703075,
-0.13938942551612854,
-0.06427640467882156,
0.7514894008636475,
0.004913638345897198,
0.07069119811058044,
-0.10810431838035583,
-0.2927330434322357,
-0.11947561055421829,
0.27809008955955505,
0.36299946904182434,
-0.3236347436904907,
-0.32112371921539307,
0.09150777012109756,
-0.18615618348121643,
0.14889979362487793,
-0.34063613414764404,
0.8121510744094849,
-1.0433228015899658,
0.4827575087547302,
1.0784670114517212,
-0.31607770919799805,
-0.41587740182876587,
0.4040831923484802,
-0.4747932553291321,
-0.46301284432411194,
0.30479732155799866,
0.08110873401165009,
0.4467821419239044,
0.7119547128677368,
-0.022032035514712334,
0.622649610042572,
0.06735210865736008,
0.4048132598400116,
-0.6433717012405396,
0.18307025730609894,
-0.2552778422832489,
-0.3861229121685028,
0.2509232461452484,
0.4820972681045532,
0.025392459705471992,
-0.2610127627849579,
0.35687336325645447,
0.19119034707546234,
-0.6744832992553711,
-0.05720490217208862,
0.04001539573073387,
0.4519845247268677,
-0.012807671912014484,
-0.1897558867931366,
-0.3055637776851654,
0.06807335466146469,
-0.43173131346702576,
0.07455065101385117,
-0.7333047389984131,
-0.6180358529090881,
-0.2362782210111618,
-0.182454913854599,
-0.3479762077331543,
-0.016529971733689308,
-0.1768629252910614,
0.43678009510040283,
1.0147764682769775,
0.5594940185546875,
-0.4651200771331787,
-0.4624081552028656,
0.6684554219245911,
-1.0018409490585327,
-0.8201092481613159,
0.42947882413864136,
-0.06855159997940063,
0.3029199540615082,
-0.502558708190918,
-0.2526552379131317,
-0.1580798625946045,
0.06753526628017426,
0.06447197496891022,
0.34171441197395325,
0.225724995136261,
0.45444610714912415,
0.06568482518196106,
-0.16418831050395966,
-0.3050963878631592,
-0.25867959856987,
0.07523941248655319,
0.07777505367994308,
0.6978247165679932,
0.8479782938957214,
-0.3835374712944031,
-0.7173125147819519,
-0.18195587396621704,
-0.280875563621521,
-0.38314902782440186,
0.3987060785293579,
-0.3386416733264923,
-0.17069262266159058,
0.3658401072025299,
0.27827998995780945,
0.22772178053855896,
0.11272095888853073,
0.46183937788009644,
-0.34247615933418274,
-0.07213263213634491,
-0.19162645936012268,
-0.562673807144165,
-0.153237983584404,
0.10554206371307373,
-0.5636501908302307,
0.49387046694755554,
-0.32539886236190796,
-0.11943431198596954,
-0.7416514158248901,
-0.29779160022735596,
-0.12429679185152054,
0.2986103892326355,
-0.6835742592811584,
-0.9013447761535645,
-0.48136207461357117,
0.7653141617774963,
0.27045345306396484,
-0.07856288552284241,
0.026008348912000656,
0.20789195597171783,
-0.163371741771698,
0.06471432000398636,
1.0569469928741455,
-0.04401465132832527,
-1.2147465944290161,
0.16684016585350037,
0.08892872184515,
-0.19435934722423553,
-0.1816004067659378,
-0.5508330464363098,
0.20711250603199005,
-0.1329825520515442,
0.3961891531944275,
-0.04370752349495888,
0.47604113817214966,
-0.05986260622739792,
0.3053933084011078,
-0.16878314316272736,
0.054528240114450455,
0.21503466367721558,
0.2170291543006897,
-0.058227285742759705,
-0.4127334952354431,
0.19014032185077667,
-0.6121975183486938,
-0.14105668663978577,
0.3211131691932678,
-0.1420556604862213,
-0.8475710153579712,
-0.4594440460205078,
0.29448142647743225,
0.22109779715538025,
0.016629960387945175,
0.5049722790718079,
0.2592315375804901,
-0.17546346783638,
0.3102089762687683,
0.07979467511177063,
-0.45119717717170715,
-0.24985022842884064,
0.5774633288383484,
-0.6297373175621033,
0.1776210367679596,
-0.3230070173740387,
-0.08463399112224579,
-0.8184749484062195,
0.0796007290482521,
-0.4916435182094574,
0.5825543999671936,
0.1954670399427414,
-0.10134117305278778,
-0.6113681197166443,
0.7240391373634338,
0.052129559218883514,
-0.5753738880157471,
-0.1288728564977646,
0.2522966265678406,
0.31473153829574585,
-0.785202145576477,
0.664724588394165,
0.5122621059417725,
-0.8598511219024658,
0.32160109281539917,
0.2770293653011322,
-0.40138477087020874,
1.171161413192749,
0.022786682471632957,
-0.07227329909801483,
0.6286740303039551,
-0.18109279870986938,
-0.15916046500205994,
0.0558464489877224,
0.3045225441455841,
-0.26638826727867126,
-0.17368260025978088,
-0.3584235906600952,
-0.6621096730232239,
0.38501912355422974,
0.5309150218963623,
-0.524715781211853,
-0.4078860282897949,
-0.09958461672067642,
0.09237251430749893,
0.18129992485046387,
0.2621381878852844,
-0.9136235117912292,
0.11836294084787369,
-0.1006130799651146,
0.19967268407344818,
-0.11040779203176498,
0.34017840027809143,
0.34325024485588074,
0.05798589438199997,
-0.5233703255653381,
0.2673111855983734,
0.45699629187583923,
0.25106027722358704,
0.9519635438919067,
-0.10954102128744125,
0.022349899634718895,
-0.901648998260498,
0.35932305455207825,
0.9411841630935669,
0.050995223224163055,
-1.0443947315216064,
0.3840678930282593,
0.3809320628643036,
-0.3796955645084381,
-1.1256357431411743,
0.23041845858097076,
0.47980180382728577,
-0.09998685121536255,
-0.31282326579093933,
0.4892904460430145,
-0.059442099183797836,
-0.08134505897760391,
0.4529414176940918,
-0.33545032143592834,
0.19534249603748322,
-0.0662131980061531,
0.1803634911775589,
-0.5382219552993774,
-0.6737343668937683,
-0.11293584108352661,
0.05314461141824722,
-0.7440480589866638,
-0.28833436965942383,
-0.2203541398048401,
-0.2595377266407013,
0.13942502439022064,
-0.3600390553474426,
-0.14801935851573944,
0.1396685689687729,
-1.1036893129348755,
0.34246280789375305,
-0.004887333605438471,
0.11464666575193405,
0.5661356449127197,
-0.47398826479911804,
-0.2710292637348175,
0.1763966679573059,
-0.6538839340209961,
-0.1139574646949768,
-0.11536441743373871,
-0.3004876971244812,
0.16267386078834534,
-0.502906858921051,
-0.4217429757118225,
-0.38125163316726685,
-0.24992252886295319,
-0.28065988421440125,
0.531868040561676,
0.06431904435157776,
1.0736093521118164,
0.17102031409740448,
0.08841869235038757,
-0.6712138056755066,
0.7197526693344116,
0.20317476987838745,
-0.7361161708831787,
0.30065909028053284,
-0.042869932949543,
-0.6676455140113831,
-0.3314245045185089,
0.3820332884788513,
-0.07734840363264084,
0.12386208772659302,
-0.38854196667671204,
0.4322226643562317,
1.0681211948394775,
-0.3662480413913727,
-0.14506040513515472,
0.9771587252616882,
-0.7719341516494751,
-0.6862099170684814,
0.4011848270893097,
-0.34509170055389404,
-0.4680221378803253,
0.48431849479675293,
0.6599996089935303,
0.02982066012918949,
1.1482551097869873,
-0.1662285029888153,
-0.1189800426363945,
-0.5044796466827393,
-0.025960315018892288,
0.21085530519485474,
-0.007283343002200127,
-0.912358820438385,
-0.07701481133699417,
-0.2932353913784027,
-0.40653640031814575,
0.16882163286209106,
-0.02686401642858982,
-0.8773812055587769,
0.4862465262413025,
0.3979282081127167,
0.1837582290172577,
-0.027337241917848587,
0.02158924750983715,
0.2306116670370102,
0.02098195068538189,
0.7346934080123901,
0.1268504559993744,
0.35700687766075134,
-0.11692634224891663,
0.7197411060333252,
-0.06686769425868988,
0.22214117646217346,
-0.6301639080047607,
0.08722473680973053,
-0.6556424498558044,
0.36624130606651306,
-0.21672119200229645,
-0.24218064546585083,
-0.33529502153396606,
-0.15860851109027863,
-0.41944849491119385,
0.8544939756393433,
-0.23258599638938904,
0.027093002572655678,
-0.3577656149864197,
0.2254236936569214,
0.46840256452560425,
-0.514723002910614,
0.8357046842575073,
-0.15521034598350525,
0.6228706240653992,
-0.06808938831090927,
-0.1759834587574005,
-0.02569115161895752,
0.43561801314353943,
0.150923490524292,
0.5408093929290771,
-0.2942942976951599,
0.4289129376411438,
-0.5855029821395874,
-0.2738380432128906,
-0.37180963158607483,
-0.3434320390224457,
-0.5397822260856628,
-0.15874944627285004,
0.07943401485681534,
0.11122409254312515,
-0.4895856976509094,
-0.36815565824508667,
0.11385925114154816,
-0.1553933322429657,
-0.49394944310188293,
0.48587724566459656,
-0.5407840609550476,
-0.2628650665283203,
0.04835522919893265,
0.8120020031929016,
0.11713369935750961,
0.5683718323707581,
0.4997975826263428,
0.7756803035736084,
-0.08221054077148438,
0.07636189460754395,
0.34660571813583374,
0.23192231357097626,
-0.5933558940887451,
0.45079103112220764,
-1.1726703643798828,
0.42104437947273254,
0.30739298462867737,
0.5482216477394104,
-0.5901785492897034,
0.5328752994537354,
-0.4051382541656494,
-0.27641454339027405,
0.4379742741584778,
0.49506741762161255,
-0.9013704061508179,
0.04931341111660004,
0.6999183297157288,
0.23087088763713837,
-0.0729794055223465,
0.43785780668258667,
-0.6814307570457458,
-0.7995011210441589,
0.24964919686317444,
-0.17363907396793365,
-0.9527680277824402,
-0.05292118340730667,
0.16277946531772614,
-0.9955220818519592,
0.13891898095607758,
0.3496762812137604,
-0.6862491369247437,
-0.1236143708229065,
-0.06643174588680267,
0.4911050498485565,
0.3004467189311981,
-0.1412094235420227,
-0.4071598947048187,
-0.05718797817826271,
0.2033790946006775,
0.5772797465324402,
-0.45534420013427734,
-0.2668899595737457,
-0.5506533980369568,
-0.18429622054100037,
-0.8816187977790833,
0.8778002262115479,
-0.28104159235954285,
-0.6159699559211731,
0.3671739995479584,
-0.06460802257061005,
0.2643004059791565,
-0.09458127617835999,
0.08986903727054596,
-0.32451996207237244,
0.4223308265209198,
0.11062698066234589
] |
256933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington%2C%20Connecticut | Newington, Connecticut | Newington is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Located south of downtown Hartford, Newington is an older, mainly residential suburb located in Greater Hartford. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,536. The Connecticut Department of Transportation has its headquarters in Newington.
Newington is home to Mill Pond Falls, near the center of town. It is celebrated each fall during the Waterfall Festival.
The American Radio Relay League is headquartered in Newington, with a call sign of W1AW.
History
Newington has a history of nearly 375 years. While not established officially as a separate town until 1871, settlers from nearby Wethersfield took up residence on the western frontier of their riverside town in 1636. “West Society,” as some called it, was an area rich in timber that was used for pipe staves, barrel-sized containers used for colonial trade. Grand pastures also made the land ideal for herding and grazing cattle. Its inhabitants received land grants from Wethersfield leaders. Known as “West Farms,” the area west of the central portion of Wethersfield became settled by those who were almost exclusively the descendants of the earliest Wethersfield settlers. In 1721, the “western” farmers requested that the General Assembly of the Connecticut Colony give their land the name “Newington” to denote “the new town in the meadow.” The Assembly granted the request, even though it took another 150 years before Newington officially became an incorporated town. The town’s name predates its official existence.
Newington’s motto inscribed on its town seal is “growth and progress,” which it began putting into effect at the end of the eighteenth century. In 1798, the precursor to the Berlin Turnpike was authorized and it changed the complexion of the land by dividing the vast farmlands from the commercial center. Originally called the Hartford and New Haven Turnpike, the route attracted a number of businesses from north to south between Hartford and New Haven.
The town came into its own at the start of the nineteenth century. Its location in the center of Connecticut attracted an increasing number of residents and commercial enterprises. Veteran of the War of 1812 Levi Lusk established one of the first businesses on the Turnpike, a tavern that stood as a precursor to the many motels, bars, stores, and restaurants that would come later. Railroads passed through Newington as early as the 1830s, which accelerated residential and commercial expansion. More homes were built and businesses established as the nineteenth century unfolded.
Newington grew in population and area by the second half of the nineteenth century. Wethersfield had done likewise, and two population centers were produced as a result. One centered on Wethersfield’s inner village still closely tied to the Connecticut River; the other in Newington had developed its own identity distinct from its mother town.
An 1869 map of Newington shows that the town was divided into four districts—the North, the Middle, the South, and the South-east—that ran from east to west. From north to south, four main roads traversed the four districts starting from the West Hartford line extending all the way to the Berlin line to the south. Later the roads would be called the Berlin Turnpike, Main Street, Willard Avenue, and Church Street. The town extended four miles in a north-south direction and three miles in an east-west direction.
Incorporation and the Modern Era
In 1871, Newington had a population of 871 people with 132 dwellings, and roughly 130 farms, a substantial increase from the start of the nineteenth century. When Wethersfield town leaders refused to fund highway improvements for better access to the railroads, the town formally declared its independence on July 10.
Newington’s incorporation coincided with the emergence of the modern era. John Fish’s Store, in the center of town off Willard Street (later Willard Avenue), got the town’s first telephone in 1883. The trolley began service in Newington in 1894 and connected Hartford and New Britain. The ride from Newington to the city took 20 minutes and cost five cents. Not only did residents marvel at the invention, but took note of its revolutionizing force; it was now possible to live in Newington and to work in surrounding cities. Farms still comprised the bulk of Newington land, but the road to the world of suburbia was being paved.
The trolley spurred more population growth. Newington had only 1,000 people living in it at the start of the twentieth century, but the number reached 4,000 by 1930. At first, Anglos moved to the town from Hartford and New Britain as foreign-born Poles, Italians, and Irish settled in those cities.
Automobiles, the most visible sign of technological progress, encouraged more immigration and did away with many farms. In the 1930s, Newington’s political leaders facilitated this change by paving dirt roads, despite the Great Depression which ground much business activity to a halt. Cars as well as the bus system replaced the trolley service in 1937.
Modernization, to Newington, meant more than just trolleys, automobiles, and buses. Using government as an instrument of social improvement, in the spirit of the Progressives, reflected advancement in the early decades of the twentieth century. In 1898 Newington’s Virginia Thrall Smith had appealed to the town's political leaders to build an asylum in Newington for the purpose of caring for neglected children. Overwhelmingly the town approved the request after Smith purchased land at the foot of Cedar Mountain in the town’s eastern portion. Initially, it had been called the Home for Incurables, but in 1968 would be renamed The Newington Children’s Hospital. Three other hospitals were built in town in the early twentieth century contemporaneous with the rise of Progressivism, including the 1911 establishment of Connecticut’s first tuberculosis sanitarium on Cedar Mountain.
By the 1940s, Newington experienced the same level of expansion and population growth that other towns around the state had. The Hartford/New Haven Turnpike was renamed the Berlin Turnpike in 1942, and the road was widened from to the same year, a clear indication that this part of Newington had become vital to the town's commercial life. Mill Pond, in the western part of town, remained an attraction for residents; its 16-foot natural waterfall remains the smallest in the United States, and is depicted on the town seal. But the lifeblood of the community by mid century had shifted away from the area and toward the Turnpike, now known as "gasoline alley" because of the vast number of gas stations there.
Newington's population grew from 5,449 in 1940 to 9,110 in 1950. Along with North Haven, this increase constituted the fastest in the state. By the last decades of the twentieth century, the town's manufacturing base had begun to face dramatic challenges. Newington became the victim of the dwindling defense industry, while at the same time its own businesses such as the Torrington Company, a manufacturer of automobile parts, solvents, and surgical staplers and Loctite, a specialty adhesives maker, left town in the mid-1990s. The building of Interstate 91 and Interstate 84 earlier in the century had affected Newington businesses adversely by making other cities and towns more attractive to industry and but for the success of shopping centers, condominium development, and the continued commercial activity of the Berlin Turnpike, Newington might have seen a sharper economic decline as the twentieth century came to an end.
Newington's population had increased to 29,701 in 2009 and was projected to surpass 30,000 by 2013. The town remained mostly residential with the exception of the Berlin Turnpike, which witnessed a renewed proliferation of commercial enterprises. Reflecting the conspicuous nature of technological advancement, the Turnpike, by the start of the new century, saw the replacement of small businesses with new and larger chain stores.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of . None of the area is covered with water, except for two small ponds, found in the town's largest parks, and various small streams. The town of Newington is bordered by the capital city of Hartford to the north, as well as the suburbs of (clockwise from Hartford) Wethersfield, Rocky Hill, Berlin, New Britain, Farmington, and West Hartford. The town consists mostly of residential areas, although it is also home to the Berlin Turnpike, a large, commercial highway.
Mill Pond Falls
The town seal depicts Mill Pond Falls, named for a sawmill that was built there in 1860. The high falls, located in central Newington at Mill Pond Park, is the smallest natural waterfall in the country. A walking path that encircles Mill Pond includes a footbridge which crosses over the waterfall. There is also an observation area with benches at the base of the falls. The park is popular with local residents as a place to walk dogs, ice skate, jog, and picnic; it also hosts the occasional wedding party and festivals. It is open year-round.
Starting in 2000, the Newington Waterfall Committee has celebrated the famed waterfall through the Waterfall Festival, held every September in the center of town. The festival features over 72 vendors and local music groups, as well as the "Artist's Chalk Walk" in which artists of all ages compete to create the best chalk drawing while passersby attend the festival. On April 17, 2010, the Newington Waterfall Committee agreed to plant a Crimson Maple dubbed the "Thankful Tree" at the falls, giving Newington residents the chance to write on tags what they are thankful for.
Newington Junction
Newington Junction is a section of town centered at the intersection of Willard Avenue and West Hill Road. It contains three historic districts and the Newington Junction Railroad Depot.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 30,562 people, 13,011 households, and 8,253 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,310/sq mi. There were 12,699 housing units at an average density of 930.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 86.5% White, 3.5% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.7% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 2% from two or more races. 7.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 13,011 households, out of which 19.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 19, 5% from 20 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $75,237, and the median income for a family was $79,792. Males had a median income of $43,475 versus $35,601 for females. The per capita income for the town was $33,745. 3.5% of the population and 4.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 3.7% of those under the age of 18 and 3.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The median home value was $235,300.
Government
Newington received its Charter from the State of Connecticut in 1871 and is currently governed under the Council-Manager form of government, a system that combines the policy leadership of elected officials in the form of a Town Council, with the professional, managerial, and leadership expertise of an appointed Town Manager. The Town Council is the legislative body for the Town of Newington, and nine members are elected to serve two year terms. The Town Council meets on the 2nd and 4th Tuesday of each month.
The Mayor, elected separately, is a member and presiding official of the Council with the power to vote. Recognized as the official head of the Town for ceremonial and military purposes, the Mayor has the authority to appoint the Town Attorney, Director of Health and Clerk of the Council.
State Government
The Connecticut Department of Transportation has its headquarters in Newington. The United States Postal Service operates the Newington Post Office.
Transportation
Railroad
Although Amtrak does not currently serve Newington directly, the town center is located approximately south of Hartford's Union Station. Additionally, Newington is a planned stop along the Hartford Line, a proposed commuter rail service from New Haven to Springfield that will use existing tracks, with a possible shuttle bus connection in Windsor Locks for Bradley International Airport. As of December 2015, funding has been secured to finance the construction of the new line, with service scheduled to begin in early 2018. The State of Connecticut has secured funding for restoration of the Newington Junction Railroad Depot, a passenger rail station located off Willard Avenue (CT-173) in the Newington Junction neighborhood. Although the first train station was built on the site in 1850, rail service was discontinued in 1959.
Bus rapid transit
In March 2015, CTfastrak, Connecticut's first bus rapid transit corridor opened, providing a separated right-of-way between Hartford and New Britain with a stop at Newington Junction. The station consists of two side platforms serving the busway, with two center passing lanes to allow express buses to pass buses stopped at the station. It opened with the line on March 28, 2015.
Buses
Newington is served by a few bus routes operated by Connecticut Transit, including the 69, 41, 47 and 45. Additionally, the 907 Newington Express provides express service to downtown Hartford.
Education
Newington Public Schools operates public schools in Newington CT.
There are seven public schools in Newington. There are four elementary schools, which teach kindergarten through fourth grade. Children attend the elementary school which is located in the district in which they reside. The names of the elementary schools are Elizabeth Green, Anna Reynolds, John Paterson, and Ruth Chaffee. There are also two middle schools in town, Martin Kellogg and John Wallace, which teach grades five through eight. Newington High School is attended by graduates of both middle schools and teaches grades nine through twelve.
Private schools in Newington include Emmanuel Christian Academy (Connecticut), which teaches Kindergarten through Grade 6.
The Connecticut Distance Learning Consortium is located in Newington.
Newington High School
Founded in the early 1930s, Newington High School moved to a new building in the 1950s, and to a further location at 605 Willard Avenue in the 1970s. The former 1950s Newington Senior High School was renovated and is now used as the Town Hall and the Police Department. Alumni include Grace Lenczyk, 1948 U.S. Women's Amateur Golf Champion, Canadian Women's Open Amateur Champion and National Intercollegiate Women's Champion, Karl Swanke, an offensive lineman in the NFL for the Green Bay Packers (1980–1986), Barry Scott, nationally syndicated radio host and Bill Rodgers, a four-time winner of the Boston Marathon (1975, 1978–80).
Other schools
The Japanese School of Greater Hartford, a Japanese weekend educational program, holds its classes in the Saint Mary School in Newington.
Emergency services
Newington is served by the Connecticut State Police, the local municipal police, and the United States Department of Veterans' Affairs Police Department. The municipal police department consists of 52 full-time sworn officers, who also act as the town's first responders for medical emergencies. All officers have gone through first responder training once more to implement the use of new automatic external defibrillators that will be carried in their vehicles.
The town has an incorporated volunteer ambulance service, that provides basic life support and transport services Monday through Friday from 6:00 pm – 6:00 am and weekends 24 hours. Advanced life support and transport during all other times is provided by American Medical Response. With this system the taxpayers get charged one bill sent by the volunteer ambulance with the Advance Life Support charge included. This system is used by several surrounding towns in the Greater Hartford Area.
The town is served by a fire department that is 100% volunteer and was founded in 1917. Besides the school system, it is the only part of town government that is not under the control of the Town Council or Town Manager. The volunteer fire department is run by an elected board of three fire commissioners, which appoints the fire marshal, the chief, and all officers. A study was undertaken during the administration of former town manager Paul Fetherston that recommended eliminating the board of fire commissioners and placing the department under the control of the town manager. During the 2008 round of Charter Revision, both the immediate past mayor (Mortenson) and current town manager (Salomone) brought up the topic of the fire services organizational structure.
Library
The town is served by the Lucy Robbins Welles Library on Cedar Street. The library opened in 1939 with money and land provided by prominent local sisters Fanny A. Welles and Mary Welles Eddy. The library is named for their mother. In 1988, the library received a major renovation that updated and expanded the building while preserving much of the original edifice. Today, the library holds over 167,000 items. The library exceeds the national average in books per capita (5.6 books vs. 2.8 national), visits per capita (7.2 visits vs. 4.9 national), and books borrowed per person (12.5 books vs. 7.4 national).
Notable locations
Gen. Martin Kellogg House, built in 1808 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987
The National Iwo Jima Memorial, located on Ella Grasso Boulevard on the Newington and New Britain town line
The Newington Junction North, South, and West Historic Districts
Newington Junction Railroad Depot, built in 1870 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986
Willard Homestead (Newington, Connecticut), built in 1730 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986
Hiram Percy Maxim Memorial Station (amateur radio station W1AW), on the grounds of the American Radio Relay League, built in 1938.
Notable people
Austin Cornelius Dunham (1833-1918), businessman who developed farms in the town.
Amy Archer-Gilligan (1873–1962), nursing home proprietor and serial killer who ran a home for the elderly in town from 1904 to 1907
Ed Cody (1923–1994), NFL player for Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears from 1947 to 1950, born in Newington
Richard P. Freeman (1869–1944), Spanish–American War veteran and US congressman, died in town
Albert Magnoli (born 1953/1954), American film director, screenwriter and editor best known for helming the films Purple Rain, Tango & Cash, Street Knight, and American Anthem, and editing Reckless
John Pezzenti (1952–2007), wildlife photographer born in town
Lindy Remigino (1931–), gold medalist (100 meters & 4 × 100 meters) 1952 Olympics
Bill Rodgers (1960s), attended Newington High School was a 4-time winner of the Boston Marathon (1975, 1978, 1979, 1980), also won New York City Marathon (1976–80)
Barry Scott (1963-), Radio host, "The Lost 45s" 70s/80s retro show syndicated in 40 markets with book and CD based on program
Melanie Fontana (1986-), singer, composer and songwriter signed to Universal Music Group
Wilber G. Smith (1935-1992), state senator
References
External links
Town of Newington official website
Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut
Towns in Connecticut
Populated places established in 1871
Greater Hartford
1871 establishments in Connecticut | [
-0.7116995453834534,
0.3243101239204407,
-0.103850357234478,
-0.592616617679596,
0.7560769319534302,
0.45590364933013916,
0.3200800120830536,
0.4569709599018097,
-0.21588072180747986,
-0.28081828355789185,
-0.29150524735450745,
0.07647046446800232,
0.02159295044839382,
0.640641450881958,
-1.1379754543304443,
0.22113047540187836,
0.47589439153671265,
0.7026250958442688,
0.4104282557964325,
-0.5081120729446411,
-0.04862214997410774,
-0.2253737598657608,
0.4825788736343384,
0.8990421891212463,
-0.3485715687274933,
-0.29924795031547546,
0.8851908445358276,
-0.14375633001327515,
-0.1436128467321396,
-0.10557356476783752,
-0.7866339087486267,
0.08240309357643127,
-0.4507507383823395,
-0.7233392000198364,
0.7119596004486084,
-0.07207165658473969,
-0.14869259297847748,
0.08637219667434692,
0.01653892733156681,
-0.5678933262825012,
-0.7800920009613037,
-0.17076480388641357,
-0.70819091796875,
0.5205200910568237,
-0.16397327184677124,
-0.5126234292984009,
-1.1705845594406128,
0.402634859085083,
-1.450351357460022,
-0.7338910102844238,
-0.41523250937461853,
0.1787310540676117,
0.4574994742870331,
0.4466560184955597,
0.4437750279903412,
-0.08798680454492569,
-0.9458654522895813,
-0.0390639528632164,
1.283450722694397,
0.9127106666564941,
-0.1017560213804245,
0.3154911696910858,
-0.27310240268707275,
0.0022315271198749542,
0.03422528877854347,
-0.35796746611595154,
-0.05276118963956833,
0.33584973216056824,
0.14436116814613342,
-0.26150307059288025,
-0.42653098702430725,
0.6171826720237732,
-0.6595736742019653,
0.15177424252033234,
-0.2847166061401367,
0.7323766946792603,
-0.13745145499706268,
-0.3548026382923126,
0.0687296986579895,
0.12457135319709778,
-0.2551707327365875,
-0.48169296979904175,
0.5418754816055298,
-0.3345767557621002,
0.3199491798877716,
0.36459726095199585,
-0.35561689734458923,
0.09689179807901382,
0.053297922015190125,
0.7137784957885742,
-0.7530727982521057,
-0.27498292922973633,
-0.4703651964664459,
0.26046064496040344,
-0.2784366011619568,
-0.32984158396720886,
0.1708071231842041,
0.43792447447776794,
0.07697218656539917,
0.29204457998275757,
-0.21011152863502502,
0.4267476797103882,
1.1644796133041382,
-0.27679967880249023,
-0.19112227857112885,
-0.3166918158531189,
-0.14758960902690887,
-0.2791763246059418,
0.295736700296402,
-0.2779054343700409,
-0.2447313368320465,
0.09776782989501953,
0.6212543249130249,
-0.8103501796722412,
-0.5150064826011658,
0.8372267484664917,
0.1137324720621109,
-0.7612919211387634,
-0.5534843802452087,
-0.17913776636123657,
0.1378813236951828,
0.9283937811851501,
0.19815613329410553,
0.094696544110775,
0.22407643496990204,
0.33360418677330017,
0.7715332508087158,
0.38323450088500977,
-0.2101028859615326,
0.012858517467975616,
-0.584415853023529,
0.723624587059021,
-0.1618729829788208,
0.36843451857566833,
-0.03971327468752861,
-0.3960695266723633,
-0.3394509553909302,
0.3816385567188263,
0.9719985127449036,
0.22127985954284668,
-0.4032982587814331,
-0.01956511288881302,
0.031505387276411057,
0.09474793076515198,
0.41440385580062866,
-0.5127498507499695,
0.22579224407672882,
-0.8587153553962708,
0.2213142216205597,
0.3958357572555542,
0.39190995693206787,
0.2953607439994812,
0.44580644369125366,
0.09500020742416382,
-0.46467387676239014,
0.06396511197090149,
0.5214015245437622,
0.3950124979019165,
-0.021023742854595184,
0.2284623086452484,
-0.17145319283008575,
0.3953826427459717,
0.6990739107131958,
0.080919548869133,
0.2574023902416229,
0.283286988735199,
0.5267897248268127,
-0.5792957544326782,
0.8264043927192688,
0.34665775299072266,
-0.5300353765487671,
0.03751290962100029,
1.169413685798645,
-0.3875201344490051,
0.04451046884059906,
-0.31640422344207764,
1.1036412715911865,
-0.025042414665222168,
-0.08404649794101715,
-0.40221887826919556,
-0.7806940674781799,
0.7372182011604309,
0.5728102326393127,
-0.052100591361522675,
-0.3711637258529663,
0.6230410933494568,
0.09836502373218536,
0.3097962439060211,
0.13276247680187225,
0.21160978078842163,
0.7840911746025085,
0.18574108183383942,
0.16342046856880188,
-0.4339902997016907,
0.3956069350242615,
0.04616557061672211,
-0.48879474401474,
1.2749104499816895,
-0.8574199676513672,
0.09777512401342392,
-0.23321028053760529,
-0.37728020548820496,
0.639598548412323,
-0.025062119588255882,
0.5085501670837402,
-0.09109178185462952,
0.21765930950641632,
-0.2083103358745575,
0.7055107355117798,
0.37863829731941223,
0.1455950289964676,
-0.9416785836219788,
-0.08925820142030716,
0.34617674350738525,
-0.369071900844574,
-0.8020392656326294,
-0.3392893373966217,
0.14865577220916748,
-0.07835105061531067,
-0.0020231346134096384,
0.6584726572036743,
0.22233982384204865,
0.2586769759654999,
-0.3403877913951874,
0.3790699243545532,
1.1764568090438843,
-0.6737308502197266,
-0.38896051049232483,
-0.40816888213157654,
0.3225947618484497,
0.6227794289588928,
0.1267884075641632,
0.0742921307682991,
-0.5346977114677429,
-0.5066946744918823,
-0.741068959236145,
0.15657389163970947,
-0.5222218632698059,
0.8731300234794617,
-0.8981726765632629,
-0.43479999899864197,
0.407123863697052,
-1.1465219259262085,
0.39192715287208557,
0.24914707243442535,
0.5632913112640381,
-0.5594185590744019,
-0.19311422109603882,
-0.3037245273590088,
-0.9014176726341248,
-0.06413420289754868,
0.17682355642318726,
0.8903300762176514,
0.16978339850902557,
0.4746716618537903,
-0.6345603466033936,
-0.20931845903396606,
0.6221210956573486,
0.5379371047019958,
0.7220076322555542,
-0.1393231600522995,
0.2891677916049957,
0.04886798933148384,
0.153341144323349,
-0.1113169714808464,
-0.7711039781570435,
-0.3095863163471222,
-0.588914155960083,
0.21828214824199677,
0.3013449013233185,
0.6178843379020691,
-0.6145200133323669,
-0.21432597935199738,
0.15121802687644958,
0.7369364500045776,
0.012504923157393932,
-0.33636534214019775,
0.0127406669780612,
-0.6968223452568054,
0.07705851644277573,
-0.16874919831752777,
1.3603435754776,
-0.784071147441864,
-0.28675296902656555,
0.36433497071266174,
-0.47223740816116333,
0.7950559854507446,
0.014486797153949738,
-0.006211682688444853,
0.2774934768676758,
-0.3212091326713562,
0.17293071746826172,
0.023286115378141403,
0.9839396476745605,
-0.14814744889736176,
0.25831931829452515,
0.34010833501815796,
-0.6675205230712891,
-0.3324322998523712,
0.10618115961551666,
-0.3808712363243103,
0.25453728437423706,
-0.3428352475166321,
0.19661197066307068,
-0.40411344170570374,
-0.3956657946109772,
0.3428043723106384,
-0.49215009808540344,
-4.4177632331848145,
0.5573824644088745,
-0.0429656058549881,
-0.04029038920998573,
0.3333883583545685,
-0.4664120376110077,
-0.20567373931407928,
-0.20920786261558533,
-0.6834368109703064,
0.9618707299232483,
0.21894529461860657,
-1.2885963916778564,
0.024346614256501198,
0.46310997009277344,
0.34717509150505066,
-0.029149625450372696,
0.7155185341835022,
-0.1302381455898285,
0.41289374232292175,
0.7315384149551392,
-0.6911355257034302,
-0.36698052287101746,
-0.24632762372493744,
-0.04842708632349968,
0.954953134059906,
0.1218554675579071,
-0.1257782131433487,
-0.37698599696159363,
-0.5301474332809448,
-0.14923100173473358,
0.3785770535469055,
0.36060476303100586,
-0.5333684086799622,
-0.0965907871723175,
-0.16202470660209656,
-0.3517482280731201,
-0.0771932527422905,
-0.7246657609939575,
0.7533105611801147,
-0.8866019248962402,
0.6344847083091736,
1.1132285594940186,
-0.8183189630508423,
-0.7280077934265137,
0.501695990562439,
-0.5973178744316101,
-0.4108402729034424,
0.5010557174682617,
-0.1121431514620781,
0.6238747835159302,
0.6282039284706116,
-0.19054020941257477,
0.5442780256271362,
-0.2073531597852707,
0.5390202403068542,
-0.5662707090377808,
0.3575076758861542,
-0.30047810077667236,
-0.4514734148979187,
0.5070457458496094,
0.4639102816581726,
-0.36059266328811646,
-0.3354112207889557,
0.5585983395576477,
-0.1905537247657776,
-0.7022671699523926,
0.1648818552494049,
0.028344400227069855,
0.380471408367157,
0.04294201359152794,
0.014183927327394485,
0.20998336374759674,
0.35813280940055847,
-0.41886553168296814,
0.17850777506828308,
-0.8329007625579834,
-0.7631666660308838,
-0.16267326474189758,
-0.5540546178817749,
-0.7080292105674744,
0.29356682300567627,
-0.22343748807907104,
0.6186078786849976,
1.1945840120315552,
0.8171039819717407,
-0.3395331799983978,
-0.5787966847419739,
0.37980222702026367,
-1.1016098260879517,
-0.9376072883605957,
0.6663838624954224,
-0.013235187157988548,
0.4339478015899658,
-0.6040459871292114,
-0.21717919409275055,
-0.04645600914955139,
0.37433263659477234,
0.10290422290563583,
-0.2153192162513733,
0.08123715966939926,
0.22692866623401642,
0.290244996547699,
-0.12015220522880554,
-0.6710681319236755,
-0.42449480295181274,
0.0564868226647377,
-0.07734546065330505,
0.7965248227119446,
0.9352226853370667,
-0.5605834722518921,
-0.9540044665336609,
-0.16146446764469147,
-0.42498454451560974,
-0.3283216953277588,
0.1727241575717926,
-0.1408275067806244,
-0.04009274020791054,
0.8016214370727539,
0.06967983394861221,
0.30120402574539185,
0.054362013936042786,
0.4731273055076599,
-0.06163347512483597,
-0.4268356263637543,
-0.28206947445869446,
-0.7414212822914124,
0.001929530524648726,
0.17396968603134155,
-0.890311598777771,
0.6984362602233887,
-0.2966140806674957,
-0.13201425969600677,
-1.0676884651184082,
-0.36242470145225525,
-0.232537180185318,
0.306599497795105,
-0.7757136821746826,
-1.1449666023254395,
-0.49399426579475403,
0.9934468269348145,
0.38287708163261414,
0.18907253444194794,
-0.03977680206298828,
0.03563712537288666,
-0.20358718931674957,
-0.09173349291086197,
1.1775801181793213,
-0.16698211431503296,
-1.1880639791488647,
0.2503786087036133,
-0.14109458029270172,
-0.3950234353542328,
-0.3957395553588867,
-0.48035168647766113,
0.4471791386604309,
-0.21069024503231049,
0.37170910835266113,
0.04582826793193817,
0.5755889415740967,
-0.11978375166654587,
0.18097613751888275,
-0.13214096426963806,
0.05215609818696976,
0.37651270627975464,
0.011697838082909584,
0.20417095720767975,
-0.2950771152973175,
0.028696279972791672,
-1.1013071537017822,
0.20139996707439423,
0.5770052671432495,
-0.17766636610031128,
-0.7940593957901001,
-0.8010345101356506,
0.16800101101398468,
0.1074526235461235,
0.1441000998020172,
0.6083270907402039,
0.19442781805992126,
-0.007145835552364588,
0.1823650300502777,
0.2660183310508728,
-0.8578945398330688,
-0.620839536190033,
0.8343656063079834,
-0.9084116220474243,
-0.1396138072013855,
-0.4432823359966278,
-0.12990593910217285,
-0.8034675121307373,
-0.0298173725605011,
-0.7492300271987915,
0.5517997741699219,
0.1430489420890808,
-0.111902616918087,
-0.6675388216972351,
0.7429086565971375,
-0.34265440702438354,
-0.6442781686782837,
-0.06266331672668457,
0.1526717245578766,
0.4718160927295685,
-0.7911661863327026,
0.5308822989463806,
0.2805630564689636,
-1.091544508934021,
0.3678017854690552,
0.46396470069885254,
-0.4994172751903534,
1.4699307680130005,
0.10872333496809006,
-0.45196762681007385,
0.628147304058075,
-0.2964155375957489,
-0.08387885242700577,
0.3764497637748718,
0.38556969165802,
-0.2891699969768524,
-0.4288061857223511,
-0.3168211877346039,
-0.5090662240982056,
0.3929058313369751,
0.3316902816295624,
-0.563126266002655,
-0.43146654963493347,
-0.04193045198917389,
0.10429258644580841,
0.26549074053764343,
0.5765060186386108,
-0.6313913464546204,
0.0984807014465332,
-0.06317301839590073,
0.08565603196620941,
0.13147863745689392,
0.5466634035110474,
0.2038654237985611,
-0.22195270657539368,
-0.7297475337982178,
0.31637006998062134,
0.39428794384002686,
0.17762772738933563,
0.795203685760498,
-0.1608750820159912,
-0.07693446427583694,
-0.9464433789253235,
0.21572348475456238,
1.1360976696014404,
0.07910080254077911,
-1.2030974626541138,
0.4808182716369629,
0.6722339391708374,
-0.5534542798995972,
-1.0255364179611206,
0.11471886187791824,
0.8430551290512085,
0.10274270921945572,
-0.41690829396247864,
0.42936819791793823,
-0.1866760104894638,
-0.3641526401042938,
0.325949490070343,
-0.2676013112068176,
0.15573379397392273,
-0.08821461349725723,
0.32223057746887207,
-0.675057053565979,
-0.47098755836486816,
0.1383630335330963,
0.044468071311712265,
-1.0278605222702026,
-0.5518702268600464,
-0.14313103258609772,
-0.28811389207839966,
0.28083109855651855,
-0.355089396238327,
0.23897530138492584,
-0.2883942127227783,
-1.0002007484436035,
0.29561859369277954,
-0.027638249099254608,
0.03815755620598793,
0.40142861008644104,
-0.3220234811306,
0.15079942345619202,
0.4623524248600006,
-0.7729489803314209,
-0.0642346441745758,
0.054896336048841476,
-0.300157755613327,
0.2599709928035736,
-0.6415924429893494,
-0.013934689573943615,
-0.12485940009355545,
-0.39773908257484436,
-0.2490938901901245,
0.7016224265098572,
-0.06094462424516678,
0.8569906949996948,
0.16101069748401642,
-0.14518117904663086,
-0.8628607392311096,
0.822697639465332,
0.2755264937877655,
-0.759807288646698,
0.3281867802143097,
0.40425539016723633,
-0.7791838645935059,
-0.5094255208969116,
0.2550782263278961,
0.36543262004852295,
0.002401983831077814,
-0.6983079314231873,
0.3463626205921173,
1.1592600345611572,
-0.23486682772636414,
-0.26350274682044983,
0.8278186321258545,
-0.4697995185852051,
-0.8188628554344177,
0.019705528393387794,
-0.2520659267902374,
-0.13965708017349243,
0.7522802352905273,
0.7300323843955994,
-0.21088574826717377,
1.1625531911849976,
-0.2394324243068695,
-0.03139377385377884,
-0.6419965028762817,
0.007153460290282965,
-0.03361983224749565,
-0.46558451652526855,
-0.8458096385002136,
0.13523468375205994,
-0.34416213631629944,
-0.4675769805908203,
-0.03412757068872452,
-0.09804488718509674,
-0.7057920694351196,
0.351202130317688,
0.4183734953403473,
0.3728722929954529,
0.36779913306236267,
0.34253787994384766,
0.36257803440093994,
0.048375774174928665,
0.6945301294326782,
0.42810356616973877,
0.7029843330383301,
-0.2162591516971588,
0.5135086178779602,
-0.1525878757238388,
-0.09311992675065994,
-0.6261789202690125,
-0.391833633184433,
-0.6466720700263977,
0.5205859541893005,
-0.2338297963142395,
-0.322621613740921,
-0.4848286509513855,
-0.15458224713802338,
-0.40731140971183777,
0.9445173740386963,
-0.39028242230415344,
0.07669542729854584,
-0.4410121738910675,
0.3008800745010376,
0.7927110195159912,
-0.369836688041687,
0.7862679362297058,
-0.016018301248550415,
0.6937409043312073,
-0.08152569085359573,
-0.25323358178138733,
0.011552028357982635,
0.5062732696533203,
0.25184041261672974,
0.6693342924118042,
-0.4743006229400635,
0.43121933937072754,
-0.3036925494670868,
-0.3029543161392212,
-0.4846353828907013,
-0.010106287896633148,
-0.4653758406639099,
-0.1734353005886078,
0.27646878361701965,
0.14366887509822845,
-0.3308172821998596,
-0.7512384057044983,
-0.10114619880914688,
-0.08434613794088364,
-0.4333552122116089,
0.48672765493392944,
-0.23127077519893646,
0.024239063262939453,
0.0315578319132328,
0.9656068086624146,
0.44487738609313965,
0.4836217761039734,
0.3696538209915161,
0.618461012840271,
-0.04309869557619095,
0.4579290449619293,
0.0850864052772522,
0.21110200881958008,
-0.9221424460411072,
0.558236300945282,
-1.3876742124557495,
0.7676690220832825,
0.7072963714599609,
0.8883451223373413,
-0.46771541237831116,
0.7625175714492798,
-0.6165473461151123,
-0.21589341759681702,
0.5820370316505432,
0.5051543116569519,
-0.931668758392334,
0.1611088216304779,
0.36190763115882874,
0.37420666217803955,
-0.15150119364261627,
0.12674900889396667,
-0.7271698713302612,
-0.5263910293579102,
0.27293452620506287,
-0.2613483965396881,
-0.5962821841239929,
0.08134735375642776,
-0.043120481073856354,
-1.0131367444992065,
0.13922090828418732,
0.11803991347551346,
-0.7464377284049988,
-0.20937560498714447,
-0.0015201722271740437,
0.5611407160758972,
0.4102669060230255,
-0.4433687627315521,
-0.5226123929023743,
0.05763031542301178,
0.0759463757276535,
0.945517361164093,
-0.03663656488060951,
0.22784769535064697,
-0.46702343225479126,
-0.10370733588933945,
-0.7210080623626709,
0.6568765640258789,
-0.4190789461135864,
-0.4182279407978058,
0.531191349029541,
-0.22477547824382782,
0.4330967664718628,
0.10468272864818573,
-0.2445075362920761,
-0.2589332163333893,
0.20366691052913666,
0.1848224699497223
] |
256934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Hartford%2C%20Connecticut | West Hartford, Connecticut | West Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, west of downtown Hartford. The population was 64,083 at the 2020 census.
The town's popular downtown area is colloquially known as "West Hartford Center," or simply "The Center," and is centered on Farmington Avenue and South/North Main Street. West Hartford Center has been the community's main hub since the late 17th century.
Incorporated as a town in 1854, West Hartford was previously a parish of Hartford, founded in 1672. Among the southernmost of the communities in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, West Hartford is home to University of Hartford and the University of Saint Joseph.
West Hartford is home to regular events which draw large crowds from neighboring towns, including the Elizabeth Park Concert Series. The town also hosts the annual Celebrate West Hartford event, which includes fairground rides, food vendors, and stalls by local businesses.
History
According to archaeological evidence, the Wampanoag people used West Hartford as one of their winter camps. Fishing and hunting along the Connecticut River, the area of West Hartford offered the Wampanoag people a refuge from the cold winter wind and the river's severe spring flooding. In 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker led a group of followers from what is now Cambridge, Massachusetts to the "Great River" and established Hartford, Connecticut and the Connecticut Colony. As the colony grew, additional land was needed. In 1672 the Proprietors of Hartford ordered that a Division be created to the West. A total of "72 Long Lots" were laid out between today's Quaker Lane in the East and Mountain Road in the West. The northern boundary was Bloomfield, and the Southern, present day New Britain Avenue. (The western boundary was extended in 1830 to include part of Farmington). In the 1670s, the area was referred to as the "West Division" of Hartford. This remained the official name until 1806 when Connecticut General Assembly started referring to it as "the Society of West Hartford."
It is believed that the first homesteader to West Hartford was Stephen Hosmer whose father was in Hooker's first group of Hartford settlers and who later owned just north of the present day Center. In 1679, Stephen Hosmer's father sent him to establish a sawmill on the property. Young Hosmer would eventually go back to live in Hartford, but in his 1693 estate inventory, in West Hartford along with a house and a sawmill are listed. For nearly a century the property would be handed down throughout the family. Evidence still remains of the Town's first industry, as Stephen Hosmer's mill pond and dam can still be found today on the westernmost side of North Main Street.
By the time of the American Revolution, the once rugged wilderness had been largely clear and a new agricultural-based community had developed with a population of just over 1,000 residents and 3,000 sheep. At its core was the parish meeting house. The First Congregational Meeting House was built around 1712. Now in its 5th building, the church stands proudly at what is now the southeast corner of Main Street and Farmington Avenue. As the focus of early religious, political, and social life, the meeting house helped to provide this area with a name, a title that it still holds today – "The Center."
Evidence in the Hartford Courant and in the 1790s census show that some of the more prosperous households relied on laborers and slaves for fieldwork and domestic help. The Sarah Whitman Hooker House was one such residence and still stands on New Britain Avenue. Evidence shows that the Hookers owned several slaves. One such slave, Bristow, bought his freedom from Thomas Hart Hooker in April 1775 as Hooker set off to fight in the Revolutionary War. Bristow continued to live with the family after Thomas Hart Hooker was killed in the war. Bristow became an agricultural expert and left his property to the Hookers' two children when he died. He is the only known African American to be buried in West Hartford's Old Center Burial Yard. West Hartford's Bristow Middle School is named in his honor.
Coming of industry
One of the first major industries to arise centered on the pottery and brick works. Extending from Hartford to Berlin is a sizable deposit of fine clay. In 1770, Ebenezer Faxon came from Massachusetts and settled in what would become the Elmwood section of West Hartford. There he established a pottery on South Road (what is today New Britain Avenue) which took advantage of the local geological landscape. It was Seth Goodwin, however, who helped to establish a pottery dynasty. Goodwin started his pottery works around 1798. For over a hundred years, the Goodwin name would be associated with West Hartford pottery. Producing utilitarian items such as jugs for the gin manufactured in local distilleries, to terra cotta designs and fine china, the Goodwin Company employed up to 75 people in its heyday. The Goodwin Brothers Pottery Company (as it came to be known) burned for the third time in 1908 and never recovered.
In 1879 Edwin Arnold established the Trout Brook Ice & Feed Company. Ice from Trout Brook, a stream that runs through the middle of West Hartford, was harvested in the winter, sawn into blocks, and placed into a series of ice houses through an escalator system. Insulated in sawdust, the blocks of ice were used as refrigeration locally and shipped as far away as New York City. By the late 19th century, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad ran through part of Elmwood in the southeast corner of town. A variety of companies cropped up in this area including Whitlock Coil Pipe Company in 1891, and later Royal Typewriter, Wiremold, Abbot Ball, Colt's Manufacturing and Uncle Bill's Silver Grippers (producer of tweezers). The largest of West Hartford manufacturers was Pratt & Whitney (now Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems, which later lent its name to Pratt & Whitney, the aerospace corporation headquartered in East Hartford). In 1940 it built a plant on and at the height of World War II it employed over 7,000 people. It would stand until 1991, when Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems was acquired and operations were relocated to Plainville.
A new town
In 1792 a committee of residents was appointed to ask permission from Hartford to secede, and were denied. Five years later they petitioned again and again were denied. In the spring of 1854, the Connecticut General Assembly was meeting in New Haven (co-capitol with Hartford at the time). Most likely taking advantage of the distance from Hartford, a petition dated March 21 was delivered to the General Assembly by delegates from West Hartford. Signed by 153 residents, the petition claimed that residences were "subjected to many inconveniences on account of their present connection with the town and city of Hartford and that their convenience and prosperity would be essentially promoted by being set off as a separate town." On April 26, about 100 residents from West Hartford presented their own case against secession. After review and an opportunity for Hartford to make an argument for keeping West Hartford, the General Assembly voted on May 3 for West Hartford's independence.
The 1854 vote was not however the end of the debate. In 1895 wealthy residents from the "East Side" of West Hartford petitioned Hartford for annexation. Their call was rebuffed by other West Hartford residents. Then in 1923 and 1924 Hartford wanted to annex West Hartford back so that it could achieve a "Greater Hartford Plan." Town residents rallied in opposition and the plan was defeated by a vote of 2,100 to 6137.
Emergence as a streetcar suburb
It is transportation that has had the biggest impact on West Hartford and its evolution from sleepy crossroads to modern suburb. In the late 18th and early 19th century three turnpikes ran through West Hartford. Around these roads, taverns, blacksmith and wheelwright shops, general stores and many other places of businesses sprang up. Early maps provide a sense of how important these byways were in the development of commerce and industry. Then came the trolleys – starting in 1845, Fred Brace began running a horse-drawn omnibus from his home on the corner of Farmington Avenue and Dale Street into downtown Hartford. Even more significant were the horse-drawn trolley lines and later electric trolleys that in 1889 began to weave their way from the inner city of Hartford to the countryside of West Hartford. Trolley lines opened up a land that had been inaccessible to many, and made it possible for professionals and their families to settle along Prospect Avenue, then north of Farmington Avenue.
By the 1880s, Hartford began to experience an economic boom. As such Hartford's business leaders began building their mansions along Prospect Avenue. Prospect Hill, situated on a ridge boasting impressive views of the burgeoning city, became the area's most prestigious address. Homes are characteristic of the architectural styles popular in that period are represented, particularly Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals. Many homes in the area on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Connecticut Governor's Residence, built in 1908. Prospect Avenue is adjacent to Elizabeth Park, designed by acclaimed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1896 and named for the wife of Charles M. Pond, who bequeathed the land to the City of Hartford. In 1900, the Hartford Golf Club opened its links on the other side of Asylum Avenue just west of Prospect Avenue, adding to the area's ideal suburban sensibility.
In 1895, Wood, Harmon and Company created one of the town's first subdivisions on property known as Stanley Farm, a tract sloping upward from the trolley line that then ran along Farmington Avenue, across from Reservoir No. 1. Called Buena Vista, it was promoted it "Hartford's New and Handsome Suburb." Their literature highlighted "splendid suburban electric car service" and proximity to Reservoir No. 1.
Other developments followed including "Elmhurst" in Elmwood (1901), and Sunset Farm (1917). One of the most exclusive of these early developments was West Hill. Located on the former estate of Cornelius Vanderbilt, son of the famous financier and transportation magnet, it was the brainchild of Horace R. Grant. Designed by some of Hartford's best architects in the 1920s, West Hill is significant historically because it is an excellent example of a planned real estate development of the early 1920s that proceeded under specific design restrictions to achieve outstanding success as a well-crafted and prestigious neighborhood. The architecture is characteristic of the Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival styles popular in the period. It was declared a National Historic District in 1996.
The automobile
By the 1920s and 30s the impact of the automobile was felt in West Hartford as the town became more accessible to Hartford's middle and working class citizens. Between 1910 and 1930 the population of West Hartford grew from 4,808 to 24,941 residents. Then with the end of the Great Depression, World War II, and the exodus from urban centers, West Hartford witnessed a tremendous influx of people as its population swelled from 33,776 in 1940 to 62,382 people by 1960. This era ushered in major housing developments and retail spaces throughout the community.
In the 50s, the primary avenues — Albany, Asylum and Farmington — became important arteries for commuters, and the access made West Hartford attractive to middle-class families. During the decade, the town built one new elementary school each year to accommodate the growing population. In the 1960s, construction began on Interstate 84, completed in 1969. The interstate had many ramifications on the community, the most visible was that it bisected the town, isolating the more industrial and ethnically diverse neighborhood of Elmwood with a physical barrier from the rest of West Hartford. Furthermore, The interstate allowed for increased accessibility as the population increased with the Baby Boom and development, and recalibrated the traditional retail sites.
Subsequent residential development continued on through the late '70s, particularly in the town's northern, western and far southwestern fringes, as evidenced by the many large colonial, ranch, and split level-style homes in these areas. In 1971, the Bishops Corner development was inaugurated. Housing tenants such as Lord & Taylor, F.W. Woolworth, and Doubleday Book Shop drew shoppers from across the region; the Center with its largely independently owned stores, were negatively impacted by the new retail traffic patterns.
Towards the town's southwest fringe lies Westfarms Mall. Opened in 1974 with original anchors JC Penney, G. Fox & Co., and Sage-Allen, the mall further recalibrated retail in West Hartford. It became well known for its lavish ceilings and waterfall-style fountain. Sitting astride I-84, conveniently connected to the town's main internal arteries, and comprising more than of stores and restaurants, it is the third largest indoor mall in Connecticut.
Blue Back Square
Opening in 2007, Blue Back Square is a pioneer mixed-use development in the Center that blends retail and residential living space on a large scale. The five-building complex contains of ground floor retail space and 120 luxury space. Medical office space encompasses , and other professional offices total another square feet. A six-screen movie theatre as well as two 500-space parking garages were also built. Named after Noah Webster's popular spelling book, Blue-Back Speller, the development has significantly altered the Center and furthered West Hartford's status as a regional dining and shopping destination.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.91%, is water.
The west side of West Hartford is flanked by the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. Notable features of the Metacomet Ridge in West Hartford include Talcott Mountain and a number of highland water reservoirs belonging to the Metropolitan District, which maintains watershed and recreation resources on the property. The Metacomet Trail traverses the ridge. The town's web site indicates that the highest point in town is above sea level on Talcott (Avon) Mountain. The altitude at Town Hall is .
West Hartford is adjacent to and west of Hartford, the state capital, and borders Bloomfield, Newington, New Britain, Farmington, and Avon. West Hartford is approximately southwest of Boston and northeast of New York City. Interstate 84 runs through West Hartford.
Demographics
As of the 2010 Census, there were 63,268 people, 25,258 households, and 16,139 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,888.9 people per square mile (1,117.0/km). There were 25,332 housing units at an average density of 1,152.3/square mile (445.0/km). The racial makeup of the town was 79.6% White, 6.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 7.4% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.8% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of the population.
Of West Hartford residents, 49.85% reported a religious affiliation. Out of all residents, 31.74% were Catholic, 3.29% Presbyterian, 2.19% Baptist, 2.19% Methodist, 1.59% Jewish, 1.39% Lutheran, 1.31% Episcopalian, 1.19% Pentecostal, 0.4% Mormon, 3.38% of another Christian denomination, and 0.34% were Muslim.
There were 25,258 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
In 2018, the median household income was $99,280 and the per capita income for the town was $54,601. About 3.7% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% ages 65 or older.
Economy
Top employers
Top employers in West Hartford according to the town's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
Government
West Hartford has had council–manager government since 1919. It was the first town in the state and one of the first in the country to adopt this form of government, where the council acts as the elected policy board and the town manager serves as the chief executive officer responsible for carrying policies out. In 1921, voters switched to elections by the single transferable vote, using it for two elections, before the General Assembly overturned it in 1923. Town Council members are elected at large for two years and represent all of West Hartford, and the town clerk is elected for four years. Elected by the Town Council in 2017, Matthew W. Hart is the Town Manager.
Connecticut municipalities, as with neighboring Massachusetts and Rhode Island), provide nearly all local services (such as fire and rescue, education, snow removal, etc.), as county government has been abolished since 1960.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Railroad
West Hartford is a planned stop along the Hartford Line, a commuter rail service from to that uses the current Amtrak-owned New Haven–Springfield Line, with a possible shuttle bus connection in to Bradley International Airport. Service launched on June 16, 2018. The State of Connecticut has secured funding for the construction of a new train station at Flatbush Avenue at the corner of New Park Avenue. In 2019 Governor Lamont's CT2030 transportation investment plan, which included tolling cars and trucks in 14 locations, was soundly rejected by Republicans and Democrats, leaving less funding for rail projects. Currently there is not enough funding to build a rail station in West Hartford.
Bus
West Hartford is served by several bus routes of Connecticut Transit. Major roads served are Albany Avenue (Route 58), New Britain Avenue (Routes 37, 39, and 128), Park Street (Routes 31 and 33), South/North Main Street (Route 153) Farmington Avenue (Routes 60, 62, 64, and 66), Asylum Avenue (Route 72), Hillside Avenue (Route 63), and Boulevard/South Quaker Lane (Route 69).
Bus rapid transit
CTfastrak, Connecticut's first bus rapid transit corridor, opened in 2015, providing a separated right-of-way between Hartford and New Britain. West Hartford is served by two stations:
: Corner of New Park Avenue and New Britain Avenue
: Corner of Flatbush Avenue and New Park Avenue
Emergency services
Fire department
The West Hartford fire department operates out of five fire stations, that provide fire protection and emergency medical services at the Advanced life support level.
Utilities
Electricity: Eversource Energy
Water: Metropolitan District Commission
Natural gas: Connecticut Natural Gas
Telephone, ADSL/Fiber internet, IPTV television: Frontier Communications
Cable television/Cable internet: Comcast
Education
Public schools
The town is home to two public high schools, Conard (home of the Conard Chieftains) and Hall (home of the Hall Warriors), as well as 11 elementary schools and three middle schools in the West Hartford Public Schools system. The elementary schools are Aiken, Braeburn, Bugbee, Charter Oak, Duffy, Morley, Norfeldt, Smith, Webster Hill, Whiting Lane and Wolcott. The middle schools are King Philip, Sedgwick, and the newest, Bristow Middle School, on the former site of Kingswood-Oxford Middle School. The elementary schools are evenly distributed to either King Philip or Sedgwick, and those who enroll at Bristow are chosen by lottery. After middle school, students continue on to high school with their same student body. Sedgwick's graduates go to Conard High School, and King Philip's go to Hall. Bristow students return to the school district they were in during elementary school. The two high schools hold many events and recognize the tension between the two high schools.
Rivalry
As of 2020, both of West Hartford's public high schools, Hall and Conard were ranked in the top 15 in the state and top 5% nationally according to U.S. News. The schools have been neck and neck in competing in educational aspects, but especially in sports. Hall versus Conard sports rivalry has gone on since the beginning of 1957, when their first football game against each other was held. The competition and school spirit is just as alive today, if not, more extreme than it was over 60 years ago. On February 23rd, 2015, the rivalry went too far when a fight occurred between both teams at the varsity basketball game held at Hall High School. The score of the game was 43-42 and teammates began fighting after a minor issue happened with the buzzer beater. As the entire Hall team stormed the court to celebrate, students began throwing punches at each other and eventually the entire team and coaches were stuck in the middle of a brawl. The fight was recorded entirely for the town to see online and identify which students were at fault, which led to 10 students being arrested. The Hall-Conard fan section was packed per usual and bleachers were filled to capacity as seen in multiple video recordings.
Private schools
Saint Thomas the Apostle School
Saint Timothy Middle School
Northwest Catholic High School
St. Brigid-St. Augustine Partnership School
American School for the Deaf
Kingswood Oxford School
Renbrook School
Hebrew High School of New England
Solomon Schechter Day School of Greater Hartford
German School of Connecticut
Colleges and universities
Institutions of higher learning in the town include:
University of Hartford
University of Saint Joseph
The University of Connecticut Greater Hartford Campus was formerly located in West Hartford adjacent to the University of Saint Joseph campus, however it was moved to downtown Hartford in 2017.
Military
The 76th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I, World War II and the Cold War. The 76th Division was reconstituted in October 1946 and reactivated in November of that year as a part of the Organized Reserve, and was headquartered in West Hartford, Connecticut. Units of the division were spread throughout the six New England states. The 405th Army Hospital Unit took over the South Quaker lane facility in 1996.
Media
Print
The Jewish Ledger, weekly newspaper
West Hartford Life, monthly newspaper
West Hartford News, weekly newspaper
West Hartford Press, weekly newspaper
Radio
WNWW
WWUH
WNPR
TV
West Hartford Community Television (WHCTV)
WVIT
Notable people
In alphabetical order:
Chip Arndt, gay rights activist, philanthropist, and co-winner of The Amazing Race 4
Stephen Barnett (1935–2009), legal scholar who opposed the Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970
E. Alexander Bergstrom (1919–73), conservationist
Manute Bol (1962–2010), NBA player
Ben Bova, science fact and fiction author
Tim Brennan, guitar player and songwriter for Dropkick Murphys
Chris Carrabba, singer–songwriter from Dashboard Confessional
John Droney, politician and lawyer
Dominick Dunne (1925–2009) and John Gregory Dunne, (1932–2003), writers, were born in Hartford and grew up in West Hartford
John L. Flannery - chairman & CEO, General Electric (GE)
John Franklin Enders, Nobel Laureate 1954 for Medicine
Martin Hayes, Six Time All Ireland Fiddle Champion
Lemuel Haynes, clergyman, first African American to be ordained
Grayson Hugh (singer-songwriter), songs featured in Oscar-winning films Thelma and Louise and Fried Green Tomatoes
Katharine Houghton Hepburn (1878–1951), social activist
Liz Janangelo, professional golfer on the LPGA Tour
Jared Jordan, drafted 45th by Los Angeles Clippers in the 2007 NBA Draft
Charlie Kaufman, Academy Award winner and screenwriter of Being John Malkovich and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Joan R. Kemler, state representative and the first woman to serve as Connecticut State Treasurer (1986–87)
Edward Lorenz, mathematician and meteorologist, early pioneer of chaos theory, inventor of the strange attractor notion, made the term "butterfly effect" popular
Frank Luntz, Republican pollster
Kenny Mayne, ESPN personality
Joseph Mascolo, actor and soap opera veteran
Brett H. McGurk, Special Adviser to the United States Ambassador to Iraq
Edward Morley, namesake of Morley Elementary School, scientist best known for the Michelson–Morley experiment
John O'Hurley, actor on Seinfeld television series and former Family Feud host.
Peter Paige, actor
Miles S. Rapoport, state representative and Secretary of the State of Connecticut (1995–99)
John P. Reese, money manager and financial columnist
Ryen Russillo, ESPN personality
William Thompson Sedgwick, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a key figure in shaping U.S. public health
Michael Schur, creator of Parks and Recreation and The Good Place
Scott Van Pelt, ESPN personality
Kyle Wallack, head hockey coach at Albertus Magnus College
Noah Webster, lexicographer, textbook author, Bible translator, spelling reformer, writer, and editor
John Woodruff, congressman
Gregory S. Woodward, president of the University of Hartford
Korczak Ziolkowski (1908–82), sculptor of Crazy Horse Memorial in South Dakota
Alex Mighten, professional soccer player for Nottingham Forest in Nottingham, UK
Points of interest
Bishops Corner
Blue Back Square
Elizabeth Park
Elmwood
Fern Park
Noah Webster House
Park Road
West Hartford Center
West Hartford Reservoir
Westfarms Mall
Westmoor Park
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in West Hartford, Connecticut
References
External links
Town of West Hartford official website
West Hartford History
West Hartford Center
West Hartford, Connecticut
Populated places established in 1854
Towns in Connecticut
Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut
Regions of Connecticut
Greater Hartford
1854 establishments in Connecticut | [
-0.3986978828907013,
0.5258356332778931,
-0.20375528931617737,
-0.348283052444458,
0.5827935934066772,
0.1334342509508133,
0.26034823060035706,
0.36210897564888,
0.004200621508061886,
-0.4050654172897339,
-0.38777273893356323,
0.18541736900806427,
0.11156806349754333,
0.683674156665802,
-1.289467453956604,
0.6189457774162292,
0.055899109691381454,
0.6584432125091553,
0.06451403349637985,
-0.43319031596183777,
-0.21538949012756348,
-0.03470665216445923,
0.46756523847579956,
0.5351012945175171,
-0.2629162669181824,
0.1628536731004715,
0.8212346434593201,
0.17858080565929413,
-0.2707560360431671,
-0.31856468319892883,
-0.3460952639579773,
-0.0756886675953865,
-0.5303828716278076,
-0.7421544790267944,
0.7121608257293701,
-0.051938243210315704,
0.08259004354476929,
-0.20881865918636322,
-0.1349983811378479,
-0.4759677052497864,
-0.4944961369037628,
-0.02063938044011593,
-0.26802775263786316,
0.4435041546821594,
-0.04717813432216644,
-0.48997074365615845,
-1.6545881032943726,
0.27933022379875183,
-1.3216594457626343,
-0.7620823979377747,
-0.8436231017112732,
0.08900877833366394,
0.6822190880775452,
0.5153120160102844,
0.77607262134552,
0.12526889145374298,
-0.931317925453186,
-0.20347395539283752,
0.9846594333648682,
0.8333617448806763,
-0.011712719686329365,
0.3603782653808594,
0.05042116716504097,
-0.2294129878282547,
-0.06735123693943024,
-0.4819887578487396,
0.18610431253910065,
0.07132019102573395,
0.1622355729341507,
-0.6358933448791504,
0.038650818169116974,
0.4493868947029114,
-0.4558325707912445,
0.19316789507865906,
-0.28063127398490906,
0.6300860643386841,
0.05989275872707367,
-0.46770069003105164,
0.3387027680873871,
-0.23841941356658936,
-0.3512389659881592,
-0.19758211076259613,
0.22050721943378448,
-0.15775255858898163,
0.46129709482192993,
0.3502630889415741,
-0.36271676421165466,
-0.31926074624061584,
-0.2687799632549286,
1.1228153705596924,
-0.7271628975868225,
-0.37426644563674927,
-0.6026003360748291,
0.6288490295410156,
-0.17546793818473816,
-0.3778016269207001,
0.4523002505302429,
0.369769811630249,
-0.1009381040930748,
0.23831018805503845,
-0.7252640128135681,
0.416545033454895,
1.0712124109268188,
-0.39961886405944824,
-0.24407309293746948,
-0.3962661921977997,
-0.42869406938552856,
-0.22699230909347534,
0.11462607234716415,
-0.23811618983745575,
0.07405875623226166,
0.16806042194366455,
0.5877768993377686,
-0.18662819266319275,
-0.2739633023738861,
0.40775126218795776,
0.34611180424690247,
-0.7180908918380737,
-0.29816970229148865,
-0.13505379855632782,
0.09512289613485336,
1.1516227722167969,
0.3437998592853546,
-0.3663206398487091,
-0.060928165912628174,
0.3650569021701813,
0.8034234642982483,
0.1901651918888092,
-0.37823793292045593,
-0.34381455183029175,
-0.4168677031993866,
0.7622701525688171,
-0.1373552680015564,
0.20467746257781982,
0.06776969879865646,
-0.22515714168548584,
-0.10937333852052689,
0.2205933779478073,
0.5091009736061096,
0.3372650146484375,
0.04068836197257042,
-0.09964492172002792,
0.16706499457359314,
-0.08470328152179718,
-0.07404563575983047,
-0.7578489184379578,
-0.20831653475761414,
-0.5138453841209412,
0.06686433404684067,
0.6453744769096375,
0.23262770473957062,
0.5905019044876099,
0.03502779081463814,
-0.035650093108415604,
-0.3978120684623718,
-0.2335781455039978,
0.8405080437660217,
0.12901674211025238,
-0.04550471156835556,
0.21759216487407684,
-0.261992484331131,
0.458392471075058,
0.6010680794715881,
-0.47098973393440247,
-0.16781942546367645,
0.07884907722473145,
0.577324628829956,
-0.22863315045833588,
0.2727581560611725,
0.1270633041858673,
-0.451328307390213,
-0.07565117627382278,
0.9884719848632812,
-0.2529152035713196,
0.21936821937561035,
-0.2618512213230133,
0.76454097032547,
-0.010888779535889626,
-0.043574828654527664,
-0.4201851487159729,
-0.6000683903694153,
0.5730946063995361,
0.50689297914505,
0.09891551733016968,
0.014980745501816273,
0.5775614380836487,
-0.178959459066391,
0.4361068308353424,
-0.13469550013542175,
-0.30899712443351746,
0.5188509821891785,
-0.4164973795413971,
0.20675437152385712,
-0.4623158574104309,
0.11116847395896912,
0.23253685235977173,
-0.3552086651325226,
0.500028669834137,
-0.6612139344215393,
0.28878676891326904,
-0.1226549968123436,
-0.35413435101509094,
0.6981151700019836,
-0.22814902663230896,
0.1794658899307251,
-0.1749109923839569,
0.5149204134941101,
0.13227108120918274,
0.0133457500487566,
0.5574467182159424,
-0.1358039230108261,
-1.003472089767456,
0.0035840251948684454,
0.761792778968811,
-0.06503310799598694,
-0.578067421913147,
-0.23876358568668365,
0.17108488082885742,
-0.1810857206583023,
-0.10473975539207458,
0.656919538974762,
0.15919645130634308,
0.05184931680560112,
-0.07719686627388,
-0.004189515486359596,
0.94599848985672,
-0.05858336761593819,
0.013368837535381317,
-0.17068611085414886,
0.3283190131187439,
0.4731573462486267,
0.20573584735393524,
-0.20899270474910736,
-0.5260068774223328,
-0.7002444267272949,
-0.5605766177177429,
-0.17764171957969666,
-0.5361018180847168,
0.9863865375518799,
-0.6313334703445435,
-0.1995793581008911,
0.2501799166202545,
-0.8322609066963196,
0.18733742833137512,
0.5598303079605103,
0.40857934951782227,
-0.6239886283874512,
-0.07658938318490982,
-0.5613582134246826,
-0.5971241593360901,
0.11023867875337601,
0.09707433730363846,
0.9979333877563477,
-0.07711852341890335,
0.6264418363571167,
-0.1831332892179489,
-0.0692167729139328,
0.12458790093660355,
0.32703888416290283,
0.4250539541244507,
-0.1628369688987732,
0.20230978727340698,
0.15665565431118011,
-0.07332705706357956,
-0.03207297995686531,
-0.5102495551109314,
0.01839996874332428,
-0.5673239827156067,
-0.062237031757831573,
0.6143316626548767,
0.2174326330423355,
-0.5873629450798035,
0.07321901619434357,
0.7052931785583496,
0.6066187620162964,
0.04841266945004463,
-0.3530990481376648,
-0.06247991696000099,
-0.7400220036506653,
-0.24255727231502533,
-0.14531831443309784,
0.8289584517478943,
-0.6771875023841858,
-0.1821848303079605,
0.047930557280778885,
-0.28382211923599243,
0.846714973449707,
-0.180561363697052,
-0.27914732694625854,
0.5347540974617004,
-0.3232647180557251,
0.022956158965826035,
0.3149736523628235,
0.6083401441574097,
-0.35881859064102173,
0.40242382884025574,
0.31679779291152954,
-0.6120323538780212,
-0.3972978889942169,
-0.36772942543029785,
-0.32706978917121887,
0.6125350594520569,
-0.17890948057174683,
-0.2331479787826538,
-0.2553410530090332,
-0.4564864933490753,
-0.12969982624053955,
-0.42806512117385864,
-5.080718994140625,
0.7877525687217712,
-0.2846243381500244,
0.014117673970758915,
0.13107262551784515,
-0.3515910804271698,
-0.2643435597419739,
-0.46893173456192017,
-0.4237575829029083,
0.8039654493331909,
0.48339420557022095,
-0.8226543664932251,
-0.13103193044662476,
0.13818083703517914,
0.5127907991409302,
-0.2650344669818878,
0.7203015685081482,
-0.3598165512084961,
0.45736241340637207,
0.44020989537239075,
-0.19062109291553497,
-0.2793186902999878,
-0.22956375777721405,
-0.017000216990709305,
0.7195794582366943,
0.013553617522120476,
-0.052212074398994446,
-0.17030926048755646,
-0.45533326268196106,
-0.13954754173755646,
0.27570223808288574,
0.5326554775238037,
-0.4171344041824341,
0.2855874001979828,
0.498958557844162,
-0.11876225471496582,
0.36198484897613525,
-0.4448482096195221,
0.49122413992881775,
-0.6141985058784485,
1.0774264335632324,
1.1378388404846191,
-0.3553355634212494,
-0.6673063039779663,
0.351042240858078,
-0.28229114413261414,
-0.22326819598674774,
0.6377429962158203,
-0.17714272439479828,
0.6225624680519104,
0.5964235663414001,
-0.007305712904781103,
0.2226976454257965,
0.18568067252635956,
0.4611395001411438,
-0.8443186283111572,
0.7383151650428772,
-0.17457157373428345,
-0.26327499747276306,
0.6556106805801392,
0.3845345675945282,
-0.18766498565673828,
-0.1096949651837349,
0.26072871685028076,
-0.39227133989334106,
-0.6216750741004944,
-0.22197769582271576,
0.3899052143096924,
0.5484973788261414,
0.2135476917028427,
-0.18688958883285522,
-0.1051512360572815,
-0.03358367457985878,
-0.6563266515731812,
0.18451213836669922,
-0.7311011552810669,
-0.6200552582740784,
-0.3309559226036072,
-0.24240678548812866,
-0.4212035834789276,
0.14125891029834747,
-0.07081370800733566,
0.6946192979812622,
0.8669223785400391,
0.7071694731712341,
-0.45331308245658875,
-0.15584592521190643,
0.9352471828460693,
-0.46340030431747437,
-0.6800463199615479,
0.5308453440666199,
-0.530684769153595,
0.26826101541519165,
-0.3850044012069702,
-0.383560448884964,
-0.39666876196861267,
0.3792816996574402,
0.13925769925117493,
0.015544765628874302,
0.036672335118055344,
0.5677098631858826,
0.05265580490231514,
-0.11599171161651611,
-0.3577440679073334,
-0.3735910952091217,
-0.28195908665657043,
0.047501340508461,
0.3298305571079254,
1.1651201248168945,
-0.2850742042064667,
-0.4042348265647888,
-0.5369022488594055,
-0.31098276376724243,
-0.546815812587738,
0.10796931385993958,
-0.5746740102767944,
-0.10496200621128082,
0.34281453490257263,
0.005555084440857172,
0.313666969537735,
0.44785669445991516,
0.04525786265730858,
-0.5335378050804138,
-0.02232092060148716,
-0.3204699754714966,
-0.4598507583141327,
-0.031526196748018265,
0.32964763045310974,
-0.42153358459472656,
0.7777987718582153,
-0.09353331476449966,
-0.10790783911943436,
-0.5749731659889221,
-0.15386223793029785,
0.1664671003818512,
0.1505853235721588,
-0.5394787788391113,
-1.1952568292617798,
-0.6172010898590088,
0.6506370902061462,
0.7017446160316467,
0.2028016299009323,
0.0880984216928482,
0.1494336575269699,
-0.47044438123703003,
0.1729000210762024,
0.7583750486373901,
-0.043711163103580475,
-1.033298373222351,
0.4104191064834595,
-0.3404614329338074,
-0.04994790256023407,
-0.3240620493888855,
-0.23715682327747345,
0.36793363094329834,
-0.2590658962726593,
0.0899190604686737,
0.3345591425895691,
0.2598657011985779,
-0.2589036524295807,
0.49246641993522644,
0.2597784101963043,
-0.11710140854120255,
0.25690415501594543,
0.23924554884433746,
0.018602849915623665,
-0.562141478061676,
0.29483649134635925,
-0.5797962546348572,
-0.045813217759132385,
0.8366507887840271,
-0.34291502833366394,
-0.5789114236831665,
-0.5057191848754883,
0.24884332716464996,
-0.06176914647221565,
0.11851780116558075,
0.33207234740257263,
0.08984938263893127,
-0.0523839145898819,
0.1508546620607376,
-0.34390774369239807,
-0.33703917264938354,
-0.5479797720909119,
0.2283904105424881,
-0.693576991558075,
0.15144747495651245,
-0.7344233393669128,
-0.13443052768707275,
-0.585396409034729,
0.398994117975235,
-0.40031135082244873,
0.4109129309654236,
0.22439289093017578,
0.30115747451782227,
-0.8804107308387756,
0.8807554244995117,
0.21939408779144287,
-0.5641768574714661,
-0.2641526162624359,
0.08375416696071625,
0.42906680703163147,
-0.9371339082717896,
0.5897039771080017,
0.3634128272533417,
-0.8251988291740417,
0.30225932598114014,
0.39161455631256104,
-0.09679128229618073,
0.9384737610816956,
-0.3620013892650604,
-0.47317275404930115,
0.7392376065254211,
-0.13466715812683105,
-0.18547643721103668,
0.24498900771141052,
0.34986981749534607,
-0.313548743724823,
-0.43875226378440857,
-0.08161353319883347,
-0.836574375629425,
0.27425673604011536,
-0.14175096154212952,
-0.5039973855018616,
-0.448479026556015,
-0.052823107689619064,
0.14744910597801208,
-0.08990398794412613,
0.02703653648495674,
-0.7709785103797913,
-0.21594969928264618,
0.09336186200380325,
0.19441038370132446,
-0.06375724822282791,
0.6798786520957947,
-0.0340384803712368,
0.1311413049697876,
-0.5709763169288635,
0.44961240887641907,
0.2855190932750702,
0.4262707531452179,
0.7782102227210999,
0.06464940309524536,
-0.23208844661712646,
-0.413247287273407,
0.20116643607616425,
1.1467161178588867,
0.09169064462184906,
-1.010249376296997,
0.6656818985939026,
0.344496488571167,
-0.5172576904296875,
-0.864738941192627,
-0.10674472153186798,
0.31046149134635925,
-0.6373789310455322,
-0.5259388089179993,
0.481884241104126,
0.08457454293966293,
0.07913976907730103,
0.34348344802856445,
-0.5724644660949707,
0.4004920423030853,
-0.2789514362812042,
0.2428772747516632,
-0.5053116679191589,
-0.2808765172958374,
-0.3888168931007385,
0.21611547470092773,
-0.28004276752471924,
0.18938305974006653,
-0.12700633704662323,
0.022850092500448227,
0.2372254729270935,
-0.5458394289016724,
-0.004930506460368633,
-0.04732291027903557,
-1.0161830186843872,
-0.34547877311706543,
-0.20901843905448914,
-0.1167600005865097,
0.029236702248454094,
-0.6679346561431885,
-0.032088905572891235,
0.3447909951210022,
-0.5970678329467773,
0.24202562868595123,
0.0791107788681984,
-0.3760167062282562,
0.07552987337112427,
-0.7285434603691101,
-0.08050793409347534,
-0.4695228636264801,
-0.21832112967967987,
-0.5674335956573486,
0.49151140451431274,
0.17485521733760834,
0.8435925841331482,
-0.08370963484048843,
0.2223157435655594,
-0.7716415524482727,
0.609840989112854,
-0.00667394557967782,
-1.1453919410705566,
0.3481956422328949,
-0.04598575457930565,
-0.9447616338729858,
-0.007879220880568027,
0.4874769151210785,
0.0756443440914154,
-0.05512835085391998,
-0.45574280619621277,
0.5781639814376831,
0.996566891670227,
-0.5254743695259094,
-0.1986144483089447,
0.6773956418037415,
-0.3754168450832367,
-0.3513355553150177,
0.21761439740657806,
-0.1736382395029068,
-0.060182124376297,
0.9013864994049072,
0.5105136036872864,
-0.17475740611553192,
1.1048575639724731,
-0.2575063109397888,
0.5022734999656677,
-0.3702855110168457,
0.004444910679012537,
-0.05954129993915558,
-0.7622634172439575,
-0.9152176976203918,
0.24651017785072327,
-0.48220330476760864,
-0.16110965609550476,
-0.04490804299712181,
-0.3986726403236389,
-0.5675984025001526,
-0.09141845256090164,
0.43384233117103577,
0.39947035908699036,
-0.0005673067062161863,
0.049712907522916794,
0.10676902532577515,
0.04203285276889801,
0.6728482246398926,
0.10581491887569427,
0.4504935145378113,
-0.3434341251850128,
0.8183606266975403,
-0.2387589067220688,
0.3407024145126343,
-0.08627209067344666,
0.01608291082084179,
-0.3281523585319519,
0.5200743675231934,
-0.05173080787062645,
-0.39669251441955566,
0.049660295248031616,
0.10258477926254272,
-0.5773413181304932,
0.8530615568161011,
-0.6436051726341248,
0.15656644105911255,
-0.42349207401275635,
0.3847157061100006,
0.06413351744413376,
-0.27138572931289673,
0.8406155109405518,
-0.22702422738075256,
0.9592885971069336,
-0.08680906146764755,
-0.17632929980754852,
0.14204488694667816,
0.4350217282772064,
0.1636618822813034,
0.5048882961273193,
-0.052164677530527115,
0.37174174189567566,
-0.6138060092926025,
-0.14563195407390594,
-0.1802806258201599,
-0.10763971507549286,
-0.46532461047172546,
-0.3336571455001831,
0.653730571269989,
0.13141821324825287,
-0.3627122640609741,
-1.0491455793380737,
0.16972842812538147,
0.22793421149253845,
-0.4113418161869049,
-0.01370295137166977,
-0.2809152901172638,
-0.06334977596998215,
0.02635439671576023,
0.9116019606590271,
0.3648953139781952,
0.7542905211448669,
0.1730136126279831,
0.46457239985466003,
-0.19669212400913239,
0.024307318031787872,
-0.23748904466629028,
0.13809862732887268,
-0.5159351229667664,
0.36691486835479736,
-1.2789109945297241,
0.726077139377594,
-0.018184417858719826,
0.5289424061775208,
-0.2611429989337921,
0.38199394941329956,
-0.5108587145805359,
0.04389354959130287,
0.8507607579231262,
0.4075062572956085,
-0.5635544061660767,
0.048744454979896545,
0.7468999028205872,
0.33870941400527954,
0.23891231417655945,
0.23722073435783386,
-0.5921400189399719,
-0.7233110070228577,
0.13494393229484558,
0.09453368186950684,
-0.7233014702796936,
0.1980041116476059,
0.12060602009296417,
-0.9011006951332092,
-0.3144678771495819,
0.7220533490180969,
-0.4679774343967438,
-0.1766134649515152,
0.14707240462303162,
0.5070651769638062,
0.575202465057373,
-0.46361884474754333,
-0.3609139621257782,
-0.03705545887351036,
-0.09676025062799454,
0.5876199007034302,
0.0716765746474266,
-0.0857025682926178,
-0.32473963499069214,
-0.10827028006315231,
-0.6300192475318909,
0.962164044380188,
-0.3603277802467346,
-0.6674980521202087,
0.450596421957016,
-0.057819824665784836,
0.5941940546035767,
0.09258786588907242,
0.045789364725351334,
-0.39638209342956543,
0.3011188805103302,
0.06817144900560379
] |
256936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wethersfield%2C%20Connecticut | Wethersfield, Connecticut | Wethersfield is a town located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is located immediately south of Hartford along the Connecticut River. Its population was 27,298 in the 2020 census.
