bayes-group-diffusion/wiki_auto · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Devised by John Hulley and Charles Melly , these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook , although only ' gentlemen amateurs ' could compete .	It was created by John Hulley and Charles Melly , with support from Dr. Brookes . <SEP> These games were unfair in nature since only Men could compete .	[]
In 1865 Hulley , Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association .	In 1865 Hulley , Dr. Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association .	[]
In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at London 's Crystal Palace .	In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organized by Dr. Brookes at London 's Crystal Palace .	[]
The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented .	Over time the Olympics have become bigger .	[]
The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games .	The Winter Games were created for ice and snow sports . <SEP> The Winter Olympics were created for snow and ice sports that were not part of the Summer Games .	[]
World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games .	World War I and World War II led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games .	[]
As the decision-making body , the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games , and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter .	As the decision-making body , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games . <SEP> The IOC is also responsible for choosing what sports are in the games .	[]
There are several Olympic rituals and symbols , such as the Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies .	The celebration of the Games includes many rituals and symbols , such as Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies .	[]
The first , second , and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals : gold , silver , and bronze , respectively .	The first , second , and third-place finishers in each event receive , respectively , gold , silver , and bronze medals .	[]
Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics .	Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were Olympic events at the Summer Olympics .	[]
A winter sports week ( it was actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France , in connection with the Paris Games held three months later ; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games .	A winter sports week ( actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France .	[]
The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart .	The IOC ruled that the Winter Olympic Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as the summer games .	[]
This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France ; after that , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held every four years , two years after each Summer Olympics .	This pattern continued until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France . <SEP> After this , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held on the third year of each Olympiad .	[]
The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations , recognised media partners , as well as athletes , officials , judges , and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter .	The Olympic Movement includes a large number of national and international sporting organizations and federations .	[]
The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896 .	The first Games held under the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic stadium in Athens in 1896 .	[]
The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events .	These Games brought 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events .	[]
Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games .	Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government money to fund future Olympic Games .	[]
This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games .	This money was used to pay for the 1896 Games .	[]
George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games .	George Averoff paid for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games .	[]
The Greek government also provided funding , which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set .	The Greek government also provided money , which was paid back through the sale of tickets . <SEP> Money was also paid back through the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set .	[]
After the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival .	Following the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival .	[]
The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904 were side shows .	The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the World 's Fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side-shows .	[]
This period was a low point for the Olympic Movement .	The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement .	[]
The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games ( so-called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad ) were held in Athens .	The Games rebounded when the Intercalated Games ( so-called because they were the second Games held within an Olympiad , a period of time lasting four years ) were held in Athens .	[]
These Games were , but are not now , officially recognised by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since .	These Games are not officially recognized by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since .	[]
The Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated great public interest .	The games attracted an international field of participants , and generated great public interest .	[]
The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem .	The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem .	[]
The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theatre representative of its culture .	The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theater representative of its culture .	[]
Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium , followed by the athletes who enter together , without any national distinction .	Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium . <SEP> They are followed by the athletes who enter together without any national distinction .	[]
The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches , the Games are officially closed , and the Olympic flame is extinguished .	The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches . <SEP> The Games are officially closed and the Olympic flame is put out .	[]
In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC , who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games .	In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony ( as this tradition was started in Antwerp ) , the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC . <SEP> The president then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games .	[]
The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture .	After these compulsory elements , the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture .	[]
