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"""The hills are bare now and Autumn leaves lie thick and still"" are the opening lyrics to the second verse of which famous song?"	O Flower of Scotland - the words. O Flower of Scotland When will we see your like again That fought and died for Your wee bit hill and glen And stood against him The hills are bare now And autumn leaves lie thick and still O'er land that is lost now Which those so dearly held And stood against him Those days are passed now And in the past they must remain But we can still rise now And be the nation again That stood against him Tae think again O Flower of Scotland - Scotland's (unofficial) National Anthem. The Flower of Scotland, written by Roy Williamson of The Corries, is the official anthem of the Scottish Football Team and the Scottish Rugby Team . This very popular one page simple website has lyrics, but no popups, no cookies, no javascripts, and will stay that way. Thanks for your visit! Visit Alba Candles for a range of scented 12 hour candles in a shot glass, in an organza gift bag. Alba Gu Brath!	Flower of Scotland
Which actress plays the title role in the ITV series Vera?	The Main Song, Or What Is There in Your Words? пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ "Allbest" пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ The Main Song, Or What Is There in Your Words? The Main Song, Or What Is There in Your Words? A hymn as a type of solemn song, usually religious, written for the purpose of praise. The National Anthem of England, Scotland. "The Star-Spangled Banner", "Advance Australia Fair", "God Defend New Zealand". Investigation of the Song "Priozersk". пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ English songs discourse in the general context of culture, the song as a phenomenon of musical culture. Linguistic features of English songпїЅs texts, implementation of the category of intertextuality in texts of English songs and practical part. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [26,0 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 27.06.2011 The capital of England is London. The national flag of England. The most known attractions in England and European. National symbols of England. Stonehenge, Westminster Abbey, WarwickпїЅCastle, Big Ben, Ferris Wheel London Eye. Attractions in England. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [1,5 M], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 03.06.2015 Semantic meaning of the lyrics of Metallica. Thematic Diversity and Semantic Layers of Lyrics. The songs about love and feelings. Philosophical texts. Colloquialisms and Slang Words. The analysis of vocabulary layers used in the MetallicaпїЅs lyrics. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [33,4 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 09.07.2013 In the course of time the love to dance and a song at young Jennifer Lopez only has amplified. Jennifer Lopez since fourteen years began to take lessons of singing and with pleasure acted in all school statements. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [7,4 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 16.07.2007 Some information about english speaking countries: Canada, USA, Australia. The history of country, geographic position, climate, landscapes and islands, unique flora and fauna of New Zealand. Its political structure, dominant cultural groups and economy. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [170,4 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 05.12.2010 James I (king of England) James VI of Scottish, he Jacob I English is king of Scotland and first king of England from the Stewart dynasty with 24 March 1603, first Emperor who ruled both the kingdoms of the British Isles. The British legacy. Regent of Scotland for minor king. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [367,3 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 10.11.2013 Different approaches of the social democracy. The Queensland resolution. The open letter, written 13 October 1929. The ninth annual conference of the Communist Party of Australia. Results of the third session of the conference on Friday 28 December 1929. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [64,1 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 13.06.2010 Shortening of spoken words. Graphical abbreviations and acronyms. Abbreviations as the major type of shortenings. Secondary ways of shortening: sound interchange and sound imitating. Blendening of words. Back formation as a source for shortening of words. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [90,2 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 10.07.2009 Measure for measure: original and actual place of setting Investigation on the eventual change of setting of ShakespeareпїЅs play Measure for Measure. PlayпїЅs main points are lechery, hypocrisy, all what was associated with the Italy of that time. This play - English play written before 1660 that is set in Vienna. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [60,1 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 20.12.2010 Emblems of the UK The main national emblems of the United Kingdom. The main holidays of the state: St. George's Day, St. Andrew's Day, St. Patrick's Day, St. David's Day. History of the flag of the United Kingdom. Formation of the final version of the Union Flag. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ [13,1 K], пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ 11.11.2010 The Main Song, Or What Is There in Your Words? 1. Basis of the Subject Choice An anthem, along with a coat of arms and flag, is an official symbol of each country. It sounds in orchestra or choir performing on special occasions: during the award ceremonies, taking the military oath, at the meetings of official delegations, during sports events, opening of various congresses, etc. The music of anthems reflects the spirit of nations. Learning the lyrics of the National Anthem of Russia I discovered that it is full of special words which appeal to the sense of patriotism; listening to the anthems of foreign countries I was interested if there are such special words in them as well and which of them are the most common. So, I made up my mind to make an acquaintance with the anthems of the English-speaking countries to know more about them. Working on my project I came across the information that a lot of cities and towns all over the world have got their own main songs and I was wondering if our town has got a special song as well. I'll develop this idea in the second part of my work. 2. Goals and Objectives пїЅ to learn information about the national anthems of Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; пїЅ to investigate the anthems of the countries to know if they are patriotic; пїЅ to know if our town has got a special song which can be named as its anthem 3. A Hymn or an Anthem A hymn is a type of solemn song, usually religious, written for the purpose of praise, adoration or prayer and typically addressed to a deity or deities or to a prominent figure. The solemn songs can be national, religious, military as well. The word пїЅhymnпїЅ is of Greek origin. It derives from the word пїЅhymnosпїЅ which means пїЅa song of praiseпїЅ. In ancient times a hymn honored the gods and heroes. Centuries passed, and the songs of praise changed. Their contents began to glorify noble and lofty ideas. These songs were known as anthems. 4. British Anthems пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ (alternatively пїЅGod Save the KingпїЅ during the reign of a male sovereign) is an anthem used in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The words and title are adapted to the gender of the current monarch, i.e. replacing пїЅQueenпїЅ with пїЅKingпїЅ, пїЅsheпїЅ with пїЅheпїЅ, and so forth, when a king reigns. The author of the tune is unknown, and it may originate in plainchant, but a 1619 attribution to John Bull is sometimes made. пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ is the de facto British national anthem and also has this role in some British territories. It is one of two national anthems for New Zealand (since 1977) and for several of Britain's territories that have their own additional local anthem. It is the royal anthem of Australia (since 1984), Canada (since 1980), Barbados and Tuvalu. In countries not previously part of the British Empire, the tune of пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, though still generally connected with royal ceremony. In the United States, the British anthem's melody is used for the patriotic пїЅMy Country, 'Tis of TheeпїЅ. Beyond its first verse, which is consistent, it has many historic and extant versions: Since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung. Sometimes two verses are sung, and on rare occasions, three. The sovereign and his or her consort are saluted with the entire anthem, while other members of the royal family who are entitled to royal salute (such as the Prince of Wales) receive just the first six bars. The first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salutein some Commonwealth realms outside the UK (e.g., in Canada, governors general and lieutenant governors at official events are saluted with the first six bars of пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ followed by the first four and last four bars of пїЅO CanadaпїЅ), as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories. In The Oxford Companion to Music, Percy Scholes points out the similarities to an early plainsong melody, although the rhythm is very distinctly that of a galliard, and he gives examples of several such dance tunes that bear a striking resemblance to пїЅGod Save the King/QueenпїЅ. Scholes quotes a keyboard piece by John Bull (1619) which has some similarities to the modern tune, depending on the placing of accidentals which at that time were unwritten in certain cases and left to the discretion of the player (see musica ficta). He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell, one of which includes the opening notes of the modern tune, set to the words пїЅGod Save the KingпїЅ. George Frideric HпїЅndel used the tune as the theme in the variation piece 'Sarabande' of his Suite No.4 in E minor, HWV 429, composed prior to 1720. Nineteenth century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol, пїЅRemember O Thou ManпїЅ was the source of the tune. The first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year, with the landing of Charles Edward Stuart and was published in The Gentleman's. This manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points, one as early as the first bar, but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem. It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745, with, for example, Thomas Arne writing a setting of the tune for the Drury Lane Theatre. God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen! O'er her thine arm e [tend, For Britain's sake defend, Our mother, prince, and friend, God save the Queen! Thy choicest gifts in store, On her be pleased to pour, Long may she reign! May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause, To sing with heart and voice, God save the our Queen! The National Anthem of England Although this anthem can identify with the whole of the UK by references to one empire Wider a till and wider, a shall thy bounds be set, it is also the unofficial national anthem of England, and is used for the English teams at the Commonwealth Gamed, though the English national football and rugby teams use God Save the Queen. The music is part of Elgar's пїЅPomp & Circumstance March No. 1пїЅ Extract Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the free, How shall we extol thee, Who are born of thee? Wider still and wider, Shall thy bounds be set, God who made thee mighty, Make thee mighrier yet! God who made thee mighty, Make thee mighrier yet. Scotland's National Anthem Although modern, this anthem commemorates the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 when the Scottish Army under Robert I (the Bruce) King of Scots defeated Edward II (of Canarfon) King of England. This ended the English rule of Scotland. Ironically in 1603 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, Wales, Ireland and France died childless and her second cousin James VI King of Scots ascended to the English throne. Thus marriage achieved what the force of arms could not. O Flower of Scotland Tae think again. 5. пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from пїЅDefense of Fort M'HenryпїЅ, a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. пїЅThe Anacreontic SongпїЅ (or пїЅTo Anacreon in HeavenпїЅ), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key's poem and renamed пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ, it would soon become a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one and a half octaves, it is known for being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ was recognized for official use by the Navy in 1889, and by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931, which was signed by President Herbert Hoover. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. пїЅHail, ColumbiaпїЅ served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. пїЅMy Country, 'Tis of TheeпїЅ, whose melody is identical to пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ, the British national anthem, also served as a de facto anthem. Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs would emerge to compete for popularity at public events, among them пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ. The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4th celebrations. On July 27, 1889, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin F. Tracy signed General Order 374, making пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ the official tune to be played at the raising of the flag. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ be played at military and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often noted as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game, though evidence shows that the пїЅStar-Spangled BannerпїЅ was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II. Today, the anthem is performed before the beginning of all MLS, NBA, NFL, MLB and NHL games (when at least one American team is playing), as well as in a pre-race ceremony portion of every NASCAR and AMA motocross race. On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying пїЅBelieve It or Not, America has no national anthemпїЅ. In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor, stating that пїЅit is the spirit of the music that inspiresпїЅ as much as it is Key's пїЅsoul-stirringпїЅ words. By a law signed on March 3, 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ was adopted as the national anthem of the United States of America. O say can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country, should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation. Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: пїЅIn God is our trust.