Many records from colonial times spell the name "Weathersfield" and "Wythersfield", while Native Americans called it Pyquag. "Watertown" is a variant name.
The neighborhood known as Old Wethersfield is the state's largest historic district, spanning and 1,100 buildings, dating to the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The town is primarily served by Interstate 91.
History
Founded in 1634 by a Puritan settlement party of "10 Men," including John Oldham, Robert Seeley, Thomas Topping, and Nathaniel Foote, Wethersfield is arguably the oldest town in Connecticut, depending on the interpretation of when a remote settlement qualifies as a "town". Along with Windsor and Hartford, Wethersfield is represented by one of the three grapevines on the Flag of Connecticut, signifying the state's three oldest English settlements. The town was named by colonists for Wethersfield, a village in the English county of Essex. The town was previously called "Watertown," named after Watertown, Massachusetts, until February 21, 1637, when it was incorporated as a town along with Windsor and Hartford. The town established the Old Wethersfield Village Cemetery as its first burying ground on Hungry Hill in 1638.
During the Pequot War, on April 23, 1637, Wangunk chief Sequin, who had lived with the colonists in Wethersfield but had been forced out after a few years, attacked Wethersfield with Pequot help. They killed six men and three women, a number of cattle and horses, and took two young girls captive. They were daughters of Abraham Swain or William Swaine (sources vary), and were later ransomed by Dutch traders.
Four witch trials and three executions for witchcraft occurred in the town in the 17th century. Mary Johnson was convicted of witchcraft and executed in 1648, Joan and John Carrington in 1651. In 1669, landowner Katherine Harrison was convicted, and although her conviction was reversed, she was banished and her property seized by her neighbors.
From 1716 to 1718, the Collegiate School was briefly located in Wethersfield; it moved to New Haven and developed over the decades as Yale University.
Silas Deane, commissioner to France during the American Revolutionary War, lived in the town. His house is now preserved and operated as part of the Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum. In May 1781, at the Webb House on Main Street, General George Washington and French Lt. Gen. Rochambeau planned the Siege of Yorktown, which culminated in the surrender of Britain and independence of the colonies.
The Wethersfield Volunteer Fire Department was chartered by the Connecticut Legislature on May 12, 1803, making it the first formally chartered fire department in the state. It is one of the oldest chartered volunteer fire department in continuous existence in the United States.
Wethersfield was "for a century at least, the centre of the onion trade in New England", during the late 1700s and early to middle 1800s. "Outsiders dubbed the Connecticut village 'Oniontown,' with a crosshatch of affection and derision, for this was home of the world-famous Wethersfield red onion."
In addition, the town was home to William G. Comstock, a well-known 19th-century gardening expert and author of the era's most prominent gardening book, Order of Spring Work. In 1820, Comstock founded what would become Comstock, Ferre & Company, America's oldest continuously operating seed company. It pioneered the commercial sale of sealed packets of seeds, as he had learned from the Amish. Other nationally prominent seed companies in and around the town developed from this agricultural past.
A meteorite fell on Wethersfield on November 8, 1982. It was the second meteorite to fall in the town in the span of 11 years. It crashed through the roof of a house without injuring the occupants, as had been the case with the first meteorite as well. The 1971 meteorite was sold to the Smithsonian, and the 1982 meteorite was taken up as part of a collection at the Yale Peabody Museum.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 26,268 people, 11,214 households, and 7,412 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,119.9 people per square mile (818.7/km). There were 11,454 housing units at an average density of 924.3 per square mile (356.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 93.19% White, 2.09% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.58% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.82% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.19% of the population.
There were 11,214 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.89.
The town population was distributed with 20.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $53,289, and the median income for a family was $68,154. (These figures had risen to $66,044 and $86,432 respectively as of a 2007 estimate.) Males had a median income of $43,998 versus $37,443 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,930. About 2.4% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Top employers
Top employers in Wethersfield according to the town's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
The Connecticut Department of Correction and the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles have their headquarters in Wethersfield.
Due to its proximity to the state capital at Hartford, Wethersfield is the site of several State of Connecticut agencies:
The Department of Motor Vehicles office and testing location at 60 State Street.
The Department of Labor is headquartered at 200 Folly Brook Boulevard.
The Department of Correction is headquartered at 24 Wolcott Hill Road.
The Superior Court Operations Unit is located at 225 Spring Street.
The Court Support Services Division is located at 936 Silas Deane Highway.
The Wethersfield Chamber of Commerce has over 150 member institutions and hosts community events throughout the year.
Arts and culture
Landmarks and historic district
Three buildings in Wethersfield are designated as historic landmarks by the National Register of Historic Places:
Buttolph-Williams House — 249 Broad St. (added December 24, 1968)
Joseph Webb House — 211 Main St. (added November 15, 1966)
Silas Deane House — 203 Main St. (added November 6, 1970)
In 1970, Old Wethersfield, the district bounded by Hartford, the railroad tracks, I-91 and Rocky Hill, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. This is the largest historic district in Connecticut, with two square miles containing 1,100 buildings, many dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries.
Other points of interest
Old Wethersfield Village Cemetery
Broad Street Green
Roger Butler House
Captain James Francis House
Great Meadows
Heritage Way — a "linear park" and multi-use path that connects Wethersfield's open areas and recreation facilities
Hurlbut-Dunham House
Keeney Memorial Culture Center — home of the Wethersfield Museum and Visitor Center
Millwoods Park/Pond
Wethersfield Cove
Wethersfield Historical Society
Wethersfield Skate Park
John Chester Willard Pool
Wintergreen Woods — forest with vernal pools and walking trails
Wethersfield High School (Connecticut)
Eleanor Buck Wolf Nature Center
9/11 Memorial Sports Center
Music
The historic First Church of Christ, Wethersfield, is the home of the Albert Schweitzer Organ Festival USA,.
The Wethersfield Historical Society sponsors free outdoor concerts throughout the summer.
Community events
Sports
Running
The Old Wethersfield 5K & 10K is an annual road race that takes place in the Old Wethersfield section of town. Both races begin and end at Cove Park on Hartford Avenue. The event is put on by the Hartford Marathon Foundation and typically takes place at the end of August. The 2017 edition of the 10K is the state championship race for the USATF Connecticut Grand Prix Series as well as the final event of the HMF 10K Challenge Series.
Education
The Wethersfield public school system encompasses Wethersfield High School, Silas Deane Middle School, and five elementary schools: Highcrest School, Charles Wright School, Emerson-Williams School, Alfred W. Hanmer School, and Samuel B. Webb School.
In addition to traditional public schools, Wethersfield also offers parochial and magnet school choices. The CREC Discovery Academy is a Pre-Kindergarten through 5th grade magnet school designed with a focus on STEM education. The Corpus Christi School is a Catholic school of approximately 400 students from Pre-Kindergarten through 8th grade. It was one of only fifty private schools named as a 2012 National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Secretary of Education, in the category of "Exemplary High Performing."
Government
Federal
State
Municipal
Infrastructure and services
Transportation
Bus
Greater Hartford's major system of public transportation is currently Connecticut Transit (CT Transit), a Connecticut Department of Transportation-owned bus service operating routes throughout the New Haven, Stamford, Hartford and other metro areas. Wethersfield is served by route numbers 43, 47, 53, 55, 61, and 91.
Roads
Major roads include:
Main Street in Old Wethersfield
Connecticut Route 287 (Prospect st.)
Connecticut Route 175 (Wells Road)
Connecticut Route 99 (Silas Deane Highway)
Connecticut Route 15 and U.S. Route 5 (Berlin Turnpike and Wilbur Cross Highway)
Connecticut Route 3 (Maple Street and Putnam Bridge)
Interstate 91 (Exits 25–26)
Rail
Hartford station is the nearest rail station. Wethersfield was once connected to Hartford by streetcar and by passenger service on the Valley Railroad. Its tracks still provide a route for sporadic freight trains between Hartford and Old Saybrook.
Police
The Wethersfield Police Department is headquartered at 250 Silas Deane highway. In addition to normal police service, the department maintains a Marine Patrol Unit, a Special Response Dive Team, a Special Response Tactics Team, a DARE youth drug awareness program, and a Police Explorer program.
Fire services
The town has three volunteer fire stations. The year 2003 marked the formal 200th Anniversary of the Wethersfield Volunteer Fire Department. Wethersfield has the oldest volunteer fire company in Connecticut, and in New England.
Postal services
The United States Postal Service operates the Wethersfield Post Office at 67 Beaver Rd. The Town zip code is 06109. The Wethersfield Post Office is a fully trained United States Passport acceptance facility.
Notable people
Charles McLean Andrews (1863–1943), historian
William Watson Andrews (1810–1897), clergyman
Steven Anzovin (1954-2005), American non-fiction author
Dick Bertel (born 1931), American media personality and broadcast executive
Elizabeth Canning (1734–1773), English maid notoriously exiled for perjury
Kenneth F. Cramer (1894–1954), U.S. Army Major General and Chief of the National Guard Bureau
James Curtiss (1803–1859), Mayor of Chicago
Silas Deane (1737–1789), first American diplomat
John Deming (c.1615–1705), a founder of Wethersfield and an original patentee of Connecticut Colony
Tony DiCicco (1948-2017), coach, United States women's national soccer team
Bruce Edwards (1954–2004), Tom Watson's caddy of almost 30 years
Nathaniel Foote (1592–1644), an original settler
Thomas Ian Griffith (born 1962), actor
Betsey Johnson (born 1942), fashion designer
Mark Linn-Baker (born 1954), actor and director
Colin McDonald (born 1984), professional hockey player
John Mehegan (1916–1984), jazz pianist
William J. Miller (1899-1950), Congressman from Connecticut
Stephen Mix Mitchell (1743–1835), United States Senator and Connecticut Chief Justice
Chris Murphy (born 1973), United States Senator
Tyler Murphy, Former quarterback for the University of Florida Gators; starting quarterback for the Boston College Eagles
John Oldham (1592–1636), an original settler
John Pinone (born 1961), basketball player and coach
Annabella Sciorra (born 1960), actress
Elizabeth Scott (1708–1776), poet, hymnwriter
Robert Seeley (1602–1668), an original settler
Christopher Shinn (born 1975), playwright
Karen Smyers (born 1961), world champion triathlete
David Spicer (1946–2017), organist and choirmaster
Charles Stillman (1810–1875), founder of Brownsville, Texas
Richard Treat (or Trott) (1584–1669), an original settler of Wethersfield and a Patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut
Tom Tryon (1926–1991), actor and novelist
Sophie Tucker (1887–1966), comedian and singer, interred in Emanuel Cemetery
Levi Warner (1831–1911), Congressman from Connecticut
Elmer Watson (1831–1911), Connecticut State Senate majority leader
Thomas Welles (1590–1660), Governor of Connecticut Colony
Elisha Williams (1694–1755), minister, legislator and judge
Benjamin Wright (1770–1842), chief engineer of the Erie Canal
Charles Wright (1811–1885), botanical explorer and collector
Emily Wright (born 1980), songwriter, producer and engineer
In popular culture
Wethersfield was the setting for the children's novel The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare, as well as the setting of the one-act play The Valiant by Holworthy Hall and Robert Middlemas. https://www.thebooktrail.com/book-trails/the-witch-of-blackbird-pond/
Actor-turned-author Thomas Tryon used his native Wethersfield as the setting for his action/romance novels The Wings of the Morning and In the Fire of Spring, as well as a mystery/horror novel The Other and a film of the same name.
The short film Disneyland Dream features the Barstow family from Wethersfield, including footage of their neighborhood.
In the biography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley Malcolm X recounts a car accident in which he is rear ended at a stop light while traveling through Wethersfield.
The novel Parrot and Olivier in America by two-time Booker Prize-winning Australian author Peter Carey was largely set in the town of Wethersfield. The novel touches on some hallmarks of its history including the predominance of onion farming and the old state prison.
References
External links
Wethersfield Chamber of Commerce
Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut
American witchcraft
New England Puritanism
Populated places established in 1634
Connecticut populated places on the Connecticut River
1634 establishments in Connecticut
Towns in Connecticut
Greater Hartford
Yale University | [
-0.5866860151290894,
0.76276695728302,
0.019714104011654854,
-0.6042609214782715,
0.5803910493850708,
0.42522817850112915,
0.7765407562255859,
0.4371017813682556,
-0.35146525502204895,
-0.30336523056030273,
-0.36757734417915344,
-0.09661789238452911,
-0.0008446582942269742,
0.8025480508804321,
-0.9749656319618225,
0.6007545590400696,
0.22340761125087738,
0.9941054582595825,
0.3593738079071045,
-0.4248669743537903,
0.08140783756971359,
-0.07348379492759705,
0.6170493960380554,
0.5919322967529297,
-0.21657562255859375,
-0.19755706191062927,
0.8696558475494385,
0.32071515917778015,
-0.1277981549501419,
-0.5013079047203064,
-0.38388994336128235,
0.14717350900173187,
-0.3098413944244385,
-0.6600196361541748,
0.7811372876167297,
-0.2888964116573334,
0.10242937505245209,
0.13896410167217255,
-0.05771688371896744,
-0.8270882368087769,
-0.5111544132232666,
0.042535584419965744,
-0.06599724292755127,
0.17982424795627594,
-0.4248986840248108,
-0.21430295705795288,
-1.4452803134918213,
0.32180801033973694,
-1.3050823211669922,
-0.7778226137161255,
-0.5429333448410034,
0.20050787925720215,
1.1605181694030762,
0.43161919713020325,
0.77659672498703,
0.4231416583061218,
-1.2745389938354492,
0.38403400778770447,
1.358962893486023,
1.1200066804885864,
-0.1563866287469864,
0.129246324300766,
-0.34312769770622253,
-0.0004206362063996494,
-0.31708869338035583,
-0.2565158009529114,
-0.2317369282245636,
0.07492117583751678,
0.3196088373661041,
-0.5439658761024475,
-0.23151031136512756,
-0.03192416578531265,
-0.3380202054977417,
0.4752514064311981,
-0.35478657484054565,
0.9579339623451233,
-0.049941785633563995,
-0.6025972366333008,
0.09410250931978226,
0.09966932237148285,
-0.24296879768371582,
-0.29915690422058105,
0.8283060193061829,
-0.17440421879291534,
0.4995088577270508,
0.2973620891571045,
-0.2404128462076187,
-0.061515938490629196,
-0.17725533246994019,
0.9622413516044617,
-0.4640866816043854,
-0.6787683367729187,
-0.5398391485214233,
0.24400067329406738,
-0.5980024337768555,
-0.43473029136657715,
0.1106138601899147,
0.21228718757629395,
-0.0966404527425766,
0.3958902657032013,
-0.4412844479084015,
0.7149354219436646,
1.1702479124069214,
0.11780175566673279,
-0.12953464686870575,
-0.15428310632705688,
-0.655876100063324,
-0.13427579402923584,
-0.125045046210289,
-0.5027096271514893,
-0.12827971577644348,
0.15217667818069458,
0.6008996367454529,
-0.39886027574539185,
-0.09158634394407272,
0.58408522605896,
0.18123739957809448,
-0.8721008896827698,
-0.09321045130491257,
0.059814441949129105,
0.5628917813301086,
1.0615532398223877,
0.5084714293479919,
-0.06023607775568962,
-0.16889090836048126,
0.3879605829715729,
0.6944324970245361,
0.11535216867923737,
-0.1583160161972046,
0.5008154511451721,
-0.27259019017219543,
0.8057184815406799,
-0.07163099199533463,
0.2673929035663605,
-0.0498669259250164,
-0.44379380345344543,
0.029636209830641747,
0.1286652684211731,
0.4520474374294281,
0.55185866355896,
-0.4472367763519287,
-0.16543495655059814,
-0.10542639344930649,
-0.14305253326892853,
-0.15773539245128632,
-0.5105751752853394,
0.08446066826581955,
-0.5930848121643066,
0.09516069293022156,
0.5577011108398438,
0.2836296856403351,
0.3126812279224396,
0.47007566690444946,
0.031799059361219406,
-0.6177858710289001,
-0.10070150345563889,
0.5799261927604675,
0.1876349300146103,
0.2429703176021576,
0.1938757300376892,
-0.3449805974960327,
0.4282134473323822,
1.0326039791107178,
-0.2178288996219635,
0.268045574426651,
0.21806038916110992,
0.6270061731338501,
0.02210310660302639,
0.3058023750782013,
0.524867594242096,
-0.4471796751022339,
0.21576039493083954,
1.2915880680084229,
-0.6039556264877319,
0.07672391831874847,
-0.28637054562568665,
1.1831618547439575,
0.192078098654747,
0.11503420025110245,
-0.3325701653957367,
-0.8274382948875427,
0.5095662474632263,
0.4089348316192627,
0.0635555163025856,
-0.10707539319992065,
0.5020046830177307,
0.3562094271183014,
0.2280975729227066,
0.21476362645626068,
-0.20434100925922394,
0.39710861444473267,
-0.7797966003417969,
0.4598928391933441,
-0.46994420886039734,
0.3177383542060852,
0.18193303048610687,
-0.4173537492752075,
0.3568817377090454,
-0.6355211138725281,
-0.02021130360662937,
0.17460854351520538,
-0.6400941610336304,
0.22881917655467987,
-0.2564771771430969,
-0.05013176053762436,
0.03325614705681801,
0.007498613558709621,
-0.26437729597091675,
0.1956927329301834,
0.33876702189445496,
0.5235843062400818,
-0.911935567855835,
-0.15182995796203613,
0.35054442286491394,
-0.23257164657115936,
-0.566876232624054,
-0.5085861086845398,
-0.029784880578517914,
0.13045760989189148,
-0.5192470550537109,
0.4498809576034546,
-0.04598057270050049,
0.11611839383840561,
-0.11780224740505219,
0.3810136020183563,
1.0219272375106812,
-0.4980061948299408,
-0.08680323511362076,
-0.1292741894721985,
0.07426323741674423,
0.6281020641326904,
0.04460076242685318,
0.01871381886303425,
-0.6510289907455444,
-0.4130065441131592,
-0.6753070950508118,
-0.10214304178953171,
-0.48950308561325073,
0.9405117630958557,
-0.8154488801956177,
-0.2918587923049927,
0.49670347571372986,
-1.0693883895874023,
0.3299882709980011,
0.31284040212631226,
0.5611128211021423,
-0.6607590913772583,
-0.0335346944630146,
-0.5638539791107178,
-1.160799264907837,
0.6718682646751404,
0.3623923063278198,
0.6211138963699341,
-0.06517188996076584,
-0.09399005025625229,
-0.23980525135993958,
-0.2745133936405182,
0.48874640464782715,
0.4200400114059448,
0.35440361499786377,
-0.2554563879966736,
0.2858778238296509,
0.08679475635290146,
0.3896739184856415,
0.49994543194770813,
-0.7619917392730713,
-0.6180971264839172,
-0.7743924856185913,
0.07889604568481445,
0.3288199007511139,
0.6010575294494629,
-0.6502136588096619,
-0.2225521355867386,
0.48650991916656494,
0.8531922698020935,
0.19128037989139557,
-0.532149612903595,
0.0643434152007103,
-1.3690294027328491,
-0.041876230388879776,
0.16175810992717743,
1.1807003021240234,
-0.6237064003944397,
-0.08903949707746506,
-0.07197919487953186,
-1.0001221895217896,
0.9191582202911377,
0.24141956865787506,
0.039830226451158524,
0.2213236689567566,
-0.1515379101037979,
0.09960821270942688,
0.18959085643291473,
0.8442865014076233,
-0.30708661675453186,
0.5038028359413147,
0.17829540371894836,
-0.7262597680091858,
0.23881570994853973,
-0.07300347089767456,
-0.4773946702480316,
0.4657006561756134,
-0.42901894450187683,
-0.053744759410619736,
-0.5726373791694641,
-0.3892911374568939,
-0.29632726311683655,
-0.7615369558334351,
-4.214420795440674,
0.7188058495521545,
-0.2740403115749359,
-0.2029462456703186,
0.8126617670059204,
-0.20835788547992706,
-0.19747859239578247,
-0.32070547342300415,
-0.6667152643203735,
0.6794779300689697,
0.3514389395713806,
-1.132164478302002,
0.006857701577246189,
0.33049944043159485,
0.6763374209403992,
0.08248912543058395,
0.6188861131668091,
-0.7166000604629517,
0.49295729398727417,
0.1671058088541031,
-0.7752404808998108,
0.03489162400364876,
-0.15240506827831268,
-0.16014300286769867,
1.0545051097869873,
0.42512038350105286,
-0.3396264910697937,
-0.04108050465583801,
-0.5782528519630432,
0.36134472489356995,
0.3722902536392212,
0.1811516135931015,
-0.5917847156524658,
0.256695419549942,
-0.10713908821344376,
-0.16392426192760468,
-0.06865862756967545,
-0.49033406376838684,
0.7234867215156555,
-1.2632559537887573,
0.6191807389259338,
1.1377928256988525,
-1.2017215490341187,
-0.6258916258811951,
0.46763718128204346,
-0.48797929286956787,
-0.6102091073989868,
0.11781896650791168,
0.2869086265563965,
0.8811798691749573,
0.41594022512435913,
-0.14036275446414948,
0.7421579957008362,
0.02458205632865429,
0.29065701365470886,
-0.4071796238422394,
0.5860088467597961,
-0.04186878725886345,
0.029863733798265457,
0.13129588961601257,
0.2773195505142212,
-0.650848925113678,
0.11696774512529373,
0.15958766639232635,
0.08027768135070801,
-0.6798039078712463,
0.2334294468164444,
0.03614259138703346,
0.4750794768333435,
0.0408858060836792,
-0.04369312524795532,
-0.005429504439234734,
0.44425517320632935,
-0.49124473333358765,
0.13494548201560974,
-0.8825564980506897,
-0.6162334084510803,
-0.11558172106742859,
-0.14499659836292267,
-0.45106974244117737,
0.28245991468429565,
-0.3614364266395569,
0.7143002152442932,
1.135168433189392,
0.596566915512085,
-0.5258596539497375,
-0.3068152070045471,
0.019409244880080223,
-0.6762629151344299,
-0.7842904925346375,
0.6723535656929016,
-0.41073381900787354,
0.43535512685775757,
-0.3125571608543396,
-0.028244735673069954,
0.215605229139328,
0.5620294213294983,
0.23245841264724731,
-0.1443185657262802,
-0.36014002561569214,
0.44887620210647583,
-0.3537181615829468,
-0.3599850535392761,
-0.5453883409500122,
-0.38168013095855713,
0.049665890634059906,
-0.2948797047138214,
0.35140612721443176,
1.1757322549819946,
-0.5785105228424072,
-0.36146390438079834,
-0.19447699189186096,
-0.3236994445323944,
-0.4609159529209137,
0.235813170671463,
-0.43145182728767395,
-0.23788988590240479,
0.6699411869049072,
0.38293391466140747,
0.31288865208625793,
0.4508502185344696,
0.18655210733413696,
-0.1833399534225464,
-0.2891141176223755,
-0.5777643322944641,
-0.38810306787490845,
0.5651215314865112,
-0.12109947204589844,
-0.7583678960800171,
0.6016318202018738,
-0.47485631704330444,
-0.1850031167268753,
-1.1716725826263428,
-0.2691814601421356,
-0.04017842188477516,
0.07439158111810684,
-0.6675406694412231,
-1.231198787689209,
-0.5547084808349609,
0.5434917211532593,
0.4289180636405945,
0.06743050366640091,
-0.5709328055381775,
-0.08225490152835846,
-0.46625906229019165,
-0.2576555609703064,
1.059788465499878,
0.17745724320411682,
-1.2938106060028076,
0.24526287615299225,
-0.02537769451737404,
-0.3459104299545288,
-0.49028247594833374,
-0.5555846095085144,
0.4352266788482666,
-0.23841403424739838,
0.12936809659004211,
0.07780218124389648,
0.35386791825294495,
-0.2984538674354553,
0.5485594272613525,
0.42169779539108276,
-0.6484241485595703,
0.34650295972824097,
-0.22236241400241852,
-0.5209119319915771,
-0.16260482370853424,
0.1303119957447052,
-1.1455897092819214,
0.49260154366493225,
0.5969180464744568,
-0.2577359080314636,
-0.39087700843811035,
-0.4265468418598175,
0.25830817222595215,
0.1216517835855484,
-0.12056001275777817,
0.8190092444419861,
0.28080514073371887,
0.012853302992880344,
0.12839625775814056,
0.1439848393201828,
-1.1819627285003662,
-0.6746699213981628,
0.3820980191230774,
-0.5783057808876038,
-0.004656287841498852,
-0.7073922157287598,
-0.23851706087589264,
-0.44371363520622253,
0.15568937361240387,
-0.037384744733572006,
0.5627620816230774,
0.3126722574234009,
-0.2281186729669571,
-1.014790654182434,
0.6219466328620911,
-0.037201788276433945,
-0.8448028564453125,
-0.4532514810562134,
0.5775150060653687,
0.8430047631263733,
-0.997600257396698,
0.31979459524154663,
0.48477816581726074,
-1.1287879943847656,
0.3592642843723297,
0.4766933023929596,
-0.7209817171096802,
1.3196024894714355,
0.022107817232608795,
-0.5453467965126038,
0.7575634717941284,
-0.17320114374160767,
-0.2838672697544098,
-0.21386641263961792,
0.4573887288570404,
0.14047911763191223,
-0.1529127061367035,
-0.08697474002838135,
-0.7977668642997742,
0.3498821258544922,
0.3113537132740021,
-0.6841933727264404,
-1.1405503749847412,
-0.27841734886169434,
0.5948724150657654,
0.23463930189609528,
0.2606697976589203,
-0.9807716608047485,
-0.03153334930539131,
-0.3182533085346222,
0.5568410158157349,
0.10441683977842331,
0.5525823831558228,
0.2613632082939148,
-0.21958114206790924,
-0.45861947536468506,
0.4131529629230499,
0.17549286782741547,
0.45116886496543884,
0.9348687529563904,
0.10614114254713058,
-0.41272464394569397,
-0.43855559825897217,
-0.010103008709847927,
1.1409443616867065,
-0.3559761643409729,
-1.1487996578216553,
0.7850028276443481,
0.7789729833602905,
-0.19775892794132233,
-1.1711856126785278,
0.06037544086575508,
1.0334981679916382,
-0.15230806171894073,
-0.16807971894741058,
0.6852980852127075,
0.20353296399116516,
-0.18754488229751587,
0.19956932961940765,
-0.24461621046066284,
0.04170840606093407,
-0.23853828012943268,
0.4438166916370392,
-1.0060733556747437,
-0.1642858237028122,
-0.06786225736141205,
-0.0325692780315876,
-0.6899003982543945,
-0.536806583404541,
-0.27649378776550293,
-0.2232944369316101,
0.16869202256202698,
-0.38101643323898315,
-0.019685689359903336,
-0.17414018511772156,
-1.0903884172439575,
-0.03781770542263985,
0.21587921679019928,
-0.30083146691322327,
-0.23340468108654022,
-0.06790103763341904,
-0.13629841804504395,
0.25445836782455444,
-0.9522001147270203,
-0.038517631590366364,
-0.2262234091758728,
-0.588850736618042,
-0.04148757457733154,
-0.5423216819763184,
-0.04165836051106453,
-0.442476749420166,
-0.49210241436958313,
-0.22131472826004028,
0.5934513807296753,
0.06808667629957199,
1.0742056369781494,
0.24930274486541748,
0.3555918335914612,
-0.830096960067749,
0.8282458186149597,
0.3674008846282959,
-0.7485716938972473,
0.4622838795185089,
0.07738599181175232,
-0.9476875066757202,
-0.2880566716194153,
0.4197157621383667,
-0.10215261578559875,
0.08171580731868744,
-0.2203347384929657,
0.35035285353660583,
1.2033162117004395,
-0.2753139138221741,
-0.32884475588798523,
0.9043175578117371,
-0.5726972222328186,
-0.6048977375030518,
0.47891947627067566,
-0.00380594446323812,
-0.3323855400085449,
1.024141788482666,
0.6055979132652283,
-0.39993980526924133,
1.6348485946655273,
-0.39685842394828796,
0.28953972458839417,
-0.41308969259262085,
-0.11422227323055267,
0.09750477969646454,
-0.6511909365653992,
-0.5432496666908264,
0.39676693081855774,
-0.15632419288158417,
-0.29360878467559814,
-0.6228348016738892,
-0.22302578389644623,
-0.7026618719100952,
0.06197261065244675,
0.3300260901451111,
0.3884742259979248,
0.4437207877635956,
-0.23713646829128265,
0.11769232898950577,
0.1944185048341751,
0.30310434103012085,
0.10964105278253555,
0.7294691801071167,
-0.6195061802864075,
0.6809554100036621,
0.1395525187253952,
0.2328142672777176,
-0.32223451137542725,
-0.5179839730262756,
-0.45143112540245056,
0.5692041516304016,
0.016581976786255836,
-0.7126532196998596,
-0.16342836618423462,
0.26992011070251465,
-0.7711670994758606,
0.5896373987197876,
-0.5145685076713562,
0.04320972040295601,
-0.4399668276309967,
0.53537917137146,
0.03855453431606293,
-0.4601588249206543,
0.9640244245529175,
0.20784884691238403,
0.8758965730667114,
0.11145184189081192,
0.146244078874588,
0.17302453517913818,
0.5366759896278381,
0.39350539445877075,
0.47592607140541077,
-0.052877821028232574,
0.265267938375473,
-0.6484605669975281,
0.24243922531604767,
-0.4750271439552307,
-0.20117777585983276,
-0.48234719038009644,
0.20371003448963165,
0.25069159269332886,
-0.086774542927742,
-0.24810774624347687,
-0.9444730281829834,
0.006608856376260519,
0.15226438641548157,
-0.25871366262435913,
0.001111773308366537,
-0.15778464078903198,
-0.03062688373029232,
-0.276131272315979,
0.9160931706428528,
0.5373193621635437,
0.511785626411438,
0.16334928572177887,
0.5184674859046936,
-0.004041035659611225,
0.48781323432922363,
-0.1574714332818985,
0.18808554112911224,
-1.0483922958374023,
0.8895456194877625,
-1.2869070768356323,
0.7361501455307007,
0.4551658630371094,
0.6595777273178101,
-0.4370262920856476,
0.3235778510570526,
-0.6945021748542786,
-0.2487342208623886,
0.49967262148857117,
0.13516291975975037,
-0.7517505288124084,
-0.16514748334884644,
0.6930618286132812,
0.40364259481430054,
0.017588485032320023,
0.1304740160703659,
-0.347992867231369,
-0.5774129033088684,
0.35805395245552063,
-0.15871980786323547,
-0.7229354381561279,
0.44923436641693115,
-0.14836610853672028,
-0.9681909084320068,
0.14372530579566956,
0.17094646394252777,
-0.37952178716659546,
-0.06349800527095795,
-0.050988394767045975,
0.8616955280303955,
0.36250442266464233,
-0.4402497708797455,
-0.1430688053369522,
-0.45598292350769043,
0.32210102677345276,
0.6714247465133667,
-0.11604782938957214,
-0.0016647526063024998,
-0.440644770860672,
-0.19179275631904602,
-0.881454348564148,
0.8590018153190613,
-0.13185769319534302,
-0.6418740749359131,
0.2029406726360321,
-0.004786890931427479,
0.7589166164398193,
0.1651274561882019,
0.17455191910266876,
-0.6521032452583313,
0.24420034885406494,
0.10926724225282669
] |
256937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%20Locks%2C%20Connecticut | Windsor Locks, Connecticut | Windsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,613. It is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately 1/3 of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum.
Located beside the Connecticut River and equidistant from the densely populated cities of Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut, Windsor Locks is named for a set of canal locks that opened in 1829. Windsor Locks is situated just south of the first large falls in the Connecticut River, the Enfield Falls, which is the Head of navigation (the farthest point that seagoing vessels can reach) of the Connecticut River. The Enfield Falls Canal circumvents the Enfield Falls and its nearby shallows.
History
Originally part of Windsor, Windsor Locks broke off into its own settlement in 1854 after the thriving Enfield Locks going around Enfield Falls which opened in 1829. The Bradley International Airport opened as a military base in 1940, and opened to civilian use in 1947. In 1967 the town boundary was somewhat altered due to the opening of the Bradley Connector. The town boundary between Windsor Locks and Windsor changed several times and was altered with Windsor Locks being on the westbound side and the Windsor side on the eastbound side with the border on the median.
The 1965 Little League World Series winning team is from Windsor Locks.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.65%, is water.
Climate
Windsor Locks has a humid continental climate with hot and humid summer days to cold sometimes frigid winter nights. Average January temperature high is 36 °F (2.2 °C) and a low of 18 °F ( -7.8 °C) temps can reach zero degrees or below 4 nights a year. Summer in Windsor Locks can be hot with the average July temperature of 87 °F (30.6 °C) at daytime and 63 °F (17.2 °C) at nighttime. Temperatures at or above 90 can occur 15 to 25 days per year. The hottest temperature at Windsor Locks was 103 °F (39.4 °C) on July 22, 2011, and the coldest recorded temperature was -26 °F (-32 °C) on January 22, 1961. Average rainfall in Windsor Locks is 46.27 inches.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,043 people, 4,935 households, and 3,306 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,333.8 inhabitants per square mile (514.9/km). There were 5,101 housing units at an average density of 218.1 persons/km (565.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 92.47% White, 2.67% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.57% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 2.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,935 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $48,837, and the median income for a family was $59,054. Males had a median income of $41,179 versus $33,641 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,079. 4.4% of the population and 3.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.5% were under the age of 18 and 4.7% were 65 or older.
Economy
Until 2000, Windsor Locks was home to the oldest corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Dexter Corporation. Established in 1767 as C.H. Dexter and Sons, the company grew from a family-owned saw and grist mill and evolved into a multi-national producer of long fiber papers and chemical laminates. In its 233 years of operation, the company grew from manufacturing tissues, toilet paper, and tea bags to marketing more specialized products like medical garments and industrial finishes. Faced with a proposed buyout by International Specialty Products Incorporated in 2000, the Dexter Corporation separated its three divisions and sold them off to avoid a hostile takeover.
The Life Sciences division merged with Invitrogen Corporation. The Specialty Polymers division was sold in part to AkzoNobel, and the remaining businesses merged with Loctite Corporation. The third division, Dexter Nonwoven Materials, located on the company's original site in Windsor Locks, was sold to the Finnish Ahlstrom Paper Group. The physical plant continues to operate, with offices located nearby at 2 Elm Street. In 2011, the Home and Personal Nonwovens division of Ahlstrom Windsor Locks was sold to Suominen Corporation, also headquartered in Finland.
In 1952 Hamilton Standard opened its aircraft propeller plant in Windsor Locks. In 1999, Hamilton Standard merged with Sundstrand Corporation to become Hamilton Sundstrand, which is headquartered in Windsor Locks. Hamilton Sundstrand changed names to UTC Aerospace Systems before acquiring Rockwell Collins and forming Collins Aerospace in 2018.
On 19 September 2008, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston ceased operations at Windsor Locks and moved them to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
Education
Primary and secondary education falls under the oversight of Windsor Locks Public Schools. Windsor Locks contains five public schools for students in grades PreK3 to 12th grade and one transition academy for students age 18-21.
North Street Elementary School: PreK3- 2nd
South Street Elementary School: 3rd- 5th
Windsor Locks Middle School: 6th-8th
Windsor Locks High School (traditional): 9-12
Pine Meadow Academy (alternative, Big Picture Learning Affiliate School): 9-12
Rise Transition Academy: transition program from ages 18-21
Historical places
The following places in Windsor Locks are on the National Register of Historic Places.
David Pinney House and Barn — 58 West St. (added August 25, 1977)
Enfield Falls Canal — along Connecticut River from Windsor Locks north to Suffield CT at a location directly across the Connecticut River from Thompsonville (added May 22, 1976)
J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex —25 Canal Bank Rd. (added December 31, 2017)
Memorial Hall — Intersection of South Main and Elm streets (added July 2, 1987)
Windsor Locks Passenger Station — Main Street (added October 2, 1975)
Notable people
Ella Grasso - 83rd Governor of Connecticut
Kathryn Morris – American actress, best known for her lead role as Detective Lilly Rush in the CBS series Cold Case.
Henry Molaison (1926–2008) – American (world-famous) patient who suffered from life-threatening epilepsy and therefore got his medial temporal lobe surgically removed and as a tragic consequence of this life-saving treatment had lost his ability to remember things he recently had learned: his retentivity had gone lost.
John A. Chapman (1965–2002), USAF Combat Controller, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
See also
Bradley International Airport
Windsor Locks (Amtrak station)
New England Air Museum
FlightSimCon
References
Further reading
C.H. Dexter Company Records archived at University of Connecticut
External links
Town of Windsor Locks official website
WindsorLocksHistory.com – articles, books, videos and maps on the history of Windsor Locks
Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut
Connecticut populated places on the Connecticut River
Towns in Connecticut
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Greater Hartford | [
-0.5598594546318054,
0.5599117279052734,
-0.06534525007009506,
-0.30323266983032227,
0.7011947631835938,
0.49357056617736816,
0.7568684220314026,
0.41353702545166016,
-0.24149860441684723,
0.06225818023085594,
-0.32434433698654175,
0.10319316387176514,
0.0015985050704330206,
0.43063971400260925,
-1.0000479221343994,
0.2393137663602829,
-0.00959667656570673,
0.5808733701705933,
0.6259288191795349,
-0.5299617052078247,
0.3600429892539978,
-0.03589024394750595,
0.4284876585006714,
0.7891468405723572,
-0.16893205046653748,
-0.010897829197347164,
0.6597371101379395,
-0.112639881670475,
-0.2149241417646408,
-0.21204505860805511,
-0.5593128800392151,
0.03784047067165375,
-0.7013155221939087,
-0.9287179112434387,
0.5235130786895752,
-0.3674269914627075,
-0.25501593947410583,
-0.026051554828882217,
0.07086221128702164,
-0.6574375033378601,
-0.4757213294506073,
-0.16384656727313995,
-0.11017444729804993,
-0.1217888817191124,
-0.4236944019794464,
-0.48187047243118286,
-1.2200382947921753,
0.07824375480413437,
-0.874083399772644,
-1.0263254642486572,
-0.8296353816986084,
0.12609830498695374,
0.3720639646053314,
0.7673290967941284,
0.8182656764984131,
-0.05585508793592453,
-1.4609262943267822,
-0.301924467086792,
1.1209865808486938,
0.8574635982513428,
0.044025469571352005,
0.4353533983230591,
-0.31511685252189636,
0.0845613181591034,
0.003364452626556158,
-0.31237247586250305,
0.26557794213294983,
0.12585681676864624,
0.391889363527298,
-0.29583537578582764,
-0.20687545835971832,
0.391399085521698,
-0.17003202438354492,
-0.1665593534708023,
-0.5089302062988281,
0.7844853401184082,
-0.1404566615819931,
0.0610019825398922,
0.34635353088378906,
0.06770717352628708,
-0.008468885906040668,
-0.3534563183784485,
0.695803165435791,
-0.14703261852264404,
0.3836345374584198,
0.920533299446106,
-0.6982011795043945,
-0.2779061794281006,
-0.016409674659371376,
0.5499817728996277,
-0.9878856539726257,
-0.04800393432378769,
-0.4857128858566284,
0.5811446905136108,
-0.4293164908885956,
-0.1688006967306137,
0.023372573778033257,
0.5623226761817932,
0.04085415601730347,
0.7812830805778503,
-0.1718633472919464,
0.23018406331539154,
1.0683690309524536,
-0.4452163875102997,
-0.14945173263549805,
-0.40110674500465393,
-0.7955736517906189,
0.3738141357898712,
0.41740289330482483,
-0.05607479065656662,
0.006957055535167456,
0.06969244033098221,
0.7384983897209167,
-0.5938119888305664,
-0.23838944733142853,
0.711904764175415,
0.2214300036430359,
-0.664897620677948,
-0.18876983225345612,
0.010415219701826572,
0.178726464509964,
0.6620785593986511,
0.2723985016345978,
-0.1877160221338272,
0.1630857139825821,
0.25663796067237854,
0.5380954146385193,
0.41549497842788696,
-0.1774187982082367,
0.12720143795013428,
-0.7825292944908142,
0.8861294388771057,
-0.0914442166686058,
0.42439016699790955,
-0.23579606413841248,
-0.09929132461547852,
-0.10375520586967468,
0.5769733786582947,
0.8391573429107666,
0.12234143167734146,
-0.8951499462127686,
-0.4624597132205963,
0.13283151388168335,
0.005147652700543404,
-0.030730661004781723,
-0.3345586955547333,
-0.029845338314771652,
-0.2822306156158447,
0.16428972780704498,
0.6460252404212952,
0.34166771173477173,
0.291038453578949,
0.06894835829734802,
-0.2256179004907608,
-0.3228726387023926,
-0.07867109775543213,
0.9252859950065613,
0.17087174952030182,
-0.003490483621135354,
0.1085885688662529,
-0.3809391260147095,
0.5291623473167419,
0.5515568256378174,
0.18505536019802094,
0.11970994621515274,
0.09988020360469818,
0.614296555519104,
-0.4936376214027405,
0.39663222432136536,
0.5284999012947083,
-0.40101978182792664,
0.24234148859977722,
1.0367140769958496,
-0.6176882982254028,
0.18698297441005707,
-0.11073439568281174,
1.158108115196228,
0.14795483648777008,
0.2587251663208008,
-0.1824546903371811,
-0.5176490545272827,
0.6659245491027832,
0.5122965574264526,
0.09665463864803314,
-0.19425338506698608,
0.4289919435977936,
0.1733929067850113,
-0.0796031728386879,
-0.4619937837123871,
-0.09439650923013687,
0.40131187438964844,
0.12277378141880035,
0.3868659734725952,
-0.3377985954284668,
0.480050653219223,
0.06475277245044708,
-0.49251803755760193,
1.1499533653259277,
-0.5615208148956299,
0.5327244400978088,
0.06223098933696747,
-0.07909562438726425,
0.6227061748504639,
-0.3266278803348541,
-0.0629187524318695,
-0.008237629197537899,
0.20975932478904724,
-0.021589968353509903,
0.09269105643033981,
0.6138860583305359,
0.09050118178129196,
-1.1981178522109985,
-0.1283455491065979,
0.5927426218986511,
-0.3646300137042999,
-0.3740071952342987,
-0.499196857213974,
-0.32204902172088623,
0.12388136982917786,
-0.5884551405906677,
0.6749526262283325,
0.1449999213218689,
0.16515420377254486,
-0.298201322555542,
-0.007306422106921673,
1.0331566333770752,
-0.33665600419044495,
-0.09291868656873703,
-0.26863399147987366,
0.2375466227531433,
0.09339134395122528,
-0.03856424242258072,
-0.06667650490999222,
-0.273542195558548,
-0.29392391443252563,
-0.8287217020988464,
-0.11416009068489075,
-0.31039026379585266,
0.8445274829864502,
-0.36641889810562134,
-0.07819684594869614,
0.0471525602042675,
-0.9693848490715027,
0.08766283094882965,
0.5216715931892395,
0.39137446880340576,
-0.09975463151931763,
-0.054517775774002075,
-0.22620169818401337,
-0.8875033259391785,
0.3141368329524994,
0.1826966404914856,
1.0469400882720947,
0.3061264455318451,
0.8408425450325012,
-0.3282564878463745,
-0.342928946018219,
0.14472971856594086,
0.17231789231300354,
0.5842630863189697,
0.06364598125219345,
0.2752975523471832,
-0.007719407323747873,
-0.02199423685669899,
-0.014134282246232033,
-0.7196577191352844,
-0.12604239583015442,
-0.5733003616333008,
0.44344422221183777,
0.3962693214416504,
0.6326971054077148,
-0.7066434621810913,
-0.18220822513103485,
0.42693501710891724,
0.939988911151886,
0.3287839889526367,
-0.42955082654953003,
-0.12312689423561096,
-0.5919202566146851,
0.3589586019515991,
0.13403743505477905,
0.8889415264129639,
-1.0293461084365845,
-0.8356480598449707,
0.38652005791664124,
-0.4845944941043854,
0.7065341472625732,
-0.22420868277549744,
-0.24878008663654327,
0.11130194365978241,
0.016648853197693825,
-0.4683578908443451,
-0.02288741245865822,
0.7072606682777405,
0.020756686106324196,
0.3396245241165161,
-0.00475570373237133,
-0.5439280271530151,
-0.03974974900484085,
-0.06997901201248169,
-0.20121312141418457,
0.9025097489356995,
-0.13282270729541779,
-0.12061431258916855,
-0.08086355030536652,
-0.5840626955032349,
0.29818177223205566,
-0.4334038496017456,
-4.518103122711182,
0.5748317837715149,
-0.06386250257492065,
-0.16405203938484192,
0.0323387086391449,
-0.23098991811275482,
0.02485341764986515,
-0.2905500531196594,
-0.4714134931564331,
0.7017716765403748,
0.882443368434906,
-1.0274271965026855,
0.06470116972923279,
0.46081167459487915,
0.7111035585403442,
0.1061297282576561,
1.0303633213043213,
-0.5563811659812927,
0.5838950276374817,
0.5389338731765747,
-0.6109554171562195,
-0.2583205997943878,
-0.30154886841773987,
-0.654721736907959,
0.8703672289848328,
-0.004926137626171112,
-0.006567895878106356,
-0.3733483552932739,
-0.9119396209716797,
-0.047836292535066605,
-0.19084109365940094,
0.3832150399684906,
-0.2370717078447342,
-0.2924800515174866,
-0.021064182743430138,
-0.44997087121009827,
0.3126077651977539,
-0.3925567865371704,
1.1794830560684204,
-0.8248294591903687,
0.4813674986362457,
0.785124659538269,
-0.4416672885417938,
-0.31565073132514954,
0.8585183024406433,
-0.6262606382369995,
0.20020627975463867,
0.48663708567619324,
-0.07999525964260101,
0.5578194260597229,
0.7328370809555054,
-0.2058878391981125,
0.586578905582428,
0.15445929765701294,
0.6014798879623413,
-0.7217554450035095,
0.22816278040409088,
-0.24917399883270264,
-0.2585274279117584,
0.7315247058868408,
0.2530566453933716,
-0.7044625878334045,
-0.10976538807153702,
0.24694378674030304,
0.023630695417523384,
-0.8004665970802307,
0.1867358684539795,
0.1997414529323578,
0.20790502429008484,
0.32069310545921326,
0.02390999346971512,
-0.2119358479976654,
0.054896797984838486,
-0.6765486598014832,
0.09596487134695053,
-0.5795692801475525,
-0.6739377379417419,
-0.03955068811774254,
-0.2175435870885849,
-0.7499111294746399,
0.05176373943686485,
-0.037874966859817505,
0.41793355345726013,
0.88178551197052,
0.7949450016021729,
-0.34833595156669617,
-0.7199993133544922,
1.0680660009384155,
-0.7057659029960632,
-0.9129051566123962,
0.5532917976379395,
0.16998426616191864,
0.004585005342960358,
-0.22554850578308105,
-0.4205704629421234,
-0.42491453886032104,
0.26981332898139954,
0.012803778052330017,
0.4175872802734375,
-0.349449098110199,
0.2092318832874298,
-0.08232402801513672,
0.03012523055076599,
-0.479998916387558,
-0.3372887372970581,
-0.22998884320259094,
-0.3055136501789093,
0.6579927802085876,
1.0565125942230225,
-0.3187595307826996,
-1.2967559099197388,
-0.6219379901885986,
-0.21186086535453796,
-0.6219655871391296,
0.3513024151325226,
-0.6556685566902161,
-0.031480513513088226,
1.0287576913833618,
-0.008368325419723988,
0.4410795569419861,
-0.12265241891145706,
0.5212838649749756,
-0.11203767359256744,
-0.11385845392942429,
-0.5194515585899353,
-0.7348108887672424,
0.12493479251861572,
0.3708047866821289,
-1.0478533506393433,
0.32856467366218567,
-0.7878960967063904,
0.11059030890464783,
-0.45279228687286377,
0.010966557078063488,
-0.5593522787094116,
0.012614045292139053,
-0.537689745426178,
-1.3651732206344604,
-0.2624913454055786,
0.3293170928955078,
0.2667580842971802,
-0.0994153842329979,
-0.12452021986246109,
-0.0018687621923163533,
0.010466375388205051,
0.04078906774520874,
1.204947590827942,
-0.008621987886726856,
-1.2195241451263428,
0.47780075669288635,
-0.48938944935798645,
-0.6253676414489746,
-0.10007839649915695,
-0.5402374267578125,
0.7024359703063965,
-0.2234792411327362,
0.2627660930156708,
0.25926074385643005,
0.44802045822143555,
-0.06103426218032837,
0.6377657055854797,
0.18781650066375732,
-0.08665534108877182,
0.4732477068901062,
0.01253946591168642,
0.14896082878112793,
-0.5965515971183777,
0.05568971857428551,
-1.0829005241394043,
0.322770357131958,
0.3812147378921509,
-0.20126973092556,
-0.3872731328010559,
-0.43365487456321716,
0.21874761581420898,
0.24022740125656128,
-0.08745517581701279,
0.0040250131860375404,
0.037968989461660385,
-0.15876038372516632,
-0.007204974070191383,
-0.21995654702186584,
-0.7629398107528687,
-0.39530810713768005,
0.34952542185783386,
-0.22652703523635864,
0.039826516062021255,
-0.38066813349723816,
-0.025873413309454918,
-0.6226178407669067,
-0.35044556856155396,
-0.7498679757118225,
0.335622638463974,
-0.07147350907325745,
-0.15049134194850922,
-0.5778263807296753,
0.9971285462379456,
-0.1633959710597992,
-0.7308867573738098,
-0.24416685104370117,
0.2746339440345764,
0.46249547600746155,
-0.5999774932861328,
0.4673153758049011,
0.22525830566883087,
-1.118186354637146,
0.16197527945041656,
0.8394047617912292,
-0.32304707169532776,
1.411446213722229,
-0.06840283423662186,
-0.6279464960098267,
0.5255004167556763,
-0.010555037297308445,
-0.40222400426864624,
0.05410896986722946,
0.2185317724943161,
-0.1773267686367035,
-0.2541044056415558,
0.13100410997867584,
-0.6804789304733276,
0.21050392091274261,
0.2995416820049286,
-0.6972569823265076,
-0.8015757203102112,
-0.09058831632137299,
0.27255797386169434,
0.24688692390918732,
0.8715160489082336,
-0.9783832430839539,
-0.5378091931343079,
-0.03901388496160507,
0.31983211636543274,
0.06931508332490921,
0.4243483543395996,
0.1590772420167923,
-0.20737147331237793,
-0.6711451411247253,
0.15754449367523193,
0.26678311824798584,
0.42087361216545105,
0.8271159529685974,
0.26276466250419617,
-0.42470890283584595,
-0.5803183913230896,
0.11316648870706558,
0.855563759803772,
0.035728201270103455,
-1.2318614721298218,
0.7153330445289612,
0.3044077157974243,
-0.5566790103912354,
-1.25418221950531,
-0.027949657291173935,
1.0129023790359497,
-0.15963299572467804,
-0.05396813899278641,
0.8030806183815002,
-0.3692701458930969,
-0.020536696538329124,
-0.054018180817365646,
-0.3048314154148102,
0.22665628790855408,
-0.3466735780239105,
0.3362240791320801,
-0.6091371178627014,
-0.43549877405166626,
0.5542328357696533,
0.1384868025779724,
-0.6346503496170044,
-0.039506398141384125,
-0.6008203625679016,
0.305618554353714,
0.3224196135997772,
-0.49317657947540283,
0.1506715565919876,
0.08824485540390015,
-1.0293481349945068,
0.6086461544036865,
-0.07230503112077713,
-0.1387004852294922,
0.4629904329776764,
-0.5249173045158386,
-0.22397233545780182,
0.3236919045448303,
-0.542770504951477,
-0.01676008105278015,
0.25730806589126587,
-0.07647892087697983,
0.24762298166751862,
-0.899242103099823,
0.031254831701517105,
-0.20308277010917664,
0.0042106397449970245,
-0.3268751800060272,
0.5440434217453003,
-0.11655937135219574,
1.311301589012146,
0.5256868004798889,
0.45983952283859253,
-0.7491457462310791,
1.1141167879104614,
-0.2195972055196762,
-0.9320548176765442,
0.3952552080154419,
0.27147015929222107,
-1.0654464960098267,
-0.5147851705551147,
0.618632972240448,
0.2955619692802429,
-0.1939058154821396,
-0.3788207471370697,
0.4928878843784332,
0.9079053401947021,
-0.2790397107601166,
-0.20342014729976654,
1.1840622425079346,
-0.599410355091095,
-0.8011618852615356,
0.310031533241272,
-0.4389609396457672,
-0.09130233526229858,
0.597572386264801,
0.7126428484916687,
-0.17385447025299072,
1.136130452156067,
-0.2803584337234497,
-0.28622710704803467,
-0.31831178069114685,
0.3476102352142334,
0.005949640180915594,
-0.727770209312439,
-0.8375985026359558,
0.04274788871407509,
-0.8258443474769592,
-0.3016353249549866,
0.008380935527384281,
-0.39757978916168213,
-0.42361128330230713,
0.16378173232078552,
0.5464020371437073,
0.2574895918369293,
-0.13899287581443787,
0.04603022709488869,
-0.1675565242767334,
0.11633875966072083,
0.6236428022384644,
0.49115416407585144,
0.14636105298995972,
-0.0531480498611927,
0.5711718201637268,
-0.14838764071464539,
0.06593942642211914,
-0.7264484763145447,
0.08702816814184189,
-0.28174155950546265,
0.15461069345474243,
0.05216509848833084,
-0.40721583366394043,
-0.3159017264842987,
-0.30743101239204407,
-0.6859033703804016,
1.0780020952224731,
-0.4007110595703125,
-0.2532254457473755,
-0.3611546754837036,
0.6746512651443481,
0.6945466995239258,
-0.22727325558662415,
0.6351828575134277,
-0.1833239048719406,
0.8913139700889587,
-0.13992397487163544,
-0.18431320786476135,
0.1940428465604782,
0.469886839389801,
0.022611280903220177,
0.550840437412262,
-0.23517145216464996,
0.3705907166004181,
-0.5207302570343018,
-0.3653339743614197,
-0.4807926416397095,
-0.005014009773731232,
-0.3557680547237396,
-0.12894167006015778,
0.07127607613801956,
0.33936184644699097,
-0.36560824513435364,
-0.6022554636001587,
0.04492306709289551,
0.19163382053375244,
-0.12066133320331573,
0.34522926807403564,
-0.4487296938896179,
-0.2224712073802948,
-0.1389833241701126,
0.5670331120491028,
-0.16812998056411743,
0.4374203681945801,
0.3529403805732727,
0.6332967281341553,
-0.1690462827682495,
0.03747836500406265,
-0.039957717061042786,
0.5458287596702576,
-0.7851580381393433,
0.3934149444103241,
-1.2553746700286865,
0.40734630823135376,
0.13929997384548187,
0.6049776077270508,
-0.6344082951545715,
0.5442424416542053,
-0.8319617509841919,
0.09044788032770157,
0.5825380682945251,
-0.08986467868089676,
-0.7549454569816589,
-0.00025359957362525165,
0.3974417746067047,
0.2729812264442444,
-0.10857609659433365,
0.0696277916431427,
-0.26771196722984314,
-0.26894813776016235,
0.4934091567993164,
-0.36873507499694824,
-0.5343232154846191,
0.2785083055496216,
-0.2829022705554962,
-1.170423150062561,
0.26822537183761597,
0.7578590512275696,
-0.5784562826156616,
-0.22588643431663513,
0.09337661415338516,
0.866642415523529,
0.6942501068115234,
-0.5436169505119324,
-0.24927663803100586,
-0.11978032439947128,
0.23789255321025848,
0.6491705775260925,
0.30322030186653137,
-0.5357503294944763,
-0.8982717990875244,
-0.41447964310646057,
-0.5564723014831543,
0.45394355058670044,
-0.06091601029038429,
-0.4051111340522766,
0.2650867700576782,
-0.019162360578775406,
0.5484963655471802,
0.2829413115978241,
0.10165149718523026,
-1.0510053634643555,
-0.31140878796577454,
-0.04767691344022751
] |
256944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington%2C%20Connecticut | Torrington, Connecticut | Torrington is the most populated municipality and only city in Litchfield County, Connecticut and the Northwest Hills region. It is also the core city of Greater Torrington, one of the largest micropolitan areas in the United States. The city population was 35,515 according to the 2020 census. The city is located roughly west of Hartford, southwest of Springfield, Massachusetts, southeast of Albany, New York, northeast of New York City, and west of Boston, Massachusetts
Torrington is a former mill town, as are most other towns along the Naugatuck River Valley. Downtown Torrington is home to the Nutmeg Conservatory for the Arts, which trains ballet dancers and whose Company performs in the Warner Theatre, a 1,700-seat auditorium built in 1931 as a cinema by the Warner Brothers film studio. Downtown Torrington hosts the largest Lodge of Elks in New England. Elks Lodge #372 supports many community activities and events. Downtown Torrington also hosts KidsPlay, a children's museum which was founded in 2012 and expanded their location in 2015 after purchasing the adjacent building
Torrington has two radio stations, WAPJ 89.9 FM, operated by the non-profit Torrington Community Radio Foundation, and WSNG 610 AM, owned by Buckley Broadcasting.
Torrington has two daily newspapers. The Republican-American, which circulates a Litchfield County edition and has a bureau on Franklin Street, and The Register Citizen, which serves Torrington and Winsted, in addition to most of the Northwest Corner. Charlotte Hungerford Hospital has also developed into an important health care resource for the area. In 2008, Torrington was named by Bizjournals as the number one "Dreamtown" (micropolitan statistical area) out of ten in the United States to live in.
History
Torrington was first settled in 1735 by Ebenezer Lyman, Jr., of Durham, Connecticut. The downtown section of Torrington was known as Wolcottville, after the Wolcott family of Connecticut, which produced several governors between 1813 and 1881. Its early settlers resided on the hills west of the Naugatuck River where the first school, church, store, and tavern were constructed. Later, the eastern hill known as Torringford was settled, as it provided the best farmland. Torrington was given permission to organize a government and incorporate as a town in October 1740. The town is named after Torrington in Devon, England.
The fast moving waters of the Naugatuck River were used to power early nineteenth-century industries. Industrial growth skyrocketed when Frederick Wolcott constructed a woolen mill in 1813. The mill attracted a large workforce and created demands for goods, services, and housing.
Israel Coe and Erastus Hodges began the construction of two brass mills on the Naugatuck River in 1834. This event sparked the beginning of the brass industry in Torrington, which later would spread throughout the entire Naugatuck Valley. In 1849, the Naugatuck Valley railroad was completed, connecting Torrington with other population centers, ending its isolation, and stimulating further industrial growth. Soon, Torrington was producing a variety of metal products, including needles, brass, hardware, bicycles, and tacks. Torrington's growing industrial plants attracted English, Irish, and German immigrants throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Between 1880 and 1920, Torrington's population soared from 3,000 to 22,000 as immigration from southern and eastern Europe increased; most immigrants during this period were Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Italians. Torrington was chartered as a city in 1923.
In 1955, a massive flood destroyed much of the downtown area and other property in the region when Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane caused local rivers to overflow. Torrington is home to several state parks, one of which is the very popular Burr Pond State Park. In 1851, Milo Burr placed a dam across the confluence of several mountain streams impounding water for power. The tannery and three active sawmills erected downstream consumed the finest pines and oaks for miles around to meet the needs of lumber production. The clearings became homesites, and Connecticut's industrial leadership was further strengthened. Burr Pond was designated as a state park in 1949. The pond itself has several small inlets and islands. The shore is rocky and there are deep drop-offs in several places, but the pond only has a maximum depth of thirteen feet. Fish species present include largemouth bass, chain pickerel, black crappie, yellow perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and brown bullhead.
Gail Borden, discoverer of the process of milk preservation by evaporation and condensation, built the world's first condensed milk factory here, in 1856. The new milk product proved to be of great value, particularly to the Union Army during the Civil War. Fire destroyed the mill in 1877. A bronze tablet marks its site, just below the falls.
Torrington is the birthplace of abolitionist John Brown. The birthplace accidentally burned in 1918.
In the year 2000, the Torrington Historical Society acquired the property in merger with the John Brown Association. Plans are now being formulated to improve visitor services and to construct interpretive trails on the property.
Torrington Historical Society.
There was a 100-acre University of Connecticut regional campus in Torrington. It closed in May 2016 due to low enrollment In 2018 the site was sold to Five Points Arts Gallery for $375,000.
Downtown redevelopment
Torrington is planning to revitalize its downtown area in an effort to attract residents and visitors to the city's shopping and cultural opportunities. These redevelopment plans are still in discussion and are not yet completed. The City of Torrington will receive $500,000 for improvements and streetscape enhancements to Torrington's Main Street and downtown. The grant, which will flow through the state, will be designated for downtown improvements on the east side of Main Street and will include, among other enhancements, new sidewalks. A $750,000 grant for downtown improvements secured earlier in 2012 for the west side of Main Street will make similar improvements.
The following ideas have been discussed:
Coe Memorial Park restoration
The historic restoration and renovation to downtown Coe Memorial Park were completed in the beginning of 2004. The Coe Memorial Park Subcommittee and the City of Torrington, worked closely with Ferrero Hixon Associates, to restore the Park to a Victorian walking park, much as it was when it was first gifted to the Town in 1906. These renovations included new sidewalks and paths, and the relocation of memorials and monuments. In 2005, award-winning horticulturist, Gwenythe B. Harvey, owner of the firm The Garden Goddess, LLC, was hired to redefine, design and upgrade existing garden areas. Coe Memorial Park's Botanical Gardens has since become a well-known tourist destination.
Retail expansion
Torrington hopes to attract a wide variety of merchants into its downtown setting. Empty and abandoned buildings would be converted into a mix of retail, office, and residential space. A potential plan discusses the possibility of a national clothing retailer or bookstore chain constructing a location at the top of Water Street on the site of the Kelley Bus Company. This plan had come under fire by some because it involves the demolition of the former Torrington railroad station, which is considered by many to be historical. Despite this, the 113-year-old former Torrington railroad station was demolished, as a safety hazard, on January 4, 2011. The historical society was able to save a few pieces, including the ticket window and some of the terra-cotta ornaments from the outside of the building. A Big Y supermarket and a Lowe's Home Improvement store opened in the summer of 2009 on Winsted Road.
Accessibility
A parking garage is slated to be constructed in the heart of downtown on either Main Street or Water Street. The municipal parking lot next to the Torrington Library would also serve as a downtown parking area. Because the downtown redevelopment project emphasizes pedestrian access, brick sidewalks lined with trees, benches, and bike racks would be constructed along Main Street.
Roads and traffic
To relieve congestion, the city plans to convert the Main Street/Water Street/East Main Street downtown intersection into a "+" shape, rather than its current criticized setup. The city expects to convert Main Street into a one-way road with parking lining one side of the street. The neighboring Prospect Street would also be converted into a one-way road with traffic flowing in the opposite direction. Most of the roads are in medium to poor condition and filled with pot holes.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 40.4 square miles (104.6 km). Approximately 39.8 square miles (103.1 km) of it is land and 1.5 km (0.6 sq mi or 1.41%) of it is water.
The eastern and western sides of the city, at its borders, are at the tops of peaks, while the downtown and central sections of the city are in the Naugatuck River Valley. This provides some interesting views from the higher locations, with the city lights as a backdrop below. Due to the lack of suitable highways and bypass routes in an East–west direction, crossing the city requires driving down into the valley and back up the other side.
Principal communities
Burrville
Drakeville
Newfield
Torringford (part of which has been named the Torringford Street Historic District)
Downtown Torrington
West Torrington
Wrightville
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Torrington has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 35,202 people, 14,743 households, and 9,125 families residing in the city. The population density was 884.7 people per square mile (341.6/km). There were 16,147 housing units at an average density of 405.8 per square mile (156.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.03% White, 2.15% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 1.83% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.31% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.30% of the population.
There were 14,743 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $41,841, and the median income for a family was $54,375. Males had a median income of $37,702 versus $28,418 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,406.
Infrastructure
Main Street Marketplace
Main Street Marketplace (MSMP) was created in 2009 by founders Steve Criss, Rose Ponte, Jessica Hodorski and the 2009 ACT Commissioners. The original idea for MSMP was to create an event to bring families together downtown to support the local merchants. Since 2009, MSMP brings in about 3,000 visitors a night, has 40–45 exhibitors, 15–20 food vendors, non-profit exhibitors, and a variety of different types of performers every night.
It is a multi-week event that runs consecutively during the summer on a specified weeknight from 5 to 9 o'clock. Main Street is shut down and the marketplace extends from Water Street to Alvord Street.
Transportation
Three primary state highways meet in downtown Torrington: Route 8, Route 4, and Route 202. Other major roads include Route 183 and Route 272. The city is served by buses of the Northwestern Connecticut Transit District.
There is freight rail service extending up the Waterbury Branch to Torrington.
City financial report (2004)
The City of Torrington typically collects 100% of taxes owed through the use of private tax collectors.
The 2004 General Fund budgetary fund balance was $5.8 million. The city has bonded debt outstanding of $36.8 million for governmental activities and $4.2 million for business type (WPCA). All current outstanding bonded debt will be retired by the year 2021 (current estimate).
Torrington's bond rating is A1.
In 2004, total revenue was $88,444,157: Property Taxes (64.40%), Board of Education Grants (23.44%), Federal & State Grants (7.06%), General Government (3.67%), Public Safety (0.64%), Public Works (0.53%), Invest Income (0.26%), and Recreation (0.01%).
Total expenditures and encumbrances were $88,679,873: Board of Education (53.41%), Public Safety (12.97%), Pension & Miscellaneous (10.58%), Public Works (8.34%), Debt Services (7.69%), General Government (3.49%), Public Health & Social Services (1.99%), Operating Transfers Out (0.85%), Recreation (0.40%), Second Part Budget (0.29%).
Crime and law enforcement
The number of violent crimes recorded by the FBI in 2003 was 139. The number of homicides was 0. The violent crime rate was 3.9 per 1,000 people.
In 1984–1985 Torrington's Police Department was sued by Tracey Thurman, who was nearly killed in 1983 by her estranged husband Charles "Buck" Thurman. In Thurman v. City of Torrington (finalized 1985), the federal court levied a $2.3 million judgment against the city for refusing to enforce its previous restraining orders because the perpetrator was married to the victim. Thurman's abuse, attempted murder and lawsuit were later depicted in a 1989 made-for-TV movie A Cry for Help: The Tracey Thurman Story, starring Nancy McKeon.
In March 2013, Torrington received a degree of national notoriety for a statutory rape case involving three teen-aged boys accused of sexually assaulting two 13-year-old girls. Joan Toribio and Edgar Gonzalez, both 18, were among the accused. Both were popular high school football players, who claimed that the encounters were consensual. The third male, Dylan Rodriguez, underage himself. Several dozen Torrington High School students rallied around the accused and allegedly aggressively bullied the victims online. One of the victims was called a “hoe” on her Facebook page and blamed for "ruining the lives" of the accused. Despite receiving national criticism, Torrington High School students continued to use social media to support the defendants, posting online photos while diminishing the validity and severity of the victim's claims.
Sports teams/events
Baseball
A professional baseball team and two collegiate baseball teams have played their home games at Fuessenich Park.
The Torrington Titans played in the Futures Collegiate Baseball League of New England. They played their inaugural season in the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League, a collegiate summer baseball league. After leading the ACBL in attendance in 2010, the team was sold to the Carminucci Sports Group (CSG), which transferred their affiliation to the Futures League. CSG owns both the Brockton Rox of the professional Can-Am League, and fellow Futures League affiliate the Martha's Vineyard Sharks.
In 2009, an organization called Our Baseball Haven, introduced a unique concept and proposal through which a collegiate baseball team could once again call Torrington its home. The concept, called "crowdsourcing" was supported by some five hundred individuals and the Peekskill (NY) Robins of the Atlantic Collegiate Baseball League (ACBL) were moved to Torrington and their name changed to the Torrington Titans. The Titans capped their successful 2010 inaugural season by winning the Kaiser Division. The Titans did not return for the 2017 season
The Torrington Twisters were a member of the New England Collegiate Baseball League (NECBL) from 1997 to 2008. Torrington twice played host to the league All-Star Game (1998, 2008) and generally placed high in their division each season. The organization made an abrupt move to Massachusetts after 2008.
A professional baseball team once located in the city was known as the Torrington Braves, and were a member of the Colonial League. After just one season, 1950, they disbanded.