His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds .	His medals were restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds .	[]
The United States hosted four Summer Games , more than any other nation .	The United States has hosted four Summer and four Winter Olympics , more than any other nation .	[]
The British capital London holds the distinction of hosting three Olympic Games , all Summer , more than any other city .	Among Summer Olympics host nations , the United Kingdom has been the host of three Games , and hosted its third Olympics in 2012 in London . <SEP> With the 2012 Games that took place in London , the British capital holds the distinction of hosting the modern Olympics Games three times , more than any other city .	[]
The other nations hosting the Summer Games at least twice are Germany , Australia , France and Greece .	Germany , Australia , France , and Greece are the other nations to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice .	[]
The other cities hosting the Summer Games at least twice are Los Angeles , Paris and Athens .	Among host cities , only Los Angeles , Paris , Athens and London have played host to the Olympic Games more than once , with each holding that honor twice .	[]
The other nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , Canada and Italy have hosted twice .	In the Winter Olympics , France has hosted three Games , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , and Italy have hosted twice .	[]
The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018 , South Korea 's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall ( including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul ) .	The most recent Games were held in Pyeongchang , South Korea 's first Winter Olympics and second overall .	[]
Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline , but often appears as a fine powder .	It is a white crystalline powder .	[]
This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled , followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution .	This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it .	[]
When it reacts with acid , carbon dioxide is released , which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes , cakes , quick breads , soda bread , and other baked and fried foods .	It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas .	[]
The Midwestern United States , also referred to as the American Midwest , Middle West , or simply the Midwest , is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau ( also known as " Region 2 " ) .	The Midwestern United States ( or Midwest ) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America .	[]
The Census Bureau 's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin .	The states that are part of the Midwest are : North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Wisconsin , Illinois , Kansas , Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio .	[]
A 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684 .	Today the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974 , or 22.2 % of the total population of the United States .	[]
The saxophone ( referred to colloquially as the sax ) is a family of woodwind instruments .	A saxophone is a family of musical instruments that are made of brass . <SEP> The saxophone family is known as a transpositional family of instruments because the fingering is the same when playing different ones .	[]
Saxophone players are called " saxophonists " .	These are often just called a " sax " .	[]
Alexander Stuart " Jock " Sturrock MBE ( 14 May 1915 in Melbourne11 July 1997 in Noosa Heads ) was a noted Australian yachtsman who won over four hundred international , national , state and club championship yachting races .	Alexander Stuart " Jock " Sturrock MBE ( 14 May 1915 – 11 July 1997 ) was an Australian yachtsman . <SEP> Sturrock died on 11 July 1997 in Noosa Heads , Queensland .	[]
As an athlete , he represented Australia in four Olympic Games , 1948 London ( Star class ) , 1952 Helsinki ( Dragon class ) , 1956 Melbourne ( Bronze Medal , 5.5 Metre class ) , and 1960 Rome ( 5.5 Metre class ) .	He sailed for Australia at four Olympics Games ( 1948 London , 1952 Helsinki , 1956 Melbourne and 1960 Rome ) . <SEP> He won a bronze medal at 1956 Melbourne for the 5.5 metre class .	[]
At the Rome Olympic Games he became the first athlete to have represented Australia in four Olympic games , and in recognition of that fact was given the honour of being the Australian flag-bearer for the opening ceremony .	He was also the first person to represent Australia at four different Olympics .	[]
Jock Sturrock was recognised as the 1962 Australian of the Year , the 1962 Australian Yachtsman of the Year , and the 1962 Australian Sportsperson of the Year ( the Lindy Trophy ) .	Sturrock was the Australian of the Year in 1962 .	[]
In 1975 he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) for services to yachting .	He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in 1975 for services to yachting .	[]
Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells .	The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells . <SEP> Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi .	[]
Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short microtubule triplets , arranged in a cylinder .	Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets , arranged in a cylinder .	[]
A bound pair of centrioles , surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material , called the pericentriolar material ( PCM ) , makes up a structure called a centrosome .	A pair of centrioles , arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome .	[]
Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus " Vaccinium " .	Cranberries are in the genus " Vaccinium " , and its subgenus " Oxycoccus " .	[]
In some methods of classification , " Oxycoccus " is regarded as a genus in its own right .	In some classification methods , they are regarded as a genus in their own right .	[]
They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere .	Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere .	[]
Cranberries are low , creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 m long and 5 to in height ; they have slender , wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves .	They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet long , from two to eight inches high . <SEP> They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers .	[]
Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas .	Cranberries are usually eaten during Thanksgiving in the United States .	[]
The common toad , European toad , or in Anglophone parts of Europe , simply the toad ( " Bufo bufo " , from Latin " bufo " " toad " ) , is an amphibian found throughout most of Europe ( with the exception of Ireland , Iceland , and some Mediterranean islands ) , in the western part of North Asia , and in a small portion of Northwest Africa .	The common toad or European toad ( " Bufo bufo " ) is an amphibian . <SEP> They are found in most of Europe , except for Ireland , Iceland and some Mediterranean islands .	[]
