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Constantine can mean: Constantine I, a Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Constantine, a movie with Keanu Reeves fi:Konstantinus
Constantine Maroulis (born September 17 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program American Idol. With his past work experiences, he stands out from other American Idol singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first Idol alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom. American rock musicians American Idol contestants Musicians from New York City Singers from New York City 1975 births Living people
is an American actor, musician, singer and writer. Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father. Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel. Lennon had been engaged to musican Bijou Phillips. Groups involved in Lennon has worked with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland. He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume. Filmography References 1975 births Living people Actors from New York City American movie actors American rock guitarists John Lennon Musicians from New York City Singer-songwriters from New York Singers from New York City
A Eurasian person is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term hapa is used. Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains Ethnic groups in Asia Ethnic groups in Europe
Wallonia (, ) or the Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers. French speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels. Current Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Willy Borsus. Wallonia is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are Flanders (or Flemish Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.
Events Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands. Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America The King James Version of the Bible comes out. Deaths William Shakespeare, English poet
Events Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Moçambique in southeastern Africa. May 20 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa. May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope. July 31 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad. Christopher Columbus lands on the South American continent. The Portuguese sail up to the coasts of modern Tanzania and Kenya. John Cabot leaves port on an expedition, never to be seen again. Why was John Cabot famous? John Cabot was famous as the famous explorer of the coastline of Canada and its subsequent colonization. Cabot was the second European to find North America (after Christopher Columbus). His son, Sebastian Cabot, accompanied his father on many voyages. Short Biography of John Cabot Date of Birth: Born in 1450 as Giovanni Caboto Place of Birth : Genoa in Italy Parents: Father - Guilo Caboto, a spice merchant Sons: Ludovico, Sebastiano, and Sancto Background Facts, Information & Ancestry : ‘Caboto’ means “a coastal seaman” which was a common name given to Italian sailors and navigators 1450 John Cabot was born as Giovanni Caboto in the Italian port of Genoa 1461 John Cabot moved to Venice with his family. John Cabot helped with the family spice trading business Education: John Cabot was taught cartography, navigation, astronomy, mathematics and seamanship 1474 John Cabot married a girl called Mattea. John and Mattea Cabot had three sons called Ludovico, Sebastiano, and Sancto 1476 :Obtained Venetian citizenship and was naturalized on 28 March, 1476 1490's Moved to the sea port of Bristol in England 1496 March 5: The English King Henry VII granted John Cabot the right to 'seek islands and countries of the heathen towards the west, east, and north' sailing under the English flag 1497 May 2: John Cabot boards his ship, the Matthew, to explore the lands across the Atlantic, hoping to find a north west passage to the Indies and China. June 9: John Cabot reaches the New World - at either Cape Breton Island or Labrador 26 June: Begins his return voyage August 6: John Cabot and his crew of the Matthew land in Bristol and achieved great fame and glory. He was given a gift of £10 for having "found the new isle" and King Henry VII also granted him a pension of £20 a year 1498 February 3: John Cabot granted another patent to undertake a second expedition - to "take at his pleasure VI englisshe shippes and theym convey and lede to the londe and iles of late founde by the seid John." John Cabot assembles a small fleet of 5 ships and 300 men July 25: The fleet headed north then sailed along the east coast of America past Newfoundland. One of the ships had to go to an Irish port because of damage. The remaining four ships of the John Cabot fleet continue their journey across the Atlantic Cabot reaches the east coast of Greenland which he named Labrador's Land June 11: The journey was made difficult by icebergs and the cold. The crews mutinied and refused to proceed farther North so John Cabot had no alternative but to turn South along the coast of Greenland. He crossed the Davis Strait on to Baffin Land on to Newfoundland and followed the coast Nova Scotia and New England At this point the John Cabot ships sailed for England 1499 The death of John Cabot There is no accurate record of the date or reason for the death of John Cabot but his pension continued to be paid unti1 1499. It seems reasonable to assume that John Cabot reached England with his returning fleet from http://www.datesandevents.org/people-timelines/14-john-cabot-timeline.htm
Events King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power. Marquis de Sade sentenced to death. Births May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor. August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands Deaths March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum. Diseases Male reproductive system
Buddy Holly (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart. Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music. Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets. Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson. In popular culture Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died." References Other websites Official website Buddy Holly Online International Buddy Site Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles American composers American rock guitarists American rock singers Singer-songwriters from Texas Aviation deaths in the United States 1936 births 1959 deaths People from Lubbock, Texas
Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California. Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era" On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53. Studio albums Awards and recognition Academy of Country Music 1974 Album of the Year for Back Home Again American Music Awards 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist 1976 Favorite Country Album for Back Home Again 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist Country Music Association 1975 Entertainer of the Year 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again" Emmy Awards 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for An Evening With John Denver Grammy Awards 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for All Aboard! 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads" Songwriters Hall of Fame Inducted in 1996 Death On 12 October 1997, a lite plane Denver was piloting, crashed into Monterey Bay, killing him. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains. References 1943 births 1997 deaths American country guitarists American country singers American folk musicians American pop musicians American singer-songwriters Singers from New Mexico Aviation deaths in the United States Musicians from New Mexico Writers from New Mexico Roswell, New Mexico
Castaic is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California. It is in Los Angeles County. References Census-designated places in California Unincorporated communities in California Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages. Local government The official region consists of the following subdivisions: Other websites The North West HUB
Central Point is a city in Oregon, USA. It has a population of 16,550 people as of 2006. It has an area of 3.1 square miles. References Other websites City of Central Point Cities in Oregon 1889 establishments in the United States 19th-century establishments in Oregon
Puebla, Mexico is a Mexican city. It is southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza. Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community. Puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food. Capital cities in Mexico Puebla (state)
Puebla is part of the name of several places: Puebla (state), a state in Mexico Puebla, Puebla, the capital city of the state of Puebla Puebla F.C., Mexican football club
Namur (, ) is a city in Belgium. It is both the capital of the province with the same name, as well as of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium. In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur. Namur is at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East. References
Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series Law & Order, SVU. She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay. Career Hargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized. Hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004. The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault. References Other websites 1964 births Living people American television actors Actors from Santa Monica, California
Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the capital of the Canary Islands. It is in Tenerife, the biggest and most important (political and economic) island in the Canary Islands. The Parliament of the Canary Islands is in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The population was 222,417 in 2009. During the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, thousands of people take to the streets each year for over a week. On January 18, 1980 it was declared a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary of State for Tourism, and is one of the world's largest carnivals. Attractions Auditorio de Tenerife Torres de Santa Cruz Plaza de España Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife Parque Gracía Sanabria Capital cities in Spain
{{Infobox settlement |name =Saint Helena |other_name = |official_name = |settlement_type =Overseas territory of the UK|image_skyline =St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption =Jamestown, capital of Saint Helena |image_flag =Flag of Saint Helena.svg |flag_size = |flag_alt =Flag of Saint Helena |flag_link = |image_seal =Shield of Saint Helena.svg |seal_size =85px |seal_alt =Shield of Saint Helena |seal_link = |nickname = |motto ="Loyal and Unshakeable" |anthem =My Saint Helena Island |image_map =LocationSaintHelena.png |mapsize = |map_alt = |map_caption =Location of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |coordinates = |subdivision_type =Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 =Overseas territory |subdivision_name1 =Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |subdivision_type2 =Island |subdivision_name2 =Saint Helena |subdivision_type3 =Capital |subdivision_name3 =Jamestown |established_title =Discovered |established_date =1502 |established_title2 = |established_date2 =2009 |named_for =Helena of Constantinople |government_footnotes = |government_type =Monarchy |governing_body = |leader_party = |leader_title =Monarch |leader_name =Elizabeth II |leader_title1 =Governor |leader_name1 =Mark Andrew Capes | total_type = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 =122 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_max_m =818 | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_m =0 | elevation_min_ft = | population_footnotes = | population_total =4255 | population_as_of =2008 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 =auto | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_rural = | population_density_rural_km2 = | population_density_rural_sq_mi = | population_demonym =Saint Helenian | population_note = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | timezone1 =GMT | utc_offset1 =+0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = | postal2_code = | area_code_type = | area_code =+290 | geocode = | registration_plate = | blank_name_sec1 =Internet TLD | blank_info_sec1 =.sh | blank1_name_sec1 =Currency | blank1_info_sec1 =Saint Helena pound (SHP) | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = | website =www.sainthelena.gov.sh | footnotes = }} Saint Helena is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean at . It is named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about and has a population of 4,084 (2008 census). Napoleon was sent to this island by the British and their allies as a result of Napoleon's return from the Elba island and loss at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon died there in 1821. The island is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. History Early history (1502–1658) The island was discovered in 1502 by the Portuguese admiral João da Nova, and he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. The traditional date of this discovery was long thought to be 21 May, but the results of an investigation into the discovery published in 2015 concluded this date is probably wrong, the 3 May seeming to be historically more valid. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships under the command of Estêvão da Gama on 30 July 1503.Duarte Leite, História dos Descobrimentos, Vol. II (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1960), 206. The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was, for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, an important place to stop to get food and water, and frequently sick sailors were left on the island to recover. After 1588, the island was visited also by Dutch and English ships. The Dutch Republic formally made claim to St Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope. East India Company (1658–1815) In 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, got there in 1659, and made St Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island. The fort was named James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 and Chinese workers were brought to work in the farms. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile In 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St Helena. In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III got the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property. Crown colony (1834–1981) On 22 April 1834, the island of St Helena became a colony of the British crown. A local industry using the fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres and the last flax industry closed in 1965. In 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938. 1981 to present In 1981, the British governmente changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories". In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Geography, plants and animals The island of Saint Helena has a total area of . The centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena Plover or Wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the islets near the coast. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak () at . In 1996 it became the island's first national park. In 2000 a project began to replant part of the lost Great Wood, called the Millennium Forest, and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust, established in 2002. There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre of the shore. The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena Plover, known locally as the Wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag. Climate The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by trade winds that blow almost continuously. Administrative divisions Saint Helena is divided into eight districts. People that works and lives in the Jamestown Harbour and in the Royal Mail Ship St. Helena (RMS) are included in the census in their work places (see reference). Economy The island had an economy of only one crop until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The tourist industry is heavily based on the presence of Napoleon in the island. Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports "Tungi Spirit", made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica'' ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income. Banking and currency Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces coins and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and in Georgetown, Ascension Island. Related pages List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom References Other websites St Helena Tourism Saint Helena News - newspaper South Atlantic news, in association with The Saint Helena Independent St Helena website 1500s establishments
A helicopter (also often used: chopper or heli) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. A helicopter lifts up off of the ground and moves because of its rotors. A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called rotary-wing aircraft. A helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted. History Since around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936. A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939. Uses Helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road. Helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles. Training helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot. Aircraft