Running
The Torrington Road Race is a five-mile (8 km) run, which coincides with Donor's Week in August. Starting at Coe Memorial Park, the course extends to the farther reaches of the valley, including Riverside Avenue, Migeon Avenue, Prospect Street and others. The race, which started in 1972, primarily includes runners from around Connecticut and has also attracted some runners each year from Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and others. The record time for the race was 24:22 by Evance Rotich in 2008. Chris Chisholm holds the record for number of times winning the race with six (1984, 2002–03, 2013–15), and Anne Curi-Preisig holds the record for most first-place woman finishes with six (1990–91, 1993–96). Rosa Moriello is the only woman to finish as the overall winner of the race, with a time of 27:55 in 2012.
High school sports
Torrington High School typically offers football, soccer, volleyball, cross country, swimming, basketball, track, baseball, softball, tennis, and golf, as well as cheerleading and dance.
The Torrington High School Athletic Hall of Fame has elected more than 100 individuals since 1998.
In 2006, the Torrington High School Men's Basketball team captured their first Connecticut State Championship since 1944, beating rival high school Holy Cross of Waterbury.
On the National Register of Historic Places
Downtown Torrington Historic District—Roughly bounded by Church and Alvord Sts., Center Cemetery, Willow St., E. Main St., Litchfield St., and Prospect St. (added 1988)
Fyler-Hotchkiss Estate—192 Main St. (added 1987)
James Alldis House—355 Prospect St. (added 1982)
Migeon Avenue Historic District—Roughly along Migeon Ave. and parts of Forest St. (added 2002)
Paugnut Forest Administration Building—385 Burr Mountain Rd. (added 1986)
Skee's Diner—589 Main St. (added 2002)
South School—362 S. Main St. (added 1986)
Torringford Street Historic District—Torringford St. from Main St. N to W. Hill Rd. (added 1991)
Torrington Fire Department Headquarters—117 Water St. (added 1987)
Villa Friuli—58 High St. (added 1991)
Warner Theatre—68-82 Main St. (added 1984)
Warrenton Woolen Mill—839 Main St. (added 1987)
Water Street Historic District—Roughly along Water St., from Church St. to Prospect St. (added 2003)
Notable people
James Ashborn (1816–1876), came to Torrington from England as a young adult, was the first to file a patent for the capo.
John Brown, abolitionist (1800-1859), was born in Torrington.
Josiah Bunting III (1939–), author, educator, soldier and Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute.
W. G. Curtis (1857–1913), a homesteader and politician, lived in Torrington, Connecticut, and later founded and named the town of Torrington, Wyoming after his former residence.
Dick Ebersol, chairman of NBC Universal Sports, was born in Torrington.
Frank Fixaris (1934–2006), Maine sportscaster, was born in Torrington and grew up at 600 Prospect St.
Aline Huke Frink (1904–2000), mathematician, professor at Pennsylvania State University, born in Torrington
Ellen Maria Huntington Gates (1835 – 1920), hymn writer and poet
Horace Holley(1887–1960) prominent follower of the Bahai Faith was born in Torrington.
Samuel John Mills (1783–1818) Congregationalist missionary.
Lyman Cornelius Smith (1850–1910) an industrialist and founder of the L.C. Smith & Brothers Typewriter Company, which grew into the Smith-Corona Company, was born here.
Karl Swenson (1908–1978), actor, who died in Torrington.
Tracey Thurman, a victim of domestic violence that drew national attention in 1985.
Patricia Wald (1928-2019), first female judge of the Washington, D.C., circuit, was born and raised in Torrington.
Jordan Williams (1990-), basketball center for the Maryland Terrapins and the New Jersey Nets.
Jocko Willink, US Navy SEAL Lt. Commander, Author, Podcaster. Born in Torrington.
References
External links
Torrington City Government Website
Torrington Public School System
Northwest Connecticut Chamber of Commerce
Torrington Elks Lodge #372
Northwest Connecticut Arts Council
Northwest Connecticut Convention and Visitors Bureau
Catholic School System
UConn Torrington
Northwestern Connecticut Community College in adjacent Winsted
Oliver Wolcott Technical High School
Coe Memorial Park website
Torringford Volunteer Fire Department website
Torrington Firefighter's Union website
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Cities in the New York metropolitan area | [
-0.973173201084137,
0.5512967109680176,
0.07165636122226715,
-0.6292047500610352,
0.4166068434715271,
0.47261813282966614,
0.6631020903587341,
0.5345803499221802,
-0.3783397972583771,
-0.1927012801170349,
-0.6876473426818848,
0.24202580749988556,
0.02279946580529213,
0.6785847544670105,
-0.8816007971763611,
0.9279277324676514,
0.058891765773296356,
0.8606880307197571,
0.32277339696884155,
-0.27544304728507996,
0.07250373810529709,
-0.3622318208217621,
0.14906346797943115,
0.16221630573272705,
-0.2223624289035797,
0.33332207798957825,
0.750173032283783,
0.2179773598909378,
-0.29883334040641785,
0.2421170473098755,
-0.5506327748298645,
0.6922585964202881,
-0.5860239267349243,
-0.6251831650733948,
0.534085750579834,
-0.16920138895511627,
0.16560913622379303,
-0.01983742229640484,
-0.34372034668922424,
-0.6572105288505554,
-0.29449668526649475,
-0.02337992936372757,
0.19025105237960815,
0.03990605100989342,
-0.5073307156562805,
-0.21714016795158386,
-1.011535882949829,
0.4039870500564575,
-0.9014617204666138,
-0.5009391903877258,
-0.9698417782783508,
0.3142734169960022,
0.5855875611305237,
0.412447988986969,
1.0309441089630127,
-0.1419765204191208,
-0.9157276749610901,
0.16082695126533508,
1.0355606079101562,
0.8910915851593018,
-0.4060194194316864,
0.6095187664031982,
-0.48216262459754944,
-0.39044907689094543,
-0.42420586943626404,
0.3448781669139862,
-0.17932164669036865,
0.2438248097896576,
0.27890250086784363,
-0.5350319147109985,
-0.22661900520324707,
-0.09074001014232635,
-0.17643199861049652,
0.5752462148666382,
-0.11020307242870331,
0.9575971961021423,
0.3186478614807129,
-0.3780759572982788,
0.11942772567272186,
-0.07037629932165146,
0.08784563094377518,
-0.2438029646873474,
1.1124604940414429,
-0.2885282337665558,
0.7328055500984192,
-0.015240696258842945,
-0.4056490361690521,
0.20318369567394257,
0.0031594536267220974,
1.1349889039993286,
-0.08443239331245422,
-0.21176566183567047,
-0.27841076254844666,
0.4437173902988434,
-0.39836710691452026,
-0.44980689883232117,
0.13391217589378357,
0.19537733495235443,
-0.16205377876758575,
0.49691295623779297,
-0.33929190039634705,
1.1823968887329102,
1.2689818143844604,
-0.49241188168525696,
-0.40165606141090393,
-0.0561772882938385,
-0.5107274651527405,
0.19518379867076874,
0.20441944897174835,
-0.09693275392055511,
-0.40932416915893555,
0.14988979697227478,
0.5033892393112183,
-0.4261874258518219,
-0.2917483448982239,
0.5071754455566406,
0.01440894789993763,
-1.0466524362564087,
-0.18654261529445648,
-0.5322809219360352,
0.9615370631217957,
1.062567949295044,
0.2532299757003784,
-0.23181991279125214,
0.3102201223373413,
0.2963217496871948,
0.531659722328186,
0.1172209084033966,
0.0470142662525177,
0.6006296873092651,
-0.33945927023887634,
0.6683460474014282,
-0.15096737444400787,
0.33175191283226013,
0.16794568300247192,
-0.5454575419425964,
0.011742524802684784,
0.6081965565681458,
0.9936172962188721,
0.32167336344718933,
-0.8507981896400452,
0.11046656966209412,
-0.3855832815170288,
-0.3219344913959503,
0.2856253385543823,
-0.5594390034675598,
0.25447067618370056,
-0.5111482739448547,
-0.018361195921897888,
0.43410447239875793,
0.111781544983387,
0.3882119059562683,
-0.16987331211566925,
-0.5435393452644348,
-0.18942789733409882,
-0.1805132031440735,
0.8570550680160522,
0.09128684550523758,
0.4254227578639984,
0.2441416233778,
-0.0660557970404625,
0.31076332926750183,
0.85882967710495,
0.22921450436115265,
0.3593653738498688,
0.24153666198253632,
0.43839481472969055,
-0.33477848768234253,
0.4574885070323944,
0.24224165081977844,
-0.5810559391975403,
0.10329730063676834,
0.9520485401153564,
-0.8655136227607727,
0.032652806490659714,
-0.0112926559522748,
1.4238476753234863,
0.3304499685764313,
0.47047194838523865,
-0.5904034972190857,
-0.7024642825126648,
0.6611791253089905,
0.7793756723403931,
-0.12986190617084503,
-0.062131788581609726,
0.2521232068538666,
0.15260520577430725,
0.47525909543037415,
-0.10734744369983673,
-0.1090671643614769,
0.2017003446817398,
-0.5234255194664001,
0.823417067527771,
-0.25781843066215515,
0.2765510082244873,
0.52182936668396,
-0.6441752910614014,
0.8500507473945618,
-0.08436949551105499,
0.3839058578014374,
-0.2070740908384323,
-0.6771270632743835,
0.24591565132141113,
-0.0115080950781703,
-0.1295938938856125,
0.4036625027656555,
0.18658702075481415,
0.1188090369105339,
0.3574312627315521,
0.22172610461711884,
0.18943661451339722,
-1.1091351509094238,
-0.18176431953907013,
0.33481326699256897,
-0.5122485160827637,
-0.9419078230857849,
-0.3578956723213196,
-0.4479997754096985,
0.21642576158046722,
-0.7120919227600098,
0.6340009570121765,
0.13423195481300354,
-0.06313034892082214,
-0.41797757148742676,
0.21766243875026703,
0.8352798819541931,
-0.48761847615242004,
-0.042501553893089294,
-0.2010822892189026,
0.3487355411052704,
0.3053710460662842,
-0.10129950940608978,
-0.10357410460710526,
-0.5096043944358826,
-0.3314060568809509,
-0.7348799109458923,
0.09312654286623001,
-0.4690245985984802,
1.2034012079238892,
-0.17377321422100067,
-0.4685049057006836,
0.15793505311012268,
-1.0326201915740967,
0.4179092347621918,
-0.1156376376748085,
0.541756808757782,
-0.23550838232040405,
-0.09910587966442108,
-0.6003064513206482,
-0.6782771944999695,
-0.20686142146587372,
0.04929833859205246,
0.3571415841579437,
0.30886614322662354,
0.5969501733779907,
-0.10909992456436157,
-0.3881372809410095,
0.4015275537967682,
0.2868868112564087,
0.3983196020126343,
-0.6763421893119812,
0.2007560282945633,
-0.33578023314476013,
0.281373530626297,
-0.0627363845705986,
-0.6349206566810608,
-0.3693268597126007,
-0.694183886051178,
0.10150153189897537,
0.35481706261634827,
0.0968480184674263,
-0.762452244758606,
-0.14777310192584991,
0.08125215768814087,
0.7837401628494263,
0.32638728618621826,
-0.6203433275222778,
-0.28286415338516235,
-1.0490670204162598,
0.16052938997745514,
0.5317480564117432,
1.0488146543502808,
-0.3810139000415802,
-0.6215953230857849,
-0.33812496066093445,
-0.8578984141349792,
1.0860886573791504,
-0.30645444989204407,
-0.5775092840194702,
0.13298548758029938,
-0.27494221925735474,
-0.23516114056110382,
0.625340461730957,
0.9914606809616089,
-0.673448383808136,
0.45302513241767883,
0.23490653932094574,
-0.4070962369441986,
0.1006852239370346,
-0.2955705523490906,
-0.4685955345630646,
0.09183669090270996,
-0.24438367784023285,
-0.01377849280834198,
-0.3604241609573364,
-0.36944037675857544,
-0.03752277418971062,
-0.7067469954490662,
-4.454871654510498,
0.6306950449943542,
-0.5153568983078003,
-0.3932429850101471,
0.28151798248291016,
-0.20293967425823212,
0.1742815226316452,
-0.18158406019210815,
-0.5884753465652466,
0.7377587556838989,
0.5170342922210693,
-0.941379189491272,
0.06561541557312012,
0.7902473211288452,
0.7319101095199585,
0.03587977960705757,
1.094075083732605,
-0.28092867136001587,
0.6258953809738159,
0.16894030570983887,
-0.28063854575157166,
-0.2006489485502243,
-0.16450858116149902,
-0.29666537046432495,
0.8488187789916992,
0.7274043560028076,
-0.3350865840911865,
-0.08060072362422943,
-0.6746774315834045,
0.16990110278129578,
0.45959243178367615,
0.09540457278490067,
0.04162479564547539,
0.3694325387477875,
-0.044681355357170105,
-0.4774964153766632,
0.1027301698923111,
-0.39085653424263,
0.6460989713668823,
-1.2478374242782593,
0.41248998045921326,
0.90789395570755,
-0.4383074939250946,
-0.17994989454746246,
0.7648165225982666,
-0.5715975165367126,
-0.42206335067749023,
0.36851397156715393,
0.43287545442581177,
0.644503653049469,
0.7250843644142151,
-0.20219653844833374,
0.568925678730011,
0.22562597692012787,
0.07097500562667847,
-0.5421794652938843,
0.46142342686653137,
-0.10531628876924515,
-0.23458339273929596,
0.3759080469608307,
0.3700440227985382,
-0.29220181703567505,
-0.3821188807487488,
-0.1584094613790512,
0.014981186017394066,
-0.33167073130607605,
0.005083620082587004,
0.13571342825889587,
0.48411622643470764,
0.2983799874782562,
-0.12959319353103638,
-0.100925974547863,
-0.17461280524730682,
-0.5903875231742859,
0.379943311214447,
-1.0584112405776978,
-0.636955201625824,
-0.044995661824941635,
0.0960729569196701,
-0.32875677943229675,
-0.30952855944633484,
-0.07286358624696732,
0.3356874883174896,
0.9488130807876587,
0.20024535059928894,
-0.2369925081729889,
-0.24272674322128296,
0.3228608965873718,
-0.2615474462509155,
-0.9943453073501587,
0.8570425510406494,
-0.1314312219619751,
0.5907881855964661,
-0.14084206521511078,
-0.6645791530609131,
0.21910808980464935,
0.5171045064926147,
0.2095785290002823,
0.08727136254310608,
-0.06349314749240875,
0.4055335223674774,
-0.24629579484462738,
0.044211361557245255,
-0.27278077602386475,
-0.30247652530670166,
-0.018921898677945137,
-0.25033125281333923,
0.39753127098083496,
1.131674885749817,
-0.5092356204986572,
-0.4983482360839844,
-0.2715211808681488,
-0.2727697789669037,
-0.4042912423610687,
0.2480638176202774,
-0.4090173542499542,
-0.1879650205373764,
0.6943877339363098,
0.23244816064834595,
0.13582853972911835,
0.4014613628387451,
0.07287794351577759,
0.07519543915987015,
-0.06906655430793762,
-0.5125799179077148,
-0.3903276026248932,
0.20690816640853882,
0.3163944184780121,
-0.9490257501602173,
0.5375603437423706,
-0.43164220452308655,
-0.31474730372428894,
-0.5907333493232727,
-0.311298668384552,
-0.3950132727622986,
-0.06670833379030228,
-0.9259634613990784,
-0.886440098285675,
-0.2670723497867584,
0.46889036893844604,
0.8120467662811279,
0.13142916560173035,
-0.1740504652261734,
0.31287121772766113,
-0.4568673372268677,
-0.01889454387128353,
1.2123796939849854,
-0.11900628358125687,
-1.0196932554244995,
0.6870289444923401,
0.06518104672431946,
-0.3672062158584595,
-0.5570375323295593,
-0.5345588326454163,
0.26229873299598694,
-0.387704461812973,
-0.30981698632240295,
0.3843742907047272,
-0.07192552834749222,
0.09706442058086395,
0.15535958111286163,
-0.03734036162495613,
-0.2142259180545807,
0.33024388551712036,
-0.09395886212587357,
-0.6013244986534119,
-0.29685384035110474,
-0.12658369541168213,
-0.6684959530830383,
0.43888139724731445,
0.19987647235393524,
-0.0863056480884552,
-0.4235871136188507,
-0.3159736394882202,
0.34551626443862915,
-0.40162843465805054,
0.06652345508337021,
0.43125373125076294,
0.04566659405827522,
-0.31626564264297485,
0.10423769801855087,
-0.08425265550613403,
-0.87799072265625,
-0.20376554131507874,
0.4087755084037781,
-0.5888025760650635,
-0.480400025844574,
-0.42818623781204224,
0.05351928994059563,
-0.6160951256752014,
0.14276954531669617,
-0.2822084128856659,
0.5611836910247803,
0.027361007407307625,
-0.19388988614082336,
-0.6238661408424377,
0.9955959916114807,
0.14546573162078857,
-0.5601606369018555,
-0.5454505085945129,
0.3143334984779358,
0.6408620476722717,
-1.190818190574646,
0.44958022236824036,
0.15343448519706726,
-1.248917818069458,
0.8801060914993286,
0.518490195274353,
-0.7997127771377563,
1.0658196210861206,
-0.1864461451768875,
-0.5466890931129456,
1.0551528930664062,
0.3063758611679077,
-0.43041837215423584,
-0.45174744725227356,
0.19309748709201813,
-0.4925368130207062,
-0.16209733486175537,
-0.3780384659767151,
-0.3783624470233917,
-0.08836827427148819,
0.7255132794380188,
-0.5683166980743408,
-0.6736433506011963,
-0.22948183119297028,
0.6843101978302002,
-0.029655419290065765,
0.648851215839386,
-1.1957916021347046,
0.268117219209671,
-0.2453732192516327,
0.18494699895381927,
-0.1633988618850708,
0.5957115888595581,
0.41688501834869385,
-0.19269657135009766,
-0.8595884442329407,
0.4734165072441101,
0.49451062083244324,
0.45178836584091187,
1.2092820405960083,
0.10967204719781876,
-0.43419426679611206,
-0.48031479120254517,
0.12133996188640594,
0.795121431350708,
-0.6065553426742554,
-1.2723909616470337,
0.580485999584198,
0.46918806433677673,
-0.6151458024978638,
-1.2216296195983887,
-0.12281283736228943,
0.9304013848304749,
-0.37679681181907654,
-0.589512825012207,
0.34896764159202576,
-0.1833793818950653,
0.11747721582651138,
0.42724502086639404,
-0.21850018203258514,
0.2289235144853592,
0.032951682806015015,
0.3448884189128876,
-0.8206065893173218,
-0.1564919501543045,
-0.12808701395988464,
0.267522394657135,
-0.7917960286140442,
-0.35409414768218994,
-0.19361445307731628,
0.32099074125289917,
-0.26663830876350403,
-0.5362825393676758,
-0.02381761185824871,
0.13025593757629395,
-0.9571200609207153,
0.16894099116325378,
-0.44571560621261597,
-0.3554013967514038,
0.17284277081489563,
0.1685166358947754,
-0.25540634989738464,
0.15978573262691498,
-0.79166579246521,
-0.013040866702795029,
-0.3739732503890991,
-0.47584405541419983,
0.14456075429916382,
-0.3316675126552582,
-0.09126792103052139,
-0.2827533185482025,
-0.05221613869071007,
-0.2972329258918762,
0.7316904664039612,
0.2876070737838745,
0.5405452251434326,
-0.07826489955186844,
0.20119857788085938,
-1.00285005569458,
1.1676372289657593,
0.0906074047088623,
-1.1350553035736084,
0.6805724501609802,
-0.09429921954870224,
-0.7435007095336914,
-0.5484974384307861,
0.14605528116226196,
-0.16890226304531097,
0.3435225784778595,
0.1839974820613861,
0.19584627449512482,
1.3811120986938477,
-0.5017621517181396,
-0.15610289573669434,
0.7696495056152344,
-0.6678862571716309,
-0.40895208716392517,
0.3747670352458954,
-0.4290933907032013,
-0.5470657348632812,
0.7606281042098999,
0.826346218585968,
-0.027436815202236176,
1.6222376823425293,
-0.08233396708965302,
-0.1491280198097229,
0.0356217622756958,
0.0753997415304184,
0.07742926478385925,
-0.777678370475769,
-0.671802818775177,
0.03223864361643791,
-0.6488105654716492,
-0.4151489734649658,
-0.10053703933954239,
-0.49196264147758484,
-1.0941156148910522,
0.45892420411109924,
0.15438978374004364,
0.22093409299850464,
0.03727313503623009,
-0.07226039469242096,
0.12019967287778854,
0.16384579241275787,
0.5595254898071289,
0.3270816504955292,
0.3992396891117096,
-0.49770432710647583,
0.1784353405237198,
-0.14851628243923187,
0.3617449700832367,
-0.16319654881954193,
-0.5176763534545898,
-0.025766026228666306,
-0.10455039143562317,
-0.20701466500759125,
-0.7517790794372559,
0.023088833317160606,
-0.1309295892715454,
-0.6856145262718201,
0.8498651385307312,
-0.15584303438663483,
0.039234552532434464,
-0.8731350302696228,
0.8594375252723694,
0.032341886311769485,
-0.11496737599372864,
1.0019222497940063,
0.10132191330194473,
0.8800463080406189,
-0.17028693854808807,
0.16933584213256836,
0.22883594036102295,
0.40209904313087463,
0.39568454027175903,
0.6857011318206787,
-0.031238775700330734,
0.1228042021393776,
-0.8592316508293152,
-0.20155782997608185,
-0.11394714564085007,
-0.4979645013809204,
0.22128978371620178,
0.07370801270008087,
-0.09893135726451874,
0.09758524596691132,
-0.06273005902767181,
-0.24153968691825867,
0.241983562707901,
0.14323699474334717,
-0.3707515597343445,
0.23674219846725464,
-0.4983494281768799,
-0.19428570568561554,
-0.24171218276023865,
0.36342620849609375,
0.3755722939968109,
0.3492295742034912,
0.6677907705307007,
0.9231030344963074,
-0.08444607257843018,
0.3615967929363251,
-0.03331891447305679,
0.4480791687965393,
-0.4332950711250305,
0.2390056997537613,
-1.0501881837844849,
0.3991500437259674,
-0.05658052861690521,
0.6949246525764465,
-0.011025446467101574,
0.533473789691925,
-0.8474344611167908,
-0.716404139995575,
0.30273523926734924,
0.26877281069755554,
-0.5647976994514465,
-0.5794225931167603,
0.6585076451301575,
0.11681700497865677,
0.3931543529033661,
0.27436625957489014,
-0.2944112718105316,
-0.8894667625427246,
0.3798283040523529,
-0.1330791860818863,
-0.7213321924209595,
0.6229144930839539,
-0.07994833588600159,
-0.40214088559150696,
-0.361285001039505,
0.36866652965545654,
-0.29365161061286926,
0.19414536654949188,
-0.3559746742248535,
0.7572367787361145,
0.2309788465499878,
-0.3256179988384247,
-0.49797219038009644,
-0.1751701384782791,
-0.25857117772102356,
0.3334520161151886,
0.04615771397948265,
-0.18671150505542755,
-1.0333454608917236,
-0.48961400985717773,
-0.9195384383201599,
1.0652350187301636,
-0.005269703920930624,
-0.6235036849975586,
0.27594614028930664,
-0.007774404250085354,
0.22592665255069733,
-0.2503156065940857,
0.46281754970550537,
-0.2618902027606964,
0.3376431465148926,
0.44095200300216675
] |
256956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Haven%2C%20Connecticut | East Haven, Connecticut | East Haven is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 27,923. Located east of New Haven, it is part of the Greater New Haven area. East Haven is from Hartford, from New York City, from Providence, Rhode Island, and from Boston.
History
The Connecticut Colony granted the town petition for Township in May 1707 and colonists changed the name from Iron Works Village to East Haven. Some outstanding land issues with New Haven and a minor feud with Governor Gurdon Saltonstall resulted in the rescinding of the township status; the area was made a parish of New Haven.
New Haven and neighboring towns such as East Haven have been destinations for a new wave of immigrants since the late 20th century, the majority of whom in East Haven are Latinos from Ecuador. In the 2010 census, Hispanics and Latinos made up more than 10% of the town's population.
On August 9, 2013, a Rockwell International Turbo Commander 690B crashed on approach, hitting two houses in an East Haven residential neighborhood near the airport. The impact and the resulting fires destroyed both houses. The private plane had taken off from Teterboro Airport in New Jersey. The incident resulted in four deaths: the pilot of the plane; his passenger, the pilot's 17-year-old son; and two children in one of the houses. They were girls of 13 years and one year of age.
Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of ， of which of it is land and of it (8.57%) is water. East Haven also contains Stony Island, approximately from East Haven Town Beach in Long Island Sound.
The shape of East Haven on a map is taller than it is wide. It is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New Haven, on the north by North Haven, and on the east by Branford, Lake Saltonstall, and North Branford. East Haven shares with New Haven the land belonging to local Tweed New Haven Airport and Alling Memorial Golf Course.
Geology
During the Paleozoic Era, 450 to 250 million years ago, several tectonic plates collided to form the supercontinent called Pangaea. East Haven was located in the middle of this collision, and the results can be seen today with the schists, gneisses and granites which are exposed.
When Pangaea was broken up, during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, volcanic activity occurred, depositing basalt or trap rock. Earthquakes can still be felt in the area. In February 2001 the area was rocked by a 1.8 magnitude earthquake originating in Madison, Connecticut.
It is estimated that Connecticut was covered by glaciers at least two times. The last glacier is estimated to have been thick in the New Haven area. 22,000 years ago, the glacier moved south, eroding mountains and pushing through East Haven to deposit large amounts of glacial till to form Long Island. 14,000 years ago the glacier retreated and shaped the coastline, formed Long Island Sound and created Lake Saltonstall. It also deposited glacial till, soil, sand, rocks and boulders that the ice carried south from the north.
The coast is primarily covered by gneiss rock (including granite), schist and quartzite. The remaining sections are part of the Central Valley of Connecticut and are covered with clastic sedimentary rock (redbeds, conglomerate, sandstone, brownstone and shale). This soft surface has been resedimented by a number of floods, making the soil soft and fertile and ideal for farmland.
Brownstone, a sedimentary rock that erodes easily, was easily dug into by glaciers and carved out many lakes and valleys. The area surrounding Farms River and Lake Saltonstall on the East Haven and Branford border is an example of this. The brownstone that did not erode was used for building foundations and rock fences found throughout New England.
Deposits of basalt (lava flow) can be found in the north and northeast sections of East Haven. Several quarries can be found in this area. Traprock (basalt) is turned into crushed stone. It is primarily used in construction and in the bedding of roads. Sand and gravel from glacial till is the second most profitable quarried rock. They are used as fill, in concrete, leach fields or for road sand.
Animals and plants
When Pangaea was broken up, East Haven had forests. Dinosaurs, reptiles and mammals roamed the area. Dinosaur trackways like those found in Rocky Hill at Dinosaur State Park were recently found at a construction site near Lake Saltonstall. The tracks were made by Eubrontes. Fossils of Triassic period reptiles have been found in the area. Stegomus was covered with armor plates and looked similar to an armadillo.
Today, East Haven is mostly covered with broadleaf, hardwood trees. There are a few conifer (evergreen) forests, mostly around Lake Saltonstall. Salt marshes are located in areas around Long Island Sound.
Dinosaurs were long ago succeeded by deer, coyotes, squirrels, foxes, chipmunks and rabbits. Garter snakes can be found in the area. Pheasants, grouse, ducks and wild turkeys can be found in East Haven, as well as cardinals, blue jays, warblers, crows, sparrows, parrots, woodpeckers and sea gulls. Trout can be found in the fresh water lakes. Bluefish, bass, flounder, blackfish, sand sharks, eels, lobsters, crabs and clams can be found in Long Island Sound.
Communities
The residents of the town divide it into three large "sections" rather than smaller neighborhoods. These sections are:
Foxon
The area borders Branford and North Branford on the east, New Haven on the west to about Grannis Pond in the south, and surrounds State Route 80. This is the hilliest section of town. It counts among its landmarks the town high school, Foxon Park Beverage (a locally famous soda manufacturer), and Camp Murray, a Girl Scouts day camp. Grannis Pond used to host a YMCA camp until the land was sold and developed.
Momauguin
The area is located in the southern section of East Haven, from the Caroline Creek section of East Haven on the west to Branford on the east and starting at Short Beach Road in the north. This section includes the town beach, numerous condominiums, and summer cottages. The area near Tweed New Haven Airport has an industrial park that includes Town Fair Tire Centers Headquarters and Calabro Cheese Corporation.
"The Center"
The Center is not the geographical center of town but the hub of the administrative facilities. Landmarks include the Town Hall, Fire Department Headquarters, Hagaman Memorial Library, the "old" East Haven High School, and other administrative buildings. The old high school has been adapted for use by the East Haven Historical Society, and a teen center. The Police Department and Public Works Department reside on the "Center" – Foxon line.
The most recognizable landmark in East Haven is the Old Stone Church. Built in 1774, the steeple of the church stands out against the low horizon.
The Town Green is a park located at the eastern end of the central business district (two blocks east of the town hall) and is mostly covered by trees. Monuments are dedicated to honor war veterans and firefighters. The focal point of the green is the gazebo or bandstand. The Green is the site of the annual East Haven Fall Festival and summer concerts.
Margaret Tucker Park is considered the second East Haven Green, with its location across the street from Town Hall and the Old Stone Church. They have developed additional land to the park, along with a water fountain.
Included in this section is the "West End", which borders New Haven. Since the late 20th century, conditions have declined in this area of older housing. Efforts are underway to revitalize the area that most residents think have been overlooked with all the focus of the re-development efforts in the center of town.
The Senior Center is located one block from Town Hall. The town has a weekly Farmers' Market held at the Town Hall on Sundays. This market features fresh produce, flowers, baked goods and crafts. Some weeks feature fundraising for town institutions.
Climate
East Haven's climate is tempered by its location on Long Island Sound; it has a continental climate which is common in New England. Winters are usually milder, with less snow accumulation, than those found inland. In a normal winter East Haven averages 27 inches (68.58 cm) of snowfall. It is not unusual to have a dusting of snow by the coast and an inch of snowfall in the northern areas of East Haven. The town is vulnerable to Nor'easter weather systems that can drop heavy rain or snow in the region. The Blizzard of 1888 dropped about 40 inches of snow, while the Blizzard of 1978 dropped almost .
Summers are moderately warm and humid, though cooler than inland. Though rare, the region does experience high heat waves and some days. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year.
East Haven enjoys a fairly long growing season with the last frost occurring in mid April and the first frost occurring in mid October. On average, East Haven has 207 sunny days and 158 cloud or rainy days.
Severe weather does occur in East Haven. The area has been hit by several hurricanes, most recently in August 2011 when Hurricane Irene severely damaged numerous shore areas, destroying houses along Cosey Beach. In 1985, the eye of Hurricane Gloria came across state 22 west of East Haven. The area was without electricity, telephone and cable TV service for 7 days.
Tornadoes sometimes occur in Connecticut. Though the town was not directly affected, a tornado touched down in Hamden on July 10, 1989, away. On August 11, 2016 a tornado touched down in North Haven, away.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 29,257 people and 11,492 households residing in the town. The population density was 2,377.7 people per square mile (896.8/km).
The total gender makeup of the town is 13,956 (47.7%) male and 15,301 (52.3%) female. Age distribution of the estimated 2010 population of the town is as follows:
ages 0 to 4 years old – 1,463 (5%)
ages 5 to 17 years old – 5,647 (19.3%)
ages 18 to 64 years old – 12,259 (58.1%)
ages 65 and above – 5,149 (17.6%)
The racial makeup of the town is 82.6% White, followed by 10.3% Hispanic or Latino, 2.9% African American, 3.3% Asian, .7% from other races and 0.2% Native American.
The median age of a house is 40.0 years. The median house purchase price is $240,500.00 and median monthly rental is $1,200.00.
The town is primarily considered a Democratic town, though it has elected a Republican mayor in the last 6 of 7 elections. There are 15,925 registered voters in East Haven. 5,683 registered Democrats, 2,544 Republicans, 7,681 unaffiliated and 17 registered to minor parties.
The median income for a household in the town was $63,136. About 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line.
44% of the adult population (25 years and old) possess a high school diploma, 6% have associate degrees, and 19% have bachelor's degree or higher.
https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html
Geography
Quinnipiac River in East Haven, 1907]]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 39.9 square miles (103.3 km), of which 39.0 square miles (101.1 km) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.2 km), or 2.16%, is water.
The town of East Haven sits astride the Quinnipiac River in southeastern New Haven County. It is south of Northford and about north of New Haven. Towns bordering East Haven are Branford, North Branford New Haven, and North Haven. East Haven is traversed by U.S. Route 1, Interstate 95, and State Highways Route 100, Connecticut Route 142 and Route 80
East Haven has a labor force of 16,751. 15,128 are employed and 1,623 are not. East Haven has an unemployment rate of 9.7%. There are 527 work units in East Haven, employing 6,260 staff members.
There were 25 registered sex offenders living in East Haven as of December 2012.
Government
Town Government
Beginning in the late 1990s, Republican Joe Maturo, Jr. served as mayor for a decade, being repeatedly re-elected to the two-year terms, serving from 1997 to 2007. In 1998 he appointed Leonard Gallo as Police Chief, who served until January 2012.
Maturo was defeated on November 6, 2007 by Democratic challenger, April Capone Almon, by an apparent 21 votes. The slim margin of victory forced an automatic recount, and two were required. On November 14, 2007, Capone Almon was certified as the winner over Maturo by 25 votes. She was the first female mayor of East Haven and the youngest at age 32. She was re-elected in 2009, serving for two terms. After receiving a preliminary report in 2010 of a Department of Justice investigation of police department mistreatment of Latino residents, she put Police Chief Gallo on administrative leave pending completion of the investigation. That year a separate class action civil rights suit was filed on behalf of Latino residents against the city by Yale Law School’s Worker and Immigrant Rights Advocacy Clinic, naming 20 defendants, most with the police department.
Former mayor Joe Maturo had defeated incumbent mayor Almon on November 8, 2011, by an apparent 31 votes. The slim margin of victory forced an automatic recount. On November 12, 2011, Maturo was certified as the winner over Almon by 34 votes. By winning a sixth term, Maturo became the longest-serving mayor in the town's history. He reinstated Gallo. DOJ submitted its final report to the city in December 2011, detailing a pattern of harassment against Latinos. Four officers were arrested on January 24, 2010 under the Department of Justice criminal investigation, charged with harassing Latinos. Police Chief Gallo was allowed to resign in late January 2012. Two of the officers pleaded guilty in 2012, and two were convicted at trial in 2013, being sentenced in 2014 to varying terms in prison. In 2013, Maturo easily defeated Jack Stacey to earn a seventh term.
Joe Maturo retired after his term ended in 2019. 2019 election saw Democratic Candidate Joseph Carfora defeat Republican candidate Steve Tracey and Independent candidate Bonifacio Sioson, 3865 votes to 3169 and 292 respectively. Joseph Carafora was elected to a second term when he defeated Republican challenger Salvatore Maltese 4208 votes to 1866 votes.
Based on the separate 2010 class action civil rights suit, the city reached a settlement in June 2014 to pay $450,000 to the Latino class members and change immigration enforcement to clearly separate it from regular policing. The city "will no longer detain undocumented people for immigration authorities unless they have a judge-signed criminal warrant." The city admitted no wrongdoing.
The 2006 Mill Rate was 30.95. Total revenue in 2010 was $76,940,939.00 with total expenditures of $78,565,834.00. Total Indebtedness was $52,789,047. Moody's Bond rating (2009) for the town was Baa1.
Emergency services
Police Department
The East Haven Police Department employs over 50 uniformed officers. Since the late 20th century, the department has been the center of incidents related to racial harassment and profiling of minorities.
In 1997, an East Haven police officer, Sergeant Robert Flodquist, was accused of using excessive force in a police action which killed Malik Jones, an African-American suspect. Subsequently, state and federal prosecutors failed to find enough evidence for criminal charges against Flodquist. His shooting of Jones was ruled justified; Flodquist testified in the investigation that Jones tried to run him over. Police Chief Leonard Gallo, who had been hired in 1998 from New Haven by Mayor Joseph A. Maturo, Jr., appointed Flodquist as the department's public spokesman.
Neither the family nor civil rights activists were satisfied with the failure by the state and federal government to prosecute in the Jones case. Activists have used the case "to argue successfully for new state legislation aimed at limiting racial profiling" by local and state police departments.
The Jones family filed a civil suit in US District Court, saying that Malik Jones civil rights were violated and seeking damages. In July 2003 a federal jury ruled in their favor and awarded them $2.5 million in punitive damages. Because in such a case the city was not liable for punitive damages, another hearing was held to settle whether there should be compensatory damages; the award was reduced in October 2010 to $900,000. The East Haven city attorney said the town intended to appeal this decision.
Separately, in September 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) began investigating the East Haven Police for racial profiling and harassment of Latinos following the "unwarranted arrest" of Father Paul Manship, a Catholic priest who was trying to study complaints by Latino parishioners that they were victims of police discrimination. That year the police arrested Mayor April Capone Almon and her assistant for allegedly interfering with a ticketing action at the beach. The DOJ investigation later reported having found that records related to Capone Almon's arrest and that of Manship had been altered numerous times.
With civil and criminal investigations underway, DOJ issued a preliminary report to the city in 2010, saying that the police appeared to have a pattern of discrimination and harassment against Latinos. Mayor April Capone Almon put Police Chief Leonard Gallo (in office since 1998) on administrative leave until the investigation was concluded.
After Joseph A. Maturo, Jr. was elected as mayor in November 2011, he reinstated Gallo. On his first day, the police chief barred police commission members, who were investigating an officer about whom they had received complaints, from police headquarters and the parking lot without his permission. A few days later, the commission established a policy requiring its members be given free access to the police headquarters and any members of the department.
The Department of Justice submitted its "scathing" final report of the civil investigation to the city in December 2011, saying the police department had shown a pattern of discrimination against Latinos, and Gallo had "resisted efforts to root out problems." Its report concluded that "EHPD has engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination against Latinos, a violation of the Constitution and federal law."
On January 24, 2012, Sergeant John Miller and three officers were arrested by the FBI on a ten-count indictment, on charges of conspiracy, false arrest, and excessive force and obstruction of justice in connection with the investigation. A local businessman had complained to the mayor's office that the officers stopped his employees to check their documentation as they entered and left his place of business. Numerous other charges were detailed in the indictment. Numerous other complaints had been collected. Press reports indicated a suspicion among the investigators that the chief of the department, Leonard Gallo, was involved in obstructing justice and had tried to hinder the investigation.
Several other East Haven officers attended the arraignment to show support. Mayor Joseph Maturo and the police union also stood by the officers pending results of prosecution. The government asked that Officer Dennis Spaulding be barred from entering the town for fear he would intimidate possible witnesses; officer Zullo was also barred from the town until the cases were resolved. Police Chief Leonard Gallo was allowed to resign in late January 2012.
In September 2012, Miller pleaded guilty to having struck a handcuffed person. In October 2012, Officer Jason Zullo pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice under a deal that will require him to serve one or two years in jail. David Cari continued to fight the charges.
Maturo replaced police chief Gallo with Brent Larrabee, formerly the police chief of Stamford. On October 23, 2012, the Associated Press reported that the city had reached a settlement with the DOJ on its "claims that officers engaged in a pattern of discrimination and abuse toward Latinos." The settlement will require actions in seven major areas to improve conditions, including policy and training related to search and seizure, management and supervision of officers, civilian control and resolution of complaints, racial sensitivity training, community outreach and development of trust with all residents.
Convicted at trial in October 2013, on January 23, 2014, Officer Dennis Spaulding was sentenced to five years in prison. At his sentencing, he insisted he had done nothing wrong. Cari was also convicted at trial; in January 2014 he was sentenced to two and a half years in prison.
Crime
2016 is the last reported year. Statistics are published yearly by the FBI.
East Haven Fire Department
The East Haven Fire Department was established in 1900. It was started as an all volunteer fire department with one engine company. The town is covered by four fire stations:
Station 1 (Headquarters Center District)
Station 3 (Foxon)
Station 4 (Momauguin)
Station 6 (Short Beach Rd)
In total there are 3 active Engines, 1 Quint, 2 Squads, and 4 Rescues. There are both career and volunteer firefighters within the department.
Economy
Retail services dominate three stretches of roads in East Haven; Main Street and U.S. 1 in the center of town and State Route 80 in the Foxon Section. East Haven has two industrial parks on land adjacent to Tweed New Haven Airport which house many manufacturing and distribution companies.
There are approximately 527 companies that employ 6,260 employees in East Haven. The top five employers are Super Stop & Shop, Thermatool Corporation, Village at Mariners Point (healthcare), Laurel Woods (healthcare) and Talmadge Park Health Care.
East Haven Grand List (2008) was $2,968,044,077.00. Retail sales from 2007 was $296,138,827.00. East Haven Labor Force (those of working age) is 16,751 residents. 15,128 are employed while 1,623 of the employable residents are unemployed.
Calabro Cheese Corporation, founded in 1953, calls East Haven home. They specialize in producing ricotta, mozzarella, Parmesan, and Romano cheeses, and a line of select specialty cheeses. Calabro Cheese was the first Italian cheese company to develop fat-free ricotta cheese with no fat, no salt, and no preservatives added.
Foxon Park Beverages, Inc., founded over 80 years ago in nearby New Haven, is a family owned and operated business. Their bottled soda and dispensed syrups can be found in many of New Haven County's popular restaurants and delis. Foxon Park Soda with pizza has become a tradition for many people living in the area.
Town Fair Tires Corporate Headquarters.
Education
Schools
Education in the New Haven Colony was important. The colony had required that each parish provide a common school. Prior to 1700, the parish education was being provided by the Congregational Church. The town voted in 1706 to build the first public school. The school was located around what is now 260 Hemingway Avenue. In 1707 the town established a school board to oversee the education system. By 1728 East Haven had split their system into 4 school districts.
The first town high school was opened on September 28, 1936, in the "Center" of town. Prior to the building of the high school, students had to apply to local town high schools for acceptance into their school system. A new junior high school complex was built in 1957. In 1997, a new high school campus was built in the Foxon section of town.
Today the school system operates 9 schools. In 2014 there were 2,933 students enrolled in the East Haven Public School system, with 232 teachers for a student/teacher ratio of 13:1. The town's budget allocated for FY 2014 was $46,410,357.00. The cost per student was approximately $18,495.00 per student.
Adult Learning Center
Deer Run School enrolls 312 students and a student/teacher ratio of 14:1 in Grades K-2
Grove J Tuttle School enrolls 178 students and a student/teacher ratio of 12:1 in Grades 3–5
Momauguin School enrolls 147 students and a student/teacher ratio of 11:1 in Grades 3–5
Dominick H. Ferrara School enrolls 178 students and a student/teacher ratio of 13:1 in Grades 3–5
Overbrook School enrolls 183 students and a student/teacher ratio of 17:1 in Grades K-2
Joseph Melillo Middle School enrolls 582 students and a student/teacher ratio of 12:1 in Grades 6–8
East Haven Academy, located at Carbone School enrolls 265 students and a student/teacher ratio 13:1 in Grades 3–8
East Haven High School enrolls 880 students and a student/teacher ratio of 13:1 in Grades 9–12
St. Vincent de Paul School in East Haven closed in 2016. That year enrollment was 89.
Library
The East Haven Library was established in 1909. The library occupied several locations in the center of town before a gift from Isaac Hagaman allowed for a permanent building to be built. On September 22, 1928, the East Haven Library was opened. During the years of 1973 and 1974, the library added a two-story addition to the complex. Today the Hagaman Memorial Library, named to honor of Isaac Hagaman, holds approximately 65,290 books, 2,065 Audio Materials, 4,128 Video Materials and 90 serial subscriptions. The library has an extensive children's library, and facilities are available for community meetings.
Infrastructure
Health and medicine
East Haven does not have its own hospital; the area has several facilities within in New Haven: Yale-New Haven Hospital, a major teaching hospital affiliated with the Yale School of Medicine, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, and Yale-New Haven Psychiatric Hospital. A VA medical center is located in West Haven. An urgent care center is located in Foxon.
Transportation
East Haven is served by Tweed New Haven Regional Airport, which is located on the border between East Haven and New Haven.
Though East Haven does not have a train station, there are two stations within close driving distance. Union Station is located from the center of town in New Haven, and a commuter station is located an equal distance away in Branford. Both offer commuter railroad service to New York and to coastal Connecticut towns, and New Haven's Union Station has Amtrak train service to Boston and many other cities.
Interstate 95 runs from east to west through the central portion of East Haven. Interstate 91, which is located west of the town, connects with State Route 80 which passes through the town in Foxon, running east to west. State Route 100 connects Foxon with the town center, running north to south. U.S. 1 crosses the town through the "Center", paralleling Interstate 95.
The Connecticut Transit Bus Company, a state-run mass transportation system, serves the town.
Utilities
Water supply is provided by the Regional Water Authority. Lake Saltonstall, located on the border between East Haven and Branford, provides drinking water to the south section of East Haven and is a recreational facility for hiking and fishing. The northern section of town is served by Lake Guillard in North Branford. The New Haven Regional Water Pollution Control Authority is responsible for sewage-disposal services with facilities located in New Haven.
United Illuminating is the exclusive distributor of electric power to the town. Natural gas is distributed by the Southern Connecticut Gas Company with several sections being served by local propane distribution companies. AT&T is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Phone service is also available from various national wireless companies and the local cable television provider. Cable television is available from Comcast and AT&T. Satellite television is available from AT&T (Dish Network) and DirecTV.
People and culture
Media and newspapers
Newspapers: The town is served by one daily newspaper and two weekly newspapers. The New Haven Register is printed seven days a week. The East Haven Courier is the weekly paper.
Media: The town is served by ETV, a local public-access television cable TV channel on the Comcast system. A local ABC affiliate is in New Haven, WTNH TV Channel 8 and New Haven's IntrigueTV WTXX TV Channel 34. East Haven can receive 16 on-air television channels, 13 AM radio stations, and 20 FM radio stations.
Museums
East Haven Historical Society
The Shore Line Trolley Museum was founded in 1945 as the Branford Electric Railway Association (BERA). The Branford Electric Railway Association was founded to preserve the heritage of the trolley car, as well as artifacts and documents from the trolley era. The museum holds nearly one hundred trolley vehicles. The Shore Line Trolley Museum, just past the East Haven Green, operates the Branford Electric Railway, a National Historic Site. The railway is the oldest continuously operating suburban trolley line in the United States.
National Register of Historic Places
East Haven has three nationally registered historic sites:
East Haven Green Historic District (added April 11, 2002)
First Congregational Church of East Haven (added March 25, 1982)
The Shore Line Trolley Museum (added May 23, 2019)
Town events
Every fifth year the town hosts the Columbus Day Parade (which is shared between New Haven, West Haven, North Haven, and Hamden).
The town of East Haven sponsors a town-wide beach party to celebrate Independence Day.
The town also hosts the Fall Festival, which is patterned after a New England town fair.
Notable residents
Cy Bentley (1850–1872), Major League Baseball player for one season with the Middletown Mansfields, born in East Haven
Kori Gardner and Jason Edward Hammel of the pop music duo Mates of State
Henry Winkler, actor and director who played "The Fonz" on the hit show Happy Days, resided in the Momaugin area of East Haven while he attended the Yale School of Drama.
References
External links
Town of East Haven official website
Hagaman Memorial Library
Town of East Haven Photo Gallery
View a map of East Haven Historic sites
Towns in New Haven County, Connecticut
Towns in the New York metropolitan area
Towns in Connecticut
Populated coastal places in Connecticut | [
-0.9559005498886108,
0.36376914381980896,
-0.05094635859131813,
-0.5092377662658691,
0.6509583592414856,
0.336370050907135,
0.1575716733932495,
0.3518487513065338,
-0.4100519120693207,
-0.17317110300064087,
-0.570378839969635,
0.3891263008117676,
-0.0851241797208786,
0.4091661274433136,
-0.9248582124710083,
0.39507266879081726,
0.2594895660877228,
0.8177066445350647,
0.11178774386644363,
-0.38762354850769043,
-0.0465371273458004,
-0.012068912386894226,
0.21349380910396576,
0.7534451484680176,
-0.3242906332015991,
0.0361860916018486,
0.5207304954528809,
-0.2414921224117279,
-0.028894975781440735,
-0.3852108120918274,
-0.4273722469806671,
0.038472551852464676,
-0.4981364607810974,
-0.6746810674667358,
0.6601772904396057,
-0.7062654495239258,
-0.4012875258922577,
0.14277395606040955,
-0.08212853223085403,
-0.21016016602516174,
-0.8205090761184692,
0.2005011886358261,
0.23818644881248474,
0.23409424722194672,
-0.18347346782684326,
-0.09576018154621124,
-1.3552166223526,
0.06645593792200089,
-1.1917812824249268,
-0.4798519015312195,
-0.7176127433776855,
-0.1151551678776741,
0.48682329058647156,
0.47681736946105957,
0.561782956123352,
-0.19680628180503845,
-0.9484166502952576,
-0.15515200793743134,
1.1691550016403198,
0.5307726860046387,
-0.17846225202083588,
-0.07641803473234177,
-0.27266356348991394,
-0.13971494138240814,
0.02314513921737671,
-0.10762246698141098,
0.11089665442705154,
-0.03676430508494377,
0.25403526425361633,
-0.35860520601272583,
0.16813591122627258,
0.42273685336112976,
-0.7408359050750732,
0.2523418366909027,
-0.038095828145742416,
0.49132004380226135,
-0.20167094469070435,
-0.4838128983974457,
0.2316097915172577,
-0.045926280319690704,
-0.0003264728875365108,
-0.24119310081005096,
0.6059674620628357,
-0.09816710650920868,
0.35099881887435913,
0.37191042304039,
-0.6187852621078491,
-0.09940877556800842,
0.06168503686785698,
0.8774780035018921,
-0.5438158512115479,
-0.030894553288817406,
-0.33440399169921875,
0.6533840894699097,
-0.3395085334777832,
-0.3793582618236542,
0.5167608261108398,
0.2831701338291168,
-0.008266615681350231,
0.48785167932510376,
-0.463370144367218,
0.39029958844184875,
1.0455708503723145,
-0.3394313454627991,
-0.3910846412181854,
-0.13796395063400269,
-0.13485784828662872,
0.1565288007259369,
0.21420957148075104,
-0.393619567155838,
-0.5304041504859924,
0.30252718925476074,
0.2903093993663788,
-0.6167927384376526,
-0.6408184170722961,
0.2825557291507721,
0.3586834967136383,
-0.8659877181053162,
-0.4287985563278198,
-0.24298563599586487,
0.43832623958587646,
0.8817895650863647,
0.6566556096076965,
0.034570060670375824,
-0.07934966683387756,
0.19732002913951874,
0.4169202148914337,
0.25295111536979675,
-0.026235129684209824,
0.20066826045513153,
-0.6087244749069214,
0.26712486147880554,
-0.3645106256008148,
0.6794241070747375,
-0.12866470217704773,
-0.08520001173019409,
-0.012638302519917488,
0.4884192645549774,
0.9647915959358215,
0.2387372851371765,
-0.6293244361877441,
-0.024579452350735664,
-0.17730599641799927,
-0.16793577373027802,
-0.0072081913240253925,
-0.6180588006973267,
-0.17726999521255493,
-0.4427737891674042,
0.3755947947502136,
0.12516924738883972,
0.2505355477333069,
0.1869231015443802,
0.051596131175756454,
-0.30591249465942383,
-0.5499728322029114,
-0.16204951703548431,
0.77677321434021,
0.3819698989391327,
0.19707873463630676,
0.0861675813794136,
-0.1511404812335968,
0.5998888611793518,
0.758996307849884,
0.10007450729608536,
0.42520371079444885,
-0.016782736405730247,
0.41266822814941406,
-0.5602550506591797,
0.8535997271537781,
0.5378914475440979,
-0.8981309533119202,
0.1551883965730667,
1.156063199043274,
-0.4737246036529541,
-0.11361276358366013,
-0.24534808099269867,
0.6478841304779053,
0.08443760126829147,
-0.03517206013202667,
-0.32659029960632324,
-0.6290337443351746,
0.8216195106506348,
0.27490583062171936,
-0.379428505897522,
-0.29845863580703735,
0.6988987922668457,
-0.08557626605033875,
0.09641499072313309,
0.01775551214814186,
0.17255479097366333,
0.35894015431404114,
-0.3674589991569519,
0.3315591514110565,
-0.007970288395881653,
0.1775006800889969,
0.0627267137169838,
-0.46731024980545044,
0.57774418592453,
-0.7782890200614929,
0.13626529276371002,
-0.034441620111465454,
-0.520780622959137,
0.6026234030723572,
0.2214166224002838,
-0.05399401858448982,
0.4980813264846802,
0.11639844626188278,
-0.10592499375343323,
0.21241365373134613,
0.5995555520057678,
-0.08518289029598236,
-0.7845561504364014,
-0.11098769307136536,
0.38556838035583496,
-0.11728566884994507,
-0.5170289278030396,
-0.6697510480880737,
-0.3529127240180969,
-0.08760974556207657,
-0.2706478238105774,
0.705501139163971,
0.32665956020355225,
0.49756547808647156,
0.03698248416185379,
0.25289052724838257,
1.2018662691116333,
-0.17528410255908966,
0.14294451475143433,
-0.11651743948459625,
0.6608113646507263,
0.5182356834411621,
0.0005309437401592731,
-0.36270925402641296,
-0.6278581023216248,
-0.04084260016679764,
-0.6800806522369385,
0.3118439316749573,
-0.2680402994155884,
1.1611685752868652,
-0.5588722229003906,
-0.38013461232185364,
-0.11313018202781677,
-0.9937034845352173,
0.39736664295196533,
0.5063592195510864,
0.589181125164032,
-0.5187574028968811,
-0.10610119253396988,
-0.6462117433547974,
-0.4507850706577301,
-0.08293765038251877,
0.13086272776126862,
0.9943839311599731,
0.12270896136760712,
0.7427362203598022,
-0.14442189037799835,
-0.13791024684906006,
0.5499021410942078,
0.3727037012577057,
0.644118070602417,
-0.2978989779949188,
0.14674842357635498,
0.3860737383365631,
-0.008375551551580429,
0.3674620985984802,
-0.5026518106460571,
-0.2939685583114624,
-0.6794983148574829,
0.39091038703918457,
-0.004805212840437889,
0.5652115345001221,
-0.46761929988861084,
-0.17272067070007324,
-0.31029200553894043,
0.3575134575366974,
0.35678574442863464,
-0.4883640706539154,
-0.07563397288322449,
-0.6794600486755371,
-0.025893060490489006,
-0.18046222627162933,
1.1180939674377441,
-0.6013072729110718,
-0.17897102236747742,
0.800165057182312,
-0.4982922673225403,
1.0862988233566284,
-0.20779716968536377,
-0.49152788519859314,
0.2939903736114502,
-0.1206677183508873,
-0.04027393087744713,
0.2600120007991791,
0.8067949414253235,
0.02386419102549553,
0.4100644290447235,
0.3611227571964264,
-0.6389919519424438,
-0.18970324099063873,
-0.5597472786903381,
-0.21544498205184937,
0.3557353615760803,
-0.15789762139320374,
0.2178318202495575,
-0.5106186270713806,
-0.7405704855918884,
0.41118982434272766,
-0.6307255625724792,
-4.889474868774414,
0.7996171712875366,
-0.37572580575942993,
0.25821754336357117,
0.25758832693099976,
-0.24930356442928314,
-0.04551977664232254,
-0.3434821665287018,
-0.6833052635192871,
0.7131479978561401,
0.26698023080825806,
-0.9720789194107056,
0.007762228138744831,
0.7670920491218567,
0.3730877637863159,
-0.22941571474075317,
0.20081669092178345,
-0.39537298679351807,
0.4036407172679901,
0.36499276757240295,
-0.6211780309677124,
-0.2911101281642914,
-0.30242952704429626,
-0.28443488478660583,
0.7670974135398865,
-0.020880132913589478,
-0.14719794690608978,
-0.09268436580896378,
-0.241029754281044,
-0.0937824696302414,
0.16892336308956146,
0.6145561933517456,
-0.5029042959213257,
-0.3363591730594635,
0.5559465885162354,
-0.2501547038555145,
-0.03690813481807709,
-0.2580644190311432,
0.6591044068336487,
-0.868232250213623,
0.790467381477356,
1.179319977760315,
-0.5646764636039734,
-0.2388182431459427,
0.30382123589515686,
-0.42653727531433105,
0.07435955107212067,
0.23147274553775787,
-0.12029677629470825,
0.5295135378837585,
0.4702557623386383,
-0.19937534630298615,
1.015626072883606,
0.4380539655685425,
0.4902211129665375,
-0.5946967601776123,
-0.07040894031524658,
-0.10479643940925598,
0.09482621401548386,
0.7904296517372131,
0.3594983220100403,
-0.37423527240753174,
-0.1931903064250946,
0.05700388923287392,
-0.13798002898693085,
-0.31042516231536865,
0.38160261511802673,
-0.09633699059486389,
0.7270246744155884,
-0.0050440034829080105,
-0.3813712000846863,
-0.352364182472229,
0.04613730311393738,
-0.6877629160881042,
-0.2246888279914856,
-0.6199055314064026,
-0.6443082094192505,
-0.2199077308177948,
-0.1881980448961258,
-0.2831766903400421,
0.16980837285518646,
-0.22727443277835846,
0.5994278788566589,
1.0917274951934814,
0.4130116403102875,
-0.48777586221694946,
-0.42042768001556396,
0.6174261569976807,
-0.806782603263855,
-0.5983396172523499,
0.30897748470306396,
-0.15950505435466766,
0.12513454258441925,
-0.515602707862854,
-0.18657934665679932,
-0.15928398072719574,
0.3005957007408142,
-0.08907891064882278,
-0.20629377663135529,
-0.1799413561820984,
0.3023308217525482,
0.3240961730480194,
-0.19344398379325867,
-0.16141211986541748,
-0.5150673985481262,
-0.18330040574073792,
0.050031278282403946,
0.538279116153717,
0.8218607306480408,
-0.5846289992332458,
-0.6344624757766724,
-0.32547667622566223,
-0.19795124232769012,
-0.585666835308075,
0.7371485233306885,
-0.3328508138656616,
-0.023681720718741417,
0.5003494620323181,
0.07444160431623459,
-0.014494814909994602,
0.27185648679733276,
0.48772913217544556,
-0.1233694851398468,
-0.3078305423259735,
-0.42147552967071533,
-0.4878963232040405,
0.2055714726448059,
0.1365545690059662,
-0.7562689781188965,
0.8682288527488708,
-0.18710952997207642,
0.1878269463777542,
-0.7735663652420044,
-0.3586389124393463,
0.024070287123322487,
-0.13822664320468903,
-0.4487527906894684,
-1.2867456674575806,
-0.7955208420753479,
0.5724530220031738,
0.5105311274528503,
-0.13888667523860931,
-0.1178332045674324,
0.4077613353729248,
-0.49561160802841187,
-0.2004891335964203,
1.0305734872817993,
-0.11302453279495239,
-1.035508394241333,
0.4499478042125702,
-0.20483703911304474,
-0.334584504365921,
-0.29685190320014954,
-0.3362029194831848,
0.4920071065425873,
-0.11572948098182678,
0.04269935190677643,
-0.11026739329099655,
0.41941922903060913,
-0.024089878425002098,
0.6226308941841125,
0.21566782891750336,
-0.13040000200271606,
0.1351904422044754,
-0.28299039602279663,
-0.08802958577871323,
-0.5833410620689392,
0.10321314632892609,
-0.5764679908752441,
-0.03164922073483467,
0.3803861737251282,
-0.3606860041618347,
-0.3135046362876892,
-0.5761280655860901,
0.28610265254974365,
0.09322459250688553,
-0.011633551679551601,
0.5086196660995483,
-0.07081123441457748,
-0.4725927412509918,
0.2796202301979065,
0.12295012921094894,
-1.0711196660995483,
-0.41421589255332947,
0.7057997584342957,
-0.8536124229431152,
-0.1497543603181839,
-0.5210269689559937,
-0.1984625905752182,
-0.7170450687408447,
0.03456402197480202,
-0.6509502530097961,
0.33964720368385315,
0.09296441078186035,
0.15592552721500397,
-0.5736327171325684,
0.842506468296051,
-0.6143710017204285,
-0.7974058985710144,
-0.0911676287651062,
0.1637200564146042,
0.09302834421396255,
-0.7564713954925537,
0.692176342010498,
0.2504487931728363,
-1.0844361782073975,
0.49599477648735046,
0.5359050035476685,
-0.4668266773223877,
1.2154512405395508,
-0.03379117324948311,
-0.35233256220817566,
0.6956051588058472,
0.09307451546192169,
-0.10389232635498047,
0.6125192046165466,
0.1420193463563919,
0.004913950338959694,
-0.28577351570129395,
-0.14577645063400269,
-0.6911220550537109,
0.49356380105018616,
0.2416604459285736,
-0.5185921788215637,
-0.672049343585968,
0.1404791921377182,
0.2058817744255066,
0.23941494524478912,
0.48638662695884705,
-0.3224731981754303,
-0.47841590642929077,
0.03754593804478645,
0.3122788667678833,
0.035966940224170685,
0.553188681602478,
0.0038888431154191494,
-0.2037268728017807,
-0.7691614031791687,
0.2692081332206726,
0.39482200145721436,
0.0938003733754158,
0.7339317202568054,
-0.041558027267456055,
-0.3560083508491516,
-0.5495808124542236,
0.43365705013275146,
1.0590780973434448,
-0.07993248850107193,
-1.2268987894058228,
0.6748536825180054,
0.3855896294116974,
-0.28620046377182007,
-0.9859310984611511,
-0.12293775379657745,
0.6213409304618835,
-0.2108645886182785,
-0.24117252230644226,
0.7126509547233582,
-0.04377899318933487,
-0.29824331402778625,
-0.02776234783232212,
-0.15133970975875854,
0.5432096123695374,
-0.09222179651260376,
0.30633875727653503,
-0.6540563702583313,
-0.27001890540122986,
-0.1430874764919281,
-0.022223899140954018,
-0.48371291160583496,
-0.10747703164815903,
-0.3884425163269043,
-0.08102140575647354,
0.4333389103412628,
-0.2980852723121643,
0.17272278666496277,
-0.1310223639011383,
-1.1100704669952393,
-0.08137659728527069,
-0.13240157067775726,
-0.13085979223251343,
-0.1468682438135147,
-0.43596595525741577,
0.25056612491607666,
0.37365713715553284,
-0.7467170357704163,
0.08914711326360703,
-0.0029405674431473017,
-0.13431137800216675,
0.2841850817203522,
-0.5819776654243469,
-0.21352443099021912,
-0.14731265604496002,
-0.6968299150466919,
-0.5934978127479553,
0.6464915871620178,
0.40036624670028687,
0.9894789457321167,
-0.13378722965717316,
-0.3106382191181183,
-0.8823115825653076,
0.9985268712043762,
0.004435918293893337,
-0.624657392501831,
0.4921458959579468,
0.4056708514690399,
-0.9739779829978943,
-0.2545662820339203,
0.33611229062080383,
0.2830204963684082,
0.08878105878829956,
-0.5375442504882812,
0.32675331830978394,
1.1487199068069458,
-0.032045722007751465,
0.013784241862595081,
0.9454208612442017,
-0.5628288388252258,
-0.5387899279594421,
0.20986336469650269,
-0.2770598232746124,
-0.05722859874367714,
0.5993390679359436,
0.760987401008606,
-0.08886885643005371,
1.0115537643432617,
-0.018443910405039787,
0.16088224947452545,
-0.4111520051956177,
0.24551010131835938,
0.271829217672348,
-0.11110013723373413,
-0.8396743535995483,
-0.06722373515367508,
-0.42537230253219604,
-0.4311310052871704,
-0.2472410351037979,
-0.1850762516260147,
-0.5942820906639099,
0.3182187080383301,
0.5968248248100281,
0.6490501165390015,
0.6457915902137756,
0.05514681339263916,
0.07683909684419632,
-0.23298537731170654,
0.37040606141090393,
0.49496906995773315,
0.24858452379703522,
-0.6611455082893372,
0.5393664836883545,
-0.407178670167923,
0.23233461380004883,
-0.7016528844833374,
-0.3499584496021271,
0.228966623544693,
0.44876784086227417,
-0.07480347901582718,
-0.15866783261299133,
-0.21864517033100128,
-0.2575798034667969,
-0.26431456208229065,
0.7146160006523132,
-0.12856784462928772,
-0.18301711976528168,
-0.37655872106552124,
0.2895638048648834,
0.13844503462314606,
-0.1889534294605255,
0.8074275255203247,
-0.22763603925704956,
0.6988784074783325,
0.3173286020755768,
-0.285657674074173,
0.2385081946849823,
0.4975270628929138,
-0.03138481080532074,
0.6555546522140503,
-0.34835758805274963,
0.7482919692993164,
-0.41544675827026367,
-0.4288366138935089,
-0.41777533292770386,
-0.28053683042526245,
-0.27356794476509094,
-0.018162857741117477,
0.18215464055538177,
0.26135173439979553,
-0.08938034623861313,
-0.5013450980186462,
-0.34384453296661377,
0.10648668557405472,
-0.18328185379505157,
0.2933276295661926,
0.14135205745697021,
0.2042922079563141,
-0.19679971039295197,
0.7763904929161072,
0.59383225440979,
0.20521561801433563,
0.3298271596431732,
0.7731805443763733,
-0.28696563839912415,
0.21851074695587158,
-0.07835211604833603,
0.5208570957183838,
-0.5642327070236206,
0.22708721458911896,
-1.0638352632522583,
0.813413679599762,
0.3963628113269806,
0.8253609538078308,
-0.3771263360977173,
0.6228268146514893,
-0.246706023812294,
-0.04310309514403343,
0.7250581979751587,
0.2446325123310089,
-1.1101198196411133,
-0.0010155974887311459,
0.5999370813369751,
0.002693717135116458,
0.15208466351032257,
-0.06309657543897629,
-0.18600399792194366,
-0.41172027587890625,
0.09760357439517975,
0.0096193952485919,
-0.6363360285758972,
0.06416059285402298,
-0.014433637261390686,
-1.1554670333862305,
-0.18728797137737274,
0.6096749901771545,
-0.7638213634490967,
0.10694991052150726,
0.09525028616189957,
0.6650776863098145,
0.6797686219215393,
-0.4032350480556488,
-0.33626314997673035,
0.04489023983478546,
0.02657809667289257,
0.3829413652420044,
-0.17203713953495026,
-0.3403668701648712,
-0.8408567309379578,
-0.6059127449989319,
-0.7252805233001709,
0.7679672241210938,
-0.18073934316635132,
-0.7590632438659668,
0.6406416893005371,
-0.11451584100723267,
0.43335071206092834,
-0.0828777626156807,
-0.2742999494075775,
-0.1698950082063675,
0.27323275804519653,
-0.05368930846452713
] |
256957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriden%2C%20Connecticut | Meriden, Connecticut | Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford. In 2020, the population of the city was 60,850.
History
18th century
Meriden was originally a part of the neighboring town of Wallingford. It was granted a separate meetinghouse in 1727, became a town in 1806 with over 1,000 residents. Meriden was incorporated as a city in 1867, with just under 9,000 residents. It was once proposed as the Connecticut state capital. It was named for the village of Meriden, West Midlands, England, near Birmingham.
The oldest house in town still standing, built by Solomon Goffe in 1711, became a museum in 1986. The building is the Solomon Goffe House.
The grave of Winston Churchill's great-great-great maternal grandfather, Timothy Jerome, can be seen today at what is now called "Burying Ground 1720" (Google Maps: ) at the juncture of Dexter Avenue and Lydale Place. At the time the location was known as "Buckwheat Hill", and overlooked the salt-making estate for which Jerome had received a royal grant. Timothy Jerome's son, Samuel, is the great-great grandfather of Jennie Jerome, Winston Churchill's mother.
19th century to WWII
In the second half of the 1800s, Meriden became a manufacturing center of note, with several companies forming, or relocating to the city, involved in the production of mainly silver, lamps and metalware, glassware, guns, and musical instruments. A substantial number of design and technology patents were secured.
Silver and cutlery
For silver, the numerous companies included the Meriden Britannia Company (a predecessor of the International Silver Company with corporate HQ in Meriden), Meriden earned the nickname "Silver City", due to the large number of silver manufacturers, and the International Silver Co. continued production until the early 1980s. Along with the silver companies, other producers of cutlery included the Meriden Cutlery Co. and Miller Bros. Cutlery.
In 1876, the Meriden Britannia Company made significant efforts at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, and won the First Place medal for plated wares. According to the Sotheby's auction house, "The publicity of the award and the impression the firm made on the fair's 8 million visitors was continued by the catalogues and other intensive marketing; by the end of the 1870s Meriden Britannia Co. was considered the largest silverware company in the world." A key design attributed to launching the company and the town's international name was the Buffalo Hunt with a smaller edition in the White House collection, Washington, DC. For some time the original Buffalo Hunt sculpture went missing, and in a shocking report by Bailey Wright in 2018, it was learned that it was recently 'missing' actually in Meriden.
Lamps and metalware
For lamps and metalware, the companies with national and international markets included the Edward Miller & Co / Miller Company (1844–stopped manufacturing lighting c, 1980), the Charles Parker Company, Handel Company, and the Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company (1852–1940), which also was widely known for producing metal-based products like decorative tables and andirons.
Glassware
For glassware, the companies included the C.F. Monroe Company (1892–1916). and the Meriden Flint Glass Company (1876–92),
Kitchen appliances and guns
Manning, Bowman & Co. (1849–1945) centered its production in Meriden, and into the early 20th century became a nationally known producer of small electrical appliances and chrome ware. Meriden was also the site of the production of Parker Brothers (guns), widely-known and traded by firearms enthusiasts. From 1905 to 1918, the Meriden Firearms Co. manufactured small arms from 1905 to 1918. The stock was owned by Sears, Roebuck & Company.
Musical instruments including player pianos
Internationally known companies Wilcox and White and the Aeolian Company were involved in the production of musical instruments north of the downtown area at Tremont and Cambridge Streets. The Aeolian Company grew quickly forming production sites in other places and developed a music hall in New York. (The largest holder today of instruments and music rolls by the two companies is the Pianola Museum in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)
Graphic arts innovation
Meriden also was an important site for graphic arts innovation. In 1888, the Meriden Gravure Company (in Meriden 1888–1989) was founded by Charles Parker and James F. Allen, and continued a previous printing operation by Parker. The company developed an expertise in high quality image reproduction, which initially was driven by the needs of the silver industry.
With the wealth of entrepreneurs during this time, several mansions and houses of note were built, particularly on Broad Street.
Of political and historical note, on March 7, 1860, Abraham Lincoln spoke in Meriden seeking the Republican presidential nomination.
For public places, Hubbard Park in the Hanging Hills was financed by Walter Hubbard (of the Bradley & Hubbard company). The design for the park was originally conceived by Hubbard in consultation with the Olmsted Brothers, sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, America's foremost landscape architect. In 1900, Castle Craig on a peak was dedicated in the park. In 1903, the Curtis Memorial Library, across from Meriden's city hall, was opened.
Hollywood connection (1937–50)
From 1937 until 1947, the International Silver Company sponsored the Silver Theater, a national radio program broadcast via CBS in Hollywood. The radio program featured many Hollywood actors and actresses of the time like Jimmy Stewart and Rosalind Russell. Over 200 programs were produced. In c. 1937–45, several Hollywood stars, including Judy Garland, Ginger Rogers and Barbara Stanwyck, endorsed the company's 1847 Rogers Bros. silverware in print advertisements in LIFE magazine.
After World War II, in 1949/50, The Silver Theatre was brought to television and broadcast on CBS, also with the International Silver Company as the sponsor. Guest stars included Eva Gabor, Kim Hunter, and Burgess Meredith.
Legacy of Meriden's grand manufacturing era
A few thousand designs from this manufacturing era from Meriden are in museums and historical societies across the United States and into Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Design objects from this era from Meriden have also been included in over 200 national and international exhibitions and expositions since the 1850s. The 1930s tea urn by Eliel Saarinen for the Wilcox Silver Plate Co. / International Silver Company, Meriden, is the one design exhibited most and most published in design books as an international Modern design icon.
Some comparatively recent examples of Meriden designs in exhibitions include In pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (1986–87), and more recently, Modernism in American Silver: 20th century design (2005–06) in Dallas, Miami Beach, and Washington, DC, which highlighted downtown Meriden and the area's role as an important center of Modernist silver production. In 19th century Modern (2011–12) in Brooklyn, designs by the International Silver Company and the Napier Company, another Meriden manufacturer, were exhibited. In November 2016-November 2017, the city's iconic Napier penguin cocktail shaker was in an exhibition at the Dallas Museum of Art; the Napier penguin was the lead image of the show.
In summer 2017 alone, historical Meriden area design was exhibited in museum shows in at least Dallas, Newark, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Cooper-Hewitt Smithsonian Museum in New York, the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague, The Netherlands, and the KunstHalle in Berlin, Germany.
With this level of attention, some special design objects from the era have become sought-after collectors items also at auction, sometimes due to their association with the commission or commissioner, or the status of the design, or being in the sought-after Modernism style. For example, a painted glass and metal table lamp by Bradley and Hubbard, (c. 1920) sold for US$14,950, doubling its estimate, at Christie's auction house in New York in 1999. Later, a 14-inch, International Silver Company cocktail shaker (c. 1927) sold for US$21,600 tripling its estimate, at Christie's in New York in 2005. A Parker gun made for a Russian czar before World War I, but never delivered, was reported to have been sold for US$287,500 in 2007. In 2008, a rare Handel lamp sold for US$85,000. On March 5–6, 2014 at Sotheby's in London, "Al Capone's cocktail shaker" made by the Meriden International Sterling Company (c. 1932) achieved over 33 times its estimate with a sale price of GBP50,000 (US$83,250 on the day). Lastly, in 2014, at Sotheby's New York, a rare Paul Lobel-designed coffee service (c. 1934–35) produced by the Wilcox Silver Plate Co. / International Silver Company sold for US$377,000.
WWII–1970s
In 1939, Edwin Howard Armstrong, a network radio pioneer who invented FM radio, used West Peak in 1939 for the location of one of the first FM radio broadcasts. His original radio mast still stands on the peak. Currently West Peak is home to six FM broadcast stations, including WNPR, WWYZ, WKSS, WDRC-FM, WMRQ-FM and WHCN.
During World War II, factories in Meriden worked three shifts (24 hours/day). On March 8, 1944, the War Manpower Commission gave Meriden the designation as "National Ideal War Community", and Jimmy Durante and Glenn Miller entertained those at the ceremony.
In addition to manufacturers that continued operations after World War II, starting in the later 1940s, the Miller Company, Burton Tremaine, Sr. and Emily Hall Tremaine firmly put Meriden on the international, 20th century art/design map. In December 1947, Meriden became known once again as a site of design innovation, now with Modern art, via the Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art and the organization of a Painting toward architecture exhibition which opened at Hartford's Wadsworth Atheneum and later travelled to venues in 27 venues across the United States (1947–52). Substantial national media coverage reported on the exhibition. Painting toward architecture is considered one of the important art-design-architecture crossover exhibitions of the 20th century, tabling European influences for usage in the Post-World War II United States. In the 1950s, the Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art was privatized to "Mr & Mrs Burton Tremaine, Meriden, CT" and numerous artworks were lent to hundreds of exhibitions nationally and internationally into the 1970s with this designation.
In 1965, the Miller Company addition on Center Street was completed. The black-and-white Modernist facade was designed by influential American architect Philip Johnson.
On April 27, 1976, Jimmy Carter campaigned at city hall and the Latin American Society for the nomination of the Democratic Party for President of the United States.
1980s–present
In 1981, the Ku Klux Klan was present in Meriden, holding various rallies in the first half of the year. At these rallies, Connecticut State Police would protect the KKK from anti-racist protestors. At a March 21 rally, where the KKK was showing support for a police officer who killed a Black person, protestors threw rocks at the KKK. Two protesters were injured.
In 1987, the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation was founded by the noted art collector that partly worked in Meriden, before her passing, with three focus areas: learning disabilities, the arts, and the environment. The offices were located in downtown Meriden. In c. 2010, the foundation offices were relocated to New Haven, near Yale University.
Meriden was a location chosen for the filming of the 1989 film Jacknife directed by David Jones starring Robert De Niro, Ed Harris and Kathy Baker. De Niro played a Vietnam War veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder adjusting to a return to American life. The film was adapted by the play, Strange Snow by Stephen Metcalfe, a native from the adjacent town of Cheshire, Connecticut. A number of Meriden locations can be seen in the film, including a historic house on Linsley Avenue, as well as film locations in the greater region.