пїЅ And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 6. пїЅO CanadaпїЅ пїЅO CanadaпїЅ is the national anthem of Canada. The song was originally commissioned by Lieutenant Governor of Quebec ThпїЅodore Robitaille for the 1880 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony; Calixa LavallпїЅe wrote the music as a setting of a French Canadian patriotic poem composed by poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The lyrics were originally in French and translated into English in 1906. Robert Stanley Weir wrote in 1908 another English version, which is the official and most popular version, one that is not a literal translation of the French. Weir's lyrics have been revised twice, taking their present form in 1980, but the French lyrics remain unaltered. пїЅO CanadaпїЅ had served as a de facto national anthem since 1939, officially becoming Canada's national anthem in 1980 when the Act of Parliament making it so received Royal Assent and became effective on July 1 as part of that year's Dominion Daycelebrations. It has been noted that the opening theme of пїЅO CanadaпїЅ bears a strong resemblance to the пїЅMarch of the PriestsпїЅ from the opera The Magic Flute, composed in 1791 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and that LavallпїЅe's melody was inspired by Mozart's tune. The line пїЅThe True North strong and freeпїЅ is based on Alfred, Lord Tennyson's description of Canada as пїЅthat true North, whereof we lately heard / A strain to shame usпїЅ. In the context of Tennyson's poem пїЅTo the QueenпїЅ, the word пїЅtrueпїЅ means пїЅloyalпїЅ or пїЅfaithfulпїЅ. The lyrics and melody of пїЅO CanadaпїЅ are both in the public domain, a status unaffected by the trademarking of the phrases пїЅwith glowing heartsпїЅ and пїЅdes plus brillants exploitsпїЅ for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Two provinces have adopted Latin translations of phrases from the English lyrics as their mottos: Manitoba - Gloriosus et Liber (пїЅGlorious and FreeпїЅ) and Alberta - Fortis et Liber (пїЅStrong and FreeпїЅ). 7. пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ is the official national anthem of Australia. Created by the Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick, the song was first performed in 1878, and was sung in Australia as a patriotic song. It did not gain its status as the official anthem until 1984, following a plebiscite to choose the national anthem in 1977. Other songs and marches have been influenced by пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ, such as the Australian vice-regal salute. пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ was composed in the late 19th century by Peter Dodds McCormick under the pen-name пїЅAmicusпїЅ (which means пїЅfriendпїЅ in Latin). It was first performed by Andrew Fairfax at a Highland Society function in Sydney on 30 November 1878. The song quickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of around 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. In 1907 the Australian Government awarded McCormick пїЅ100 for his composition. In a letter to R.B. Fuller, dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to write пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ: One night I attended a great concert in the Exhibition Building, when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment. This was very nicely done, but I felt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia. On the way home in a bus, I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it to music. I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol-fa notation, then transcribed it into the Old Notation, & I tried it over on an instrument next morning, & found it correct. Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since. Some alteration has been made in the wording, but the sense is the same. It seemed to me to be like an inspiration, & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease. The earliest known sound recording of пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ appears in The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt, a short commercial recording dramatising the arrival of Australian troops in Egypt en route to Gallipoli. Before its adoption as Australia's national anthem, пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ had considerable use elsewhere. For example, Australia's national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Commission, used it to announce its news bulletins until 1952. It was also frequently played at the start or end of official functions. Towards the end of World War II it was played in picture theatres after пїЅGod Save the KingпїЅ and the American national anthem. 8. пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ New Zealand has two official national anthems: пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ and пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ. Legally they have equal status, but пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ is more commonly used, and is popularly referred to as the пїЅnational anthemпїЅ. пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ was the sole national anthem until 1977, but is now most often only played when the sovereign, Governor-General or other member of the Royal Family is present, or on some occasions such as Anzac Day. пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ was written by Thomas Bracken in the 1870s, and in 1940 the New Zealand government bought the copyright and made it New Zealand's national hymn in time for that year's centennial celebrations. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, and at the Olympics from 1972. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. In 1976 a petition was presented to Parliament asking пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ to be made the national anthem, and, with the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it became the country's second national anthem on 21 November 1977, on equal standing with пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ. Some other Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia use пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ, but unlike New Zealand, it is not the co-official national anthem in those countries. It is regarded as a пїЅroyal anthemпїЅ, and is used only on monarchy-related occasions. However, the actual uses in those countries are similar to use in New Zealand because New Zealand uses пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ almost only in occasions associate with the monarchy now. Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency forms the Realm of New Zealand along with New Zealand proper and have separate anthems. пїЅTe Atua Mou EпїЅ and пїЅKo e Iki he LagiпїЅ are anthems of Cook Islands and Niue, respectively. Tokelau uses пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ as its sole national anthem. The Ross Dependency uses the national anthems of New Zealand. God of nations! At thy feet In the bonds of love we meet, Hear our voices, we entreat, God defend our Free Land. Guard Pacific's triple star, From the shafts of strife and war, Make her praises heard afar, God defend New Zealand Men of ev'ry creed and race Gather here before Thy face, Asking Thee to bless this place, God defend our Free Land. From dissension, envy, hate, And corruption guard our State, Make our country good and great, God defend New Zealand. Peace, not war, shall be our boast, But, should foes assail our coast, Make us then a mighty host, God defend our Free Land. Lord of battles in thy might, Put our enemies to flight, Let our cause be just and right, God defend New Zealand Let our love for Thee increase, May Thy blessings never cease, Give us plenty, give us peace, God defend our Free Land. From dishonor and from shame Guard our country's spotless name Crown her with immortal fame, God defend New Zealand. May our mountains ever be Freedom's ramparts on the sea, Make us faithful unto Thee, God defend our Free Land. Guide her in the nations' van, Preaching love and truth to man, Working out Thy Glorious plan, God defend New Zealand. 9. Investigation Part I Investigation of the Anthems When I was listening to the English-speaking countries' anthems I was wondering what patriotic words they have and if the anthems are similar to each other. I decided to explore five of them: the national anthems of Great Britain, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. I have investigated the state anthems of these countries thoroughly, and I have found that each word, each line of them can be an example of patriotic ideas. For instance, in пїЅGod Save the QueenпїЅ people's values of unity and brotherhood are expressed in the following lines: пїЅLord makes the nation see, That man should brothers be, And form one family, In пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ we can find the same idea: пїЅFor those who've come across the seas We've boundless plains to share; With courage let us all combine To advance Australia fair.пїЅ In пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ people ask the God to defend them and their country from the most horrible evils that may face the society: пїЅGod defend our Free Land. From dissension, envy, hate, And corruption guard our StateпїЅ пїЅFrom dishonor and from shameпїЅ They ask, пїЅMake our country good and great, God defend New Zealand.пїЅ The anthems are very peaceful, they are not warlike. In пїЅGod Defend New ZealandпїЅ we can read: пїЅGuard Pacific's triple star, From the shafts of strife and warпїЅ пїЅPeace, not war, shall be our boast, But, should foes assail our coast, Make us then a mighty host, God defend our Free Land.пїЅ People are proud of their native land and brave people: пїЅ in пїЅAdvance Australia FairпїЅ: пїЅOur land abounds in nature's gifts Of beauty rich and rare; In history's page, let every stage Advance Australia Fair!пїЅ пїЅ in пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ: пїЅThen conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: пїЅIn God is our trust.пїЅ And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!пїЅ The state anthem пїЅO CanadaпїЅ is a real triumph of patriotism: пїЅO Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command. With glowing hearts we see thee rise The True North strong and free!пїЅ I have found that the anthems of the English-speaking countries have some key words as well. The words пїЅhome - пїЅпїЅпїЅ and пїЅland - пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ are used in all of the anthems. The words пїЅvictory - пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅpeace - пїЅпїЅпїЅ and пїЅheart - пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ are used in three of them. The words пїЅglorious - пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅGod - пїЅпїЅпїЅ and пїЅfree - пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ are used in two of them. And in Russian anthem we can see the same words пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ and пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ. That's why we can say that the national anthems are the solemn, patriotic songs which glorify things dear to our hearts: home, land, peace, God, victory, freedom. 10. Investigation Part II Investigation of the Song Nowadays not only countries have their own anthems but a lot of cities and towns have got them as well. I decided to know if the town of Priozersk, my native town, has got an official anthem. I asked some officials to answer this question; their answer was пїЅNoпїЅ. Then I held an opinion poll among the students of our school. Fifty-seven students of the 7th and 11th forms answered the following questions: 1) Has our town got an official anthem? A) Yes - 35% B) No - 65% 2) If you have answered пїЅYesпїЅ, the question пїЅDo you know its lyrics?пїЅ is for you. A) Yes - 0% B) No - 100% 3) Has our town got an unofficial anthem? A) Yes - 95% B) No - 5% 4) If you have answered пїЅYesпїЅ. What song is considered to be an unofficial anthem of the town of Priozersk? Don't know - 5% 5) When was it performed for the first time? In 1980s - 1990s - 20% So, I decided to try to answer the last question in my investigation. I set a goal to find a person who wrote the song пїЅPriozerskпїЅ. I have found him. And he is Alexander Fokin, the former student of our school. Sometimes we exchange e-mails with him. I asked Alexander to tell me when, how and why he wrote the song пїЅPriozerskпїЅ. Here what Alexander has written: The song пїЅPriozerskпїЅ was written in 1987. I was only 17 then. I have forgotten what gave me an idea of this song, but the first line пїЅPriozersk, Priozersk, it's my lovely place of birthпїЅ was written very easily. Then came two couplets and that year my friends and I visited Karkaralinsk. And there the song was performed for the first time. Alexander modestly said that he considered the song to be the anthem of Priozersk. All the boys who were in Karkaralinsk loved it. They sang the song everywhere they could using only two guitars. At that time Aleksander Fokin desired to finish writing the song but he couldn't line up the words. In the year of 1988 Alexander was going to finish our school and he worried about parting with his native town. And then he wrote these words пїЅI will part with you some dayпїЅ. Then he showed the song to their school group пїЅCHANCEпїЅ. They were happy to arrange it immediately and the song started its life as something already integral and finished. The first performance of this song was made in 1988 by Andrei Antonov who also played the guitar. Andrei Pankov played the synthesizer, Eugene Goloshchapov played the bass guitar and Aleksander Fokin played the drums. All people who were listening to this song loved it. Love to his native town and, of course, love to his girlfriend inspired Alexander Fokin for writing our favourite song пїЅPriozerskпїЅ. Conclusion There are a lot of songs which people love dearly or don't love them at all, or they are simply indifferent to them. There are songs whose lyrics people know very well and those they know only two or three lines, or simply can't remember any of them. But there are songs we appreciate, worship and esteem, songs whose lyrics we ought to know because these songs are known as the main songs of the countries or national anthems. National anthems glorify God, kings, queens, native land, freedom, victory over enemies, greatness of the country, its strength and might, greatness of nation's spirit; they express people's wishes and hopes. Each line of them is an example of patriotic spirit. And, of course, there are songs which are known to a small group of people; songs which you can't listen to on the radio or TV, but they are dear to people's hearts and minds because they are songs about the places where they were born and where they are living now - about their native towns. song hymn solemn fair Original Sources 1. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ.пїЅ., пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ.пїЅ. пїЅ пїЅпїЅ. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ. пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, 9 пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, пїЅ., пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, 2003 пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅ Allbest.ru	i don't know