Baku (; , from the medieval Bâd-kube, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of bād, "wind", and kube, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن kubidan, "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names Baraca/) is the capital) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town. About 3 million people live in the metropolitan area. There are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons. In Baku area there is a lot of oil. There are a lot of state and private universities. Baku is hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in May 2012. They also bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. The city's three main football clubs are Neftchi Baku, FC Baku and Inter Baku. Baku is one of world's leading chess centres. Divisions Today, Baku is divided into 11 raions (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type. References
Windows ME is the Millennium Edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Windows ME is based on Windows 98. Windows Me was based on MS-DOS (as were Windows 98 and Windows 95), and is meant for people using computers in their homes. Windows 2000 and Windows ME are similar in looks, but Windows ME has features that families find useful, while Windows 2000 was meant for businesses, although many home users also used Windows 2000 especially after Windows ME got bad reviews. It was released in the year 2000, and thus was called Windows Millennium Edition. It was the last Windows to be based on MS-DOS. Unlike Windows 2000, Windows ME generally got negative reviews due to bugs and incompatible hardware. Support and updates for Windows ME (and Windows 98) ended in 2006, whereas Windows 2000 was supported until 2010. References Microsoft operating systems
A librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations. The role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations. Training To become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a master's degree in Library and Information Science. Employment Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons. Related jobs Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma. References Education occupations
Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia. 1829 births 1909 deaths Deaths from pneumonia Native American people People from Oklahoma People from New Mexico
Namur has these meanings: Namur (city), a city in Belgium, capital of Wallonia Namur (province) in Belgium The title Marquis of Namur, where Namur refers to the province Namur, Wisconsin, United States, city founded by Walloon immigrants Namur (Montreal Metro) Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Canada Namur island, in the Marshall Islands, now Roi-Namur
A gold rush is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. Well-known examples are the California Gold Rush of 1849, the Australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the Fraser river gold rush in British Columbia, Canada in 1858. References
The California Gold Rush started when James Wilson Marshall was building a water powered sawmill for John Sutter in 1848. When he finished building the sawmill, he went to the river to fetch some water. He saw some shiny little flakes of gold in the river. He immediately went to tell John, and they tried to keep it a secret. But word soon got out, and the gold rush started. It was 1849 when the Gold Rush started. People who came to California for gold were called forty-niners because they came in the year 1849. Some of them became rich but most did not. Some people started selling things. Many of them became rich, famous, and politically powerful. Sometimes a woman could earn more than her mining husband. Men like Levi Strauss also sold things. He invented and sold jeans made from strong denim. The California Gold Rush ended in 1855. Many gold miners went back home because gold was harder to find; others found other work. 1840s in California 1850s in California Gold rushes
Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world. In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors. The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language. References Trousers and shorts
Sovereignty is the right of a government to have complete control over its area. The idea that this right comes from doing good things for the people under control of the government is as old as Ancient Greece if not older. The exact meaning of Sovereignty has changed some in the past. The present meaning of Sovereignty is said to come from the Peace of Westphalia, an agreement between the rulers of Europe in 1648 which said: No one should try to help break up one sovereign government into more than one. No one should cross over into the land, water, or air where the international law says a government is sovereign, unless they have agreement from that sovereign government. A sovereign government is the only maker of laws in the land, water or air where international law says it is sovereign. The Past Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was first the Roman Republic, but then when Octavian made the Roman Empire the Emperor of Rome said that he was "Sovereign". The meaning of this was that he could make any law he wanted, and he did not have to do what the law said himself. Middle Ages In the time of the Middle Ages many kings and rulers had to do what other leaders said, such as the leader of the Catholic Church, the Pope. Because of this, the idea of "Sovereignty" was not much used. Reformation In the time of the Protestant Reformation, in the 16th century, governments were breaking away from religious leaders. Also many wars were fought between different rulers inside areas that are now sovereign countries. The English Civil War is one example of a war fought in this time between leaders inside one country. The Peace of Westphalia was made in 1648 and the idea of "Sovereignty" came back. Governments were now separate from outside leaders and only one government or ruler inside a country could make laws. The divine right of kings became more widespread. The Enlightenment The English thinker Thomas Hobbes wrote a book in 1651 that said rulers and governments are "Sovereign" because they are good for the safety of the people. The idea that people could change rulers if they were not safe was new with Hobbes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a book in 1763 that said the choice of the people is the only thing sovereignty comes from. In 1789 the French Revolution made an important country's government ruled by the choices of the people for the first time after the Middle Ages (some cities and small countries were democracies in the Middle Ages). There were many problems and France went back to the old way soon after, but would be ready for Democracy in 1870's. In England, many people got to vote after The Reform Act in 1832. The United States broke away from England in 1776-1783, but was not an important country at that time. Present Between Countries "Sovereignty" when talking about relations between countries mostly means the rights a Sovereign state has over its territory. Sometimes there is discussion about when a government loses Sovereignty because it is doing bad things for its people. In this case justice may mean other countries need to intrude on the sovereignty of the government. Inside a Country "Sovereignty" when talking about relations between groups inside one country usually means which group has the Legitimacy to rule. This may not be certain. Sometimes the group who is most able to rule (because of a strong military) is not Legitimate. Politics
The (FIFA ; French for "International Federation of Association Football") is the organization that controls international football (also called association football). The organization’s main buildings are in Zürich, Switzerland. FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930. FIFA was established on May 21, 1905 in Paris and has 209 national associations as its members. The organization’s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish. The president of FIFA is currently Gianni Infantino, serving since 26 February 2016. The most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws. The Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's executive committee. The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA. The executive committee, with the President as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments. Also, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world. National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions. The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union Européenne de Football Association in Europe). Related pages FIFA World Cup FIFA Women's World Cup FIFA Club World Cup Asian Football Confederation Confederation of African Football CONCACAF CONMEBOL Oceania Football Confederation UEFA Further reading Paul Darby, Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance (Sport in the Global Society), Frank Cass Publishers 2002, . John Sugden, FIFA and the Contest For World Football, Polity Press 1998, . Jim Trecker, Charles Miers, J. Brett Whitesell, ed., Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup, Universe 2000, Revised Edition, . References Other websites Official website FIFA Laws of the Game 1904 establishments
American Idol is an American reality-singing competition series created by Simon Fuller, produced by 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season aired on ABC. Eventually the American people are allowed to vote by calling or texting, and the person with the fewest votes is off the show. The TV show consists of multiple rounds of elimination. The singers can be anyone between the age of 15 and 29 years. Host and judges American Idol has three judges, who give comments on performances. The three judges are: Simon Cowell (Season 1-9) Randy Jackson (Season 1-12) Paula Abdul (Season 1-8) Kara DioGuardi (Season 8-9) Ellen DeGeneres (Season 9) Jennifer Lopez (Season 10-11, 13-15) Steven Tyler (Season 10-11) Mariah Carey (Season 12) Keith Urban (Season 12-15) Nicki Minaj (Season 12) Harry Connick Jr. (Season 13-15) Katy Perry (Season 16-) Luke Bryan (Season 16-) Lionel Richie (Season 16-) Host Ryan Seacrest Brian Dunkleman (Season 1) Winners Season 1 (2002): Kelly Clarkson Season 2 (2003): Ruben Studdard Season 3 (2004): Fantasia Barrino Season 4 (2005): Carrie Underwood Season 5 (2006): Taylor Hicks Season 6 (2007): Jordin Sparks Season 7 (2008): David Cook Season 8 (2009): Kris Allen Season 9 (2010): Lee DeWyze Season 10 (2011): Scotty McCreery Season 11 (2012): Phillip Phillips Season 12 (2013): Candice Glover Season 13 (2014): Caleb Johnson Season 14 (2015): Nick Fradiani Season 15 (2016): Trent Harmon Season 16 (2018): Maddie Poppe Season 17 (2019): Laine Hardy Season 18 (2020): Just Sam Season 19 (2021): Chayce Beckham Runners-up Season 1 (2002): Justin Guarini Season 2 (2003): Clay Aiken Season 3 (2004): Diana DeGarmo Season 4 (2005): Bo Bice Season 5 (2006): Katharine McPhee Season 6 (2007): Blake Lewis Season 7 (2008): David Archuleta Season 8 (2009): Adam Lambert Season 9 (2010): Crystal Bowersox Season 10 (2011): Lauren Alaina Season 11 (2012): Jessica Sanchez Season 12 (2013): Kree Harrison Season 13 (2014): Jena Irene Season 14 (2015): Clark Beckham Season 15 (2016): La'Porsha Renae Season 16 (2018): Caleb Lee Hutchinson Season 17 (2019): Alejandro Aranda Season 18 (2020): Arthur Gunn Season 19 (2021): Willie Spence Third place Season 1 (2002): Nikki McKibbin Season 2 (2003): Kimberley Locke Season 3 (2004): Jasmine Trias Season 4 (2005): Vonzell Solomon Season 5 (2006): Elliott Yamin Season 6 (2007): Melinda Doolittle Season 7 (2008): Syesha Mercado Season 8 (2009): Danny Gokey Season 9 (2010): Casey James Season 10 (2011): Haley Reinhart Season 11 (2012): Joshua Ledet Season 12 (2013): Angie Miller Season 13 (2014): Alex Preston Season 14 (2015): Jax Season 15 (2016): Dalton Rapattoni Season 16 (2018): Gabby Barrett Season 17 (2019): Madison VanDenburg Season 18 (2020): Dillon James Season 19 (2021): Grace Kinstler Other contestants Chris Daughtry Melinda Doolittle Jennifer Hudson Sanjaya Malakar Cade Fohener Julia Gargano References Other websites American Idol Official website 2002 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series Fox television series English-language television programs
A smile is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Smiles usually express happiness. A smile can be natural or fake. However, smiling can be different with animals. When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear. Dimples Dimples are genetically inherited. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face. Duchenne smile Although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne. Duchenne identified two types of smiles. A Duchenne smile is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile. Internet On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is. Western Style: :-), :-(, ;-), :-O, :-D, (;D) Eastern Style: d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):) Related pages Laughter Smiley Social psychology References More reading Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? Smithsonian Magazine, 38,46-53. Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh. Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain psysiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353. Russell and Fernandez-Dols eds. 1997. The psychology of facial expression. Cambridge. . Messinger D. & Fogel A. 2007. The interactive development of social smiling. In Robert Kail (ed) Advances in child development and behavior, 35, 327-366. Oxford: Elsevier. Retrieved 25 June 2010 from Other websites BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile Non-verbal communication
Słupsk is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km². Cities in Poland
The Emperor of Ethiopia was the name of the ruler of Ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the Solomonids, were taken out of power. The name that was used for Emperor by the Ethiopians means King of Kings. Emperors and empresses Ethiopia
The Solomonid dynasty was a line of emperors that ruled in Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975. There were some other emperors that ruled who were not from the Solomonid dynasty, but the Solomonids were in control most of the time. The emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a new one for their rule. For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak. But he used the name Tasfa Iyassus after he became ruler. The dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia. Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty. But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty. The leaders of Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly Solomonids): History of Ethiopia Royal dynasties 13th-century establishments in Africa 1975 disestablishments 1270 establishments 20th-century disestablishments in Africa
The Sound of Music is a musical. It was based on a 1956 German movie, Die Trapp-Familie and The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp. The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was written by Richard Rodgers. It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening. Story A young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow. The children included Liesl (16), Fredrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5). Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song Do Re Mi. The captain and Maria fall in love and marry. Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed. The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland. Productions The Sound of Music was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway. It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp. It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances. The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961. It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt. von Trapp. The musical ran for 2,385 performances. Awards The musical won a Tony Award for Best Musical. Adaptations The musical was released as a 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. 1950s musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein Musicals based on books
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first Outstanding Picture in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture. It is still called that today. In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade. Winners 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s References Notes Other websites Oscars.org (official Academy site) Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site) The Academy Awards Database (official site) Academy Awards Photos and News (People.com) Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees IMDb.com (Internet Movie Database site) Link to DVD list of all Best Picture Winners Picture
Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person eats large amounts of food then will force themself to vomit it up or purge. Other ways that they get it out of their body include laxatives and exercising. Most who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny. Symptoms Most people with bulimia eat large amounts of food then make themselves vomit or purge. Typically, they will do this at least once a week or more often. Bulimic people often think about how their bodies look, and usually, the motive behind purging is the want to be skinny. The person may also have anorexia nervosa. However, most with bulimia have a normal weight or are overweight, which makes it difficult to know when someone has bulimia from just simply looking at them. It is also common to have calluses or bruising on the fingers from purging. Risks Bulimia nervosa can cause many health problems. Because vomit has lots of acid in it, purging frequently can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. One can lose nutrients or fluids in their body. Glands in one's throat and face may get larger and hurt. The immune system is weakened, as well as the possibility of muscle or heart problems. Sometimes bulimia can cause difficulty breathing. This is because the acids that are in your mouth go to your lungs and damage the bronchioles. There is also feedback to the ego and a social stigma that may cause further psychological impact. Statistics Most people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25. It is more common in females than it is in males. People who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic. People with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia. Related pages Anorexia nervosa References Eating disorders
The Turks and Caicos Islands are two groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea, near the Bahamas. The islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola. Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is in the Grand Turk Island about east-southeast of Miami, United States. The islands have a total land area of . and they are on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Government The government of Great Britain is also the ruler of the Turks and Caicos, but that ruler always acts through a governor. There are local elections for premier (similar to a president). Government offices are in the Grand Turk Island. Geography The two island groups are in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Bahamas, north of Hispaniola, at . The Caicos Islands are separated by the Caicos Passage from the closest Bahamian islands, Mayaguana and Great Inagua. The eight main islands and more than 299 smaller islands have a total land area of , consisting primarily of low, flat limestone with extensive marshes and mangrove swamps and of beach front. The weather is usually sunny and relatively dry, but hurricanes are frequent during summer. The islands have limited natural fresh water resources; private cisterns collect rainwater for drinking. The primary natural resources are spiny lobster, conch and other shellfish. Turks Islands The Turks Islands are separated from the Caicos Islands by Turks Island Passage, which is more than deep, The islands form a chain that goes from north to south. There are only two inhabited islands, and these are: Grand Turk. Here is the capital city, Cockburn Town, of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and all government offices are here. There is an international airport. Salt Cay. It is the second largest of the Turks Islands. The main income used to be salt, but now it is tourism. Caicos Islands The inhabited islands of the group are: North Caicos is the largest island in the country. Middle Caicos is the second largest island in the country. South Caicos, or The Big South, is the fishing capital of the country. Providenciales, or more commonly known as "Provo". In this island is the "Providenciales International Airport" and there are many holiday resorts. A large coral reef is situated to the north of the island. Ambergris Cay Pine Cay Parrot Cay Climate Turks and Caicos Islands features a relatively dry and sunny marine tropical climate with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year. The temperature during summer rarely is over and during winter rarely is below . Population Demographics Eight of the thirty islands in the territory are inhabited, with a total population in 2012 of 31,458: 16,037 males and 15,421 females. The population density is 214 persons per square mile. Total population by island 2001-2012 Language The official language of the islands is English and the population also speaks Turks and Caicos Islands Creole which is similar to Bahamian Creole. Due to its close proximity to Cuba and Hispaniola, large Haitian Creole and Spanish-speaking communities have developed in the territory due to immigration from Creole-speaking Haiti and from Spanish-speaking Cuba and Dominican Republic. Religion The people of Turks and Caicos was 72.8% Protestant (35.8% Baptists, 11.7% Church of God, 10% Anglicans, 9.3% Methodists, 6% Seventh-Day Adventists), 11.4% Catholics, 1.8% Jehovah's Witnesses, and 14% other. Cities This is a list of cities in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Blue Hills Bottle Creek Conch Bar Cockburn Harbour Cockburn Town Grace Bay Garden Loop, Turks and caicos island Balfour Town, Turks and Caicos Islands Whitby, Turks and Caicos Islands Kew, Turks and Caicos Islands Sandy Point, Turks and Caicos Islands Lorimers Bambarra, Turks and Caicos Islands Notes References Other websites Turks and Caicos Islands website Caribbean Community
The French State was the nominal government of all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine. It also governed the French colonial empire. It was led by Philippe Pétain, notable for helping to win World War I. When the French and British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made him Prime Minister. He negotiated an armistice with the Germans, agreeing to be neutral in World War II. Pétain became Head of State, effectively dictator, and usually did what the Germans told him to do. The Axis powers militarily occupied northern France and part of the southeast. The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the unoccupied parts of France until November1942. The German army ran the Northern half. In 1944, the Vichy government, now effectively a puppet state, moved to Nazi Germany, and later disbanded. It became known as Vichy France after World War II. 1940 establishments in France 1944 disestablishments 1940s in France World War II Puppet states 1940s disestablishments in Europe 20th-century disestablishments in France
Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea. The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom. Anguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain. Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent. It is named after the Spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape. Politics The King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor. He or she names, or appoints the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch. The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly. Economy Anguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century. The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America. Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism. Culture Most people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English. References Other websites
Bermuda (/bɜrˈmjuːdə/ "Ber-myu-dah"; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The land has one main island and 180 smaller islands. Bermuda is a popular tourist place, with mild weather during the winter months. Off the east coast of the United States, Bermuda's nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the west-northwest. It is about 1,373 kilometres (853 mi) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton. History in 1505 by Spanish navigator Juan de Bermúdez (who said it to be inhabited only with pigs), after whom the islands are named. Bermúdez claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Unoccupied, the island was settled by England in 1609, making it the oldest and most populous remaining British overseas territory. Its first capital, St George's, was founded in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the Americas. Geography The country is in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea. It is about 580 nautical miles (1070 km, 670 mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 590 nautical miles (1100 km, 690 mi) southeast of Martha's Vineyard. The island is due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina. It has 103 km (64 mi) of coastline. The territory has 181 islands. The total area is 53.3 square kilometres (20.6 sq mi). The largest island is Main Island, sometimes itself called Bermuda. Climate Bermuda has a subtropical climate. The weather is humid and, as a result, the summertime heat index can be high, even though mid-August temperatures rarely exceed Winters are mild, with average daytime temperatures in January and February around The temperature rarely drops below 10 °C Bermuda is very likely to be affected by hurricanes. The island's small size means that direct landfalls are rare. The last hurricane to cause significant damage to Bermuda was category 3 Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003. The only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall. It is collected on roofs and catchments and stored in tanks. Each home usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation. Flora and fauna When discovered, Bermuda had no people. It was mostly covered by forests of Bermuda cedar, with mangrove marshes along its shores. Only 165 of the island's current 1000 vascular plant species are considered native. Of those 15, including the cedar, are endemic. Many species of palm trees have been introduced to Bermuda. Coconut palms grow there, making it the furthest north place for the natural growth of this species. While coconuts grow on Bermuda, the lack of heat does not usually let them properly set fruit. The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats. All of these bats are also in the eastern United States — Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda includes its national bird, the Bermuda Petrel, and the Bermuda Rock Skink. The skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda. It has recently been discovered, however, that a species of terrapin predated the arrival of humans on the archipelago. Parishes and municipalities Bermuda is divided into nine parishes and two municipalities. Bermuda's nine parishes: Devonshire Hamilton Paget Pembroke St George's Sandys Smith's Southampton Warwick Bermuda's two municipalities: Hamilton (city) St George's (town) Bermuda's two informal villages: Flatts Village Somerset Village Despite their names, Jones Village (in Warwick), Cashew City (St. George's), Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke) and Tucker's Town (St. George's) are merely neighborhoods. Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development. Economy Bermuda has a wealthy economy, with finance as its largest sector, followed by tourism. In 2005, Bermuda was even claimed to have the world's highest GDP per capita, yet these statistics are hard to verify as Bermuda is not classified as a country but rather as a territory of the U.K. Main sights Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore many wrecks and coral reefs in shallow water (typically in depth) with nearly unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are easy to access from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay. Bermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard. It includes the Bermuda Maritime Museum. Other attractions include the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens, lighthouses, and the Crystal Caves with its impressive stalactites and underground saltwater pools. It is not possible to rent a car on the island. However, visitors can hire motor scooters for use as private transport, or use public transport. Arts and culture Bermuda has produced, or been home to, actors such as Oona O'Neill, Earl Cameron, Diana Dill, Lena Headey, Will Kempe, and most famously, Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Other movie and television personalities who were born, or have lived, in Bermuda include producer Arthur Rankin, Jr., and cartoonist and Muppet man Michael Frith. Music and dance are important in Bermuda. Noted musicians have included local icons The Talbot Brothers, who performed for many decades both in Bermuda and the United States, and were on Ed Sullivan's televised variety show. Other musicians are jazz pianist Lance Hayward, singer-songwriter Heather Nova and her brother, Mishka, tenor Gary Burgess, classical musician and conductor Kenneth Amis, and more recently, dancehall artist Collie Buddz. In 1979, Gina Swainson was crowned "Miss World". Sports Bermuda's national cricket team was in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies. Their most famous player is Dwayne Leverock. Also very well known is David Hemp. The yearly "Cup Match" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George's in the east and Somerset in the west is the time for a popular national holiday. In 2007 Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of Golf. The event returned to Bermuda again in 2008 and 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one-armed golf champion. The Government said in 2006 that it will provide substantial financial support to Bermuda's cricket and football teams. Bermuda's most famous footballers include Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe, Sam Nusum and Ralph Bean. In 2006, the Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nation's first professional football team. The team plays in the United Soccer Leagues Second Division. Sailing, fishing, and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike. The Newport–Bermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100-year-old tradition. A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy. International One Design racing also started in Bermuda. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver in the Olympic Games. Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill,. Hill won a bronze medal in boxing. Bermuda also was in Men's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Jillian Teceira was in the Beijing Olympics in 2008. Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games. It will host in 2013. Bermuda has a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships – defeating Guyana in the final. Bermuda Triangle Bermuda is the easternmost point of the so-called "Bermuda Triangle"– a region of sea in which a number of aircraft and ships have allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Some people think there is a pattern to the disappearances, while other people think it is only coincidence. References Other websites Bermuda Government – official government website UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Profile of Bermuda Bermuda from UCB Libraries GovPubs Travel websites Bermuda Travel and Locals site UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Visiting Bermuda Page Background Note from the US State Department U.S. Consulate General (U.S. State Department website) Bermuda Dept. of Tourism
Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012. References 1943 births Living people Presidents of Finland Politicians from Helsinki
Turku () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000. It is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Raisio and Rusko. The official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish. The harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports. Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. History Turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki. A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki. The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language. Museums and other sights References Other websites Official site of Turku
Wings is a silent movie released in 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Plot Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston). Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service. When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection. Jack and David are billeted together. Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day. Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans. Mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America. The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade. With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her. References Other websites 1927 movies 1920s drama movies Best Picture Oscar American romantic drama movies American silent movies American war movies United States National Film Registry movies Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans or Sunrise is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production. This category was not used again. It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award. It was the first to improvise a primitive version of CGI using nuclear warheads. It was directed by F.W. Murnau. References 1927 movies American silent movies Academy Award winning movies United States National Film Registry movies 1920s drama movies 1920s romance movies American romantic drama movies Movies directed by F. W. Murnau
The Broadway Melody is one of the first Hollywood musical movies. It was released in 1929. It made more money than any movie that year. It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Starring Charles King Anita Page Bessie Love Jed Prouty 1929 movies 1920s musical movies American musical movies Best Picture Oscar MGM movies English-language movies Movies directed by Harry Beaumont
Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer. It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006. The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. It was shot in 28 days. Many people liked the movie. It turned Stallone into a major star. Release Dates Cast Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr., an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title. Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training. Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer. Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion. The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali. Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym. Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world". Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer. Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles. Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard. Awards Rocky received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three: The Directors Guild of America awarded Rocky its annual award for best movie of the year. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time. Sequels Rocky II (1979) Rocky III (1982) Rocky IV (1985) Rocky V (1990) Rocky Balboa (2006) Creed (2015) Creed II (2018) References Other websites 1976 drama movies American drama movies American sports movies Best Picture Oscar Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States National Film Registry movies Movies directed by John G. Avildsen Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone Rocky movies Movies set in the 1970s
The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American war drama movie. It is set from 1967-1975 and is about three friends from Pennsylvania affected by the Vietnam War. The movie won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It was named by the American Film Institute as the 53rd Greatest Movie of All Time. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. In 1996, The Deer Hunter was picked to keep in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Full cast Robert De Niro as S/Sgt. Michael "Mike" Vronsky. Producer Deeley wanted De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro's star power to sell a movie with a "gruesome-sounding storyline and a barely known director". De Niro prepared by talking with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes. Cimino would introduce De Niro as his agent, Harry Ufland. No one recognized him. De Niro said this was his most physically exhausting movie. He said that the scene where Michael visits Steve in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with. Christopher Walken as Cpl. Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich. His won his first Academy Award, for Best Supporting Actor. John Savage as Cpl. Steven Pushkov. Savage was a last-minute replacement for Roy Scheider, who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start due to "creative differences". Universal kept Scheider to his three-picture contract for them by making him do Jaws 2. Meryl Streep as Linda. Before Deer Hunter, Streep had a small part in Fred Zinnemann's Julia and the eight-hour miniseries Holocaust. In the screenplay, Streep's role was very small. Cimino suggested that Streep write her own lines. John Cazale as Stanley ("Stosh"). All scenes with Cazale, who had terminal cancer, had to be done first. Because of his illness, the studio wanted to get rid of him. Streep, whom he was dating at the time, and Cimino said they would walk away if the studio fired Cazale. He died just after the movie was finished. George Dzundza as John Welsh Chuck Aspegren as Peter "Axel" Axelrod. Aspegren was not an actor. He was the foreman at an East Chicago steel works visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino. They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role. He was the second person to be cast in the movie, after De Niro. Shirley Stoler as Steven's mother Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic-Pushkov Amy Wright as Bridesmaid Joe Grifasi as Bandleader Locations St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene. Lemko Hall, Cleveland, Ohio. Also in Tremont, the wedding banquet was shown here. The name is clearly visible in one scene. US Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland, Ohio. Opening sequence steel mill scenes. Patpong, Bangkok, Thailand, the area used to show Saigon's red light district. Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand North Cascades National Park, Washington, mountain scenes. Steubenville, Ohio, for some mill and neighborhood shots. Struthers, Ohio, for external house and long-range road shots. Weirton, West Virginia, for mill and trailer shots. River Kwai, Thailand, Prison camp and first Russian roulette scene. Release Deer Hunter was shown at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8, 1978. The release was to qualify the movie for the Oscars. And one week would build interest. After the Oscar nominations, Universal widened the distribution to include major cities. A full-scale release was on February 23, 1979, just following the Oscars. Reception The movie's first reviews were largely enthusiastic. Many critics said it was the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather. Some people though did not like how the movie used Russian roulette. Many people did not like Cimino's next movie, Heaven's Gate. Because they thought it was so bad, they also changed their thoughts on The Deer Hunter. Instead of liking the movie people said they did not like it anymore. References Notes Other websites 1978 drama movies 1970s war movies American drama movies American war movies Best Picture Oscar Golden Globe Award winning movies Movies set in Pennsylvania Movies set in the 1960s United States National Film Registry movies Universal Pictures Vietnam War movies
A tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman. Clothing Occupations Artisans es:Sastre
A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it. In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times. In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story. A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication. Humans or machines can use templates. Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures. It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over. When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint. This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed. Related pages Computer programming Tools Computer science
Oliver! is a musical. It is based on the novel, Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. The book, lyrics, and music were written by Lionel Bart. Premieres Oliver! had its world premiere on 30 June 1960 at the New Theatre in the West End. It ran for 2621 performances. The musical was directed by Peter Coe, and choreographed by Malcolm Clare. It starred Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, Martin Horsey as Dodger, and Keith Hamshere as Oliver. Oliver! opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 6 January 1963. Georgia Brown reprised her role as Nancy, Clive Revill played Fagin, Davy Jones played Dodger, and Bruce Prochnik played Oliver. It won three Tony Awards including Best Original Score. Adaptations In 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture. West End musicals Broadway musicals 1960s musicals Musicals based on books Musicals adapted to movies
George S. Patton was a United States Army general during World War II Patton can also mean: Patton, a 1970 motion picture about General Patton The Patton tank, named after the general George Patton IV, son of the general Charlie Patton, a US blues musician Mike Patton, an American musician who used the title 'General Patton' for a one-off collaboration with The X-Ecutioners
Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show or simply just Dr. Hook was an American band. They formed in Union City, New Jersey in 1968. Their two best known songs were "Cover of the Rolling Stone" and "Sylvia's Mother". American rock bands Country bands Musical groups from New Jersey Musical groups established in 1967 1967 establishments in the United States 1960s establishments in New Jersey Musical groups disestablished in 1985 1980s disestablishments in New Jersey 1985 disestablishments in the United States
Gliders are aircrafts which do not have a motor. Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. Some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two. In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. Gliders always have seats for the pilots. 'Sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. In some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down. The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. This is called soaring. Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. Other pilots just fly for fun. Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground. There are two other types of gliders. Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs. Aircraft
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher and political economist. He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his third godfather Jeremy Bentham. As a utilitarian, he believed that the good of society as a whole is more important than the pleasure of one or a few individuals. References 1806 births 1873 deaths 19th-century English philosophers British economists Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies Liberal Party MPs (UK) Liberals Politicians from London Scientists from London Writers from London
Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism and animal rights and gay rights. Bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day. References 1748 births 1832 deaths Bentham, Jeremy
Dinosaur Comics is a comic by Ryan North. It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics. The art is the same every day, but the words are different. This comic is intended to be funny. Things in the comic that are not true: Dinosaurs did not talk There were no cabins, cars, or women when dinosaurs lived The dinosaurs in this comic (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Dromiceiomimus, and Utahraptor) did not live at the same time or even in the same places. Tyrannosaurus Rex was not friendly Comics
A lucid dream is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid. The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams. Ways to lucid dream Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up. There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep. There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep. Other websites Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource Lucidipedia Lucidity.com LD4all Sleep
My Fair Lady is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard. The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner. The music was written by Frederick Loewe. Synopsis The common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, Professor Henry Higgins, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year. Productions The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre. It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances. It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway. It was directed by Moss Hart. The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles. It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances. Awards The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical. Adaptations The musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison. Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on plays Musicals based on movies Musicals adapted to movies 1950s musicals Tony Award winning musicals
A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988. Best Picture Oscar Plays based on British history
A composite number (or simply a composite) is a natural number, that can be found by multiplying prime numbers. For example, the number 9 can be found by multiplying 3 by 3. Another example is the number 12, which is obtained by multiplying 3, 2 and 2. All natural numbers (greater than 1) can be put in one of the two classes below: The number is prime. The number is not prime. It can be found by multiplying together other primes. The same prime number can be used several times, as in the example with 12 above. This is known as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Related pages Perfect number Number theory
The Fundamental theorem of arithmetic (also called the unique factorization theorem) is a theorem of number theory. The theorem says that every positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of prime numbers (or the integer is itself a prime number). The theorem also says that there is only one way to write the number. If two people found two different ways to write the number, the only thing that can be different is the order in which the primes are written. For example, we can write: 6936 = 23 · 3 · 172   or   1200 = 24 · 3 · 52 and if somebody else finds another way to write 6936 or 1200 as product of prime numbers, we can put those prime numbers in the right order and find out that it is the same as what we have here. Finding the prime numbers is called factorization. This theorem can be used in cryptography. Proof The first person who proved the theorem was Euclid. The first detailed and correct proof was in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauß. Some people may think that the theorem is true everywhere. However, the theorem is not true in more general number systems, like algebraic integers. This was first mentioned by Ernst Kummer in 1843, in his work on Fermat's last theorem. For more information about that: read algebraic number theory. The proof consists of two parts: first we show that every number can be written as a product of primes; second we show that if we write a number as a product of primes for a second time, then the two lists of prime numbers must be the same. First part of the proof We show that if not every number greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes, we end up in some kind of impossibility. So after that we conclude that it must be true that every number can be written as a product of primes. So, now see what happens when somebody says that he/she knows a positive integer, greater than 1, which can not be written as a product of primes. In that case we ask him/her to mention all the numbers, greater than 1, that can not be written as a product of primes. One of these numbers must be the smallest: let's call it n. Of course, this number n cannot be 1. Further, it cannot be a prime number, because a prime number is a 'product' of a single prime: itself. So it must be a product of numbers. Thus- n = ab where both a and b are positive integers that are of course smaller than n. But: n was the smallest number that can not be written as a product of primes. So it must be possible to write a and b as products of primes, because they are both smaller than n. But then the product n = ab can be written as a product of primes as well. This is an impossibility because we said that n can not be written as a product of primes. We have now shown the impossibility which exists if the first part of the theorem would not be true. In this way we have now proven the first part of the theorem. Second part of the proof Now we have to prove that there is only one way to write a positive number greater than 1 as a product of prime numbers. To do this, we use the following lemma: if a prime number p divides a product ab, then it divides a or it divides b (Euclid's lemma). First we now prove this lemma. Well, assume now that p does not divide a. Then p and a are coprime and we have Bezout's identity that says that there must be integers x and y such that px + ay = 1. Multiplying everything with b gives pbx + aby = b, Remember that ab could be divided by p. So now, on the left-hand side we have two terms that are divisible by p. So the term on the right-hand side is also divisible by p. We have now proven that if p does not divide a, it must divide b. That proves the lemma. Now we will prove that we can write an integer greater than 1 in only one way as a product of prime numbers. Take two products of primes A and B which have the same outcome. So we know for the outcome of the products that A = B. Take any prime p from the first product A. It divides the A, so it also divides B. Using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that p must then divide at least one factor b of B. But the factors are all primes themselves, so also b is prime. But we know that p is also prime, so p must be equal to b. So now we divide A by p and also divide B by p. And we get a result like A* = B*. Again we can take a prime p from the first product A* and find out that is equal to some number in the product B*. Continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same. This proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way. Related pages Fundamental theorem of algebra Theorems in number theory de:Primfaktorzerlegung#Fundamentalsatz der Arithmetik
"A Portuguesa" (pron. [ɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ] "uh poor-too-GHEY-zuh"), meaning "Song of the Portuguese" (lit. 'The Portuguese [Song]') is the national anthem of Portugal, adopted in 1911. It was composed by Alfredo Keil, and its lyrics (words) were written by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça in response to the British Ultimatum for Portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in Africa between the (now former) colonies of Mozambique and Angola in the Rose-Coloured Map (also known as the Pink Map). Lyrics References National anthems Portugal
Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. There are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding. The most common type is arc welding. Anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright. Looking at the arc without visual protection may cause permanent eye damage. It is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn. Hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing. One kind of welding that does not use an arc is Oxy-fuel welding (OFW), sometimes called gas welding. OFW uses a flame to heat up the metal. There are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc. Arc Welding Any welding process that utilizes an electric arc is known as arc welding. The common forms of arc welding include: Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW): SMAW is also known as "stick" welding. Gas metal arc welding (GMAW): GMAW is also known as MIG (metal/inert gas welding). Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW): GTAW is also known as TIG (tungsten inert gas welding). Arc welding heats metals by making a high-current electric arc between pieces of metal to be joined and an electrode. Use of the electrode varies based on the type of welding process. In SMAW, GMAW, and related welding processes, the electrode is consumed and becomes part of the weld. The electrode is usually made of the same kind of metal to be welded. Because the electrode is consumed by the welding process, the electrode must constantly be fed into the weld. The SMAW welding process features a "stick" electrode impregnated with a weld promoter known as flux, clamped to the end. The GMAW welding process uses a thin wire on a rotating spool, as a continuous electrode. The size of this electrode varies from around 0.635 millimeters to about 4 millimeters. The welding machine has a motor-driven spool inside that feeds the wire electrode into the weld. The TIG welding (GTAW) process features an electrode that is not consumed by the welding process as the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it. The electrode is made of Tungsten, so used as it will not melt while immersed in the electrical arc. A filler metal, in the form of a rod, can be used to add metal to the weld area. Almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal pieces. The extra metal helps to make the weld strong. Sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal. Welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding. Shielding in arc welding All types of welding require that the hot metal have protection. Dirt, rust, grease, and even the oxidation of the metal under the weld process can prevent a proper weld joint. As such all weld processes use one of two protection methods: flux, and shielding gas. Welding flux may be used in a solid, liquid, or paste form. During welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate. This creates a small pocket of gas around the weld. This pocket of gas prevents oxidation of the metal under weld. Melted flux, through a corrosive reaction, cleans contaminants that prevent a proper weld. After welding, the flux solidifies. This layer of solid flux is called slag, and must be removed from the weld. The SMAW weld process most commonly uses flux, and is most commonly used on steel. Shielding gas protects the weld by being a pocket of gas around the weld. The purpose of this gas is to keep normal air out, especially oxygen. It is different from flux because there is no liquid on the weld. There is only a gas around the weld. Because there is no liquid, it will not clean up dirt and other things on the metal. This means that the metal has to be clean before it is welded. If it is not, the dirt and other things could cause problems. The gases that are usually used are argon, helium, and a mixture that is 3 parts argon and one part carbon dioxide. Other mixtures of gases can have nitrogen, hydrogen, or even a little bit of oxygen in them. One kind of welding that uses shielding gas is gas metal arc welding. It is usually used in factories to make things. Welding that uses flux is easier to do outside when it is windy. This is because the liquid flux is protecting the hot metal and it will not blow away. Also, the flux is always making the pocket of gas which keeps the electric arc from going out. Welding that uses shielding gas usually cannot be used outside because the gas would blow away if there were any wind. Other kinds of welding Some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc. They might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force. The most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding. In gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch. Gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it. It is still important to make sure the metal is clean. The flame heats up the metal so much that it melts. When both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece. The other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity. It is called resistance welding. With this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them. This makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together. The two pieces melt together at that place. Sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time. Forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used. Forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt. Then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece. The other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new. They are expensive too. Most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed. They might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves. Energy for welding Every kind of welding needs to use energy. This energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld. When heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire. Power supplies for arc welding A lot of electricity is used in arc welding. Some kinds of welding use alternating current like the electricity that buildings use. Other kinds use direct current like the electricity in a car or most things with a battery. Almost all kinds of welding use a lower voltage than the electricity that comes from a power plant. Arc welding requires using a special power supply that makes the electricity from the power plant usable for welding. A power supply lowers the voltage and controls the amount of current. The power supply usually has controls on it that allow these things to be changed. For kinds of arc welding that use alternating current, sometimes the power supply can do special things to make the electricity alternate differently. Some power supplies do not plug into a power plug, but instead generate their own electricity. These kind of power supplies have an engine that turns a generator head to make the electricity. The engine might run on gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane. Energy for other kinds of welding OFW uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal. This fuel gas is almost always acetylene. Acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas. That is why it is used most of the time. Other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too. Some kinds of welding do not use heat to make the weld. These kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt. Forge welding is an example of this. Friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat. It uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge. This seems odd because metals are a solid. this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard. The energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit. Other websites The American Welding Society Construction Technology
Stalking means following something or somebody secretly. In the animal kingdom, Predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing. Someone who likes to watch other people known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect. Criminal stalking Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person. Cyber-stalking Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called cyberstalking. References Human behavior Crime
William Henry Cosby Jr. (; born July 12, 1937) is an American former stand-up comedian, actor, author, producer, musician, and activist. He was also a regular star of movies and television. He was known for creating and starring in The Cosby Show. In 2018, Cosby went to prison because of many sexual assault allegations. He got out of prison in 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him. Life Early life Cosby was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Temple University. Cosby was the class president and a captain of the baseball. Career He is the creator of such shows as Filmation's animated Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, NBC's The Cosby Show (in which he played a doctor named Heathcliff Huxtable) and Nick at Nite's Fatherhood (with Blair Underwood). On television, he starred in the 1960s spy spoof I Spy, and has also advertised Jell-o and other products. In 1983, Cosby released the concert film Bill Cosby. Cosby performed his first TV stand-up special in 30 years. On the big screen, he appeared in Leonard Part 6 (1987), Ghost Dad (1990), and The Meteor Man (1993). On May 2, 2015, his last show of the "Far from Finished" tour was performed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Atlanta, Georgia. His last known standup performance prior to his conviction was held at the LaRose Jazz Club in Philadelphia on January 23, 2018. Bill Cosby was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life Cosby married Camille Hanks Cosby in 1964. Together, they have five children: Erika, Erinn, Ennis, Ensa and Evin. Cosby lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Cosbys have three grandchildren. Since 2016, Cosby has been legally blind, as a result of keratoconus. Cosby and his wife have collected more than three hundred works of African-American art since 1967. Sexual assault charges As of December 30, 2015, numerous civil lawsuits are active against Cosby, and he faces one felony charge of aggravated indecent assault in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; a warrant was issued for his arrest. This charge is based on the 2005 allegations of a January 2004 incident. He was released on a $1 million dollar bail later that day. In 2014, Cosby was set to release his new standup special Bill Cosby 77 on Netflix. The release of the film was canceled due to allegations of sexual assault against Cosby. Cosby's trial started on June 5, 2017. He hired layer Thomas Mesereau. He was found guilty of three counts of assault on April 26, 2018, and was sentenced to 3–10 years in prison in late September 2018. Cosby got out of prison on 30 June 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him. Works Discography Comedy albums Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow...Right! (1963) I Started Out as a Child (1964) Why Is There Air? (1965) Wonderfulness (1966) Revenge (1967) To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With (1968) 200 M.P.H. (1968) 8:15 12:15 (1969) It's True! It's True! (1969) Sports (1969) Live: Madison Square Garden Center (1970) When I Was a Kid (1971) For Adults Only (1971) Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs (1971) Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby (1972) Fat Albert (1973) My Father Confused Me... What Must I Do? What Must I Do? (1977) Bill's Best Friend (1978) Bill Cosby: Himself (1982) Those of You with or Without Children, You'll Understand (1986) Oh, Baby! (1991) Bill Cosby: Far from Finished (TV broadcast on November 23, 2013, Blu-ray, DVD, CD and digital distribution on November 26, 2013) Music albums Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967) Bill Cosby Sings Hooray for the Salvation Army Band! (1968) Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band (1971) Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert – As master of ceremonies (Columbia, 1972) Bill Cosby Presents Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band (1972) At Last Bill Cosby Really Sings (1974) Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days (1976) Disco Bill (1977) Where You Lay Your Head (1990) My Appreciation (1991) Hello Friend: To Ennis, With Love (1997) Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The Original Jam Sessions 1969 (2004) Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The New Mixes Vol. 1 (2004) State of Emergency (2009) Keep Standing (2010) Compilations The Best of Bill Cosby (1969) More of the Best of Bill Cosby (1970) Bill (1973) Down Under (1975) Cosby and the Kids (1986) At His Best (1994) 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Bill Cosby (2001) The Bill Cosby Collection (2004) Icon (2011) Singles Filmography Books Awards and honors 1969: Received his third Man of the Year award from Harvard University's performance group the Hasty Pudding Theatricals. 1991: Induction into the Television Hall of Fame. 1998: Received the Kennedy Center Honor. 2002: The Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to television 2002: The scholar Molefi Kete Asante included him in his book The 100 Greatest African Americans. 2003: The Bob Hope Humanitarian Award. 2005: In a British poll broadcast on Channel 4 to find the Comedian's Comedian, he was voted among the top-50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. 2010: Received the Lone Sailor Award by the United States Navy Memorial. 2009: Presented with the 12th annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. 2011: Made an honorary Chief Petty Officer (Hospital Corpsman) in the United States Navy. The Navy revoked this award on December 4, 2014. Emmys Grammys Honorary degrees Cosby has been awarded at least 57 honorary degrees since 1985. Several of these honorary degrees have been rescinded due to allegations of sexual assault and/or immoral behavior: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Boston University, May 18, 2014 (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Marquette University, May 19, 2013. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from The University of San Francisco, May 18, 2012. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Oberlin College, May 1, 2010. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, December 5, 2008. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Carnegie Mellon University, May 20, 2007; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony. Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music, May 8, 2004. Cosby was also the host of the school's 60th Anniversary Concert in January 2006. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Wilkes University, May 2004.(Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Baylor University, September 4, 2003, at the "Spirit Rally" for the Baylor and Central Texas communities. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Yale University, May 26, 2003. Honorary Degree in 2003 from Sisseton Wahpeton College for his contributions to minority education. Honorary Doctorate from West Chester University of Pennsylvania during the 2003 graduation ceremony. Honorary Doctorate from Paine College in 2003. Honorary Doctorate from Drew University during the 2002 graduation ceremony. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Haverford College, May 2002. Honorary Degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the University of Cincinnati in 2001. Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Fordham University in 2001. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctorate from Goucher College, 2001. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Tufts University, 2000. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctorate from Amherst College, May 1999. (Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa) (Rescinded) Honorary Doctorate from Colgate University, May 22, 1999; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony. Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Southern California, May 8, 1998. Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Connecticut, and served as the commencement speaker, May 18, 1996. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Swarthmore College, 1995. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 1992. (Rescinded) Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania, 1990. He also served as the commencement speaker in May 1997. Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Brown University, May 1985. (Rescinded) References Other websites 1937 births Living people Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania American people convicted of assault African American actors African American comedians American movie actors American prisoners American sex offenders American television actors American television producers American television writers American voice actors Comedians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Criminals from Pennsylvania Emmy Award winning actors Golden Globe Award winning actors Kennedy Center honorees Mark Twain Prize recipients African American players of American football African-American military personnel American Protestants American activists American football running backs American movie directors American movie producers American musicians American philanthropists American screenwriters American stand-up comedians American television directors Democrats (United States) Grammy Award winners Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Singers from Pennsylvania Vegetarians Warner Bros. Records artists Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Ham is meat that comes from a thigh of a pig. Ham is a kind of pork, which is any meat from a pig. Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. Then, it is dried and aged. Wet-cured ham is made with brine. Ham is pork. Ham is one of the foods forbidden by kosher rules. Types of dry-cured ham: Prosciutto crudo (Italian) Prosciutto di Parma (Italian) Jambon de bayonne (French) Jamón serrano (Spanish) Jamón iberico (Spanish) Country ham (American) York ham (English) Westphalian ham (German) Ham is used in SPAM.
Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham. Spam Lite, a newer kind of Spam, is made with pork and chicken. There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" means. The Hormel Foods Corporation once said that it means "Shoulder of Pork and Ham", but in some dictionaries "Spam" means "spiced ham". Members of staff at the SPAM museum say it stands for Specially Produced American Meat. In 2019, Spam began making advertisements containing the definition “Sizzle Pork And Mmmm”. Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item. Jokes about Spam The British comedy group Monty Python created a short play about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages. There is also a song called Spam. It was sung by Weird Al Yankovic and first recorded in 1988. Pork
A mushroom (also called a toadstool) is the part of a fungus that is like a fruit of a plant. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to make energy for themselves. Some mushrooms are edible (safe to be eaten), and are used for cooking in many countries, such as China, Korea and Europe. Other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can kill people (or make them very sick) if they are eaten. People who look for mushrooms to eat are called mycophagists, meaning "mushroom eater", while The act of looking for mushrooms is simply called "mushrooming". Mushrooms helps to make a Healthy Bones and Good for Diabetics. It is available in Different colours and Shapes. Kinds of mushrooms Agarics (includes very poisonous, and hallucinogenic kinds) Boletus (edible) Bracket fungi Chanterelles (edible) Coral fungi (edible) Cup fungi (usually edible) Jelly fungi (usually edible, but tastes bad) Polypores (similar to boletes) Psychedelic (also known as shrooms) Puffballs (usually edible) Stinkhorns (edible, but smells bad) Tooth fungi Structure of mushrooms Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap sometimes has gills to hold spores, and sometimes holds the spores themselves. References Other websites Identification Mushroom Expert MykoWeb An Aid to Mushroom Identification, Simon's Rock College Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org), a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project list of field guides to mushrooms , from the International Field Guides database Research associations Mushroom Mania; the Newsletter North American Mycological Association International Society for Mushroom Science Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal
Factorization (also called factorisation and factoring) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number. These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors. 1 is a factor of all numbers. Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite numbers into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number. Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization. For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization. 12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2. The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2. The factorization of every number is unique. This generalizes to: Every number has a unique prime factorization Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography. Polynomials This is how one type of polynomial is factored. Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5. Related pages Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Algebra
A joint is the place where two or more bones make contact. They allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support. Joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. Joints are described structurally and functionally. Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones. References
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (), was an Egyptian politician. He served as President of Egypt from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011. Mubarak became the Vice-President of the Republic of Egypt after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. Then he became the President after President Anwar Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981. His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. As President of Egypt, Mubarak is thought to have been one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, Mubarak exercised strong control over the country and was generally considered a dictator. In 2005, he called an election and easily won it. Many opponents believed Mubarak changed the election results so he could win. In early 2011, during the Arab Spring, there were huge protests against his government. In the end, Mubarak resigned and handed over power to the armed forces. It is hoped that elections later that year for a new government. On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the shooting of protesters in the revolution that ousted him. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and released on 24 March 2017. He died on 25 February 2020 at a Cairo hospital after having surgery, aged 91. References 1928 births 2020 deaths Deaths from surgical complications Criminals Egyptian military people Egyptian Muslims Generals Presidents of Egypt Prime Ministers of Egypt Former dictators Prisoners Vice-Presidents of Egypt
Euclid of Alexandria () (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born. The Elements Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His Elements is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms. The Elements also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of greatest common divisors. They were in his Elements. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers. The geometrical system described in the Elements was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century. Other works In addition to the Elements, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as Elements, with definitions and proved propositions. Data deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the Elements. On Divisions of Figures, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria. Catoptrics, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria. Phaenomena, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to On the Moving Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC. Tributes to Euclid An asteroid, is named after Euclid. A crater on the moon is named after Euclid. References 325 BC births 265 BC deaths Ancient Greeks Ancient mathematicians Number theorists Geometers
Guadeloupe is part of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. The capital is Basse-Terre. Arawak native Americans first lived on the islands. Most died when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by the French Company of the American Islands. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France. Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic and are of African descent. 71%: African or Multiracial (European, African, Chinese, East Indian, Amerindians, and others). 15%: East Indian 9%: European 2%: Middle Easterns 3%: Chinese
Events March 5 – Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later. May 14 – Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court. May 16 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France). May 16 – Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead June 3 – Gasper de Portola and Father Junipero Serra establish Monterey, which was the capital of California from 1777-1849. July 1 – Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth August 22 – James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia) Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks. Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture. Births December 17 – Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised).
Events War between Austria and Venice. Births May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian artist Deaths April 23 – Miguel de Cervantes April 23 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet
Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed (March 2, 1942 – October 27, 2013) was an American rock musician. He was originally from Long Island, New York and spent most of his life in New York City. He is remembered for being in the Velvet Underground, although he also released solo work. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol. Early life Lewis Allan Reed was born on March 2, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Syracuse University. Reed was raised Jewish. Career Reed began his career in 1964. He is perhaps most famous for his songs "Walk on the Wild Side" (about transgender woman Candy Darling and other such people Reed had known), "Perfect Day" (which was covered by many other artists, including Duran Duran and a version used by the BBC) and "Heroin" (an "love song" about the drug. Reed's 1989 album New York drew attention and praise, for its matter-of-fact look at the condition of New York City in the late 1980s. At the height of his popularity as a solo artist, Reed released one of the least "commercial" recordings ever; his 1975 experimental album Metal Machine Music. It was an hour of electric guitar feedback, and not what many people thought was music. The album did not hurt his career in the long run, and it reminded people that Reed was a unique musician. Because of his song about heroin, Reed was believed to have been addicted to the drug, but this was not the case. He was a longtime user of amphetamines, marijuana and tobacco, but gradually stopped using any drugs. He began exercising more, and enjoyed Tai Chi. In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome. Reed was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Velvet Underground in 1996 and as a solo artist in 2015. Personal life Reed was bisexual. He was married to Betty Reed from 1973 until they divorced in 1978. Then he was married to Sylvia Morales from 1980 until they divorced in 1994. Then he was married to Laurie Anderson, the performance artist and musician, from 2008 until his death in 2013. Reed had no children. Death In April 2013, Reed had a liver transplant. He died from a liver disease on October 27, 2013 in his home in Long Island, New York. He was 71 years old. Tributes were paid to Reed on Twitter, including those from Miley Cyrus, Salman Rushdie, Samuel L. Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Ricky Gervais, Ryan Adams, Elijah Wood, and many others. John Cale, his Velvet Underground bandmate, posted on his Facebook: "The world has lost a fine songwriter and poet…I've lost my 'school-yard buddy'". References Other websites Official Lou Reed website Comprehensive music biography of Reed by Allmusic BBC obituary' 1942 births 2013 deaths American rock guitarists American rock singers Bisexual Jews Deaths from liver disease Disease-related deaths in New York Jewish American LGBT people Jewish American musicians LGBT musicians LGBT people from New York Musicians from New York City Organ transplant recipients Warner Bros. Records artists
Albany can be any of the following: Geography Australia Albany, Western Australia Albany Creek Canada Albany, Nova Scotia Albany, Ontario Albany, Prince Edward Island Fort Albany, Ontario New Zealand Albany, New Zealand South Africa Albany, South Africa United Kingdom Albany, Tyne and Wear United States of America Albany, Alabama Albany, California, Albany, Georgia, Albany, Illinois Albany Park, Chicago, Illinois Albany Township, Illinois Albany, Indiana Albany, Iowa Albany, Kentucky Albany, Louisiana Albany Township, Maine Albany, Minnesota Albany Township, Minnesota Albany, Missouri Albany Township, Nebraska Albany, New Hampshire Albany, New York, the capital of New York and the most populous city in this list Albany County, New York Albany, Ohio Albany, Oklahoma Albany, Oregon Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania Albany Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania Albany, Tennessee Albany, Texas Albany, Vermont Albany, Wisconsin Albany, Green County, Wisconsin Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin Albany, Wyoming Albany County, Wyoming Rivers Albany River, in Canada People Duke of Albany, a Scottish, and later, British Peerage title Other Albany Records, a record label in Albany, New York
Augusta may refer to: Places In Australia Augusta, Western Australia Port Augusta, South Australia Shire of Augusta-Margaret River In Canada Augusta, Ontario North Augusta, Ontario In Europe Augusta, Sicily, Italy In the United States Augusta, Arkansas Augusta, Georgia Augusta, Illinois Augusta, Kansas Augusta, Kentucky Augusta, Maine (capital city of Maine) Augusta, Michigan Augusta, Minnesota Augusta, Missouri Augusta, Montana Augusta, New Jersey Augusta, New York North Augusta, South Carolina Augusta, West Virginia Augusta, Wisconsin Augusta County, Virginia Augusta Charter Township, Michigan Augusta Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota People Augusta (given name)
Berkeley could mean: Berkeley, California, USA University of California, Berkeley Berkeley Software Distribution
Charleston might mean: Places Cities in the United States Charleston, Arkansas Charleston, Illinois Charleston, South Carolina Charleston, West Virginia Other Charleston (dance), a dance Charleston Battery, a soccer club based in Charleston, South Carolina Related pages Charlestown, Indiana
Anthropomorphism is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism. Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. An anthropomorphized animal is called a "furry". The novel The Call of the Wild also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs. Reasons for anthropomorphism Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans. Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better. Related pages Furry: A section of anthropomorphism where animals and legendary creatures are shown as human-like in stories and art. References Literature Psychology Metaphors