The Franciscan Sisters of the Eucharist have their mother house in Meriden, as do the Franciscan Brothers of the Eucharist.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.1 square miles (62.5 km), of which 23.8 square miles (61.5 km) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km), or 1.66%, is water.
Meriden is a showcase for a number of prominent peaks of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. Notable peaks in Meriden include the Hanging Hills (West Peak, East Peak, South Mountain, and Cathole Mountain); Lamentation Mountain, Chauncey Peak, and Besek Mountain. Castle Craig, a city landmark for over a century, was constructed among the Hanging Hills in Hubbard Park.
The Quinnipiac River courses through the southwest quadrant of the city, known to area residents as "South Meriden", where it meanders through a gorge lined with several exposed sandstone and brownstone cliffs. Harbor Brook (originally named Pilgrim Harbor Brook) cuts through the town from the northeast to the southwest before emptying into Hanover Pond, an impoundment on the Quinnipiac River in South Meriden.
Principal communities
Meriden Center
South Meriden
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 60,868 people in Meriden, with a population density of 2558 persons per square mile. There were 23,922 households (2009–13). The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.10. Husband-wife households account for 41% of all households. The population under 5 years (2010) was 6.7%, under 18 years (2010) was 23.9%, and 65 years and over was 12.9%. The female population was 51.6% compared to the male population at 48.4% (2010).
The racial makeup of the city in 2010 was 73.5% White, 9.7% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 10.7% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.9% of the population. In 2009–2013, 9.7% of the population was foreign-born.
For 2009–13, the median household income was $52,590. The per capita income for the city was $26,941. The median value of owner-occupied housing units was $188,400. The home ownership rate was 61.8%. The high school graduation or higher rate was 83.6% (age 25+) and the bachelor's degree or higher rate was 19.1% (age 25+). 14.4% of people were below the poverty line.
Political affiliation
Government
Until 1980, the city had a Mayor-Council ("strong mayor") structure. The last full-time strong mayor was Walter Evilia, a Republican and a former State Representative. Dana Miller was appointed the first city manager. The City Charter was last amended in 1994, giving the then largely ceremonial position of mayor more influence over city governance, including appointments to all boards and commissions and other positions within the appointing power of the City Council, as well as line-item veto over city budgets.
The current mayor, Kevin Scarpati, became the youngest popularly-elected mayor in the city's history, winning the 2015 election race by 78 votes against mayor Manny Santos, who had been the first Republican elected as mayor in nearly 30 years (the last being Walter Evilia). In 2018, Manny Santos ran an unsuccessful election for U.S. Congress in the 5th Congressional House District.
The city gained notoriety in government and political circles when in 2014, at the urging of newly elected mayor, Manny Santos, plaintiffs sued to remove appointees of boards and commissions and corporation counsel. Ultimately, the ruling by the state Supreme Court to vacate the appointments followed that of a lower court order. The appointments had been made by former mayor, Michael Rohde. In its ruling, the court noted, per the city charter, that the city council can appoint a corporation counsel, but only on the recommendation of the mayor, who at the time was Manny Santos.
Arts and culture
Points of interest
Civil War monument (1873) in front of the Meriden City Hall. 158 men from Meriden who died in the war are listed.
Curtis Memorial Library (1903), which is an example of Neo-Classical architecture and on the National Register of Historic Places The building now houses the Augusta Curtis Cultural Center
Giuffrida Park offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation, with a variety of hiking trails and a lake.
Historical cemeteries: Meetinghouse Hill Burying Ground (end of Ann Street), Meriden's first burial ground used 1727–1771; and Broad Street Cemetery (402 Broad Street), the second burial ground first used in 1771, includes a Revolutionary War commemoration plaque
The Home National Bank building on Colony Street designed by the prominent, historical American architecture firm McKim, Mead & White
Hubbard Park, about 1800 acres, part of the Hanging Hills, including Castle Craig on the National Register of Historic Places
Hunter Golf Course
Meriden Main Post Office (1907), designed by James Knox Taylor on the National Register of Historic Places
The Miller Company addition on Center Street, with black-and-white Modernist facade designed by influential American architect Philip Johnson in 1965
Moses Andrews House (c. 1760), on the National Register of Historic Places
Old Traffic Tower
Red Bridge (c. 1890) on the National Register of Historic Places
Site of the former Jedediah Wilcox mansion (built 1870), 816 Broad Street. Demolished in the late 1960s, a parlor room from the mansion was saved and is exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York
Solomon Goffe House (1711), on the National Register of Historic Places
Ted's Restaurant, known for its steamed cheeseburger, a modified version of the cheeseburger, invented in the early 1900s
Trails: Meriden Linear Trail, Mattabesett Trail and the Metacomet Trail, which starts 4 miles north of Meriden
Meriden Mall
Gallery 53, 53 Colony Street, home of the Arts & Crafts Association of Meriden
Education
The Meriden Board of Education operates several public schools:
Public elementary schools (K–5)
John Barry
Benjamin Franklin
Nathan Hale
Hanover
Thomas Hooker
Casimir Pulaski
Israel Putnam
Roger Sherman
Middle schools (6–8)
Lincoln (public)
Washington (public)
Edison (public)
High schools
Francis T. Maloney (public)
Orville H. Platt (public)
H. C. Wilcox (CT technical high school system)
Private schools
Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
Other schools in the area include the Catholic high schools Xavier High School (boys) and Mercy High School (girls) in neighboring Middletown. The private schools Cheshire Academy and Choate Rosemary Hall are in adjacent Cheshire and Wallingford respectively.
The former St. Stanislaus Catholic K-8 School, established in 1897 by people who immigrated from Poland, closed in 2015.
Media
At one time The Meriden Daily Journal served as the community newspaper. Currently the Meriden Record Journal serves the communities of Meriden, Wallingford, Cheshire, and Southington and is located on South Broad Street by the Wallingford town line.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Highway
The city of Meriden is located on Interstate 91, which provides access to Hartford, Springfield, and New Haven. Interstate 691 provides access to Interstate 84 and connects to points west like Waterbury. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) travels in a southwestern direction connecting to towns and cities like Wallingford, New Haven, and towards New York City. The parkway becomes the Berlin Turnpike (also Connecticut Route 15) on the northern end of Meriden. U.S. Route 5 passes through the city as North and South Broad Street.
Railroad
The city of Meriden is connected to the cities of New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, Massachusetts, by regional rail service provided by Amtrak, which runs north-to-south through the center of the city. This rail line opened in 1839, and operated for many years under the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The city was also served by the Middletown, Meriden and Waterbury Railroad, which provided both freight and passenger service to Waterbury and Middletown from 1888 until its abandonment in 1924. Currently, Amtrak runs 16 trains through the Meriden station on most weekdays.
The Connecticut Department of Transportation added a commuter service called the Hartford Line in collaboration with Amtrak and the federal government that runs between New Haven and Springfield, Massachusetts. Service began in May 2018.
In the Quinnipiac River Gorge in South Meriden, of the original MW&CR Railroad right of way has been converted into a recreational rail trail as the Meriden Linear Trail. Open to the public in December 2006, the formal dedication occurred on November 3, 2007.
Bus
Beginning in 1784, Meriden had a stop on the New Haven-Hartford Stage Coach on Route 5 near the intersection of East Main Street. Years later, the same stop served as the bus stop for Greyhound and Peter Pan buses. Meriden had four daily departures to/from Hartford/Boston, and four daily departures to/from New Haven/New York daily from the 1970s through 2007, when intercity bus service ceased serving Meriden.
Meriden is linked to the Connecticut Transit System, Connecticut's extensive public transit bus network. Three bus lines loop throughout the city of Meriden once per hour. The "B" bus route departs the Meriden railroad station for the southern terminus of Kohls Plaza, connecting for New Haven; the "A" bus route departs the rail station for the northern terminus of Meriden Square with connections to New Britain and Hartford; and the east/west "C" bus travels along East Main and West Main Streets, with a handful of departures to Middletown and Waterbury.
Airport
Meriden Markham Municipal Airport is the city-owned airport, located south of the city center on the border of South Meriden and Yalesville, and serves private and charter planes.
Notable people
Since 1975, the Meriden Hall of Fame organization has issued recognitions. In the Meriden City Hall, plaques pay tribute to the inductees.
Arts and humanities
Beau Billingslea (born 1944), actor.
Gary Burr (born 1952), American musician, songwriter, and record producer, primarily in the country music genre
Miguel Cardona (born 1975), educator, United States secretary of education
Tomie dePaola (1934–2020), author and illustrator of over 200 children's books
Jennifer DiNoia (born 1982), singer and stage actress
Isabella Doerfler (1883–1954), artist who worked for the Federal Arts Project
Philip Dunning (1889–1968), playwright and theatrical producer
Addie C. Strong Engle (1845–1926), author, publisher
Ben Homer songwriter, composer and arranger who composed the tune to the hit song Sentimental Journey
Rob Hyman (born 1950), rock musician and founding member of The Hooters
Joe Marinelli (1957) Actor
Conrad Henry Moehlman, professor of church history and author
Rosa Ponselle (1897–1981), acclaimed opera singer
Charlotte J. Sternberg (1920–2003), painter
Military
Kevin Lacz (born 1981), Former United States Navy SEAL who served two tours in the Iraq War. Also an actor, author, public speaker and physician assistant.
Science and technology
Vincent Lamberti (1927–2014), lab researcher whose work resulted in 118 patents, most notably the development of Dove soap. He grew up in Meriden, later moving to Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Sports
John Jenkins (born 1989), National Football League defensive tackle ( Miami Dolphins; college football: University of Georgia; Maloney High School, Meriden)
Kid Kaplan (1901–1970), world champion featherweight boxer
Al Niemiec (1911–1995), Major League Baseball player
Gary Waslewski (born 1941), Major League Baseball player (1967–1972)
In popular culture
A season 5 episode of the Discovery Channel series A Haunting, called The Uninvited, takes place in Meriden in 2007.
See also
References
https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/22/politics/miguel-cardona-education-secretary-biden/index.html
External links
Meriden history books (1847–1956) online
Maps of Meriden (1875–1919) online
Meriden Historical Society website
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in New Haven County, Connecticut
Cities in the New York metropolitan area | [
-0.505088746547699,
0.20908814668655396,
0.3048551678657532,
-0.4296588599681854,
0.44163280725479126,
0.35601118206977844,
0.6791238188743591,
0.3339087963104248,
-0.17362147569656372,
-0.32105982303619385,
-0.29572954773902893,
0.5243908166885376,
0.1900879591703415,
0.6643315553665161,
-0.7719570398330688,
0.383896142244339,
0.2602517306804657,
0.7212282419204712,
0.39906710386276245,
-0.26457664370536804,
-0.4606151878833771,
0.003421648172661662,
0.7682203054428101,
0.38026657700538635,
-0.08342476934194565,
0.03472030162811279,
0.6849385499954224,
0.28193795680999756,
-0.18818531930446625,
-0.2835468053817749,
-0.11904894560575485,
0.46786805987358093,
-0.37208291888237,
-0.8631235957145691,
0.5862903594970703,
-0.11910787224769592,
0.1849026381969452,
-0.2729995548725128,
-0.20618975162506104,
-0.521630585193634,
-0.33731287717819214,
0.060281671583652496,
0.11242581158876419,
0.4579835534095764,
-0.3657588064670563,
-0.154700368642807,
-1.8814853429794312,
0.3512412905693054,
-1.0721955299377441,
-0.39990830421447754,
-0.8575710654258728,
-0.17004799842834473,
0.6953024864196777,
0.5669008493423462,
0.6127015948295593,
-0.12157072126865387,
-1.1448153257369995,
-0.11208419501781464,
1.0269508361816406,
0.8405627012252808,
-0.05129864811897278,
0.38218700885772705,
-0.20315879583358765,
-0.24205966293811798,
-0.14685985445976257,
0.09222790598869324,
0.3771713972091675,
0.011938189156353474,
-0.10778312385082245,
-0.4662652015686035,
-0.137853741645813,
0.17735455930233002,
-0.30470260977745056,
0.12630000710487366,
0.029725948348641396,
0.6296643018722534,
-0.33599400520324707,
-0.2312479019165039,
0.4010070860385895,
-0.04511309042572975,
0.0027318731881678104,
0.14040790498256683,
0.7534863948822021,
-0.5247845649719238,
0.7177375555038452,
-0.01417285855859518,
-0.17513158917427063,
-0.08420295268297195,
0.03663404658436775,
1.0162192583084106,
-0.7290465831756592,
-0.4389112889766693,
-0.3266196548938751,
0.3927481174468994,
-0.14587269723415375,
-0.48427700996398926,
0.6263480186462402,
0.27741846442222595,
0.010022414848208427,
0.5179184079170227,
-0.04120582714676857,
0.7230668663978577,
1.0509568452835083,
-0.20892922580242157,
-0.5179023146629333,
-0.15878914296627045,
-0.6030780673027039,
-0.34489884972572327,
0.11597958952188492,
-0.07022911310195923,
0.08326365053653717,
0.2316904067993164,
0.5666043162345886,
-0.4253399074077606,
-0.13521577417850494,
0.6032881140708923,
0.4870600998401642,
-0.900640606880188,
-0.039871882647275925,
-0.26692554354667664,
0.3684086203575134,
0.8724356293678284,
0.38193508982658386,
-0.7555544972419739,
-0.06482374668121338,
0.27273935079574585,
0.3098813593387604,
0.1322936862707138,
-0.027121705934405327,
-0.07682690769433975,
-0.2441965937614441,
0.6584110856056213,
-0.35943299531936646,
0.032296713441610336,
0.2155194729566574,
-0.6615961790084839,
0.12681980431079865,
0.3715275824069977,
0.6888474822044373,
0.03167268633842468,
-0.4306202232837677,
-0.1254911571741104,
-0.18153370916843414,
-0.18024548888206482,
0.4990728795528412,
-0.4677222967147827,
0.15335015952587128,
-0.8143783211708069,
0.11943460255861282,
0.2406662255525589,
-0.08604675531387329,
0.6352565884590149,
0.09741519391536713,
-0.14158043265342712,
-0.5502177476882935,
-0.18670445680618286,
0.764462947845459,
0.025948749855160713,
0.36977073550224304,
0.33777594566345215,
-0.32669949531555176,
0.438901424407959,
0.7111985683441162,
-0.07170207053422928,
-0.027418186888098717,
0.19334088265895844,
0.40412119030952454,
-0.26075053215026855,
0.6721529960632324,
0.3337225914001465,
-0.6116909980773926,
0.05539174750447273,
0.8588130474090576,
-0.5375468730926514,
0.3453305661678314,
-0.17647551000118256,
0.8332515358924866,
0.20013441145420074,
-0.17105735838413239,
-0.6102389097213745,
-0.35215070843696594,
0.6989513635635376,
0.5809675455093384,
-0.012213712558150291,
-0.16282325983047485,
0.2373642921447754,
0.08766673505306244,
0.14051298797130585,
0.00011096478556282818,
0.1390623152256012,
0.5990217924118042,
-0.13742057979106903,
0.5041319131851196,
-0.09555447101593018,
0.25575557351112366,
0.42126691341400146,
-0.34839391708374023,
0.8774013519287109,
-0.35545289516448975,
-0.03364202752709389,
-0.38163724541664124,
-0.44257795810699463,
0.6835149526596069,
0.02326992154121399,
-0.1812897026538849,
0.08167239278554916,
0.3679163455963135,
-0.09496193379163742,
0.05232861638069153,
0.39997899532318115,
0.2672952115535736,
-0.5808104872703552,
-0.1697608381509781,
-0.12198647111654282,
-0.5002846121788025,
-0.8937292695045471,
-0.08084738999605179,
-0.3610825836658478,
-0.3316151201725006,
-0.14081159234046936,
0.7302853465080261,
0.3133787512779236,
0.2218632698059082,
0.18347327411174774,
0.4349476993083954,
0.6040129065513611,
-0.24888648092746735,
-0.06661718338727951,
-0.22329507768154144,
0.7857782244682312,
0.09959232807159424,
0.03665555641055107,
-0.19778992235660553,
-0.48133304715156555,
-0.1997278332710266,
-0.6041442155838013,
-0.10054364055395126,
-0.5546187162399292,
0.9439267516136169,
-0.6422380208969116,
-0.17289818823337555,
-0.07217028737068176,
-0.9977299571037292,
0.6740931272506714,
0.20811641216278076,
0.5266948342323303,
-0.28049856424331665,
-0.030015647411346436,
-0.3501425087451935,
-0.42237377166748047,
0.024826955050230026,
0.08606984466314316,
0.5390278100967407,
0.027624744921922684,
0.6434510946273804,
0.10324060916900635,
-0.22777357697486877,
0.2332046926021576,
0.09632442146539688,
0.7042397856712341,
-0.7886990904808044,
0.23167145252227783,
-0.10471532493829727,
0.22136759757995605,
-0.4729308784008026,
-0.6437943577766418,
0.020718272775411606,
-0.6126789450645447,
0.31012389063835144,
0.3573967218399048,
0.37344369292259216,
-0.4172380864620209,
-0.13390344381332397,
-0.126206636428833,
0.6993218660354614,
0.49824967980384827,
-0.43148091435432434,
-0.05284019187092781,
-0.6072232127189636,
0.2061801701784134,
0.13066886365413666,
1.0023596286773682,
-0.4782848060131073,
-0.6511368155479431,
-0.12970387935638428,
-0.23867635428905487,
0.9705407619476318,
-0.03420836478471756,
-0.3938564360141754,
0.3874542713165283,
-0.2663072943687439,
-0.41181281208992004,
0.33300653100013733,
0.9820478558540344,
-0.4432697892189026,
0.08338962495326996,
0.18783611059188843,
-0.41899794340133667,
0.03785844147205353,
-0.23092113435268402,
-0.1374443620443344,
0.66025310754776,
-0.2946460247039795,
-0.04569148272275925,
-0.13674607872962952,
-0.5010624527931213,
-0.022997260093688965,
-0.32220447063446045,
-5.275776386260986,
0.6942830085754395,
-0.6444135904312134,
-0.11330282688140869,
0.20821408927440643,
-0.48160386085510254,
-0.13841575384140015,
-0.39542892575263977,
-0.2703796923160553,
0.4389994740486145,
0.6556110382080078,
-0.920275866985321,
0.13591821491718292,
0.4552066922187805,
0.7263976335525513,
-0.21478518843650818,
0.3952980041503906,
-0.1915205717086792,
0.1821090430021286,
0.31773191690444946,
-0.2465381920337677,
-0.13823777437210083,
0.10580199211835861,
-0.10743380337953568,
0.8544052839279175,
-0.2287811040878296,
-0.00884667132049799,
-0.24884746968746185,
-0.6541888117790222,
-0.2700050473213196,
-0.07205194979906082,
0.5524352788925171,
-0.08023390918970108,
-0.13093478977680206,
0.455654501914978,
-0.365133136510849,
0.3434785008430481,
-0.24627436697483063,
0.8718001842498779,
-0.7483432292938232,
0.2465062439441681,
0.7064773440361023,
-0.09829834848642349,
-0.38597047328948975,
0.37337449193000793,
-0.2430429905653,
-0.1052127406001091,
0.39366379380226135,
0.006180678028613329,
0.597197949886322,
0.7594478130340576,
-0.027708908542990685,
0.5721465349197388,
0.19916483759880066,
0.2783006429672241,
-0.7273086309432983,
0.22020146250724792,
-0.3806561827659607,
-0.35048380494117737,
0.37321335077285767,
0.34690558910369873,
-0.3120269179344177,
-0.028062084689736366,
0.32556289434432983,
0.15787118673324585,
-0.7120255827903748,
-0.061772264540195465,
-0.06207466498017311,
0.6176585555076599,
-0.20109765231609344,
-0.17047177255153656,
-0.45773351192474365,
0.05382242798805237,
-0.7077715396881104,
0.3560636639595032,
-0.6078149080276489,
-0.5595670342445374,
-0.3618684709072113,
0.22056294977664948,
-0.2008829414844513,
-0.06499200314283371,
-0.1653749644756317,
0.2667395770549774,
1.105425238609314,
0.30587202310562134,
-0.499437540769577,
-0.20381547510623932,
0.38773301243782043,
-0.7384634613990784,
-0.8283278942108154,
0.42781153321266174,
-0.3207929730415344,
0.48113787174224854,
-0.6221535801887512,
-0.34247031807899475,
0.09665369987487793,
0.25035756826400757,
0.2010699212551117,
0.304862380027771,
-0.19607026875019073,
0.7829502820968628,
0.060204822570085526,
-0.08570121973752975,
-0.18553391098976135,
0.1332893967628479,
-0.08309917896986008,
0.04329165816307068,
0.09787116944789886,
0.8860858082771301,
-0.6173632740974426,
-0.5859180688858032,
-0.4180564284324646,
-0.23440834879875183,
-0.2696325182914734,
0.11339065432548523,
-0.6085618138313293,
-0.4395793378353119,
0.45874786376953125,
0.2305888831615448,
0.2576351761817932,
0.20236891508102417,
0.8299933671951294,
0.08857543021440506,
-0.014479399658739567,
-0.06137958914041519,
-0.42279359698295593,
-0.16821037232875824,
0.2615017592906952,
-0.4403879940509796,
0.6405245661735535,
0.09578517079353333,
-0.33941781520843506,
-0.5978283286094666,
-0.4352981746196747,
-0.0904867872595787,
-0.09017017483711243,
-0.753032922744751,
-0.9701603651046753,
-0.6052703261375427,
0.47561460733413696,
0.5639553070068359,
0.03405630216002464,
0.03298946097493172,
0.2263903170824051,
-0.19763030111789703,
0.16362397372722626,
0.7659290432929993,
-0.33079686760902405,
-1.1457403898239136,
0.08999960124492645,
0.1522083878517151,
-0.16696691513061523,
-0.463293194770813,
-0.7296936511993408,
0.12274609506130219,
-0.4507240355014801,
-0.21606816351413727,
0.2075740098953247,
0.1902545690536499,
0.030124293640255928,
0.3252403438091278,
-0.1324208378791809,
0.20480860769748688,
0.46816572546958923,
0.056996505707502365,
0.10971789807081223,
-0.4786240756511688,
0.27968692779541016,
-0.6439865827560425,
0.010273952037096024,
0.34531381726264954,
0.14640988409519196,
-0.6090524196624756,
0.011623113416135311,
0.32618191838264465,
0.08100651949644089,
-0.22619612514972687,
0.20620447397232056,
0.09973781555891037,
-0.4482724368572235,
0.05246959626674652,
-0.35806703567504883,
-0.4808442294597626,
0.08130335062742233,
0.3532394766807556,
-0.7464969754219055,
0.08289977163076401,
-0.8171237707138062,
-0.21185657382011414,
-0.4546090066432953,
0.33872920274734497,
-0.4068860709667206,
0.15385524928569794,
-0.28638559579849243,
-0.2630968391895294,
-0.7206329703330994,
0.7682627439498901,
0.030537312850356102,
-0.6848887801170349,
-0.0007224831497296691,
0.25729718804359436,
0.44767123460769653,
-0.9832127094268799,
0.6935722231864929,
0.26987144351005554,
-1.0140355825424194,
0.18285885453224182,
0.46592071652412415,
-0.6395300626754761,
0.8681400418281555,
0.02238701656460762,
-0.2090984731912613,
0.708676278591156,
0.1269311159849167,
-0.35821253061294556,
-0.13915148377418518,
0.03394423425197601,
-0.49600470066070557,
-0.35012033581733704,
-0.3048446476459503,
-0.23884405195713043,
-0.16460560262203217,
0.05618826672434807,
-0.47311240434646606,
-1.0377228260040283,
0.06851201504468918,
0.27096158266067505,
-0.27016738057136536,
0.42405977845191956,
-0.7082028388977051,
-0.037956900894641876,
0.2070656418800354,
0.5113847851753235,
-0.10347381979227066,
0.4205731153488159,
0.12113341689109802,
-0.14120356738567352,
-0.4204672873020172,
0.025822680443525314,
0.5076620578765869,
0.37067344784736633,
0.9104389548301697,
0.04417109116911888,
-0.27664628624916077,
-0.763126015663147,
0.16656063497066498,
0.8361372947692871,
-0.4704767167568207,
-1.4127533435821533,
0.5494334697723389,
0.2904534935951233,
-0.34321674704551697,
-0.9354955554008484,
0.07207046449184418,
0.41132208704948425,
-0.3305346369743347,
-0.28756406903266907,
0.6269979476928711,
0.0593925416469574,
-0.03012339025735855,
-0.004352141637355089,
-0.30891382694244385,
0.18864978849887848,
0.12651711702346802,
0.2655676007270813,
-0.7625101804733276,
-0.33231210708618164,
-0.5020372271537781,
-0.03537263348698616,
-0.3935302197933197,
-0.13647449016571045,
-0.4327694773674011,
0.16596516966819763,
-0.05395757779479027,
-0.3810868561267853,
0.14642030000686646,
0.09212525188922882,
-0.800232470035553,
-0.005735516082495451,
-0.3208627998828888,
0.09368708729743958,
0.17010678350925446,
-0.6193969249725342,
-0.06641470640897751,
0.2656519412994385,
-0.6043705344200134,
-0.1199008971452713,
-0.11484566330909729,
-0.3739768862724304,
0.2798580825328827,
-0.09890581667423248,
-0.1532488763332367,
-0.35171031951904297,
0.11952345818281174,
-0.519760251045227,
0.5423110723495483,
0.3979071378707886,
0.7977434396743774,
-0.1636858731508255,
0.2571868300437927,
-0.757559597492218,
0.6406790614128113,
0.02186797559261322,
-1.0353220701217651,
0.49061647057533264,
-0.13525749742984772,
-0.509919285774231,
-0.24948690831661224,
0.505486249923706,
0.10334816575050354,
0.20550084114074707,
-0.03700913488864899,
0.21964742243289948,
1.2299000024795532,
-0.2717033326625824,
-0.046265099197626114,
0.7589346766471863,
-0.39174988865852356,
-0.1950749009847641,
0.44952163100242615,
-0.2667390704154968,
-0.5192223191261292,
0.5055168271064758,
0.5523289442062378,
0.03530433401465416,
1.1730071306228638,
-0.14468850195407867,
-0.0894545391201973,
-0.2709723114967346,
0.3734034597873688,
0.28649649024009705,
-0.5086520910263062,
-1.173068642616272,
0.13136078417301178,
-0.3614388108253479,
-0.6018798351287842,
-0.12848789989948273,
0.1830374300479889,
-0.8273196816444397,
0.11064581573009491,
0.42605191469192505,
0.38745182752609253,
0.019335703924298286,
0.10531600564718246,
0.3239986002445221,
0.1637790948152542,
0.7244282960891724,
0.3161253333091736,
0.11677829176187515,
-0.1977405995130539,
0.6788516044616699,
-0.32517674565315247,
0.42581209540367126,
-0.5178799033164978,
-0.2883654534816742,
-0.5183086395263672,
-0.047569748014211655,
-0.2323654741048813,
-0.36828476190567017,
-0.06091948226094246,
-0.1393912136554718,
-0.5873135924339294,
0.31624510884284973,
-0.6803011894226074,
0.0005622011376544833,
-0.508745014667511,
0.33102911710739136,
0.26689329743385315,
-0.3560415506362915,
0.9267389178276062,
-0.19139492511749268,
0.8644506335258484,
-0.15665052831172943,
-0.03223675489425659,
0.11964092403650284,
0.2259647250175476,
0.016451211646199226,
0.32556235790252686,
-0.14114050567150116,
0.46035364270210266,
-0.9150478839874268,
0.007930000312626362,
-0.17408926784992218,
-0.25485941767692566,
-0.3971509635448456,
0.06667418777942657,
0.21463492512702942,
0.445496141910553,
-0.47311753034591675,
-0.7400292158126831,
0.0930999219417572,
0.2072288691997528,
-0.35440120100975037,
0.42762839794158936,
-0.5628195405006409,
0.08482598513364792,
-0.08740177005529404,
0.6093210577964783,
0.16193002462387085,
0.38449960947036743,
0.44542211294174194,
0.9711256623268127,
0.05980836600065231,
0.17424309253692627,
-0.09417249262332916,
0.29081135988235474,
-0.3553759753704071,
-0.11135007441043854,
-0.8590654134750366,
0.868679404258728,
0.2870085835456848,
0.40176403522491455,
-0.5531666874885559,
0.6467607021331787,
-0.48422694206237793,
0.2445705384016037,
0.6614540219306946,
0.281001478433609,
-0.5125519037246704,
-0.2731175720691681,
0.8227190375328064,
0.2708742022514343,
0.06810018420219421,
0.2822151482105255,
-0.22857466340065002,
-0.7535101771354675,
0.10125298798084259,
-0.13174580037593842,
-0.6638286709785461,
0.44303902983665466,
-0.20138423144817352,
-0.6012746691703796,
-0.05279180780053139,
0.36918655037879944,
-0.3885056674480438,
0.07024204730987549,
-0.03469665348529816,
0.40449395775794983,
0.3634805977344513,
-0.13130855560302734,
-0.42390868067741394,
-0.19388964772224426,
-0.04205501452088356,
0.37522703409194946,
-0.004468355793505907,
-0.19913515448570251,
-0.2973865568637848,
-0.20114050805568695,
-0.7878857851028442,
0.6940126419067383,
0.3640560805797577,
-0.5770573616027832,
-0.0016658257227391005,
0.15332360565662384,
0.3896019756793976,
0.020334310829639435,
0.13819745182991028,
-0.3011154234409332,
0.486269474029541,
-0.035762347280979156
] |
256960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naugatuck%2C%20Connecticut | Naugatuck, Connecticut | Naugatuck is a consolidated borough and town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town spans both sides of the Naugatuck River just south of Waterbury, and includes the communities of Union City on the east side of the river, which has its own post office, Straitsville on the southeast (along Route 63), and Millville on the west (along Rubber Avenue). As of the 2020 census, Naugatuck had a population of 31,519.
History
Naugatuck was settled in 1701 as a farming community in rural western Connecticut. As the Industrial Revolution commenced, Naugatuck was transformed into a hardscrabble mill town like its neighbors in the Naugatuck Valley.
Rubber was the chief manufactured product. Charles Goodyear worked at his brother's rubber company, the Goodyear Metallic Rubber Shoe Company & Downtown Naugatuck, until the company was consolidated into the United States Rubber Company. The United States Rubber Company (renamed Uniroyal Inc. in 1961) was founded in Naugatuck in 1892 as a consolidation of nine rubber companies, and maintained their corporate headquarters there until the 1980s. Their Footwear Division manufactured Keds sneakers in Naugatuck from 1917 until the 1980s. U.S. Rubber also produced Naugahyde in a Naugatuck factory, but it is no longer produced there.
Due to an increase in the price of sulfuric acid, which was needed for the process then used for reclaiming old rubber, the United States Rubber Co. formed the Naugatuck Chemical Company on June 1, 1904, and the company soon was in the forefront of the chemical industry in the United States. Naugatuck Chemical remained a subsidiary of the U.S. Rubber Co. until, under Uniroyal, it gained independence as Uniroyal Chemical Co. They moved their operations to Middlebury, Connecticut, in the 1970s.
The Risdon Manufacturing Company, established in Naugatuck around 1910, began by producing safety pins. Local housewives and children were often hired to attach the pins to cardboard for easy sale. Risdon became the manufacturer of total packaging for cosmetics, personal, household and other consumer products and home sewing notions such as common pins, needles, snaps and other accessories. It is now the Crown Risdon Co., headquartered in Watertown, Connecticut.
In the 1960s, Harold Barber founded H. Barber and Sons in the community. The company builds beach rakes for picking up debris and grooming beaches and claims to be the largest such business in the world.
Naugatuck was the home to Peter Paul, the Hershey Foods division that produces Almond Joy and Mounds candy bars, until the Hershey Co. closed the Peter Paul factory in November 2007.
The normally peaceful Naugatuck River that flows through Naugatuck overflowed its banks on August 19, 1955. Fed by over of rain from Hurricane Diane, the river cut a path of destruction that forever changed the face of Naugatuck.
As American manufacturing declined in the late 20th century, the mills closed and the town fell on largely hard times. With the expansion of suburbs, especially in New Haven and Fairfield County, the town is now largely a bedroom community for the middle class. With this, many of Naugatuck's neighbors are fairly wealthy. Middlebury and Oxford are affluent towns that have higher performing school districts, but the price to live in these suburbs is high. Currently, many new more expensive homes are being built as people from Fairfield County and other areas are looking for more affordable housing and convenient access to major highways.
The local high school, Naugatuck High School, has a storied football rivalry with the high school in Ansonia that is one of the longest in America. Like the other rival high schools in the Naugatuck Valley, the two teams meet the morning of Thanksgiving Day. The first meeting was in 1900. Ansonia is the long-term winner in the series. Naugatuck High School's mascot is the greyhound, and its colors are garnet and grey.
The town of Naugatuck is affectionately referred to as "Naugy" by its residents. The town common features 11 commissions by the renowned New York architecture firm of McKim, Mead & White.
Naugatuck has experienced some economic and budgetary problems since 2009 resulting from the 2008 recession. However, the Borough's credit rating has remained stable.
Education
Naugatuck has a total of 5 public elementary schools (which include grades K-4), 2 public intermediate schools (grades 5-6), 1 public middle school (grades 7-8), and 1 public high school (grades 9-12). The high school has an overall enrollment of 1,267 students and a graduation rate of 82%.
In 2013, an $81 million renovation for the high school took place and was completed by the fall of 2015 that brought the school up to date and back to mint condition.
Naugatuck High School was ranked 149th best in Connecticut. This is near the bottom of all public high schools in Connecticut. Although well funded, many years of mismanagement by the elected Board of Education, has led to this poor rating. In recent years, a mostly new Board of Education and a new Superintendent has helped improve the quality of education in the school district.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 16.5 square miles (42.6 km), of which 16.4 square miles (42.4 km) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km), or 0.36%, is water.
Government
Naugatuck is unique in Connecticut government for being the only consolidated town and borough. Every other borough in Connecticut is a special services district located within another town, the unit of Connecticut local government. Naugatuck has both a town clerk and a borough clerk managing official records, the same as Connecticut cities having two clerks: a town clerk and a city clerk.
As with most other Connecticut towns and cities, Naugatuck elect its officials in November of odd-numbered years.
Transportation
The town has a Metro-North Railroad station (Naugatuck) along the Waterbury Branch of the New Haven Line. The principal highways through the town are Connecticut Route 63 (connecting to New Haven), Route 68 (leading to Durham), and the Route 8 expressway (for Waterbury, Derby, Torrington, and Bridgeport).
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 30,989 people, 11,829 households, and 8,292 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,890.9 people per square mile (730.0/km). There were 12,341 housing units at an average density of 753.0 per square mile (290.7/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.76% White, 2.85% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.68% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.58% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.47% of the population.
Of the 11,829 households, 36.3% of them had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $51,247, and the median income for a family was $59,286. Males had a median income of $42,103 versus $29,971 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $22,757. About 0.9% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
On the National Register of Historic Places
Bronson B. Tuttle House: 380 Church St., now headquarters of the Naugatuck Historical Society
Naugatuck Center Historic District: Roughly bounded by Fairview Avenue, Hillside Avenue, Terrace Avenue, Water Street and Pleasant View Street (added August 30, 1999)
Salem School: 124 Meadow St. (added December 3, 1983). Before construction of the first Naugatuck High School (now Hillside Intermediate School), high-school classes were held on the top floor of this building.
United States Post Office–Naugatuck Main: Church and Cedar streets (added February 21, 1986)
Popular culture
In 2008, an episode of Food Paradise (Sandwich Paradise) on the Travel Channel highlighted the Nardelli's Grinder Shoppe and its specialty Italian grinder sandwiches ("Meat Combo"). The town has also been used as a filming location for works such as Engine Trouble, released in 2002, and War of the Worlds, filmed at the former Uniroyal plant and released in 2005. (The plant was demolished on February 28, 2008.)
Notable people
Adrian, costume designer for Hollywood films such as The Wizard of Oz and the Broadway musical Camelot, for which he won a posthumous Tony Award.
Michael Bergin, former Calvin Klein model and Baywatch actor; attended Naugatuck High School where he played baseball and basketball.
Seth Bingham, organist and prolific composer.
Emily Sophie Brown, one of the first women to serve in the Connecticut House of Representatives; resident of Naugatuck from 1910 to 1985.
Billy Burke, professional golfer, winner of the 1931 U.S. Open.
Ray Foley, baseball player who appeared in two games for the 1928 New York Giants.
Charles Goodyear, first American to vulcanize rubber, lived in Naugatuck as a young man; his brother, Henry Goodyear, founded the Goodyear Metallic Rubber Shoe Company in Naugatuck that became part of the United States Rubber Company in 1892.
Shirley Grey, stage and movie actress during the 1920s and 1930s.
Robert Harper, computer scientist.
Mohamed Hrezi, runner who competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in the marathon.
Frank "Spec" Shea, professional baseball player who pitched in 1947 World Series, nicknamed "The Naugatuck Nugget".
See also
Gunntown Cemetery
Hop Brook Lake
Laurel Park Incorporated
Naugatuck State Forest
St. Hedwig Parish, Union City
Notes
External links
Borough of Naugatuck official website
Naugatuck Economic Development Commission
Naugatuck Historical Society
Howard Whittemore Memorial Library
Naugatuck Arts Commission
Macaroni Kid
Boroughs in Connecticut
Boroughs in New Haven County, Connecticut
Towns in New Haven County, Connecticut
Greater Waterbury, Connecticut
Naugatuck River Valley
Towns in the New York metropolitan area
Towns in Connecticut | [
-0.9372105598449707,
0.5179455280303955,
-0.37447816133499146,
-0.48069649934768677,
0.4083828330039978,
0.5581137537956238,
0.7572420835494995,
0.5397199392318726,
-0.4881829023361206,
-0.30245691537857056,
-0.388616681098938,
0.08494120091199875,
-0.21547256410121918,
0.9823172092437744,
-0.7504361271858215,
0.43556374311447144,
0.20716708898544312,
0.5049511790275574,
0.6526850461959839,
-0.5507619976997375,
0.07806406915187836,
0.15557879209518433,
0.29058581590652466,
0.7154580354690552,
0.18733306229114532,
0.22918815910816193,
0.6405434012413025,
0.1670144945383072,
0.01963367871940136,
-0.19111214578151703,
-0.4317038059234619,
0.4291473925113678,
-0.2579410672187805,
-0.7873175740242004,
0.6140257120132446,
-0.2585190236568451,
-0.3321335017681122,
-0.24006785452365875,
-0.024744002148509026,
-0.751411497592926,
-0.3743395507335663,
0.04834715276956558,
-0.2337544858455658,
0.0741327553987503,
-0.11512089520692825,
0.2509803771972656,
-0.9424689412117004,
0.026652609929442406,
-1.4074651002883911,
-0.8684582114219666,
-0.6867591738700867,
0.09223044663667679,
1.1610009670257568,
0.10808666050434113,
0.24526409804821014,
-0.09624367952346802,
-0.6282324194908142,
-0.027307024225592613,
0.9591076374053955,
0.6116368174552917,
0.0752771869301796,
0.058514948934316635,
-0.1893271803855896,
-0.07502955198287964,
-0.14882680773735046,
-0.15266183018684387,
-0.2133006602525711,
0.5922152400016785,
-0.31853535771369934,
-0.24898682534694672,
0.039810389280319214,
0.24603411555290222,
-0.29837512969970703,
0.5690674185752869,
-0.18560947477817535,
0.6030256152153015,
0.12271475046873093,
0.043302249163389206,
0.10452359169721603,
0.0027117375284433365,
-0.40184852480888367,
-0.1505783349275589,
0.7332096695899963,
-0.09749573469161987,
0.20588725805282593,
0.3567550778388977,
-0.5449018478393555,
0.4814184010028839,
-0.48211702704429626,
1.2935373783111572,
-0.7404698729515076,
-0.13425330817699432,
-0.14032818377017975,
0.03654248267412186,
-0.24560365080833435,
-0.26183608174324036,
-0.016255434602499008,
0.317036509513855,
0.18986131250858307,
0.4416002631187439,
-0.41969621181488037,
0.01369580626487732,
1.2749581336975098,
0.393154501914978,
-0.4289553165435791,
-0.30952244997024536,
-0.42840492725372314,
-0.24550849199295044,
-0.07982661575078964,
-0.5342949628829956,
0.012518022209405899,
0.40119630098342896,
0.3930889964103699,
-0.35465553402900696,
-0.16316087543964386,
0.2855222821235657,
0.16109104454517365,
-0.818432092666626,
-0.5045716762542725,
-0.2381090521812439,
0.9021482467651367,
0.7385073304176331,
0.17451785504817963,
-0.4928496479988098,
0.32956039905548096,
-0.002891316544264555,
0.692815899848938,
-0.26996415853500366,
0.0008069337345659733,
-0.1327124387025833,
-0.22621889412403107,
0.7999602556228638,
-0.33283665776252747,
0.27119845151901245,
-0.18977157771587372,
-0.3902142643928528,
-0.16383442282676697,
0.38197869062423706,
0.6454610824584961,
-0.1040448322892189,
-0.7425761222839355,
0.41389405727386475,
-0.7330118417739868,
0.030613111332058907,
0.11123690009117126,
-0.10038375854492188,
-0.19202788174152374,
-0.160709410905838,
0.357275128364563,
-0.038603730499744415,
-0.008248069323599339,
-0.06037503480911255,
0.0657103881239891,
0.22495204210281372,
-0.3781583607196808,
-0.45578697323799133,
0.195075124502182,
0.31411027908325195,
0.3991749584674835,
0.6148449778556824,
-0.2872144281864166,
0.3937635123729706,
0.6116865277290344,
0.27514055371284485,
-0.02680029720067978,
-0.07063698768615723,
0.6914645433425903,
-0.6960592269897461,
0.13154955208301544,
0.25571778416633606,
-0.30485212802886963,
-0.09902403503656387,
0.7047342658042908,
-0.8163599967956543,
0.002592460485175252,
-0.4075494110584259,
1.077567219734192,
-0.16648688912391663,
0.44936123490333557,
-0.2875869572162628,
-0.6597747206687927,
0.3929557204246521,
0.5772594213485718,
0.10570887476205826,
-0.2706548571586609,
0.15284864604473114,
0.2910325229167938,
0.19399021565914154,
-0.06694570183753967,
0.404279887676239,
0.19014665484428406,
-0.34224310517311096,
0.5426703691482544,
0.07245849072933197,
0.05627669021487236,
0.7091135382652283,
-0.6926484107971191,
0.7772433757781982,
-0.28199777007102966,
0.3684999346733093,
-0.1447199136018753,
-0.5863314867019653,
0.44232070446014404,
-0.7099797129631042,
-0.12649200856685638,
0.43239688873291016,
0.16544516384601593,
-0.2064768671989441,
0.07647964358329773,
0.4034607410430908,
0.12639550864696503,
-1.023301601409912,
-0.06511624902486801,
-0.024868329986929893,
0.1297655552625656,
-0.5239052772521973,
-0.1410846710205078,
0.042958542704582214,
0.08379822969436646,
-0.4182093143463135,
0.2912125289440155,
-0.019464513286948204,
0.5459194779396057,
-0.22645331919193268,
0.40586763620376587,
1.1556051969528198,
-0.3783425986766815,
-0.0033088536001741886,
0.31241247057914734,
0.1687016785144806,
0.7186684608459473,
0.11364101618528366,
-0.21738861501216888,
-0.4008629024028778,
0.052146267145872116,
-0.5434072017669678,
-0.057959385216236115,
-0.723351001739502,
1.1827349662780762,
-0.2533436417579651,
-0.31709161400794983,
-0.08504024147987366,
-1.271867036819458,
0.1483715921640396,
0.8446344137191772,
0.02877448871731758,
-0.38055169582366943,
-0.015745751559734344,
-0.48173052072525024,
-0.9703586101531982,
0.05940108373761177,
0.5086770057678223,
0.7295870780944824,
0.07272236794233322,
0.42096132040023804,
0.035442255437374115,
-0.374021053314209,
0.1853213608264923,
0.6043283343315125,
0.24783717095851898,
-0.34230855107307434,
0.6952306032180786,
0.2851506769657135,
0.24642904102802277,
-0.15787363052368164,
-0.6523522138595581,
-0.3111637234687805,
-0.4880219101905823,
-0.01648973859846592,
0.17188552021980286,
0.6357457041740417,
-0.6172275543212891,
0.12391067296266556,
-0.18811768293380737,
0.6380752325057983,
0.22930730879306793,
-0.2537306249141693,
0.10116931051015854,
-1.2113534212112427,
-0.477470725774765,
0.060743749141693115,
0.835141122341156,
-0.8811243176460266,
-0.19983375072479248,
0.37746021151542664,
-0.6743549108505249,
0.9087467193603516,
-0.11647593975067139,
-0.623428463935852,
0.3150150775909424,
-0.3324342668056488,
-0.30897611379623413,
-0.0960831269621849,
0.719649612903595,
-0.30431830883026123,
0.42833608388900757,
-0.10166732221841812,
-0.4207286238670349,
0.22634530067443848,
-0.3167327642440796,
-0.335570752620697,
0.5998334884643555,
-0.2830148935317993,
-0.18764789402484894,
-0.6556929349899292,
-0.8537173867225647,
0.28176552057266235,
-0.351548433303833,
-4.901774883270264,
0.600419819355011,
-0.03144783899188042,
0.1975271999835968,
0.007340025622397661,
-0.3281978368759155,
0.01873076520860195,
0.021090028807520866,
-0.6247943639755249,
0.6002655625343323,
-0.05828946456313133,
-0.9152122735977173,
0.27146580815315247,
0.35814347863197327,
0.4291290044784546,
-0.5444386601448059,
1.036313772201538,
-0.1837342232465744,
0.18713168799877167,
0.4534265100955963,
-0.3613242208957672,
-0.017722997814416885,
-0.2294396162033081,
-0.1818685382604599,
0.6815308332443237,
0.5097213387489319,
0.06786402314901352,
-0.03602074831724167,
-0.6584831476211548,
-0.07507753372192383,
0.31861162185668945,
0.19374069571495056,
-0.3262302279472351,
0.0481194369494915,
0.07211357355117798,
-0.6089192628860474,
0.13221609592437744,
-0.05672977864742279,
1.162622094154358,
-0.9995806813240051,
0.4896131753921509,
0.7702329754829407,
-0.5236123204231262,
-0.05818130448460579,
0.7658898830413818,
-0.3902416527271271,
-0.4342425763607025,
0.14808955788612366,
-0.19635255634784698,
0.5762973427772522,
0.6253179907798767,
-0.21968522667884827,
0.44597259163856506,
0.576996922492981,
0.3956547677516937,
-0.4143299460411072,
0.0871812179684639,
-0.30985212326049805,
-0.12361530214548111,
0.515557587146759,
0.5761787295341492,
-0.30276408791542053,
-0.38499194383621216,
-0.09811555594205856,
-0.3593672513961792,
-0.7147654294967651,
-0.1047237291932106,
0.2786332070827484,
0.515609860420227,
0.2580604553222656,
-0.13981688022613525,
-0.003986246883869171,
-0.18709467351436615,
-0.5379934906959534,
0.31044700741767883,
-0.618729829788208,
-0.6150258183479309,
0.20019274950027466,
-0.2889966666698456,
-0.350826621055603,
-0.01597924903035164,
-0.00719877053052187,
0.2646373510360718,
1.2700461149215698,
0.12230315059423447,
-0.8615550994873047,
-0.4785047769546509,
0.7605408430099487,
-0.8428663015365601,
-0.4494098722934723,
0.5011206269264221,
0.4638308584690094,
0.13058914244174957,
-0.15875372290611267,
0.004798695910722017,
-0.1412755250930786,
0.1910618245601654,
0.11300205439329147,
0.08142153918743134,
-0.2168847769498825,
0.7177422642707825,
-0.2752954363822937,
0.06753212958574295,
-0.38727831840515137,
0.12717194855213165,
0.1643678843975067,
-0.11236948519945145,
0.41894569993019104,
1.143923044204712,
0.030511435121297836,
-0.6950380206108093,
-0.6544244885444641,
-0.06981827318668365,
-0.5441116690635681,
0.2765352129936218,
-0.5899707674980164,
-0.1790558248758316,
0.9329078793525696,
0.14059537649154663,
0.0943983867764473,
0.38978591561317444,
0.6738204956054688,
-0.18856181204319,
-0.36543798446655273,
-0.2302418202161789,
-0.5947016477584839,
0.47427159547805786,
0.09841634333133698,
-0.8991730213165283,
0.7779349684715271,
-0.4079330563545227,
-0.2097991704940796,
-0.6935440897941589,
-0.4956822693347931,
-0.2358693927526474,
-0.5051155090332031,
-0.858975887298584,
-1.292873740196228,
-0.18824952840805054,
0.45861226320266724,
0.5654379725456238,
-0.07223521173000336,
-0.15821720659732819,
-0.18153539299964905,
-0.1902449131011963,
-0.0048969946801662445,
0.825503945350647,
-0.20275868475437164,
-1.1619679927825928,
0.24813231825828552,
-0.32394567131996155,
-0.7208821177482605,
-0.45870327949523926,
-0.39397820830345154,
0.1835421323776245,
-0.11312557011842728,
0.2330039143562317,
-0.12141340970993042,
0.6069607138633728,
0.32310181856155396,
0.5318731665611267,
-0.040665220469236374,
-0.42346319556236267,
0.2548829913139343,
-0.35680657625198364,
0.4972739517688751,
-0.21929223835468292,
0.10060633718967438,
-0.44545990228652954,
0.21525348722934723,
0.19256789982318878,
-0.2457713484764099,
-0.673414945602417,
-0.3317248821258545,
0.5223263502120972,
-0.2025097757577896,
0.07621653378009796,
0.6764864325523376,
0.008125047199428082,
0.048720695078372955,
0.022150669246912003,
-0.09148271381855011,
-0.47148463129997253,
-0.45943570137023926,
0.2453227937221527,
-0.5383511185646057,
-0.23873351514339447,
0.24162514507770538,
-0.47449517250061035,
-0.44049766659736633,
-0.159698486328125,
-0.7955703139305115,
0.747170090675354,
0.19650311768054962,
-0.2610641419887543,
-0.6448946595191956,
0.4593794345855713,
0.376006156206131,
-0.4828483760356903,
-0.38799309730529785,
0.31593719124794006,
0.6936678290367126,
-0.7182227969169617,
0.6712486147880554,
-0.032120246440172195,
-0.9264156818389893,
0.31369414925575256,
0.4641532599925995,
-0.43760624527931213,
1.2157206535339355,
-0.2265089601278305,
-0.5018090605735779,
0.6881569623947144,
0.154104083776474,
-0.31821706891059875,
-0.14268392324447632,
0.08076781034469604,
-0.3525995910167694,
0.12311920523643494,
-0.14862625300884247,
-0.7319420576095581,
0.40417060256004333,
0.05275970324873924,
-0.34435179829597473,
-0.3142714500427246,
0.7104508876800537,
0.017695000395178795,
-0.005436105653643608,
0.5625455975532532,
-0.5313132405281067,
-0.5783897638320923,
-0.12799623608589172,
0.1709243357181549,
-0.07441262155771255,
0.6021676659584045,
0.03448968008160591,
0.09024129062891006,
-0.2763843834400177,
0.0730719044804573,
0.37242165207862854,
0.5042643547058105,
0.8610799908638,
0.11572235077619553,
-0.6453478932380676,
-0.2739357650279999,
0.12668649852275848,
1.061784029006958,
0.16544540226459503,
-0.7088841795921326,
0.6674673557281494,
0.6819266080856323,
-0.30883386731147766,
-1.276463270187378,
-0.0488298274576664,
1.272444248199463,
-0.27642765641212463,
-0.48812738060951233,
0.2697761654853821,
-0.10635076463222504,
-0.19661298394203186,
0.28850477933883667,
0.07056544721126556,
0.37616947293281555,
-0.05329400300979614,
0.14728881418704987,
-0.7968014478683472,
-0.4936305284500122,
0.14032241702079773,
0.36147427558898926,
-0.9247666001319885,
0.35821348428726196,
-0.21840351819992065,
0.07891316711902618,
0.29392504692077637,
-0.4543231725692749,
0.06614191085100174,
0.24931973218917847,
-0.9989550709724426,
0.5645413398742676,
-0.037956807762384415,
-0.19049648940563202,
0.23886819183826447,
-0.8683058619499207,
-0.11675915867090225,
0.33974963426589966,
-0.7595750689506531,
0.029981015250086784,
0.35499486327171326,
-0.09910683333873749,
0.002605586312711239,
-0.5995950102806091,
-0.1778261512517929,
-0.3940832316875458,
-0.006454359740018845,
-0.7548149824142456,
0.5370170474052429,
-0.13076874613761902,
0.8450941443443298,
0.4232850968837738,
0.06922412663698196,
-1.2823189496994019,
0.6870647072792053,
0.22479143738746643,
-0.6468450427055359,
0.5624147057533264,
0.1258736401796341,
-1.0267772674560547,
-0.3678146302700043,
0.37035220861434937,
-0.47990885376930237,
0.07310976088047028,
-0.23794381320476532,
0.2985052764415741,
0.9223171472549438,
-0.1240682601928711,
0.2473854422569275,
0.7862449884414673,
-0.3897237181663513,
-0.2503297030925751,
0.22327351570129395,
-0.2142333686351776,
-0.2398832142353058,
0.5463849306106567,
0.6872930526733398,
0.02501855604350567,
1.1312003135681152,
-0.30401545763015747,
-0.04449322447180748,
0.17652368545532227,
0.17845644056797028,
0.13678206503391266,
-0.6260222792625427,
-0.7103268504142761,
0.1481190174818039,
-0.2261076122522354,
-0.06153629720211029,
-0.27267685532569885,
-0.3067910671234131,
-1.0484881401062012,
0.13303454220294952,
0.4863380193710327,
0.09903223067522049,
0.083633653819561,
-0.10267924517393112,
-0.05800558626651764,
-0.08914244920015335,
0.44659358263015747,
0.3054858148097992,
0.43570733070373535,
-0.6051591634750366,
0.27642956376075745,
0.15733633935451508,
0.3047972619533539,
-0.28545987606048584,
-0.18284231424331665,
0.35607361793518066,
0.29034045338630676,
-0.33386659622192383,
-0.6596044898033142,
-0.23975972831249237,
-0.37567099928855896,
-0.315229207277298,
0.39170679450035095,
-0.4930441081523895,
0.14053098857402802,
-0.8573567867279053,
0.19157548248767853,
0.12131504714488983,
-0.031211037188768387,
1.0589888095855713,
0.08402515202760696,
0.5418210029602051,
0.1557498574256897,
-0.2671802341938019,
0.42382097244262695,
0.6763031482696533,
0.030613193288445473,
0.6826928853988647,
-0.21069316565990448,
0.09869623929262161,
-0.5503170490264893,
0.200995534658432,
-0.2912011444568634,
-0.1581222414970398,
-0.5938490033149719,
-0.18891534209251404,
-0.026520779356360435,
0.11441142112016678,
0.13642831146717072,
-0.5060144662857056,
-0.024628935381770134,
0.21341463923454285,
-0.5968177914619446,
0.4594891667366028,
0.062028177082538605,
0.14445002377033234,
-0.030691446736454964,
1.0068551301956177,
0.3799320161342621,
0.6576258540153503,
-0.02572651393711567,
0.4896485209465027,
-0.307014137506485,
0.28479477763175964,
0.04181772097945213,
0.45997142791748047,
-0.3415844738483429,
0.7431915998458862,
-1.080264925956726,
0.6742072105407715,
0.3233315348625183,
0.39658647775650024,
-0.2837708294391632,
0.7705430388450623,
-0.8358041644096375,
-0.3841143250465393,
0.9517659544944763,
0.024467138573527336,
-0.8247244954109192,
-0.39691418409347534,
0.48660656809806824,
0.03929438441991806,
0.13257825374603271,
0.21803636848926544,
-0.254518061876297,
-0.7885105609893799,
-0.17027916014194489,
-0.25606638193130493,
-1.0023767948150635,
0.01067381538450718,
-0.20918111503124237,
-0.8642109632492065,
0.05572759732604027,
0.42211636900901794,
-0.8368018269538879,
0.18159528076648712,
0.01577829010784626,
0.7576337456703186,
0.6274104118347168,
-0.470312237739563,
-0.1451142132282257,
-0.5073480606079102,
0.4455377757549286,
0.6026293635368347,
-0.08182976394891739,
-0.2091529667377472,
-0.18327900767326355,
-0.2541009485721588,
-0.39664825797080994,
0.6725193858146667,
-0.22009143233299255,
-0.5744602680206299,
0.38386210799217224,
0.11520539969205856,
0.21312588453292847,
0.2311236560344696,
0.07816808670759201,
-0.5274056196212769,
0.03329135477542877,
0.47243618965148926
] |
256964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%2C%20Connecticut | Orange, Connecticut | Orange is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 14,280 at the 2020 census. The town is governed by a Board of Selectmen.
History
The Paugusset, an Algonquian people, once lived in the area that is now Orange. In 1639, the Rev. Peter Prudden purchased the land from the Native Americans for six coats, ten blankets, one kettle, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen knives and a dozen small mirrors. When originally settled by English colonists, Orange was the northern and eastern district of the now neighboring city of Milford; however, by 1822, the population of the area had grown to the point where residents desired to form their own separate community, thus forming the town of Orange.
The town is named after William III of England, who was Prince of Orange from birth. William is remembered for succeeding James II, deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II had been considered a despot in Connecticut; he had famously and unsuccessfully commissioned Edmund Andros to seize Connecticut's Charter.
The town continued to grow throughout the 19th century. As early as 1848, a separation of Orange and West Haven was considered. It was not until 1921 that the two were officially separated by act of the Connecticut General Assembly and
the new city of West Haven was formed out of the southeastern portion of Orange. This gave the remnant town of Orange a very rural feel, as the bulk of the urbanized population was ceded to West Haven. In the post-war years, however, Orange began suburbanizing at a rapid pace.
Early roads through the area included the Boston Post Road (now U.S. Route 1) and the Derby Turnpike (now Connecticut Route 34). The turnpike was originally an Indian path. A toll road through Orange, from New Haven to Derby, was built starting in 1800. The toll house was located in Orange; tolls ended in 1887. The New Haven and Derby Railroad ran through Orange starting in 1871, with a station in Orange. At its peak, there were eleven trains per day in each direction along with one freight train. The advent of a trolley from New Haven to Derby (starting in 1904 and running until 1937) hastened the end to rail service (in 1925). Later, the construction of the Wilbur Cross Parkway and Interstate 95 brought highways through the area.
On the National Register of Historic Places
Col. Asa Platt House — 2 Tyler City Road (added 2002). Federal style. Built in 1810, it is thought to have been built by David Hoadley, who built the Orange Congregational Church. The nomination to the register, by Jan Cunningham, refers to "the elegant refinement of the interior", repeated elliptical forms in "the sunbursts of the mantelpieces; in the recessed panels below the parlor windows; in the capitals of the arches; and, in a wholly unexpected manner, in the high relief of the egg form that embellishes the simple mantel frieze in a second-floor chamber."
Henry F. Miller House — 30 Derby Ave. (added May 25, 2001). This international style house was completed in 1949 and featured at the time in the New Haven Register as "The House of Tomorrow".
Orange Center Historic District — Roughly Orange Center Road from Orange Cemetery to Nan Drive (added August 10, 1989). The district was originally established by the town January 13, 1978. The Orange Congregational Church, designed by David Hoadley and built in 1810 on the town green, is a centerpiece of the district. This Federal style church features a Palladian window, domed belfry and a painted black oval "window" on the front tower. The district also includes the Stone-Otis House (Federal with Greek revival portico), built circa 1830 (now a museum) and The Academy, a schoolhouse built in 1878 with Stick style elements, including an elaborate gable screen, also now a museum.
William Andrew House (also known as Bryan-Andrew House) — 131 Old Tavern Road (added 2002). Built about 1750 for the Bryan family, early settlers in North Milford. This area was known as "Bryan's Farms". The house includes a finely detailed front cornice, feather-edged sheathing and hand-split lath laboriously installed without nails. The house later served as housing for dairy farm employees and was ultimately bought by the Town of Orange in 2000 to be restored for use as a museum.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,233 people, 4,739 households, and 3,895 families residing in the town. The population density was 770.0 people per square mile (297.2/km). There were 4,870 housing units at an average density of 283.4 per square mile (109.4/km). The racial makeup of the town was 94.08% White, 0.79% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.84% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.
There were 4,739 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.1% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.8% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $79,365, and the median income for a family was $88,583. Males had a median income of $58,946 versus $41,563 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,471. About 2.1% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Schools
Mary L. Tracy, for kindergarten and pre-school
Peck Place, first to sixth grades
Turkey Hill, first to sixth grades
Racebrook, first to sixth grades
Amity Middle School, seven to eighth grades (Orange campus)
Southern Connecticut Hebrew Academy (formerly New Haven Hebrew Day School)
Orange is served by the regional Amity Regional High School in Woodbridge.
Library
Case Memorial Library
Town tradition
Orange exhibits its rural roots at the annual Orange Country Fair. This event originally ran from 1898 to 1912 and was revived in 1975. It has continued since then featuring horse, oxen and tractor pulls as well as exhibits of animals, flowers, fruits, vegetables and baked goods. In early August, the town also promotes the Orange Volunteer Fireman's Carnival, which raises funds to support the volunteer fire department. Both events are held at the fairgrounds at High Plains Community Center near the center of town.
Orange was the home of the first computer camp, held at the local Amity Jr. High School in 1977.
During the Cold War, Orange was a location for the permanent deployment of Nike missiles for the defense of Greater New Haven. The former site of the Nike missiles has since (from the late 1950s onward) been the home of the 103rd Air Control and Warning Squadron, later to become the 103rd Tactical Control Squadron and as it remains today the 103rd Air Control Squadron, a part of the Connecticut Air National Guard.
In the early nineteenth century, settlers from Orange founded Orange, Ohio, then part of Connecticut's Western Reserve.
On August 18, 2005 the Orange Little League Girls softball team lost the championship game of the Little League Softball World Series to a team from McLean, Virginia.
On March 15–17, 2009, Orange hosted the 2009 ConnJam, a Boy Scout event in which over 3,000 Boy Scouts from the Connecticut Yankee Council attended events and camped over the weekend.
Business and industry
Orange is the home of the North American headquarters of Pez candies. It is also the home of the headquarters of Avangrid and its subsidiaries Southern Connecticut Gas and The United Illuminating Company.
Tangoe, Inc., a provider of telecommunications management software, was formerly headquartered in Orange.
Orange was the home of the US headquarters of Saab-Scania from 1972 until 1992 when the company relocated to Norcross, Georgia. From 1973-2010, Hubbell, a manufacturer of electrical products, was headquartered in Orange. In 2013, the University of New Haven purchased the former Hubbell headquarters buildings to redevelop as a graduate school campus. Yale's West Campus is located on the Orange-West Haven town line, on a 136-acre property that was formerly occupied by Bayer. In 2013, the Yale School of Nursing relocated to a building on the Yale West Campus that is mostly on the Orange side of the town border.
About three percent of the 17 square miles in the town is farmed. One such farm, Field View Farm, has been operated by the Hine family since 1639.
The town has extensive retail development along the Boston Post Road corridor.
Notable people
Josef (1888-1976) and Anni Albers (1899-1994), noted artists
William Atherton (1947-), character actor, born and raised in Orange
Art Ceccarelli (1930-2012), baseball player
Christopher Collier (1930-2020), historian, professor and winner of the Newbery Medal
John J. DeGioia (1957-), president of Georgetown University, raised in Orange
Kristen Griest (1989-), Army Captain and one of the first two female graduates of the United States Army Ranger School
Henry Lee (1938-), former resident, forensic scientist notable for his investigations of famous crimes
Patrick B. O'Sullivan (1887-1978), U.S. Congressman and judge
Timothy Sykes (1981-), penny stock trader and trainer.
Stephen Valiquette (1977-), ice hockey goaltender.
Lev Nussberg (1937-), is a Russian avant garde painter. He is the founder of Russian Kinetic Art
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.1 km), of which 17.2 square miles (44.5 km) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.6 km), or 1.38%, is water. It is bordered on the south by Milford, on the east by West Haven, on the north by New Haven, Woodbridge and Derby and on the west by the Housatonic River and Shelton. The town limits include Wooster Island in the Housatonic River. The Wepawaug, Oyster and Indian Rivers flow through the town.
References
External links
Town of Orange official website
Orange Historical Society
Case Memorial Library
Orange Local History Collection at Case Memorial Library
History of Orange, North Milford, Connecticut, 1639-1949, compiled by Mary R. Woodruff
Orange 150, Sesquicentennial 1822-1972
The Amity Star, a newspaper of the early 1950s
Orange School District
Orange Chamber of Commerce
Orange Country Fair
Orange Town News
Towns in New Haven County, Connecticut
Towns in the New York metropolitan area
Towns in Connecticut | [
-0.6287325024604797,
0.12178691476583481,
-0.2906014621257782,
-0.7232115268707275,
0.7855120897293091,
0.3526328504085541,
0.4432911276817322,
0.6068877577781677,
-0.3604215979576111,
-0.22876136004924774,
-0.5414448380470276,
0.3974360525608063,
-0.21622316539287567,
0.41864511370658875,
-1.0681428909301758,
0.5326511859893799,
0.3582676947116852,
1.000878095626831,
0.29644399881362915,
0.06593229621648788,
-0.025026502087712288,
0.23706679046154022,
0.22342237830162048,
0.6250910758972168,
-0.10671143233776093,
-0.4938669204711914,
0.7028173804283142,
-0.04095875471830368,
0.3577316403388977,
-0.04980291426181793,
-0.3720022439956665,
0.1842585653066635,
-0.5401789546012878,
-0.6022335290908813,
0.2947165369987488,
-0.5653038024902344,
-0.33480873703956604,
0.15622887015342712,
0.2905433475971222,
-0.24263422191143036,
-0.6946394443511963,
0.0473564974963665,
0.1873711496591568,
-0.009330665692687035,
0.09343983232975006,
-0.37374013662338257,
-1.8461968898773193,
0.23397468030452728,
-1.1006628274917603,
-0.1177067682147026,
-0.5158612132072449,
-0.08185318112373352,
0.4807390570640564,
0.33490151166915894,
0.619392454624176,
0.16611815989017487,
-0.6531223654747009,
0.06419096887111664,
1.1404459476470947,
0.6972764730453491,
-0.1137494146823883,
0.08905883878469467,
-0.10493993014097214,
-0.11983101069927216,
-0.1805291771888733,
0.11063911765813828,
0.10877227038145065,
0.48100292682647705,
0.39353182911872864,
-0.27584683895111084,
0.21600200235843658,
0.23786984384059906,
-0.5446150302886963,
0.11688750237226486,
-0.031397975981235504,
0.6378352642059326,
-0.04642353951931,
-0.6336612701416016,
0.17545835673809052,
0.027259964495897293,
-0.0626605823636055,
-0.1505526602268219,
0.7736053466796875,
-0.3078095018863678,
0.36047840118408203,
0.5569544434547424,
-0.5032986402511597,
0.06119856610894203,
0.08386486023664474,
0.5510622262954712,
-0.8039650917053223,
0.1340467482805252,
-0.17048680782318115,
0.1016589105129242,
-0.31440871953964233,
-0.4581962525844574,
0.29271596670150757,
0.27155745029449463,
-0.18682491779327393,
0.6431865692138672,
-0.5730267763137817,
0.6358363032341003,
0.9433109760284424,
-0.3445574939250946,
-0.5630368590354919,
-0.19652847945690155,
-0.2090214043855667,
-0.24096916615962982,
0.3384028971195221,
-0.5830483436584473,
-0.43340954184532166,
0.13964630663394928,
0.4559341371059418,
-0.5250423550605774,
-0.6911616921424866,
0.5124364495277405,
0.2685980796813965,
-0.7377434372901917,
-0.10794547200202942,
-0.22572658956050873,
0.1982392519712448,
0.9274824261665344,
0.10180582106113434,
0.05784478038549423,
-0.10166983306407928,
0.14058426022529602,
0.35090914368629456,
0.03382418304681778,
0.38338035345077515,
0.03594713285565376,
-0.4239526093006134,
0.37934014201164246,
-0.40583816170692444,
0.17545488476753235,
0.08513067662715912,
0.1295553743839264,
-0.13129062950611115,
0.3170251250267029,
0.6990112066268921,
0.13581202924251556,
-0.42849382758140564,
0.25746968388557434,
-0.7978003025054932,
-0.08128364384174347,
-0.2922503352165222,
-0.741306483745575,
-0.2769576907157898,
-0.3698919415473938,
0.06436122208833694,
0.01960800774395466,
-0.03294331952929497,
0.15051379799842834,
0.19289124011993408,
0.2557857930660248,
-0.5544466376304626,
-0.08327151834964752,
0.643915057182312,
0.43714821338653564,
0.20120985805988312,
0.10511130839586258,
-0.1260255128145218,
0.15994572639465332,
0.9658320546150208,
-0.06724543869495392,
0.3672257363796234,
-0.04297986999154091,
0.40260374546051025,
-0.2918374240398407,
0.7382302284240723,
0.7121133208274841,
-0.506628692150116,
0.04477786645293236,
1.030439019203186,
-0.3200608193874359,
0.14596569538116455,
-0.18431495130062103,
0.5375303030014038,
0.23935747146606445,
-0.09173944592475891,
-0.30581071972846985,
-0.5292913913726807,
0.36960360407829285,
0.2495843470096588,
0.24072881042957306,
-0.2713121473789215,
0.19420602917671204,
-0.01817444898188114,
-0.06830255687236786,
0.1335175782442093,
0.03706876188516617,
0.42148807644844055,
-0.20327624678611755,
0.3854699432849884,
0.2468915581703186,
0.22454814612865448,
0.053402725607156754,
-1.0855181217193604,
0.3818982243537903,
-0.48194023966789246,
0.2096642255783081,
-0.009748701937496662,
-0.4419597387313843,
0.29553577303886414,
-0.015848416835069656,
0.11578026413917542,
0.564148485660553,
0.0456266812980175,
-0.1883150339126587,
0.4013410210609436,
0.7463833093643188,
0.045131657272577286,
-0.9201024174690247,
-0.23646779358386993,
0.28128480911254883,
-0.4082474708557129,
-0.24384234845638275,
-0.4134060740470886,
-0.19148416817188263,
0.1480347216129303,
-0.25099799036979675,
0.3188229203224182,
0.4026695787906647,
0.2811923921108246,
-0.026508547365665436,
0.10372518002986908,
1.1368894577026367,
-0.22554190456867218,
-0.06747472286224365,
0.09050653129816055,
0.296914279460907,
0.30019915103912354,
-0.3589853048324585,
-0.5626437067985535,
-0.7034346461296082,
-0.2383149415254593,
-0.5226773619651794,
-0.21325969696044922,
-0.3596830368041992,
0.9875184893608093,
-0.5649770498275757,
-0.07478781044483185,
0.3229134976863861,
-1.1517350673675537,
0.3907955288887024,
0.2964879870414734,
0.6724372506141663,
-0.41097256541252136,
0.010341993533074856,
-0.10533899068832397,
-0.5578463077545166,
-0.14406681060791016,
0.21200604736804962,
0.6223555207252502,
-0.10552843660116196,
0.31899553537368774,
-0.379202276468277,
-0.29591456055641174,
0.45697730779647827,
0.48911190032958984,
0.5907360315322876,
-0.5817933082580566,
0.07199140638113022,
0.007093093823641539,
0.2118297964334488,
0.36675193905830383,
-0.5850445032119751,
-0.35103639960289,
-0.6829871535301208,
-0.15724977850914001,
0.07818879932165146,
0.6647560596466064,
-0.4440419375896454,
-0.20242349803447723,
-1.151961088180542,
0.7310898900032043,
0.43937811255455017,
-0.3241841793060303,
-0.40844881534576416,
-0.6189504861831665,
0.043635036796331406,
-0.008492695167660713,
0.7504532337188721,
-0.2039257436990738,
0.0013231781776994467,
0.27981290221214294,
-0.48781707882881165,
1.050542950630188,
-0.2185639590024948,
-0.5357416868209839,
0.19146375358104706,
-0.18632471561431885,
-0.38976603746414185,
0.2540636956691742,
1.2661044597625732,
-0.2987487316131592,
0.24703198671340942,
0.028602300211787224,
-0.4611924886703491,
-0.2521335482597351,
-0.5586052536964417,
-0.5508438348770142,
0.38487112522125244,
-0.41424286365509033,
-0.09383693337440491,
-0.39755338430404663,
-0.4385211765766144,
0.1700746864080429,
-0.09215229749679565,
-4.859748363494873,
0.6945120096206665,
-0.5939289927482605,
0.14659692347049713,
0.2427397519350052,
-0.5865092277526855,
0.007097064517438412,
-0.5487220287322998,
-0.6505892872810364,
0.7787607908248901,
0.4872772693634033,
-0.6532820463180542,
0.07594732940196991,
0.8265105485916138,
0.3267413079738617,
-0.05282142385840416,
0.20510432124137878,
-0.885524332523346,
0.5667017102241516,
0.7004165053367615,
-0.746828019618988,
-0.22819991409778595,
-0.2849728465080261,
-0.27448394894599915,
0.4882664680480957,
0.4141702651977539,
-0.0849882960319519,
-0.23059481382369995,
-0.31263744831085205,
0.07752450555562973,
0.01877736859023571,
0.28206542134284973,
-0.7441449761390686,
0.3551710247993469,
0.21897245943546295,
-0.14866405725479126,
0.15624645352363586,
-0.5051576495170593,
0.6147503852844238,
-0.739889919757843,
0.5838210582733154,
1.2735161781311035,
-0.7904099225997925,
-0.26042479276657104,
0.09837548434734344,
-0.282483845949173,
-0.39952850341796875,
0.09922347217798233,
-0.12487012892961502,
0.5531795024871826,
0.3223758041858673,
-0.024489177390933037,
0.7408393025398254,
0.1381644606590271,
0.5975652933120728,
-0.26709234714508057,
0.24185320734977722,
-0.35822656750679016,
0.03479696810245514,
0.3707669675350189,
0.05682588368654251,
-0.4124584496021271,
0.049317482858896255,
0.20724861323833466,
0.0534406341612339,
-0.14033082127571106,
0.4055958688259125,
-0.10840754956007004,
0.6980218887329102,
-0.04221740737557411,
-0.11052384227514267,
-0.6121114492416382,
0.07888838648796082,
-0.8482539653778076,
-0.26190385222435,
-0.395465224981308,
-0.8134713172912598,
-0.3087139129638672,
-0.45598530769348145,
-0.1599593162536621,
0.07474716007709503,
0.08856254070997238,
0.5045949816703796,
1.2263680696487427,
0.22551044821739197,
-0.5254603028297424,
-0.2976748049259186,
0.632361650466919,
-0.6421938538551331,
-0.8182490468025208,
0.6328890323638916,
-0.10346045345067978,
0.08862840384244919,
-0.3748915195465088,
-0.32688847184181213,
0.027701446786522865,
0.4047503173351288,
0.13708294928073883,
-0.4085395038127899,
-0.3850615918636322,
0.3860752582550049,
-0.1468595564365387,
-0.2706214189529419,
-0.248249351978302,
-0.43280836939811707,
0.0794672742486,
-0.19502563774585724,
0.3686346709728241,
0.9080957174301147,
-0.6532400846481323,
-0.6728643178939819,
-0.521446704864502,
0.08597393333911896,
-0.5015058517456055,
0.5995292663574219,
-0.40721458196640015,
0.018680013716220856,
0.7256948947906494,
0.11627422273159027,
0.03995241969823837,
0.0907093733549118,
0.5568016171455383,
-0.32959046959877014,
-0.3688609302043915,
-0.5675029158592224,
-0.4950334131717682,
0.09650790691375732,
0.1541280299425125,
-0.4119566082954407,
0.805637776851654,
-0.2656221389770508,
0.11626587063074112,
-0.5374408960342407,
0.13912087678909302,
-0.47520819306373596,
-0.1537477672100067,
-0.640180230140686,
-1.4559277296066284,
-0.5026959180831909,
0.5615594387054443,
0.24886684119701385,
-0.002453017048537731,
-0.1619781106710434,
0.12224353849887848,
0.02562633529305458,
-0.23297232389450073,
1.169847011566162,
-0.19586095213890076,
-1.1802574396133423,
0.4052853286266327,
-0.22923439741134644,
-0.5118534564971924,
-0.4081471860408783,
-0.5935992002487183,
0.17706291377544403,
-0.24411427974700928,
-0.18422475457191467,
-0.16289345920085907,
0.5192590951919556,
0.1306755542755127,
0.35379016399383545,
0.2772059142589569,
-0.2917584180831909,
0.3545210361480713,
0.33319321274757385,
-0.43220120668411255,
-0.482759565114975,
0.020408768206834793,
-0.7736096978187561,
0.20624707639217377,
0.32782697677612305,
-0.21600323915481567,
-0.41646504402160645,
-0.13282513618469238,
0.2424991875886917,
-0.21715447306632996,
0.15311065316200256,
0.445803701877594,
-0.13287299871444702,
-0.1893666684627533,
0.3227543532848358,
-0.0474647581577301,
-1.2443181276321411,
-0.19408763945102692,
0.6869721412658691,
-0.639464259147644,
-0.08987616747617722,
-0.6168494820594788,
0.2206626683473587,
-0.28392937779426575,
0.13031217455863953,
-0.32606300711631775,
0.38949406147003174,
0.18999694287776947,
-0.4336593449115753,
-0.3979623019695282,
0.5748043060302734,
-0.5136677026748657,
-0.6971480846405029,
-0.2983492314815521,
0.29687684774398804,
0.26543885469436646,
-1.1114307641983032,
0.6370084881782532,
-0.17155225574970245,
-0.8560850620269775,
0.6145839095115662,
0.4607258439064026,
-0.6940385103225708,
0.9462696313858032,
0.19415298104286194,
-0.5339334011077881,
0.7744743227958679,
0.10621378570795059,
-0.02291012555360794,
0.7195885181427002,
0.24708110094070435,
0.21959927678108215,
-0.04822098836302757,
-0.3964902460575104,
-0.5425907969474792,
0.02019977569580078,
0.13269712030887604,
-0.818534255027771,
-0.3294205665588379,
-0.08106904476881027,
0.43918806314468384,
0.1292150616645813,
0.6564352512359619,
-0.17208777368068695,
-0.03853568434715271,
0.06293024867773056,
0.26377105712890625,
0.28460893034935,
0.38886162638664246,
0.05953647941350937,
-0.3921138048171997,
-0.7041022777557373,
0.2858147621154785,
0.0928637683391571,
0.593859076499939,
0.6126869916915894,
-0.34679314494132996,
-0.3860463798046112,
-0.7466753125190735,
0.10758726298809052,
1.1809648275375366,
-0.3778100609779358,
-1.17183256149292,
0.6376205086708069,
0.7619649767875671,
-0.3069189786911011,
-1.098740816116333,
0.3642621636390686,
1.1166595220565796,
-0.20009316504001617,
-0.10806037485599518,
0.929611086845398,
-0.2265009582042694,
-0.15481968224048615,
0.231357604265213,
0.03029046021401882,
0.3768099844455719,
0.08627446740865707,
0.1839991807937622,
-0.8416587114334106,
-0.22998753190040588,
-0.3140403926372528,
0.1432347297668457,
-0.6018453240394592,
-0.3954479992389679,
-0.35457849502563477,
-0.027940191328525543,
0.4264025092124939,
-0.44955021142959595,
0.008306565694510937,
0.01954788714647293,
-0.9301519393920898,
-0.28977423906326294,
0.2609585225582123,
0.3872154951095581,
0.23057545721530914,
-0.4376400411128998,
0.06612520664930344,
0.06126232072710991,
-0.6889005899429321,
0.3826926648616791,
0.011253065429627895,
-0.3726895749568939,
0.10190150886774063,
-0.38836973905563354,
-0.3411923348903656,
0.08982311189174652,
-0.7947160005569458,
-0.34473392367362976,
0.7831189036369324,
0.13928109407424927,
0.6611806154251099,
-0.24463649094104767,
0.0654815211892128,
-1.3022186756134033,
0.8040679097175598,
0.3961564898490906,
-0.4692671597003937,
0.2831875681877136,
0.22861383855342865,
-0.8614630103111267,
-0.3829478621482849,
0.313944935798645,
-0.00577467679977417,
0.21158872544765472,
-0.5156630277633667,
0.24212905764579773,
0.9817774295806885,
-0.15473070740699768,
0.19258981943130493,
0.8876186013221741,
-0.4112011194229126,
-0.7419090270996094,
0.2227603644132614,
-0.24890391528606415,
-0.13469748198986053,
0.4524019658565521,
0.5750410556793213,
-0.0332641638815403,
1.348246455192566,
0.029798591509461403,
0.502355694770813,
-0.11251074820756912,
-0.08488161861896515,
0.3334907293319702,
-0.5096196532249451,
-0.6854859590530396,
0.3195387125015259,
-0.09163805842399597,
-0.40594854950904846,
0.11758823692798615,
0.03295692801475525,
-0.5886811017990112,
0.10296015441417694,
0.5274059176445007,
0.5597407221794128,
0.5151675939559937,
-0.019240226596593857,
0.21566227078437805,
-0.036778904497623444,
0.2996542453765869,
0.30516690015792847,
0.42948412895202637,
-0.7084968090057373,
0.5839986801147461,
-0.27585017681121826,
0.04354483634233475,
-0.5290055274963379,
-0.28208908438682556,
-0.14518672227859497,
0.6251022219657898,
-0.28489813208580017,
-0.3371093273162842,
-0.6541939973831177,
0.02568516694009304,
-0.22650262713432312,
0.9916545152664185,
-0.0413457453250885,
-0.19756454229354858,
0.08409955352544785,
0.46030592918395996,
0.5550022125244141,
-0.3733842074871063,
0.9552043676376343,
0.17903375625610352,
0.6708308458328247,
0.4519980847835541,
-0.14216072857379913,
0.6354817748069763,
0.7615764737129211,
0.04790933430194855,
0.5698097348213196,
-0.15873976051807404,
0.958992600440979,
-0.1832527220249176,
-0.1819504052400589,
-0.45563653111457825,
-0.2761751711368561,
-0.2710809111595154,
0.23263797163963318,
-0.025438565760850906,
0.20727525651454926,
-0.44072985649108887,
-0.5185645222663879,
-0.5837423801422119,
0.03103320300579071,
-0.05682593584060669,
-0.04704884812235832,
0.08322897553443909,
0.3861483335494995,
-0.19979265332221985,
1.082497239112854,
0.2678600549697876,
-0.11534470319747925,
0.666242241859436,
0.3375329375267029,
-0.11701678484678268,
0.19796951115131378,
-0.03529580309987068,
0.46144840121269226,
-0.9168953895568848,
0.2772091329097748,
-0.9280007481575012,
0.7407079935073853,
0.6915575265884399,
0.7819566130638123,
-0.39796534180641174,
0.5633669495582581,
-0.39499664306640625,
0.23015756905078888,
0.684292733669281,
0.31105002760887146,
-0.7177573442459106,
-0.0007364943739958107,
0.8670753240585327,
-0.25598227977752686,
0.1906312257051468,
0.23467013239860535,
-0.3149116635322571,
-0.19637738168239594,
0.37686729431152344,
0.30063238739967346,
-0.4327999949455261,
0.3371858596801758,
0.0005797878256998956,
-0.9727798104286194,
0.2089649885892868,
0.1573222130537033,
-1.0806374549865723,
-0.07628513872623444,
0.00715056573972106,
0.9636600613594055,
0.3581412136554718,
-0.2786048650741577,
-0.31817203760147095,
-0.12559570372104645,
0.10146257281303406,
0.21469569206237793,
-1.1010183095932007,
-0.431284099817276,
-0.588144838809967,
-0.45265600085258484,
-0.529812216758728,
0.6260222792625427,
-0.38654616475105286,
-0.9635793566703796,
0.6008667349815369,
-0.03658579662442207,
0.6051925420761108,
0.44177713990211487,
-0.060617778450250626,
-0.21677343547344208,
0.11087875068187714,
-0.05791889876127243
] |
256965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury%2C%20Connecticut | Waterbury, Connecticut | Waterbury is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut on the Naugatuck River, southwest of Hartford and northeast of New York City. Waterbury is the second-largest city in New Haven County, Connecticut. According to the 2020 US Census, in 2020 Waterbury had a population of 114,403. As of the 2010 census, Waterbury had a population of 110,366, making it the 10th largest city in the New York Metropolitan Area, 9th largest city in New England and the 5th largest city in Connecticut.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Waterbury had large industrial interests and was the leading center in the United States for the manufacture of brassware (including castings and finishings), as reflected in the nickname the "Brass City" and the city's motto Quid Aere Perennius? ("What Is More Lasting Than Brass?"). It was also noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks.