Which member of the Royal Family has the title 'Baron Greenwich'?	British Billy and the Royal Family: Prince Philip > Royal Air Force Lakenheath > Display PRINT \| E-MAIL ROYAL AIR FORCE LAKENHEATH, England -- I am asked many questions on the topic of the British royal family, and usually when I answer one, it just leads to another. One of my American friends had been watching the recent royal wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, otherwise known as William and Catherine, and noticed a spritely, elderly gentleman, magnificently attired in formal military regalia, attending Her Majesty the Queen to Westminter Abbey and afterwards on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. "Who might that be?" they wondered. It is the same gentleman who has been by our monarch's side for the last 53 years - her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich, better known as Prince Philip. June 10 this year, he will be ninety years of age. On the occasion of their golden wedding in 1997, Queen Elizabeth said of her husband, "He has, quite simply, been my strength and stay all these years, and I, and his whole family, and this and many other countries, owe him a debt greater than he would ever claim or we shall ever know." At his wife's side throughout her reign spanning more than half a century, Prince Philip has carved out a role for himself while supporting her. He was born on the Greek island of Corfu June 10, 1921, a member of the royal family of Greece. His family tree includes members of the royal families of Denmark, Germany, Russia and Britain. He went to Gordonstoun School in Scotland, where he later sent his sons. On leaving, he became a naval cadet at Dartmouth, England, because, as he put it, "the war was coming up and you might as well get started right." During World War II, Prince Philip saw action as a midshipman on the battleship HMS Valiant. When the Italian fleet was trapped off the southern tip of Greece in 1941, Philip manned a searchlight to illuminate the enemy ships and was mentioned in despatches. Prince Philip's naval career continued after he married Princess Elizabeth in 1947, but the poor health of the King, George VI, meant that the young couple had to take on more public duties. In later life, Prince Philip said he was sorry that he had been unable to continue his career in the navy. The Duke of Edinburgh was someone who might have reached the highest levels in the Royal Navy, but he had to abandon his own ambitions to support the Queen. In addition to accompanying his wife on an incredible number of official functions, even though they are both now well into their eighties, Prince Philip is also patron of some 800 organisations. He is especially interested in scientific and technological research, conservation and the environment and the encouragement of sport. Also keen on the welfare of young people, he launched the highly successful Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in 1956. Prince Philip is known as a man who speaks his mind and the press enjoys reporting some of his more outspoken and less politically-correct comments. My favourite witticism, however, is when he said, "Where did you get that hat?" to the Queen after her coronation in 1953. I'm sure a down-to-earth sense of humour has helped them both through the years. What people often wonder is why Prince Philip isn't a king. In the British monarchy, the husband of a female monarch does not have any recognized special status, rank, or privileges. In actual fact, Prince Philip does play a major role in royal affairs, but this is not recognized in terms of his title. Interestingly enough, the wife of a male monarch takes on her husband's rank and style upon marrying, becoming Queen, or more accurately, Queen consort. Prince Philip is the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and was born Prince of Greece and Denmark and, upon his marriage to the then Princess Elizabeth, Philip was given the titles Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich and was made a Knight of the Garter. I won't bother you now with all the details of what being a Knight of the Garter entails. Philip became a British citizen around this time and renounced his Greek and Danish titles, and in 1957 Queen Elizabeth granted Philip the title "Prince of the United Kingdom." However, although his current princely title is a gift from his wife, you could really say that he was a prince from birth. Although he may never be king, Prince Philip has had another honour bestowed upon him that I am sure makes up for any disappointment he might feel. He is worshipped as a god in the South Pacific nation of Vanuatu. It is a long and convoluted story, but several photos have been sent to the devoted islanders by Buckingham Palace. Although it is unlikely that he will ever be able to visit Vanuatu at this late stage in his life, the islanders seem, by all accounts, to be a lively and spirited band of individuals, and I can't help but feel that they would get along famously. Mentioned in Despatches (MID) is a military award for gallantry or otherwise commendable service.	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
In which series of books, first published in 1942, did many of the adventures take place on Kirrin Island?	Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth''s oldest grandson, marries Follow DL on Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth''s oldest grandson, marries They seem like a happy couple. I used to think he was one of the better looking royals. by Anonymous reply 45 05/21/2008 Autumn Kelly? A Management Consultant? With a bleached blonde streak in her hair? Oy, the royal family is as trashy as an episode of Jerry Springer! by Anonymous He can't be a British royal. He doesn't suffer from SJP face. by Anonymous reply 2 05/17/2008 I think it quite odd the The Princess Royal would turn down titles for her children. Didn't Queen Victoria made sure each and every English grandchild of hers had a title and were accorded the title pf Prince and Princess? by Anonymous reply 3 05/17/2008 With a title comes royal duties. I think she wanted to spare her children and give them a private life. by Anonymous reply 4 05/17/2008 He's almost as handsome as his father. It's too bad that marriage fell apart. He added much needed good looks to the royal family. by Anonymous reply 5 05/17/2008 watch the video of him coming out of the church, looks like he's already sporting some wood there. WOOF, sexy man. by Anonymous reply 6 05/17/2008 He's gained some weight but he's always been sexy. He is very close to William and Harry, they look up to him as a big brother. by Anonymous reply 7 05/17/2008 If William is so close to Peter then why did Wills skip out on his cuz's wedding to go to some other wedding in Kenya? by Anonymous Also hilarious is Chelsey Davy's trashy make-up and headpiece (about half way down). But nothing can top Beatrice's headdress. by Anonymous reply 11 05/17/2008 It was Anne's husband at the time, Mark Phillips, who turned down an Earldom that the Queen offered him when he and Anne got married. Royal titles are passed down from the father and that's why Anne's children don't have any. by Anonymous 05/17/2008 R4 and r12 Royal titles are one thing aristocratic titles are another. If ERII wanted to create Ann's children as princes and princesses she could and still can. If she wants to create her grandchildren Earls and Baronesses, she can. Her father wasn't such a prick with Princess Margaret Rose by creating Lord Snowden and therefore Viscount Linley. Usually when a member of the royal family gets married ERII bestows an aristocratic title. Which is how the princes Andrew and Edward are now The Duke of York and The Earl of Wessex (a lesser title to the Duke of Edinburgh, who he will become when his dad dies.) by Anonymous reply 13 05/17/2008 She's chav trash. Not only is she Canadian, she's also Catholic (or was, until she was forced to convert to prevent Peter from losing his right to succeed the throne). No wonder Anne didn't bother to turn up. by Anonymous The Princess Royal was indeed there. by Anonymous reply 18 05/17/2008 An earlier newspaper article implied she was a Heathers type bitch at school with one eye always on the main chance. Well she's scored now...and more importantly, possibly will eventually claim the divine Gatcombe Park which Anne owns, and possibly some her jewels...one of which, a sapphire and pearl chocker, was once the property of the Empress Mother of Russia. Yes, I think we can say: we hate her. by Anonymous reply 19 05/17/2008 "Classmates remember her being at the centre of a clique of "snooty" young girls, however, who called themselves The Get-Along Gang. "They thought they were better than everyone else and could be quite bitchy. Autumn was her own number one priority. She'd throw hissy fits if she didn't get her own way and could be moody and self-involved. But she did have a generous side and could be a good friend when she dropped her airs and graces," recalls one....Intriguingly and rather stretching credibility, Autumn insists she discovered she was dating an heir to the throne only when she spotted Peter on a documentary about Prince William's 21st birthday, which she was watching with her mother six weeks into their romance." by Anonymous R 13, I'm sure you're a lovely person, but your post is full of misunderstandings: "If she wants to create her grandchildren Earls and Baronesses, she can." I think you mean "Earls and Countesses." A countess is the female equivalent of an earl. "Her father wasn't such a prick with Princess Margaret Rose by creating Lord Snowden and therefore Viscount Linley." Mostly because he [i.e., George VI] was dead. The Queen created Lord Snowden. "Usually when a member of the royal family gets married ERII bestows an aristocratic title. Which is how the princes Andrew and Edward are now The Duke of York..." Duke of York is NOT an "aristocratic title." It's a royal dukedom. And the Earl of Wessex cannot be "an aristocrat," since he is already a royal prince. He is already a royal duke even before he becomes Duke of Edinburgh. (Phillip adores Edward and Anne, which is why he want Edward to get his title. Anne already being Princess Royal cannot be put down by anyone except the despised wives of her eldest brother.) by Anonymous reply 21 05/17/2008 "Autumn insists she discovered she was dating an heir to the throne only when she spotted Peter on a documentary about Prince William's 21st birthday" Bullshit. Wonder how many strings she had to pull to get to meet him in the first place. by Anonymous reply 22 05/17/2008 Sorry, r21, you're wrong. Edward is indeed a royal prince, being the son of the monarch, but he is not a royal duke. They must be "created" by the monarch. The exceptions are the Prince of Wales who is automatically Duke of Cornwall,and the reigning monarch, male or female, who is automatically Duke of Lancaster. by Anonymous reply 23 05/18/2008 It sounds like Autum (God forbid) is going to fit in well with that pack of pirahnas. by Anonymous reply 24 05/18/2008 r23, thank you. Edward was given his father's lesser title and will BE one day HRH The Duke of Edinburgh when he succeeds his father. Like Viscount Linley will one day be Lord Snowden. R21 you are quite correct in the Countess Snowden as the letter patent was issued by her sister. I must have been tired. It makes me wonder if Anne has a thing against her husbands. And you are correct about Countesses and Earls, but I shouldn't have flipper the sex and stated that the Queen can create Earls and Barons or whatever the hell is her perogative. by Anonymous reply 25 05/18/2008 What we were in high school is rarely what we end up being. She's a lovely girl. by Anonymous reply 26 05/18/2008 Prince William showed bad form in choosing to attend the wedding of a friend in Kenya rather than the wedding of a cousin he grew up with and thought of as a second brother. by Anonymous Big dick face. I mean him, of course. by Anonymous reply 33 05/20/2008 I say line 'em all up in front of a firing squad, just like their Russian relations. Worthless bunch of leeching maggots. by Anonymous reply 34 05/20/2008 In the short video at the link at OP, check out Peter's crotch as he comes out of the door of the chapel. He's either going comando or in large boxers. There's a lot of junk rolling around in there. She's a lucky bride. by Anonymous 05/20/2008 Per Wedding Facts: "The bride will be known as Mrs Autumn Phillips". No, the bride will be known as Autumn Phillips; Autumn, Mrs Phillips; or Mrs Peter Phillips. VERY disappointed in the BBC. by Anonymous reply 36 05/20/2008 [quote]Anne's children got no royal titles 'cause she's a woman. Those are for children of the King/Queen, children of the sons of the King/Queen, and so on. You are confusing a title with HRH. The reigning monarch can bestow a title on anyone but HRH is passed down as you described. In the world of European monarchy an HRH distinction is what matters. It would be customary for the Queen to have offered an Earldom to Mark Phillips, whether it was Phillips or Anne who declined no one really knows. Courtesy titles can be a pain in the arse as they have certain responsiblities associated with them. Anne is like her older brother and mother, prefers country estate living and tromping about in wellies. by Anonymous reply 37 05/20/2008 r37, I believe that ERII created her husband a Royal Prince when he wasn't one before. Prior to that he was just a Duke. by Anonymous reply 38 05/20/2008 Being married to the Sovereign automatically makes you a Royal. Once Elizabeth succeed to the Throne Philip was the Royal Prince since he could not be called King. This not withstanding of course that Prince Philip was a Royal Prince of Greece and Denmark before marrying Elizabeth. by Anonymous reply 39 05/20/2008 r38/39 - Philip was created a royal Prince of the UK the day of his marriage by QEII's father, George VI. Philip had been a Prince of Greece & Denmark, but I believe when he joined the Roayl Navy during the war he had to renounce his titles to become a British commoner, Lt. Philip Mountbatten. The British royal status and title came later after his marriage. by Anonymous 05/20/2008 Not quite, r40. Philip did not become a royal Prince of the UK until the Letters Patent were issued by the Court in 1957. From the day before his marriage (by decree of King George VI) until then he was His Royal Highness Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh; but technically he was not "Prince Philip" of the United Kingdom. by Anonymous reply 41 05/20/2008 Philip was born a prince of Greece & Denmark, but later relinquished his titles when naturalized to British citizenship as Lt. Philip Mountbatten, RN. The day before his wedding, George VI created him Baron Greenwich, Earl of Merioneth and Duke of Edinburgh with the style of Royal Highness. This was very unusual because the King did not create him a prince of the UK, but simply granted him royal rank. In 1957, The Queen rectified this by issuing letters patent creating Philip a Prince of the UK in his own right with the style of "HRH The Prince Philip", which is normally used only by the children of a Sovereign. His title since then has been "HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh" but he is styled as a royal duke most of the time. by Anonymous reply 42 05/20/2008 Anne's children are in the female-line of The Sovereign. Under the 1917 Letters Patent, only male-line grandchildren of The Sovereign hold the style of HRH Prince/Princess of the UK. The Queen did offer to create Mark Phillips an Earl, but he declined it. When Anne became pregnant with Peter, she again offered a title, but Mark turned it down again with Anne's full support. They wanted their children to grow up without the burden of titles and royal rank. The Queen reportedly offered an earldom to Peter on the occasion of his marriage, but he declined out of respect for his parents' original wish. by Anonymous reply 43 05/20/2008 The Queen is fount of all honours as The Sovereign. She can create anyone a Peer or even a Royal Highness if she wants to. by Anonymous reply 44 05/20/2008 The poor Queen Mother will be rolling over in her tomb when the children of Andrew and Charle get married. I suspect ERII will not be bestowing any royal jewels even if she has to hand out titles. by Anonymous	i don't know