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark used in writing. It is a diacritic (a mark used with letters). In English, it has two jobs: To show where one or more letters have been left out, as in the abbreviation (contraction) of do not to don't. To show the possessive case, as in the cat’s whiskers. Examples Its versus it's The most common grammatical mistake in written English is to put it's where its is correct. Its: a possessive adjective and pronoun of the personal pronoun it. The cat chased its tail. (correct) The tyre lost it's grip. (wrong) It's: a contraction of the verbal phrase it is or it has. It's mine. (correct; check: It is mine) It's been here. (correct; check: It has been here) The cat chased it's tail. (wrong; cannot be expanded to it is) The same applies to yours, theirs and ours because these are also possessive adjectives of personal pronouns. The colour is ours. That book is hers (or his). Theirs was the responsibility. Possession Apostrophes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something). Again, correct uses can be expanded: Mike's car. (correct; the car that belongs to Mike) The dog's ball. (correct; the ball that belongs to the dog) Those dog's are large. (wrong; here "dogs" is a plural word) The intrusive apostrophe Comes in plurals which don't (do not) need it. Do not put an apostrophe in word ending in s, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead. Mr. Jones' hat or Mr. Jones's hat. (both correct) Both of my parents' birthdays. (correct) CD's and DVD's (wrong; not possessive. See "Plural" section below) Apple's and pear's (wrong; not possessive) Writing dialogue or titles Apostrophes are also used when other words are shortened, as in slang: Go get 'em tiger! or Li'l Bow Bow. This is just a version of the abbreviation function. Plural To make a word that doesn't (does not) usually exist as a plural into a plural, an apostrophe is occasionally used. See these examples: How many A's did you get this year? Here it is wrong because it is not needed. The poll received many yes's and very few no's. Here it is sensible because without it the words 'yess' and 'nos' look quite peculiar. However, you may find 'yeses' and 'noes' are appropriate as plurals. General rule: if an apostrophe is not needed, do not use it. References Punctuation Grammar
Ryan M. North (born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian writer. He is the author of the comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics. Other websites Dinosaur Comics Whispered Apologies Canadian writers Comics writers 1980 births Living people
A by-election or bye-election is a type of special election. These elections are held in between general elections. General elections are elections for all members of an elected body. By-elections are elections for just some members. A by-election could be needed if a member dies or resigns while in political office. They are also used if a person is removed from office for some reason, for example if he/she is guilty of a crime or is not qualified to be a member anymore. By-elections in the United States and the Philippines are called "special elections". In India, they are called "bypolls". In the 1980s, all 12 of the Unionist MPs in the British House of Commons resigned and all of the elections happened on the same day. Although unusual, these were still only by-elections. It is also defined as an election held in a single political constituency to fill a vacancy that has happened during a government's term of office. Types of elections Elections
A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job. By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized paper and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office. In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an administrative assistant, receptionist, clerk, or executive assistant. In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census. In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association, founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today. Other secretaries In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies. Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries. In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department. In the USA, United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense. Sources Basic English 850 words Occupations
Happiness is a feeling of pleasure and positivity. When someone feels good, proud, excited, relieved or satisfied about something, that person is said to be "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile. Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness. However, it is very possible to feel both at once, often about different things, or sometimes even about the same thing You will feel some excited too when you are happy. Happiness can also be inspired too. Many philosophers have said that people in the world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad. Happiness sometimes causes people to cry when they laugh because the emotion takes control of them, people should learn how to be happy in life. Happiness was thought of as the key to love in ancient civilizations such as the Incas and the Mayans. Emotions
A number is called a perfect number if by adding all the positive divisors of the number (except itself), the result is the number itself. 6 is the first perfect number. Its divisors (other than the number itself: 6) are 1, 2, and 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 equals 6. Other perfect numbers include 28, 496 and 8128. Perfect numbers that are even Euclid discovered that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2n-1(2n - 1): for n = 2: 21(22 - 1) = 6 for n = 3: 22(23 - 1) = 28 for n = 5: 24(25 - 1) = 496 for n = 7: 26(27 - 1) = 8128 Euclid saw that 2n - 1 is a prime number in these four cases. He then proved that the formula 2n-1(2n - 1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2n - 1 is prime (Euclid, Prop. IX.36). Ancient mathematicians made many assumptions about perfect numbers based on the four they knew. Most of the assumptions were wrong. One of these assumptions was that since 2, 3, 5, and 7 are precisely the first four primes, the fifth perfect number would be obtained when n = 11, the fifth prime. However, 211 - 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89 is not prime and therefore n = 11 does not give a perfect number. Two other wrong assumptions were: The fifth perfect number would have five digits since the first four had 1, 2, 3, and 4 digits respectively. The perfect numbers would alternately end in 6 or 8. The fifth perfect number () has 8 digits. This falsifies the first assumption. For the second assumption, the fifth perfect number indeed ends with a 6. However, the sixth (8 589 869 056) also ends in a 6. It is straightforward to show the last digit of any even perfect number must be 6 or 8. In order for to be prime, it is necessary that should be prime. Prime numbers of the form 2n - 1 are known as Mersenne primes, after the seventeenth-century monk Marin Mersenne, who studied number theory and perfect numbers. Two millennia after Euclid, Euler proved that the formula 2n-1(2n - 1) will yield all the even perfect numbers. Therefore, every Mersenne prime will yield a distinct even perfect number–there is a concrete one-to-one association between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes. This result is often referred to as the "Euclid-Euler Theorem". Till January 2013, only 48 Mersenne primes are known. This means there are 48 perfect numbers known, the largest being 257,885,160 × (257,885,161 - 1) with 34,850,340 digits. The first 42 even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n - 1) for n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281, 3217, 4253, 4423, 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937, 21701, 23209, 44497, 86243, 110503, 132049, 216091, 756839, 859433, 1257787, 1398269, 2976221, 3021377, 6972593, 13466917, 20996011, 24036583, 25964951 The other 7 known are for n = 30402457, 32582657, 37156667, 42643801, 43112609, 57885161, 74207281. It is currently not known whether there are others between them. It is still not known if there are infinitely many Mersenne primes and perfect numbers. The search for new Mersenne primes is the goal of the GIMPS distributed computing project. Since any even perfect number has the form 2n-1(2n - 1), it is a triangular number, and, like all triangular numbers, it is the sum of all natural numbers up to a certain point; in this case: 2n - 1. Also, any even perfect number except the first one is the sum of the first 2(n-1)/2 odd cubes: Perfect numbers that are odd It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. Carl Pomerance has presented a heuristic argument which suggests that no odd perfect numbers exist. Also, it has been conjectured that there are no odd Ore's harmonic numbers. If true, this would mean that there are no odd perfect numbers. Any odd perfect number N must satisfy the following conditions: N > 10300. It is likely that, in the near future, it will be proven that N > 10500. N is of the form where: q, p1, ..., pk are distinct primes. q ≡ α ≡ 1 (modulo 4) (Euler). Proof Let be odd perfect number. Since divisor function is multiplicative, . must be an even not divisible by 4 and all the remaining must be odd. forces . Either qα > 1020, or > 1020 for some j (Cohen 1987). N < (Nielsen 2003). The relation ≡ ...≡ ≡ 1 (modulo 3) is not satisfied (McDaniel 1970). The smallest prime factor of N is less than (2k + 8) / 3 (Grün 1952). The largest prime factor of N is greater than 108 (Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, 2006). The second largest prime factor is greater than 104, and the third largest prime factor is greater than 100 (Iannucci 1999, 2000). N has at least 75 prime factors; and at least 9 distinct prime factors. If 3 is not one of the factors of N, then N has at least 12 distinct prime factors (Nielsen 2006; Kevin Hare 2005). Minor results Even perfect numbers have a very precise form; odd perfect numbers are rare, if indeed they do exist. There are a number of results on perfect numbers that are actually quite easy to prove but nevertheless superficially impressive; some of them also come under Richard Guy's Strong Law of Small Numbers: Every odd perfect number is of the form 12m + 1 or 4356m + 1089 or 468m + 117 or 2916m + 729 (Roberts 2008). An odd perfect number is not divisible by 105 (Kühnel 1949). Every odd perfect number is the sum of two squares (Stuyvaert 1896). A Fermat number cannot be a perfect number (Luca 2000). The only even perfect number of the form　 is 28 (Makowski 1962). By dividing the definition through by the perfect number N, the reciprocals of the factors of a perfect number N must add up to 2: For 6, we have ; For 28, we have , etc. The number of divisors of a perfect number (whether even or odd) must be even, since N cannot be a perfect square. From these two results it follows that every perfect number is an Ore's harmonic number. Related concepts The sum of proper divisors gives various other kinds of numbers. Numbers where the sum is less than the number itself are called deficient, and where it is greater than the number, abundant. These terms, together with perfect itself, come from Greek numerology. A pair of numbers which are the sum of each other's proper divisors are called amicable, and larger cycles of numbers are called sociable. A positive integer such that every smaller positive integer is a sum of distinct divisors of it is a practical number. By definition, a perfect number is a fixed point of the restricted sum-of-divisors function s(n) = σ(n) − n, and the aliquot sequence associated with a perfect number is a constant sequence. References Graeme L. Cohen, On the largest component of an odd perfect number, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, vol. 42 (1987), no. 2, pp. 280–286. Euclid, Elements, Book IX, Proposition 36. See D.E. Joyce's website for a translation and discussion of this proposition and its proof. Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, Odd perfect numbers have a prime factor exceeding 108. Preprint, 2006. Available from Takeshi Goto's webpage "Largest prime factor of an odd perfect number". Otto Grün, Über ungerade vollkommene Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, vol. 55 (1952), pp. 353–354. Kevin Hare, New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number. Preprint, 2005. Available from his webpage . Douglas E. Iannucci, The second largest prime divisor of an odd perfect number exceeds ten thousand, Mathematics of Computation, vol. 68 (1999), no. 228, pp. 1749–1760. Douglas E. Iannucci, The third largest prime divisor of an odd perfect number exceeds one hundred, Mathematics of Computation, vol. 69 (2000), no. 230, pages 867–879. H.-J. Kanold, Untersuchungen über ungerade vollkommene Zahlen, Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, vol. 183 (1941), pp. 98–109. Ullrich Kühnel, Verschärfung der notwendigen Bedingungen für die Existenz von ungeraden vollkommenen Zahlen, "Mathematische Zeitschrift", vol. 52 (1949), 201—211. Florian Luca, The anti-social Fermat number, Amer. Math. Monthly 107 (2000), pp. 171–173. W. L. McDaniel, The non-existence of odd perfect numbers of a certain form, Archiv der Mathematik (Basel), vol. 21 (1970), pp. 52–53. Pace P. Nielsen, "An upper bound for odd perfect numbers," Integers, vol. 3 (2003), A14, 9 pp. Pace P. Nielsen, Odd perfect numbers have at least nine different prime factors, Mathematics of Computation, in press, 2006. T. Roberts, "On the Form of an Odd Perfect Number", Australian Mathematical Gazette, 35:4 (2008), p244. R. Steuerwald, Verschärfung einer notwendigen Bedingung für die Existenz einer ungeraden vollkommenen Zahl, S.-B. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1937, pp. 69–72. Tomohiro Yamada, Odd perfect numbers of a special form, Colloq. Math. vol. 103 (2005), pp. 303–307. Other websites David Moews: Perfect, amicable and sociable numbers Perfect numbers - History and Theory Perfect Number - from MathWorld List of Perfect Numbers at the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences List of known Perfect Numbers All known perfect numbers are here. OddPerfect.org A projected distributed computing project to search for odd perfect numbers. Number theory Integer sequences