The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day .	The toad usually lies hidden during the day .	[]
It moves with a slow , ungainly walk or short jumps , and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps .	It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump . <SEP> It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps .	[]
The toads in this genus are included in the family Bufonidae , the true toads .	The toads in this genus are known as true toads .	[]
The common toad can reach about 15 cm in length .	The common toad can grow to about 15 cm in length .	[]
Females are normally stouter than males and southern specimens tend to be larger than northern ones .	Females grow larger than males . <SEP> Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north .	[]
The head is broad with a wide mouth below the terminal snout which has two small nostrils .	The head is broad with a wide mouth . <SEP> The nose has two small nostrils .	[]
The bulbous , protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils .	The large , protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils .	[]
They contain a noxious substance , bufotoxin , which is used to deter potential predators .	They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin .	[]
The head joins the body without a noticeable neck and there is no external vocal sac .	The head joins the body without a noticeable neck . <SEP> There is no external vocal sac .	[]
The body is broad and squat and positioned close to the ground .	The body is broad and squat .	[]
The fore limbs are short with the toes of the fore feet turning inwards .	The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards .	[]
At breeding time , the male develops nuptial pads on the first three fingers .	At breeding time , the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers .	[]
He uses these to grasp the female when mating .	These are to hold the female .	[]
The hind legs are short relative to other frogs ' legs and the hind feet have long , unwebbed toes .	The back legs are short and the back feet have long , unwebbed toes .	[]
The skin is dry and covered with small wart-like lumps .	The skin is dry and covered with small warts .	[]
The colour is a fairly uniform shade of brown , olive-brown or greyish-brown , sometimes partly blotched or banded with a darker shade .	The colour is brown , olive-brown or greyish-brown . <SEP> Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade .	[]
The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic with the females being browner and the males greyer .	The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic . <SEP> The females are browner and the males greyer .	[]
The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short shuffling jumps involving all four legs .	The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs .	[]
It spends the day concealed in a lair that it has hollowed out under foliage or beneath a root or a stone where its colouring makes it inconspicuous .	It spends the day hiding .	[]
It emerges at dusk and may travel some distance in the dark while hunting .	It comes out at dusk . <SEP> It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting .	[]
By morning it has returned to its base and may occupy the same place for several months .	By morning it has returned to its base . <SEP> It may live in the same place for several months .	[]
It is voracious and eats woodlice , slugs , beetles , caterpillars , flies , earthworms and even small mice .	It has a large appetite and eats woodlice , slugs , beetles , caterpillars , flies , worms and even small mice .	[]
Small , fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue while larger items are grabbed with the jaws .	Small , fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue . <SEP> Larger items are grabbed with the jaws .	[]
It does not recognise its prey as such but will try to consume any small , dark coloured , moving object it encounters at night .	It will try to eat any small , dark coloured , moving object it encounters at night .	[]
A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm piece of black paper as if it were prey but would disregard a larger moving piece .	A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm piece of black paper as if it were prey . <SEP> It would ignore a larger moving piece .	[]
Periodically , the common toad sheds its skin .	On occasion , the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces .	[]
When attacked , the common toad adopts a characteristic stance , inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered .	When attacked , the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered .	[]
Its chief means of defence lies in the foul tasting secretion that is produced by its paratoid glands and other glands on its skin .	Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion .	[]
This contains a toxin called bufagin and is enough to deter many predators although grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it .	It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators . <SEP> Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it .	[]
The tadpoles also exude noxious substances which deter fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt .	The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt .	[]
It lays its eggs on the toad 's skin and when these hatch , the larvae crawl into the toad 's nostrils and eat its flesh internally with lethal consequences .	It lays its eggs on the toad 's skin . <SEP> When these hatch , the larvae crawl into the toad 's nostrils and eat its flesh .	[]
The common toad emerges from hibernation in spring and there is a mass migration towards the breeding sites .	The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring . <SEP> Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds .	[]
The toads converge on certain ponds that they favour while avoiding other stretches of water that seem eminently suitable .	The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour .	[]
Adults use the same location year after year and over 80 % of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned .	Adults use the same pond year after year . <SEP> Over 80 % of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned .	[]
The males arrive first and remain in the location for several weeks while the females only stay long enough to mate and spawn .	The males arrive first and stay for several weeks . <SEP> The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn .	[]
Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female , male toads may settle disputes by means of the pitch of their voice .	Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female , male toads use the pitch of their voice .	[]
Croaking provides a reliable sign of body size and hence of prowess .	Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess .	[]
Nevertheless , fights occur in some instances .	Fights do sometimes happen .	[]
Male toads generally outnumber female toads at breeding ponds .	Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds .	[]