The city is alongside Interstate 84 (Yankee Expressway) and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connections to Grand Central Terminal. Waterbury is also home to Post University and the regional campuses of the University of Connecticut, University of Bridgeport, Western Connecticut State University as well as Naugatuck Valley Community College.
History
The land was originally inhabited by the Algonquin bands. According to Samuel Orcutt's history, some Puritan residents of nearby Farmington "found it expedient to purchase the same lands from different tribes, without attempting to decide between their rival claims." The original settlement of Waterbury in 1674 was in the area now known as the Town Plot section. In 1675, the turbulence of King Philip's War caused the new settlement to be vacated until the resumption of peace in 1677. A new permanent location was found across the river to the east along the Mad River. The original Native American inhabitants called the area "Matetacoke" meaning "the interval lands." Thus, the settlement's name was Anglicised to "Mattatuck" in 1673. When the settlement was admitted as the 28th town in the Connecticut Colony in 1686, the name was changed to Waterbury in reference to the numerous streams that emptied into the Naugatuck River from the hills on either side of the valley. At that time, it included all or parts of what later became the towns of Watertown, Plymouth, Wolcott, Prospect, Naugatuck, Thomaston, and Middlebury.
Growth was slow during Waterbury's first hundred years, the lack of arable land due to the constant flooding of the Naugatuck River in particular, discouraged many potential settlers. Furthermore, the residents suffered through a great flood in 1691 and an outbreak of disease in 1712. After a century, Waterbury's population numbered just 5,000.
Waterbury emerged as an early American industrial power in the early 19th century when the city began to manufacture brass, harnessing the waters of the Mad River and Naugatuck River to power the early factories. The new brass industry attracted many immigrant laborers from all over the world, leading to an influx of diverse nationalities. Waterbury was incorporated as a city in 1853 and, as the "Brass Capital of the World", it gained a reputation for the quality and durability of its goods. Brass and copper supplied by Waterbury was used in Nevada's Boulder Dam among myriad applications across the United States.
A famous Waterbury product of the late-19th century was Robert H. Ingersoll's one-dollar pocket watch, five million of which were sold. After this, the clock industry became as important as Waterbury's brass industry. Evidence of these industries can still be seen in Waterbury, as numerous clocktowers and old brass factories have become landmarks of the city.
Waterbury produced silverware starting in 1858 by Rogers & Brother, and in 1886 by Rogers & Hamilton. In 1893, Rogers & Brother exhibited wares at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In 1898, both companies became part of the International Silver Company, headquartered in nearby Meriden. Production continued at the R&B site until 1938. Designs of the two companies are in the collections of the Mattatuck Museum in Waterbury, the Brooklyn Museum in New York, the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, and in many historical societies and museums across the United States.
In June 1920, labor unrest occurred, with striking workers fighting with police on the street. Over 30 were arrested, mostly Lithuanians, Russians, Poles, and Italians. The strikers numbered some 15,000, with most being employed at Scovill, Chase Rolling Mill, and Chase Metal Works. One striker was shot to death by police.
At its peak during World War II, 10,000 people worked at the Scovill Manufacturing Co, later sold to Century Brass. The city's metal manufacturing mills (Scovill Manufacturing, Anaconda American Brass, and Chase Brass & Copper were the largest) occupied more than 2 million square feet (180,000 m2) and more than 90 buildings.
On May 24, 1962, the north side of the city was devastated by a high-end F3 tornado that caused widespread damage, destroyed numerous neighborhoods, and left one dead and 50 injured. Damage from the storm was estimated to be at least $5 million.
Historic events
Waterbury Land Company was formed in 1807, for the purpose of settling a Connecticut Western Reserve Township named Columbia in Lorain County, Ohio. The draft allotment was purchased for $21,600.
Waterbury's Fr. Michael J. McGivney founded the Knights of Columbus in New Haven, Connecticut, on February 2, 1882. Though the first councils were in Connecticut, the Order spread throughout the United States.
Established in 1894, St. Joseph's Church holds the distinction of being the first Lithuanian worshiping community in Connecticut and second oldest in the country.
The first Unico Club was founded in Waterbury in 1922 by Dr. Anthony P. Vastola. It grew to 8,000 members and 150 regional groups. The membership is composed of business and professional people of Italian lineage or those who are married to an Italian-American. The clubs sponsor educational, cultural and civic programs.
Sacred Heart was the first Catholic high school in Connecticut, September 6, 1922.
One of the first full-length sound motion pictures was made in the 1920s at the studios of the Bristol Co. at Platts Mills by Professor William Henry Bristol, who experimented for years with sound pictures.
The Waterbury Clock Company produced the Mickey Mouse watch in 1933 under the Ingersoll brand. The watch was so popular that over 11,000 were sold the first day, and it saved the company from bankruptcy.
W1XBS in Waterbury was one of four radio stations in the country that began experimental high fidelity broadcasting in 1934. The station broadcast at 1530 kHz, and joined the CBS Radio Network on December 1, 1938. They moved to 1590 kHz in 1941, in accordance with the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. The station's broadcasting license was cancelled in 1998 to allow New York's WWRL to be upgraded after that station purchased it; at the time it had been known as WQQW.
Victor Zembruski started his Polish Eagles show on Waterbury radio station WATR in 1934. called "The Zembruski Family Polka Hour", it is one of the oldest continuously broadcast shows on American radio.
The Chase Dispensary, a medical clinic for employees of the Chase Brass & Copper Co., opened one of the first birth control clinics in the country in 1938.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.46%, is water.
Waterbury lies in the humid continental climate zone, and normally sees cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers.
Neighborhoods
Waterbury's neighborhoods are shaped by the history and geography of the city.
Ethnic communities distinguish the city's 25 neighborhoods. Clusters of shops at the street corners created villages within the city. For many people, home, work and community life was contained within their neighborhood. Downtown, a short walk away, was "the city", offering live theater, fancy stores, parades and spectacles.
Brooklyn
Bucks Hill
Bunker Hill
Country Club
Crownbrook
Downtown
East End
East Mountain
Fair Lawn
Fairmount
Gilmartin
Hillside
Hopeville
Long Hill
North End
North Square
Overlook
Pine Hill
Robinwood
South End
Town Plot
Washington Hill
Waterville
West Side
WOW / Walnut-Orange-Walsh
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 110,366 people, 42,761 households, and 26,996 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,866 people per square mile (1,449.7/km2). There were 42,761 housing units at an average density of 1,492.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 58.8% White, 20.1% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.2% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 31.2% of the population.
Waterbury has a large Italian-American population with 21.46% of its residents claiming Italian heritage. The Italian influence is especially strong in the Town Plot, Brooklyn, and North End neighborhoods. Additionally, the city is home to thriving Albanian, Cape Verdean, Dominican, Brazilian, Jamaican, Lithuanian,
Portuguese, and Puerto Rican communities. Waterbury also has a large Irish community, especially in the Washington Hill section which is home to the city's annual St. Patrick Day's Parade, which, oddly enough, is rarely held on St. Patrick's Day itself. At the beginning of the 21st century, Waterbury had a growing Orthodox Jewish population. Waterbury had a significant Jewish population beginning in the late 1800s, initially as a result of German immigration. The first synagogue in Waterbury opened in 1872. In the early 20th century, almost 9,000 Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe, with many fleeing persecution. The Orthodox Jewish community has experienced a renaissance since 2000 due to efforts by educators and developers to create an affordable alternative to the high cost of living in established Orthodox communities in New York and New Jersey. This renaissance began with the founding of the Yeshiva K'tana of Waterbury in 2000; as of 2014, this full-service elementary and middle school has nearly 400 students. Other educational institutions are the Yeshiva Gedolah of Waterbury, which includes a mesivta high school and beit medrash (undergraduate) program for approximately 230 students, a Bais Yaakov school for girls, and a kolel. As of the end of 2014, the Waterbury Orthodox community numbers 180 families and includes a mikveh, eruv, and community services such as Hatzalah and Chaverim.
There were 42,622 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% were married couples living together, 28.4% had a single householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.
According to the 2014 5-year American Community Survey (conducted 2010–2014, data released December 3, 2015), the median income for a household in the city was $41,136, compared to $69,899 statewide. In Waterbury, 24.2% of the population, or 26,122 residents of the city, lived below the poverty line, compared to 10.5% statewide. In Waterbury, 36.8% of the child population age 0–17, or 9,984 children in the city, lived below the poverty line, compared to 14% statewide.
Economy
Waterbury's economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in it being ranked as having the worst quality of life of 300 U.S. metropolitan areas by Money Magazine in 1992. Waterbury was also rated as one of the "Worst Places for Businesses and Careers in America" by Forbes Magazine in April 2008. Regardless, the city was named on the 100 Best Places to Raise a Family list in the same year.
According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Arts and culture
Landmarks
Union Station, constructed in 1900.
Holy Land USA, a park with an illuminated cross on a hill, was one of Connecticut's most popular tourist attractions in the 1960s and 1970s.
Municipal Stadium, built in 1930.
The Apothecary Building, built in 1893.
A statue on the Carrie Welton Fountain.
Soldiers' Monument, sculpted by Waterbury resident George Edwin Bissell as a tribute to the American Civil War.
Elton Hotel, built in 1905.
The Cass Gilbert National Register District, founded after architect Cass Gilbert won a competition to design Waterbury's City Hall.
The statue of Christopher Columbus, by sculptor Frank Gaylord (1984).
The Ben Franklin statue (1921), by sculptor Paul Wayland Bartlett, a Waterbury resident.
Waterbury Courthouse, the former headquarters of the Anaconda American Brass Company.
The Waterbury Clock Company buildings, constructed in 1857. By the end of the 19th century, the company employed 3,000 workers and manufactured 20,000 clocks and watches per day. During World War II, it was the largest producer of fuse timers for precision defense products in the United States.
The Harrub Pilgrim Memorial (1930), by Hermon Atkins MacNeil.
Chief Two Moon Meridas Laboratory, where Two Moon Meridas manufactured herbal medications.
Mattatuck Museum Arts and History Center, dedicated to collecting and exhibiting Connecticut artists and sculptors.
Brass Mill Center, a shopping venue.
The Palace Theatre (1922).
Government
Waterbury has about 52,000 registered voters, of whom about 24,000 are Democrats. There are about 7,800 registered Republicans and the balance are largely unaffiliated, with a smattering belonging to minor parties.
John S. Monagan, who was a prolific author in addition to his political responsibilities, served as Waterbury's mayor from 1943 to 1948. He also served as its district's congressional representative from 1959 to 1973. George Harlamon, a member of the Waterbury Hall of Fame, was the city's 40th mayor. He served from 1969 to 1970 during a period of racial tension. The city is known for its hard-nosed political culture compared locally to Cook County, Illinois, close elections, and a number of scandals.
Waterbury's scandalous past dates back to 1940, when Mayor T. Frank Hayes and 22 others were convicted of conspiracy to defraud the City of Waterbury. Hayes received a 10–15 year sentence and served six years. Ironically, the massive corruption scheme was exposed with the help of then comptroller Sherwood Rowland, grandfather of Gov. John G. Rowland, who was convicted on corruption charges in 2004. What appeared to have been a defeat for Hayes was not really a victory for Pape, and the stage was set for further corruption in Waterbury in the second half of the 20th century. Waterbury was in serious financial straits due to years of mismanagement, resulting in the city's finances being taken over by the State of Connecticut. The State Oversight Board oversaw city business for several years and have since left following consecutive years of balanced budgets. In 1992 former Mayor Joseph Santopietro was sentenced to nine years in prison following a public corruption conviction. The successors to Philip Giordano, former acting mayor Sam Caligiuri (2001) and former mayor Michael Jarjura (2001–2011) managed the city without major controversy since 2001. Democrat Neil O'Leary was elected the 46th Mayor of Waterbury on November 9, 2011.
In 1939, Pape backed an attempt to install council-manager government and single-transferable-vote elections. The local Republican Party and Connecticut General Assembly also supported this measure. New York Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia helped campaign for its passage, having backed similar reforms in his own city in 1936.
A number of presidential candidates have campaigned in Waterbury due to its pivotal role in statewide elections. The most famous was the election eve visit on the Green by John F. Kennedy in 1960. Forty thousand people waited until 3am on the Green to greet Kennedy on Sunday, November 6, 1960. Sen. Kennedy spoke to them from the balcony of the Roger Smith Hotel (now called the Elton). Pierre Salinger later said it was the greatest night of the campaign. In September 1984 Ronald Reagan held a huge noontime election rally at the same location. In July 2006 former president Bill Clinton made a campaign appearance at the Palace Theatre for Senator Joe Lieberman during his campaign for re-election to the U.S. Senate. Shortly after the Democratic primary, Tom Swan, campaign manager for Lieberman's opponent Ned Lamont, described Waterbury as a place where "the forces of slime meet the forces of evil," after a large majority of the town's voters backed Lieberman. Swan claimed he was referring to former mayor Philip A. Giordano and former governor John G. Rowland.
Governor John G. Rowland served ten months in a federal prison until February 10, 2006. He was released from federal prison with the stipulation that he serve four months house arrest with an electronic ankle bracelet monitor until June 2006.
In January 2008 Waterbury Mayor Michael Jarjura announced that he would hire Rowland as an economic development advisor for the city. Rowland began work in February that year receiving an annual salary of $95,000 as the city's economic development coordinator funded in conjunction with the Greater Waterbury Chamber of Commerce.
In 2011, the Board of Aldermen voted to eliminate funding the city's portion of his salary and in November 2011 Rowland stated he would give up his position when his contract expired thus ending his quasi-city employment.
Later that year, following his victory over then Mayor Jarjura, new mayor Neil O'Leary created the position of Economic Development Director as part of his new administration, removing the duties from the Chamber of Commerce and bringing them directly into City Hall, making Economic Development a cornerstone of his administration. Ron Pugliese was hired as the first director to hold the position.
Education
Public schools are operated by Waterbury Public Schools, under the leadership of a superintendent and a board of education consisting of ten elected members and the city mayor, who acts as chairman ex-officio. Schools include:
High schools
Crosby High School
Kennedy High School
Waterbury Arts Magnet School
Wilby High School
Waterbury Career Academy High School
Middle schools
North End Middle School
Wallace Middle School
West Side Middle School
Elementary schools
B.W. Tinker Elementary School
Bucks Hill Elementary School
Bunker Hill Elementary School
Carrington Elementary School
Chase Elementary School
Driggs Elementary School
Duggan PreK-8 School
F.J Kingsbury Elementary School
Generali Elementary School
Hopeville Elementary School
John G. Gilmartin Elementary School
Jonathan Reed PreK-8 School
Maloney Interdistrict Magnet School
Regan Elementary School
Rotella Interdistrict Magnet School
Sprague Elementary School
Walsh Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
Wendell Cross Elementary School
Woodrow Wilson Elementary School
Religious schools
Alpha and Omega Christian Academy
Catholic Academy of Waterbury (A merge of the closed Blessed Sacrament & St. Mary's Schools)
Holy Cross High School
Our Lady of Mt. Carmel School
Sacred Heart High School
Sacred Heart Middle School
Yeshiva Gedolah of Waterbury
Yeshiva K'tana of Waterbury
Colleges and universities
Naugatuck Valley Community College
Post University
University of Bridgeport (Regional Campus)
University of Connecticut (Regional Campus / Downtown Waterbury)
Western Connecticut State University (Regional Campus)
Media
Two newspapers are operated within Waterbury: the Republican-American, which covers 36 communities throughout Western Connecticut, and the Waterbury Observer. WATR 1320 AM, a radio station under the same family ownership since 1934 and broadcasting on the same frequency since 1939, operates a News/Talk/Classic Hits music format and is the only radio station broadcasting in Waterbury.
Two FM radio stations are also located in Waterbury: WWYZ 92.5, which plays a country music format and WMRQ 104.1, which plays alternative rock. They both transmit from 10 miles away in Meriden and have wide-reaching signals that can be heard clearly as far away as Bridgeport.
WTXX-TV (channel 20) is licensed to Waterbury and serves as Hartford's affiliate for The CW; it is operated out of the Hartford Courant building with sister Tribune Broadcasting Fox affiliate WTIC-TV (channel 61), and carries mainly syndicated content outside of network hours.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Commuting in the Greater Waterbury area consists of multiple public transportation options. the CT Transit through Northeast Transportation Company, operates a significant number of city buses running from the Waterbury's city center at Exchange Place to various neighborhoods in the city. In 2014 the Hartford-New Britain Busway was opened, an local bus runs to Waterbury, Cheshire, Southington and New Britain an express bus to run between Waterbury and Hartford.
Metro-North Railroad runs commuter trains multiple times a day between the Waterbury station and Bridgeport, with connections to Grand Central Terminal in New York City. Waterbury's Union Station, built in 1909 for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, is now closed for use as a railway station and part of the building is now the headquarters of the Republican-American newspaper. Passengers traveling to and from Waterbury board and alight on a concrete platform adjacent to the old station. There are no ticket agents at Waterbury, which is currently the end of the line for the Waterbury Branch.
The two main highways that run through the heart of the city are I-84 (Yankee Expressway) and Route 8. In the downtown area, I-84 and Route 8 are located on the elevated William W. Deady Bridge, known locally as the "MixMaster" with eastbound traffic on the upper deck and westbound traffic on the lower deck. The interchange is ranked as one of the most heavily congested traffic areas in the New York/Connecticut region. Waterbury–Oxford Airport is the primary airport serving the city. The smaller Waterbury Airport is about from the city's central business district.
Police department
The Waterbury Police Department was founded in 1853. The department has a police academy.
Fire department
Waterbury Fire Department is a full-time, paid department, which operates eight fire stations, under the command of a Battalion Chief and a Deputy Chief.
Notable people
Fritz Barzilauskas, NFL player
Michael Bergin, one of first male supermodels, actor on TV's Baywatch
William F. Bolger, United States Postmaster General 1978-85
Darren Brass, tattoo artist, reality show character, from TLC hit show Miami Ink
William H. Bristol, inventor and manufacturer, born in Waterbury; invented "Bristolphone" to simultaneously record voices and other sounds with motion in moving pictures
Nixzmary Brown, murder victim
John Caneira, former MLB player
Lucia Chase, dancer, actress, ballet director
Joe Cipriano, television announcer (also known as Tom Collins on WWCO in Waterbury) for Deal or No Deal and 1 vs. 100
Deirdre Coleman-Imus, Waterbury-born actress; married radio personality Don Imus in 1995
Scott Conant, chef, restaurateur, food personality, and cookbook author
Roger Connor, player in Baseball Hall of Fame
Bob Crane, actor, of Hogan's Heroes fame; born in Waterbury and worked at Connecticut radio stations before moving to California
Patrick DeLeon, former president of American Psychological Association and former chief of staff for Senator Daniel Inouye
Andre "mrDEYO" Deyo, singer-songwriter, best known for writing "Jenny From The Block" for Jennifer Lopez in 2002; graduated from John F. Kennedy High School
Allie DiMeco, actress, best known for playing Rosalina in The Naked Brothers Band on Nickelodeon
Joe Diorio, jazz guitarist and theorist, author, teacher at University of Southern California
Red Donahue, pitcher for six different MLB teams
Damane Duckett, offensive tackle for NFL's San Francisco 49ers; also played for New York Giants and Carolina Panthers
Kevin Foster, athlete, actor and Guinness World Record holder
Robert Gallo, biomedical researcher, known for role in identifying Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as infectious agent responsible for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Mordechai Gifter, one of America's leading Torah scholars, served as rabbi of Waterbury's Jewish community from 1941 to 1945
Philip Giordano, former mayor of Waterbury (R), stripped of power in 2001 after investigation revealed alleged sexual acts with a minor and other possible pedophilia charges
Robert D. Glass (1922–2001), first African American justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1987–1992)
Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer
Ryan Gomes, pro basketball player, attended Wilby High School
Porter Goss, former director of CIA
Tony Hanson, UConn Husky of Honor attended Holy Cross High School
George P. Harlamon, Mayor 1968–1970; elected to Waterbury Hall of Fame 2003
Jahana Hayes, U.S. Congresswoman, born in Waterbury.
David Hoadley, president of Panama Railway
Frank Hogan, former district attorney of New York County
Samuel Hopkins, American Congregationalist and theologian
Julius Hotchkiss (1810–1878), congressman and mayor of Waterbury
Joan Joyce, All-American softball player; also excelled in basketball, bowling, and golf
Fred Klobedanz, Major League Baseball pitcher
Gerald Lamb (1924–2014), Waterbury alderman; Connecticut State Treasurer (1963–1970) and the first African American elected to that office in the US since the Reconstruction era
Annie Leibovitz, celebrated portrait photographer, born in Waterbury in 1949
Clare Leighton, artist and printmaker, buried in Waterbury in 1989
Baruch Levine, popular Jewish music singer-songwriter, and rebbi (teacher) in the Yeshiva Ketana of Waterbury
Harold Marcuse, professor of German history at University of California Santa Barbara and grandson of Herbert Marcuse
Mercedes Martinez, professional wrestler
Richard A. Mastracchio, NASA astronaut
Ethel Maynard, first black woman to serve in the Arizona legislature
Dylan McDermott, actor, star of television series The Practice
Winifred McDonald, schoolteacher, politician, Secretary of the State of Connecticut (1949–1951)
Michael J. McGivney, Catholic priest and founder of the Knights of Columbus
Bill Meek, football head coach, Kansas State, Houston, Utah
Two Moon Meridas, lived in Waterbury 1914 to 1933, claimed to be full-blooded Pueblo Indian
George Metesky (1903–1994), "Mad Bomber" who launched reign of terror in New York City in 1940s and 1950s
John S. Monagan (1911–2005), mayor, congressman, biographer of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Johnny Moore (1902–1991), professional baseball player
David Nolan, author and historian who attended Anderson School
Neil O'Leary, mayor of Waterbury
Mario Pavone, jazz bassist, composer and bandleader
Jimmy Piersall, professional baseball player and broadcaster
The Playmates, pop music group in 1958
Justin Credible, professional wrestler
Derek Poundstone, professional strongman athlete; won America's Strongest Man contest in 2007
Peter Pronovost, intensive care specialist at Johns Hopkins Hospital, named by TIME magazine in 2008 as one of the 100 most influential people in the world
Sheryl Lee Ralph, Tony Award-nominated Jamaican-American actress and singer best known for her work in Broadway productions such as Dreamgirls
Mark Richards, United States House of Representatives and seventh Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
John G. Rowland, Waterbury native and former governor of Connecticut (R); resigned from office on July 1, 2004, after prolonged investigation for corruption
Rosalind Russell, actress
Velvet Sky, wrestler, TNA Knockouts champion
Caswell Silver, geologist, president of Sundance Oil Company, established Caswell Silver Foundation at University of New Mexico
Leon Silver, geologist who trained Apollo astronauts in lunar geology
John Sirica, Watergate judge; Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1973, born in Waterbury in 1904.
Terry Tata, Major League Baseball umpire from 1973 to 1999; officiated four World Series and three All-Star games during his career
Thomas Tessier, writer of horror novels and short stories, born in Waterbury in 1947
Gene Tierney, actress; attended St. Margaret's School for Girls in Waterbury, but grew up in Brooklyn borough of New York City
Fay Vincent, 8th commissioner of Major League Baseball
Dave Wallace, Major League Baseball pitcher, coach and general manager
Krista Watterworth, interior designer, television presenter
In popular culture
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, by James Thurber, is set in Waterbury in the 1930s.
In the 1996 movie Happy Gilmore, the "Waterbury Open" is a golf tournament held in Waterbury.
Gladys Taber's romance novel, Give Me the Stars (1945), was set in Waterbury and in the Chase Brass and Copper Company's factory, giving vivid depictions of factory life during World War II.
The Today Show on NBC was broadcast from the Hotel Elton on August 18, 1955, to cover the festivities for the world premiere of Waterbury native Rosalind Russell's movie The Girl Rush at the State Theater that evening. A major flood on August 19, 1955, caused over 50 million dollars in property damage and the deaths of 29 Waterbury residents; The Today Show provided live coverage of the flood to the country.
Waterbury appeared in Ken Burns' documentary miniseries The War as one of four American towns whose history and residents' experiences during World War II were examined in depth.
Greetings Tour came to Waterbury and painted a large mural of Waterbury's history.
Sister cities
Pontelandolfo, Campania, Italy
Struga, North Macedonia
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven County, Connecticut
References
Further reading
William J. Pape, The History of Waterbury and Naugatuck Valley. In Three Volumes. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1918. Volume 1 | Volume 2 | Volume 3
External links
Waterbury, Connecticut
Waterbury History & Genealogy
1677 establishments in Connecticut
Albanian-American history
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in New Haven County, Connecticut
Cities in the New York metropolitan area
Greater Waterbury, Connecticut
Italian-American culture in Connecticut
Little Italys in the United States
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Connecticut
Populated places established in 1674
Populated places established in 1677 | [
-0.3740801215171814,
0.35795918107032776,
-0.019233690574765205,
-0.3115399181842804,
0.214718297123909,
0.2897692024707794,
0.35819801688194275,
0.39474326372146606,
-0.6832281351089478,
-0.10173381119966507,
-0.11611702293157578,
-0.0010418521706014872,
-0.12470921128988266,
0.8007051348686218,
-0.6880771517753601,
0.21044082939624786,
0.5743821859359741,
0.6959134340286255,
0.6214993000030518,
-0.19055095314979553,
-0.21139314770698547,
0.19016028940677643,
0.7977415323257446,
0.0003717058862093836,
-0.10763051360845566,
-0.1753700226545334,
0.49612513184547424,
0.14502929151058197,
-0.2959016263484955,
0.15622298419475555,
-0.3131457269191742,
0.3343115746974945,
-0.06187710911035538,
-0.5317489504814148,
0.547239363193512,
-0.08285082131624222,
0.3126104772090912,
-0.4526956379413605,
-0.022092053666710854,
-0.7970742583274841,
-0.35635584592819214,
0.06915585696697235,
-0.07395250350236893,
0.41764578223228455,
-0.25537678599357605,
-0.08197598904371262,
-1.661531925201416,
0.029850637540221214,
-1.0775188207626343,
-0.5016416907310486,
-0.5893986225128174,
-0.13011771440505981,
0.47769492864608765,
0.5862793922424316,
0.47051548957824707,
0.24534980952739716,
-0.9001779556274414,
0.13570357859134674,
0.7898712158203125,
1.1698559522628784,
-0.26043325662612915,
0.27153193950653076,
-0.4192846119403839,
0.2236759066581726,
-0.3826807737350464,
-0.13517647981643677,
-0.060045357793569565,
0.226898655295372,
-0.008754139766097069,
-0.1934186816215515,
0.036668047308921814,
-0.07747383415699005,
-0.5838896632194519,
-0.016334770247340202,
-0.09743870049715042,
0.5744893550872803,
-0.13365322351455688,
-0.22021782398223877,
-0.013970237225294113,
-0.40532922744750977,
-0.18696047365665436,
-0.1325470507144928,
0.8540034294128418,
-0.2663155794143677,
0.31427913904190063,
0.13416868448257446,
-0.10026764869689941,
-0.017066624015569687,
-0.008579139597713947,
0.7587693333625793,
-0.24652628600597382,
-0.2887715697288513,
-0.11416072398424149,
0.1403811126947403,
0.003949053585529327,
-0.7274096608161926,
-0.015100077725946903,
0.14281296730041504,
-0.09513238817453384,
0.22751499712467194,
-0.2483273595571518,
0.5657028555870056,
1.0531152486801147,
-0.16342869400978088,
-0.17909368872642517,
-0.033727601170539856,
-0.3003484308719635,
-0.009546322748064995,
0.4143962860107422,
-0.5710515379905701,
0.3212120831012726,
0.5145955085754395,
0.2704387307167053,
-0.3737408518791199,
-0.35519537329673767,
0.7947106957435608,
0.6014719009399414,
-0.5876846313476562,
-0.10396039485931396,
-0.09859747439622879,
0.2830424904823303,
1.2545415163040161,
0.21847330033779144,
-0.6301319003105164,
0.16992616653442383,
0.024552911520004272,
0.6592684388160706,
0.10938356071710587,
0.2638513445854187,
0.015765534713864326,
-0.29515254497528076,
0.552243709564209,
-0.14549583196640015,
0.09639525413513184,
0.23508621752262115,
-0.4833301901817322,
-0.12149041146039963,
0.3078257739543915,
0.454057514667511,
0.41313090920448303,
-0.34283819794654846,
0.40210455656051636,
-0.8335037231445312,
-0.11478134244680405,
0.12026642262935638,
-0.31339144706726074,
-0.12576350569725037,
-0.5132321715354919,
-0.1404193639755249,
0.5851391553878784,
0.1460721641778946,
0.8349854350090027,
0.13507607579231262,
0.11075278371572495,
-0.25375470519065857,
-0.43808063864707947,
0.4925001859664917,
0.12777896225452423,
0.21920257806777954,
0.18829460442066193,
-0.6498919725418091,
-0.06904527544975281,
1.078142762184143,
0.16828620433807373,
-0.11282917112112045,
-0.03952384740114212,
0.5166345834732056,
-0.4477749168872833,
-0.0034966212697327137,
0.08941736817359924,
-0.40499889850616455,
-0.1760699301958084,
0.6443091630935669,
-0.6302104592323303,
0.4972861111164093,
-0.5661904811859131,
0.9217309951782227,
0.1358075737953186,
0.23546813428401947,
-0.38775691390037537,
-0.4713504910469055,
0.7537717819213867,
-0.03287062793970108,
-0.20287755131721497,
-0.13668815791606903,
0.45003291964530945,
0.0801047682762146,
0.5807577967643738,
0.2510318160057068,
0.03698185086250305,
1.0077933073043823,
-0.033022355288267136,
-0.16462676227092743,
0.10845133662223816,
0.15647539496421814,
0.27539464831352234,
-0.6759663820266724,
0.23226000368595123,
-0.06368425488471985,
0.18518030643463135,
0.056776247918605804,
-0.5493445992469788,
0.13250376284122467,
-0.20629902184009552,
-0.3802136778831482,
0.6314973831176758,
0.34207382798194885,
-0.15089312195777893,
0.5411953926086426,
0.3156930208206177,
0.5057533383369446,
-0.7974297404289246,
-0.6680013537406921,
0.0688025951385498,
0.060098640620708466,
-0.5832287669181824,
-0.4223964810371399,
-0.14982466399669647,
0.1687936633825302,
-0.19836311042308807,
0.4739663302898407,
0.3284999132156372,
0.19653166830539703,
-0.13232378661632538,
0.3214702904224396,
0.7696316242218018,
-0.27346569299697876,
-0.1322440356016159,
-0.2916882634162903,
-0.10200480371713638,
0.16862843930721283,
-0.3038668930530548,
-0.030538372695446014,
-0.4583124816417694,
-0.36301282048225403,
-0.45915281772613525,
-0.016696138307452202,
-0.43149110674858093,
1.1798230409622192,
-0.25458824634552,
-0.19558724761009216,
-0.045047640800476074,
-0.7238067984580994,
0.38207995891571045,
0.36446839570999146,
0.4262810945510864,
-0.377617746591568,
-0.13892991840839386,
-0.6355120539665222,
-0.9138908386230469,
-0.19579149782657623,
0.15523245930671692,
0.3142140805721283,
-0.041696883738040924,
0.3452691435813904,
-0.1512768268585205,
-0.5251720547676086,
0.23657073080539703,
0.43693506717681885,
0.3564927279949188,
-0.6248095631599426,
0.4984055459499359,
-0.0370604507625103,
0.08080635219812393,
-0.0922730416059494,
-0.23200848698616028,
-0.36473339796066284,
-0.875910222530365,
0.01466425508260727,
0.13374865055084229,
0.3346695005893707,
-0.12067863345146179,
0.06984017789363861,
-1.338113784790039,
0.7556073069572449,
0.6715396046638489,
-0.2718994915485382,
0.370282381772995,
-0.769422709941864,
-0.03045932576060295,
0.20848919451236725,
1.1166801452636719,
-0.5360754728317261,
-0.36903151869773865,
-0.2202223539352417,
-0.5940260291099548,
0.6139780282974243,
-0.298132985830307,
-0.3877716064453125,
0.12519152462482452,
-0.11055454611778259,
-0.3643336296081543,
0.03374525159597397,
0.5385933518409729,
-0.47050708532333374,
0.2185034304857254,
0.26699402928352356,
-0.15253271162509918,
-0.16585274040699005,
-0.2188703715801239,
-0.5049468874931335,
0.47537845373153687,
-0.3871564567089081,
0.07416414469480515,
-0.22618761658668518,
-0.6514327526092529,
0.14193715155124664,
-0.26449593901634216,
-5.368497848510742,
0.37444326281547546,
-0.34164828062057495,
-0.22187648713588715,
0.21555878221988678,
-0.6845121383666992,
-0.2444765269756317,
-0.03421306237578392,
-0.19861015677452087,
0.5822753310203552,
0.5093079805374146,
-0.7197283506393433,
-0.12833565473556519,
0.542973518371582,
0.6607372760772705,
-0.09943723678588867,
0.8053973317146301,
-0.2762832045555115,
0.03511257469654083,
0.3689500093460083,
-0.13744398951530457,
-0.05586850270628929,
0.11797741800546646,
0.17091895639896393,
0.8404631018638611,
0.4081052839756012,
0.032370008528232574,
-0.1893237978219986,
-0.4599159359931946,
-0.16969770193099976,
-0.31979885697364807,
0.20562219619750977,
0.00730198435485363,
-0.06282299011945724,
0.2602892220020294,
-0.10390869528055191,
0.025662975385785103,
0.13761715590953827,
0.8060129880905151,
-0.7039859890937805,
0.4873065650463104,
0.7658094167709351,
-0.05638644099235535,
-0.04118818789720535,
0.23263174295425415,
-0.14293275773525238,
-0.2653625011444092,
0.28378626704216003,
0.02977270632982254,
0.36810022592544556,
0.6631749272346497,
-0.2573225498199463,
0.9432693123817444,
0.05614790320396423,
0.04008147865533829,
-0.5151519775390625,
0.4773921072483063,
-0.3216174244880676,
-0.40845614671707153,
0.07818955183029175,
0.19485990703105927,
-0.2192377746105194,
-0.4084826707839966,
0.023753298446536064,
0.09361418336629868,
-0.5739852786064148,
-0.20438167452812195,
0.3222876489162445,
0.23918242752552032,
0.25722306966781616,
-0.24395477771759033,
-0.17562277615070343,
0.11379433423280716,
-0.7894691228866577,
-0.025264563038945198,
-0.3571944534778595,
-0.7332876920700073,
-0.14268730580806732,
0.0964512825012207,
-0.27657338976860046,
-0.34665611386299133,
0.1678340882062912,
0.5074483752250671,
0.9637542963027954,
0.48980602622032166,
-0.4554380178451538,
-0.6555436849594116,
0.17369318008422852,
-0.8224011659622192,
-0.521365761756897,
0.4287622272968292,
-0.1094607338309288,
0.3687991499900818,
-0.21269866824150085,
-0.23527655005455017,
0.32007360458374023,
0.38868093490600586,
-0.1805739551782608,
-0.0026044368278235197,
0.0008766356622800231,
0.5002680420875549,
0.16870899498462677,
0.029576383531093597,
-0.1397191733121872,
-0.06146747246384621,
0.22681139409542084,
-0.08007524162530899,
0.6063072681427002,
0.9797337055206299,
-0.2940389811992645,
-0.546367883682251,
-0.36733272671699524,
-0.042473629117012024,
-0.7374476790428162,
0.3515874147415161,
-0.5530217885971069,
-0.2403883934020996,
0.5966511368751526,
0.19056466221809387,
-0.11944828182458878,
0.17514349520206451,
0.865929126739502,
-0.04528806731104851,
-0.2672862410545349,
-0.2063329517841339,
-0.2271912842988968,
-0.12864983081817627,
0.11093027889728546,
-0.562150239944458,
0.5267255306243896,
-0.02446308359503746,
-0.10230719298124313,
-0.3367728888988495,
-0.505443274974823,
-0.47874876856803894,
0.23753942549228668,
-0.6433247923851013,
-0.4183933436870575,
-0.3028106987476349,
0.3804851472377777,
0.9323634505271912,
0.10144360363483429,
0.24493028223514557,
0.259695827960968,
0.20749199390411377,
-0.22042590379714966,
1.0169777870178223,
-0.15376776456832886,
-0.7918024659156799,
0.029266640543937683,
0.11406183987855911,
-0.20369306206703186,
-0.3004717230796814,
-0.21007443964481354,
0.30347028374671936,
-0.41426002979278564,
-0.06383339315652847,
0.29931092262268066,
0.3897143602371216,
0.12634406983852386,
0.21770413219928741,
-0.1839691549539566,
-0.2406580001115799,
0.2253580540418625,
0.4562385380268097,
0.0750897079706192,
-0.05850425735116005,
0.4855740964412689,
-0.40298575162887573,
0.13020117580890656,
0.39288491010665894,
0.054309967905282974,
-0.7295479774475098,
-0.2125895470380783,
0.22851842641830444,
0.0021488643251359463,
0.21280035376548767,
0.6496370434761047,
-0.1771160066127777,
-0.34528258442878723,
0.3647633194923401,
-0.3499526381492615,
-0.48851338028907776,
0.21408893167972565,
0.3647984266281128,
-0.8943742513656616,
-0.031396083533763885,
-0.37482571601867676,
-0.07187946885824203,
-0.41721391677856445,
0.20710515975952148,
-0.487093985080719,
0.47004175186157227,
0.051612675189971924,
-0.3352685868740082,
-0.36567193269729614,
0.5376033186912537,
-0.02216530777513981,
-0.41501784324645996,
-0.060934893786907196,
-0.03332490101456642,
0.3695778548717499,
-0.5861760973930359,
0.38547050952911377,
0.45672714710235596,
-1.110498309135437,
0.39046648144721985,
0.3237781822681427,
-0.22318245470523834,
0.8136903047561646,
0.1765812337398529,
-0.031053340062499046,
0.5256025195121765,
-0.007037744857370853,
-0.12990115582942963,
-0.18728214502334595,
0.36574575304985046,
-0.13766542077064514,
-0.08331433683633804,
-0.5130065679550171,
0.22552603483200073,
0.04921770095825195,
0.21159765124320984,
-0.5352586507797241,
-0.0014483651611953974,
0.23686255514621735,
0.2748050093650818,
-0.08538468182086945,
0.5187360644340515,
-0.638154923915863,
-0.004920475650578737,
-0.22053641080856323,
0.10622309148311615,
0.10470257699489594,
0.35644495487213135,
-0.12826816737651825,
0.0641326829791069,
-0.6319347620010376,
0.12099260836839676,
0.20427516102790833,
0.10120715200901031,
0.7872042059898376,
-0.1739191710948944,
-0.24431176483631134,
-0.8248217701911926,
0.26902109384536743,
0.38179174065589905,
-0.039416734129190445,
-1.071907639503479,
0.624564528465271,
0.32484760880470276,
-0.3998042643070221,
-0.8871461749076843,
-0.03595372289419174,
0.8238857388496399,
0.12718985974788666,
-0.43135175108909607,
0.5762434005737305,
0.013725051656365395,
0.045016802847385406,
0.12910592555999756,
-0.08573783189058304,
-0.22520703077316284,
0.31634774804115295,
0.26586514711380005,
-0.7488988041877747,
-0.6876294016838074,
-0.3325885534286499,
0.13412432372570038,
-0.9866177439689636,
-0.43361055850982666,
-0.18663713335990906,
-0.47827601432800293,
0.25719156861305237,
0.216898575425148,
0.07470130920410156,
-0.12151975184679031,
-0.8646870255470276,
0.4520754814147949,
0.2421623170375824,
0.5956477522850037,
0.3638272285461426,
-0.3458139896392822,
-0.06768335402011871,
0.2184981256723404,
-0.47004076838493347,
-0.49408477544784546,
0.11058751493692398,
-0.09717430174350739,
-0.04870220646262169,
-0.3277997374534607,
-0.5474643111228943,
-0.15229915082454681,
-0.19192789494991302,
-0.32137835025787354,
0.742710530757904,
-0.14279796183109283,
0.517122745513916,
-0.1599358469247818,
-0.21978974342346191,
-0.8067946434020996,
0.629119873046875,
0.6748983860015869,
-0.7092522978782654,
0.752470076084137,
0.03786354884505272,
-0.6559295058250427,
-0.5152397155761719,
-0.36655813455581665,
-0.22705554962158203,
0.3289884328842163,
-0.050770632922649384,
0.06770722568035126,
1.0459096431732178,
-0.35352492332458496,
0.04471753165125847,
0.6027454137802124,
-0.6615909934043884,
-0.3396914601325989,
0.4537251889705658,
-0.4621569514274597,
-0.6389529705047607,
0.554617166519165,
0.6349537968635559,
0.060827694833278656,
0.8520046472549438,
0.2577766478061676,
-0.3126978874206543,
0.017665348947048187,
-0.14804553985595703,
0.4978543221950531,
-0.32094067335128784,
-0.8598207831382751,
0.15303295850753784,
-0.0973009467124939,
-0.060739994049072266,
-0.16413426399230957,
0.001348187099210918,
-1.1434639692306519,
0.19292518496513367,
0.6595233082771301,
0.25031372904777527,
0.20161116123199463,
0.2453431338071823,
0.223720520734787,
-0.06200866401195526,
0.5194443464279175,
0.19057199358940125,
0.3096459209918976,
-0.5052654147148132,
0.38316670060157776,
0.05207282304763794,
0.1746833473443985,
-0.36643147468566895,
-0.006452200002968311,
-0.5779772996902466,
0.07528664916753769,
-0.19373568892478943,
-0.18563668429851532,
-1.073760986328125,
-0.14099538326263428,
-0.41980308294296265,
0.39322009682655334,
-0.45954424142837524,
0.3545336127281189,
-0.5518871545791626,
0.6153990626335144,
0.2601673901081085,
-0.3787858188152313,
0.8892430663108826,
-0.0792655348777771,
0.5460454225540161,
0.12657064199447632,
-0.03986338526010513,
0.2368648201227188,
0.3752945065498352,
-0.13199281692504883,
0.2804323434829712,
0.17347782850265503,
-0.0007541938684880733,
-0.20697665214538574,
-0.5129357576370239,
-0.4733893871307373,
-0.22624380886554718,
-0.5105273723602295,
0.22069638967514038,
0.02080025151371956,
0.1368812769651413,
-0.4504580795764923,
-0.6366041302680969,
-0.21844759583473206,
0.2772146761417389,
-0.2619580030441284,
0.569028913974762,
-0.41912221908569336,
-0.009111077524721622,
-0.12708540260791779,
0.4025615155696869,
0.05261800065636635,
0.40874183177948,
0.3343362808227539,
0.1847817748785019,
0.02901974692940712,
0.08692700415849686,
-0.016060953959822655,
0.4702715575695038,
-0.34380456805229187,
0.32416704297065735,
-0.9407163262367249,
0.6055387854576111,
0.29549601674079895,
0.1469011902809143,
-0.30516016483306885,
0.5078304409980774,
-0.6256840825080872,
-0.13099825382232666,
0.609548032283783,
0.2650948166847229,
-0.6974793076515198,
-0.23721657693386078,
0.6714725494384766,
0.2576001286506653,
0.0013451864942908287,
0.5539714097976685,
-0.31240612268447876,
-0.77607262134552,
0.4882109463214874,
-0.19600127637386322,
-0.7141804099082947,
-0.07045752555131912,
-0.13213574886322021,
-0.5450817942619324,
-0.2843889594078064,
0.3193993866443634,
-0.6440478563308716,
0.26535564661026,
0.2464049905538559,
0.6862974762916565,
0.3851880133152008,
-0.19541604816913605,
-0.8222273588180542,
-0.27798202633857727,
0.28918004035949707,
0.5365170240402222,
-2.085148572921753,
-0.13211515545845032,
0.00481134420260787,
-0.10436993092298508,
-0.5199302434921265,
0.707893431186676,
0.08471053838729858,
-0.49554765224456787,
0.17015951871871948,
0.3176637589931488,
0.6323837637901306,
0.16925764083862305,
0.25293201208114624,
-0.146356999874115,
0.3858753442764282,
0.3722328245639801
] |
256966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Haven%2C%20Connecticut | West Haven, Connecticut | West Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, and a coastal city of Long Island Sound. At the 2020 census, the population of the city was 55,584.
History
Settled in 1648, West Haven (then known as West Farms) was a part of the original New Haven Colony. In 1719, it became the separate parish of West Haven, but was still officially a part of New Haven until 1822.
During the American Revolution, West Haven was the frequent launch and arrival point for raiding parties on both sides of the war. On July 5, 1779, the British invaded New Haven Harbor and came ashore in West Haven and East Haven. Thomas Painter, a teenaged militiaman watching for the approaching British ships while standing atop Savin Rock, is depicted on the city seal. The main commercial street, Campbell Avenue, is named for British Adjutant William Campbell, at the time an ensign in the Third Guards, who rescued the Reverend Noah Williston, the local Congregational minister and outspoken revolutionary, from being bayoneted by British and Hessian troopers, after he broke his leg trying to escape his captors. Campbell then ordered the soldiers to help the minister back to the parsonage and had the regimental surgeon set his leg. Campbell is also credited with keeping the troops in reasonably good order during their march through the village and reportedly had two soldiers arrested after a local woman accused them of stealing her jewelry. Campbell was killed hours later atop Allingtown Hill on his way to New Haven by a local farmer-turned defender. Campbell is buried in the Allingtown section of town off Prudden Street. Patriot victims of the invasion are buried in the Christ Church and First Society Cemetery. A historical headstone marks Campbell's approximate gravesite and is maintained by the West Haven Historical Society.
While West Haven again attempted to incorporate as its own town in 1784, that attempt failed, primarily due to the protests of neighboring Milford, which opposed North Milford becoming part of the new town. West Haven and North Milford tried again in 1786 and 1787 with the same result. The two finally joined to become Orange (incorporated as a town in 1822). In 1921, West Haven split from Orange to become a separate town. It was incorporated as a city in 1961 and is known as "Connecticut's Youngest City", but it is ironically one of the state's oldest settlements.
The Savin Rock section of West Haven was the site of the Savin Rock Amusement Park, which began in the late 19th century as a regionally renowned seaside resort. It evolved into a general amusement park in the 20th century and eventually closed in the 1960s. The park ran along the west side of the New Haven Harbor beachfront.
What followed was a 40 year struggle to stop Savin Rock's Redevelopment - approved by voters in 1963 and officially starting in 1966. It involved multiple referenda, petition drives, court cases, and Connecticut Supreme Court decisions affecting the 40 acre area. Opposition began about 1971 soon after old Savin Rock had been torn down and the first project built, but ballooned in 1973 when Save Our Shore (SOS) led a referendum to stop “the Great Wall of China”, an 800 foot 12 story apartment, proposed for a 10 acre parcel, blocking the shore view. A 1974 referendum to stop all development was organized by IMPACT (successor to SOS), but was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1978. This led to a struggle for a Compromise Plan, initiated by Mayor Robert Johnson, and brought to completion by action of the Concerned Citizens for Bradley Point (1979), which petitioned the final holdout to the Plan, to which the Supreme Court had required all developers to agree for any significant change. The Compromise was signed by all in May, 1979, but IMPACT continued to oppose it thru 1980. Thereafter, a committee sought public input and federal money, and in July, 1984, the 20 acre Bradley Point Veterans Memorial Park opened. In 1987 and 1989, the city bought development rights of all the remaining parcels, part of which became the Old Grove Park and part included a former restaurant that became the Savin Rock Conference Center. In 1991, the Land Trust of West Haven, Inc. was founded, but it was not until 2007 that a Conservation Easement was signed, preserving all but the Conference Center, as open space forever - beautiful parks, with walks and bike path, along Connecticut’s longest public shoreline. Several restaurants remain as last reminders of the area including Jimmies, Turk's of Savin Rock, both for their seafood and split hot dogs and Mike's Apizza & Restaurant.
West Haven has a mayor-council form of government. Nancy R. Rossi, the city's twelfth mayor, was elected in 2017. She is West Haven's first female mayor. There are two independent fire districts served by the First Fire Taxation (Center) and West Shore. The Allingtown Fire District was relatively recently subsumed by the City who's now responsible for all of its pension-related obligations going forward. Residents expect efforts will be made to consolidate the remaining two fire districts based, in large part, on the recommendation of the State's Municipal Accountability Review Board (MARB) who is currently providing financial support and guidance to the City. As it currently stands, each of the remaining independent Fire Districts levy its own tax rate.
In 1986, West Haven observed the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. During the year-long celebrations, the mayor and council passed numerous resolutions to encourage community involvement, including naming the official ship of West Haven—the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Edson (DD-946)—and the city's official flower, the daylily. Public schools included curriculum on the Constitution from K-12, and school children were released from class to participate in a Constitution Day parade up Campbell Avenue.
In June 2014, the "Where Angels Play" playground opened next to Sea Bluff Beach in West Haven. The playground was built in honor of Charlotte Bacon, a victim of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. The playground is pink for Charlotte's favorite color and includes some of her drawings.
On the National Register of Historic Places
American Mills Web Shop, aka: East Coast Loose Leaf Company, Inc. 114-152 Boston Post Road aka: Orange Ave., West Haven (added to NRHP April 10, 1983)
Old West Haven High School — 278 Main St. (added November 24, 1985)
Union School — 174 Center St. (added December 13, 1987)
Ward-Heitman House — 277 Elm St. (added February 8, 2003)
West Haven Green Historic District
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land , or 1.54%, is water. West Haven has of publicly accessible beaches, which is one-quarter of the publicly accessible beaches in Connecticut. The hilly Allingtown district of the city is home to the University of New Haven.
West Haven is located in the south-central portion of Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. The city is bound on the southwest by the Oyster River (the boundary between West Haven and Milford since colonial times), northwest by Orange, north by New Haven and northeast by the West River, which divides West Haven and New Haven. To the east is New Haven Harbor and to the south is Long Island Sound. The Cove River flows through the city.
Principal communities
The three significant neighborhoods in West Haven correspond to the three fire districts. As communities, not all sections of the city fit neatly into these divisions.
Allingtown
West Shore
Center
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 55,564 people, 19,886 households. The population density was 5,170.2 people per square mile (1,865.0/km). There were 22,336 housing units at an average density of 2,061.3 per square mile (795.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 63.3% white, 20.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.2% Asian American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 3.57% from other races and 4.8% from two or more races. 23.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 21,090 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city from 2015-2019 was $62,985 in 2019 dollars. Males had a median income of $38,024 versus $30,610 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,121. About 6.6% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
Business
West Haven was a shipping and industrial center, known for its buckle shops and later Armstrong Rubber Co. Coleco (originally Connecticut Leather Company- later the toy & video game manufacturer), and Sikorsky Aircraft, a division of United Technologies, also had operations in West Haven.
Bayer Pharmaceuticals North America, a branch of Bayer AG, based in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, had a plant in West Haven, but the company announced in 2006 that it was shutting its operations in the city, affecting about 1,000 workers. The former Bayer campus comprises 17 buildings, mostly in West Haven but partly in Orange. In 2007, Yale University purchased the entire campus for biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other life sciences research.
Education
West Haven Board of Education is the local school district.
West Haven is home to the University of New Haven, a U.S. Veterans Affairs hospital, and Yale Field, a baseball park for the Yale University teams and formerly the home field for minor league baseball teams. The Yale Bowl, the home field of the Yale Bulldogs, is in New Haven, near the West Haven border.
Transportation
Interstate 95, Connecticut State Route 34 (also known as Derby Avenue), and U.S. Route 1 (the Boston Post Road) run through West Haven, between Orange and New Haven. Route 162, which both begins and ends at Route 1, starts in Orange, passes through West Haven, and ends in Milford. A north-south state road, Route 122, begins in New Haven, comprising Forest Road, a stretch of Campbell Avenue and First Avenue up to the junction with I-95.
Bus service is provided by Connecticut Transit New Haven. West Haven Center is served by the various 265 and 271 routes (main service along Campbell Avenue). The 265B service continues to Saw Mill Road and Bull Hill Lane; the 265R service run along Jones Hill Road and terminate at the Baybrook Shopping Center near Oyster River; the 265S service continues to Savin Rock via Second Avenue. The Route 271M/S routes run along the West Haven shore towards Milford. The Route 261 route serves the areas along Orange Avenue. The 268 route serves the Veterans Affairs Hospital (C) and Bull Hill Lane (B).
A rail line, used by Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak, runs through West Haven. In 2013, the Connecticut Department of Transportation opened a new Metro-North station in West Haven, across from the former Armstrong factory. West Haven station provides commuter rail service on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line. The station provides full service on Metro-North into New York City, and has 660 parking spaces on-site. Amtrack does not stop in West Haven; the closest Amtrack stop is New Haven's Union Station.
Tweed New Haven Regional Airport, in New Haven, is the closest facility offering air service to West Haven.
Notable people
Marian Bergeron, Miss America 1933, youngest holder and only woman from New England to win that pageant's crown title.
Ulish Booker, NFL football player
Dorinda Keenan Borer, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Art Ceccarelli (1930-2012), Major League Baseball pitcher
Melanie Chartoff, actress
Eleanor Estes (1906–1988), author of children's literature
Douglas Ford (born Fortunato; born 1922), professional golfer
William L. Hadden, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1943–45 and Attorney General from 1945–51
Kevin Heffernan, actor, writer, producer, director, and comedian
Rob Jackson, former NFL football player
Jamey Jasta, metalcore musician
George R. Johnson (1929-1973), Pennsylvania State Representative.
Samuel Johnson (1696–1772), clergyman and the first president of the Anglican King's College (later Columbia University)
Rufus Porter (1792–1884), painter, inventor, founder of Scientific American
Tommy Nelson, actor
Jon Schnepp, film writer-director
Pfc. William A. Soderman (1912–1980), Medal of Honor from World War II.
Tony Sparano (1961-2018), NFL coach
Jonathan D. Spence, author and professor of history at Yale University
Ken Strong, NFL football player, inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967
Donald Thomas, professional football player
Smoky Joe Wood (1889–1985), Major League Baseball pitcher
References
External links
City of West Haven official website
West Haven Historical Society
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in New Haven County, Connecticut
Cities in the New York metropolitan area
Populated coastal places in Connecticut
1921 establishments in Connecticut | [
-0.4997694194316864,
0.13029047846794128,
-0.2992263734340668,
-0.5587398409843445,
0.6279280185699463,
0.09788835048675537,
0.32808247208595276,
0.24285690486431122,
0.07927354425191879,
-0.2667582035064697,
-0.6278039216995239,
0.4235980808734894,
0.19676560163497925,
0.5554478764533997,
-1.1298576593399048,
0.3614558279514313,
0.25955429673194885,
0.6083019375801086,
0.36317646503448486,
-0.4718058407306671,
-0.45932480692863464,
0.14827710390090942,
0.46083009243011475,
0.5203918814659119,
-0.2157386690378189,
0.235029935836792,
0.5999981760978699,
-0.03140302747488022,
-0.16859106719493866,
-0.25966328382492065,
-0.24345533549785614,
0.10997162014245987,
-0.6588411927223206,
-0.554419994354248,
0.6553945541381836,
0.10606317967176437,
-0.15277859568595886,
-0.17522701621055603,
-0.32745131850242615,
-0.4790900647640228,
-0.5747037529945374,
-0.11048725992441177,
0.003928479738533497,
0.24661076068878174,
-0.020520882681012154,
0.04536506533622742,
-1.381518006324768,
0.09028282761573792,
-1.244369626045227,
-0.4006396532058716,
-0.8938292860984802,
-0.1416776478290558,
0.41731682419776917,
0.5035120248794556,
0.6266980171203613,
-0.11941994726657867,
-0.8951836824417114,
-0.41588544845581055,
0.9735434055328369,
0.6604301333427429,
-0.0161050446331501,
0.11177762597799301,
-0.13930733501911163,
0.019863232970237732,
0.06031302735209465,
-0.10768038779497147,
0.16936886310577393,
0.12039920687675476,
0.25338277220726013,
-0.4738302230834961,
0.21418142318725586,
0.6390037536621094,
-0.41330522298812866,
0.25771620869636536,
-0.12751071155071259,
0.5499012470245361,
-0.060552649199962616,
-0.5612046122550964,
0.31933528184890747,
-0.004243695177137852,
-0.34986984729766846,
-0.030512338504195213,
0.7097224593162537,
-0.31605127453804016,
0.5306061506271362,
0.0949726477265358,
-0.2616857588291168,
-0.046015556901693344,
-0.38824957609176636,
1.4308322668075562,
-0.4150528609752655,
-0.24927853047847748,
-0.23497456312179565,
0.3571353852748871,
-0.11726871132850647,
-0.2761489450931549,
0.4676680862903595,
0.5479193329811096,
0.08619792014360428,
0.22504320740699768,
-0.6155621409416199,
0.4381811320781708,
1.0681768655776978,
-0.2939640283584595,
-0.437029093503952,
-0.048579804599285126,
-0.17496748268604279,
-0.1038125529885292,
0.2145630121231079,
-0.14560359716415405,
0.14005286991596222,
0.09204186499118805,
0.6073681116104126,
-0.07226193696260452,
-0.3705611228942871,
0.22876663506031036,
0.4553297162055969,
-0.7219942808151245,
-0.27834567427635193,
-0.37044647336006165,
0.6642962694168091,
1.125927209854126,
0.41764506697654724,
-0.7031261920928955,
0.26377350091934204,
0.005356313195079565,
0.6028631925582886,
0.14585673809051514,
-0.14903049170970917,
-0.3295166492462158,
-0.34437185525894165,
0.7275410890579224,
-0.3236673176288605,
0.47139972448349,
0.03033347800374031,
0.06618551909923553,
-0.1396951675415039,
0.3252795934677124,
0.6294316649436951,
0.22244130074977875,
-0.5122758746147156,
0.1509057730436325,
-0.12736843526363373,
-0.09526149183511734,
0.10954568535089493,
-0.4583451747894287,
-0.05052689090371132,
-0.47910526394844055,
-0.02668791264295578,
0.44660428166389465,
0.016443757340312004,
0.4107317328453064,
-0.11190903931856155,
-0.32958027720451355,
-0.4714244604110718,
-0.2811996340751648,
0.7180536389350891,
0.3439783751964569,
0.3772536814212799,
0.19915951788425446,
-0.2690703272819519,
0.4854504466056824,
0.8144763708114624,
-0.05944487079977989,
-0.08834550529718399,
0.11940598487854004,
0.5530298352241516,
-0.24979136884212494,
0.4943140745162964,
0.020108597353100777,
-0.4849339723587036,
-0.2036592960357666,
0.9512004852294922,
-0.6110231876373291,
-0.07701339572668076,
-0.30825075507164,
0.8758341073989868,
0.014223252423107624,
0.0894428938627243,
-0.3655535876750946,
-0.4892962574958801,
0.8381962180137634,
0.235017329454422,
-0.037669647485017776,
-0.09657801687717438,
0.2610039710998535,
-0.10245981067419052,
0.36772242188453674,
-0.2622247338294983,
-0.02419263683259487,
0.3649498522281647,
-0.48695752024650574,
0.3410970866680145,
-0.10981786996126175,
-0.08515024930238724,
0.17665979266166687,
-0.373853474855423,
0.7103776931762695,
-0.33550283312797546,
0.22078849375247955,
-0.2575433552265167,
-0.3620607554912567,
0.4808059334754944,
-0.09361838549375534,
-0.005589512642472982,
0.4232303202152252,
0.4434818923473358,
-0.025686975568532944,
0.15078923106193542,
0.3297947943210602,
-0.18649715185165405,
-0.7824591994285583,
0.020904039964079857,
0.46886104345321655,
-0.009449228644371033,
-0.7544030547142029,
-0.3627675771713257,
-0.3873305320739746,
-0.16330409049987793,
-0.3394125998020172,
0.4979217052459717,
0.394354909658432,
0.300199419260025,
-0.1650010645389557,
0.2982095777988434,
1.0745151042938232,
-0.34884119033813477,
-0.03603941574692726,
0.09195752441883087,
0.5345884561538696,
0.1591254323720932,
-0.20492154359817505,
-0.3235010504722595,
-0.5415213704109192,
-0.24773646891117096,
-0.4309965968132019,
0.15998676419258118,
-0.3295912444591522,
1.1190783977508545,
-0.4546663165092468,
-0.29259610176086426,
-0.11322764307260513,
-0.9902254343032837,
0.406201034784317,
0.35783642530441284,
0.48795750737190247,
-0.36281442642211914,
0.00947911199182272,
-0.747744619846344,
-0.3867380917072296,
0.022135676816105843,
0.2280304878950119,
0.7792310118675232,
0.31453076004981995,
0.7912245392799377,
0.004193910863250494,
-0.3014889359474182,
0.28266993165016174,
0.5048491954803467,
0.3268461525440216,
-0.1482677012681961,
0.3751296103000641,
0.3934742212295532,
0.1836550235748291,
-0.1863858699798584,
-0.7177276611328125,
-0.023014752194285393,
-0.5895171165466309,
0.4020838737487793,
0.19023197889328003,
0.31005990505218506,
-0.38100022077560425,
0.19645431637763977,
0.18237215280532837,
0.5003700852394104,
0.2507867217063904,
-0.2050871104001999,
-0.15449543297290802,
-0.5893818736076355,
-0.11756954342126846,
0.036456961184740067,
0.8127546906471252,
-0.667303740978241,
-0.4022773504257202,
0.5069186091423035,
-0.5835069417953491,
0.9409336447715759,
-0.19268500804901123,
-0.4585804343223572,
0.6124431490898132,
-0.34469935297966003,
-0.1828305721282959,
0.33695006370544434,
0.66654372215271,
-0.41286924481391907,
0.18155989050865173,
0.3639335036277771,
-0.5136755704879761,
-0.36972910165786743,
-0.3145364224910736,
-0.4607137143611908,
0.4968264698982239,
-0.10348502546548843,
0.12236989289522171,
-0.24624037742614746,
-0.5180674195289612,
-0.09015784412622452,
-0.34368693828582764,
-5.205384731292725,
0.9888391494750977,
-0.4249457120895386,
0.1795918345451355,
0.034801919013261795,
-0.4215606153011322,
-0.2525967061519623,
-0.2891959249973297,
-0.3917289972305298,
0.5523843765258789,
0.4043829143047333,
-0.9734861254692078,
-0.06829851865768433,
0.5589644908905029,
0.3719424605369568,
-0.5944470167160034,
0.5131969451904297,
-0.1763199269771576,
0.14856620132923126,
0.3329077363014221,
-0.3980233669281006,
-0.11524290591478348,
-0.1959347277879715,
-0.10666674375534058,
0.6392789483070374,
-0.061463862657547,
-0.019601378589868546,
-0.2164083570241928,
-0.22927704453468323,
-0.2903238832950592,
0.0677604153752327,
0.22188733518123627,
-0.26149243116378784,
0.26916125416755676,
0.5822737216949463,
-0.3309905529022217,
0.19194604456424713,
-0.3032074570655823,
0.8302199244499207,
-0.8816107511520386,
0.9012466073036194,
1.1208672523498535,
-0.24038827419281006,
-0.30625900626182556,
0.2688053846359253,
-0.2769658863544464,
-0.07469417154788971,
0.6538103818893433,
-0.03250424191355705,
0.3982105255126953,
0.7257012724876404,
-0.3142484724521637,
0.2902984321117401,
0.2593621015548706,
0.35967692732810974,
-0.954252302646637,
0.238666832447052,
-0.434948593378067,
-0.4599446654319763,
0.7628377079963684,
0.37981733679771423,
-0.14996004104614258,
-0.36795952916145325,
0.1157970279455185,
-0.12536756694316864,
-0.6093456149101257,
-0.3819722831249237,
0.0819503590464592,
0.6682645082473755,
0.14490477740764618,
-0.09447593986988068,
-0.3243947923183441,
-0.2645799219608307,
-0.7810198068618774,
0.018395831808447838,
-0.6743043661117554,
-0.8195946216583252,
-0.3577018678188324,
0.06897901743650436,
-0.21830566227436066,
0.014974362216889858,
-0.14642174541950226,
0.7196533679962158,
1.1358487606048584,
0.36337563395500183,
-0.6995730996131897,
-0.24032646417617798,
0.9102639555931091,
-0.6813256144523621,
-0.5810798406600952,
0.39573144912719727,
-0.16388839483261108,
0.26728716492652893,
-0.4641597867012024,
-0.6283555626869202,
-0.23748688399791718,
0.04562383517622948,
0.2671363353729248,
0.2906568944454193,
-0.22629018127918243,
0.8148994445800781,
0.17548955976963043,
-0.145758256316185,
-0.2667349576950073,
-0.5214269161224365,
0.1196187436580658,
0.30817487835884094,
0.36576130986213684,
1.0448578596115112,
-0.3040999174118042,
-0.5507699251174927,
-0.3985590934753418,
-0.12130597233772278,
-0.5434775948524475,
0.44883742928504944,
-0.5940142273902893,
-0.3869263529777527,
0.37401312589645386,
0.08916521072387695,
-0.06283526867628098,
0.6481063961982727,
0.5134214758872986,
-0.5323271155357361,
-0.15376971662044525,
-0.21725837886333466,
-0.4359125792980194,
-0.2409035712480545,
0.24095986783504486,
-0.6432015299797058,
0.8743203282356262,
0.11321349442005157,
-0.024451620876789093,
-0.42042380571365356,
-0.4540605843067169,
0.09144286066293716,
-0.027203653007745743,
-0.9331645369529724,
-0.8875099420547485,
-0.6902900338172913,
0.586189329624176,
0.6552762389183044,
0.0077021862380206585,
0.2635330259799957,
0.3431146442890167,
-0.5253900289535522,
-0.0478849932551384,
0.5678131580352783,
-0.24419446289539337,
-1.001103162765503,
0.18948854506015778,
0.13229802250862122,
-0.14696507155895233,
-0.506931483745575,
-0.3789450526237488,
0.25752171874046326,
-0.21412299573421478,
0.018606914207339287,
0.006549833342432976,
0.5124413371086121,
-0.03214510902762413,
0.2887297570705414,
-0.0012035921681672335,
-0.03546829894185066,
0.11796924471855164,
-0.001769513706676662,
0.03146979212760925,
-0.5335525274276733,
0.252609521150589,
-0.4329342842102051,
-0.02196572907269001,
0.519469678401947,
-0.4335289001464844,
-0.5031272768974304,
-0.47351640462875366,
0.20109033584594727,
0.07546720653772354,
-0.04171576723456383,
0.4527946710586548,
-0.1194530501961708,
-0.5081881880760193,
0.30176568031311035,
-0.3348389267921448,
-0.438211590051651,
-0.22824399173259735,
0.411054790019989,
-0.7350913882255554,
0.1774577498435974,
-0.5535198450088501,
-0.2916938066482544,
-0.47853392362594604,
0.09722226113080978,
-0.3193530738353729,
0.26929154992103577,
0.16004088521003723,
0.12219571322202682,
-0.5716063976287842,
0.5867438912391663,
0.3368489444255829,
-0.6403743028640747,
0.05819374695420265,
0.11475753039121628,
0.2881897985935211,
-0.7940524220466614,
0.4102365970611572,
0.4291963279247284,
-0.8803505301475525,
0.22482885420322418,
0.5642533898353577,
-0.277764230966568,
0.9803904891014099,
-0.4286421239376068,
-0.17641764879226685,
0.6260857582092285,
-0.19474492967128754,
-0.2678804099559784,
0.021189961582422256,
0.30140990018844604,
-0.5519749522209167,
-0.2516876757144928,
-0.3187835216522217,
-0.33129042387008667,
0.44134092330932617,
0.1273212879896164,
-0.5348656177520752,
-0.5552630424499512,
-0.09418094158172607,
0.1025601401925087,
-0.03841003403067589,
0.28995412588119507,
-0.5348262786865234,
-0.27377456426620483,
-0.20599618554115295,
0.3529958128929138,
-0.05766244977712631,
0.4912417531013489,
0.035954222083091736,
0.25814929604530334,
-0.5850175023078918,
0.3746778666973114,
0.08742816001176834,
0.5159372687339783,
0.7422794103622437,
-0.08425381779670715,
-0.3139382302761078,
-0.5915398597717285,
0.12870223820209503,
1.018289566040039,
0.022970642894506454,
-1.2543973922729492,
0.7467024922370911,
0.23381949961185455,
-0.4200648069381714,
-0.9689905047416687,
-0.08047248423099518,
0.6422505974769592,
-0.37567025423049927,
-0.31793126463890076,
0.3610931634902954,
-0.011138048954308033,
-0.08896471560001373,
0.21378053724765778,
-0.29036322236061096,
0.5838788151741028,
0.13459549844264984,
0.30049994587898254,
-0.6815056800842285,
-0.3569865822792053,
-0.29475435614585876,
0.07062209397554398,
-0.4134617745876312,
0.31429219245910645,
-0.3861943781375885,
-0.33545246720314026,
0.2983289062976837,
-0.3759000301361084,
0.12852859497070312,
0.0697544515132904,
-0.8629958629608154,
0.08679717034101486,
-0.4196653664112091,
-0.17123572528362274,
0.06989291310310364,
-0.9179736971855164,
-0.13659599423408508,
0.096809521317482,
-0.7308231592178345,
0.29684874415397644,
-0.20719791948795319,
-0.2503710687160492,
0.004560735076665878,
-0.21311330795288086,
-0.42941686511039734,
-0.2932508587837219,
-0.45267796516418457,
-0.6421815156936646,
0.3235452175140381,
0.5457172393798828,
0.9474548101425171,
0.02131081372499466,
0.037664931267499924,
-0.7063882946968079,
0.5444371700286865,
-0.1752864122390747,
-1.2168070077896118,
0.34602516889572144,
0.10209403187036514,
-0.9364383816719055,
-0.11333103477954865,
0.36670753359794617,
0.23243330419063568,
0.28779029846191406,
-0.2534103989601135,
0.3517637252807617,
1.0185884237289429,
-0.5905869007110596,
-0.06297934055328369,
0.7915588617324829,
-0.6289483308792114,
-0.07543856650590897,
0.2960895597934723,
-0.2384948581457138,
-0.5051555037498474,
0.6095211505889893,
0.7038066387176514,
-0.09193801879882812,
1.2132611274719238,
-0.02255430817604065,
-0.037178218364715576,
-0.07811024785041809,
0.28875207901000977,
0.2104261815547943,
-0.2763144075870514,
-0.8745243549346924,
0.010911141522228718,
-0.6134056448936462,
-0.3178485035896301,
-0.19249387085437775,
-0.08680064231157303,
-0.7415391802787781,
0.00942942500114441,
0.43407073616981506,
0.4666489064693451,
0.4151856601238251,
0.024251986294984818,
-0.015836436301469803,
-0.16411153972148895,
0.7152585983276367,
0.35112398862838745,
0.024709166958928108,
-0.549925684928894,
0.9175176024436951,
-0.3249080777168274,
0.5497336387634277,
-0.210335373878479,
0.32999518513679504,
-0.18789348006248474,
0.2541410028934479,
-0.2075810581445694,
-0.48839762806892395,
-0.060161590576171875,
-0.08208492398262024,
-0.2321814000606537,
0.8086497783660889,
-0.3609701097011566,
0.27663224935531616,
-0.7313413023948669,
0.4982845187187195,
-0.019834311679005623,
-0.228775754570961,
0.8264153003692627,
-0.09500772505998611,
1.0009945631027222,
0.1859009861946106,
-0.10720469802618027,
0.08927398175001144,
0.4913307726383209,
-0.08104286342859268,
0.5960666537284851,
-0.2938370406627655,
0.14953763782978058,
-0.6249427199363708,
-0.0944647490978241,
-0.28835564851760864,
-0.24257518351078033,
-0.3415968716144562,
-0.32998040318489075,
0.3958531320095062,
0.16024231910705566,
-0.4684033691883087,
-0.5675599575042725,
-0.016110405325889587,
-0.0745486319065094,
-0.5709102153778076,
0.15236781537532806,
-0.2048628330230713,
0.1575648933649063,
-0.2758098542690277,
0.9713016748428345,
0.36544865369796753,
0.43465492129325867,
0.3456081449985504,
0.8273493051528931,
-0.14155630767345428,
0.1394578516483307,
-0.16673527657985687,
0.3026852309703827,
-0.2491932511329651,
0.3770486116409302,
-0.9300438761711121,
0.7202675342559814,
0.22992746531963348,
0.5396103262901306,
-0.3897238075733185,
0.678299605846405,
-0.39612409472465515,
-0.019970959052443504,
1.0496126413345337,
0.3834008574485779,
-0.5928927063941956,
-0.15690915286540985,
0.6506182551383972,
0.25789088010787964,
-0.12430999428033829,
0.32080715894699097,
-0.46887409687042236,
-0.3970463275909424,
0.09664253890514374,
0.14682888984680176,
-0.7261281609535217,
0.2804622948169708,
-0.0643542930483818,
-0.7783113718032837,
-0.233598992228508,
0.7090049386024475,
-0.7746131420135498,
-0.1827157884836197,
-0.04821759834885597,
0.3066100776195526,
0.650126039981842,
-0.34426015615463257,
-0.22431351244449615,
-0.014402825385332108,
-0.10102035105228424,
0.5263087749481201,
-0.1143469363451004,
-0.42295658588409424,
-0.5785598158836365,
-0.27832067012786865,
-0.7196784615516663,
0.860442578792572,
-0.053306762129068375,
-0.6241417527198792,
0.2909621298313141,
0.12902703881263733,
0.407802939414978,
0.1035151556134224,
0.16027890145778656,
-0.013009835965931416,
0.20620562136173248,
0.10253594815731049
] |
256970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich%2C%20Connecticut | Norwich, Connecticut | Norwich (also called "The Rose of New England") is a city in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The Yantic, Shetucket, and Quinebaug Rivers flow into the city and form its harbor, from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound. The population was 40,125 at the 2020 United States Census.