What is the much more common name of the British Royal named Baroness Marie Christine Anna Hedwig Ida Von Reibbitz?	The Mad Monarchist: Royal Profile: Princess Michael of Kent Friday, April 20, 2012 Royal Profile: Princess Michael of Kent HRH Princess Michael of Kent is surely one of the more controversial members of the modern British Royal Family, and one of my favorites for all of that. Whereas most of the “controversial” members of the family attain that distinction for behavior which, for lack of a better word, might be considered too “common”; the Princess of Kent won the distinction for behavior which is a bit too “royal” for these egalitarian times. She was born Baroness Marie Christine Anna Agnes Hedwig Ida von Reibnitz on January 15, 1945 in Karlsbad, Czechoslovakia (today the Czech Republic) to Baron Gunther Hubertus von Reibnitz (a German) and Countess (take a deep breath) Maria Anna Carolina Franziska Walpurga Bernadette Szapáry von Muraszombath, Szèchysziget und Szapár (a Hungarian). After World War II the couple divorced and her father moved to Portuguese East Africa while her mother took the children and moved to Australia where she opened a beauty salon. As she grew up Baroness Marie Christine was often back in Europe and very cognizant of the fact that through the long ancestries of her parents she is related to virtually every royal house in Christendom. While in Germany, hunting wild boar, she met an English banker named Thomas Troubridge; no one too special (when your claim to ‘fame’ is that your older brother is a baronet -you’re no one too special). In 1971 the two were married in London and in 1973 they separated. If it doesn’t work out, it doesn’t work out. It was not until 1977 that the two formally divorced and (for reasons not made public) the following year the Baroness was granted an annulment by the Roman Catholic Church. There was a perfectly good reason for the Baroness to finally want to get around to a formal divorce and annulment: she had met and fallen in love with her soul mate, and someone considerably more important than the kid-brother of a baronet. The lucky man in question was, of course, HRH Prince Michael of Kent, first cousin to HM Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and etc. The very tall Austro-Hungarian aristocrat and the dashing British sailor made quite a handsome couple and they were married, the first time, in a civil ceremony in Vienna, Austria on June 30, 1978. The Baroness then became known to one and all as HRH Princess Michael of Kent, being a royal princess by marriage rather than by birth. On June 29, 1983, with the special permission of the Roman Pontiff, the two had a religious wedding ceremony in London. Because of his marriage to a Roman Catholic, according to the 1701 Act of Settlement, Prince Michael of Kent lost his place in the line of succession to the British throne (not that he was very high on the list anyway). By that time the Prince and Princess of Kent already had a family. In 1979 the Princess gave birth to their first child, Lord Frederick Windsor, and in 1981 to their daughter Lady Gabriella Windsor. Aside from the usual raised eyebrows about her religion, Princess Michael soon began attracting controversy or at least reported controversy by those in the media business who stand to gain from controversy. Some of it was over their income and their residence and the sort of stuff typical on a slow news day in the tabloids. However, more was to be made of the character and attitude of Princess Michael. It was, for instance, reported (and I stress “reported”) that HM the Queen said Princess Michael was “a bit too grand” as part of a trend the media began to follow portraying the princess as arrogant and elitist. In the first place there is no proof the Queen ever said such a thing and, in the second place, there must be more people besides myself who want royals to be a bit “grand”. I would rather that they behave “a bit too grand” than to behave common. However, this was the line of attack the media would use against Princess Michael for a long time. It did not help that she (reportedly again) did not get along well with the much beloved Diana, Princess of Wales. One report, in an effort to make her appear arrogant again, said that Princess Michael had stated that she had “more royal blood in her veins than any person to marry into the Royal Family since Prince Philip”. Again, there’s no proof she ever said such a thing but, that aside, when you look at the spouses of the Princess Royal, the Duke of York, the Prince of Wales and so on -it seems a perfectly factual statement. However, it seems that the root of the objections so many have about Princess Michael is that she is too “royalist” a royal for the modern tastes of many. She has been unashamed in her attachment to monarchy and her Roman Catholic faith, taking part in Catholic functions and authoring a number of books about royal figures. She has made no secret about her belief in the importance of ancestry and bloodlines and that “hereditary rank” is natural and beneficial. The Princess has also never shied away from controversial subjects or speaking her mind. When a media firestorm erupted after photos of Prince Harry were passed to the tabloids at a costume party wearing a Nazi uniform Halloween costume, Princess Michael said the liberal media would not have cared in the least if he had instead worn a communist uniform with a sickle and hammer. When increased pressure over their finances made things difficult for the Prince and Princess of Kent, the Princess returned to her previous occupation as an interior decorator to augment her work as an author, historian and lecturer. She is also President of the London gallery Partridge Fine Art and has worked as an art consultant. The Princess, along with her husband, have at times represented HM the Queen abroad at engagements she was unable to attend although they do not undertake “official” royal duties nor do they or have they ever received any money from Parliament or the Privy Purse. The Princess, like many members of the Royal Family, loves animals and is especially known for her love of horses, dogs, Siamese and Burmese cats. She is Patron of a number of charities devoted to wildlife preservation in Africa. She is also an avid gardener. Her work has earned her a good deal of recognition over the years, she was given the Order of the Starry Cross by HIH Archduchess Regina of Austria, she is a Grand Dame of the Order of Malta and in 2010 was given the Order of Mercy for her decades of unpaid charitable work. Although she is considered a “controversial” figure, Princess Michael of Kent is one of my favorite royals in the world today. She makes no apologies for who she is, she is a royal who is staunchly royalist and interested in monarchy as well as the faith and the principles behind monarchy. I admire her for refusing to play the media game according to their own rules and for refusing to be intimidated into silence. At a time when many royals seem to want to be common or at least appear to, Princess Michael is proudly and unabashedly royal. The unfair criticism she has received at the hands of the media is something she has endured with dignity while maintaining her refreshingly honest attitude. She carries on, doing her duty when called upon and pursuing her own interests regardless of the opinion of the chattering classes. She’s one of a kind and good for her. Personally, I’d be happy with more like her. Posted by	Princess Michael of Kent
Which famous company, founded in Los Angeles in 1923 is Bob Iger the Chairman and Chief Executive of?	1000+ images about Princess Michael of Kent on Pinterest \| Prince and princess, Michael o'keefe and Princesses Forward Britain's Princess Michael of Kent attends the 20th edition of the 'Foret des Livres' (Books forest) book fair on August 30, 2015 in Chanceaux-pres-Loches. The event will play hosts to over two hundred writers. AFP PHOTO / GUILLAUME SOUVANT (Photo credit should read GUILLAUME SOUVANT/AFP/Getty Images) See More	i don't know
Which famous two word titled Beatles song did the band The Arctic Monkeys perform at the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics?	Paul McCartney - IMDb IMDb Soundtrack \| Composer \| Music Department Sir Paul McCartney is a key figure in contemporary culture as a singer, composer, poet, writer, artist, humanitarian, entrepreneur, and holder of more than 3 thousand copyrights. He is in the "Guinness Book of World Records" for most records sold, most #1s (shared), most covered song, "Yesterday," largest paid audience for a solo concert (350,000+ ... See full bio » Born: a list of 35 people created 08 Apr 2011 a list of 26 people created 29 Nov 2011 a list of 33 people created 06 Jan 2013 a list of 31 people created 18 May 2014 a list of 46 people created 16 Mar 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Paul McCartney's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 19 wins & 39 nominations. See more awards » Known For 2017 Jinek (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #5.10 (2017) ... (writer: "With a little help from my friends") - Episode dated 5 April 2016 (2016) ... (writer: "All You Need Is Love") Mike & Mike (TV Series) (writer - 39 episodes, 2013 - 2016) (performer - 3 episodes, 2013 - 2015) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (TV Series) (writer - 9 episodes, 2014 - 2016) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) - Matthew McConaughey/Janelle Monae/Sylvan Esso (2016) ... (performer: "Wonderful Christmastime" - uncredited) / (writer: "Wonderful Christmastime" - uncredited) - Episode #7.166 (2012) ... (writer: "Blackbird") - Episode #6.110 (2011) ... (writer: "Doctor Robert" - uncredited) - Episode #5.188 (2010) ... (writer: "Come Together", "Yesterday" - uncredited) 2016 Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (TV Mini-Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Fall (2016) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) 2016 Hitlåtens historia (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Week Seven (2016) ... (writer: "Help!" - uncredited) - Week 7 (2014) ... (writer: "When I'm Sixty-Four" - uncredited) - Week 5 (2014) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) 2016 Final Score (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #16.21 (2016) ... (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 2016 Ethel & Ernest (performer: "In the Blink of An Eye ") / (writer: "In the Blink of An Eye ") 2016 Treat, Not Trick (Video short) (writer: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.") - Episode dated 3 October 2016 (2016) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 2016 Sing (writer: "Golden Slumbers", "Carry That Weight") 2012-2016 The Voice (TV Series) (writer - 7 episodes) - The Superbattles (2016) ... (writer: "Blackbird") - Blind Auditions 7 (2016) ... (writer: "With A Little Help From My Friends") 2015-2016 Britain's Got More Talent (TV Series) (writer - 4 episodes) - Episode #10.12 (2016) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - Episode #10.3 (2016) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - Episode #10.1 (2016) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - 2015: Live Semi-Final 3 (2015) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) 2016 La Viola (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 17 May 2016 (2016) ... (performer: "Lady Madonna", "Band on the Run", "Yesterday", "Hey Jude") 2016 Lindenstraße (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Das letzte Morgenmahl (2016) ... (writer: "I Feel Fine" - uncredited) Britain's Got Talent (TV Series) (writer - 5 episodes, 2013 - 2016) (performer - 1 episode, 2013) - 2016: Auditions 2 (2016) ... (writer: "Eleanor Rigby" - uncredited) - 2016: Auditions 1 (2016) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - 2015: Auditions 5 (2015) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - 2013: Auditions 3 (2013) ... (performer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) / (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) 2016 The Brontes at the BBC (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "When I'm 64" - uncredited) 2016 Hola y adiós (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.11 (2016) ... (writer: "Blackbird") 2016 Acció política (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.15 (2016) ... (writer: "Golden Slumbers") 2016 Ochéntame... otra vez (TV Series documentary) (writer - 3 episodes) - Soy rebelde (2016) ... (writer: "All You Need Is Love") - ¡Más música, por favor! (2016) ... (writer: "Get Back") - Somos rumberos (2016) ... (writer: "Obladí Obladá (Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da)", "All My Loving") 2016 11.22.63 (TV Mini-Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2016 The 88th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (writer: "Blackbird") Quick Reviews with Maverick (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016) - Live and Let Die (2016) ... (performer: "Live and Let Die") / (writer: "Live and Let Die") - ¡Elige al primero! (2016) ... (writer: "Come Together") - Episode #3.19 (2014) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") - Episode #3.18 (2014) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") 2016 Music Moguls: Masters of Pop (TV Mini-Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Melody Makers (2016) ... (writer: "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "A Day in the Life", "Strawberry Fields Forever" - uncredited) 2016 The Great Everything & the Nothing (writer: "All You Need Is Love / Across The Universe") Dolezal Backstage (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015) - Das Weihnachts-Special (2015) ... (performer: "Wonderful Christmas Time") / (writer: "Wonderful Christmas Time") 2015 For the Birds (Short) (writer: "Good Night", "The Fool On The Hill", "Eleanor Rigby") 2015 Els dies clau (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) 2015 The Beatles: 1 (Video) (writer: "Love Me Do", "From Me to You", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Can't Buy Me Love") 2015 Scream Queens (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2015 Oh Happy Day (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Oh TV3 (2015) ... (writer: "Hi ha eleccions (Let It Be)") The X Factor (TV Series) (writer - 18 episodes, 2004 - 2015) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) - Auditions 3 (2015) ... (writer: "All My Loving") - Live Final Results (2012) ... (writer: "Let It Be" - uncredited) - Live Show 1 (2012) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) - Auditions 4 (2012) ... (writer: "Come Together" - uncredited) - Bootcamp 1 (2010) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - Day 2: Part 2 (2015) ... (writer: "All Day", "FourFiveSeconds", "Only One") 2015 Minions (writer: "Love Me Do", "Got To Get You Into My Life", "Revolution") Keeping Up with the Kardashians (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015) - Buggy Boo (2015) ... (performer: "Only One" - uncredited) / (writer: "Only One" - uncredited) 2015/I Guitar Man (Documentary) (writer: "You Can't Do That") 2015 Biggest Band Breakups and Make Ups (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Love Me Do", "She Loves You", "Tomorrow Never Knows", "We Can Work It Out" - uncredited) 2015 The Brit Awards 2015 (TV Special) (writer: "All Day") 2015 Saturday Night Live: 40th Anniversary Special (TV Special) (performer: "Maybe I'm Amazed") / (writer: "Maybe I'm Amazed", "Only One") 2015 An Evening with Alice Cooper (TV Movie) (writer: "Revolution") 2015 The 57th Annual Grammy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "FourFiveSeconds") / (producer: "Only One") / (writer: "Only One", "FourFiveSeconds") Parenthood (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2011 - 2015) (writer - 2 episodes, 2011 - 2015) 2015 Cobain: Montage of Heck (Documentary) (writer: "And I Love Her") 2015 Mistress America (performer: "No More Lonely Nights") / (writer: "No More Lonely Nights") 2015 Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (TV Movie) (writer: "Good Night" - uncredited) 2014 Paul McCartney: Early Days (Video short) (lyrics: "Early Days") / (music: "Early Days") / (performer: "Early Days") 2014 A Very SpaghettiBicycle Christmas Collab (Video short) (performer: "Wonderful Christmastime") 2014 Hope for the Future (Short) (lyrics: "Hope For the Future") / (music: "Hope For the Future") / (performer: "Hope For the Future") 2014 Peter Andre's Xmas Extravaganza Top 50 (TV Movie) (performer: "We All Stand Together") / (writer: "We All Stand Together") 2014 D2WYM Snippets (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Hello. (2014) ... (writer: "Penny Lane") 2014 Cássia (Documentary) (writer: "I've Got a Feeling") 2014 Breakfast (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) Show all 8 episodes 2014 Katimavik (Documentary) (writer: "With A Little Help From My Friends") 2014 Britain's Most Dangerous Songs: Listen to the Banned (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "A Day in the Life") 2014 The Sixties (TV Mini-Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - The British Invasion (2014) ... (writer: "She Loves You" (uncredited), "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (uncredited), "Some Other Guy", "Can't Buy Me Love" (uncredited), "I Saw Her Standing There", "A Hard Day's Night" (uncredited), "You Can't Do That", "Help!", "Yesterday" (uncredited), "Norwegian Wood", "In My Life", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "A Day in the Life", "All You Need Is Love" (uncredited)) 2014 Howard Stern Birthday Bash (Video) (performer: "Happy Birthday to You") / (writer: "Blackbird") 2014/V Shelter (Short) (writer: "Ticket To Ride") 2014 Tu cara me suena - Argentina (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.8 (2014) ... (writer: "Yesterday", "Ticket to Ride", "Help!") 2014 Tenacity and Gratitude: The Frank Cotolo Story (Documentary) (writer: "Not A Second Time") 2014 2014 Billboard Music Awards (TV Special) (writer: "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds") 2014 Independent Lens (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Muscle Shoals (2014) ... (writer: "Hey Jude") 2014 The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to the Beatles (TV Special) (performer: "Birthday", "Get Back", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "With a Little Help From My Friends", "Hey Jude") / (writer: "All My Loving", "Ticket To Ride", "We Can Work it Out", "In My Life", "Don't Let Me Down", "Yesterday", "Revolution", "Hey Bulldog", "The Fool on the Hill", "Let it Be", "Yellow Submarine", "Birthday", "Get Back", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "With a Little Help From My Friends", "Hey Jude") Criminal Minds (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2014) (music - 1 episode, 2014) - 200 (2014) ... (lyrics: "Blackbird" - uncredited) / (music: "Blackbird" - uncredited) 2014 Teen Wolf (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Illuminated (2014) ... (performer: "Out of Sight" - uncredited) 2010-2014 Dancing on Ice (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Week 4 (2014) ... (writer: "In My Life") 2014 The 56th Annual Grammy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Queenie Eye") / (writer: "Queenie Eye") 2014/I Boyhood (performer: "Band on the Run") / (writer: "Band on the Run") 2014 Alive Inside (Documentary) (writer: "Blackbird", "I Want to Hold your Hand", "Hey Jude") Welcome to the Basement (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2013 - 2014) (writer - 2 episodes, 2013 - 2014) - Great Train Robbery and the Red Balloon (2014) ... (performer: "You're Gonna Lose That Girl") / (writer: "You're Gonna Lose That Girl") - Help! (2013) ... (performer: "Help!", "You're Gonna Lose That Girl", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", "Ticket To Ride") / (writer: "Help!") Saturday Night Live (TV Series) (writer - 11 episodes, 1975 - 2012) (performer - 5 episodes, 1980 - 2013) - Jimmy Fallon/Justin Timberlake (2013) ... (performer: "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" (uncredited)) - Martin Short/Paul McCartney (2012) ... (performer: "My Valentine", "Cut Me Some Slack", "Wonderful Christmastime", "Holiday Time, Holiday Cheer") / (writer: "My Valentine", "Wonderful Christmastime", "Cut Me Some Slack") - Joseph Gordon-Levitt/Mumford & Sons (2012) ... (writer: "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away") 2013 American Hustle (performer: "Live and Let Die") / (writer: "Live and Let Die") 2013 Daily Ukulele (TV Series short) (writer - 2 episodes) - I Wanna Hold Your Hand - The Beatles (2013) ... (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand") 2013 Paul McCartney: Queenie Eye (Video short) (performer: "Queenie Eye") / (writer: "Queenie Eye") Glee (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes, 2010 - 2013) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2011) (music - 1 episode, 2011) - Tina in the Sky with Diamonds (2013) ... (writer: "Revolution", "Get Back", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Hey Jude", "Let It Be" - uncredited) - Love, Love, Love (2013) ... (writer: "Yesterday", "Drive My Car", "Got to Get You into My Life", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", "Help!", "A Hard Day's Night", "I Saw Her Standing There", "All You Need Is Love" - uncredited) - Goodbye (2012) ... (writer: "In My Life" - uncredited) - Play That Funky Music by Wild Cherry (2012) ... (performer: "Ebony and Ivory") / (writer: "Ebony and Ivory") 2013 Dampfnudelblues (writer: "She loves you", "Come together") 2013 Abbey Road Acoustic Sessions with Absolute Radio (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Beady Eye (2013) ... (writer: "Cry Baby Cry") The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (TV Series) (writer - 46 episodes, 2010 - 2013) (performer - 3 episodes, 2011 - 2012) (music - 1 episode, 2011) - Episode #21.144 (2013) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - Episode #21.134 (2013) ... (writer: "Got to Get You into My Life" - uncredited) - Episode #21.120 (2013) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) - Episode #21.111 (2013) ... (writer: "Got to Get You Into My Life" - uncredited) - Episode #21.101 (2013) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) Levenslied (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode, 2013) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2011) (music - 1 episode, 2011) - Episode #2.2 (2013) ... (writer: "Good Night" - uncredited) - Episode #1.7 (2011) ... (lyrics: "Got to get you into my life" - uncredited) / (music: "Got to get you into my life" - uncredited) Spise med Price (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2013) (writer - 1 episode, 2013) - Chokolade (2013) ... (performer: "Ebony and Ivory" - uncredited) / (writer: "Ebony and Ivory" - uncredited) - Juan Pablo Varsky/Eruca Sativa (2013) ... (writer: "Eleanor Rigby") 2013 Good Ol' Freda (Documentary) (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There", "Love Me Do", "I Feel Fine", "I Will") 2013 The 85th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) 2013 When Albums Ruled the World (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "A Day in the Life", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (uncredited), "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" (uncredited)) 2013 Muscle Shoals (Documentary) (writer: "Hey Jude") 2013 Sound City (Documentary) (performer: "Cut Me Some Slack") / (writer: "Cut Me Some Slack") 2012 Divorce (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.3 (2012) ... (writer: "Let It Be") 2012 This Is 40 (writer: "Lunch Box/Odd Sox") 2012 Timeshift (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - The British Army of the Rhine (2012) ... (writer: "Komm, Gib Mir Deine Hand" (German version of "I Want to Hold Your Hand") - uncredited) Happy Endings (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2012) (writer - 1 episode, 2012) - Cazsh Dummy Spillionaires (2012) ... (performer: "Ebony & Ivory" - uncredited) / (writer: "Ebony & Ivory" - uncredited) 2012 Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away (writer: "Blackbird", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite", "Get Back", "All You Need is Love") 2012/I Flight (writer: "With a Little Help From My Friends") 2012 Love Me Do: The Beatles '62 (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me") 2012 Not Fade Away (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "I've Got A Feeling") 2012 Frances Ha (performer: "Blue Sway") / (writer: "Blue Sway") 2012 The X Factor Philippines (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - Top 10 Results (2012) ... (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There") - Top 11 Performance Night (2012) ... (writer: "Got to Get You into My Life") 2012 London 2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony: Isles of Wonder (TV Special) (performer: "Hey, Jude") / (writer: "Hey, Jude") 2012 Vatertag (TV Movie) (writer: "Penny Lane" - uncredited) 2012 Retail Therapy (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Fall Back (2012) ... (writer: "A Day in the Life") 2012 Case Sensitive (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2012 Caiga quien caiga - CQC (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #16.17 (2012) ... (writer: "Drive My Car") 2012 The 54th Annual Grammy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "My Valentine") / (writer: "My Valentine") 2012 Joyful Noise (writer: "Maybe I'm Amazed") 2012 Pan Am (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Secrets and Lies (2012) ... (writer: "Do You Want to Know a Secret (Pan Am Soundtrack)", "Do You Want to Know a Secret?" - uncredited) 2011 Lettres de suicide (Short) (writer: "A World Without Love") 2011 Britain's Favourite Christmas Songs (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Wonderful Christmastime", "Pipes of Peace") / (writer: "Wonderful Christmastime", "Pipes of Peace") 2011 Lost Christmas (writer: "Wonderful Christmastime") 2011 Vago (Video short) (writer: "Because") 2011 Weekend Weekend (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.8 (2011) ... (writer: "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Flying" - uncredited) Late Show with David Letterman (TV Series) (writer - 9 episodes, 2009 - 2011) (music - 1 episode, 2011) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) 2010 Brian Wilson: Songwriting 1961-1969 (Video documentary) (writer: "Nowhere Man" - as McCartney) 2010/II Bieber Fever (Short) (writer: "All You Need Is Love") 2010 Rude Tube (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Rude Tunes (2010) ... (writer: "Let It Be" - uncredited) 2010 I, Heart (Short) ("222") 2010 The Social Network (writer: "Baby, You're A Rich Man") 2010 Prozhektorperiskhilton (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - Episode #4.1 (2010) ... (writer: "A Hard Day's Night" - uncredited) 2010 Sorelle Mai (writer: "Girl") 2010 Norwegian Wood (lyrics: "Norwegian Wood") / (music: "Norwegian Wood") 2010 Movie Nights (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2010 Dinner for Schmucks (writer: "The Fool on the Hill" (1967)) 2010 Huckabee (TV Series) (music - 1 episode) - Episode dated 24 July 2010 (2010) ... (music: "Hey Crude") 2010 Grown Ups (performer: "Goodnight Tonight") / (writer: "Goodnight Tonight") Memòries de la tele (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes, 2007 - 2010) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) - Episode #4.30 (2010) ... (writer: "Conocerte mejor") - Episode #2.16 (2008) ... (performer: "My Brave Face") / (writer: "My Brave Face") - Episode #1.10 (2007) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Yesterday") Live from Studio Five (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes, 2009 - 2010) (performer - 2 episodes, 2009 - 2010) - Episode #1.132 (2010) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die") - Episode #1.111 (2010) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") - Episode #1.87 (2010) ... (performer: "Do They Know It's Christmas?") - Episode #1.43 (2009) ... (performer: "Wonderful Christmastime") / (writer: "Wonderful Christmastime") 2010 Bibliothèque Pascal (writer: "Penny Lane") 2010 Greenberg (performer: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" - as Paul) / (writer: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" - as Paul) 2010 Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Let It Be") 2009 Hitchhiker Munchkins (Short) (writer: "I'm Looking Through You") The Choir: Unsung Town (TV Mini-Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2009) (music - 1 episode, 2009) - Episode #1.4 (2009) ... (lyrics: "In My Life" - uncredited) / (music: "In My Life" - uncredited) 2009 ...Sings The Beatles (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Lady Madonna") / (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love", "If I Fell", "Day Tripper/Ticket to Ride", "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Help!", "Hey