Devised by John Hulley and Charles Melly , these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook , although only ' gentlemen amateurs ' could compete .

It was created by John Hulley and Charles Melly , with support from Dr. Brookes . <SEP> These games were unfair in nature since only Men could compete .

[]

In 1865 Hulley , Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association .

In 1865 Hulley , Dr. Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association .

[]

In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at London 's Crystal Palace .

In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organized by Dr. Brookes at London 's Crystal Palace .

[]

The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented .

Over time the Olympics have become bigger .

[]

The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games .

The Winter Games were created for ice and snow sports . <SEP> The Winter Olympics were created for snow and ice sports that were not part of the Summer Games .

[]

World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games .

World War I and World War II led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games .

[]

As the decision-making body , the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games , and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter .

As the decision-making body , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games . <SEP> The IOC is also responsible for choosing what sports are in the games .

[]

There are several Olympic rituals and symbols , such as the Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies .

The celebration of the Games includes many rituals and symbols , such as Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies .

[]

The first , second , and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals : gold , silver , and bronze , respectively .

The first , second , and third-place finishers in each event receive , respectively , gold , silver , and bronze medals .

[]

Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics .

Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were Olympic events at the Summer Olympics .

[]

A winter sports week ( it was actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France , in connection with the Paris Games held three months later ; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games .

A winter sports week ( actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France .

[]

The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart .

The IOC ruled that the Winter Olympic Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as the summer games .

[]

This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France ; after that , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held every four years , two years after each Summer Olympics .

This pattern continued until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France . <SEP> After this , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held on the third year of each Olympiad .

[]

The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations , recognised media partners , as well as athletes , officials , judges , and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter .

The Olympic Movement includes a large number of national and international sporting organizations and federations .

[]

The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896 .

The first Games held under the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic stadium in Athens in 1896 .

[]

The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events .

These Games brought 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events .

[]

Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games .

Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government money to fund future Olympic Games .

[]

This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games .

This money was used to pay for the 1896 Games .

[]

George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games .

George Averoff paid for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games .

[]

The Greek government also provided funding , which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set .

The Greek government also provided money , which was paid back through the sale of tickets . <SEP> Money was also paid back through the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set .

[]

After the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival .

Following the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival .

[]

The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904 were side shows .

The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the World 's Fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side-shows .

[]

This period was a low point for the Olympic Movement .

The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement .

[]

The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games ( so-called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad ) were held in Athens .

The Games rebounded when the Intercalated Games ( so-called because they were the second Games held within an Olympiad , a period of time lasting four years ) were held in Athens .

[]

These Games were , but are not now , officially recognised by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since .

These Games are not officially recognized by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since .

[]

The Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated great public interest .

The games attracted an international field of participants , and generated great public interest .

[]

The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem .

The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem .

[]

The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theatre representative of its culture .

The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theater representative of its culture .

[]

Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium , followed by the athletes who enter together , without any national distinction .

Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium . <SEP> They are followed by the athletes who enter together without any national distinction .

[]

The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches , the Games are officially closed , and the Olympic flame is extinguished .

The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches . <SEP> The Games are officially closed and the Olympic flame is put out .

[]

In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC , who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games .

In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony ( as this tradition was started in Antwerp ) , the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC . <SEP> The president then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games .

[]

The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture .

After these compulsory elements , the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture .

[]

His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds .

His medals were restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds .

[]

The United States hosted four Summer Games , more than any other nation .

The United States has hosted four Summer and four Winter Olympics , more than any other nation .

[]

The British capital London holds the distinction of hosting three Olympic Games , all Summer , more than any other city .

Among Summer Olympics host nations , the United Kingdom has been the host of three Games , and hosted its third Olympics in 2012 in London . <SEP> With the 2012 Games that took place in London , the British capital holds the distinction of hosting the modern Olympics Games three times , more than any other city .

[]

The other nations hosting the Summer Games at least twice are Germany , Australia , France and Greece .

Germany , Australia , France , and Greece are the other nations to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice .

[]

The other cities hosting the Summer Games at least twice are Los Angeles , Paris and Athens .

Among host cities , only Los Angeles , Paris , Athens and London have played host to the Olympic Games more than once , with each holding that honor twice .