History
The town of Norwich was founded on the site of what is now Norwichtown in 1659 by settlers from Saybrook Colony led by Major John Mason and James Fitch. They purchased the land "nine miles square" that became Norwich from Mohegan Sachem Uncas. One of the co-founders of Norwich was Thomas Leffingwell who rescued Uncas when surrounded by his Narragansett enemies, and whose son established the Leffingwell Inn. In 1668, a wharf was established at Yantic Cove. Settlement was primarily in the area around the Norwichtown Green. The 69 founding families soon divided up the land in the Norwichtown vicinity for farms and businesses.
By 1694, the public landing built at the head of the Thames River allowed ships to unload goods at the harbor; the harbor area is known as the Chelsea neighborhood. The distance from the port to Norwichtown was served by the East and West Roads which became Washington Street and Broadway. The original center of the town was a neighborhood now called Norwichtown, an inland location chosen to be the center of a primarily agricultural farming community. By the late 18th century, shipping at the harbor became far more important than farming, especially when industrial mills began manufacturing on the three smaller rivers. By the early 19th century, the center of Norwich had effectively moved to the Chelsea neighborhood. The official buildings of the city were located in the harbor area, such as the city hall, courts, and post office, and all the large 19th-century urban blocks. The former center is now called Norwichtown to distinguish it from the current city.
Norwich merchants were shipping goods directly from England, but the Stamp Act of 1764 forced Norwich to become more self-sufficient. Large mills and factories sprang up at the falls on the rivers which traverse the town, the largest of which was the Ponemah Mill in the Taftville neighborhood. The ship captains of Norwich and New London were skillful at avoiding Imperial taxation during peacetime and were later just as successful eluding warships during the American Revolution. Norwich supported the cause for independence by supplying soldiers, ships, and munitions, and it was also a center of activity for the Sons of Liberty.
The Oxford English Dictionary attests the first recorded use of the word "Hello" to The Norwich Courier on October 18, 1826. Regular steamship service between New York and Boston helped Norwich to prosper as a shipping center through the early part of the 19th century. During the Civil War, Norwich once again rallied and saw the growth of its textile, armaments, and specialty item manufacturing. This was also spurred by the building of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad in 1832–1837, bringing goods and people in and out of Norwich.
By the 1870s, the Springfield and New London Railroad was also running trains through Norwich.
In 1892, the city's first electric trolleys started service to the area and to some cities, including New London, Willimantic, Putnam, and Westerly, Rhode Island. The town and city of Norwich were consolidated in 1952.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (3.87%) is water.
Climate
Neighborhoods
Several Norwich neighborhoods maintain independent identities and are recognized by official signs marking their boundaries. Neighborhoods of Norwich are Norwichtown, Bean Hill, Yantic, Taftville, Greeneville, Occum, East Great Plains, Thamesville, Laurel Hill and Chelsea (the original "downtown" area.)
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,117 people, 15,091 households, and 9,069 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,274.7 people per square mile (492.2/km2). There were 16,600 housing units at an average density of 585.9 per square mile (226.2/km2).
Twenty-nine percent of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. Thirty-two percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 24.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.
In 2012, the population had risen to 40,502 and the racial makeup of the city was 70% White, 13% Hispanic or Latino, 10% Black or African American, 8% Asian, and 1% Native American. A significant influx of Chinese Americans has settled in Norwich since 2010.
The 2012 median income for a household in the city was $51,300. Fifteen percent of the population were below the poverty line.
Arts and culture
The Slater Memorial Museum, located on the campus of the Norwich Free Academy, is named for John Fox Slater (1815−1884), corporator of The Norwich Free Academy for twenty years. The museum has grown to include the "Art of Five Continents"—North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Of particular interest are the Vanderpoel Collection of Asian Art, the Paul Zimmerman Collection of African and Oceanic Art, and a collection of 19th-century American paintings. Another wing of the museum displays souvenirs from the Slater family's circumnavigation of the globe.
Sports
The AA Eastern League Connecticut Defenders, previously the Norwich Navigators, were a farm team of the San Francisco Giants and they played at Senator Thomas J. Dodd Memorial Stadium from both's inception in 1995 until the team announced its move to Richmond, Virginia for the 2010 season, where they are now known as the Richmond Flying Squirrels. However, starting in 2010, Dodd Stadium became the home to the Connecticut Tigers (formerly the Oneonta Tigers, now named Norwich Sea Unicorns) in the Class-A short-season New York–Penn League. The ESPN mini-series The Bronx Is Burning was filmed at Dodd Stadium.
Parks and recreation
Mohegan Park
This forested area is Norwich's largest park. The park's property contains numerous hiking and biking trails, picnic tables, grills, pavilions for rent, a beach, basketball courts, a Mohegan monument, fountain and playgrounds. The Rose Garden at the entrance on Judd Road contains over a hundred varieties of roses and is a popular site for weddings. Many of the hiking trails are used by the Norwich Free Academy cross country team for practices, and in 2006 the team volunteered to improve the condition of trails. 5K "fun runs" are held in the park on Thursdays during the summer. As of 2009, the running course has been redesigned to incorporate much of the trails.
The Park Center contains Spaulding Pond, the square, fountain, and Mohegan monument, both playgrounds and a dog pound run by the Norwich Police Department. The Park Center has declined somewhat. The zoo, reptile house, and concession stand have been closed for over a decade. However, much has been done to improve the appearance of the remaining park.
Spaulding Pond, the main body of water in Mohegan Park, is held back by an earthworks dam, across which is a path bordered by pergolas and flowering plants. On March 6, 1963, long-term saturation of the over-100-year-old earthen content, along with unchecked shrub and tree growth, severely weakened the structural content of the dam and caused the waters of Spaulding Pond to burst forth into the city, causing the Great Flood of Norwich, elegantly chronicled in the 2013 book A Swift and Deadly Maelstrom; The Great Norwich Flood of 1963. The break and subsequent flood flow pulverized houses with its large ice content, over-ran streets and cars while destroying the eastern half of the Turner-Stanton Mill, situated in the flood's direct path on Centennial Square. It was there that the building collapsed, claiming the lives of six of the seven total who would die that night while causing over six million dollars in damage. Mohegan Park also contains another, smaller pond, called The Skating Pond which is southeast of the main pond. This pond, which had always been designed as an overflow spillway for Spaulding Pond and, when frozen in the winter provided a wonderful ice skating area for the local youth, thus its sobriquet, was re-designed as part of Norwich's long-term flood plan in 1968 and currently still serves as a surge overflow volume for the upgraded Spaulding Pond Dam, although it is no longer open for public use.
Ice rink
The Norwich Municipal Ice Rink has a 200' × 85' National Hockey League regulation ice surface, four large locker rooms and other amenities. Established in 1995, the Rose City Warriors are Norwich's Senior Women's Ice Hockey Team and a number of local high school ice hockey teams call the Rink home as well.
Government
The city elects a Mayor, who presides over the City Council, which includes six other members, all elected at large. The Mayor serves a maximum of two four-year terms; the council members serve two-year terms. The council appoints the Town and City Clerk, a City Manager who acts as chief executive officer of the city government, the city Planning Commission, and Zoning Board of Appeals.
Education
Elementary and middle school residents are zoned to Norwich Public Schools. The middle schools of Norwich are Teachers' Memorial Global Studies Middle School and Kelly STEAM Magnet Middle School. Norwich is also home to the Integrated Day Charter School, an alternative to the area of public schools.
The Norwich Free Academy is the primary high school for students living in Norwich and several surrounding towns, including Bozrah, Canterbury, Franklin, Lisbon, Preston, Sprague, and Voluntown. The Norwich Free Academy was incorporated in 1855 by an act of the Connecticut Legislature, and operates as a privately endowed independent school governed by its Board of Trustees and funded by private, municipal, and state sources. In 2006, Sidney Frank donated $12 million to the Norwich Free Academy which resulted in the campus's newest building being named after him: the Sidney E. Frank Center for Visual and Performing Arts.
Norwich Technical High School, A Connecticut Technical High School System School, also serves the area. This school is a public option to those within the Norwich area, and many other towns surrounding Norwich. To those within the Norwich area, transportation is provided by Norwich Public Schools via the same buses that serve Norwich Free Academy in the morning, and in the afternoon students are transported to Norwich Free Academy to use their buses to return home.
Three Rivers Community College also serves the region.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Local public transportation in Norwich is provided by Southeast Area Transit (SEAT). The main bus hub, the Norwich Transportation Center, is located on Holly Hock Island next to the downtown area. This station is also served by the Windham Region Transit District with service to and from Willimantic, CT. Norwich is also served by the Northeastern Connecticut Transit District with service to and from Putnam, CT.
Historically, the city held a railroad stop at it's downtown station, which is now in use as an office for The Norwich Bulletin. In the past, the city was served by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, which today is still operated as a freight railroad, the Connecticut Southern Railroad.
In recent years, there have been discussions and proposals involving restoring passenger rail service to Norwich using the existing freight lines, providing service from New London, CT, through Norwich up to Brattleboro, VT. The most recent and ongoing proposal is the Central Corridor Rail Line.
Notable people
Richard Albertine (1944—2016), photographer, born in Norwich
Christopher Anvil (1925—2009), science fiction author
Benedict Arnold (1741–1801), born in Norwich, American Revolutionary War general and later British defector; a commemorative plaque is on the lot where his house used to stand; city library has a prominent portrait of Arnold on its north wall
Hannah Arnold (1708–1758), born in Norwich, mother of Benedict Arnold
Isaac Backus (1724–1806), a delegate to the First Continental Congress, born in the city
Isaac H. Bromley (1833–1899), born in Norwich; lawyer, editor, politician, railroad director, and humorist
Allyn L. Brown (1883-1973), Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1950-1953), was born in the city and graduated Norwich Free Academy
William Alfred Buckingham (1804–1875), Mayor of Norwich, 41st governor of Connecticut, and United States Senator
Oliver A. Caswell, Wisconsin politician, born in the city
Asa Child (1798–1858), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut under President Jackson
Calvin G. Child (1834–1880), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, and a Norwich City Judge
Benjamin Church (1734–1776), surgeon general of the Continental Army, suspected of spying for the British, was confined in the city
Elisha Clark (1752—1838), American Revolutionary War veteran
Richard Falley Cleveland (1804–1853), born and raised in Norwich, Christian minister known as the father of President Grover Cleveland
Margaret Coit (1919–2003), historian, born in the city
Erastus Corning (1794–1872), businessman and politician, born in the city
Rajai Davis (1980–), Major League Baseball outfielder
Roger Wilson Dennis (1902–1996), American plein air impressionist painter and art conservator
Costa Dillon (1953–) filmmaker, creator of Attack of the Killer Tomatoes.
Thomas J. Dodd (1907–1971), U.S. Senator and Representative; father of U.S. Senator Christopher J. Dodd, was born in the city
Arielle Dombasle (born Arielle Sonnery de Fromental in 1958 in Norwich), singer and actress working mostly in French films
Terence P. Finnegan (1904–1990), Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force
Lafayette S. Foster (1806–1880), U.S. Senator and 57th President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate; died in the city
Jonas Galusha (1753–1834), Governor of Vermont for two terms in the early 19th century; born in the city
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), author and social reformer, lived for a short time in the city
Daniel Coit Gilman (1831–1908), educator, college president, foundation president
Calvin Goddard (1768–1842), former mayor of Norwich, Judge, and Senator
Roger Griswold (1762–1812), Governor of Connecticut, practiced law for a time in Norwich
Galusha A. Grow (1822–1907), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863, studied law in the city
Benjamin Hanks (1755–1824), goldsmith, instrument maker, first maker of bronze cannons and church bells in America
Benjamin Huntington (1736–1800), delegate to the Continental Congress and later a Congressman, resident of the city
Ebenezer Huntington (1754–1834), member of the United States House of Representatives, 1817–1819
Samuel Huntington (1731–1796), delegate to the Second Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence; first President of the United States, under the Articles of Confederation
Samuel Kirkland (1741–1808), Presbyterian missionary among the Oneida and Tuscarora people; founder (in 1793) of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy (later Hamilton College), was born in the city
Paul Konerko (1976–), Major League Baseball player
Wally Lamb (1950–), author of She's Come Undone and I Know This Much Is True; director of the Writing Center at the Norwich Free Academy in the city from 1989 to 1998
Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), inventor of the Polaroid camera
James Lanman (1767-1841), United States Senator (1819-1825)
Cato Mead (ca. 1761–1846), African-American Revolutionary War veteran
Miantonomoh (1565?–1643), chief of the Narraganset tribe, captured and executed by the Mohegan chief Uncas with a tomahawk in Norwich
Elisha Perkins (1741–1799), popular quack doctor whose magnetic therapy "Perkins Tractors" (made up of two steel and brass rods with points at the ends) convinced even George Washington to buy a set
Simeon Perkins (1735–1812), Nova Scotia merchant, diarist, and politician; outfitted Loyalist privateers during the American War for Independence; born and raised in this city until moving to Liverpool, Nova Scotia with the New England Planters
Bela Pratt, sculptor, born in Norwich in 1867
E. Annie Proulx, journalist and author; born in 1935 in the city
Edith Roosevelt (1861–1948), second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, born in the city
Lottie B. Scott (born 1936), civic leader and civil rights advocate, lived in Norwich since 1957
Ellis Ruley (1882-1959), African-American folk artist
William Albert Setchell (1864–1943), botanist and UC Berkeley professor, born in the city
Matt Shaughnessy (1986-), football defensive end for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League, graduate of Norwich Free Academy
Charles Sholes (1816–1867), Wisconsin politician, born in the city
Lydia Sigourney (1791–1865), extremely popular poet from the early-to-mid-19th century, born in the city
John Fox Slater (1815–1884), industrialist and philanthropist, founder of million-dollar Slater Fund for the Education of the Southern Freedmen in 1882
Horace Smith (1808–1893), partnered with Daniel B. Wesson in Norwich in the early 1850s to develop the first repeating rifle, known as the Volcanic rifle; the two founded Smith & Wesson in 1852
James Lindsay Smith (ca. 1816 – ca. 1883), African American slave narrative author and minister
Sarah Lanman Smith (1802–1836), American Christian missionary, memoirist, school founder
Albert H. Tracy (1793–1859), former US Congressman
Phineas L. Tracy (1786–1876), former US Congressman
Dean Trantalis (1953–), mayor of Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Ariel. L. Varges, (1890-1972), newsreel cameraman and war photographer, died in Norwich
John T. Wait (1811–1899), Connecticut politician and lawyer, U.S. Representative from 1876 to 1887
Henry S. Walbridge (1801–1869), former US Congressman
Daniel B. Wesson (1825–1906), firearm designer; see Horace Smith
Bernard Widrow (1929–), electrical engineer
William Woodbridge (1780–1861), Governor of Michigan, also represented the state in the U.S. Senate, was born in the city
See also
Norwich
References
External links
Norwich Community Development Corporation
Cities in Connecticut
Cities in New London County, Connecticut
Populated places established in 1659
1659 establishments in Connecticut
Populated places on the Thames River (Connecticut) | [
-0.46170422434806824,
-0.38329920172691345,
0.08040601760149002,
-0.5585941076278687,
0.23451393842697144,
0.6459290385246277,
0.49969619512557983,
0.3753982186317444,
-0.5141957998275757,
-0.3103977143764496,
-0.42877069115638733,
-0.027132472023367882,
0.00812208466231823,
0.7433356046676636,
-0.8367704749107361,
0.27278760075569153,
0.5017571449279785,
0.700782060623169,
0.2515985369682312,
-0.012231753207743168,
-0.3214792311191559,
0.17016185820102692,
0.7328386306762695,
0.25171732902526855,
0.08930365741252899,
-0.26725131273269653,
0.4010345935821533,
-0.2553059458732605,
-0.25854361057281494,
-0.03001526929438114,
-0.7737557888031006,
-0.1888444423675537,
-0.29080817103385925,
-0.5327959060668945,
0.5231649279594421,
0.08521730452775955,
-0.07276645302772522,
-0.10001532733440399,
-0.37258094549179077,
-0.34301435947418213,
-0.39423874020576477,
-0.24950642883777618,
0.4004044234752655,
0.33816784620285034,
-0.18981198966503143,
-0.40252405405044556,
-1.4722635746002197,
0.3395211100578308,
-0.8757994174957275,
-0.5623645782470703,
-0.7016016840934753,
-0.27076587080955505,
0.36755961179733276,
0.6366102695465088,
0.6073079109191895,
0.06011088564991951,
-0.9955205321311951,
-0.08297456055879593,
0.6268988251686096,
0.5853538513183594,
-0.06401295959949493,
0.32430434226989746,
0.12532120943069458,
0.03462034463882446,
-0.022394847124814987,
0.031267691403627396,
0.2645066976547241,
0.03566177934408188,
0.13211238384246826,
-0.683456540107727,
0.07685437798500061,
0.45754754543304443,
-0.512256383895874,
0.3050084114074707,
-0.33608272671699524,
0.5601938962936401,
-0.28761550784111023,
-0.6388887763023376,
0.3603777289390564,
0.1415826827287674,
-0.017217112705111504,
-0.006884759292006493,
0.7834256291389465,
0.00003393156293896027,
0.542739748954773,
0.4492590129375458,
-0.3624047636985779,
0.14426428079605103,
-0.044820331037044525,
0.8119692802429199,
-0.43567681312561035,
-0.006990678142756224,
-0.1074216291308403,
0.2654764950275421,
-0.3220415711402893,
-0.6934436559677124,
0.3135334849357605,
0.3033747971057892,
-0.39587637782096863,
0.13191691040992737,
-0.2454492747783661,
0.8293001055717468,
0.8586834669113159,
-0.24860283732414246,
-0.306341290473938,
-0.3934374451637268,
-0.2591964602470398,
0.15371018648147583,
0.3334246277809143,
0.02712165005505085,
-0.05072407424449921,
0.2842738926410675,
0.47911515831947327,
-0.294566810131073,
-0.05563800781965256,
0.660841166973114,
0.5323548913002014,
-0.7062121629714966,
-0.20721924304962158,
-0.179367795586586,
0.5688191056251526,
0.7429459095001221,
0.32100653648376465,
-0.46900177001953125,
-0.11431154608726501,
-0.05960708484053612,
0.4020867347717285,
0.49134424328804016,
-0.028477750718593597,
-0.4097517728805542,
-0.5653561949729919,
0.534766674041748,
-0.3770306706428528,
0.09716542065143585,
0.37397322058677673,
-0.1441453993320465,
0.21219006180763245,
0.3221433162689209,
0.7724553346633911,
0.12760813534259796,
-0.5608856678009033,
-0.10779332369565964,
-0.010607109405100346,
-0.36604273319244385,
0.0882577896118164,
-0.5453835129737854,
-0.1531885415315628,
-0.8368629813194275,
0.025524817407131195,
0.14539143443107605,
-0.16604392230510712,
0.7869926691055298,
0.023608120158314705,
0.011564288288354874,
-0.5908066630363464,
-0.5006825923919678,
0.9010075330734253,
0.20891505479812622,
0.32198458909988403,
0.19896630942821503,
-0.46170854568481445,
0.5915679931640625,
0.7388727068901062,
-0.013223456218838692,
-0.034448377788066864,
0.19977174699306488,
0.6617010235786438,
-0.07269583642482758,
0.5039017796516418,
-0.038384925574064255,
-0.41260281205177307,
0.10580867528915405,
0.9527449607849121,
-0.2650011479854584,
-0.0771600753068924,
-0.04647650197148323,
0.7365471720695496,
0.05457967519760132,
-0.057247549295425415,
-0.5017582774162292,
-0.4564153850078583,
0.7901156544685364,
0.4548535943031311,
-0.1466040164232254,
-0.09614598751068115,
0.13782411813735962,
-0.17175717651844025,
0.38104164600372314,
0.03663467988371849,
-0.345512330532074,
0.7032342553138733,
-0.04640934616327286,
-0.2552243173122406,
0.3792426884174347,
-0.10743727535009384,
-0.11241123080253601,
-0.6560059189796448,
0.7926249504089355,
-0.3755883574485779,
0.315518319606781,
-0.009572913870215416,
-0.11809244751930237,
0.25735893845558167,
-0.07604926079511642,
-0.001166821806691587,
-0.35376447439193726,
0.09175819158554077,
0.2456551045179367,
0.2620988190174103,
0.4415876269340515,
0.14390185475349426,
-0.9264659881591797,
0.00863762479275465,
0.26414644718170166,
-0.3103146553039551,
-0.4799664318561554,
-0.47872912883758545,
-0.026640674099326134,
0.04673772677779198,
-0.3887065351009369,
0.5333704352378845,
0.5375782251358032,
-0.10627572983503342,
0.1724960207939148,
0.4301550090312958,
0.6849521398544312,
-0.42392387986183167,
-0.4141579568386078,
-0.3089185953140259,
0.16061049699783325,
-0.025479678064584732,
-0.1266680806875229,
-0.6967542767524719,
-0.42648500204086304,
-0.4187677800655365,
-0.4014583230018616,
0.11540187150239944,
-0.1890190839767456,
0.9131250381469727,
-0.6210987567901611,
0.057140614837408066,
-0.05911540985107422,
-0.54169762134552,
0.815536618232727,
0.4566138684749603,
0.37208837270736694,
-0.1040898859500885,
0.10434490442276001,
-0.3945970833301544,
-0.49263039231300354,
-0.31379881501197815,
0.02162156254053116,
0.8333118557929993,
0.3816373348236084,
0.6315670609474182,
-0.3232935070991516,
-0.3922223746776581,
0.18003244698047638,
0.4508585035800934,
0.7719119787216187,
-0.053197331726551056,
0.3152407109737396,
0.12163534760475159,
0.2472640424966812,
-0.10771404951810837,
-0.42645514011383057,
-0.07163095474243164,
-0.7023233771324158,
0.4579814076423645,
0.4184999465942383,
0.36703118681907654,
-0.3617687523365021,
-0.18827733397483826,
-0.10639467090368271,
0.4367520213127136,
0.14695538580417633,
-0.07036004215478897,
0.14508649706840515,
-0.7899138331413269,
-0.061904843896627426,
0.1444677710533142,
1.003533959388733,
-0.3981670141220093,
-0.6436141133308411,
0.011616399511694908,
-0.5065420866012573,
0.6481273770332336,
-0.5541595220565796,
-0.03525412455201149,
0.3323015570640564,
-0.17513632774353027,
-0.1854505091905594,
0.28954076766967773,
0.7950665354728699,
-0.43232348561286926,
0.10310088843107224,
0.5111208558082581,
-0.23586870729923248,
-0.3305187523365021,
-0.0558595210313797,
-0.48586076498031616,
0.29313161969184875,
-0.31184983253479004,
0.016970818862318993,
-0.25731778144836426,
-0.49127742648124695,
0.12740665674209595,
-0.4141744077205658,
-5.451357364654541,
0.5293899178504944,
-0.17136269807815552,
-0.16560198366641998,
0.3273927867412567,
-0.27163058519363403,
-0.0006791056366637349,
-0.23948688805103302,
-0.33836090564727783,
0.6215254068374634,
0.5642929077148438,
-0.7916091680526733,
-0.2943529486656189,
0.7281767129898071,
0.5731368064880371,
-0.23188641667366028,
0.5480917692184448,
-0.4462531507015228,
0.2980489730834961,
0.3521914780139923,
-0.5838454365730286,
-0.08848154544830322,
0.21040767431259155,
0.14318135380744934,
0.506855845451355,
0.13628019392490387,
0.11631683260202408,
-0.576542854309082,
-0.675339937210083,
-0.08761326223611832,
-0.12619620561599731,
0.2901999056339264,
-0.007961154915392399,
0.08545541018247604,
0.31566646695137024,
-0.18757937848567963,
0.33614394068717957,
-0.3225172758102417,
0.9213460683822632,
-0.8994988203048706,
0.5276577472686768,
0.6828410625457764,
-0.1356591284275055,
-0.40046265721321106,
0.11793581396341324,
-0.1397140920162201,
-0.3376466631889343,
0.34146156907081604,
-0.3309313952922821,
0.4803943336009979,
0.8192239999771118,
-0.08893819898366928,
0.5338107943534851,
0.10425370186567307,
0.3273342251777649,
-0.6361537575721741,
0.4975184500217438,
-0.15331336855888367,
-0.35305526852607727,
0.2422846555709839,
0.3174470067024231,
0.02493434213101864,
-0.0123513825237751,
0.6044787764549255,
0.02425777167081833,
-0.7196277379989624,
-0.02900448814034462,
0.02782651223242283,
0.4581766724586487,
0.24297600984573364,
0.007135388441383839,
-0.5961682796478271,
-0.18228061497211456,
-1.0075198411941528,
-0.08958453685045242,
-0.4898392856121063,
-0.7955577969551086,
-0.35611626505851746,
-0.28770530223846436,
-0.23735341429710388,
-0.07319624722003937,
-0.3210408687591553,
0.6109036803245544,
0.8404998183250427,
0.10790048539638519,
-0.679620623588562,
-0.24504277110099792,
0.501918613910675,
-0.6449319124221802,
-0.6686133146286011,
0.2977220416069031,
-0.2186741679906845,
0.34940874576568604,
-0.7724403142929077,
-0.4840378165245056,
0.028500961139798164,
0.14596158266067505,
0.28799599409103394,
0.15099354088306427,
0.09162560850381851,
0.22465091943740845,
0.28988581895828247,
-0.12017782777547836,
-0.06786561757326126,
-0.07095985859632492,
0.17452271282672882,
-0.23999813199043274,
0.3907809853553772,
1.2986464500427246,
-0.5244238972663879,
-0.49450838565826416,
-0.22517892718315125,
-0.12048886716365814,
-0.5506557822227478,
0.322351336479187,
-0.39287540316581726,
0.08550340682268143,
0.4546946585178375,
0.15391330420970917,
-0.10907886177301407,
0.01710951142013073,
0.6150543093681335,
-0.28554970026016235,
0.014987548813223839,
-0.1700732260942459,
-0.48049601912498474,
-0.15385384857654572,
0.5781911015510559,
-0.16386450827121735,
0.5323456525802612,
0.3206971287727356,
-0.16823038458824158,
-0.5095747113227844,
-0.22647032141685486,
-0.5112143754959106,
0.09011843800544739,
-0.4213380515575409,
-1.1492397785186768,
-0.4373759329319,
0.7300193905830383,
0.4720779061317444,
0.10136108845472336,
-0.00151681003626436,
0.3501616418361664,
0.313531756401062,
0.04026234149932861,
0.6846076250076294,
0.05647289752960205,
-1.0065187215805054,
0.04355592280626297,
0.13514088094234467,
-0.15668444335460663,
0.04320279136300087,
-0.6455416679382324,
0.2754879891872406,
-0.33472999930381775,
0.013815843500196934,
0.06007836014032364,
0.21675334870815277,
0.026028301566839218,
0.0037277142982929945,
-0.2763155698776245,
-0.14609673619270325,
-0.15225206315517426,
0.014811867848038673,
0.016397874802350998,
-0.23515431582927704,
0.20523513853549957,
-0.409411758184433,
-0.09409000724554062,
0.3548740744590759,
-0.21512192487716675,
-0.6921850442886353,
-0.27011895179748535,
0.43653956055641174,
0.14301912486553192,
-0.10862990468740463,
0.48213064670562744,
0.03964383900165558,
-0.3845938742160797,
0.5054564476013184,
-0.4401721954345703,
-0.35587403178215027,
-0.051473233848810196,
0.6242411732673645,
-0.7024047374725342,
0.40381115674972534,
-0.6296955347061157,
0.14472614228725433,
-0.04942998290061951,
-0.003737345105037093,
-0.12635281682014465,
0.23903024196624756,
-0.12949049472808838,
-0.15869499742984772,
-0.4625987410545349,
0.5903295278549194,
-0.028171954676508904,
-0.4462323784828186,
-0.008569374680519104,
0.11546828597784042,
0.3002406358718872,
-0.7861325144767761,
0.2532343566417694,
0.3550163805484772,
-1.0529667139053345,
0.21611244976520538,
0.5102066397666931,
-0.350151389837265,
0.6692171692848206,
-0.006366949062794447,
-0.05938032269477844,
0.38267749547958374,
-0.029566429555416107,
-0.39629989862442017,
0.11668244004249573,
-0.07899168878793716,
-0.30032867193222046,
-0.3834760785102844,
-0.3527810275554657,
-0.45650845766067505,
0.13557665050029755,
0.11662604659795761,
-0.6118791103363037,
-0.4176786541938782,
-0.34073778986930847,
0.2045426070690155,
0.053598981350660324,
0.33471331000328064,
-0.6845965385437012,
0.1806391179561615,
0.05519504100084305,
0.22708791494369507,
0.11464030295610428,
0.5788490772247314,
-0.16561046242713928,
-0.040766868740320206,
-0.5286048650741577,
0.056891873478889465,
0.5871295928955078,
0.11610829085111618,
0.9759721159934998,
-0.3468736708164215,
-0.33733174204826355,
-0.6298665404319763,
0.43092674016952515,
0.5026034116744995,
-0.24337534606456757,
-1.2216928005218506,
0.7139133214950562,
0.26660943031311035,
-0.26283013820648193,
-0.8659290671348572,
-0.18110927939414978,
0.4779946208000183,
-0.42899805307388306,
-0.0899689570069313,
0.627484917640686,
-0.1496245563030243,
-0.0015979674644768238,
-0.047509800642728806,
-0.5777303576469421,
-0.07236627489328384,
0.3517366051673889,
0.22876842319965363,
-0.602559506893158,
-0.4249875843524933,
-0.2587328255176544,
-0.06236160174012184,
-0.5439750552177429,
-0.1609116941690445,
-0.2593313753604889,
0.16649655997753143,
0.15301506221294403,
-0.15781845152378082,
0.08559274673461914,
-0.017888816073536873,
-0.8679373860359192,
0.23902472853660583,
0.043330106884241104,
-0.031312450766563416,
0.1975313276052475,
-0.6340248584747314,
-0.337603360414505,
0.09585508704185486,
-0.6522994041442871,
0.027614159509539604,
-0.09217324107885361,
-0.2535402178764343,
0.22549167275428772,
-0.11966351419687271,
-0.2872781753540039,
-0.16546142101287842,
-0.17277324199676514,
-0.541041374206543,
0.6509779691696167,
0.6524225473403931,
0.9624841809272766,
-0.05530967563390732,
0.009225326590240002,
-0.8811902403831482,
0.4583025872707367,
0.04216445982456207,
-0.911338210105896,
0.03877682983875275,
0.0497477650642395,
-0.5799803733825684,
-0.30878379940986633,
0.02169528603553772,
0.12150955200195312,
0.1438380926847458,
0.03881995752453804,
0.5419372320175171,
0.9652954339981079,
-0.469267338514328,
0.20877306163311005,
0.6141592860221863,
-0.564211905002594,
-0.30777856707572937,
0.2685866355895996,
-0.3291036784648895,
-0.4161255657672882,
0.39210835099220276,
0.5620154142379761,
-0.022987812757492065,
1.1505002975463867,
-0.02362053096294403,
0.12246203422546387,
-0.3076348900794983,
0.1382409930229187,
0.38957831263542175,
-0.13303907215595245,
-1.0205549001693726,
0.43978703022003174,
-0.017147378996014595,
-0.7902058959007263,
0.12261642515659332,
-0.3876892924308777,
-0.8998025059700012,
0.1616721898317337,
0.6844655871391296,
0.5982329249382019,
0.5482363700866699,
0.16142231225967407,
0.44177550077438354,
0.10414528101682663,
0.8105443716049194,
0.35276588797569275,
0.009255527518689632,
-0.21309833228588104,
0.7877424955368042,
-0.35273781418800354,
0.45100992918014526,
-0.5844029784202576,
0.1870567947626114,
-0.34722280502319336,
0.46649208664894104,
-0.5124134421348572,
-0.21715416014194489,
-0.1731322705745697,
-0.6239941120147705,
-0.535828173160553,
0.5937094688415527,
-0.2884342074394226,
-0.1940068155527115,
-0.4531634747982025,
0.4722319543361664,
0.3120366334915161,
-0.5099921226501465,
0.60645592212677,
0.14853546023368835,
0.7679834365844727,
0.06683389842510223,
0.003353432985022664,
0.31463485956192017,
0.63027423620224,
-0.05313566327095032,
0.5014979839324951,
-0.1330774575471878,
0.3384990692138672,
-0.5673671960830688,
-0.1835797280073166,
-0.18845415115356445,
-0.20970430970191956,
-0.5375314950942993,
-0.018449556082487106,
0.08456379175186157,
-0.11096759885549545,
-0.8162086009979248,
-0.34145766496658325,
-0.06603270769119263,
0.2809847593307495,
-0.11090778559446335,
0.4163323938846588,
-0.16929815709590912,
-0.021489886566996574,
-0.04638945683836937,
0.6964359283447266,
0.15760746598243713,
0.30807846784591675,
0.48639944195747375,
0.49232572317123413,
-0.028877096250653267,
0.24559292197227478,
-0.14915543794631958,
0.3724362254142761,
-0.4018685519695282,
-0.1356603503227234,
-0.7821459174156189,
0.6625615954399109,
0.2577613890171051,
0.2799082398414612,
-0.2707790732383728,
0.5215573310852051,
-0.28888991475105286,
-0.0760025605559349,
0.7928705215454102,
0.3897137939929962,
-0.7530709505081177,
-0.2757319211959839,
0.7238131165504456,
0.22942471504211426,
0.11371026188135147,
0.25441601872444153,
-0.5420793294906616,
-0.7215467095375061,
0.36909574270248413,
-0.037022776901721954,
-0.6982965469360352,
0.11765366792678833,
-0.2788986265659332,
-0.6751274466514587,
-0.20455460250377655,
0.37952595949172974,
-0.5298702120780945,
0.13522829115390778,
0.04348347336053848,
1.0147587060928345,
0.38666480779647827,
-0.543212354183197,
-0.47584858536720276,
-0.1645888239145279,
0.06329051405191422,
0.2203933298587799,
0.1670777052640915,
-0.01278592087328434,
-0.5727645754814148,
-0.1318000853061676,
-0.7094423770904541,
0.5309489369392395,
-0.20303800702095032,
-0.5787164568901062,
0.21474376320838928,
0.20532460510730743,
0.3899461328983307,
-0.07126924395561218,
0.25572115182876587,
-0.18612883985042572,
0.27480483055114746,
0.17072688043117523
] |
256986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulpicia | Sulpicia | Sulpicia was the author, in the first century BCE, of six short poems (some 40 lines in all) written in Latin which were published as part of the corpus of Albius Tibullus's poetry (poems 3.13-18). She is one of the few female poets of ancient Rome whose work survives.
Life
Sulpicia lived in the reign of Augustus and was born around 40 BCE. She was the daughter of Servius Sulpicius Rufus and his wife Valeria; her uncle and guardian was Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64 BCE – 8 CE), an important patron of literature. Sulpicia's family were well-off citizens with connections to Emperor Augustus, since her uncle Messalla served as the commander for Augustus.
Poetry
Sulpicia's surviving work consists of six short elegiac poems (3.13–18), which have been preserved as part of a collection of poetry, book 3 of the Corpus Tibullianum, initially attributed to Tibullus. The poems are addressed to Cerinthus.
Cerinthus was most likely a pseudonym, in the style of the day (like Catullus's Lesbia and Propertius's Cynthia). Cerinthus has sometimes been thought to refer to the Cornutus addressed by Tibullus in two of his Elegies, probably an aristocratic Caecilius Cornutus. The similarity in consonants and the resemblance between the Greek keras ("horn") and Latin cornu (also "horn") are among arguments cited in favour of this identification. Recent criticism, however, has tended away from attempting to identify Cerinthus with an historical figure in favour of noting the literary implications of the pseudonym.
Some critics have challenged the view that the Sulpicia poems were authored by a woman; Thomas Hubbard, Thomas Habinek and Niklas Holzberg have rejected Sulpicia's female authorship by appealing to a purported lack of a female literary culture in ancient Rome. In an overview of Sulpician criticism, Alison Keith described the logic of Hubbard's article as "tortuous" and also highlights problems in Holzberg and Habinek's attempts to efface female authorship. In contrast, Judith P. Hallett argues for increasing the numbers of poems attributed to Sulpicia to include poems 8-12 from the Corpus Tibullianum, which had previously been attributed to an amicus Sulpiciae (friend of Sulpicia).
While academics traditionally regarded Sulpicia as an amateur author, this view was challenged by Santirocco in an article published in 1979, and subsequently the literary merit of this collection of poems has been more fully explored.
Translations
Perseus Project – Translation by Anne Mahoney
Poems of Sulpicia I translated, with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary by Jon Corelis
See also
Sulpicia (gens)
Sulpicia Lepidina
CIL 4.5296
Notes
Further reading
Batstone, W. W. (2018), ‘Sulpicia and the Speech of Men’, in S. Frangoulidis & S. J. Harrison eds, Life, Love and Death in Latin Poetry: Studies in Honor of Theodore D. Papanghelis (Berlin), 101–26.
Bréguet, E. (1946), Le Roman de Sulpicia: Elégies IV, 2–12 du Corpus Tibullianum (Geneva).
Currie, H. MacL. (1983), ‘The Poems of Sulpicia’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2.30.3: 1751–64.
Dronke, P. (2003), ‘Alcune osservazioni sulle poesie di Sulpicia (c.a. 25 a.C.)’, in F. Bertini ed. (2003), Giornate filologiche ‘Francesco della Corte’ III (Genoa), 81–99.
Fabre-Serris, Jacqueline (2017), ‘Sulpicia, Gallus et les élégiaques. Propositions de lecture de l’épigramme 3.13’, Eugesta 7: 115–39. https://eugesta-revue.univ-lille.fr/pdf/2017/4.Fabre-Serris-Eugesta-7_2017.pdf
Fabre-Serris, Jacqueline (2018), ‘Intratextuality and Intertextuality in the Corpus Tibullianum (3.8–18)’, in S. J. Harrison, S. Frangoulidis & T. Papanghelis eds, Intertextuality and Latin Literature (Berlin & Boston, MA), 67–80.
Fabre-Serris, J. (2020), ‘The authorship of Tibullus 3.9’, in T. E. Franklinos & L. Fulkerson eds, Constructing Authors and Readers in the Appendices Vergiliana, Tibulliana, and Ouidiana (Oxford), 170–85.
Fielding, I. (2020), ‘The authorship of Sulpicia’, in T. E. Franklinos & L. Fulkerson eds, Constructing Authors and Readers in the Appendices Vergiliana, Tibulliana, and Ouidiana (Oxford), 186–97.
Flaschenriem, Barbara L. (2005). "Sulpicia and the Rhetoric of Disclosure". Chapter 9 in Greene, Ellen (ed.) Women Poets in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Oklahoma Press.
Fulkerson, L. (2017), A Literary Commentary on the Elegies of the Appendix Tibulliana (Oxford).
Hallett, Judith Peller (2002), ‘The Eleven Elegies of the Augustan Poet Sulpicia’, in L. J. Churchill, P. R. Brown & J. E. Jeffrey eds, Women Writing Latin: from Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe, 3 vv. (New York), 1.45–84.
Gruppe, O. (1838), Die Römische Elegie (Leipzig).
Hallett, Judith Peller (2009), ‘Sulpicia and her Resistant Intertextuality’, in D. van Mal-Maeder, A. Burnier & L. Núñez eds, Jeux de voix. Enonciation, intertextualité et intentionnalité dans la littérature antique (Bern, Berlin & Brussels), 141–53.
Hallett, J. P. (2011), ‘Scenarios of Sulpiciae: Moral Discourses and Immoral Verses’, Eugesta 1: 79–97. https://eugesta-revue.univ-lille.fr/pdf/2011/Hallett.pdf
Hemelrijk, E. A. (1999), Matrona docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna (London).
Hinds, S. (1987), ‘The Poetess and the Reader: Further Steps towards Sulpicia’, Hermathena 143: 29–46.
Holzberg, N. (1998–9), ‘Four Poets and a Poetess or a Portrait of the Poet as a Young Man? Thoughts on Book 3 of the Corpus Tibullianum’, Classical Journal 94: 169–91.
Hubbard, T. K. (2004–05), ‘The Invention of Sulpicia’, Classical Journal 100: 177–94.
Keith, A. M. (2008), ‘Sartorial Evidence and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus’, in J. Edmonson & A. M. Keith eds, Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture (Toronto), 192–201.
Kletke, S. (2016), ‘Why is Sulpicia a Woman?’, Mouseion 13: 625–53.
Lowe, N. J. (1988), ‘Sulpicia’s Syntax’, Classical Quarterly 38: 193–205.
Lyne, R. O. A. M. (2007), ‘[Tibullus] Book 3 and Sulpicia’, in idem, Collected Papers in Latin Poetry (Oxford), 341–67.
Maltby, R. (forthcoming), Corpus Tibullianum III: Text, Translation and Commentary (Newcastle).
Merriam, Carol U. (2005). "Sulpicia and the Art of Literary Allusion: [Tibullus] 3.13". Chapter 8 in Greene, Ellen (ed.) Women Poets in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Oklahoma Press
Milnor, K. (2002), ‘Sulpicia’s (Corpo)reality: Elegy, Authorship, and the Body in [Tibullus] 3.13’, Classical Antitquity 21: 259–82.
Parker, H. N. (1994), ‘Sulpicia, the auctor de Sulpicia and the Authorship of 3.9 and 3.11 of the Corpus Tibullianum’, Helios 21: 39–62.
Pearcy, L. T. (2006), ‘Erasing Cerinthus: Sulpicia and her Audience’, Classical World 100: 31–6.
Santirocco, M. S. (1979), ‘Sulpicia Reconsidered’, Classical Journal 74: 229–39.
Skoie, Mathilde (2002), Reading Sulpicia: Commentaries 1475–1900 (Oxford).
Skoie, Mathilde (2012), ‘Corpus Tibullianum, Book 3’, in B. K. Gold ed., A Companion to Roman Love Elegy (Malden, MA & Oxford), 86–100.
Stevenson, Jane (2005) Women Latin Poets. Language, Gender, and Authority, from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2005), especially ch. 1: "Classical Latin Women Poets" (31-48).
Tränkle, H. (1990), Appendix Tibulliana (Berlin & New York).
1st-century Roman women
Roman-era poets
Elegiac poets
Latin-language writers
Ancient Roman women writers
Golden Age Latin writers
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century BC women writers
1st-century BC writers
Sulpicii | [
-0.23175732791423798,
-0.1769292652606964,
-0.13458594679832458,
-0.018850477412343025,
0.11003023386001587,
0.9632476568222046,
0.11567147076129913,
0.48006948828697205,
-0.19420327246189117,
-0.30839937925338745,
0.1329706758260727,
0.15464310348033905,
-0.35605019330978394,
-0.18421512842178345,
-0.08263599872589111,
0.21861855685710907,
-0.16997884213924408,
0.3703981339931488,
-0.0803549513220787,
-0.13363033533096313,
-0.07386013120412827,
0.03536189720034599,
0.7994814515113831,
-0.5319007635116577,
0.6386623382568359,
0.1007678434252739,
0.5252261757850647,
0.61456298828125,
-0.16448241472244263,
0.05532149225473404,
-0.08412738889455795,
0.543800413608551,
0.10957150906324387,
-0.15318363904953003,
-0.5027474164962769,
-0.08706320822238922,
0.2666742205619812,
-0.16467821598052979,
0.061166904866695404,
-0.31636014580726624,
0.04582682624459267,
0.2507157027721405,
0.4275099039077759,
-0.5008731484413147,
-0.211095929145813,
-0.018684960901737213,
-1.5428410768508911,
0.013490104116499424,
-0.5597235560417175,
-0.03843270242214203,
-0.1531345248222351,
0.5541679859161377,
0.34163060784339905,
0.705119788646698,
-0.7540425062179565,
0.8852439522743225,
-1.055018424987793,
-0.6008780598640442,
0.6110653877258301,
-0.123074471950531,
0.446029931306839,
0.35918834805488586,
0.19867341220378876,
0.5242837071418762,
0.3005642592906952,
0.3107180893421173,
-0.8770583271980286,
0.4704580008983612,
-0.05075763911008835,
-0.11188315600156784,
0.35299918055534363,
0.41863077878952026,
-0.47308409214019775,
0.532496988773346,
-0.37073031067848206,
-0.3276872932910919,
0.010647257789969444,
-0.14124836027622223,
0.25418326258659363,
0.7015597820281982,
0.09801173210144043,
0.13540944457054138,
0.9782730340957642,
0.2873281240463257,
0.3877834677696228,
0.034761469811201096,
0.3936917185783386,
0.1277758926153183,
-0.5567170977592468,
-0.6807633638381958,
-0.021273722872138023,
-0.7232478260993958,
-0.14427714049816132,
0.11451894044876099,
0.20206810534000397,
0.2392672300338745,
0.2352464646100998,
0.3198215067386627,
-0.7990180253982544,
0.08963695168495178,
-0.7531722187995911,
0.9082459211349487,
-0.667233943939209,
-0.18787680566310883,
-1.0021415948867798,
0.12834131717681885,
-0.11086259037256241,
-0.49003320932388306,
0.4450128972530365,
0.9535568356513977,
0.28411737084388733,
-0.09022844582796097,
0.060361482203006744,
-0.2564437687397003,
-0.006968033965677023,
0.07933322340250015,
0.338525652885437,
-0.31621623039245605,
-0.4958506226539612,
0.23806613683700562,
0.23949024081230164,
0.0916239395737648,
0.9774994254112244,
-0.2919502258300781,
-0.4660518169403076,
-0.14572378993034363,
0.05324156582355499,
0.4403427541255951,
-0.1434391438961029,
1.0939420461654663,
0.43633222579956055,
0.32642972469329834,
-0.07764281332492828,
-0.2746373414993286,
-0.08825889229774475,
-0.11840759962797165,
0.09411752969026566,
0.28475987911224365,
0.053112562745809555,
0.2036982923746109,
-0.3118036687374115,
0.11421114206314087,
-1.007734775543213,
-0.13649922609329224,
0.04136211425065994,
-0.5805609226226807,
0.4132140874862671,
-0.3721662759780884,
-0.4948974847793579,
-0.3709840774536133,
-0.12356548756361008,
-0.5250547528266907,
0.44925829768180847,
0.09746339172124863,
-0.3917725086212158,
0.15634691715240479,
0.5571138858795166,
0.21903003752231598,
0.03665425255894661,
0.30700424313545227,
-0.09200974553823471,
0.11083666235208511,
0.1799217164516449,
0.05826711282134056,
0.11033110320568085,
-0.3416925072669983,
0.2435346245765686,
-0.05374569818377495,
0.09361416846513748,
0.3138585388660431,
-0.18004058301448822,
-0.09266302734613419,
-0.051343999803066254,
-0.4294884204864502,
-0.3932768404483795,
0.11724578589200974,
1.0293148756027222,
0.46309536695480347,
0.26284655928611755,
-0.5465084314346313,
-0.7140931487083435,
0.4445342719554901,
-0.016569476574659348,
0.4729509651660919,
0.08970596641302109,
0.14119906723499298,
0.34844914078712463,
0.03607845678925514,
-0.26835042238235474,
-0.4605694115161896,
-1.218010425567627,
-0.709016740322113,
0.32769903540611267,
-0.263418972492218,
1.1077903509140015,
0.06478415429592133,
-0.6253358125686646,
0.8879435062408447,
0.20999598503112793,
0.5190339684486389,
-0.2645995616912842,
-0.3798385262489319,
0.3533575236797333,
0.15251369774341583,
0.14809557795524597,
0.4595392644405365,
-0.18941059708595276,
0.7655125260353088,
0.3613027036190033,
0.04216405004262924,
0.1913762390613556,
-0.27144956588745117,
0.378387987613678,
-0.26878395676612854,
-0.8932031393051147,
-0.7961158752441406,
-0.042617734521627426,
0.3362669348716736,
0.2178511917591095,
-0.16998761892318726,
0.5845829844474792,
-0.6902979016304016,
-0.10278759896755219,
0.40642380714416504,
-0.08603551238775253,
0.042113617062568665,
-0.06300424039363861,
-0.3342689573764801,
0.1160520687699318,
-0.45523208379745483,
-0.5594732165336609,
0.03350589796900749,
0.4594250023365021,
-0.3771756887435913,
0.14240048825740814,
0.1942368894815445,
0.25113123655319214,
-0.3199339509010315,
0.5150644183158875,
-0.15942493081092834,
0.27525606751441956,
0.1649613380432129,
-0.21352612972259521,
0.4613303244113922,
-0.28991347551345825,
0.464730441570282,
0.0794907733798027,
0.008355900645256042,
-0.12684451043605804,
0.035745128989219666,
0.27736830711364746,
0.9378355145454407,
-0.4486396312713623,
0.01963256113231182,
-0.028799712657928467,
-0.04930511489510536,
0.05279801785945892,
0.08666765689849854,
0.29497042298316956,
-0.5934825539588928,
-0.743958055973053,
-0.04340106621384621,
0.3757695257663727,
0.29863405227661133,
0.7079710960388184,
-0.43855810165405273,
0.2247268110513687,
-0.8297063112258911,
0.10190240293741226,
-0.23794777691364288,
0.49693503975868225,
0.5197737216949463,
-0.366264283657074,
0.7350526452064514,
0.07889148592948914,
0.057742889970541,
-0.03562433272600174,
-0.2314685881137848,
-0.46072396636009216,
-0.6356715559959412,
-0.41054120659828186,
0.8811144232749939,
0.08437596261501312,
-0.6184836030006409,
-0.36198312044143677,
-0.07929588854312897,
0.569033682346344,
0.2308662235736847,
-0.34443363547325134,
0.03492264449596405,
0.06498917192220688,
-0.392729789018631,
-0.2069607526063919,
0.15504814684391022,
-0.22182798385620117,
0.6130747199058533,
-0.3172873556613922,
0.04127012565732002,
0.22068576514720917,
-0.12557369470596313,
-0.3499813973903656,
-0.017007043585181236,
-0.3792819380760193,
0.06357715278863907,
0.6500951051712036,
0.174491748213768,
-0.3248961269855499,
0.3766029477119446,
-5.645576477050781,
0.18597695231437683,
-0.8125165700912476,
-0.035268183797597885,
0.4899919927120209,
0.14704032242298126,
0.4514256417751312,
-0.20936664938926697,
-0.013410487212240696,
-0.3448173999786377,
-0.02701912447810173,
0.07917360216379166,
0.06709098070859909,
0.3346547484397888,
0.3337629735469818,
0.10964351892471313,
-0.010084704495966434,
-0.384101927280426,
-0.13716544210910797,
0.23395277559757233,
-0.24015797674655914,
0.304142564535141,
0.025984443724155426,
0.42455390095710754,
0.4639132618904114,
0.4951079785823822,
-0.3904053270816803,
0.4768691658973694,
-0.05702553689479828,
0.141378253698349,
0.20110546052455902,
-0.028950104489922523,
0.19097596406936646,
0.07063322514295578,
0.31298351287841797,
0.3064677119255066,
0.1582668423652649,
-0.058960944414138794,
0.29069721698760986,
0.4757910668849945,
-0.3209025263786316,
0.12679985165596008,
-0.39292705059051514,
0.06096377596259117,
-0.4220007061958313,
-0.3096640110015869,
-0.4040890336036682,
-0.029424874112010002,
-0.32463788986206055,
0.8167233467102051,
-0.011170723475515842,
-0.6978222727775574,
-0.16787117719650269,
0.13917392492294312,
0.14844316244125366,
-0.2246142029762268,
0.2759242057800293,
-0.32855913043022156,
-0.2832051217556,
0.3533046543598175,
0.22058944404125214,
-0.6464925408363342,
-0.2827388644218445,
-0.8883548974990845,
-0.22820810973644257,
0.18662850558757782,
-0.0565313994884491,
-0.5540254712104797,
-0.47415709495544434,
0.3190418481826782,
0.011144112795591354,
0.6646586656570435,
-0.08707600086927414,
-1.1923928260803223,
-0.15780386328697205,
-0.308918297290802,
-0.6926528811454773,
-0.07919911295175552,
0.18030518293380737,
-0.14541572332382202,
0.5038185119628906,
-0.6685413122177124,
-0.17624858021736145,
0.5935717821121216,
0.30808669328689575,
-0.36676517128944397,
0.18166273832321167,
-0.3922809958457947,
-0.448058158159256,
-0.3811767101287842,
0.7336875200271606,
-0.5372419953346252,
-0.45001721382141113,
0.2286575585603714,
-0.1743680238723755,
0.7377157211303711,
-0.7497671842575073,
0.029686128720641136,
0.46617573499679565,
-0.10237257927656174,
0.4347824156284332,
0.17243404686450958,
0.1377621293067932,
0.5169125199317932,
0.5539013147354126,
-0.2555103898048401,
-1.166747808456421,
-0.07212167978286743,
0.3009958565235138,
-0.34786200523376465,
0.21513347327709198,
0.12451785802841187,
-0.1728171408176422,
-0.06440452486276627,
0.24697141349315643,
-0.3147713243961334,
0.21311159431934357,
0.390043705701828,
0.0730835348367691,
0.30768534541130066,
0.3197247385978699,
0.18402688205242157,
0.08021610230207443,
-0.4577948749065399,
-0.7630014419555664,
0.3700776696205139,
0.11911995708942413,
-0.2019856870174408,
-0.18823543190956116,
0.03700612112879753,
0.5615390539169312,
-0.5539419054985046,
-0.3455791175365448,
0.020250175148248672,
0.14407524466514587,
-0.4504130184650421,
-0.3604569733142853,
-0.6198936700820923,
0.14173497259616852,
-0.6355586647987366,
-0.30691659450531006,
-0.22658656537532806,
-0.666464626789093,
-0.15002723038196564,
0.8866754770278931,
-0.2693907618522644,
0.17273001372814178,
-0.452655553817749,
-0.9195973873138428,
0.016280118376016617,
0.2601589560508728,
-0.32083308696746826,
0.35004255175590515,
-0.645486056804657,
-0.5710247755050659,
-0.2521226406097412,
-0.17799817025661469,
0.27142471075057983,
-0.09605341404676437,
0.25281253457069397,
-0.45491504669189453,
-0.3686860501766205,
-1.0447735786437988,
-0.2075568437576294,
-0.5513046383857727,
-0.5828023552894592,
-0.10278680175542831,
-0.37835201621055603,
-0.04480535537004471,
-0.11967449635267258,
0.2320556491613388,
-0.19404900074005127,
0.1666097640991211,
-0.05074315145611763,
0.1766512095928192,
-0.40258288383483887,
-0.5248492956161499,
0.1008213460445404,
0.3342491388320923,
0.16091279685497284,
-0.5171705484390259,
-0.24360983073711395,
-0.5160515308380127,
-0.2939177453517914,
0.9220085144042969,
-0.31447485089302063,
-0.1426115185022354,
-0.4791569411754608,
-0.5172626376152039,
0.11343903094530106,
-0.5441530346870422,
0.7634404301643372,
0.22274740040302277,
0.4489080607891083,
-0.40073350071907043,
-0.24649880826473236,
0.0276950653642416,
0.3224996328353882,
-0.2529902458190918,
-0.538486897945404,
0.09183603525161743,
0.11129457503557205,
-0.8495542407035828,
-0.12445155531167984,
-0.6941913366317749,
-0.7017858028411865,
0.5769879817962646,
-0.37819668650627136,
-0.7161861062049866,
0.36618906259536743,
-0.396210640668869,
-0.40328580141067505,
-0.11488433927297592,
0.728935956954956,
-0.3332441449165344,
-0.026009486988186836,
0.07690872997045517,
-0.34464696049690247,
-0.4497029185295105,
-0.32449185848236084,
-0.0660540834069252,
-0.6726844906806946,
-0.8827140927314758,
-0.1312081217765808,
-0.20056021213531494,
0.08088348060846329,
0.1117408499121666,
-0.305776983499527,
0.34127992391586304,
-0.08081508427858353,
0.37913477420806885,
0.19320453703403473,
0.46883609890937805,
0.028248563408851624,
-0.2714860439300537,
0.10354036837816238,
-0.25919783115386963,
-0.3754168748855591,
-0.565613865852356,
0.592237651348114,
0.5793254375457764,
0.6745845079421997,
0.3523189425468445,
-0.4956761598587036,
0.4112984538078308,
0.05689471215009689,
-0.23446378111839294,
-0.5975858569145203,
-0.8567920923233032,
-0.15986253321170807,
0.3700023591518402,
-0.23654213547706604,
-0.391192764043808,
-0.5226192474365234,
0.9046571850776672,
-0.22017733752727509,
-0.11029672622680664,
0.1335372030735016,
0.1087665781378746,
0.5360465049743652,
0.8742524981498718,
0.31132787466049194,
0.1516638696193695,
0.25468605756759644,
-0.3102831244468689,
0.36510661244392395,
0.6056958436965942,
-0.20562508702278137,
0.24251927435398102,
-0.3318467438220978,
-0.02314155362546444,
-0.7838590145111084,
0.10766412317752838,
-0.04474756121635437,
-0.15083396434783936,
0.03790704160928726,
0.205824077129364,
-0.03853249177336693,
0.6232279539108276,
0.011069370433688164,
-0.6292871236801147,
0.24755576252937317,
-0.529530942440033,
-0.07612784951925278,
-0.17980121076107025,
-0.358437716960907,
-0.5015778541564941,
-0.00860248040407896,
-0.36723899841308594,
0.2792961001396179,
0.2942920923233032,
0.21794641017913818,
0.2270839512348175,
-0.08622360229492188,
-0.05439320206642151,
0.7958778738975525,
-0.5096504092216492,
-0.47702276706695557,
-0.4032208025455475,
-0.010566833429038525,
-0.5394083261489868,
0.44236665964126587,
0.4919487237930298,
-0.04021460935473442,
0.22021907567977905,
-0.030323468148708344,
0.6881819367408752,
0.1991666704416275,
-0.2925863564014435,
0.2856261730194092,
0.00035648062475956976,
0.22553768754005432,
0.13010862469673157,
0.37276333570480347,
-0.23419484496116638,
-0.7661824226379395,
0.3420337736606598,
0.48267874121665955,
0.1182745099067688,
0.5764220356941223,
0.8185182809829712,
-0.6042798757553101,
0.7527429461479187,
0.04315640404820442,
-0.4318541884422302,
0.06028986722230911,
-0.5814518928527832,
0.6655051708221436,
-0.10510770231485367,
0.21539916098117828,
0.08585229516029358,
-0.44534942507743835,
-0.36937806010246277,
0.21862256526947021,
0.1104549840092659,
-0.2708478271961212,
0.2191375344991684,
-0.6574609875679016,
-0.4317692816257477,
0.0690707191824913,
-0.02022281289100647,
0.4202291965484619,
0.2841162383556366,
0.3319976031780243,
-0.14306026697158813,
0.5348268747329712,
-0.3323521316051483,
-0.015529097057878971,
0.011052481830120087,
-0.3914819359779358,
0.23336800932884216,
1.0263503789901733,
0.6467028856277466,
-0.0436490960419178,
-0.05792868137359619,
0.21743495762348175,
0.18373733758926392,
0.002107678446918726,
-0.5849562883377075,
0.25480473041534424,
0.218248188495636,
0.5914145708084106,
0.6773524880409241,
-0.44486474990844727,
-0.24784508347511292,
0.4800449311733246,
0.13657791912555695,
-0.7880224585533142,
0.026721974834799767,
-0.1478130966424942,
0.5889014005661011,
-0.06725209206342697,
-0.4630548655986786,
0.538313627243042,
0.3243628144264221,
0.1608147770166397,
0.7696239352226257,
0.7473458051681519,
0.5239269137382507,
0.07622876018285751,
-0.6069390177726746,
0.06946877390146255,
0.05012669041752815,
0.0737413689494133,
0.2916920781135559,
-0.03547650948166847,
0.20021459460258484,
-0.053848519921302795,
0.3724527359008789,
-0.07950779050588608,
0.17006205022335052,
-0.3297886252403259,
-0.1655169129371643,
-0.12214566022157669,
-0.4147629737854004,
0.24074096977710724,
0.06961851567029953,
1.202681064605713,
-0.09743161499500275,
-0.7914110422134399,
0.23586474359035492,
-0.1264500468969345,
0.15587551891803741,
0.3159959614276886,
-0.6262387633323669,
0.31490203738212585,
-0.3497643768787384,
0.6280465722084045,
-0.7739307284355164,
0.3435436487197876,
0.11460354179143906,
0.7015203833580017,
0.2093041092157364,
0.13940154016017914,
-0.0488358736038208,
0.01953156478703022,
0.2265639752149582,
-0.198505237698555,
-0.038225188851356506,
0.3064648509025574,
0.4135885238647461,
0.32479310035705566,
0.04598148912191391,
0.43042314052581787,
-0.38019388914108276,
0.04168616607785225,
-0.06251722574234009,
0.25251632928848267,
-0.16258075833320618,
0.470506489276886,
-0.025264114141464233,
-0.22661104798316956,
-0.33546656370162964,
0.05627911910414696,
0.030705677345395088,
0.7036563754081726,
-0.055028997361660004,
-0.2544250786304474,
-0.3038359582424164,
-0.228520929813385,
0.8072962164878845,
-0.4696299135684967,
-0.027341172099113464,
-0.15376517176628113,
0.20145906507968903,
0.22241884469985962,
-0.29546117782592773,
-0.020332882180809975,
-0.4321958124637604,
0.33538416028022766,
0.3810920715332031,
0.09649788588285446,
-0.12352600693702698,
-0.2932695150375366,
0.164995014667511,
-0.07958296686410904,
0.05365268141031265,
-0.6099268198013306,
0.21399103105068207,
0.5960580706596375
] |
256999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Buren%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Van Buren (CDP), Maine | Van Buren is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village within the town of Van Buren in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,937 at the 2010 census, out of a population of 2,171 for the entire town.
Geography
The Van Buren CDP is located at (47.164914, -67.941008) in the southeastern part of the town of Van Buren. The Saint John River forms the northeast border of the CDP and the town and is also the Canada–United States border. U.S. Route 1 passes through the center of the CDP, leading northwest to Madawaska and south to Caribou. U.S. Route 1A meets Route 1 near the southeast edge of the CDP and leads south along the Canada–US border to Limestone, Maine. A bridge across the Saint John River at Van Buren leads to Saint-Léonard, New Brunswick, in Canada.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Van Buren CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 5.87%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,369 people, 1,005 households, and 627 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 565.8 people per square mile (218.3/km). There were 1,119 housing units at an average density of 267.2/sq mi (103.1/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.78% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.