Jude", "Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Norwegian Wood", "She's a Woman", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Yesterday", "Dear Prudence", "Back in the USSR", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "I Am the Walrus", "Lady Madonna") 2009 The Beatles: Rock Band (Video Game) (lyrics: "A Day in the Life", "A Hard Day's Night", "Abbey Road Medley", "All You Need is Love", "And Your Bird Can Sing", "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Because", "Being For the Benefit of Mr. Kite", "Birthday", "Boys", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Come Together", "Day Tripper", "Dear Prudence", "Dig A Pony", "Do You Want To Know A Secret", "Don't Let Me Down", "Drive My Car", "Eight Days A Week", "Fixing A Hole", "Get Back", "Getting Better", "Girl", "Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight/The End", "Good Morning Good Morning", "Hello Goodbye", "Helter Skelter", "Her Majesty", "Hey Bulldog", "I Am The Walrus", "I Feel Fine", "I Saw Her Standing There", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "I Want To Hold Your Hand", "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", "I'm Looking Through You", "I've Got A Feeling", "In My Life", "Lovely Rita", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", "Michelle", "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)", "Nowhere Man", "Oh Darling", "Paperback Writer", "Polythene Pam/She Came In Through The Bathroom Window", "Revolution", "Run For Your Life", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With A Little Help From My Friends", "She's Leaving Home", "Sun King/Mean Mr. Mustard", "The End", "The Word", "Think For Yourself", "Ticket To Ride", "Wait", "What Goes On", "When I'm Sixty-Four", "Within You Without You/Tommorrow Never Knows", "Yellow Submarine", "You Never Give Me Your Money", "You Won't See Me") - Episode #1.61 (2009) ... (writer: "Birthday" - uncredited) 2009 The Beatles on Record (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "I Am the Walrus", "She Loves You", "A Hard Day's Night", "Ticket to Ride", "Let It Be") 2009 Der Mann auf der Brücke (TV Movie) (writer: "I am the walrus") 2009 Cheap Trick: Sgt. Pepper Live (Video) (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Getting Better", "Fixing a Hole", "She's Leaving Home", "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!", "When I'm Sixty-Four", "Lovely Rita", "Good Morning Good Morning", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)", "A Day in the Life", "Medley: Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight/The End") 2009 Funny People (performer: "Great Day", "In Private") / (writer: "Great Day", "In Private") 2009 Entourage (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Amongst Friends (2009) ... (performer: "Dance Tonight" - uncredited) 2009 Oasis @ Melt! (TV Movie) (writer: "I Am the Walrus" - uncredited) 2009 Imagine That (writer: "Got to Get You into My Life", "All You Need Is Love", "Nowhere Man") 2009 We Believe (Documentary) (performer: "Hope of Deliverance") / (writer: "Hope of Deliverance") 2009 Oasis Ao Vivo (TV Movie) (writer: "I Am the Walrus") 2009 53 premis Sant Jordi de cinematografia (TV Special) (writer: "She Loves You", "All My Loving") Willkommen Österreich (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode, 2009) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) - Episode #1.71 (2009) ... (writer: "Come Together" - uncredited) - Episode #1.60 (2009) ... (performer: "Vintage Clothes" - uncredited) 2008 D'un any 8 a un any 9 (TV Movie) (writer: "Més que ningú", "T'estima", "No es ven l'amor") 2008 Game Boys (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") 2008 Gavin & Stacey (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.8 (2008) ... (writer: "Wonderful Christmastime" - uncredited) 2008 Eli Stone (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Help! (2008) ... (writer: "Help!" - uncredited) 2008 Yes Man (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") The Choir: Boys Don't Sing (TV Mini-Series) (lyrics - 2 episodes, 2008) (music - 2 episodes, 2008) - Episode #1.3 (2008) ... (lyrics: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) / (music: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) - Episode #1.2 (2008) ... (lyrics: "A Hard Day's Night", "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) / (music: "A Hard Day's Night", "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) Sunrise (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008) - Episode dated 14 January 2008 (2008) ... (performer: "Dance Tonight" - uncredited) / (writer: "Dance Tonight" - uncredited) 2008 Tommy Emmanuel: Center Stage (TV Movie) (writer: "When I'm 64", "Lady Madonna", "Day Tripper") 2007 Atrapats pel cap d'any (TV Movie) (writer: "All My Loving") 2007 Da Lintsi -koodi (TV Movie) (lyrics: "Hey Jude") / (writer: "Hey Jude") Jools's Annual Hootenanny (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2007) (writer - 1 episode, 2007) - 2007: Part 1 (2007) ... (performer: "Dance Tonight") / (writer: "Dance Tonight") 2003-2007 Australian Idol (TV Series) (writer - 13 episodes) - A Nice Day for a Posh Wedding (2007) ... (performer: "Ebony & Ivory" - uncredited) / (writer: "Ebony & Ivory" - uncredited) 2007 American Gangster (writer: "Why Don't We Do It in the Road" (1968)) 2003-2007 Idols (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Top 24: Group 4 (2005) ... (writer: "Let It Be") - Top 5: Lennon & McCartney (2003) ... (writer: "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)", "In My Life", "Yesterday", "Let It Be", "With a Little Help from My Friends", "A Hard Day's Night", "From Me to You") 2007 Two Faces (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.1 (2007) ... (writer: "Yesterday") 2007 Across the Universe (writer: "Girl", "Helter Skelter", "Hold Me Tight", "All My Loving", "I Want To Hold Your Hand", "With A Little Help From My Friends", "It Won't Be Long", "I've Just Seen A Face", "Let It Be", "Come Together", "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?", "If I Fell", "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", "Dear Prudence", "Flying", "I Am The Walrus", "Being For The Benefit Of Mr. Kite", "Because", "Oh! Darling", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Revolution", "Happiness Is A Warm Gun", "Blackbird", "Hey Jude", "Don't Let Me Down", "All You Need Is Love", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "A Day In The Life", "Across The Universe", "And I Love Her") 2007 The Other Side of Rick Wakeman (Video documentary) (writer: "Help/ Eleanor Rigby") American Masters (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode, 2007) (performer - 1 episode, 2001) 2004-2006 Cesko hledá SuperStar (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Páté finále: Abba vs. Beatles (2006) ... (writer: "All My Loving", "She Loves You", "Michelle", "Yesterday", "A Hard Day's Night") - Ctvrté finále: 60. léta (2004) ... (writer: "A Hard Day's Night") - Episode #1.17 (2004) ... (writer: "Let It Be") 2006 How Music Works (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Melody (2006) ... (writer: "Mull of Kintyre") 2006 Happy Feet (writer: "Golden Slumbers", "The End") 2006 Los Bunkers: Vida de Perros (Video documentary) (writer: "Sgt. Peppers Lonely") 2006 Sorelle (writer: "Girl") 2006 Tony Bennett: Duets - The Making of an American Classic (Video) (performer: "The Very Thought of You") 2006 Breaking and Entering (lyrics: "She Loves You") / (music: "She Loves You") 2006 Children of Men (lyrics: "Tomorrow Never Knows" - as McCartney) / (music: "Tomorrow Never Knows" - as McCartney) 2006 Accepted (writer: "Eleanor Rigby") 2006 The Lake House (performer: "This Never Happened Before" (2005)) / (writer: "This Never Happened Before" (2005)) EastEnders (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes, 1985 - 2006) (performer - 5 episodes, 1985 - 2000) 2006 Kupetzky (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Kupetzkys letzte Schicht (2006) ... (writer: "With A Little Help From My Friends" - uncredited) - Kriegsverletzungen (2006) ... (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) - Die Blue-Moon-Boys (2006) ... (writer: "Yesterday" - uncredited) 2006 Zeldman (Short) (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" - as McCartney) 2006 The Path of Most Resistance (Short) (writer: "Dear Prudence" - as McCartney) 2006 Las Vegas (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Like a Virgin (2006) ... (writer: "Ebony And Ivory") 2006 Parashat Ha-Shavua (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - VaYetze (2006) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") - Lech-Lecha (2006) ... (writer: "BECAUSE") 2006 Idols! (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Liveshow #9 - Bigband (2006) ... (writer: "Got to Get You into My Life") 2006 The 48th Annual Grammy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Yesterday") / (writer: "Yesterday") Life on Mars (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2006) (writer - 1 episode, 2006) - Episode #1.2 (2006) ... (performer: "Live and Let Die") / (writer: "Live and Let Die") 2005 Magnificent 7 (TV Movie) (writer: "Lady Madonna") 2005 Cançons per no oblidar, el disc de la Marató (TV Movie) (writer: "A la meva vida (In My Life)") 2005 Strangers (Video) (lyrics: "Paperback Writer") 2005 Mini-Cleaners (Short) (writer: "Good Day Sunshine") 2005 Saturday Night Live in the '80s: Lost & Found (TV Special documentary) (writer: "Ebony and Ivory" - uncredited) 2005 The World's Greatest Gigs (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" - uncredited) 2005 Little Manhattan (writer: "In My Life") Everybody Hates Chris (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2005) (writer - 1 episode, 2005) - Everybody Hates the Pilot (2005) ... (performer: "Ebony and Ivory") / (writer: "Ebony and Ivory") 2005 Filthy Gorgeous: The Trannyshack Story (Documentary) (writer: "Helter Skelter") 2003-2005 Idol (TV Series) (writer - 4 episodes) - Episode #4.9 (2005) ... (writer: "Come Together") - Episode #3.14 (2003) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") - Episode #2.19 (2003) ... (writer: "Back in the U.S.S.R.") - Episode #2.17 (2003) ... (writer: "A Hard Day's Night") 2005 Corey Feldman Interview (Video documentary short) (writer: "Drive My Car") 2005 Corey Haim Interview (Video documentary short) (writer: "Drive My Car") 2005 Kicking & Screaming (writer: "WE CAN WORK IT OUT") 2004-2005 Idol - Jakten på en superstjerne (TV Series) (writer - 4 episodes) - Topp 6 - Beatles (2005) ... (writer: "We Can Work It Out", "Can't Buy Me Love", "The Long and Winding Road", "Martha My Dear", "Let It Be") - Finalen (2004) ... (writer: "Come Together") - Topp 40 #4 (2004) ... (writer: "Help!") 2005 Guess Who (performer: "Ebony and Ivory" (1981)) / (writer: "Ebony and Ivory" (1981)) 2004-2005 Slovensko hladá SuperStar (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Siedmy finále: Beatles vs. Elvis (2005) ... (writer: "I Saw Him Standing There", "Oh! Darling", "She Loves You") 2003 The Cat in the Hat (writer: "Getting Better") 2003 Radio (writer: "We Can Work It Out" (1966)) 2003 Cuéntame (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Paraísos y purgatorios (2003) ... (writer: "She's Leaving Home") 2003 The Blues (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Red, White and Blues (2003) ... (writer: "Lady Madonna", "Yer Blues") 2003 Berlin Blues (writer: "Across the Universe") Skeppsholmen (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2003) (music - 1 episode, 2003) (writer - 1 episode, 2003) - Episode #3.1 (2003) ... (lyrics: "Drive My Car") / (music: "Drive My Car") - Episode #2.6 (2003) ... (writer: "Golden Slumbers") 2003 Love Actually (as McCartney, "All You Need Is Love" (1967)) 2003 Liquid Assets (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Oasis's Million$ (2003) ... (writer: "I Am the Walrus" - uncredited) 2003/I The In-Laws (performer: "Live and Let Die", "I'm Carrying", "A Love for You") / (producer: "Live and Let Die", "A Love for You") / (writer: "Live and Let Die", "I'm Carrying", "A Love for You") 2002 Marillion: A Piss-Up in a Brewery (Video) (writer: "Let It Be") 2002 3.z (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Revolution") 2002 Crossing Jordan (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Don't Look Back (2002) ... (performer: "Lonesome Town" - uncredited) 2002 Back in the U.S. (TV Special documentary) (performer: "Hello, Goodbye", "Jet", "All My Loving", "Live and Let Die", "Coming Up", "Blackbird", "We Can Work It Out", "Here, There, and Everywhere", "Eleanor Rigby", "Matchbox", "Your Loving Flame", "The Fool on the Hill", "Getting Better", "Here Today", "Something", "Band on the Run", "Let Me Roll It", "Back in the USSR", "My Love", "Maybe I'm Amazed", "Freedom", "Let it Be", "Hey Jude", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Lady Madonna", "The Long and Winding Road", "Yesterday", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" / "The End", "I Saw Her Standing There") / (writer: "Hello, Goodbye", "Jet", "All My Loving", "Live and Let Die", "Coming Up", "Blackbird", "We Can Work It Out", "Here, There, and Everywhere", "Eleanor Rigby", "Your Loving Flame", "The Fool on the Hill", "Getting Better", "Here Today", "Band on the Run", "Let Me Roll It", "Back in the USSR", "My Love", "Maybe I'm Amazed", "Freedom", "Let it Be", "Hey Jude", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Lady Madonna", "The Long and Winding Road", "Yesterday", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" / "The End", "I Saw Her Standing There") 2002 Jos sais kerran (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.7 (2002) ... (writer: "In My Life") 2002 Everwood (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - The Doctor Is In (2002) ... (writer: "Golden Slumbers") 2002 Trautmann (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Das letzte Hemd hat keine Taschen (2002) ... (writer: "Two of Us") 2002 Comedian (Documentary) (performer: "Valentine Day", "Smile Away") / (writer: "Valentine Day", "Smile Away") 2002 Art That Shook the World (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - The Beach Boys: Pet Sounds (2002) ... (writer: "Being for the Benefit of Mr Kite", "I Want to Hold Your Hand" - uncredited) 2002 Party at the Palace: The Queen's Concerts, Buckingham Palace (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Her Majesty", "Blackbird", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (reprise)", "The End", "All You Need Is Love", "Hey Jude") / (writer: "The Long And Winding Road", "With A Little Help From My Friends", "Her Majesty", "Blackbird", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (reprise)", "The End", "All You Need Is Love", "Hey Jude") 2002 Undercover Brother (writer: "Ebony And Ivory") 2002 Bowling for Columbine (Documentary) (writer: "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" (1968)) 2002 Music Planet 2Nite (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Oasis (2002) ... (writer: "I Am the Walrus" - uncredited) 2002 The 74th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special) (performer: "Vanilla Sky") / (writer: "Vanilla Sky") 