[]

The other nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , Canada and Italy have hosted twice .

In the Winter Olympics , France has hosted three Games , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , and Italy have hosted twice .

[]

The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018 , South Korea 's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall ( including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul ) .

The most recent Games were held in Pyeongchang , South Korea 's first Winter Olympics and second overall .

[]

Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline , but often appears as a fine powder .

It is a white crystalline powder .

[]

This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled , followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution .

This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it .

[]

When it reacts with acid , carbon dioxide is released , which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes , cakes , quick breads , soda bread , and other baked and fried foods .

It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas .

[]

The Midwestern United States , also referred to as the American Midwest , Middle West , or simply the Midwest , is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau ( also known as " Region 2 " ) .

The Midwestern United States ( or Midwest ) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America .

[]

The Census Bureau 's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin .

The states that are part of the Midwest are : North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Wisconsin , Illinois , Kansas , Michigan , Indiana , and Ohio .

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A 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684 .

Today the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974 , or 22.2 % of the total population of the United States .

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The saxophone ( referred to colloquially as the sax ) is a family of woodwind instruments .

A saxophone is a family of musical instruments that are made of brass . <SEP> The saxophone family is known as a transpositional family of instruments because the fingering is the same when playing different ones .

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Saxophone players are called " saxophonists " .

These are often just called a " sax " .

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Alexander Stuart " Jock " Sturrock MBE ( 14 May 1915 in Melbourne11 July 1997 in Noosa Heads ) was a noted Australian yachtsman who won over four hundred international , national , state and club championship yachting races .

Alexander Stuart " Jock " Sturrock MBE ( 14 May 1915 – 11 July 1997 ) was an Australian yachtsman . <SEP> Sturrock died on 11 July 1997 in Noosa Heads , Queensland .

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As an athlete , he represented Australia in four Olympic Games , 1948 London ( Star class ) , 1952 Helsinki ( Dragon class ) , 1956 Melbourne ( Bronze Medal , 5.5 Metre class ) , and 1960 Rome ( 5.5 Metre class ) .

He sailed for Australia at four Olympics Games ( 1948 London , 1952 Helsinki , 1956 Melbourne and 1960 Rome ) . <SEP> He won a bronze medal at 1956 Melbourne for the 5.5 metre class .

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At the Rome Olympic Games he became the first athlete to have represented Australia in four Olympic games , and in recognition of that fact was given the honour of being the Australian flag-bearer for the opening ceremony .

He was also the first person to represent Australia at four different Olympics .

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Jock Sturrock was recognised as the 1962 Australian of the Year , the 1962 Australian Yachtsman of the Year , and the 1962 Australian Sportsperson of the Year ( the Lindy Trophy ) .

Sturrock was the Australian of the Year in 1962 .

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In 1975 he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) for services to yachting .

He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in 1975 for services to yachting .

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Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells .

The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells . <SEP> Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi .

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Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short microtubule triplets , arranged in a cylinder .

Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets , arranged in a cylinder .

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A bound pair of centrioles , surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material , called the pericentriolar material ( PCM ) , makes up a structure called a centrosome .

A pair of centrioles , arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome .

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Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus " Vaccinium " .

Cranberries are in the genus " Vaccinium " , and its subgenus " Oxycoccus " .

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In some methods of classification , " Oxycoccus " is regarded as a genus in its own right .

In some classification methods , they are regarded as a genus in their own right .

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They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere .

Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere .

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Cranberries are low , creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 m long and 5 to in height ; they have slender , wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves .

They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet long , from two to eight inches high . <SEP> They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers .

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Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas .

Cranberries are usually eaten during Thanksgiving in the United States .

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The common toad , European toad , or in Anglophone parts of Europe , simply the toad ( " Bufo bufo " , from Latin " bufo " " toad " ) , is an amphibian found throughout most of Europe ( with the exception of Ireland , Iceland , and some Mediterranean islands ) , in the western part of North Asia , and in a small portion of Northwest Africa .

The common toad or European toad ( " Bufo bufo " ) is an amphibian . <SEP> They are found in most of Europe , except for Ireland , Iceland and some Mediterranean islands .

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The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day .

The toad usually lies hidden during the day .

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It moves with a slow , ungainly walk or short jumps , and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps .

It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump . <SEP> It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps .

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The toads in this genus are included in the family Bufonidae , the true toads .

The toads in this genus are known as true toads .

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The common toad can reach about 15 cm in length .

The common toad can grow to about 15 cm in length .

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Females are normally stouter than males and southern specimens tend to be larger than northern ones .

Females grow larger than males . <SEP> Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north .

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The head is broad with a wide mouth below the terminal snout which has two small nostrils .

The head is broad with a wide mouth . <SEP> The nose has two small nostrils .

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The bulbous , protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils .

The large , protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils .

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They contain a noxious substance , bufotoxin , which is used to deter potential predators .

They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin .

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The head joins the body without a noticeable neck and there is no external vocal sac .

The head joins the body without a noticeable neck . <SEP> There is no external vocal sac .

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The body is broad and squat and positioned close to the ground .

The body is broad and squat .

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The fore limbs are short with the toes of the fore feet turning inwards .

The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards .

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At breeding time , the male develops nuptial pads on the first three fingers .

At breeding time , the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers .

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He uses these to grasp the female when mating .

These are to hold the female .

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The hind legs are short relative to other frogs ' legs and the hind feet have long , unwebbed toes .

The back legs are short and the back feet have long , unwebbed toes .

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The skin is dry and covered with small wart-like lumps .

The skin is dry and covered with small warts .

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The colour is a fairly uniform shade of brown , olive-brown or greyish-brown , sometimes partly blotched or banded with a darker shade .

The colour is brown , olive-brown or greyish-brown . <SEP> Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade .

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The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic with the females being browner and the males greyer .

The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic . <SEP> The females are browner and the males greyer .

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The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short shuffling jumps involving all four legs .

The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs .

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It spends the day concealed in a lair that it has hollowed out under foliage or beneath a root or a stone where its colouring makes it inconspicuous .

It spends the day hiding .

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It emerges at dusk and may travel some distance in the dark while hunting .

It comes out at dusk . <SEP> It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting .

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By morning it has returned to its base and may occupy the same place for several months .

By morning it has returned to its base . <SEP> It may live in the same place for several months .

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It is voracious and eats woodlice , slugs , beetles , caterpillars , flies , earthworms and even small mice .

It has a large appetite and eats woodlice , slugs , beetles , caterpillars , flies , worms and even small mice .

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Small , fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue while larger items are grabbed with the jaws .

Small , fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue . <SEP> Larger items are grabbed with the jaws .

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It does not recognise its prey as such but will try to consume any small , dark coloured , moving object it encounters at night .

It will try to eat any small , dark coloured , moving object it encounters at night .

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A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm piece of black paper as if it were prey but would disregard a larger moving piece .

A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm piece of black paper as if it were prey . <SEP> It would ignore a larger moving piece .

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Periodically , the common toad sheds its skin .

On occasion , the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces .

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When attacked , the common toad adopts a characteristic stance , inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered .

When attacked , the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered .

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Its chief means of defence lies in the foul tasting secretion that is produced by its paratoid glands and other glands on its skin .

Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion .

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This contains a toxin called bufagin and is enough to deter many predators although grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it .

It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators . <SEP> Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it .

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The tadpoles also exude noxious substances which deter fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt .

The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt .

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It lays its eggs on the toad 's skin and when these hatch , the larvae crawl into the toad 's nostrils and eat its flesh internally with lethal consequences .

It lays its eggs on the toad 's skin . <SEP> When these hatch , the larvae crawl into the toad 's nostrils and eat its flesh .

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The common toad emerges from hibernation in spring and there is a mass migration towards the breeding sites .

The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring . <SEP> Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds .

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The toads converge on certain ponds that they favour while avoiding other stretches of water that seem eminently suitable .

The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour .

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Adults use the same location year after year and over 80 % of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned .

Adults use the same pond year after year . <SEP> Over 80 % of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned .

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The males arrive first and remain in the location for several weeks while the females only stay long enough to mate and spawn .

The males arrive first and stay for several weeks . <SEP> The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn .

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Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female , male toads may settle disputes by means of the pitch of their voice .

Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female , male toads use the pitch of their voice .

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Croaking provides a reliable sign of body size and hence of prowess .

Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess .

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Nevertheless , fights occur in some instances .

Fights do sometimes happen .

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Male toads generally outnumber female toads at breeding ponds .

Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds .

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