There were 1,005 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,441, and the median income for a family was $30,870. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $19,958 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,225. About 16.1% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.0% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Census-designated places in Aroostook County, Maine | [
-0.4169404208660126,
0.49581849575042725,
-0.02033212222158909,
-0.494451105594635,
0.9590641260147095,
0.52679842710495,
0.36092785000801086,
-0.012083458714187145,
-0.529443085193634,
-0.6013699173927307,
-0.5803958177566528,
0.05528565123677254,
-0.3543156385421753,
0.7816264033317566,
-0.6956738233566284,
0.7742663025856018,
0.4220063388347626,
0.4208092987537384,
0.3925769329071045,
-0.41082316637039185,
-0.22575457394123077,
-0.28124138712882996,
0.08822537958621979,
0.649604856967926,
-0.30880236625671387,
-0.06270408630371094,
1.0320281982421875,
0.1060125082731247,
-0.25612878799438477,
0.1357397586107254,
-0.38336488604545593,
0.4879183769226074,
-0.5270897746086121,
-0.7552215456962585,
0.7332095503807068,
-0.40980765223503113,
0.1713777631521225,
-0.16591806709766388,
-0.23937389254570007,
-0.501171886920929,
-0.8315898776054382,
-0.21539774537086487,
-0.010046814568340778,
0.06468088179826736,
-0.22343865036964417,
-0.32359594106674194,
-1.0330151319503784,
0.7219363451004028,
-1.2007358074188232,
-0.9007250666618347,
-0.2880874574184418,
-0.16293875873088837,
0.86822909116745,
0.1928606778383255,
0.6332195401191711,
0.2878764271736145,
-0.7854247689247131,
-0.07955992966890335,
0.9623727798461914,
0.48610368371009827,
-0.028877878561615944,
0.9501715302467346,
-0.2216169536113739,
-0.17156890034675598,
0.0059253075160086155,
0.2009751945734024,
-0.2532191276550293,
0.4826669991016388,
0.07911796867847443,
-0.5965607762336731,
-0.5295217037200928,
0.2807328701019287,
-0.3882603049278259,
0.8182268142700195,
0.03714265674352646,
0.9625592827796936,
0.11086941510438919,
-0.4157264530658722,
0.4086505174636841,
0.06807175278663635,
0.27011215686798096,
-0.06422293931245804,
1.016621470451355,
0.15437625348567963,
0.33730411529541016,
0.0995527058839798,
-0.6682375073432922,
-0.05263447016477585,
0.09248275309801102,
0.7283252477645874,
-0.7286379933357239,
-0.23017853498458862,
-0.31893590092658997,
0.11458823829889297,
-0.2895754873752594,
-0.32179397344589233,
-0.1545705646276474,
0.8030373454093933,
0.21608074009418488,
0.28415659070014954,
-0.8051176071166992,
0.13211359083652496,
1.0102776288986206,
0.17157360911369324,
-0.0727045014500618,
-0.26739031076431274,
-0.2697232961654663,
-0.4862382709980011,
-0.4632444679737091,
-0.3765404224395752,
-0.3251820504665375,
0.6639063954353333,
0.05506091192364693,
-0.4515184462070465,
-0.47348320484161377,
0.5495116114616394,
-0.11011161655187607,
-0.6752069592475891,
-0.04697196185588837,
-0.5327306985855103,
0.5809376835823059,
1.1668537855148315,
0.22773484885692596,
-0.38332387804985046,
0.18474754691123962,
0.11549397557973862,
0.6470762491226196,
0.018248187378048897,
0.07438782602548599,
-0.28761565685272217,
-0.299193799495697,
0.5823134779930115,
-0.4229568541049957,
0.44209155440330505,
-0.017262399196624756,
-0.6585034132003784,
-0.04727117717266083,
0.3042047321796417,
0.6525567173957825,
0.2587069272994995,
-0.8881534934043884,
0.35041582584381104,
-0.2832878530025482,
-0.09795136004686356,
-0.2645222246646881,
-0.019325701519846916,
0.4500090479850769,
-0.2738051116466522,
-0.2823765277862549,
0.159074604511261,
0.5415796041488647,
0.19222716987133026,
0.470053493976593,
0.21576817333698273,
-0.22989477217197418,
-0.21658384799957275,
0.4392916262149811,
0.27811744809150696,
0.12794117629528046,
0.1092529222369194,
0.35213980078697205,
0.5018132328987122,
0.9414675831794739,
0.39907750487327576,
0.9140461087226868,
0.04345858842134476,
0.4263225495815277,
-0.49711874127388,
0.4843214750289917,
0.37377700209617615,
0.12989062070846558,
0.16108308732509613,
0.7902723550796509,
-0.5160899758338928,
0.152022123336792,
-0.41532257199287415,
0.7629070281982422,
0.14119938015937805,
0.4412420392036438,
0.03945859149098396,
-0.7873691916465759,
0.1260453313589096,
0.6455121040344238,
-0.32308676838874817,
-0.25652799010276794,
0.28069326281547546,
0.02081461437046528,
0.5055645704269409,
0.017633024603128433,
0.28005146980285645,
0.1438864916563034,
-0.35373181104660034,
0.314649373292923,
-0.5042045712471008,
0.35572946071624756,
0.5373725891113281,
-0.9497041702270508,
1.0016376972198486,
-0.16889242827892303,
0.13547852635383606,
-0.27976852655410767,
-0.5862628221511841,
0.3853788375854492,
-0.28110814094543457,
0.1070602610707283,
-0.04147329926490784,
-0.08569605648517609,
0.05971456691622734,
0.11325831711292267,
0.5931784510612488,
0.24137933552265167,
-0.5940673351287842,
0.032045844942331314,
0.7553951740264893,
-0.05704747140407562,
-0.9127024412155151,
0.05983917787671089,
0.03184572234749794,
-0.054767999798059464,
-0.17659027874469757,
0.5420510768890381,
-0.023191120475530624,
0.4509716331958771,
-0.2084382176399231,
0.14986196160316467,
0.9615430235862732,
0.05277715250849724,
-0.08635926991701126,
-0.34702208638191223,
0.4613581597805023,
0.5762723684310913,
0.30943429470062256,
0.1497209072113037,
-1.0114555358886719,
0.24799683690071106,
-0.3316642940044403,
0.11076819896697998,
-0.572167158126831,
0.7102511525154114,
-0.3752667307853699,
-0.047610387206077576,
0.2099117487668991,
-0.9295353293418884,
0.33292055130004883,
0.7540209889411926,
0.31365954875946045,
-0.21383628249168396,
0.06112009659409523,
-0.22881202399730682,
-0.9601872563362122,
-0.2568204402923584,
-0.16563254594802856,
0.6757234930992126,
-0.16121184825897217,
0.12750616669654846,
0.11897626519203186,
-0.2947303056716919,
-0.1462397426366806,
0.3223775625228882,
0.2337634116411209,
-0.7625716924667358,
0.4468557834625244,
-0.20310357213020325,
0.3552076816558838,
0.3077840805053711,
-0.5854486227035522,
-0.5631988644599915,
-0.5946400761604309,
-0.1775876134634018,
1.2691864967346191,
0.37961459159851074,
-0.5182051062583923,
-0.30223679542541504,
-0.06359649449586868,
0.5861018300056458,
-0.007222715299576521,
-0.4798840880393982,
-0.03653113916516304,
-0.835240364074707,
-0.41436079144477844,
0.4766538143157959,
0.9250896573066711,
-0.24939846992492676,
-0.21101710200309753,
-0.29046082496643066,
-0.8551976680755615,
1.242667317390442,
-0.12986481189727783,
-0.7010218501091003,
0.34680137038230896,
-0.08340232819318771,
-0.05484531819820404,
-0.09693478047847748,
0.9821100234985352,
-0.2862578332424164,
0.4672831892967224,
0.0190817192196846,
-0.26257941126823425,
0.32763904333114624,
-0.4655686914920807,
-0.20009902119636536,
0.2653724253177643,
-0.38082295656204224,
0.11382004618644714,
0.029688742011785507,
-0.9359003305435181,
0.5402158498764038,
-0.36809808015823364,
-4.7922492027282715,
0.8066874742507935,
0.03202250227332115,
-0.03662077710032463,
0.14311859011650085,
-0.1205282136797905,
0.46131572127342224,
-0.4109313488006592,
-0.17791689932346344,
0.4655740261077881,
-0.16589349508285522,
-0.7099095582962036,
-0.08483737707138062,
0.49295660853385925,
0.4111436903476715,
0.12295641005039215,
1.0550967454910278,
-0.4760943055152893,
0.523542582988739,
0.35990750789642334,
0.1419074982404709,
-0.017791304737329483,
-0.11205047369003296,
-0.2739008963108063,
1.0674903392791748,
0.07907546311616898,
-0.03627261519432068,
-0.1341170221567154,
-0.4416533410549164,
-0.07992883026599884,
0.5233513712882996,
0.40108779072761536,
-0.2649571895599365,
-0.026561297476291656,
0.3985476493835449,
-0.19818809628486633,
-0.23621609807014465,
-0.7221853137016296,
0.474566787481308,
-0.9041953682899475,
0.5224786996841431,
1.0125099420547485,
-0.6349233984947205,
-0.5427569150924683,
0.2879076600074768,
-0.7206526398658752,
-0.055628594011068344,
-0.056874532252550125,
0.20952969789505005,
0.6827656030654907,
0.5053300857543945,
0.21087291836738586,
0.5435301065444946,
0.48591476678848267,
0.028773287311196327,
-0.1696644276380539,
0.07124228030443192,
-0.23554940521717072,
-0.7904523015022278,
0.6858766674995422,
0.5763452053070068,
-0.4779481589794159,
-0.025617487728595734,
-0.05119150131940842,
-0.1418202668428421,
-0.477489173412323,
-0.17078201472759247,
-0.07840333133935928,
0.3593739867210388,
0.46098461747169495,
0.02230765111744404,
0.30809763073921204,
0.15491357445716858,
-0.623855471611023,
0.41222962737083435,
-0.8938486576080322,
-0.7195597887039185,
-0.31204965710639954,
-0.5203994512557983,
-0.5223323702812195,
-0.13643400371074677,
0.2002629041671753,
0.10607874393463135,
1.4195938110351562,
0.5988202691078186,
-0.5560218095779419,
-0.4674017131328583,
0.2882448136806488,
-0.8820095062255859,
-0.7634703516960144,
0.8389461636543274,
0.2186385691165924,
0.7344650030136108,
-0.46459272503852844,
-0.32032713294029236,
0.07569199800491333,
0.41981232166290283,
0.18122504651546478,
0.2068101316690445,
-0.24751460552215576,
0.7093872427940369,
0.14633212983608246,
-0.24816611409187317,
-0.18071885406970978,
-0.13621599972248077,
-0.05616798996925354,
-0.11184647679328918,
-0.0812678262591362,
1.0447012186050415,
-0.181466206908226,
-0.30887168645858765,
-0.34471291303634644,
-0.007581666111946106,
-0.09936165809631348,
0.3908485770225525,
-0.2633691132068634,
-0.28207075595855713,
0.49389731884002686,
0.4764963984489441,
0.013990454375743866,
0.27201730012893677,
0.454963743686676,
-0.42633476853370667,
-0.15755978226661682,
-0.011556592769920826,
-0.633544921875,
0.5407034158706665,
-0.10451406240463257,
-0.8162338733673096,
1.255094051361084,
-0.16033856570720673,
-0.1653975397348404,
-0.9420160055160522,
-0.9232728481292725,
0.015720942988991737,
0.16321875154972076,
-0.3240472078323364,
-0.8949517607688904,
-0.37533313035964966,
0.8261114358901978,
0.09621019661426544,
0.13496820628643036,
-0.3165889382362366,
0.17951184511184692,
-0.5839987993240356,
0.028374766930937767,
1.126776933670044,
0.06390711665153503,
-0.9912064075469971,
0.2109370231628418,
-0.5084280967712402,
-0.1356900930404663,
-0.2580215334892273,
-0.44144710898399353,
0.35971590876579285,
-0.4948708713054657,
0.19096216559410095,
-0.12324792146682739,
0.5046122670173645,
-0.1614152193069458,
0.5622223019599915,
-0.26954105496406555,
-0.1541530340909958,
0.59004145860672,
-0.11015908420085907,
-0.07363425195217133,
-0.7523018717765808,
0.11831768602132797,
-0.525041937828064,
0.01528527308255434,
0.4390254020690918,
-0.42718932032585144,
-0.3241707682609558,
-0.5062306523323059,
0.23308557271957397,
-0.44029122591018677,
0.08940423280000687,
0.5297292470932007,
-0.30535241961479187,
-0.43275579810142517,
-0.3658803105354309,
-0.011356217786669731,
-0.39412814378738403,
-0.38535478711128235,
0.24543410539627075,
-0.6753085255622864,
-0.7245327830314636,
-0.17731809616088867,
-0.4108182191848755,
-0.7249752879142761,
-0.4311426281929016,
-0.5478762984275818,
0.9638011455535889,
-0.29737621545791626,
-0.06351658701896667,
-0.7206847667694092,
0.585022509098053,
0.3284725546836853,
-0.5282336473464966,
-0.6968635320663452,
-0.026716403663158417,
0.7114185690879822,
-0.6236693263053894,
0.7741587162017822,
-0.24473175406455994,
-0.8527417778968811,
0.8305671811103821,
0.28412479162216187,
-0.2808576226234436,
1.032243251800537,
-0.11477330327033997,
-0.5236384272575378,
0.7685754299163818,
0.09334781020879745,
-0.44540151953697205,
0.19731910526752472,
0.22949133813381195,
-0.24297967553138733,
-0.0025689818430691957,
0.020391831174492836,
-0.5040362477302551,
0.04654324799776077,
0.08323675394058228,
-0.6833849549293518,
-0.3846966624259949,
0.4589570164680481,
0.20487160980701447,
-0.29365259408950806,
0.751430869102478,
-0.548844039440155,
-0.06084808334708214,
0.21907658874988556,
-0.08067627251148224,
-0.448544979095459,
0.2905367612838745,
-0.456585556268692,
-0.4533837139606476,
-0.26784706115722656,
0.7311995625495911,
0.5957998037338257,
0.32717305421829224,
0.7627161741256714,
0.040492746978998184,
-0.4923732578754425,
-0.7310141324996948,
0.5429858565330505,
1.1699024438858032,
0.0018707562703639269,
-1.2249308824539185,
0.5865452885627747,
0.7266007661819458,
-0.32580485939979553,
-0.638595700263977,
-0.044303495436906815,
1.0602391958236694,
-0.015701765194535255,
-0.25865253806114197,
0.6916055679321289,
-0.3940281569957733,
0.17980270087718964,
0.47350525856018066,
-0.00916377268731594,
-0.17746973037719727,
-0.18080030381679535,
0.18991541862487793,
-0.763211190700531,
-0.28450989723205566,
-0.2489861100912094,
0.14894521236419678,
-0.7959163188934326,
-0.25246450304985046,
0.11993341892957687,
0.22998325526714325,
0.6438503265380859,
-0.19735582172870636,
0.07444959878921509,
0.30288439989089966,
-0.9165810942649841,
0.3942967653274536,
-0.10583958029747009,
-0.3386162221431732,
0.256123423576355,
0.08580639213323593,
-0.06304613500833511,
0.30819401144981384,
-0.9132529497146606,
-0.28966477513313293,
-0.026256639510393143,
-0.6229440569877625,
-0.2650373876094818,
-0.3432748317718506,
0.08297491073608398,
-0.5349961519241333,
-0.45276546478271484,
-0.33762794733047485,
0.7832303643226624,
0.0685667097568512,
0.4581601917743683,
0.0835391953587532,
-0.16354645788669586,
-1.209147334098816,
0.5657930970191956,
0.12483902275562286,
-0.3929005563259125,
0.22848425805568695,
-0.018864145502448082,
-0.29757824540138245,
-0.6957141757011414,
0.283701628446579,
-0.1389082670211792,
0.3157772123813629,
-0.49465975165367126,
0.34403133392333984,
0.9526987075805664,
-0.38227877020835876,
0.2709643244743347,
0.5901662111282349,
-0.7401832938194275,
-0.5552274584770203,
0.508974015712738,
-0.5705891847610474,
0.052714861929416656,
0.5427047610282898,
0.4104194939136505,
0.10296428948640823,
1.155671238899231,
-0.4658830761909485,
0.2260216772556305,
-0.26920902729034424,
0.05483579263091087,
0.032197486609220505,
-0.7253825068473816,
-0.5530034303665161,
0.14089523255825043,
-0.5793055295944214,
-0.30153602361679077,
-0.55935138463974,
-0.1502155363559723,
-0.828750491142273,
0.24010826647281647,
-0.17201991379261017,
0.270702987909317,
0.1871912181377411,
-0.15092599391937256,
0.5263242125511169,
-0.05933397263288498,
0.16676485538482666,
0.4157184958457947,
0.2834030091762543,
-0.05382377281785011,
0.13586276769638062,
-0.3395189940929413,
-0.31946438550949097,
-0.30441293120384216,
-0.5018102526664734,
-0.07508176565170288,
0.021195482462644577,
-0.43185722827911377,
-0.3621170222759247,
0.49102845788002014,
0.03207516297698021,
-0.4240824282169342,
0.49005597829818726,
-0.5493695139884949,
-0.5565842390060425,
-0.7029759287834167,
0.3454464077949524,
0.16939948499202728,
-0.1923309564590454,
0.6973410844802856,
0.2920468747615814,
0.3310554325580597,
0.17143039405345917,
-0.13727648556232452,
-0.14122799038887024,
0.3095672130584717,
0.3135550618171692,
0.4784664511680603,
-0.15839889645576477,
-0.024864528328180313,
-0.697838306427002,
-0.22147248685359955,
-0.32420432567596436,
-0.4245382249355316,
-0.29281890392303467,
-0.2508774995803833,
-0.4589271545410156,
0.011217483319342136,
-0.04744182154536247,
-0.31348517537117004,
0.2680951654911041,
-0.36100152134895325,
-0.5139414072036743,
-0.23425079882144928,
-0.2739546597003937,
0.13098302483558655,
0.09136474877595901,
0.9321331977844238,
0.9609977006912231,
0.09216442704200745,
0.26283177733421326,
0.40748223662376404,
-0.06916610896587372,
0.17842838168144226,
0.6966272592544556,
0.6030005812644958,
-0.6038573980331421,
0.6135031580924988,
-0.7865067720413208,
0.9984268546104431,
0.07050557434558868,
0.7455907464027405,
-0.2368582934141159,
0.9625924229621887,
-0.22813744843006134,
-0.36236536502838135,
0.5540880560874939,
0.15115275979042053,
-0.41826555132865906,
-0.43575775623321533,
0.37073618173599243,
-0.11219214648008347,
0.31314966082572937,
0.04401446878910065,
-0.298835426568985,
-1.0373632907867432,
-0.2812671363353729,
0.01562820002436638,
-0.7451422214508057,
0.36296141147613525,
0.3793347477912903,
-1.1451373100280762,
-0.22047384083271027,
0.2691915035247803,
-0.8707469701766968,
-0.3890865445137024,
-0.1932826042175293,
1.0021871328353882,
0.29727619886398315,
-0.22952884435653687,
-0.6497180461883545,
-0.34733787178993225,
0.21631620824337006,
0.657282292842865,
0.5374671220779419,
0.03282455727458,
-0.49310925602912903,
-0.29762884974479675,
-0.8397120237350464,
0.4245242476463318,
-0.36410802602767944,
-0.26947253942489624,
0.14409402012825012,
-0.09146910905838013,
-0.08007747679948807,
0.1898944228887558,
-0.04671661555767059,
-0.4727220833301544,
0.372807115316391,
0.41442209482192993
] |
257029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%2C%20Maine | Randolph, Maine | Randolph is a town and a census-designated place (CDP) in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,743 at the 2020 census. The town was named for Randolph, Massachusetts. Randolph is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan New England City and Town Area.
Geography
Randolph is located south of Augusta on the east side of the Kennebec River at the confluence of the Cobbesseeconte Stream. Gardiner lies just across the river.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water.
Schools
Randolph is part of the Maine School Administrative District #11. The Teresa C. Hamlin School, which had served elementary school students, was closed in 2018 due to declining enrollment and students are now bused to what is now called the Pittston-Randolph Consolidated School a mile away.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,772 people, 813 households, and 489 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 900 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 813 households, of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.9% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.73.
The median age in the town was 44.7 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.6% were from 45 to 64; and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,911 people, 829 households, and 536 families living in the town. The population density was 897.6 people per square mile (346.4/km). There were 884 housing units at an average density of 415.2 per square mile (160.2/km). The racial makeup of the town was 97.23% White, 0.47% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.
There were 829 households, out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.82.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $31,046, and the median income for a family was $38,920. Males had a median income of $31,196 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,742. About 9.1% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Randolph is situated at the eastern bank of the Kennebec River at the opposite side of Gardiner, linked with that city via a road bridge. The river was navigable up to Augusta where the Edwards Dam was built. From 1890 to 1929 the Kennebec Central Railroad ran from Randolph to the National Soldiers' Home in Togus.
References
External links
Census-designated places in Maine
Towns in Kennebec County, Maine
Towns in Maine | [
-0.4363124370574951,
0.6746616959571838,
0.09222143143415451,
-0.19328342378139496,
0.9460003972053528,
0.3437838554382324,
0.4836149513721466,
0.25907549262046814,
-0.7322847843170166,
0.03529857471585274,
-0.14804990589618683,
0.2756679952144623,
-0.2890153229236603,
0.6090126037597656,
-1.1109884977340698,
0.8884040713310242,
0.16913476586341858,
0.5095447301864624,
0.11374365538358688,
-0.4104335308074951,
-0.11539770662784576,
0.05561615899205208,
0.23165448009967804,
0.3818550705909729,
-0.19135059416294098,
0.4558364450931549,
1.2154054641723633,
0.24830332398414612,
-0.1293221414089203,
-0.01757134683430195,
-0.6265652775764465,
0.08154992759227753,
-1.0968815088272095,
-0.3741319477558136,
0.5991081595420837,
0.07104039937257767,
-0.0210628192871809,
0.013042079284787178,
0.13140897452831268,
-0.3495910167694092,
-0.3315465450286865,
0.16147923469543457,
-0.18411223590373993,
0.3442258834838867,
-0.16009606420993805,
-0.09978126734495163,
-1.326419711112976,
0.537622332572937,
-1.2586928606033325,
-0.9408676028251648,
-0.8230714201927185,
0.3511900305747986,
0.6597408652305603,
0.17317701876163483,
0.5521300435066223,
0.08257137984037399,
-0.931385338306427,
0.23911169171333313,
0.9215064644813538,
0.34482917189598083,
0.019338862970471382,
1.0362144708633423,
-0.2066240757703781,
0.06608764082193375,
-0.07455991208553314,
-0.14783650636672974,
-0.06659253686666489,
0.27584323287010193,
0.44343966245651245,
-0.24446755647659302,
-0.128762349486351,
0.515652596950531,
-0.6740156412124634,
0.46967360377311707,
-0.07032965868711472,
0.8149762153625488,
-0.013904464431107044,
-0.4166008234024048,
0.1546480655670166,
-0.06408863514661789,
0.1042439341545105,
-0.6951489448547363,
0.989913821220398,
0.14055003225803375,
0.33979251980781555,
0.12474778294563293,
-0.604240357875824,
0.2289181351661682,
-0.12371990829706192,
0.30395206809043884,
-0.8048050403594971,
0.009900441393256187,
-0.37460288405418396,
0.4370444118976593,
-0.2716270685195923,
-0.3854937255382538,
-0.2604064345359802,
0.40171492099761963,
0.2863853871822357,
0.37874335050582886,
-0.4314712584018707,
-0.030298544093966484,
0.9859516024589539,
0.02307852730154991,
-0.11687484383583069,
-0.16496412456035614,
-0.478373259305954,
-0.21104656159877777,
-0.2168351113796234,
-0.16904188692569733,
-0.36998212337493896,
0.23227325081825256,
0.07944505661725998,
-0.47941434383392334,
-0.29824456572532654,
0.2711978554725647,
-0.18392278254032135,
-0.8001490235328674,
-0.2530348002910614,
-0.16843421757221222,
0.28296011686325073,
0.6184147596359253,
-0.1023791953921318,
-0.18581464886665344,
0.26737576723098755,
0.3175550401210785,
0.7780728340148926,
0.15706034004688263,
0.08512556552886963,
0.06649380922317505,
-0.45202478766441345,
0.5759006142616272,
-0.25027039647102356,
0.4767049252986908,
-0.07102742046117783,
-0.6048383116722107,
0.009069821797311306,
-0.008771177381277084,
0.39437806606292725,
0.7242924571037292,
-0.415029376745224,
0.16239547729492188,
-0.6905947923660278,
-0.49482157826423645,
-0.08180136233568192,
-0.8172816038131714,
0.10275396704673767,
-0.42702215909957886,
0.029408633708953857,
0.42757630348205566,
0.6228323578834534,
0.5336735844612122,
0.47746914625167847,
0.1946014165878296,
-0.427344411611557,
-0.7157548069953918,
0.5012614130973816,
0.5788975358009338,
-0.20382879674434662,
-0.09395556896924973,
0.075796939432621,
0.20884820818901062,
0.5330883264541626,
0.056387439370155334,
0.9793627858161926,
-0.11922016739845276,
0.3896395266056061,
-0.6023476123809814,
0.5220635533332825,
0.1760942041873932,
-0.28538358211517334,
0.22744512557983398,
0.8739334344863892,
-0.21472318470478058,
-0.029394108802080154,
-0.3125332295894623,
0.7720940709114075,
-0.13870957493782043,
0.6472313404083252,
-0.3324439823627472,
-0.7981533408164978,
-0.17187894880771637,
0.5431326031684875,
0.03820517286658287,
-0.1937292367219925,
0.5655226111412048,
0.011188005097210407,
0.2897380292415619,
-0.024795979261398315,
0.10862946510314941,
0.5430896282196045,
-0.4190562963485718,
0.32613715529441833,
-0.652062177658081,
0.6420613527297974,
0.34644123911857605,
-1.1999293565750122,
0.9057490229606628,
-0.7208997011184692,
0.25985732674598694,
-0.19215638935565948,
-0.371158629655838,
0.5333499312400818,
-0.05387818068265915,
0.1572992205619812,
0.02230408601462841,
0.07029297202825546,
-0.02021229825913906,
0.19659626483917236,
0.5023785829544067,
-0.23678825795650482,
-1.1582471132278442,
0.00080020324094221,
0.6734316349029541,
-0.3719249963760376,
-0.959233283996582,
-0.31869301199913025,
-0.023428186774253845,
0.004456488415598869,
-0.4540976583957672,
0.44261571764945984,
-0.029394133016467094,
0.19591496884822845,
-0.2467408925294876,
-0.11899060010910034,
1.0445698499679565,
-0.23827055096626282,
0.08990778774023056,
-0.45452404022216797,
0.5339884161949158,
0.4062492549419403,
0.05976973474025726,
0.5649986863136292,
-0.7906944751739502,
-0.07969389855861664,
-0.22809168696403503,
0.036796774715185165,
-0.6546506881713867,
0.5903525948524475,
-0.5426526665687561,
-0.47679173946380615,
0.8308470845222473,
-0.9106542468070984,
0.4764702618122101,
0.5404773950576782,
0.44992098212242126,
-0.38219478726387024,
0.20926670730113983,
-0.3281688988208771,
-1.1205536127090454,
0.055165376514196396,
-0.13371402025222778,
0.716630756855011,
0.008389455266296864,
0.2102363407611847,
-0.10742433369159698,
-0.061350785195827484,
0.13959909975528717,
-0.032712940126657486,
0.39860767126083374,
-0.8472028374671936,
0.46041011810302734,
-0.2873784899711609,
0.05366140976548195,
0.4475896954536438,
-0.5616157650947571,
-0.35969218611717224,
-0.7992481589317322,
0.0648023709654808,
0.8542207479476929,
0.6576844453811646,
-0.7734647393226624,
-0.17092019319534302,
0.03058178722858429,
0.8565623164176941,
-0.06924043595790863,
-0.5034370422363281,
0.0599663071334362,
-1.0180374383926392,
0.10160770267248154,
0.09127415716648102,
0.9190362095832825,
-0.19181932508945465,
-0.021325986832380295,
-0.031672779470682144,
-0.6581448316574097,
0.9029685258865356,
-0.47229793667793274,
-0.7309961318969727,
0.16191141307353973,
-0.09913615882396698,
0.23139788210391998,
0.2946503758430481,
0.6781266927719116,
-0.35424214601516724,
0.5001546740531921,
0.07804593443870544,
-0.6279742121696472,
0.04914989322423935,
-0.46241286396980286,
-0.38934749364852905,
0.10220184177160263,
-0.2860755920410156,
0.04066946730017662,
-0.1754167526960373,
-1.0575952529907227,
0.4498489499092102,
-0.55915766954422,
-4.557214736938477,
0.7269884347915649,
-0.10851310193538666,
-0.0029124123975634575,
0.4811187982559204,
-0.42412158846855164,
0.3381633758544922,
-0.3695772588253021,
-0.25770673155784607,
0.9835162162780762,
0.0853676050901413,
-0.8190496563911438,
0.15477941930294037,
0.673745334148407,
0.6226296424865723,
0.4356141686439514,
1.0954666137695312,
-1.0886988639831543,
0.43574267625808716,
0.550184428691864,
-0.1389671117067337,
0.265204519033432,
-0.22612103819847107,
-0.01669721119105816,
0.657590925693512,
0.5486354827880859,
-0.21458964049816132,
-0.09686241298913956,
-0.4260188043117523,
-0.10624191910028458,
0.3815814256668091,
0.3153553307056427,
-0.3853493928909302,
-0.03137236833572388,
0.351040244102478,
-0.3354555070400238,
-0.07169284671545029,
-0.22523854672908783,
0.322096049785614,
-0.8939005732536316,
0.5382622480392456,
1.0763624906539917,
-0.6946117877960205,
-0.8006653189659119,
0.6857272982597351,
-0.7230884432792664,
-0.49720990657806396,
-0.1496710479259491,
0.15809224545955658,
0.8240795731544495,
0.2259397655725479,
-0.13535015285015106,
0.9188939929008484,
0.2520581781864166,
0.17324301600456238,
-0.5351851582527161,
0.27356529235839844,
-0.2900446951389313,
-0.6265601515769958,
0.42597928643226624,
0.23879465460777283,
-0.67023766040802,
-0.04924580454826355,
-0.003192450851202011,
-0.32749712467193604,
-0.3623199760913849,
0.003960816655308008,
0.4147125780582428,
0.1635645478963852,
0.3458530306816101,
0.15415045619010925,
0.011197132989764214,
0.25342345237731934,
-0.5942233800888062,
0.46014174818992615,
-0.38481253385543823,
-0.4814583957195282,
-0.14792761206626892,
-0.6798526048660278,
-0.4973505735397339,
-0.029845919460058212,
0.13420677185058594,
0.27575960755348206,
1.2158478498458862,
0.729972779750824,
-0.39562180638313293,
-0.208251953125,
0.622319757938385,
-0.6664655804634094,
-0.9172421097755432,
1.0138763189315796,
-0.036801546812057495,
0.9716562628746033,
0.026847273111343384,
0.00042863638373091817,
-0.1693287044763565,
0.4510890543460846,
0.07868372648954391,
0.048579249531030655,
-0.383279025554657,
0.3496827185153961,
-0.17747291922569275,
-0.04370695725083351,
-0.5860679149627686,
-0.05979027971625328,
0.1228923574090004,
-0.04781452938914299,
0.10012912005186081,
0.6342400312423706,
-0.19913920760154724,
-0.4100261330604553,
-0.20402145385742188,
-0.2629273533821106,
0.01818341389298439,
-0.011825748719274998,
-0.44069430232048035,
-0.09165599197149277,
0.20285922288894653,
0.1264970302581787,
0.2321828454732895,
-0.01381772756576538,
0.5149491429328918,
-0.38568389415740967,
-0.1642184853553772,
-0.6949533820152283,
-0.8328081965446472,
0.6060329079627991,
0.15160797536373138,
-0.8026127219200134,
1.148157000541687,
-0.15383270382881165,
0.43909895420074463,
-1.0750609636306763,
-0.18982483446598053,
-0.15808741748332977,
0.0686902180314064,
0.06472619622945786,
-1.2139586210250854,
-0.38550132513046265,
0.8711743354797363,
0.44434499740600586,
0.02980737015604973,
-0.4457665681838989,
-0.00206094142049551,
-0.3346617519855499,
0.2899003028869629,
1.2029080390930176,
0.30004364252090454,
-1.0964539051055908,
0.7282138466835022,
-0.34407365322113037,
-0.38173550367355347,
-0.6963141560554504,
-0.42140379548072815,
0.15782791376113892,
-0.09543294459581375,
0.39724481105804443,
0.10497038066387177,
0.6989277601242065,
-0.37999269366264343,
0.3929775357246399,
-0.061272867023944855,
-0.37436845898628235,
0.6289328336715698,
-0.3111479580402374,
-0.24848417937755585,
-0.7799580097198486,
0.23933321237564087,
-0.6563255190849304,
0.2817365229129791,
0.5762641429901123,
-0.1306038498878479,
-0.11893348395824432,
-0.3002597689628601,
0.2071153223514557,
-0.32681435346603394,
-0.027798887342214584,
0.6516855359077454,
-0.36849042773246765,
-0.18823564052581787,
0.13631857931613922,
0.15655481815338135,
-0.698570728302002,
-0.7135006785392761,
0.2840835154056549,
-0.8974819779396057,
-0.2424202710390091,
-0.13649582862854004,
0.17211373150348663,
-0.7360848188400269,
-0.12068566679954529,
-0.45481377840042114,
0.7824546694755554,
-0.08182962983846664,
0.011412505991756916,
-0.4801483154296875,
1.2139239311218262,
0.2183058261871338,
-0.5488623380661011,
-0.7143247723579407,
0.14451852440834045,
0.6530981063842773,
-0.6096826791763306,
1.0481257438659668,
0.019720416516065598,
-0.9806600213050842,
0.30030354857444763,
0.2274705469608307,
-0.5615714192390442,
0.9865779280662537,
-0.5165154337882996,
-0.39084571599960327,
1.192260503768921,
-0.2203211635351181,
-0.27326270937919617,
0.42142707109451294,
0.05233609676361084,
0.36317935585975647,
0.09389559179544449,
0.018601592630147934,
-0.8988063931465149,
0.3483659327030182,
0.3757828176021576,
-0.5384392738342285,
-0.6084604859352112,
-0.02844599448144436,
0.4423508644104004,
0.01950288936495781,
0.5858472585678101,
-0.5719165802001953,
0.2978619933128357,
0.23799751698970795,
-0.009829570539295673,
-0.2096787393093109,
0.4459689259529114,
-0.41048920154571533,
-0.4033306837081909,
-0.11389248073101044,
0.615864634513855,
0.3794926106929779,
0.24982938170433044,
0.8978744149208069,
0.15921571850776672,
-0.04547131806612015,
-0.36664116382598877,
0.4330649673938751,
1.138479471206665,
-0.11246965080499649,
-1.1396398544311523,
0.810187578201294,
0.7804403901100159,
-0.4481480121612549,
-0.821334719657898,
0.27154016494750977,
1.1244628429412842,
0.09788338094949722,
-0.03636038303375244,
0.7402707934379578,
-0.1719054877758026,
0.10015612840652466,
0.5469266772270203,
-0.0653393492102623,
-0.007275139447301626,
-0.43180614709854126,
0.03238418698310852,
-0.6900308728218079,
0.09681642800569534,
-0.3023318648338318,
0.45726636052131653,
-0.31348323822021484,
0.03976375237107277,
0.05304204672574997,
-0.22731226682662964,
0.5506613850593567,
-0.5322090983390808,
0.07162919640541077,
-0.12028667330741882,
-0.6800918579101562,
0.25972646474838257,
0.29169365763664246,
-0.4429013729095459,
-0.08244633674621582,
0.11718398332595825,
-0.29726868867874146,
-0.042865023016929626,
-0.8154818415641785,
0.19010181725025177,
0.40473178029060364,
-0.3732987344264984,
0.15454284846782684,
-0.5978972315788269,
0.11725708097219467,
-0.19684670865535736,
-0.9199638962745667,
-0.18791578710079193,
0.5376319289207458,
-0.41100743412971497,
0.7803691029548645,
-0.49055007100105286,
0.2541733682155609,
-1.4200961589813232,
0.29100409150123596,
0.05202271789312363,
-0.4860130548477173,
0.1707078218460083,
-0.46154123544692993,
-0.6515051126480103,
-0.581474781036377,
0.07122264057397842,
0.4400058686733246,
0.2698550522327423,
-0.5334845185279846,
0.6206979751586914,
0.7393072843551636,
-0.36530300974845886,
-0.07525843381881714,
0.9294350743293762,
-0.7492257356643677,
-0.8994435667991638,
0.3835577368736267,
-0.3491886556148529,
-0.02451888844370842,
0.848956286907196,
0.8652226328849792,
0.12174605578184128,
1.1939252614974976,
-0.40797922015190125,
0.5117940306663513,
-0.8150820732116699,
-0.30783066153526306,
-0.04638932645320892,
-0.8738389015197754,
-0.7296525239944458,
0.23284000158309937,
-0.3574281334877014,
-0.3615863025188446,
-0.320851594209671,
-0.048689648509025574,
-0.7416889667510986,
0.3509327173233032,
0.4033236503601074,
0.534123957157135,
-0.04195070639252663,
-0.634906530380249,
0.4972946047782898,
0.1970459371805191,
0.008717023767530918,
0.3727392852306366,
0.43830934166908264,
-0.5162776112556458,
0.3707590401172638,
-0.3132026493549347,
-0.08134297281503677,
-0.47440317273139954,
-0.21963512897491455,
-0.2322222888469696,
0.328468382358551,
-0.39188721776008606,
-0.7775164246559143,
0.0030733193270862103,
-0.237962543964386,
-0.5684353709220886,
0.7473449110984802,
-0.3036445379257202,
-0.46398305892944336,
-0.5902335047721863,
0.32199397683143616,
0.39094528555870056,
-0.20512402057647705,
0.9670864343643188,
-0.1731644868850708,
0.21326075494289398,
0.24474643170833588,
-0.3031521737575531,
-0.06352285295724869,
0.22212345898151398,
0.09824397414922714,
0.6211950182914734,
-0.025658532977104187,
0.20502708852291107,
-0.6219064593315125,
-0.24470484256744385,
-0.49097368121147156,
-0.7019590139389038,
-0.15964867174625397,
-0.020772205665707588,
0.09547962248325348,
-0.09821217507123947,
0.02103680744767189,
-0.20685479044914246,
0.32017284631729126,
-0.034511469304561615,
-0.8058876395225525,
0.1645716279745102,
-0.3798295557498932,
-0.2599697709083557,
0.2710016965866089,
0.8654887676239014,
0.8586494326591492,
0.4668099582195282,
0.4883781373500824,
0.4868743419647217,
-0.15052014589309692,
0.2575654983520508,
-0.1110774502158165,
0.3410777151584625,
-0.8244538307189941,
0.4161079525947571,
-1.2637290954589844,
0.5287181735038757,
0.46821877360343933,
0.7447704076766968,
0.00792812742292881,
0.7619891166687012,
-0.35644009709358215,
-0.3320322036743164,
0.2526727318763733,
-0.11905091255903244,
-0.9703637957572937,
0.023612938821315765,
0.2568293511867523,
-0.18170641362667084,
0.3966667354106903,
0.34779250621795654,
-0.4576107859611511,
-0.45392391085624695,
0.04818404093384743,
-0.3147335946559906,
-0.6827688813209534,
0.2839205861091614,
0.29627442359924316,
-1.2136086225509644,
0.2718970477581024,
0.3829517662525177,
-0.2964000701904297,
-0.2472105175256729,
-0.1614210456609726,
1.0421141386032104,
0.5590562224388123,
-0.3267691135406494,
-0.6653067469596863,
-0.09557130187749863,
0.051408786326646805,
0.04552702605724335,
0.14148953557014465,
-0.25287309288978577,
-0.2634608745574951,
-0.4332241415977478,
-0.7191473245620728,
0.4793718755245209,
-0.8099443316459656,
-0.6425695419311523,
0.3634275794029236,
-0.15150384604930878,
0.12580473721027374,
-0.012774544768035412,
0.0032352665439248085,
-0.4608578681945801,
-0.031945351511240005,
0.3302589952945709
] |
257030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winslow%2C%20Maine | Winslow, Maine | Winslow is a town and census-designated place in Kennebec County, Maine, United States, along the Kennebec River across from Waterville. The population was 7,948 at the 2020 census.
History
Winslow was originally an Indian settlement named Taconock. During King William's War, Major Benjamin Church led his third expedition east from Boston in 1692. During this expedition he and 450 troops raided the native villages at both Penobscot (Castine, Maine) and present-day Winslow.
Winslow was then settled by colonists from Plymouth Colony. The area was covered by the land patent given by the English Crown to Pilgrim governor William Bradford and his associates. The earliest settlers had such Old Colony and Pilgrim names as Winslow, Bradford, Warren, and Otis. Descendants of those early settlers can still be found in the town.
In 1754, Fort Halifax was built by order of the Massachusetts General Court on the peninsula at the confluence of the Sebasticook and Kennebec rivers. A settlement subsequently sprang up under its protection, and was named in honor of General John Winslow, of Marshfield, Massachusetts, who had overseen the fort's construction. General Winslow was a descendant of Edward Winslow, a Pilgrim governor of Plymouth Colony who arrived on the Mayflower and founded the town of Marshfield. General Winslow lived in the mansion built in 1699 by his father, Isaac Winslow. The historic Winslow House still stands today in Marshfield and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Sebasticook and Kennebec rivers provided major early routes to transport food, goods, and more settlers. Benedict Arnold followed the Kennebec River north in 1775, stopping at Fort Halifax in Winslow on his ill-fated attempt to invade Canada. The Fort Halifax blockhouse, the nation's oldest wooden structure of its type, was rebuilt after the original was swept down the Kennebec River by raging flood waters on April 1, 1987.
Thousands of Irish and French Canadian immigrants used the Old Canada Road (now a scenic byway) section of U.S. Route 201 during the 19th century to find seasonal or project employment, and later made the Kennebec River Valley region their home. Early Winslow settlers used water power for industrial development. Modern Winslow developed around the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company paper mill, located along the Kennebec River. The mill was later purchased by the Scott Paper Company, whose 1995 merger with Kimberly-Clark led to the factory's closure in 1997. Winslow's industrial decline started in the 1980s, although some small light industry still exists, and new businesses continue to move into the town. Despite this, the service sector remains limited. Today, Winslow is a bedroom community for some middle- and upper-middle-class families who work in nearby Waterville and Augusta.
Scenes from the 2005 miniseries Empire Falls, starring Paul Newman, Ed Harris, and Helen Hunt, and based on the 2001 book Empire Falls by Richard Russo, were shot in Winslow. The town was home to the state's largest 4 July fireworks display until it moved to Clinton, Maine in 2016.
Geography
Winslow is located at (44.542428, −69.605101).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Winslow is located at the confluence of the Sebasticook River with the Kennebec River.
The town is crossed by U.S. Route 201 and State Routes 11, 32, 100 and 137. It borders the towns of Benton to the north, Albion to the east, China to the southeast, Vassalboro to the south, and (across the Kennebec River) Waterville to the west.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,794 people, 3,328 households, and 2,183 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 3,692 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.0% White, 0.4% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 3,328 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.4% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.84.
The median age in the town was 43.6 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,743 people, 3,268 households, and 2,212 families living in the town. The population density was 210.1 people per square mile (81.1/km2). There were 3,591 housing units at an average density of 97.4 per square mile (37.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.05% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
There were 4,268 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,580, and the median income for a family was $46,725. Males had a median income of $37,116 versus $25,429 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,501. About 3.7% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
For much of the 20th century, the area's paper mills were the centerpiece of the local economy. Johnny’s Selected Seeds, an employee owned company selling seeds to vegetable gardeners across the United States, relocated their headquarters to Winslow in 2002. Major employers in Winslow include Mid-State Machine Products, Lohmann Animal Health International, Orion Rope Works, and Northeast Laboratories.
Government
Winslow has a town council government. A town manager handles day-to-day affairs.
Education
Winslow Public Schools has three public schools in two buildings in town. There was a private Catholic grammar school (St. John's) until 2020, when it closed due to declining enrollment. Winslow High School, completed in 2008, is a $9,000,000 renovation project. A second renovation project, adding a junior high wing and band room, plus expanding a gym and cafeteria was completed in 2020.. Winslow Elementary School houses grades PK-6. The middle school houses grades 7-8. The high school houses grades 9-12. There is no college.
The middle school used to house grades 6-8 at 6 Danielson Street until 2020 when it closed due to an aging and an unreliable building. Then the 6th graders went to Winslow Elementary and the 7th and 8th graders went to Winslow High School in a new wing.
It was a part of Kennebec Valley Consolidated Schools (AOS92) until July 1, 2018.
Sites of interest
Two Cent Bridge
Fort Halifax
Notable people
Sharon H. Abrams, executive director, Maine Children's Home for Little Wanderers
Mike Cowan, golf caddy
Joshua Cushman, minister, US congressman
Charles Fletcher Johnson, US senator
Sharon Lee, science-fiction author
Steve Miller, science-fiction author
Frank Pooler, Wisconsin state legislator and businessman
Thomas Rice, US congressman
Samuel Francis Smith, minister, author
References
External links
Town of Winslow, Maine
Winslow Public Library
Winslow High School
Maine.gov -- Winslow, Maine
General Winslow Homestead
Populated places established in 1754
Census-designated places in Maine
Towns in Kennebec County, Maine
Towns in Maine
1754 establishments in Massachusetts | [
-0.7991380095481873,
0.7482486367225647,
-0.42837125062942505,
-0.17846329510211945,
1.040902853012085,
0.27968400716781616,
0.8155041337013245,
0.5711100101470947,
-0.47238093614578247,
-0.4304147958755493,
-0.055407531559467316,
0.32245707511901855,
0.0966886579990387,
0.45316216349601746,
-1.4188345670700073,
0.46343082189559937,
0.12402554601430893,
0.41514304280281067,
0.3517833948135376,
-0.33235785365104675,
-0.1808883249759674,
0.021572524681687355,
-0.11716444045305252,
0.3914776146411896,
-0.3102280795574188,
0.08584766089916229,
0.9292577505111694,
0.5583100318908691,
-0.19159573316574097,
0.0884026288986206,
-0.6231736540794373,
-0.07216960191726685,
-0.747979998588562,
-0.8273170590400696,
0.435234397649765,
-0.35875529050827026,
-0.05285181850194931,
-0.09767717123031616,
-0.13583031296730042,
-0.330203652381897,
-0.3706957995891571,
-0.2589278221130371,
-0.08795515447854996,
0.005513201002031565,
-0.32173988223075867,
-0.06388305127620697,
-1.1796270608901978,
0.7018520832061768,
-1.1391884088516235,
-0.43768081068992615,
-0.5122825503349304,
-0.20506179332733154,
0.7563425302505493,
0.15688374638557434,
0.7468999624252319,
0.09061545133590698,
-0.7774467468261719,
0.3156042695045471,
0.9644809365272522,
0.3828105628490448,
0.14918272197246552,
1.0008171796798706,
-0.20240405201911926,
-0.24591167271137238,
-0.43977978825569153,
0.4241374135017395,
0.22256726026535034,
0.2501087188720703,
0.26451435685157776,
-0.5022989511489868,
0.14994479715824127,
0.10654877871274948,
-0.38472461700439453,
0.6415079236030579,
-0.2800290584564209,
0.34662604331970215,
0.05052892118692398,
-0.3533279299736023,
0.13487082719802856,
0.02574080042541027,
0.1182175800204277,
-0.4244754910469055,
1.055641770362854,
0.05414416640996933,
0.4265305697917938,
0.2571752071380615,
-0.17243263125419617,
0.5129767656326294,
-0.5103432536125183,
0.04898858442902565,
-0.8447304964065552,
-0.08006145805120468,
-0.3100269138813019,
0.3049449920654297,
-0.4566025137901306,
-0.20877711474895477,
-0.3298342227935791,
0.6962737441062927,
0.35308027267456055,
0.5647034049034119,
-0.7468967437744141,
0.04164239391684532,
1.1219635009765625,
0.3448294699192047,
-0.4734519422054291,
-0.2803809642791748,
-0.4543910324573517,
-0.21960176527500153,
-0.41336384415626526,
-0.12380483001470566,
-0.26963263750076294,
0.10452984273433685,
-0.25273290276527405,
-0.3992798924446106,
-0.45936837792396545,
0.4220210015773773,
-0.08877509832382202,
-0.9491738677024841,
-0.019542675465345383,
-0.4889444410800934,
0.31692764163017273,
0.6183579564094543,
0.0463373139500618,
-0.43052032589912415,
0.054949406534433365,
0.3847123384475708,
0.566705584526062,
0.41889625787734985,
0.2637968361377716,
-0.016167405992746353,
-0.35569092631340027,
0.8649105429649353,
-0.14797382056713104,
0.4626224637031555,
0.2281421720981598,
-0.6355252861976624,
-0.3731391429901123,
0.3726162016391754,
-0.010465680621564388,
0.20166753232479095,
-0.7934827208518982,
-0.0059236022643744946,
-0.5361072421073914,
-0.16316883265972137,
-0.10495393723249435,
-0.6319544315338135,
0.33936113119125366,
-0.38981613516807556,
0.0789749026298523,
0.4080212712287903,
0.3259347379207611,
0.15006384253501892,
0.15252067148685455,
0.2289261817932129,
-0.10005118697881699,
-0.36869075894355774,
0.6120249629020691,
0.4390687346458435,
-0.09160468727350235,
0.19568215310573578,
0.23850184679031372,
0.1230427697300911,
0.7058217525482178,
-0.086405910551548,
0.840004563331604,
0.04729481413960457,
0.4067716598510742,
-0.4540972411632538,
0.5054409503936768,
0.49636369943618774,
-0.11369536817073822,
0.15206006169319153,
0.8711122274398804,
-0.4830947816371918,
0.4098477065563202,
-0.5091602206230164,
0.8465463519096375,
-0.004746538121253252,
0.7162142992019653,
-0.05963866785168648,
-0.8974452614784241,
0.06333570182323456,
0.5890644788742065,
-0.04980660229921341,
-0.40441179275512695,
0.09878408908843994,
0.08695079386234283,
0.5572535395622253,
0.12476390600204468,
0.24988116323947906,
0.10454445332288742,
-0.22186826169490814,
0.6983524560928345,
-0.6977375149726868,
0.3961382210254669,
0.6639121770858765,
-0.8909206986427307,
0.9489855170249939,
-0.426061749458313,
0.4730975031852722,
0.04076302424073219,
-0.3435033857822418,
0.35927385091781616,
-0.45518791675567627,
-0.04227057099342346,
0.2645423114299774,
0.29594579339027405,
-0.08401965349912643,
-0.004434892442077398,
0.4774433374404907,
-0.33090296387672424,
-1.0794941186904907,
-0.06499093770980835,
0.7355191111564636,
-0.4385189712047577,
-0.6924355030059814,
-0.13602489233016968,
-0.09163350611925125,
0.19921252131462097,
-0.6202960014343262,
0.1364934891462326,
-0.04085160419344902,
0.2024492770433426,
-0.5233381986618042,
-0.08446051925420761,
1.4051010608673096,
0.043333422392606735,
0.1629260778427124,
0.14192454516887665,
0.3162265419960022,
0.3706587553024292,
0.17635704576969147,
0.3557102084159851,
-0.7290586829185486,
-0.0561477467417717,
-0.12335774302482605,
-0.010117917321622372,
-0.6260592341423035,
1.1850166320800781,
-0.32425087690353394,
-0.2371256947517395,
0.3459731936454773,
-1.1750102043151855,
0.3245062828063965,
0.5241547226905823,
0.5742633938789368,
-0.42106154561042786,
-0.19889596104621887,
-0.18462257087230682,
-1.1429789066314697,
0.32276013493537903,
-0.030705755576491356,
0.716480553150177,
-0.24138383567333221,
-0.14982761442661285,
0.04052560403943062,
-0.3735348582267761,
0.07123919576406479,
0.06441359221935272,
0.2886406481266022,
-0.8679203391075134,
0.3431338965892792,
-0.6062451004981995,
0.3548494279384613,
0.4986932575702667,
-0.5691291689872742,
-0.33365461230278015,
-0.7163189053535461,
0.2687434256076813,
0.9223287105560303,
0.6777824759483337,
-0.5697546005249023,
-0.07600681483745575,
0.16409319639205933,
0.6699619889259338,
0.11437895894050598,
-0.7210065722465515,
0.008379394188523293,
-0.8319940567016602,
-0.24890774488449097,
0.1931607574224472,
1.0022673606872559,
-0.10010942816734314,
-0.22684922814369202,
-0.058047499507665634,
-0.6869643330574036,
0.6137429475784302,
-0.41379252076148987,
-0.8974034786224365,
0.16978682577610016,
0.039518069475889206,
-0.2164936363697052,
0.0036391562316566706,
1.0334391593933105,
-0.44674763083457947,
0.3457687497138977,
0.1221250370144844,
-0.7140758037567139,
-0.00534307723864913,
-0.602425754070282,
-0.23881691694259644,
-0.04815215989947319,
-0.6177611947059631,
0.016441306099295616,
-0.2784571945667267,
-0.4922516644001007,
0.4298648238182068,
-0.5319699645042419,
-4.675905704498291,
0.670126736164093,
-0.18472382426261902,
0.2240162044763565,
0.08479331433773041,
-0.3458695113658905,
0.38880059123039246,
-0.36785176396369934,
-0.019833140075206757,
0.7448171377182007,
0.1872335970401764,
-0.2854463756084442,
0.4650609791278839,
0.5601432919502258,
0.6353042125701904,
0.23472461104393005,
0.7882763147354126,
-1.314854621887207,
0.3173913359642029,
0.35911357402801514,
-0.16617757081985474,
0.023083219304680824,
-0.40512615442276,
0.050901468843221664,
0.5894715785980225,
0.12907931208610535,
-0.15305095911026,
-0.15024442970752716,
-0.7653056979179382,
0.12076836079359055,
0.34209415316581726,
0.0639503002166748,
-0.08873429894447327,
0.29846131801605225,
0.006174993701279163,
-0.01581057347357273,
-0.014618408866226673,
-0.47453776001930237,
0.34139952063560486,
-1.1748783588409424,
0.535211443901062,
0.8261713981628418,
-0.7872921228408813,
-0.7272366881370544,
0.8799705505371094,
-0.6087958812713623,
-0.4012386202812195,
0.0962769091129303,
0.6071464419364929,
0.7009105086326599,
0.22994914650917053,
0.3479194641113281,
0.7427307963371277,
0.7588219046592712,
0.37795498967170715,
-0.5661458969116211,
0.2779575288295746,
-0.6259756684303284,
-0.38835087418556213,
0.5184826254844666,
0.2533333897590637,
-0.6863977909088135,
-0.04941815882921219,
0.20558902621269226,
-0.12969550490379333,
-0.3994882106781006,
0.3218812346458435,
0.3249000608921051,
0.02377632074058056,
0.24264836311340332,
0.12364404648542404,
-0.280154824256897,
0.30228182673454285,
-0.6677658557891846,
0.4288022518157959,
-0.7511575818061829,
-0.5296890735626221,
-0.11034286767244339,
-0.6500994563102722,
-0.16779008507728577,
0.27693304419517517,
-0.3144184947013855,
0.23015014827251434,
1.0913490056991577,
0.4748799800872803,
-0.4681507349014282,
0.1419839709997177,
0.6097879409790039,
-0.5500720143318176,
-0.9557394981384277,
1.1148929595947266,
0.47923481464385986,
0.6563342213630676,
-0.17523430287837982,
-0.2806875705718994,
0.1056118756532669,
0.5206634998321533,
0.13271528482437134,
0.1652059108018875,
-0.16797897219657898,
0.37463292479515076,
-0.1758498102426529,
0.042482927441596985,
-0.26859062910079956,
0.028939763084053993,
-0.13370628654956818,
-0.023498477414250374,
-0.08552012592554092,
0.9878197312355042,
-0.20605862140655518,
-0.35669541358947754,
-0.2663998305797577,
-0.4682615101337433,
0.10135781019926071,
0.09606043249368668,
-0.29598692059516907,
-0.19524215161800385,
0.7099332809448242,
0.5071197748184204,
0.17694148421287537,
0.029032962396740913,
0.6696977019309998,
-0.4447382390499115,
0.13415266573429108,
-0.1726084053516388,
-1.0546668767929077,
0.7137449383735657,
0.3745308220386505,
-0.6277055144309998,
0.820866048336029,
-0.35168975591659546,
0.3088664710521698,
-0.7566617727279663,
-0.4086229205131531,
-0.2922762334346771,
0.02699585258960724,
-0.6803978681564331,
-1.2616482973098755,
-0.4839528799057007,
0.6087301969528198,
0.3504512310028076,
-0.17833884060382843,
-0.23206958174705505,
-0.12799903750419617,
-0.17838157713413239,
0.3562277555465698,
1.0243059396743774,
-0.14651566743850708,
-1.1238517761230469,
0.7705925107002258,
-0.3761148750782013,
-0.1626865565776825,
-0.6603572368621826,
-0.22599254548549652,
0.12011467665433884,
-0.17521074414253235,
-0.016797197982668877,
-0.018770672380924225,
0.505699872970581,
0.3806037902832031,
0.39340275526046753,
0.15884828567504883,
-0.28945958614349365,
0.5119340419769287,
-0.37606242299079895,
-0.23745214939117432,
-0.7867371439933777,
-0.07213945686817169,
-0.7123667001724243,
-0.2270037680864334,
0.5027795433998108,
0.01876200921833515,
-0.3116287589073181,
-0.1985783576965332,
0.5633790493011475,
-0.5991393327713013,
0.0578174889087677,
0.4569171965122223,
-0.42853108048439026,
0.023404287174344063,
-0.07134652137756348,
-0.10942064225673676,
-0.9064397811889648,
-0.3680703341960907,
0.4315105080604553,
-0.717917263507843,
-0.21189163625240326,
-0.38357406854629517,
0.14840184152126312,
-0.5303288102149963,
0.07139428704977036,
-0.5410733222961426,
0.6669471859931946,
0.29835185408592224,
0.0978768989443779,
-0.5905649662017822,
1.1911028623580933,
0.35683882236480713,
-0.6008504033088684,
-0.6989157795906067,
0.04385355859994888,
0.6660830974578857,
-0.6781497597694397,
0.8172234296798706,
-0.2109750658273697,
-1.3287557363510132,
0.5629495978355408,
0.04463166370987892,
-0.5627720355987549,
1.0004637241363525,
-0.04723706468939781,
-0.5492252707481384,
1.0084148645401,
-0.29133114218711853,
-0.2580856382846832,
0.05166172981262207,
-0.024943357333540916,
0.060938261449337006,
-0.0342063382267952,
0.12092715501785278,
-0.48082271218299866,
0.15248028934001923,
0.20213662087917328,
-0.5518831014633179,
-0.8323715925216675,
0.3478230834007263,
0.32733356952667236,
0.010568376630544662,
0.41691887378692627,
-0.606631338596344,
0.550906240940094,
0.3309953808784485,
-0.036578286439180374,
0.09493949264287949,
0.4444124400615692,
-0.18103128671646118,
-0.3290037214756012,
-0.1889154464006424,
0.5058562159538269,
0.1362036019563675,
0.8723353147506714,
1.049662709236145,
0.27381226420402527,
-0.2006300836801529,
-0.4491424560546875,
0.01404333021491766,
0.8583874702453613,
-0.16787371039390564,
-1.1001348495483398,
0.9122783541679382,
0.6976156830787659,
-0.3443525731563568,
-0.8320488929748535,
0.15102724730968475,
1.4434460401535034,
-0.2529917061328888,
-0.19023916125297546,
0.44753116369247437,
-0.45385557413101196,
0.3363308310508728,
0.49755170941352844,
-0.19340866804122925,
-0.055101584643125534,
-0.17149367928504944,
0.12341741472482681,
-1.0034539699554443,
-0.03269701078534126,
0.19871863722801208,
0.09089311212301254,
-1.00050950050354,
-0.22891739010810852,
-0.22192536294460297,
-0.16990728676319122,
0.3693605363368988,
-0.8065206408500671,
-0.19207017123699188,
0.11904972046613693,
-0.34873807430267334,
-0.041713614016771317,
0.29015833139419556,
-0.44926637411117554,
0.18641942739486694,
-0.35013842582702637,
-0.20078985393047333,
-0.2929963171482086,
-0.4950487017631531,
0.5348522067070007,
0.27008557319641113,
-0.37939098477363586,
0.11873676627874374,
-0.5105224251747131,
-0.11225644499063492,
-0.16363947093486786,
-0.14336565136909485,
-0.071263886988163,
0.6640587449073792,
-0.09636957198381424,
0.6039879322052002,
0.07674819231033325,
0.27731746435165405,
-1.2774975299835205,
0.4421047866344452,
-0.036509133875370026,
-0.6844310760498047,
0.12211401015520096,
-0.06897483766078949,
-0.2937045693397522,
-0.6199794411659241,
0.21156026422977448,
0.44543951749801636,
0.34303349256515503,
-0.4038214683532715,
0.16563855111598969,
1.0305421352386475,
-0.31003502011299133,
0.13603970408439636,
0.9880015850067139,
-0.7768459916114807,
-1.0983203649520874,
0.27455100417137146,
-0.4184078276157379,
-0.08312220126390457,
0.5581774711608887,
0.5679323673248291,
0.23915886878967285,
1.4037846326828003,
-0.7027295231819153,
0.029976889491081238,
-0.4229779839515686,
-0.07607631385326385,
0.07619946449995041,
-0.8347269296646118,
-0.5890032052993774,
0.31187185645103455,
-0.5236644148826599,
-0.25917595624923706,
-0.1401972472667694,
0.050876520574092865,
-0.6713795065879822,
-0.10654494166374207,
0.4972898066043854,
0.16844750940799713,
-0.4081663489341736,
-0.523213267326355,
0.47706082463264465,
0.04422251880168915,
0.10726190358400345,
0.30300143361091614,
0.278626024723053,
-0.3369295597076416,
0.2252197265625,
-0.3899374306201935,
-0.14887705445289612,
-0.6979234218597412,
-0.22643408179283142,
-0.23603315651416779,
-0.3092038035392761,
-0.21431472897529602,
-0.3632567822933197,
0.21967074275016785,
0.2986312508583069,
-0.4026780128479004,
0.6109601855278015,
-0.43416810035705566,
-0.3762190043926239,
-0.502629816532135,
0.48636049032211304,
0.23406466841697693,
-0.11504539102315903,
1.0033048391342163,
-0.048876386135816574,
0.2793610692024231,
0.15689943730831146,
-0.15764275193214417,
0.0693468376994133,
0.30454927682876587,
0.1310349702835083,
0.6189016699790955,
-0.06198510527610779,
-0.06975456327199936,
-0.8759506344795227,
-0.14055612683296204,
-0.49839940667152405,
-0.4576622545719147,
-0.05489286780357361,
-0.10904768109321594,
-0.04039015620946884,
0.3754231035709381,
-0.4527945816516876,
-0.49861064553260803,
0.061546441167593,
-0.29864978790283203,
-0.532208263874054,
0.32531940937042236,
-0.36452263593673706,
-0.20356060564517975,
0.0907396748661995,
0.838100790977478,
0.6418160796165466,
0.4763947129249573,
0.16122253239154816,
0.3694111704826355,
0.25571566820144653,
0.26084667444229126,
0.21830932796001434,
0.3974764049053192,
-0.9549480080604553,
0.4902586340904236,
-0.8520581722259521,
0.6517229676246643,
0.4862917363643646,
0.7064785957336426,
-0.17363286018371582,
0.6992968916893005,
-0.6695740222930908,
-0.2344900220632553,
0.29632604122161865,
-0.16343143582344055,
-0.4195093810558319,
-0.2560397684574127,
0.268290638923645,
-0.2353609800338745,
0.41345328092575073,
0.2147267907857895,
-0.3603266775608063,
-0.40266484022140503,
0.04227838292717934,
-0.24319878220558167,
-0.5155642032623291,
0.5134041905403137,
0.6017410159111023,
-0.6190845370292664,
0.08655710518360138,
0.7689774036407471,
-0.5068160891532898,
-0.34645479917526245,
-0.2568431496620178,
1.0707279443740845,
0.6855273246765137,
-0.14159895479679108,
-0.24920852482318878,
-0.2877175807952881,
0.10560727119445801,
0.2364833652973175,
0.05646156892180443,
-0.2356199324131012,
-0.4279032349586487,
-0.2874605059623718,
-0.7205817103385925,
0.4417366683483124,
-0.20347954332828522,
-0.6307764649391174,
0.21629846096038818,
-0.1572493016719818,
0.3959410786628723,
-0.09488946944475174,
0.15413464605808258,
-0.9980558753013611,
-0.15382257103919983,
0.12294617295265198
] |
257063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Young%20Sellar | William Young Sellar | Prof William Young Sellar FRSE LLD (22 February 1825 – 12 October 1890) was a Scottish classical scholar.
Life
Sellar was born at Morvich in Sutherland the son of Patrick Sellar of Westfield, Morayshire and his wife Anne Craig of Barmakelty, Moray. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy 1832 to 1839 (dux in his final year) and afterwards studied Classics at the University of Glasgow. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, as a scholar. Graduating with a first-class in classics, he was elected fellow of Oriel, and, after holding assistant professorships at Durham, Glasgow and St Andrews, was appointed professor of Greek at St Andrews (1857). In 1863 he was elected professor of humanity in Edinburgh University, and occupied that chair till his death.
In Edinburgh he lived at 15 Buckingham Terrace in the West End, near Dean Bridge.
Sellar was one of the most brilliant of 19th century classical scholars, and was remarkably successful in his endeavours to reproduce the spirit rather than the letter of Roman literature.
In 1864 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Alexander Campbell Fraser. He was also awarded honorary doctorates (LLD) from both St Andrews University and Dublin University.
He died at Kenbank, St John's Town of Dalry in Kirkcudbrightshire on 12 October 1890.
Family
He was brother to Robert Sellar and Alexander Craig Sellar
In 1851 he married Eleanor Dennistoun, daughter of Alexander Dennistoun. They had at least five children. Eleanor described her husband in a chapter of Recollections and impressions (1907), and their life in the remainder of the memoir.
Recognition
Sellar is commemorated on the south wall of Balliol College Chapel, together with a memorial to his brother Alexander Craig Sellar (MP for Haddington Burghs and Partick).
Publications
The Roman Poets of the Republic (1863 plus later editions)
The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age (1877 plus later editions)
Horace and the Elegiac Poets (1892) -the 1899 edition has a memoir by Andrew Lang
A number of articles on Latin literature (including on Catullus, Roman Literature, Lucretius and Petronius) in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition, 1875–89.
References
Attribution
External links
1825 births
1890 deaths
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish classical scholars | [
-0.2274768203496933,
0.6491764187812805,
-0.46476617455482483,
-0.6574604511260986,
-0.09714005887508392,
0.3445589542388916,
0.7142542004585266,
-0.14053720235824585,
0.1262178122997284,
-0.0386054553091526,
-0.5485433340072632,
0.12920314073562622,
-0.30751603841781616,
0.6309590339660645,
0.14432229101657867,
0.5150412321090698,
0.3722480833530426,
-0.2520286440849304,
-0.5074323415756226,
-0.32188478112220764,
-0.3187927007675171,
0.17786653339862823,
0.34938257932662964,
-0.021639030426740646,
-0.1398630440235138,
-0.22330282628536224,
-0.01572604849934578,
-0.22170668840408325,
0.14154152572155,
-0.43496260046958923,
0.2187158316373825,
0.41404926776885986,
-0.09311703592538834,
-0.21454383432865143,
-0.6252714395523071,
0.2328258454799652,
-0.11199275404214859,
-0.41147783398628235,
0.07864479720592499,
0.2870568335056305,
-0.2585827112197876,
0.17187322676181793,
0.35109278559684753,
0.1903044730424881,
-0.0951429083943367,
-0.6799052953720093,
-2.387920618057251,
0.08912300318479538,
-0.08501443266868591,
-0.47676077485084534,
0.6071776151657104,
0.45015382766723633,
1.0080009698867798,
-0.1683674156665802,
-0.3878081440925598,
0.46445339918136597,
-0.6197160482406616,
-0.23148518800735474,
0.4641885757446289,
-0.6898582577705383,
0.7979787588119507,
0.5171785354614258,
0.5491269826889038,
0.03482522442936897,
0.7084072828292847,
0.3319961428642273,
-0.9865905046463013,
0.15184380114078522,
-0.4856843650341034,
0.13355562090873718,
0.2606775462627411,
0.1960306614637375,
0.09791389107704163,
0.42905423045158386,
0.11231007426977158,
-0.3997124135494232,
0.16987863183021545,
0.03957027569413185,
-0.031881459057331085,
0.3891911208629608,
0.1637103259563446,
0.48163992166519165,
0.4939214587211609,
0.6826912760734558,
0.005585560109466314,
0.47835204005241394,
-1.024219274520874,
0.2597736716270447,
-0.4263186454772949,
0.07885269820690155,
-0.08966115862131119,
-0.08937077969312668,
0.2208484262228012,
0.11482502520084381,
0.49438124895095825,
0.8960301280021667,
-0.0761459618806839,
0.4266822636127472,
-0.5003502368927002,
-0.42035433650016785,
-0.027935273945331573,
0.02548854984343052,
-0.09254375100135803,
-0.26921266317367554,
-0.30717960000038147,
0.5842624306678772,
-0.524101197719574,
-0.1911299228668213,
-0.1463155746459961,
-1.1038378477096558,
-0.4993634819984436,
-0.015469486825168133,
-0.5676844120025635,
0.038591817021369934,
0.2539614140987396,
0.2366972416639328,
0.6532943844795227,
-0.48816031217575073,
-0.5780060291290283,
-0.17365239560604095,
-0.2788783013820648,
0.5089520215988159,
-0.26760241389274597,
0.2280328869819641,
-1.0734097957611084,
0.2858103811740875,
-0.03026309236884117,
0.4757482707500458,
0.17265284061431885,
0.8194229006767273,
0.5141223669052124,
1.5353381633758545,
-0.12020719051361084,
-0.2575341761112213,
-0.9136571288108826,
0.519706130027771,
0.4032869338989258,
-0.20776154100894928,
-0.4627011716365814,
0.4867154061794281,
-0.12309489399194717,
-0.12652622163295746,
-1.585079312324524,
0.05277153104543686,
-0.23903053998947144,
0.11519075185060501,
-0.5553973317146301,
0.14489328861236572,
0.028627905994653702,
0.3123202323913574,
0.16315560042858124,
0.08351534605026245,
0.279497355222702,
0.2129676640033722,
-0.24130959808826447,
0.993542492389679,
0.029773393645882607,
0.34778639674186707,
-0.0046258834190666676,
0.16098913550376892,
-0.23580993711948395,
-0.4800484776496887,
-0.26153290271759033,
-0.12007814645767212,
0.2916845679283142,
0.10800307244062424,
0.2753795087337494,
-0.708251953125,
-0.14694596827030182,
-0.21248628199100494,
-0.06825694441795349,
-0.15334297716617584,
0.4375171959400177,
0.009837527759373188,
0.16906021535396576,
0.3439297378063202,
-0.01758531667292118,
0.3539300560951233,
0.2216745913028717,
-0.591042697429657,
-1.220886468887329,
-0.38809123635292053,
0.5828070640563965,
-0.14650557935237885,
0.6559897661209106,
0.1494905948638916,
0.6819833517074585,
-0.18750731647014618,
0.36560094356536865,
-0.2924014627933502,
-0.3432053029537201,
-0.9519308805465698,
-0.170728400349617,
-0.1487225890159607,
1.1086260080337524,
0.5459313988685608,
-0.14163045585155487,
0.22466151416301727,
0.18408085405826569,
0.9902303814888,
-0.12653598189353943,
0.5402148962020874,
-0.09293859452009201,
-0.629184365272522,
0.11004335433244705,
1.5964406728744507,
0.455871045589447,
0.1763799488544464,
0.3477892279624939,
0.224726140499115,
0.27366191148757935,
-0.12217739224433899,
0.3857497572898865,
0.18093526363372803,
0.013610374182462692,
-0.7824246287345886,
-0.047440335154533386,
-0.5338332653045654,
0.36240169405937195,
-0.16059955954551697,
0.674927294254303,
0.15029335021972656,
-0.0590982511639595,
1.0262585878372192,
-0.1073172464966774,
0.6362312436103821,
0.023918546736240387,
0.4586838185787201,
-0.43337512016296387,
-0.8994512557983398,
-0.2580494284629822,
-0.13671927154064178,
0.7374446392059326,
-0.6511378288269043,
-0.10633537918329239,
-0.33301350474357605,
-0.6062297224998474,
0.021356232464313507,
-0.17637255787849426,
0.02433469146490097,
0.035623788833618164,
0.7390542030334473,
-0.5356229543685913,
0.43951717019081116,
0.01937709003686905,
0.6326392292976379,
0.07346240431070328,
-0.07597488909959793,
0.11089414358139038,
-0.10047785192728043,
0.37555617094039917,
0.26930585503578186,
0.47464320063591003,
-0.039637595415115356,
-0.14486144483089447,
0.03492705151438713,
0.3046930134296417,
0.3493218421936035,
0.39780524373054504,
0.20594263076782227,
0.09977377951145172,
0.5194429159164429,
0.1500360071659088,
0.5650294423103333,
-0.07834763079881668,
-0.06737864762544632,
0.06431892514228821,
-0.707063615322113,
0.19451700150966644,
-0.1680389791727066,
0.24437327682971954,
-0.5488796234130859,
0.16483347117900848,
-0.5996067523956299,
-0.15885701775550842,
0.18899883329868317,
0.188526451587677,
-0.3193320333957672,
-0.76905757188797,
-0.2196459323167801,
0.30943214893341064,
0.417805016040802,
-0.180002361536026,
0.45038720965385437,
-0.3596229553222656,
0.39230281114578247,
-0.381196528673172,
0.28738880157470703,
0.8634486198425293,
-0.46958160400390625,
0.08285605162382126,
0.8888490200042725,
-0.2041785717010498,
0.20777343213558197,
-0.31670108437538147,
0.13443253934383392,
-0.3598487079143524,
-0.9865266680717468,
0.017929594963788986,
-0.13372091948986053,
-1.0650960206985474,
0.02534727193415165,
-0.24012121558189392,
0.3299296498298645,
0.5598404407501221,
0.18970414996147156,
-0.4709008038043976,
0.2290707528591156,
-4.8142852783203125,
-0.1053479015827179,
0.21117180585861206,
-0.16946694254875183,
0.42308276891708374,
0.15655475854873657,
0.32068029046058655,
-0.7688466310501099,
0.17586863040924072,
-0.26107531785964966,
0.32209429144859314,
0.11793722212314606,
-0.04818242788314819,
0.1981625109910965,
1.168329119682312,
0.28601595759391785,
0.39914748072624207,
0.4326018691062927,
0.3750825822353363,
0.1682656705379486,
0.2808980941772461,
0.4525509476661682,
-0.00022055706358514726,
0.4247477054595947,
0.2164100855588913,
0.6542519927024841,
-0.004587335977703333,
-0.19276511669158936,
-0.8383957147598267,
-0.40485212206840515,
0.12883543968200684,
0.16905292868614197,
-0.2605072855949402,
-0.3261396884918213,
0.0452488511800766,
0.09630119800567627,
0.4353271722793579,
0.4732663929462433,
0.3634926378726959,
0.28865689039230347,
0.31576788425445557,
-0.19230003654956818,
-0.6239780783653259,
0.4664555490016937,
-0.3323099613189697,
-0.5508377552032471,
-1.127091884613037,
0.23918940126895905,
-0.22920072078704834,
0.758142352104187,
-0.30301037430763245,
0.046587683260440826,
0.14150841534137726,
-0.0024214566219598055,
-0.2794608175754547,
0.10618780553340912,
0.3125412166118622,
0.02032342366874218,
-0.5219027400016785,
0.2344793826341629,
0.46346551179885864,
-0.5894790887832642,
0.12346842139959335,
-0.1364743858575821,
-0.6341778635978699,
-0.23680444061756134,
0.531591534614563,
0.060797318816185,
0.06355500966310501,
-0.25149720907211304,
-0.07978306710720062,
1.178766131401062,
0.4838934540748596,
-0.9148402810096741,
-0.6222836375236511,
-0.011584275402128696,
-0.14669908583164215,
-0.029112016782164574,
-0.5363315343856812,
-0.25280115008354187,
0.40138915181159973,
-0.1506294310092926,
-0.2850031554698944,
1.9135212898254395,
0.29536011815071106,
-0.32193735241889954,
-0.7170855402946472,
0.2261049449443817,
-0.1908246874809265,
-0.361632764339447,
-0.4849719703197479,
-0.08618220686912537,
-0.1940307319164276,
0.7657060623168945,
0.5261945128440857,
-0.13804791867733002,
0.15642105042934418,
-0.24969802796840668,
0.16681163012981415,
-0.04711535945534706,
-0.7021140456199646,
0.19938546419143677,
0.1787388026714325,
-0.1674952656030655,
-0.25932401418685913,
-0.2710629403591156,
-0.8095433115959167,
0.7575161457061768,
0.3646358847618103,
0.4579913318157196,
0.11250664293766022,
-0.22478629648685455,
-0.27162712812423706,
0.7048560976982117,
0.1348814219236374,
-0.39674612879753113,
0.03888338431715965,
0.7576614618301392,
0.4887549579143524,
0.42843618988990784,
-0.5269006490707397,
0.10766652226448059,
0.13254837691783905,
-0.2894296944141388,
-0.487286239862442,
0.11660557240247726,
0.8948517441749573,
-0.20331792533397675,
-0.8673152923583984,
-0.2648879289627075,
-0.2938406467437744,
0.7813357710838318,
0.1681218296289444,
0.25168249011039734,
-0.38058778643608093,
-0.6944082975387573,
-0.9478869438171387,
-0.020389309152960777,
0.325675904750824,
-0.32351914048194885,
-0.29507145285606384,
-0.3499440550804138,
0.011156369000673294,
0.25912603735923767,
0.275926798582077,
-0.035714976489543915,
0.30369701981544495,
-0.1426205337047577,
-0.6414689421653748,
-0.02414640597999096,
-0.37397828698158264,
-0.4542728066444397,
0.8141471147537231,
-0.657698392868042,
0.32039231061935425,
-0.018177470192313194,
-0.6373261213302612,
0.03400914743542671,
0.4250522553920746,
-0.5180268287658691,
-1.0008586645126343,
0.36128607392311096,
-1.2506331205368042,
0.2126566767692566,
0.3206927180290222,
-0.11753156781196594,
-0.5884393453598022,
-0.18951424956321716,
-0.41230374574661255,
0.6058366298675537,
0.013273565098643303,
-0.6081348061561584,
-0.4030782878398895,
-1.0694289207458496,
0.3879510462284088,
-0.031738799065351486,
0.10016798228025436,
0.02074991725385189,
-0.06088898703455925,
-0.4641234576702118,
0.14951007068157196,
0.1657445877790451,
-0.3969389498233795,
0.31555208563804626,
1.1137266159057617,
-0.1535840630531311,
-0.5063968300819397,
-0.9399898648262024,
0.3203994929790497,
0.47188878059387207,
-0.03501452878117561,
-0.5043109655380249,
0.3307736814022064,
1.020763635635376,
-0.14626455307006836,
-0.3219092786312103,
0.0828661248087883,
-0.5182166695594788,
0.14102625846862793,
-0.6824230551719666,
0.3685847222805023,
-0.4547503590583801,
-0.019884703680872917,
0.3022105097770691,
0.058093201369047165,
-1.1535993814468384,
-0.3153538107872009,
0.29480504989624023,
-0.9459598660469055,
1.2828525304794312,
-0.11213173717260361,
-0.4527397155761719,
-0.11023450642824173,
0.7044039964675903,
-0.4482859969139099,
-0.14226491749286652,
0.6033133268356323,
0.42971739172935486,
-0.5727173686027527,
-0.5996420979499817,
-0.4884124994277954,
-0.3091963231563568,
-0.26178836822509766,
-0.2209206223487854,
-0.34026145935058594,
-0.5125041604042053,
-0.09340392798185349,
-0.16385966539382935,
1.0888476371765137,
-0.4145498275756836,
-0.21624398231506348,
-0.2109442502260208,
0.16003525257110596,
-0.043617893010377884,
-0.17641523480415344,
-0.04867851361632347,
0.12210920453071594,
0.7666332721710205,
-0.28501200675964355,
-0.22629322111606598,
0.20838364958763123,
0.9746325612068176,
0.3124645948410034,
-0.4215473532676697,
-0.07258662581443787,
-0.11351493000984192,
0.4816044867038727,
0.02727460488677025,
-0.20419979095458984,
0.4517378509044647,
0.3523942828178406,
-0.3658125102519989,
-0.8076030015945435,
-0.30219051241874695,
0.7068689465522766,
0.1039009690284729,
0.37050530314445496,
0.2636449337005615,
0.3230893909931183,
-0.018967289477586746,
0.43225544691085815,
0.22643616795539856,
0.03611859679222107,
0.3694252073764801,
0.17407482862472534,
0.652733564376831,
0.22740359604358673,
-0.4261057376861572,
1.0396608114242554,
0.19502775371074677,
-0.5872265696525574,
-0.7524909973144531,
-0.36334142088890076,
0.6527838110923767,
-0.5278732180595398,
0.10580255091190338,
0.29928305745124817,
-0.7485957741737366,
0.0918293222784996,
0.0936153307557106,
-0.27791500091552734,
-0.2970459759235382,
0.6880181431770325,
-0.566474437713623,
-0.3002849519252777,
-0.293898344039917,
-0.3837103545665741,
0.06534004956483841,
-0.33378949761390686,
-0.1798398792743683,
-1.18239426612854,
-0.05125581845641136,
0.02159619890153408,
0.03157772496342659,
-0.29005351662635803,
-0.17061108350753784,
-0.9012940526008606,
0.08385307341814041,
-0.513036847114563,
-0.6615371108055115,
-0.7729479670524597,
0.7594643831253052,
0.6032328009605408,
-0.23678871989250183,
0.7599614858627319,
0.2408045530319214,
-0.30733224749565125,
0.6090967655181885,
-0.27146634459495544,
-0.020126493647694588,
0.2909524142742157,
-0.19083887338638306,
0.03687314689159393,
0.20936325192451477,
-0.6557382345199585,
-0.6009921431541443,
0.16957373917102814,
-0.6867038607597351,
-0.0732228010892868,
-0.07654303312301636,
-0.1863357424736023,
-0.12495146691799164,
0.605791449546814,
-0.2051912099123001,
0.005448129493743181,
0.3948541283607483,
0.07555194199085236,
-0.031782183796167374,
0.125535786151886,
-0.03996734693646431,
-0.20038190484046936,
-0.17156948149204254,
-0.7992515563964844,
0.7904189229011536,
-0.29872530698776245,
0.41111472249031067,
-0.0938870757818222,
-0.9101157188415527,
-0.309732049703598,
0.06665410846471786,
-0.004770820494741201,
1.2804338932037354,
0.03803464397788048,
-0.03038931079208851,
-0.4587503671646118,
0.3453483283519745,
0.05838245898485184,
0.16477757692337036,
-0.17329815030097961,
0.10786344856023788,
0.43852514028549194,
0.4857451617717743,
0.24348679184913635,
-0.4761579632759094,
0.15384651720523834,
0.5729584693908691,
0.4844719469547272,
-0.4710039794445038,
-0.2980785071849823,
-0.35990116000175476,
0.06149144843220711,
0.2166348397731781,
1.129611611366272,
-0.3500216603279114,
-0.1278979331254959,
-0.33890271186828613,
0.46908774971961975,
-0.35632723569869995,
0.09718916565179825,
0.7449237108230591,
0.4852488040924072,
-0.5727397799491882,
0.17716841399669647,
0.32617905735969543,
0.9901242852210999,
0.19467642903327942,
0.4853726923465729,
0.4034823179244995,
-0.02454371564090252,
0.33271852135658264,
-0.3521665632724762,
0.609114408493042,
-0.038299236446619034,
-0.26799020171165466,
0.30782797932624817,
-0.5828551054000854,
-0.4736644923686981,
-0.08808981627225876,
0.04342085123062134,
-0.8456637263298035,
0.4540659785270691,
-0.30332162976264954,
-0.17738839983940125,
0.1942310482263565,
-0.9774457812309265,
0.364921897649765,
-0.5490463376045227,
0.6294556260108948,
0.46572577953338623,
-1.1136493682861328,
-0.639387845993042,
0.07280474901199341,
-0.26920846104621887,
-0.0961507260799408,
-0.15203377604484558,
0.7245919108390808,
-0.1310347616672516,
1.1143723726272583,
-0.8054456114768982,
0.4632003605365753,
0.06725002825260162,
0.5963279008865356,
-0.37418895959854126,
0.504793643951416,
-0.10161188244819641,
-0.07359778881072998,
0.46738114953041077,
-0.2055538296699524,
-0.5366978049278259,
0.10101637989282608,
0.38848504424095154,
-0.0002702318597584963,
0.03545794636011124,
-0.6403663158416748,
-0.12682874500751495,
-0.06187758967280388,
-0.31609195470809937,
0.4232417941093445,
-0.33596357703208923,
0.12751813232898712,
-0.06277026981115341,
-0.0013810910750180483,
-0.5571331977844238,
-0.21560262143611908,
0.04522950202226639,
-0.5964661240577698,
-0.02172050252556801,
0.32068440318107605,
0.1140366867184639,
-0.15363679826259613,
0.41107887029647827,
0.23548905551433563,
-0.09456800669431686,
0.3430097699165344,
-2.2728559970855713,
-0.10004729777574539,
0.0009361818665638566,
-0.41067200899124146,
0.32508260011672974,
0.2265658974647522,
-0.02255353331565857,
-0.4088498651981354,
0.23587851226329803,
-0.7287101149559021,
0.11439898610115051,
0.08026357740163803,
-0.3357585668563843,
-0.34568843245506287,
0.7400414943695068,
-0.11859041452407837
] |
257073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orono%2C%20Maine | Orono, Maine | Orono () is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. Located on the Penobscot and Stillwater rivers, it was first settled by American colonists in 1774. They named it in honor of Chief Joseph Orono, a sachem of the indigenous Penobscot nation who long occupied this territory.