2002 Student's Hearts (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 20 September 2001 (2001) ... (writer: "Lucy in the sky with diamonds" - uncredited) 2001 Poor Prince (TV Series) (lyrics: "I Wanna Hold Your Hand") / (music: "I Wanna Hold Your Hand") 2001 Shining Stars: The Official Story of Earth, Wind, & Fire (Video) (writer: "Got to Get you Into My Life") 2001 Roswell (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - The Departure (2001) ... (writer: "Blackbird") 2001 Friends (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2001 Moulin Rouge! (writer: "Elephant Love Medley") Zwei Männer am Herd (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes, 1999 - 2001) (performer - 1 episode, 2001) - Der Betriebsausflug (2001) ... (performer: "Heaven On A Sunday" - uncredited) / (writer: "Heaven On A Sunday" - uncredited) - Zwei Männer am Herd (1999) ... (writer: "Yesterday" - uncredited) King of the Hill (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2001) (writer - 1 episode, 2001) - It's Not Easy Being Green (2001) ... (performer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) / (writer: "Live and Let Die" - uncredited) 2001 Heartbreakers (writer: "Back In The U.S.S.R") 2001 Top of the Pops: The True Story (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "I Wanna Be Your Man", "I Want to Hold Your Hand" - uncredited) 2000 The British Invasion Returns (Video) (writer: "Bad To Me") 2000 Okupas (TV Mini-Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Miguel (2000) ... (writer: "Because" - uncredited) 2000 Backdoor (writer: "The Word", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds") 2000 Shine On (TV Special) (writer: "Revolution", "Tomorrow Never Knows" - uncredited) 2000 Cássia Eller: Com Você Meu Mundo Ficaria Completo - Ao Vivo (Video) (writer: "Come Together") 2000 The New Vault (TV Series) (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 2000 Hollywood Rocks the Movies: The Early Years (1955-1970) (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "A Hard Day's Night", "And I Love Her", "Help!", "With a Little Help From My Friends") 2000 Family Ties (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2000 Maybe Baby (performer: "Maybe Baby") 2000 The Linda McCartney Story (TV Movie) (writer: "I want to hold your hand", "Please, please me") 2000 Net All Nighter (TV Movie) (writer: "Helter Skelter" - uncredited) 2000 Anke (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Anke, ich steh' total auf Machos (2000) ... (writer: "All you need is love") 2000 Hanging Up (performer: "Junk", "Singalong Junk") / (writer: "Junk", "Singalong Junk") 2000 Paul Is Dead (performer: "Wonderful Christmastime") / (writer: "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Wonderful Christmastime", "Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band", "I Am The Walrus") 1999 Saturday Night Live: The Best of Dana Carvey (TV Special) (writer: "Back in the U.S.S.R." - uncredited) 1999 Paul McCartney: Live at the Cavern Club (TV Special) (performer: "Honey Hush", "Blue Jean Bop", "Brown Eyed Handsome Man", "Fabulous", "What It Is", "Lonesome Town", "Twenty Flight Rock", "No Other Baby", "Try Not to Cry", "Shake a Hand", "All Shook Up", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Party" - uncredited) / (writer: "What It Is", "Try Not to Cry", "I Saw Her Standing There" - uncredited) 1999 American Beauty (writer: "Because") 1999 Outside Providence (performer: "Band On The Run") / (writer: "Band On The Run" - as McCartney) 1990-1999 Stars in Their Eyes (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes) - Episode #10.3 (1999) ... (writer: "All My Loving") - Episode #8.5 (1997) ... (writer: "Let It Be") - Christmas Special 1994 (1994) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") - Episode #4.8 (1993) ... (writer: "The Long and Winding Road") - Episode #4.1 (1993) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") 1999 The '60s (TV Movie) (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand") 1999 Providence (TV Series) (writer: "In My Life") 1999 Eglimata (TV Series) (writer: "Little Child") 1999 Regine: R2K (Video documentary) (writer: "The Long and Winding Road") 1998 Saturday Night Live: The Best of Eddie Murphy (Video documentary) (writer: "Ebony and Ivory", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Love Me Do" - uncredited) 1998 The Roseanne Show (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.30 (1998) ... (writer: "Come Together", "Here, There & Everywhere") 1998 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (lyrics: "Wonderful Christmastime" - as McCartney) / (music: "Wonderful Christmastime" - as McCartney) 1998 Pleasantville (writer: "Across the Universe") 1998 Fiona Apple: Across the Universe (Video short) (writer: "Across the Universe") 1998 Armageddon (writer: "Come Together") 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band") 1998 Lukas (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Unter Strom (1998) ... (writer: "All You Need Is Love" - uncredited) 1988-1998 Mystery Science Theater 3000 (TV Series) (writer - 16 episodes) - Werewolf (1998) ... (writer: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" - uncredited) 1997 The Drum (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Oasis Special (1997) ... (writer: "I Am the Walrus (Live at Earls Court)" - uncredited) 1997 MTV Rockumentary (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) 1997 BBC Six O'Clock News (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 21 August 1997 (1997) ... (writer: "All You Need Is Love", "I Am the Walrus" - uncredited) 1997 Rayearth (TV Mini-Series) (writer: "All You Need is Love") 1997 Bean (writer: "Yesterday") 1997 Egos & Icons (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Oasis (1997) ... (writer: "Come Together" - uncredited) 1997 Fathers' Day (performer: "Young Boy", "The World Tonight") / (writer: "Young Boy", "The World Tonight") 1997 Gun (TV Series) (lyrics: "HAPPINESS IS A WARM GUN") / (music: "HAPPINESS IS A WARM GUN") 1996 Oasis: First Night Live at Maine Road (Video) (writer: "I Am the Walrus") 1995 You Can't Do That! The Making of 'A Hard Day's Night' (Video documentary) (writer: "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "You Can't Do That" (1964), "This Boy (Ringo's Theme)" (1963), "I Should Have Known Better" (1964), "Tell Me Why" (1964), If I Fell" (1964), "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" (1964), "And I Love Her" (1964), "Can't Buy Me Love" (1964) - uncredited) 1995 Oasis: First Night Live at Earls Court (Video) (writer: "I Am the Walrus") 1995 Home Improvement (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Chicago Hope (1995) ... (writer: "Do You Want to Know a Secret") 1995 Bye Bye Love (writer: "I Will") 1995 Houseguest (writer: "Michelle") - Virgin, Mother, Crone (1995) ... (writer: "Drive My Car" - uncredited) 1994 With... (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Oasis (1994) ... (writer: "We Can Work It Out" - uncredited) 1994 Takin' Over the Asylum (TV Mini-Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - You Always Hurt the One You Love (1994) ... (writer: "Don't Let Me Down", "Day Tripper", "I Want To Hold Your Hand" - as McCartney) - Fly Like an Eagle (1994) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love", "A World Without Love" - as McCartney) - Hey Jude (1994) ... (writer: "Hey Jude", "Help!" - as McCartney) 1994 Lassie (writer: "In My Life") 1994 The Adventures of Brisco County Jr. (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Stagecoach (1994) ... (writer: "Let It Be" - uncredited) 1994 My Girl 2 (writer: "All My Loving") 1994 Florida Lady (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1994 Ritmo de la noche (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Charly García (1994) ... (writer: "There's a Place") 1993 Heartbeat (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - Bringing It All Back Home (1993) ... (writer: "We Can Work It Out" - uncredited) - An American in Aidensfield (1993) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) 1993 Kansanhuvit (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1993 A Bronx Tale (writer: "Come Together") 1993 You Know My Name (Short) (writer: "You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)") 1993 Reckless Kelly (writer: "Happiness Is A Warm Gun") 1993 Loaded Weapon 1 (lyrics: "WE CAN WORK IT OUT") / (music: "WE CAN WORK IT OUT") 1992 Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 1 (Video short) (writer: "A World Without Love") 1992 Secrets (writer: "LOVE ME DO", "I SAW HER STANDING THERE", "Do You Want to Know a Secret", "It Won't Be Long", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "Helter Skelter", "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window", "Can't Buy Me Love", "All My Loving", "She Loves You", "Revolution", "I Feel Fine", "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds", "Dear Prudence", "Eight Days a Week", "She's Leaving Home", "Hold Me Tight", "With a Little Help from My Friends", "This Boy", "A Hard Day's Night") 1992 Pilkkuja ja pikkuhousuja (writer: "Hey Jude") 1992 Mr. Saturday Night (lyrics: "I Want to Hold Your Hand") / (music: "I Want to Hold Your Hand") 1992 Goodbye, Trainmen (writer: "With a Little Help From My Friends") 1992 Die Hausmeisterin (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1992 Noises Off... (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends") 1992 Perigosas Peruas (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1992 The Golden Girls (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - The Commitments (1992) ... (writer: "She Loves You") 1992 A Bit of Fry and Laurie (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #3.3 (1992) ... (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 1991 MTV Video Music Awards 1991 (TV Special) (writer: "Live & Let Die") 1991 The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit (Video documentary) (writer: "All My Lovin", "From Me To You", "I Saw Her Standing There", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "I Wanna Hold Your Hand", "It Won't Be Long", "Love Me Do", "Please, Please Me", "She Loves You", "This Boy") 1991 Grand Canyon (writer: "She's Leaving Home") 1991 Ai monogatari (TV Mini-Series) (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand") 1991 We zijn weer thuis (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Komen en gaan (1991) ... (writer: "Do you want to hear a secret" - uncredited) 1990 Bassie en Adriaan (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Vergeetachtig (1990) ... (writer: "Yesterday") - Episode dated 27 March 1990 (1990) ... (writer: "Drive My Car") 1990 David Hasselhoff Live & Forever (Video) (lyrics: "Back in the USSR") / (music: "Back in the USSR") 1990 Jul med Paul McCartney (TV Special documentary) (performer: "The Long And Winding Road", "Let It Be") / (writer: "The Long And Winding Road", "Let It Be") 1989 The 13th Annual Young Comedians Special (TV Special) (writer: "Her Majesty") 1989 Byker Grove (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.5 (1989) ... (writer: "Yellow Submarine" - uncredited) 1989 Isang araw walang Diyos (writer: "Yellow Submarine") 1989 Rude Awakening (writer: "Revolution" - as McCartney) Pero ¿esto qué es? (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1989) (writer - 1 episode, 1989) 1989 Troop Beverly Hills (writer: "When I'm Sixty Four") 1989 Depeche Mode: 101 (Documentary) (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There") 1989 A Night of Comic Relief 2 (TV Special) (writer: "Help!") 1989 Scandal (writer: "Do You Want to Know a Secret?", "Please Please Me" - uncredited) 1989 Cousins ("THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD") 1989 The Experts ("Back In The U.S.S.R.") - Auf neuen Wegen (1989) ... (writer: "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da") 1989 Peacemaker (Short) (performer: "Pipes of Peace") / (writer: "Pipes of Peace") 1988 The Prince's Trust Rock Gala (Documentary) (writer: "With a Little Help from my Friends") 1988 Rain Man (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There" (1963)) 1988 Full House (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - D.J.'s Very First Horse (1988) ... (writer: "Good Day, Sunshine") 1988 Moonwalker (writer: "Come Together") 1988 U2: Rattle and Hum (Documentary) (writer: "Helter Skelter") 1965-1988 Doctor Who (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - The Evil of the Daleks: Episode 1 (1967) ... (writer: "Paperback Writer") - The Executioners (1965) ... (writer: "Ticket to Ride") 1988 Imagine: John Lennon (Documentary) (writer: "A Day in the Life", "Across the Universe", "All You Need Is Love", "Ballad of John & Yoko", "Come Together", "Don't Let Me Down", "Give Peace a Chance", "Help", "In My Life", "I've Got a Feeling", "Julia", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Nowhere Man", "Revolution", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "From Me to You", "Love Me Do") 1988 License to Drive (writer: "DRIVE MY CAR") 1988 Tiikerihai (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Vihaava rakkaus, rakastava viha (1988) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 1988 7T3 (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.23 (1988) ... (writer: "With a Little Help from my Friends") 1988 Tommys Hollywood Report (TV Movie) (writer: "Drive My Car" - uncredited) 1987 Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist (TV Movie documentary) (lyrics: "GIVE PEACE A CHANCE") / (music: "GIVE PEACE A CHANCE") 1987 Five Corners (lyrics: "In My Life") / (music: "In My Life") 1987 Can't Buy Me Love (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 1987 Disorderlies (writer: "Baby You're a Rich Man") 1987 Whispering Jack: In Concert (Video) (writer: "Help") 1986 Lovedolls Superstar (writer: "Give Peace a Chance" - as P. McCartney) 1986 The A-Team (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1986 Irgendwie und sowieso (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Ringo (1986) ... (writer: "Penny Lane" - uncredited) 1986 Growing Pains (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Jason and the Cruisers (1986) ... (writer: "If I Fell" (1964) - uncredited) 1986 Jimi Plays Monterey (Documentary) (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band") 1986 The Prince's Trust Rock Gala: 10th Birthday (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Long Tall Sally", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Get Back") / (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There", "Get Back") 1985 Buddy Rich and His Band: Channel One Suite (writer: "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)") 1985 Rupert and the Frog Song (Short) (lyrics: "We All Stand Together") / (music: "We All Stand Together", "We All Stand Together (Humming Version)") / (performer: "We All Stand Together") 1985 The Best of John Belushi (Video) (writer: "With a little help from my friends") 1985 Spies Like Us (performer: "SPIES LIKE US") / (producer: "SPIES LIKE US") / (writer: "SPIES LIKE US") 1985 Hittimittari (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.1 (1985) ... (performer: "No More Lonely Nights") 1985 