StarCraft is a real-time strategy game for the PC. It was created in 1998 by Blizzard Entertainment. Starcraft is 14 years old and is still played by many people, in many countries around the world. It is very popular in countries like Korea and the United States. StarCraft and its expansion pack StarCraft: Brood War sold more than 1.5 million copies in 1998, making it the best selling game of the year. In 1998, StarCraft won an Origins Award for best computer game. On May 19, 2007 Blizzard announced that they are making StarCraft II. Also, they have held some events for South Korean StarCraft pro-gamers to help them create the game. Plot The story is set in the future, where humans (called Terrans) get stuck in a war between two alien species, the Zerg and the Protoss. The Zerg look like monsters, and are all controlled by a very powerful Zerg called the Overmind. They fly around the universe and invade planets. The Protoss, who have very advanced technology, look for the planets that the Zerg have taken over. When they find a Zerg planet, they burn it so that the Zerg on that planet cannot spread to others. In the original series human protagonist Jim Raynor and several Protoss allies attack and defeat the Overmind. In Starcraft: Brood War Jim's ex-partner Sarah Kerrigan uses deceit and trickery to manipulate the Terran and Protoss into helping her take control of the entire Zerg brood, making her the strongest force in the galaxy. Gameplay StarCraft players can choose to play as Protoss, Zerg, or Terran races. Each race has different soldiers and buildings. Players can choose to play one-player or multiplayer games. In both, the player must gather resources, and use them to build a base and make soldiers to attack the enemy. The player wins when they destroy all the enemies buildings. In one-player mode, there is the Campaign mode, and Custom mode. In Campaign mode, the player goes through a series of missions, which tell the story. Custom mode lets a player choose what race they want to be, what area they want to play on, and what race they will fight against (all enemies are controlled by the computer). During a game, the player must use workers to gather minerals and vespene gas. Minerals appear as blue crystals in the ground and vespene gas comes from a geyser that has green smoke coming out of it. To gather vespene gas, the player needs to build a refinery building to be built on the geyser. The player uses minerals and vespene gas they have gathered to construct buildings and create units to fight the enemy. Buildings are structures that are used to create different kinds of units to fight the enemy. In order to create units, players must build special structures or units that provide supply. If the player does not have enough supply, they cannot create more units. Each player has a supply limit of 200 units. When the player has reached 200 units, they can not make more units. There are many different buildings the player can construct. Most of the buildings are used to build units. There are other buildings that are used for research to upgrade units, making them more powerful. Players can also make defensive buildings that are used to defend against attacking enemy units. Each race have different types of units. The Protoss have powerful warriors and machinery that cost lots of minerals and gas to build. The Zerg use many fast and low cost units to defeat their enemies. Terran units mix between Protoss and Zerg units. They have strong, but easy to kill units that are powerful when used in formation. No race in StarCraft is more powerful than another race. Blizzard has released many small updates to the game that keep all the races balanced. To win, players must gather and use resources wisely, and use smart strategies. To become very skilled at the game, players also need to become good at micromanagement and macromanagement. Macromanagement means collecting resources, building new bases, and making units to fight. Micromanagement means moving units so they can use their abilities to protect each other and fight the enemy. Players with better micromanagement will win fights against enemies who are not as good at micromanagement. This makes StarCraft different from many newer games, because the newer games often do much of the micromanagement without the player having to do it. StarCraft in South Korea StarCraft is especially popular in South Korea. In Korea, StarCraft sold 4.5 million copies, which is 40% of the total copies sold in the world. Also, there are many pro gamers and pro gaming teams, so StarCraft games are broadcasted on TV and the internet. The game was sold in Korea by LG Soft. Even though the game wasn't translated into Korean, it was still very popular. This problem was solved in 2005, with a new update to StarCraft. References Other websites StarCraft website Brood War website StarCraft Compendium StarCraft News News about StarCraft and StarCraft II StarCraft 2 Forum is a place where StarCraft 2 enthusiasts can gather and discuss all aspects of StarCraft 2. starcraft 2 replays 1998 video games Real-time strategy video games StarCraft Windows games MacOS games
One of the tough concerns of today's era is the Acid rain which can have a devastating effect over all organisms living on the Earth. Acid rain is rain that is unusually acidic and highly corrosive in nature. It is rain with high levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It may be defined as "rain water having pH less than 5.6". Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. It is caused when gaseous compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur are released into the atmosphere. The wind carries the gases high into the sky. There the compounds react with the water in the atmosphere and acids are made. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith showed the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester. He coined the term "acid rain" in 1872. Causes Acid rain is caused by acids mixing with air. The largest source of acid is sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen also make acid in the atmosphere. These chemicals are both natural and artificial. There are various natural causes, such as gases from volcanoes. However, it is thought that air pollution by people now causes most acid rain. People started producing more acidic gases when they started building factories and power stations. These buildings as well as houses and vehicles burn coal or oil that have sulphur in them. This releases gases into the air that produce acid rain. Governments have tried since the 1970s to reduce the amount of sulphur being released into the Earth's atmosphere, and have had good results so far. However, it is expensive to clean the smoke from factories and power stations. In 2001 Great Britain still produced about five million tons of these gases every year; and China produced 18 million tons. The United States produced more than 20 million tons then, which declined to 8.1 million in 2010. Trees are destroyed by acid rain. Fish are also killed by acid rain. Acid rain can also be caused naturally. For example, acids can be made by nitrogen compounds made by lightning, and volcanic eruptions can release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. Acid rain has a devastating impact on forests, freshwater and soil. It kills insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causes damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. Due to the corrosive nature of the acids it damages both non-living things as well as living organisms. Impact Acid rain has a devastating impact on forests, freshwater and soil. It kills insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causes damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. Due to the corrosive nature of the acids it damages both non-living things as well as living organisms. Acid rain poisons rivers and lakes. Fish and other animals cannot live in acid water. It is also bad for buildings as the acid damages calcium carbonate stone. The acid dissolves it. Many buildings and monuments have been damaged by acid rain. Consequences An acid rain involves deposition of aqueous acids, acidic gases and acidic salts. Acid deposition has 2 parts: wet and dry. ✓ Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog & snow. ✓ Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. ✓ Half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. Acid rain is a regional air pollution problem. Canada and North Western USA are worst affected. The average pH of rainfall recorded in Toronto in Feb. 1979 was 3.5. In 1989 fog in Los Angeles had a pH as low as 2.2. However till now the record of having the most acidic rain is with US in Wheeling West Virginia where the pH was as low as 1.5. References Precipitation Water pollution
Charlie Parker (August 29, 1920 in Kansas City, Missouri – March 12, 1955 in New York City), also known as "Bird" or "Yardbird", was considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists, specifically alto saxophonist. Parker was thought to have created bebop. Parker died in New York City at the age of 34 from cirrhosis, internal bleeding and pneumonia caused by a heart attack. 1920 births 1955 deaths Deaths from myocardial infarction Deaths from pneumonia Deaths from cirrhosis American jazz musicians Grammy Award winners American saxophonists Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Mount Price (sometimes Price Mountain) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada. Other websites Mount Price information from Natural Resources Canada Volcanoes of British Columbia Mountains of British Columbia
A bun is a type of food made out of bread. A bun can be either savoury (like a hot dog) or sweet (like a hot cross bun or a bun with icing and a cherry on top). Breads
Goldfinger is an American punk band. It was founded in 1994. They released their self-titled first album in 1996. They were named after the Ian Fleming book and 1964 movie Goldfinger, based on the James Bond franchise. Their line-up is as follows: John Feldmann - vocals, guitar Charlie Paulson - gibson, fender, camel Dangerous Darrin Pfeiffer - drums, vocals Simon Williams - bass, vocals Studio albums Goldfinger - 1996 Hang ups - 1997 Stomping ground - 1999 Open your eyes - 2002 Disconnection notice - 2005 Hello destiny - 2008 References American punk bands Pop punk bands 1990s American music groups 2000s American music groups Musical groups from Los Angeles
Salamanca is a city in central Spain. It is the capital city of the province with the same name. The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century. Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca. Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor. The Battle of Salamanca was an important defeat for France in the Napoleonic Wars. Images Other websites Official Tourist Information Office Wiki of the city of Salamanca General information on Salamanca General information about events in Salamanca Salamanca travel guide Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by The Guardian Salamanca city guide at HitchHikers Handbook Museums Art Nouveau and Art Decó Museum Casa Lis Car History Museum Cathedral Museum Capital cities in Spain
Events The Coptic Church of Ethiopia contacts the Roman Catholic Church for the first time. The empire of the Maya breaks up into many little kingdoms. The Ottoman Empire starts to become weak. The Korean alphabet, the Hangul, is invented. Births King Ivan III of Russia King Edward IV of England Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia, king in the Solomonid dynasty. Deaths Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
The Tudor dynasty was a series of kings and queens of England. This line of rulers started in 1485 and lasted until 1603. The dynasty started when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. This was the final stage of the Wars of the Roses and made him King Henry VII of England. Arthur, Prince of Wales, was the oldest son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He married Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of Ferdinand II of Argon and Isabella I of Castle). Arthur died in 1502 and did not become King. Henry VIII When Henry VII died in 1509, Arthur's brother, Henry VIII married Catherine and became king. During her marriage to Henry VIII, Catherine had six children. Only one of these children, Mary, survived. When Catherine became too old to have any more children, Henry divorced her. He then married a new wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry and Boleyn also had a daughter, Elizabeth. Anne Boleyn was executed in 1536. Shortly after, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour of England. She had one son, Edward VI of England, who would later become king himself at the age of 9. Jane died in 1537. Her death was caused by medical problems caused by Edward's birth. Henry married three other wives before his death in 1547. Edward, his only living son, became King after Henry died. In 1553, Edward became ill. He created the "Device for Succession.". He said that his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, would be Queen after he died. Lady Jane was only queen for nine days. Henry's daughter, Mary I of England, was the next ruler of the Tudor dynasty. Mary was a strong believer in Catholicism. As Queen, Mary did many things against hundreds of Protestants. Because of all the executions while she was Queen, she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary", which is a name for a modern cocktail today. After Mary's death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I of England became queen. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was a Protestant. Elizabeth never married or had children. Because she never married, Elizabeth is often called the "Virgin Queen". The dynasty ended when Elizabeth died. She had not named a person to be ruler after her death. When she died, James I became King of England. He was the son of Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Stuart. This started the Stuart dynasty. Religion in England During the Tudor period, there were many changes in religion. Henry VIII was a Catholic. When the Pope said he could not divorce Catherine, Henry left Catholicism and named himself as head of the Church. The Church of England was now Protestant. Edward VI was raised a Protestant. He closed all Catholic churches. Mary I was a strong Catholic and heavily influenced by her Spanish mother Catherine of Aragon. She closed the Protestant churches and burnt about 300 people for being Protestant. Those people were later called martyrs. Elizabeth was Protestant. When she became queen, the Anglican Church was started. Rulers of the Tudor dynasty This is a list of the rulers of the Tudor dynasty: Henry VII of England (1485-1509) Henry VIII of England (1509-1547) Edward VI of England (1547-1553) Lady Jane Grey (uncrowned) (1553) (deposed, died 1554) Mary I of England (1553-1558) Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603)
Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 1821-1910) was the first female doctor in the United States and in Europe She was born in Bristol, England, on 3 February 1821. When she was young, her family moved to America. At first, she was a teacher. She became a doctor in 1849. She founded her own hospital in New York. In 1874 she started a medical school for women in London with Sophie Jex-Blake and promoted women's rights. She never married and opposed slavery. In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research. Elizabeth Blackwell lost sight in one eye in 1851. Blackwell wrote many books including Medicine as a Profession for Women and Address on the Medical Education for women. Other websites An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents An online biography of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Internet Biography from the National Institutes of Health 1821 births 1910 deaths English physicians American physicians People from Somerset