In the nineteenth century, the town became a center of the lumber industry. Sawmills on the rivers were powered by the water, and logs were floated downriver on the Penobscot for shipping and export from coastal ports.
Since 1865 it has been the location of the University of Maine, established as a land-grant institution and the state's flagship educational institution. In the fall of 2018, the university enrolled 11,404 students at Orono. Not including university residents, the town's population was 11,183 at the 2020 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. The town is divided by the Stillwater River, a branch of the Penobscot River. It occupies part of Marsh Island, as well as some smaller islands such as Ayers Island, which is surrounded by the Penobscot and the Stillwater rivers, and the remainder of the town is on the mainland. The Orono Dam impounds the Stillwater River at its confluence with the Penobscot River near downtown Orono.
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Orono has a warm-summer humid continental climate, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system is "Dfb", thus abbreviated ed in on climate maps.
Conservation
The Orono Land Trust operates a number of protected areas in Orono. Piney Knoll Conservation Area, situated alongside the Penobscot River, is known for its walking trails and bird-watching. The University of Maine also owns a considerable amount of protected land in the town. Prominent parcels include Dwight B. Demeritt Forest.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,363 people, 2,831 households, and 1,229 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 3,089 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 93.7% White, 1.2% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.
There were 2,831 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.6% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.77.
The median age in the town was 21.8 years. 8.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 55.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.2% were from 25 to 44; 13.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.8% male and 48.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, the town had a population of 9,112 people, 2,691 households, and 1,291 families living in the town. The population density was 500.3 people per square mile (193.2/km2). There were 2,899 housing units at an average density of 159.2 per square mile (61.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 93.54% White, 1.38% Black or African American, 0.95% Native American, 2.39% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.
There were 2,691 households, out of which 21.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.0% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.81.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 11.9% under the age of 18, 47.9% from 18 to 24, 17.1% from 25 to 44, 13.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $30,619, and the median income for a family was $52,714. Males had a median income of $35,923 versus $24,943 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,813. About 10.3% of families and 25.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Notable people
Charles J. Dunn, Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court
Wallace Rider Farrington, territorial governor of Hawaii
Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1873–1950), botanist
Constance Hunting, poet, publisher
Frances Laughton Mace, poet
Jonathan Norcross, inventor, 4th mayor of Atlanta
Elizabeth Schneider, state senator
Joseph B. Treat, Wisconsin politician
Nathaniel Treat, Maine politician
Nathaniel B. Treat, Wisconsin politician
Eva Valesh (1866–1956), labor journalist
Israel Washburn Jr., US congressman, a founder of the Republican Party, 29th Governor of Maine
Dorothy Clarke Wilson, novelist, playwright
Points of interest
University of Maine
Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation
Lyle E. Littlefield Ornamentals Trial Garden
Old Fire Engine House
Pat's Pizza
Jeremiah Colburn House
Notes
References
External links
Town of Orono Official Website
University of Maine
Orono High School
Asa Adams Elementary School
Populated places established in 1774
Towns in Penobscot County, Maine
1774 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies | [
-1.0934865474700928,
0.940210223197937,
-0.4625929296016693,
-0.5796498656272888,
0.36961665749549866,
0.2591698467731476,
0.5111275315284729,
0.650910496711731,
-0.5748697519302368,
-0.181797593832016,
-0.1502630114555359,
0.45833492279052734,
0.009988083504140377,
0.3963976204395294,
-1.1369692087173462,
0.09376471489667892,
0.17352648079395294,
0.7569727897644043,
0.006542682647705078,
-0.45435085892677307,
-0.01778418943285942,
-0.2895503044128418,
-0.38267087936401367,
0.3952890634536743,
-0.21656695008277893,
0.24890854954719543,
0.5041139721870422,
-0.06339149922132492,
0.15174463391304016,
-0.12012366205453873,
-0.34775057435035706,
0.884834885597229,
-0.6454646587371826,
-0.5936417579650879,
0.25271549820899963,
-0.03510579839348793,
0.1722349226474762,
0.09376193583011627,
-0.49459680914878845,
-0.45439454913139343,
-0.028537224978208542,
0.22982923686504364,
0.035911671817302704,
0.04156354069709778,
-0.07140984386205673,
-0.18064294755458832,
-0.955363392829895,
0.5113204121589661,
-1.4425750970840454,
-0.249594584107399,
-0.9365400671958923,
-0.19174078106880188,
0.5743985772132874,
-0.09663619846105576,
0.3954278230667114,
0.3657190799713135,
-1.315934181213379,
0.7802602648735046,
0.7820078730583191,
0.6399725079536438,
-0.06284444034099579,
0.8569960594177246,
-0.3306918740272522,
-0.3727954924106598,
-0.03427677974104881,
0.3295407295227051,
-0.051958534866571426,
0.7047527432441711,
0.3517339527606964,
-0.42612630128860474,
-0.0644519105553627,
-0.20199507474899292,
-0.22949334979057312,
0.6310955882072449,
-0.08975093066692352,
0.4375506341457367,
0.07993583381175995,
-0.26096266508102417,
-0.058190274983644485,
-0.029042789712548256,
0.3992193937301636,
-0.42300495505332947,
1.2282240390777588,
-0.7321799397468567,
0.48311737179756165,
0.20406199991703033,
-0.790783166885376,
0.36036038398742676,
-0.05017702281475067,
0.7468288540840149,
-0.7146655321121216,
-0.34629589319229126,
-0.0013953832676634192,
0.5205861330032349,
-0.10832529515028,
0.12180671095848083,
-0.2794644832611084,
0.7631347179412842,
0.032621294260025024,
0.4887290298938751,
-0.6508756875991821,
0.5159102082252502,
1.288223385810852,
0.03504149243235588,
-0.39388832449913025,
-0.110434889793396,
-0.5076817870140076,
-0.17582029104232788,
0.04050355404615402,
-0.6385082006454468,
-0.23022937774658203,
0.4952775537967682,
-0.571029007434845,
-0.367143452167511,
-0.7248276472091675,
0.028868772089481354,
0.3373596966266632,
-0.12382306158542633,
0.059417687356472015,
-0.504733681678772,
0.8574606776237488,
1.1700148582458496,
-0.2086457908153534,
-0.09630992263555527,
-0.07091414928436279,
0.36503568291664124,
-0.007698839996010065,
-0.01277163252234459,
0.4736212193965912,
0.11777535080909729,
-0.8586118221282959,
0.7579505443572998,
-0.6962208151817322,
0.37769582867622375,
0.2472430318593979,
-0.2858480215072632,
0.0560242123901844,
0.4340583384037018,
0.667136013507843,
0.06136240065097809,
-1.0421507358551025,
0.2440008968114853,
-0.8741347789764404,
-0.1063740998506546,
0.31216099858283997,
-0.6776072978973389,
0.33937832713127136,
-0.5387143492698669,
0.22097209095954895,
0.28442835807800293,
0.3897020220756531,
-0.1631854921579361,
0.287273645401001,
0.1464695930480957,
-0.03165293484926224,
-0.28247034549713135,
0.5881918668746948,
0.05753729119896889,
0.40848320722579956,
0.21752309799194336,
0.3711990714073181,
0.06585747748613358,
0.9333563446998596,
0.2360418438911438,
0.6896840333938599,
0.12976787984371185,
0.549656093120575,
-0.4553573727607727,
0.7929918766021729,
0.5948697924613953,
-0.5120958685874939,
0.19996866583824158,
1.0290663242340088,
-0.6060579419136047,
0.2210642695426941,
-0.14207755029201508,
0.6760594844818115,
0.2804597020149231,
0.1535685658454895,
-0.348834753036499,
-0.6665351986885071,
-0.08473087102174759,
0.7370460629463196,
0.03141481429338455,
0.06199920177459717,
0.14630775153636932,
0.341861367225647,
0.10804195702075958,
0.03174164891242981,
0.1884729266166687,
-0.13822802901268005,
-0.45403778553009033,
0.6235014200210571,
-0.5228424072265625,
0.3548760712146759,
0.40181881189346313,
-0.7301321029663086,
0.5688998103141785,
-0.022740719839930534,
0.48964744806289673,
-0.21859213709831238,
-0.45852699875831604,
0.5243026614189148,
-0.028949012979865074,
-0.38072508573532104,
0.6269599199295044,
0.06692956387996674,
0.1641598492860794,
0.15564683079719543,
0.7136456966400146,
-0.023274820297956467,
-0.5640705823898315,
0.01240426767617464,
0.3579249978065491,
-0.49608469009399414,
-0.5526033043861389,
-0.06630527228116989,
-0.19331136345863342,
-0.014420421794056892,
-0.5598257780075073,
0.1871623694896698,
-0.08501225709915161,
0.1757786124944687,
-0.44872015714645386,
0.22325393557548523,
0.8888264298439026,
0.12094998359680176,
0.0015873736701905727,
-0.012866174802184105,
0.01383430790156126,
0.8173489570617676,
-0.17310461401939392,
0.22967244684696198,
-0.47106316685676575,
0.22695058584213257,
-0.2736106216907501,
-0.10650932788848877,
-0.7084879279136658,
0.9187784790992737,
-0.5551198720932007,
-0.4657842814922333,
0.4371682107448578,
-0.8412608504295349,
0.48894333839416504,
0.6254950761795044,
0.7677291631698608,
0.12157995253801346,
0.3082430958747864,
-0.05352233722805977,
-0.7862764596939087,
0.5304124355316162,
0.046912018209695816,
0.5806615948677063,
-0.16281463205814362,
-0.21323201060295105,
-0.14504824578762054,
-0.4194942116737366,
-0.41559234261512756,
0.27164560556411743,
0.24877244234085083,
-0.36297881603240967,
0.3514799177646637,
-0.2209276705980301,
0.5275260210037231,
0.4416137933731079,
-1.015304684638977,
-0.5384821891784668,
-0.47807928919792175,
0.09526572376489639,
0.11280910670757294,
0.6843849420547485,
-0.20674946904182434,
-0.5248898863792419,
-0.3882560133934021,
1.1388460397720337,
0.33116015791893005,
-0.774454653263092,
-0.1322123408317566,
-0.9245141744613647,
0.03158677741885185,
0.132188081741333,
1.16977858543396,
-0.46031659841537476,
-0.23453542590141296,
-0.5134442448616028,
-0.8197450637817383,
0.9381253719329834,
-0.32339030504226685,
-0.9089575409889221,
0.019710807129740715,
-0.14971603453159332,
-0.10755106061697006,
-0.12897664308547974,
1.0894732475280762,
-0.258635938167572,
0.1435776948928833,
-0.05485229939222336,
-0.2821171283721924,
0.13225971162319183,
-0.8933729529380798,
-0.034220896661281586,
-0.3669961392879486,
-0.4643968939781189,
0.020593712106347084,
-0.7213366627693176,
-0.45489710569381714,
0.4758394956588745,
-0.44562533497810364,
-4.537906646728516,
0.6378297805786133,
-0.6612277030944824,
-0.3926839232444763,
-0.15350981056690216,
-0.5756953358650208,
0.41315317153930664,
-0.3239697813987732,
-0.0574323944747448,
0.6320163011550903,
-0.40404418110847473,
-0.5281884670257568,
0.40661343932151794,
0.9863543510437012,
0.5922956466674805,
0.4177020490169525,
0.307051420211792,
-0.28891927003860474,
0.010977661237120628,
0.3927003741264343,
-0.3079523742198944,
0.12443357706069946,
-0.3816623091697693,
-0.03446037694811821,
0.47218164801597595,
0.3022783696651459,
0.06269946694374084,
-0.3886614739894867,
-0.6104337573051453,
-0.21558579802513123,
0.7427160143852234,
0.3254024088382721,
0.22025571763515472,
-0.2530733048915863,
0.04117520898580551,
-0.5218595862388611,
0.12882737815380096,
-0.0565171018242836,
0.32949191331863403,
-1.1724964380264282,
0.22055268287658691,
0.42245665192604065,
-0.5728858113288879,
-0.2188672423362732,
1.047666311264038,
-0.4114189147949219,
-0.12282367050647736,
-0.0018121072789654136,
0.5754415392875671,
0.7604686617851257,
0.5940027832984924,
0.34833306074142456,
0.5151816010475159,
0.6081652045249939,
0.31973448395729065,
0.007828235626220703,
0.3006128966808319,
-0.5004495978355408,
-0.5892322659492493,
0.5637942552566528,
0.4441307783126831,
-0.4805193245410919,
-0.07728331536054611,
0.028325175866484642,
0.4274190068244934,
-0.3965550363063812,
0.36223286390304565,
0.15182264149188995,
0.3187931776046753,
0.049371376633644104,
0.3257405757904053,
0.15580818057060242,
0.033170003443956375,
-0.37692388892173767,
0.08626767992973328,
-0.21087156236171722,
-0.45402559638023376,
-0.019817575812339783,
-0.4585842490196228,
-0.38407889008522034,
0.16223394870758057,
0.05351605266332626,
0.05146865174174309,
0.7799673676490784,
0.18635566532611847,
0.047569744288921356,
0.263314813375473,
0.443259060382843,
-1.1157081127166748,
-0.36294785141944885,
1.233698844909668,
0.31517672538757324,
0.18355417251586914,
-0.13951875269412994,
-0.06967217475175858,
0.2698633670806885,
0.5665817260742188,
0.32512030005455017,
0.4540925621986389,
-0.5631139874458313,
0.1478084921836853,
-0.328587144613266,
0.2884494960308075,
-0.4290286898612976,
-0.37048304080963135,
0.11664363741874695,
-0.16098590195178986,
-0.11103586107492447,
1.128263235092163,
-0.3667580783367157,
-0.17675034701824188,
-0.04486489295959473,
-0.48013922572135925,
0.3290185034275055,
0.5283534526824951,
-0.14839069545269012,
-0.3201087713241577,
0.46494174003601074,
0.6142189502716064,
0.18649707734584808,
0.27005264163017273,
0.3227775990962982,
-0.2886457145214081,
0.2960737645626068,
-0.4991775155067444,
-1.0614272356033325,
0.7766909003257751,
-0.10180635750293732,
-0.8490535020828247,
0.9153592586517334,
-0.6917784810066223,
-0.04038621112704277,
-1.0062272548675537,
-0.5798869132995605,
-0.1013156846165657,
-0.14679011702537537,
-0.8925647735595703,
-1.0324618816375732,
0.11824913322925568,
0.5800130367279053,
0.3105129897594452,
-0.21147380769252777,
0.07851369678974152,
0.16276563704013824,
-0.44438374042510986,
0.7758272886276245,
0.8671808242797852,
-0.12523142993450165,
-1.1630923748016357,
0.6110880374908447,
-0.18373076617717743,
-0.31507542729377747,
-0.46478304266929626,
-0.985548198223114,
0.11985710263252258,
0.17121082544326782,
-0.04596184194087982,
-0.18217961490154266,
0.402207612991333,
0.2199281007051468,
0.5025949478149414,
0.2208685725927353,
-0.3922291398048401,
0.604978621006012,
0.04908129945397377,
-0.14696510136127472,
-0.7418268322944641,
-0.07312297821044922,
-0.8829589486122131,
0.46140360832214355,
0.3915439546108246,
-0.043741319328546524,
-0.48125120997428894,
-0.2548261284828186,
0.5158757567405701,
-0.5488964915275574,
0.08580827713012695,
0.46661749482154846,
-0.1523311287164688,
-0.16885091364383698,
0.13026773929595947,
0.10966421663761139,
-0.7248353958129883,
0.028940413147211075,
0.188832089304924,
-0.6173864006996155,
-0.8936185836791992,
0.07111334800720215,
-0.34162425994873047,
-0.27775493264198303,
-0.08961369842290878,
-0.11798129975795746,
0.5932058691978455,
-0.26134008169174194,
-0.303377628326416,
-0.7956120371818542,
0.5399612784385681,
-0.03961252048611641,
-0.3043316602706909,
-0.8438137173652649,
0.06482736766338348,
0.2927873134613037,
-0.3977459669113159,
0.4930250644683838,
-0.3800959289073944,
-1.325408697128296,
0.45495104789733887,
0.7910217642784119,
-0.8713556528091431,
1.3304715156555176,
-0.15256719291210175,
-0.8430315256118774,
0.5484394431114197,
0.3244571089744568,
0.35251250863075256,
0.31948044896125793,
-0.0006755085778422654,
0.08623198419809341,
-0.2972765266895294,
-0.257934033870697,
-0.3646395802497864,
0.15716609358787537,
0.41375845670700073,
-0.4586915671825409,
-0.6609840393066406,
0.7547723054885864,
0.23302237689495087,
-0.1491979956626892,
0.9596805572509766,
-0.5949352979660034,
0.04355587065219879,
0.5805003046989441,
0.18756511807441711,
0.2748079001903534,
0.3766922652721405,
0.2137552946805954,
-0.441564679145813,
-0.3125151991844177,
0.8238484859466553,
0.4074711203575134,
0.5030874609947205,
0.6965975165367126,
0.377020925283432,
0.27476271986961365,
-0.5588762760162354,
0.2326762080192566,
0.5903778672218323,
0.3596968948841095,
-1.2459468841552734,
0.751335084438324,
0.9568032026290894,
-0.5253449082374573,
-1.0828750133514404,
-0.203665629029274,
1.363775610923767,
-0.7288905382156372,
0.06810063123703003,
0.7529904842376709,
-0.6136599779129028,
0.0782121792435646,
0.3921647369861603,
0.43651434779167175,
0.2952090799808502,
0.1526951640844345,
0.4201154410839081,
-0.710284411907196,
-0.058763474225997925,
-0.44358760118484497,
0.28766918182373047,
-0.457136332988739,
0.07947079092264175,
-0.34624773263931274,
0.28678271174430847,
0.4082163870334625,
-0.6156227588653564,
0.001774887670762837,
0.028899209573864937,
-0.6975988745689392,
0.22028352320194244,
-0.1836037039756775,
-0.5322220921516418,
0.29912978410720825,
0.004675409756600857,
-0.43923497200012207,
-0.21054986119270325,
-0.9855497479438782,
-0.07825776934623718,
0.17356720566749573,
-0.488262414932251,
0.015812456607818604,
0.0195484459400177,
-0.37504684925079346,
-0.12546062469482422,
-0.6623567938804626,
-0.37641972303390503,
0.4405905306339264,
-0.48409631848335266,
0.13726535439491272,
-0.6284900307655334,
-0.17639824748039246,
-1.2860318422317505,
0.7119497060775757,
-0.22123542428016663,
-0.6744059920310974,
-0.021870147436857224,
-0.2382059097290039,
-0.4570794999599457,
-0.4383186995983124,
-0.07251839339733124,
0.026767244562506676,
-0.056208301335573196,
-0.07768002897500992,
-0.2187587022781372,
1.1099622249603271,
-0.5220425128936768,
0.6879713535308838,
0.7308503985404968,
-0.8823416829109192,
-0.5104313492774963,
0.38864943385124207,
-0.6550633311271667,
-0.17145021259784698,
0.7594680786132812,
0.6149492859840393,
0.2519668936729431,
1.3298091888427734,
-0.659683108329773,
0.13419300317764282,
-0.6232138872146606,
0.40191012620925903,
-0.3424193859100342,
-0.5362879037857056,
-0.7294750809669495,
0.26367446780204773,
-0.8586735725402832,
-0.7438198328018188,
0.09514324367046356,
-0.34646478295326233,
-0.4844232499599457,
0.24964405596256256,
0.5069339275360107,
0.7211641073226929,
-0.09389026463031769,
-0.3789984881877899,
0.26026296615600586,
-0.35200580954551697,
-0.2357582300901413,
0.8060135841369629,
-0.1067597046494484,
-0.4568769931793213,
0.01248188503086567,
-0.41750648617744446,
0.3433232307434082,
-0.6233087778091431,
-0.2543935179710388,
0.19288477301597595,
-0.5594549775123596,
-0.31515267491340637,
-0.22666634619235992,
-0.06182388961315155,
-0.14270421862602234,
-0.5138401985168457,
0.7224339246749878,
-0.30898168683052063,
-0.1405937522649765,
-0.7910475134849548,
0.11777790635824203,
0.2924475371837616,
-0.5028125643730164,
1.2797675132751465,
0.07537569105625153,
0.05782778933644295,
0.44582119584083557,
0.14655600488185883,
-0.010676039382815361,
0.6689311265945435,
0.14290080964565277,
0.32587534189224243,
0.05715454742312431,
0.07436566799879074,
-1.1934192180633545,
0.22070182859897614,
-0.46689850091934204,
-0.44030746817588806,
-0.31236591935157776,
-0.5058524012565613,
-0.1644904464483261,
0.20317673683166504,
0.1397516131401062,
-0.4547562003135681,
-0.27119672298431396,
-0.2731379568576813,
-0.7788585424423218,
0.4022778868675232,
0.14458002150058746,
-0.4837827682495117,
0.11605121940374374,
0.44624555110931396,
0.646984875202179,
0.5519296526908875,
0.5285669565200806,
0.5304110646247864,
0.19220171868801117,
0.030627071857452393,
0.4888913929462433,
0.39426571130752563,
-0.135660320520401,
0.6853387951850891,
-0.9650368094444275,
0.5072051286697388,
0.1593780219554901,
0.4740891754627228,
-0.23362880945205688,
0.9214102625846863,
-0.3997107446193695,
-0.5002366900444031,
0.49138131737709045,
-0.15032164752483368,
-0.6192769408226013,
-0.22039894759655,
0.18167568743228912,
-0.3689461648464203,
0.4012826681137085,
0.3685131072998047,
-0.30715009570121765,
-0.2510257065296173,
-0.03197511285543442,
-0.3562338650226593,
0.03192809969186783,
0.2824682593345642,
0.1081482470035553,
-0.8354006409645081,
0.06215761974453926,
0.2790718972682953,
-0.850253164768219,
-0.4800264835357666,
-0.35628876090049744,
0.921049952507019,
0.7050915360450745,
-0.046484895050525665,
-0.27881792187690735,
-0.6242045164108276,
0.12979848682880402,
0.12139420211315155,
-0.3572704792022705,
-0.06427386403083801,
-0.8024784922599792,
-0.20380331575870514,
-0.2582979202270508,
0.5281370878219604,
-0.05732128024101257,
-1.05131995677948,
0.42976120114326477,
0.32372018694877625,
0.1597101241350174,
-0.1124204769730568,
0.07582488656044006,
-0.7922375202178955,
0.20545461773872375,
0.30481213331222534
] |
257098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans | Anglo-Normans | The Anglo-Normans (, ) were the medieval ruling class in England, composed mainly of a combination of ethnic Normans, French, Anglo-Saxons, Flemings and Bretons, following the Norman conquest. A small number of Normans had earlier befriended future Anglo-Saxon king of England, Edward the Confessor, during his exile in his mother's homeland of Normandy in northern France. When he returned to England some of them went with him, and so there were Normans already settled in England prior to the conquest. Edward's successor, Harold Godwinson, was defeated by Duke William the Conqueror of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings, leading to William's accession to the English throne.
The victorious Normans formed a ruling class in Britain, distinct from (although inter-marrying with) the native populations. Over time their language evolved from the continental Old Norman to the distinct Anglo-Norman language. Anglo-Normans quickly established control over all of England, as well as parts of Wales (the Cambro-Normans). After 1130, parts of southern and eastern Scotland came under Anglo-Norman rule (the Scoto-Normans), in return for their support of David I's conquest. The Norman conquest of Ireland in 1169 saw Anglo-Normans and Cambro-Normans settle vast swaths of Ireland, becoming the Hiberno-Normans.
The composite expression regno Norman-Anglorum for the Anglo-Norman kingdom that comprises Normandy and England appears contemporaneously only in the Hyde Chronicle.
Norman conquest
After the Norman Conquest of 1066, many of the English nobles lost lands and titles; the lesser thegns and others found themselves dispossessed of lands and titles. A number of free geburs had their rights and court access much decreased, becoming unfree villeins, despite the fact that this status did not exist in Normandy itself (compared to other "French" regions). At the same time, many of the new Norman and Northern-France magnates were distributed lands by the King that had been taken from the English nobles. Some of these magnates used their original French-derived names, with the prefix 'de,' meaning they were lords of the old fiefs in France, and some instead dropped their original names and took their names from new English holdings.
The Norman conquest of England brought Britain and Ireland into the orbit of the European continent, especially what remained of Roman-influenced language and culture. The England emerging from the Conquest owed a debt to the Romance languages and the culture of ancient Rome. It transmitted itself in the emerging feudal world that took its place. That heritage can be discerned in language, incorporating the French language and the Roman past, and in the emerging Romanesque (Norman) architecture.
Military impact
The Norman conquest of England also signalled a revolution in military styles and methods. The old Anglo-Saxon military elite began to emigrate, especially the generation next younger to that defeated at Hastings, who had no particular future in a country controlled by the conquerors. William (and his son, William Rufus), encouraged them to leave, as a security measure. The first to leave went mostly to Denmark and many of these moved on to join the Varangian Guard in Constantinople. The Anglo-Saxons as a whole, however were not demilitarised; this would have been impractical. Instead, William arranged for the Saxon infantry to be trained up by Norman cavalry in anti-cavalry tactics. This led quickly to the establishment of an Anglo-Norman army made up of Norman horsemen of noble blood, Saxon infantrymen often of equally noble blood, assimilated English freemen as rank-and-file, and foreign mercenaries and adventurers from other parts of the Continent. The younger Norman aristocracy showed a tendency towards Anglicisation, adopting such Saxon styles as long hair and moustaches, upsetting the older generation. (Note that the Anglo-Saxon cniht did not take the sense of the French chevalier before the latest period of Middle English. John Wycliffe (1380s) uses the term knyytis generically for men-at-arms, and only in the 15th century did the word acquire the overtones of a noble cavalryman corresponding to the meaning of chevalier).
The Anglo-Norman conquest in the 12th century brought Norman customs and culture to Ireland.
Norman-Saxon conflict
The degree of subsequent Norman-Saxon conflict (as a matter of conflicting social identities) is a question disputed by historians. The 19th-century view was of intense mutual resentment, reflected in the popular legends of Robin Hood and the novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott. Some residual ill-feeling is suggested by contemporary historian Orderic Vitalis, who in Ecclesiastical Historii (1125) wrote in praise of native English resistance to "William the Bastard" (William I of England). In addition, a fine called the "murdrum", originally introduced to English law by the Danes under Canute, was revived, imposing on villages a high (46 mark/~£31) fine for the secret killing of a Norman (or an unknown person who was, under the murdrum laws, presumed to be Norman unless proven otherwise).
In order to secure Norman loyalty during his conquest, William I rewarded his loyal followers by taking English land and redistributing it to his knights, officials, and the Norman aristocracy. In turn, the English hated him, but the king retaliated ruthlessly with his military force to subdue the rebellions and discontentment. Mike Ashley writes on this subject; "he [William I] may have conquered them [the English], but he never ruled them". Not all of the Anglo-Saxons immediately accepted him as their legitimate king.
Whatever the level of dispute, over time, the two populations intermarried and merged. Eventually, even this distinction largely disappeared in the course of the Hundred Years War (1337–1453), and by the 14th century Normans identified themselves as English, having been fully assimilated into the emerging English population. However, some, like William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke, felt already English in the 12th century.
Wales
The Normans also led excursions into Wales from England and built multiple fortifications as it was one of William's ambitions to subdue the Welsh as well as the English, however, he was not entirely successful. Afterward, however, the border area known as the Marches was set up and Norman influence increased steadily. Encouraged by the invasion, monks (usually from France or Normandy) such as the Cistercian Order also set up monasteries throughout Wales. By the 15th century a large number of Welsh gentry, including Owain Glyndŵr, had some Norman ancestry. The majority of knights who invaded Ireland were also from or based in Wales (see below).
Ireland
Anglo-Norman barons also settled in Ireland from the 12th century, initially to support Irish regional kings such as Diarmuid Mac Murchadha whose name has arrived in modern English as Dermot MacMurrough. Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as "Strongbow", was the leader of the Anglo-Norman Knights whom MacMurrough had requested of Henry II of England to help him to re-establish himself as King of Leinster. Strongbow died a very short time after invading Ireland but the men he brought with him remained to support Henry II of England and his son John as Lord of Ireland. Chief among the early Anglo-Norman settlers was Theobald Walter (surname Butler) appointed hereditary chief Butler of Ireland in 1177 by King Henry II and founder of one of the oldest remaining British dignities. Most of these Normans came from Wales, not England, and thus the epithet 'Cambro-Normans' is used to describe them by leading late medievalists such as Seán Duffy. They increasingly integrated with the local Celtic nobility through intermarriage and became more Irish than the Irish themselves, especially outside the Pale around Dublin. They are known as Old English, but this term came into use to describe them only in 1580, i.e., over four centuries after the first Normans arrived in Ireland.
The Carol was a popular Norman dance in which the leader sang and was surrounded by a circle of dancers who replied with the same song. This Norman dance was performed in conquered Irish towns.
Scotland
David I, who had spent most of his life as an English baron, became king of Scotland in 1124. His reign saw what has been characterised as a "Davidian Revolution", by which native institutions and personnel were replaced by English and French ones. Members of the Anglo-Norman nobility took up places in the Scottish aristocracy and he introduced a system of feudal land tenure, which produced knight service, castles and an available body of heavily armed cavalry. He created an Anglo-Norman style of court, introduced the office of justiciar to oversee justice, and local offices of sheriffs to administer localities. He established the first royal burghs in Scotland, granting rights to particular settlements, which led to the development of the first true Scottish towns and helped facilitate economic development as did the introduction of the first recorded Scottish coinage. He continued a process begun by his mother and brothers, of helping to establish foundations that brought the reformed monasticism based on that at Cluny. He also played a part in the organisation of diocese on lines closer to those in the rest of Western Europe. These reforms were pursued under his successors and grandchildren Malcolm IV of Scotland and William I, with the crown now passing down the main line of descent through primogeniture, leading to the first of a series of minorities.
Anglo-Norman families
See also
Companions of William the Conqueror
References
Further reading
Crouch, David. The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon & London, 2002.
Loyd, Lewis C. The Origins of Some Anglo-Norman Families. (Harleian Society Publications, vol. 103) The Society, 1951 (Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980).
Regesta Regum Anglo Normannorum, 1066–1154. (Henry William Davis & Robert J. Shotwell, eds) 4v. Clarendon Press, 1913 (AMS Press, 1987).
Douglas, David C., The Normans, Folio Society, London, 2002.
Villegas-Aristizabal, Lucas, "Anglo-Norman Involvement in the Conquest and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180", Crusades vol. 8, 2009, pp. 63–129.
External links
Index of Tenants-in-Chief and the Families Holding of Them in England, The Origins of Some Anglo-Norman Families, Lewis Christopher Loyd, Charles Travis Clay, David Charles Douglas, The Harleian Society, Leeds, 1951
Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
Normans | [
-0.40569227933883667,
-0.5175560712814331,
-0.004976174328476191,
-0.572888195514679,
-0.5143678188323975,
0.8550678491592407,
0.4752849042415619,
0.5304283499717712,
-0.5217846632003784,
-0.1909056156873703,
-0.5271293520927429,
0.2065427005290985,
-0.1371442973613739,
0.00513519998639822,
-0.4954107403755188,
0.8099600076675415,
0.18649129569530487,
0.1049523875117302,
-0.044347573071718216,
-0.49278947710990906,
-0.1234552338719368,
0.04786677658557892,
0.03883788362145424,
0.34723755717277527,
0.9955055713653564,
-0.29173019528388977,
0.9015511274337769,
-0.4704868495464325,
-0.31778839230537415,
-0.9604616761207581,
0.1710750311613083,
0.4986771047115326,
-0.36306434869766235,
-0.5820497274398804,
-0.36648833751678467,
-0.273253858089447,
0.1623125821352005,
-0.31039780378341675,
-0.8579925298690796,
-0.0805024802684784,
0.046421412378549576,
-0.5251650214195251,
0.29695653915405273,
0.604479968547821,
-0.519187867641449,
0.06114751100540161,
-1.4094104766845703,
0.3151010274887085,
-0.5978850722312927,
0.08539289236068726,
0.14109791815280914,
0.19669762253761292,
-0.33840683102607727,
0.015558592043817043,
0.7451967000961304,
0.07052425295114517,
-0.68107670545578,
-0.2170482575893402,
0.6237614154815674,
0.22410811483860016,
1.1671127080917358,
0.6064909100532532,
-0.05341450124979019,
-0.21755722165107727,
-0.14004866778850555,
0.10372734814882278,
0.4070080518722534,
0.09627305716276169,
-0.3718995153903961,
-0.974795401096344,
-0.28352606296539307,
-0.14190775156021118,
-0.17600294947624207,
0.25625717639923096,
-0.3236546218395233,
-0.932751476764679,
0.18961109220981598,
-0.1644473671913147,
0.36669912934303284,
-0.1469016969203949,
0.3460537791252136,
0.326520711183548,
0.9158865809440613,
0.351056843996048,
0.5857101082801819,
0.48313915729522705,
-0.26947838068008423,
0.09862565249204636,
-0.6310813426971436,
-0.20493115484714508,
-0.11122728139162064,
0.04528564214706421,
-0.09390406310558319,
0.20570002496242523,
-0.5311791300773621,
-0.24733521044254303,
0.2844904959201813,
-0.23210185766220093,
-0.15260876715183258,
-0.3993559181690216,
-0.6761661767959595,
0.7069537043571472,
0.33619508147239685,
-0.4930447041988373,
-0.8232852220535278,
-0.1096767857670784,
-0.32373425364494324,
-0.03009035252034664,
-0.5985837578773499,
-0.2948852777481079,
-0.2545998692512512,
0.22069892287254333,
-0.27226027846336365,
0.29904162883758545,
0.08617997914552689,
0.002966705011203885,
-0.10905805230140686,
-0.5280616879463196,
-0.36091864109039307,
0.03755857050418854,
-0.1290588080883026,
0.6153460741043091,
-0.47962430119514465,
0.4539579749107361,
-0.20548680424690247,
-0.35000529885292053,
0.26907601952552795,
0.013168050907552242,
-0.1807933896780014,
-0.008166364394128323,
0.32233262062072754,
1.0948809385299683,
-0.24886061251163483,
-0.10428542643785477,
0.7739677429199219,
-0.22024300694465637,
0.06400106102228165,
0.2227863371372223,
0.6447014212608337,
0.1390058547258377,
-1.350056529045105,
-0.3121294379234314,
-0.43877434730529785,
0.40079888701438904,
0.13861022889614105,
-0.25392886996269226,
0.05053194239735603,
0.007085668854415417,
-0.215473011136055,
0.05122494697570801,
-0.3963905870914459,
-0.03698671609163284,
-0.3526068925857544,
-0.04254099354147911,
0.15906882286071777,
0.2752901613712311,
0.2554660141468048,
-0.026552069932222366,
0.5082553029060364,
0.5554419159889221,
-0.02023474872112274,
0.15738900005817413,
-0.1476384550333023,
-0.06408041715621948,
0.6140501499176025,
-0.10823139548301697,
0.07809701561927795,
0.36176371574401855,
-0.6524270176887512,
0.3139520287513733,
-0.7666715383529663,
-0.1418357640504837,
0.1910414695739746,
-0.03217793628573418,
-0.3308519721031189,
0.3029553294181824,
1.0328000783920288,
0.32954755425453186,
0.6312021613121033,
0.1273595094680786,
-0.8282171487808228,
0.39744189381599426,
0.45964232087135315,
-0.12108942866325378,
0.1223234161734581,
0.5185831189155579,
-0.008868865668773651,
-0.46652188897132874,
-0.29558953642845154,
-0.11184770613908768,
0.32001784443855286,
-0.12384340912103653,
-0.21628038585186005,
-0.6662313938140869,
0.4529086947441101,
-0.0443229041993618,
-0.2379811704158783,
0.5616690516471863,
0.0757480189204216,
1.0832922458648682,
0.17951573431491852,
-0.37531778216362,
0.5733607411384583,
-0.1590186357498169,
-0.05736912786960602,
-0.1268407106399536,
0.18276624381542206,
-0.10725071281194687,
0.9363527894020081,
0.5079065561294556,
0.06184091046452522,
0.2844075560569763,
-0.055085714906454086,
0.5244169235229492,
-0.1508255898952484,
0.06238222494721413,
-0.011258115991950035,
0.09765888005495071,
0.19265736639499664,
-0.9872732162475586,
0.4023986756801605,
-0.10236963629722595,
-0.031114263460040092,
0.10650340467691422,
0.15686897933483124,
0.7331362962722778,
-0.17217369377613068,
-0.045656733214855194,
-0.0315144807100296,
-0.2758197486400604,
-0.3433810770511627,
0.2747499346733093,
-0.28045323491096497,
-0.25859054923057556,
0.11642574518918991,
-0.2994967997074127,
-0.428327739238739,
0.2927878201007843,
0.505273699760437,
-0.11004406958818436,
0.1427064687013626,
-0.20249176025390625,
-0.12203802168369293,
-0.08948417752981186,
-0.6546748876571655,
-0.05602686107158661,
0.47609707713127136,
0.353420615196228,
0.6617124080657959,
-0.27655917406082153,
0.6691970825195312,
-0.23960119485855103,
-0.21920420229434967,
-0.06147873401641846,
0.8500185012817383,
-0.157120943069458,
0.5001649260520935,
0.036108359694480896,
-0.1494140923023224,
0.4244513511657715,
-0.33448201417922974,
-0.2200259119272232,
-0.23250579833984375,
0.09213075041770935,
0.7972576022148132,
-1.2606710195541382,
-0.5737411379814148,
-0.4617617726325989,
-0.1715773344039917,
-0.18543641269207,
0.05124492570757866,
0.336736798286438,
-0.23016062378883362,
-0.37188759446144104,
0.012495185248553753,
-0.45080330967903137,
0.16254420578479767,
0.4027683138847351,
-0.4748762845993042,
-0.6332499384880066,
0.2290138602256775,
0.5208698511123657,
-0.18631599843502045,
-0.6429615020751953,
-0.16880394518375397,
-0.3260955810546875,
0.12649233639240265,
-0.702886164188385,
0.23628240823745728,
-0.17567159235477448,
0.3054382801055908,
0.08292444050312042,
-0.6091278195381165,
0.08429243415594101,
0.10285871475934982,
0.5881714820861816,
0.05558205395936966,
-0.043412093073129654,
-0.3975089490413666,
-0.3175903260707855,
-0.5731838941574097,
0.36716827750205994,
-0.3187564015388489,
0.06371457129716873,
0.4134402573108673,
-0.1904168426990509,
-0.32812684774398804,
-0.3688843846321106,
-5.3712263107299805,
0.2706017792224884,
0.05286605656147003,
0.2284213900566101,
0.056798215955495834,
0.44758400321006775,
0.3244512379169464,
0.3611255884170532,
0.1387290060520172,
-0.7561952471733093,
0.42241889238357544,
-0.4661311209201813,
-0.14950381219387054,
0.20815540850162506,
0.8007649183273315,
0.1448221504688263,
0.6007874608039856,
0.033807024359703064,
0.06534845381975174,
-0.1257024109363556,
-0.2589639723300934,
-0.37523597478866577,
-0.1096874549984932,
0.4362132251262665,
0.029155578464269638,
-0.07261800020933151,
0.12073468416929245,
-0.02095862291753292,
-0.8338675498962402,
-0.2960436940193176,
0.20697394013404846,
-0.04824838042259216,
1.1545621156692505,
-0.12909150123596191,
-0.3534192442893982,
0.38114091753959656,
0.9390479326248169,
1.1047229766845703,
0.4408086836338043,
-0.6319660544395447,
-0.16997988522052765,
0.2104623019695282,
-0.06775929778814316,
-0.003208042122423649,
0.23402312397956848,
-0.353128582239151,
-0.2524869441986084,
0.533096194267273,
0.26853689551353455,
0.6088793277740479,
-0.1601591259241104,
0.6520751118659973,
0.12252629548311234,
0.3251735270023346,
0.24971526861190796,
0.165119931101799,
-0.050937630236148834,
0.363465815782547,
-0.337290495634079,
0.11885970830917358,
0.4839475750923157,
-0.5617396235466003,
0.2104092687368393,
0.2950153648853302,
0.5681543946266174,
-0.650075376033783,
-0.8852555751800537,
0.8184630274772644,
0.3656812310218811,
0.16832007467746735,
-0.05053818225860596,
0.16940486431121826,
0.16569240391254425,
-0.4835784137248993,
0.15434838831424713,
-0.49267157912254333,
0.0038998357485979795,
0.20098818838596344,
0.6198337078094482,
0.16574031114578247,
0.15889941155910492,
-0.17486973106861115,
-0.5541839003562927,
-0.1681307852268219,
0.15849827229976654,
-0.6108967661857605,
0.037364210933446884,
0.3552033007144928,
-0.6245514154434204,
-0.32013067603111267,
0.43659621477127075,
-0.5531769394874573,
-0.19730471074581146,
0.7432433366775513,
0.351778119802475,
0.012117378413677216,
-0.14945249259471893,
0.08625877648591995,
1.3795521259307861,
-0.019614936783909798,
-0.3769875168800354,
-0.4485794007778168,
-0.020792922005057335,
-0.1726066768169403,
-0.1443447321653366,
0.12660133838653564,
-0.5625037550926208,
0.14599698781967163,
0.16869425773620605,
-0.39263251423835754,
0.49264222383499146,
-0.15369249880313873,
-0.18423962593078613,
0.026018181815743446,
0.5932886004447937,
-0.16778674721717834,
-0.5851728916168213,
-0.04866435378789902,
0.9837602376937866,
-0.05519234016537666,
-0.027119752019643784,
0.36349552869796753,
-0.792070746421814,
0.8950279355049133,
0.2726089060306549,
0.04523507505655289,
0.6556793451309204,
0.342947781085968,
-0.4603408873081207,
0.05138757824897766,
-0.09410986304283142,
-0.39073634147644043,
0.16669926047325134,
0.19501610100269318,
-0.14420513808727264,
-0.2393118292093277,
-0.24729551374912262,
0.1320684850215912,
-0.6751596927642822,
-0.19637490808963776,
-0.07076306641101837,
-0.6121267676353455,
0.9118334054946899,
0.26726189255714417,
0.19273851811885834,
0.26056522130966187,
-0.030333420261740685,
-0.2333323359489441,
0.13898888230323792,
0.49319392442703247,
0.38007497787475586,
0.43670424818992615,
0.8204383850097656,
-0.30870357155799866,
-0.5215763449668884,
-0.1394498199224472,
0.41266345977783203,
0.29055729508399963,
-0.6180866956710815,
-1.4707512855529785,
-0.3206707835197449,
0.044609591364860535,
-0.19810543954372406,
0.38148730993270874,
0.6359502077102661,
-0.5164487957954407,
-0.20386828482151031,
-0.4395831823348999,
-0.42692193388938904,
0.39887502789497375,
0.31710073351860046,
-0.1040814146399498,
-0.32956328988075256,
0.08293472975492477,
0.16270923614501953,
-0.3991551101207733,
0.13376520574092865,
0.09853015840053558,
-0.5957123637199402,
-0.21035689115524292,
0.011076959781348705,
0.04717110097408295,
-0.37705132365226746,
0.4305188059806824,
0.5536336898803711,
-0.7326397895812988,
-0.3699587881565094,
-0.1709914654493332,
-0.3676617741584778,
-0.5215480923652649,
0.11798416823148727,
0.02683616243302822,
-0.03472549095749855,
0.47126173973083496,
-1.0203288793563843,
-0.1105911061167717,
0.2471548318862915,
0.07704314589500427,
-0.3978203535079956,
0.029655149206519127,
0.012529119849205017,
0.5086503028869629,
-0.1428385227918625,
-0.5928866267204285,
-0.01972125470638275,
-0.7293120622634888,
0.3833034634590149,
-0.5284143686294556,
-1.0898418426513672,
0.45244306325912476,
-0.5370152592658997,
-0.38653790950775146,
0.23927024006843567,
0.42288392782211304,
-0.16212283074855804,
-0.47952696681022644,
-0.3766653537750244,
-0.11880234628915787,
0.34077826142311096,
-0.531827986240387,
-0.17299950122833252,
-0.38625890016555786,
-0.054827816784381866,
0.2128179967403412,
-0.7027562856674194,
0.4978765547275543,
0.30469784140586853,
-0.10095580667257309,
0.5533695220947266,
-0.7068589925765991,
0.575485348701477,
0.047941356897354126,
-0.1914043128490448,
0.36048397421836853,
0.04907107353210449,
0.5344637632369995,
0.5384191274642944,
-0.23642109334468842,
0.31335338950157166,
0.3773840665817261,
1.189595341682434,
1.232217788696289,
0.2615717649459839,
-0.122625932097435,
-0.18008051812648773,
-0.058656465262174606,
-0.588898241519928,
-0.28232598304748535,
0.15237465500831604,
0.3162495791912079,
-0.49227175116539,
-0.36916765570640564,
-0.28698110580444336,
0.32908037304878235,
0.08175630867481232,
-0.3969503343105316,
0.2369784712791443,
-0.4671538472175598,
0.08070835471153259,
-0.07117276638746262,
0.18184393644332886,
0.16909652948379517,
-0.14727190136909485,
0.06597095727920532,
0.01804433763027191,
-0.46734029054641724,
-0.1581001579761505,
0.17991910874843597,
0.30499938130378723,
0.004648195113986731,
-0.6713472008705139,
-0.6355429887771606,
-0.46046388149261475,
0.746519923210144,
0.8142117857933044,
-0.5087162256240845,
0.11519432812929153,
-0.6294906139373779,
0.7429214119911194,
-0.22724014520645142,
-1.0584115982055664,
-0.344686359167099,
0.3152883052825928,
-0.32420647144317627,
-0.34939834475517273,
-0.6063383221626282,
0.126233771443367,
0.09607246518135071,
-0.13712750375270844,
-0.34011563658714294,
-0.1691531538963318,
-0.3362169861793518,
0.5645167827606201,
0.20478883385658264,
-0.14814671874046326,
0.2305290251970291,
-0.5563749670982361,
0.19352765381336212,
0.1334332823753357,
0.023364029824733734,
-0.6677181720733643,
0.5249727368354797,
-0.08609085530042648,
-0.05481443926692009,
-0.04262130707502365,
0.428475946187973,
0.43429744243621826,
0.026160992681980133,
-0.14400874078273773,
0.12471435964107513,
0.22861136496067047,
-0.3820425868034363,
0.23738470673561096,
0.8021029829978943,
-0.2908623516559601,
-0.4920852482318878,
0.18726804852485657,
-0.8637731671333313,
0.30523690581321716,
-0.28551140427589417,
-0.10135610401630402,
0.298249751329422,
-0.029742062091827393,
0.33221760392189026,
0.4363248348236084,
0.9452550411224365,
-0.5606074929237366,
-0.02098560333251953,
-0.3883937895298004,
0.35688701272010803,
0.34270626306533813,
0.5679687857627869,
-1.3001800775527954,
0.7444209456443787,
-0.7799553871154785,
-1.0362166166305542,
0.2941550314426422,
-0.5197311043739319,
0.9067497849464417,
0.6381611227989197,
0.1151391938328743,
-0.17009873688220978,
-0.3357083201408386,
-0.5159238576889038,
-0.36927279829978943,
0.7210186123847961,
-0.23699095845222473,
-0.316879004240036,
0.7992265820503235,
-0.40727755427360535,
0.5899062752723694,
-0.518692672252655,
0.6445870399475098,
-0.2380317747592926,
0.050933659076690674,
-0.14969325065612793,
0.2647709548473358,
0.39917922019958496,
-0.21221596002578735,
-0.40733256936073303,
-0.08115127682685852,
-0.3233990967273712,
0.6379843354225159,
-0.27293291687965393,
-0.07833297550678253,
-0.28240254521369934,
0.17936618626117706,
0.32835710048675537,
-0.19813935458660126,
-0.15752986073493958,
0.9276915788650513,
0.03653210774064064,
0.056653622537851334,
-0.47285544872283936,
0.23108696937561035,
0.1475450098514557,
0.39899706840515137,
0.06424204260110855,
0.6488668918609619,
-0.6724440455436707,
0.030461793765425682,
-0.4140068590641022,
-0.09373731911182404,
-0.872538685798645,
0.060444675385951996,
-0.1831565946340561,
0.07593367993831635,
0.5334540009498596,
-0.33632928133010864,
0.2063959687948227,
-0.22755786776542664,
-0.5531849265098572,
-0.17601321637630463,
-0.4114062786102295,
-0.9031118750572205,
0.2088589370250702,
-0.29200834035873413,
0.6268389821052551,
0.2535817623138428,
-0.02259550616145134,
0.26477017998695374,
0.7090221047401428,
-0.23741213977336884,
0.15117694437503815,
0.2583783268928528,
0.7460683584213257,
-0.37406280636787415,
-0.453193336725235,
-0.3054978549480438,
0.6370206475257874,
0.653382420539856,
-0.4018271565437317,
0.24981027841567993,
0.6989860534667969,
-0.022066131234169006,
-0.6033122539520264,
-0.21110227704048157,
0.15924738347530365,
0.14821892976760864,
-0.3814636468887329,
0.4342069923877716,
0.2757902145385742,
-0.14248451590538025,
-0.2499827742576599,
0.2001061737537384,
0.32769981026649475,
0.45324498414993286,
0.6261017918586731,
-0.6173151731491089,
0.8988439440727234,
-0.14367975294589996,
0.40239158272743225,
-0.5226331949234009,
-0.5471025705337524,
0.43157121539115906,
0.32692310214042664,
0.39685672521591187,
-0.062043409794569016,
-0.8367051482200623,
-0.058822136372327805,
-0.05323788523674011,
-0.1789664626121521,
0.3728031516075134,
-0.23568759858608246,
0.11687958985567093,
-0.688109278678894,
0.27716317772865295,
0.04193548113107681,
-0.816032350063324,
0.8740394115447998,
0.26985999941825867,
0.4012095034122467,
0.09210531413555145,
0.02969023771584034,
-0.07442451268434525,
-0.3230885863304138,
0.004556626547127962,
-0.42194169759750366,
-0.09568651020526886,
0.13310842216014862
] |
257124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Orchard%20Beach%2C%20Maine | Old Orchard Beach, Maine | Old Orchard Beach is a resort town and census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 8,960 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland−South Portland−Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Located on the inner side of Saco Bay on the Atlantic Ocean, the town is a popular seaside resort. The downtown contains many tourist-oriented businesses, including clam shacks and T-shirt shops. A wooden pier on the beach contains many other tourist businesses, including a variety of souvenir shops. The seven mile (11 km) long beach actually covers three different towns (Scarborough, Old Orchard Beach, and Saco, north to south), and is lined with many beach residential properties, condominiums, motels and bed and breakfasts.
Early history
The first European visitor to the area around the mouth of the Saco and Goosefare rivers was British explorer Martin Pring in 1603. Members of the Abenaki tribe inhabited pockets of the area before Pring's first visit to the region.
The Old Orchard Beach area began appearing in historical records around 1653. The area was first officially settled in 1657 by Thomas Rogers who had arrived in the Goosefare Brook area in 1636,<ref name="VARNEY">Varney, George J., [http://history.rays-place.com/me/old-orchard-beach-me.htm Historical Sketch of Old Orchard Beach, Maine From A Gazetteer of the State of Maine"], B. B. Russell, 57 Cornhill, Boston 1886</ref> and who dubbed it "The Garden By The Sea". The town takes its name from Rogers' abandoned apple orchard. Rogers' family left the area and relocated in Kittery, Maine after an Indian attack destroyed the Rogers' homestead. The namesake orchard survived for approximately 150 years as a beacon of land to sailors in the Atlantic Ocean. The historic Free Will Baptist revival camp at Ocean Park, Maine, just down the beach from central Old Orchard, was built in 1881 by Bates College President Oren B. Cheney. The mission of the Association, as declared to the State of Maine on January 24, 1881 was "to establish a place of summer resort for holding religious, educational and other meetings at Old Orchard, in Saco, Maine, in the County of York.". The community still thrives today.
Tourist resort
In 1829 the first Public House opened. In 1837 tourists were paying a small amount to stay at a local farm while they visited the area. In 1942, trains could be taken from Boston to Portland. Over the years Old Orchard developed into a major resort. At one point, planes were able to take off from the beach, as well as, some automobiles racing on the sand. Most of the large hotels were destroyed in the fire of 1907. The oldest hotel still standing on the beachfront in Old Orchard at this time is The Ocean House Hotel & Motel, circa 1895, located at 71 West Grand Avenue. It retains its original parlors and character.
Attractions
The seaside amusement park Palace Playland is located in Old Orchard Beach. The amusement park dates back to 1902 and sits on four acres of beachfront property. Palace Playland is one of the last old-timey oceanside amusement parks in New England.
Old Orchard Beach was home to the first carousel in the United States, and in the past there were two carousels with hand-carved horses and other animals. Noah's Ark, a kid-friendly, boat-shaped funhouse with hand-carved figures of Noah and his family, was designed to provide an exciting but not frightening experience for a 5-year-old. The entire structure would rock back and forth while guests meandered through dark passages. Colored lights would flash, loud klaxons would sound, and compressed air would shoot from the floor. On the Jack and Jill slide, two people would be placed on a large hemp mat in a wooden bucket, which would take them to the top of a tall tower and dump them onto a metal slide for a quick ride down.
The current 2019 version of Palace Playland consists of a newly built Ferris wheel, a arcade, and 25 rides for both children and adults. The new Ferris wheel replaces the tall, decades old Sunwheel with one that is environmentally sound and technologically superior. and a brand new roller coaster opening in 2018 known as the “sea viper”
Every Thursday the beach has a firework show at the pier at night. This occurs in the summer from Memorial Day until Labor Day.
The Pier
Three versions of the Pier were constructed by people and modified by nature. The first, long, was built of steel in 1898. When the ribbon was cut on July 2, 1898, it was a “global cultural icon,” at 1,825 feet the longest steel pier in the world, created by Berlin Iron Bridge Co. at a cost of $38,000. At its end was the Pier Casino, a ballroom with room for 5,000 dancers. Shortly after its completion a storm reduced its length by . It was rebuilt, but 10 years later, after another storm, the pier was shortened to and the Casino was moved. In the interwar period, the Casino hosted such acts as Guy Lombardo, Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman, Xavier Cugat and Frank Sinatra. After the war Old Orchard became somewhat downscale, becoming known as a destination for blue-collar partygoers. A fire in 1969 destroyed Noah's Ark, the two carousels, the Whale's Mouth, the Mine Ride, and the Jack and Jill slide. The Casino was demolished in 1970.
The current incarnation of the pier was built in 1980 after being destroyed by a blizzard in 1978. The current structure stretches into the Atlantic Ocean. The wooden walk way is lined with souvenir shops, carnival-style foods, and a night club at the end of the pier.
Sports
Old Orchard Beach was home to the Old Orchard Beach Surge, a baseball team which played in the independent Empire Professional Baseball League. They played at The Ballpark which was opened in 1984 as the first home to the AAA Maine Guides and renovated in 2009.
The Old Orchard Beach Surge relocated to Saranac Lake, NY in 2019 and continue to play in the Empire Professional Baseball League as the Saranac Lake Surge.
Geography and transportation
Old Orchard Beach is located on the Southern Maine Coast. It is bounded by Saco Bay to the east, Scarborough to the northeast, and Saco on all other sides.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which of it is land and is water.
During summer months, Amtrak's Downeaster train stops at Old Orchard Beach station with service to the Portland Transportation Center and Boston's North Station.
Twin cities
Old Orchard Beach is the twin city of the French seaside resort of Mimizan, as a reminder of Oiseau Canari, the pioneer aircraft crossing of the Atlantic by Assollant, Lefèvre and Lotti in 1929 to Oyambre (Cantabria, Spain).
Immigration and foreign affairs
Old Orchard Beach, during the high tourist season, sees an influx of Lithuanian, Latvian, Turkish, Serbian, Bulgarian and Russian foreign exchange students looking for summer work. Many French Canadians, especially from the province of Quebec, come for summer vacations, and it is common to hear conversations in French.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 8,624 people, 4,454 households, and 2,106 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 6,886 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.2% White, 0.0% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.
There were 4,454 households, of which 17.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.7% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.61.
The median age in the town was 47.8 years. 14.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 35.7% were from 45 to 64; and 18.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.
Old Orchard Beach is in House District 13 and represented in Augusta by Lori Gramlich.
In popular culture
The Magnetic Fields have a song entitled "Old Orchard Beach" on their 1992 album The Wayward Bus.
Maine author Josh Pahigian has a mystery novel entitled "Strangers on the Beach" set in Old Orchard Beach.
Part of Stephen King's novel Thinner is set at Old Orchard Beach
The Archers Beach series by Sharon Lee (writer) has a setting inspired by Old Orchard Beach and Palace Playland.
The town (including the pier) is represented in the map of the 2014 open world racing video game The Crew'' and its 2018 sequel.
Notable people
Laura Creavalle, Guyanese-born Canadian/American professional bodybuilder
David Lemoine, state legislator
Leatrice Morin, state legislator (1973-1976)
Jerome Plante, state legislator and town manager
Charles Scontras, labor historian
Gabriel LaSalle
See also
The Ballpark
References
External links
Town of Old Orchard Beach
Epodunk Town Profile
Vintage Images of Old Orchard Beach
Beaches of Maine
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Towns in York County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Populated coastal places in Maine
Landforms of York County, Maine
Resort towns | [
-0.8723956942558289,
0.4481815695762634,
-0.11870273947715759,
-0.571389377117157,
1.341065526008606,
0.20394760370254517,
0.5472123026847839,
0.3955843448638916,
-0.5164496898651123,
-0.2521876096725464,
-0.4385577142238617,
0.19105710089206696,
-0.017442911863327026,
0.6822359561920166,
-0.9270219206809998,
0.7775461077690125,
0.09508675336837769,
0.41643473505973816,
0.5855402946472168,
-0.32548126578330994,
-0.08147457242012024,
-0.11626888066530228,
0.05082216486334801,
0.531293511390686,
-0.39228513836860657,
-0.30051571130752563,
0.9043601155281067,
0.3109692335128784,
-0.01464600209146738,
-0.21489818394184113,
-0.7306236624717712,
0.19874684512615204,
-0.21042923629283905,
-0.8309251666069031,
0.7098639607429504,
-0.3525083363056183,
0.2455439418554306,
-0.3598928451538086,
-0.33099833130836487,
-0.45636314153671265,
-0.7892171740531921,
-0.07306011021137238,
0.029439352452754974,
0.4818776249885559,
-0.021479936316609383,
0.010160736739635468,
-0.9821420311927795,
0.5524255037307739,
-0.6873888373374939,
-0.15078486502170563,
-0.471636563539505,
-0.08671538531780243,
0.9859943389892578,
-0.060610197484493256,
0.44642511010169983,
0.21050140261650085,
-0.7291017770767212,
0.12052472680807114,
1.1607270240783691,
0.08913317322731018,
-0.11503354460000992,
0.7414366602897644,
-0.14971189200878143,
0.05392441153526306,
-0.6285979747772217,
0.33661773800849915,
-0.10490799695253372,
0.2923210561275482,
0.31920936703681946,
-0.03469112142920494,
-0.06165217235684395,
-0.15805593132972717,
-0.36423492431640625,
0.22855275869369507,
-0.18558284640312195,
0.24428291618824005,
0.052923303097486496,
-0.048109229654073715,
0.2114230841398239,
-0.12035068869590759,
0.2666313052177429,
-0.56303471326828,
0.7672626376152039,
0.0525643527507782,
0.24121329188346863,
0.3240946829319,
-0.33882877230644226,
0.10019351541996002,
-0.7895066738128662,
0.16641727089881897,
-0.7932267785072327,
-0.10324612259864807,
0.13103865087032318,
0.21947461366653442,
-0.5390188097953796,
-0.3131212890148163,
-0.3553031086921692,
0.8956596255302429,
0.1036406084895134,
0.8151544332504272,
-0.3781515061855316,
0.49636098742485046,
1.130673885345459,
0.19710631668567657,
-0.42204925417900085,
-0.39019787311553955,
-0.6312079429626465,
-0.12349896878004074,
-0.10955692082643509,
-0.41395577788352966,
-0.779410183429718,
0.7673627734184265,
-0.035587575286626816,
-0.2611037492752075,
-0.3626854419708252,
0.4757060408592224,
0.05178038775920868,
-0.5663499236106873,
-0.42664024233818054,
-0.3872009813785553,
0.47758662700653076,
0.7775336503982544,
-0.1009790301322937,
-0.5967416763305664,
-0.03972719609737396,
0.1707250475883484,
0.44247910380363464,
0.23174907267093658,
0.268390029668808,
0.04227747023105621,
-0.11793862283229828,
0.6814655065536499,
-0.5423362255096436,
0.07606413960456848,
0.22771258652210236,
-0.007879733107984066,
-0.168474018573761,
-0.03791137412190437,
0.7242215275764465,
-0.04608558490872383,
-0.8001304864883423,
-0.30581456422805786,
-0.3176276385784149,
-0.12673678994178772,
0.2131698876619339,
-0.45447418093681335,
0.18080344796180725,
-0.6507507562637329,
0.10769755393266678,
0.2206001579761505,
0.4193858802318573,
-0.10669547319412231,
0.09910917282104492,
0.07706113159656525,
-0.26593199372291565,
0.03489977493882179,
0.3748793601989746,
0.007487729657441378,
-0.044649820774793625,
0.6596744060516357,
0.24060754477977753,
0.18723785877227783,
0.4865933656692505,
0.384977251291275,
0.7031965255737305,
0.2297423630952835,
0.4516431987285614,
-0.46476876735687256,
0.2701510787010193,
0.7507718205451965,
-0.3723396956920624,
0.4739263951778412,
1.1862369775772095,
-1.161956548690796,
-0.23277124762535095,
-0.20103566348552704,
0.6808999180793762,
-0.04082869738340378,
0.44418591260910034,
0.01589874178171158,
-0.7356064319610596,
0.11732646077871323,
0.8463261127471924,
-0.04607478529214859,
-0.41939878463745117,
-0.16404418647289276,
-0.1734573394060135,
0.3781462609767914,
0.5049275755882263,
0.2615131735801697,
-0.2861791253089905,
-0.3408237397670746,
0.6324341297149658,
-0.6496637463569641,
0.3769865930080414,
0.6346392035484314,
-1.0348091125488281,
0.9550022482872009,
-0.29519087076187134,
0.4185813367366791,
0.10017605870962143,
-0.28742536902427673,
0.22414234280586243,
-0.253057062625885,
-0.5087444186210632,
-0.13997073471546173,
0.1071247085928917,
-0.41228827834129333,
0.14463645219802856,
0.32381609082221985,
-0.16724130511283875,
-0.721472978591919,
0.2314872145652771,
0.5515207052230835,
0.21192942559719086,
-0.7316466569900513,
0.04176250472664833,
-0.1079745814204216,
-0.04265226796269417,
-0.9910603761672974,
-0.22192595899105072,
-0.05908270552754402,
0.019147051498293877,
-0.21516315639019012,
-0.10710340738296509,
1.1227836608886719,
-0.3353734314441681,
-0.04926123097538948,
0.35482725501060486,
0.02727103978395462,
0.7273567318916321,
0.149072527885437,
0.22067803144454956,
-0.647435188293457,
0.25505954027175903,
-0.16830132901668549,
-0.0593407116830349,
-0.5385875105857849,
0.5106807947158813,
-0.25292372703552246,
-0.21396183967590332,
0.35253918170928955,
-0.7151511907577515,
0.1495848000049591,
0.30359113216400146,
0.5013106465339661,
-0.3683166801929474,
0.24500153958797455,
-0.6436693668365479,
-0.8447414636611938,
0.6566774845123291,
0.047220077365636826,
0.690553605556488,
-0.0561046302318573,
0.027231717482209206,
0.021757982671260834,
-0.508796215057373,
0.3025762438774109,
0.05070016533136368,
0.07383766770362854,
-0.6017169952392578,
0.6473233699798584,
-0.18002843856811523,
0.9176700711250305,
0.5274477005004883,
-0.49698707461357117,
-0.313419371843338,
-0.9953430891036987,
0.034133315086364746,
0.4866074323654175,
0.43991607427597046,
-0.29895564913749695,
-0.40736478567123413,
0.5433554649353027,
0.565666913986206,
0.007668528240174055,
-0.4516051709651947,
-0.015653587877750397,
-1.0880645513534546,
-0.17920275032520294,
0.33632969856262207,
0.9299187660217285,
-0.27984464168548584,
-0.5911065340042114,
-0.25806814432144165,
-0.9399294853210449,
0.27766621112823486,
0.4624491333961487,
-1.10743248462677,
0.18182697892189026,
-0.04779946431517601,
-0.03657018393278122,
-0.0040185474790632725,
1.1583501100540161,
-0.2758390009403229,
0.35579434037208557,
0.32649126648902893,
-0.41287675499916077,
0.21209242939949036,
-0.5082470178604126,
-0.1965717375278473,
-0.13753841817378998,
-1.0398913621902466,
-0.012218746356666088,
-0.3210916817188263,
0.05158638954162598,
0.4548036754131317,
-0.47913485765457153,
-4.625492095947266,
0.772354245185852,
-0.2120477855205536,
0.00858471728861332,
-0.09816442430019379,
-0.2942548394203186,
0.17204396426677704,
-0.3451043367385864,
-0.14110839366912842,
0.5155600905418396,
-0.26552826166152954,
-0.5971853137016296,
1.0276292562484741,
0.7329543828964233,
0.5892441868782043,
0.25770068168640137,
1.3913503885269165,
-1.0239475965499878,
0.12823984026908875,
0.30379968881607056,
-0.11873755604028702,
0.06975129246711731,
-0.45609360933303833,
-0.1334182173013687,
0.2937607765197754,
0.6721695065498352,
-0.2693071961402893,
-0.07100945711135864,
-0.7371233105659485,
0.04303421825170517,
0.38332599401474,
-0.22934244573116302,
0.2138044387102127,
0.08187299966812134,
-0.010260632261633873,
0.02063036523759365,
-0.06055964156985283,
-0.5694965124130249,
0.22793744504451752,
-1.17880380153656,
0.6326905488967896,
0.7583722472190857,
-0.6947147250175476,
0.0032210377976298332,
0.46554306149482727,
-0.5661148428916931,
-0.14184647798538208,
0.23059360682964325,
0.6501433849334717,
0.5326274037361145,
0.4907929599285126,
0.246028870344162,
0.9916995167732239,
0.7840418219566345,
0.17501811683177948,
-0.6189027428627014,
0.21910354495048523,
-0.3677305579185486,
-0.13225458562374115,
0.10089686512947083,
0.3664422035217285,
-0.3976932764053345,
0.2146809995174408,
0.09459993243217468,
-0.03453204035758972,
-0.3483080565929413,
0.40137889981269836,
0.5817232728004456,
0.19311773777008057,
0.4721400737762451,
0.2516915798187256,
0.0465056374669075,
0.06298758834600449,
-0.8961949348449707,
0.24298065900802612,
-0.4587540328502655,
-0.43423330783843994,
-0.23937194049358368,
-0.6662461757659912,
-0.5137291550636292,
0.23876039683818817,
-0.2869293689727783,
0.11617196351289749,
1.1154645681381226,
0.28850099444389343,
-0.5904800295829773,
0.1928049623966217,
0.505208432674408,
-0.9475980997085571,
-0.7992821335792542,
0.6154541969299316,
0.5058318972587585,
0.18019120395183563,
-0.11151589453220367,
-0.2505008280277252,
0.12089566886425018,
0.5402646064758301,
-0.04343734309077263,
0.6028971076011658,
0.18042026460170746,
0.5574737787246704,
0.12289085984230042,
0.4554307758808136,
-0.28103142976760864,
-0.13800010085105896,
-0.16245588660240173,
0.06233268603682518,
0.11509647220373154,
0.9970473051071167,
-0.4086149334907532,
-0.4880693554878235,
0.22552619874477386,
0.021204745396971703,
0.012059539556503296,
0.1643756926059723,
-0.44642373919487,
-0.10869954526424408,
0.6251747012138367,
0.13305655121803284,
-0.15207454562187195,
0.18025027215480804,
0.20046471059322357,
-0.24757245182991028,
0.33329150080680847,
-0.4282304346561432,
-0.5902025699615479,
0.8534384369850159,
0.1370515674352646,
-0.7034186124801636,
0.3389500677585602,
-0.25915491580963135,
0.21280568838119507,
-0.6547240614891052,
-0.17932072281837463,
-0.12524612247943878,
-0.166124626994133,
-0.5744665265083313,
-1.3361515998840332,
-0.22346901893615723,
0.3135435879230499,
0.16174739599227905,
-0.22360943257808685,
-0.3933289647102356,
0.02361322194337845,
-0.29976189136505127,
0.5609309077262878,
0.6585135459899902,
-0.36577847599983215,
-1.0924599170684814,
0.6542615294456482,
-0.5515180826187134,
-0.14559529721736908,
-0.2382594347000122,
-0.13959446549415588,
-0.19581708312034607,
-0.5727891325950623,
-0.4047819972038269,
-0.276748389005661,
0.5954405069351196,
0.09707081317901611,
0.3671993017196655,
-0.3655991554260254,
-0.6405746936798096,
0.2881409823894501,
-0.448527067899704,
0.2060883492231369,
-0.571268618106842,
-0.12232166528701782,
-0.5413971543312073,
0.14434891939163208,
0.32106488943099976,
0.028759343549609184,
-0.27099087834358215,
-0.34019869565963745,
0.42603662610054016,
-0.27343401312828064,
-0.19563233852386475,
0.638022780418396,
-0.1361546516418457,
-0.3092970848083496,
0.19510644674301147,
-0.17415305972099304,
-0.706159234046936,
-0.3161553740501404,
0.2783429026603699,
-1.0835803747177124,
-0.34609419107437134,
-0.12174282968044281,
-0.3301732540130615,
-0.4726191759109497,
-0.07707187533378601,
-0.16309909522533417,
0.7829192280769348,
0.13538064062595367,
-0.35039564967155457,
-0.9863100647926331,
0.7469688653945923,
0.43794646859169006,
-0.5713163018226624,
-0.3756486475467682,
0.35811856389045715,
0.35579171776771545,
-0.914682149887085,
0.8826853632926941,
0.11420290917158127,
-0.9098913073539734,
0.2976432144641876,
0.2598312199115753,
-0.34496039152145386,
1.482358455657959,
-0.3432801365852356,
-0.842846691608429,
0.7841149568557739,
0.04619167745113373,
0.004843980073928833,
0.3148297071456909,
-0.20235328376293182,
-0.09855371713638306,
-0.15399402379989624,
-0.02675955928862095,
-0.2313314527273178,
0.2817031443119049,
0.0014861300587654114,
-0.2691850960254669,
-0.9892804026603699,
0.7854581475257874,
0.6653386354446411,
-0.12507109344005585,
0.2044643759727478,
-0.5048057436943054,
0.13811485469341278,
-0.07183060050010681,
0.19331243634223938,
0.10147285461425781,
0.38839519023895264,
0.04539518803358078,
-0.6506979465484619,
-0.11000914871692657,
0.5259840488433838,
0.4522058367729187,
0.7727143168449402,
1.261267900466919,
-0.3277653753757477,
-0.40609070658683777,
-0.47488531470298767,
0.1350945383310318,
0.7363559603691101,
-0.20966751873493195,
-0.9657436013221741,
1.148414969444275,
0.7437343001365662,
-0.13345572352409363,
-0.5997770428657532,
0.14439669251441956,
1.25913405418396,
-0.5584141612052917,
-0.434396356344223,
0.5963664650917053,
-0.48562607169151306,
0.1865990310907364,
0.43270978331565857,
0.12004481256008148,
0.03629405423998833,
0.37944868206977844,
0.6774917840957642,
-0.9409199953079224,
0.21549636125564575,
-0.23676401376724243,
0.16897712647914886,
-1.060145616531372,
0.22144350409507751,
-0.13267286121845245,
0.14584311842918396,
0.7441976070404053,
-0.6608367562294006,
-0.05314870923757553,
0.2923371493816376,
-1.1806813478469849,
0.3938497006893158,
-0.31140485405921936,
-0.64754319190979,
0.038328032940626144,
-0.32456713914871216,
-0.5953461527824402,
-0.45781204104423523,
-0.8566427826881409,
0.20954222977161407,
-0.029748335480690002,
-0.5296409726142883,
-0.13837872445583344,
-0.4756630063056946,
0.08903500437736511,
-0.16406822204589844,
-0.28884562849998474,
-0.09919020533561707,
0.6095756888389587,
-0.22190195322036743,
0.6214975714683533,
0.03620866686105728,
-0.098375104367733,
-1.0627470016479492,
1.0943689346313477,
0.1089162528514862,
-0.6732049584388733,
0.31231847405433655,
-0.30713531374931335,
-0.048458848148584366,
-0.6581620573997498,
0.0796431228518486,
0.38414135575294495,
0.12724602222442627,
-0.23996536433696747,
0.011281642131507397,
0.8379098773002625,
-0.042718660086393356,
0.30706194043159485,
0.3832941949367523,
-0.49600812792778015,
-0.39252617955207825,
0.3715914189815521,
-0.3360974192619324,
-0.0571897067129612,
0.5981749296188354,
0.16306915879249573,
0.194123312830925,
1.5001742839813232,
-0.821867823600769,
0.13641703128814697,
-0.12003838270902634,
0.31535422801971436,
-0.15433470904827118,
-1.085898756980896,
-0.40796706080436707,
0.6184069514274597,
-0.6094877123832703,
-0.21557492017745972,
-0.3285050094127655,
-0.659996509552002,
-0.8140665292739868,
-0.14721553027629852,
0.5751647353172302,
0.16294558346271515,
0.15094400942325592,
-0.40621331334114075,
0.39532801508903503,
-0.257018506526947,
-0.07165676355361938,
0.26440122723579407,
0.4417518377304077,
-0.975957989692688,
0.33176204562187195,
-0.4810301661491394,
0.16601106524467468,
-0.9691693186759949,
-0.25158601999282837,
0.06460059434175491,
-0.3345404267311096,
-0.4941188097000122,
-0.35244059562683105,
0.5914089679718018,
0.07329589128494263,
-0.5571199655532837,
0.4401015341281891,
-0.6150433421134949,
-0.12641280889511108,
-0.8416863083839417,
0.29816967248916626,
0.1375349909067154,
-0.3351080119609833,
1.2068003416061401,
0.4240385591983795,
0.357400506734848,
0.41415467858314514,
-0.3776245713233948,
-0.32721784710884094,
0.6174217462539673,
0.3494589924812317,
0.5412444472312927,
-0.010131727904081345,
0.04084913060069084,
-0.5963280200958252,
-0.027195313945412636,
-0.29355213046073914,
-0.22638128697872162,
-0.22536051273345947,
-0.7813618183135986,
-0.17946358025074005,
0.3021623194217682,
0.08665371686220169,
-0.3481256663799286,
-0.14748916029930115,
-0.37970736622810364,
-0.7390021085739136,
0.12502026557922363,
-0.09913761913776398,
0.1826052963733673,
-0.32378843426704407,
0.8651198148727417,
0.6550033092498779,
0.44587138295173645,
-0.08087552338838577,
0.6430606842041016,
-0.14202165603637695,
0.35958895087242126,
-0.08559577912092209,
0.9807758927345276,
-0.52330082654953,
0.35547521710395813,
-0.6570920348167419,
1.3751988410949707,
0.6541115045547485,
1.0433279275894165,
-0.28698140382766724,
0.5451091527938843,
-0.7221115827560425,
-0.208441361784935,
0.437491238117218,
-0.3102565109729767,
-0.5418804287910461,
-0.7012525796890259,
0.3028612434864044,
0.08056892454624176,
0.36115261912345886,
0.3084963262081146,
-0.5287197828292847,
-0.4885208010673523,
0.30547815561294556,
0.12097622454166412,
-0.494424045085907,
0.519804060459137,
0.48441892862319946,
-0.7344299554824829,
-0.023407112807035446,
0.5563542246818542,
-0.7462491989135742,
-0.32456234097480774,
-0.2091163843870163,
0.8444165587425232,
0.7828496098518372,
-0.03895217925310135,
-0.10011214017868042,
-0.016581526026129723,
0.08468000590801239,
0.2510806620121002,
0.3293464779853821,
-0.05621689185500145,
-0.0860106498003006,
-0.3832429051399231,
-0.8052372336387634,
0.18534429371356964,
-0.18679098784923553,
-1.027570366859436,
0.4786851108074188,
-0.05187789723277092,
-0.0889599397778511,
-0.4331988990306854,
-0.006795304827392101,
-0.5047050714492798,
0.18010994791984558,
0.17434421181678772
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.