Youth Love, Life Love (writer: "ELEANOR RIGBY", "YESTERDAY") 1985 Lavori in corso (writer: "WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS" - as P. Mc Cartney and J. Lennon) Arena (TV Series documentary) (writer - 2 episodes, 1984 - 1985) (performer - 1 episode, 1985) - Buddy Holly (1985) ... (performer: "Love Me Do", "Words Of Love") / (writer: "Love Me Do") - The Everly Brothers: Songs of Innocence and Experience (1984) ... (writer: "Some Other Guy", "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1985 Twice in a Lifetime (performer: "Twice In A Lifetime") / (writer: "Twice In A Lifetime") 1985 Live Aid (TV Special documentary) (performer: "Let it Be") / (writer: "Let it Be", "All you Need is Love") 1985 Mask (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Girl") 1985 Carpenters: Yesterday Once More (Video) (writer: "Ticket To Ride") 1985 Wurlitzer (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.1 (1985) ... (performer: "Say Say Say") 1984 Manson Family Movies (Video) (writer: "Helter Skelter") La bola de cristal (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1984) (writer - 1 episode, 1984) - Episode dated 29 December 1984 (1984) ... (performer: "No More Lonely Nights") / (writer: "No More Lonely Nights") - De allessnijder (1984) ... (writer: "Yesterday" - uncredited) 1984 The Killing Fields (performer: "Band On The Run") / (writer: "Band On The Run") Fame (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode, 1984) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1982) (music - 1 episode, 1982) - The Heart of Rock 'N' Roll (1984) ... (writer: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Help!", "Eleanor Rigby", "Come Together", "All You Need Is Love", "The End") - Your Own Song (1982) ... (lyrics: "Penny Lane") / (music: "Penny Lane") 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street (performer: "No More Lonely Nights") / (writer: "No More Lonely Nights") 1984 Bomb Jack (Video Game) (writer: "Lady Madonna") 1984 Mikie (Video Game) (writer: "A Hard Day's Night") 1984 Emu's All Live Pink Windmill Show (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.1 (1984) ... (writer: "Yellow Submarine" - uncredited) 1984 All Together Now (TV Movie) (writer: "All Together Now") 1984 Top Secret! ("A HARD DAYS NIGHT") 1984 Les années de rêves (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 1984 Sixteen Candles (writer: "Birthday", "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 1983 Cool Cats: 25 Years of Rock 'n' Roll Style (Video documentary) (writer: "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1983 A Pattern of Roses (TV Movie) (writer: "We Can Work It Out") 1983 Transport (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - De Afspraak (1983) ... (writer: "Good Day Sunshine" - uncredited) 1983 Testament ("All My Loving" (1963)) 1983 Fantastica SEI! (writer: "A HARD DAY'S NIGHT") 1983 Emu's World (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #4.1 (1983) ... (writer: "Yellow Submarine" - uncredited) 1983 Alfresco (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.3 (1983) ... (writer: "Yesterday", "Hey Jude", "Let It Be", "When I'm 64") - Episode #1.2 (1983) ... (writer: "Yesterday" - uncredited) De weg (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode, 1983) (performer - 1 episode, 1983) - We zijn nog jong (1983) ... (writer: "Love me do", "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1982 The Disappearance of Harry (TV Movie) (writer: "Yellow Submarine" - uncredited) 1982 Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (lyrics: "WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS") / (music: "WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS") 1982 Ritorno all'amore (writer: "THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD" - as P. Mc Cartney) 1982 The World According to Garp (writer: "When I'm Sixty-Four") Diff'rent Strokes (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1982) (writer - 1 episode, 1982) - The Music Man (1982) ... (performer: "Ebony and Ivory") / (writer: "Ebony and Ivory") WKRP in Cincinnati (TV Series) (writer - 4 episodes, 1979 - 1982) (performer - 2 episodes, 1979 - 1981) - Jennifer and Johnny's Charity (1982) ... (writer: "Come Together") - Out to Lunch (1981) ... (performer: "Every Night") / (writer: "Every Night") - God Talks to Johnny (1979) ... (performer: "Arrow Through Me") / (writer: "Arrow Through Me") - Preacher (1979) ... (writer: "I'm Down") 1981 The Killing of America (Documentary) (writer: "Give Peace A Chance", "If I Fell") 1981 Hepe Goes to War (writer: "Yellow Submarine" (Instrumental) - uncredited) 1981 Gran teatre (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1981 Savage Harvest (writer: "I Want To Hold Your Hand", "All You Need Is Love") 1981 This Is Elvis ("I Want to Hold Your Hand") - Confessions of a Train Spotter (1980) ... (writer: "And I Love Her", "When I'm Sixty-Four") 1980 Rockshow (Documentary) (writer: "Venus and Mars", "Rockshow", "Jet", "Let Me Roll It", "Spirits of Ancient Egypt", "Maybe I'm Amazed", "Call Me Back Again", "Lady Madonna", "The Long and Winding Road", "Live and Let Die", "Picasso's Last Words (Drink To Me)", "Bluebird", "I've Just Seen A Face", "Blackbird", "Yesterday", "You Gave Me The Answer", "Magneto and Titanium Man", "My Love", "Listen To What the Man Said", "Let 'Em In", "Silly Love Songs", "Beware My Love", "Letting Go", "Band on the Run", "Hi Hi Hi", "Soily" - uncredited) 1980 Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.1 (1980) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 1980 Auf Achse (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Vollgas (1980) ... (writer: "Deliver Your Children" - uncredited) 1980 De Mike Burstyn show (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.3 (1980) ... (writer: "When I'm sixty-four") 1978-1980 Derrick (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes) - Ein Lied aus Theben (1980) ... (writer: "Can't buy me love", "Mull of Kintyre", "Michelle", "Yesterday" - uncredited) - Der Spitzel (1978) ... (writer: "A Hard Day's Night") 1976-1980 The Muppet Show (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Lynda Carter (1980) ... (writer: "With a Little Help From my Friends" - uncredited) - Vincent Price (1977) ... (writer: "I'm Looking Through You") - Twiggy (1976) ... (writer: "In My Life") Crossroads (TV Series) (4 episodes, 1976 - 1980) (arranger - 1 episode, 1978) - Episode #1.3260 (1980) ... ("Special Arrangement of 'Crossroads' Theme") - Episode #1.2997 (1978) ... (arranger: "Crossroads") - Episode #1.2821 (1977) ... ("Special Arrangement of 'Crossroads' Theme") - Episode #1.2602 (1976) ... ("Special Arrangement of 'Crossroads' Theme") 1979 Intikam kadini (writer: "Penny Lane" - uncredited) 1979 The Dick Emery Special (TV Movie) (writer: "Eleanor Rigby") 1979 Birth of the Beatles (writer: "I Saw Her Standing There", "Love Me Do", "Ask Me Why", "I Want To Hold Your Hand", "Please Please Me", "She Loves You") 1979 Sunburn (performer: "With a Little Luck") / (writer: "With a Little Luck") 1979 Rock 'n' Roll High School (performer: "Did We Meet Somewhere Before?") / (writer: "Did We Meet Somewhere Before?") 1979 You Can't Do That on Television (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Malls: Hangouts ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" - uncredited) 1978 Citizen Smith (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 1978 Fists of Bruce Lee (writer: "Live and Let Die") 1978 Good Old Days Part II (TV Special) (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "A Hard Day's Night") 1978 Do You Remember Vietnam (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "Yesterday") 1978 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (lyrics: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Getting Better", "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", "Good Morning, Good Morning", "Nowhere Man", "Polythene Pam", "She Came In Through The Bathroom Window", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Reprise), "Mean Mr. Mustard", "She's Leaving Home", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "Oh! Darling", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", "Because", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite", "You Never Give Me Your Money", "Got To Get You Into My Life", "When I'm 64", "Come Together", "Golden Slumbers", "Carry That Weight", "The Long And Winding Road", "A Day In The Life", "Get Back", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Finale)) / (music: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Getting Better", "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", "Good Morning, Good Morning", "Nowhere Man", "Polythene Pam", "She Came In Through The Bathroom Window", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Reprise), "Mean Mr. Mustard", "She's Leaving Home", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "Oh! Darling", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", "Because", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite", "You Never Give Me Your Money", "Got To Get You Into My Life", "When I'm 64", "Come Together", "Golden Slumbers", "Carry That Weight", "The Long And Winding Road", "A Day In The Life", "Get Back", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Finale)) / (writer: "With A Little Help From My Friends", "Fixing A Hole") 1978 Yesterday the Beatles (Short) (writer: "Yesterday", "The Long and Winding Road" - as McCartney) 1978 Ringo (TV Movie) (writer: "Yellow Submarine" - uncredited) 1978 I Wanna Hold Your Hand (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Please, Please Me", "I Saw Her Standing There", "Thank You Girl", "Misery", "Love Me Do", "P.S. I Love You", "From Me to You", "There's a Place", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "She Loves You") 1978 Dubbelleven (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Jaap Dolder, nooit van gehoord (1978) ... (writer: "Fool on the Hill" - uncredited) 1978 The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash (TV Movie) (arranger: "Number One") / (writer: "Hold My Hand", "I Must Be In Love", "With A Girl Like You", "O-U-C-H!", "Love Life", "Good Times Roll", "Doubleback Alley", "Another Day", "Cheese And Onions", "Piggy In The Middle", "Let's Be Natural", "Get Up And Go", "Between Us (Made For Each Other)", "Goose-Step Mama", "It's Looking Good") 1978 An Unmarried Woman (writer: "Maybe I'm Amazed" (1970) - uncredited) 1978 Sextette (writer: "Honey Pie") 1978 Coming Home (writer: "Hey Jude" (1968), "Strawberry Fields Forever" (1967)) 1977 The Brady Bunch Variety Hour (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.5 (1977) ... (writer: "Live and Let Die") 1976 Christmas 76 (TV Special) (writer: "We Can Work It Out") 1976 Carpenters Very First Television Special (TV Special) (lyrics: "Sing / Close To You / For All We Know / Ticket To Ride / Only Yesterday / I Won't Last A Day Without You / Goodbye To Love" - Hits Medley '76) 1976 Pauline's Quirkes (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.4 (1976) ... (writer: "She's Leaving Home", "Can't Buy Me Love") 1976 A Special Olivia Newton-John (TV Special) (writer: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" - uncredited) 1976 All This and World War II (Documentary) (writer: "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Magical Mystery Tour", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight", "I Am the Walrus", "She's Leaving Home", "Lovely Rita", "When I'm Sixty Four", "Get Back", "Let it Be", "Yesterday", "With a Little Help From My Friends / Nowhere Man", "Because", "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window", "Michelle", "We Can Work it Out", "The Fool on the Hill", "Hey, Jude", "Polythene Pam", "Sun King", "Getting Better", "The Long And Winding Road", "Help", "A Day in the Life", "Come Together", "You Never Give Me Your Money") 1971-1976 The Two Ronnies (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes) - Episode #5.4 (1976) ... (writer: "Good Day Sunshine") - Episode #5.1 (1976) ... (writer: "We Can Work It Out") - Episode #1.6 (1971) ... (writer: "Got to Get You into My Life") 1976 You Must Be Joking! (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.3 (1976) ... (writer: "Can't Buy Me Love") 1976 Helter Skelter (TV Movie) (writer: "Helter Skelter", "Revolution") 1976 Dolly (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.3 (1976) ... (writer: "Yesterday/For The Good Times/Help Me Make It Through The Night/Bridge Over Troubled Waters" Medley) 1976 Gulp (writer: "Come Together" - uncredited) 1975 What's Behind the Groupies? (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 1975 Oriental Blue (writer: "Hey Bulldog" - uncredited) Show all 9 episodes 1975 Shampoo (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (1967), "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (1967), "Yesterday" (1965) - uncredited) 1974 One Hand Clapping (Documentary) (writer: "Jet", "Solly", "Little Woman Love", "C Moon", "Maybe I'm Amazed", "My Love", "Bluebird", "Suicide", "Let's Love", "I'll Give You a Ring", "Band on the Run", "Live and Let Die", "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five") 1974 Double Header (writer: "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1974 Ape Over Love (writer: "Come Together" - uncredited) 1974 Braverman's Condensed Cream of the Beatles (Documentary short) (writer: "Cry Baby Cry", "Love Me Do", "I Wanna Hold Your Hand", "A Hard Day's Night", "She Loves You", "All My Loving", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", "Help!", "Her Majesty", "We Can Work It Out", "Eleonor Rigby", "Paperback Writer", "Yellow Submarine", "Penny Lane", "A Little Help From My Friends", "A Day in the Life", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Magical Mystery Tour", "Revolution", "Blackbird", "Hey Jude", "Come Together") Show all 6 episodes 1973 Die Otto Show (TV Movie) (writer: "Fool on the Hill") 1973 Live and Let Die (lyrics: "Live and Let Die", "Live and Let Die" (uncredited)) / (music: "Live and Let Die", "Live and Let Die" (uncredited)) / (performer: "Live and Let Die") 1973 The Midnight Special (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.20 (1973) ... (writer: "I'm A Loser") 1972 Beat the Watch (writer: "Eleanor Rigby", "Yellow Submarine", "Magical Mystery Tour", "I Am the Walrus" - uncredited) 1972 Jeanie's Magic Box (writer: "The Fool on the Hill" - uncredited) 1972 Barend is weer bezig! (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - De huwelijksadvertentie (1972) ... (writer: "Yesterday / Michelle / Penny Lane" - uncredited) - Episode dated 25 September 1971 (1971) ... (writer: "Yesterday" - uncredited) 1971 The Neon Palace (writer: "A Day in the Life") 1971 UFO (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Ordeal (1971) ... (writer: "Get Back") 1971 Mad Dogs & Englishmen (Documentary) (writer: "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window", "Let It Be", "With a Little Help from My Friends") 1971 Big Hair Romp (writer: "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" - uncredited) 1971 Room for Rent (writer: "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", "Blackbird" - uncredited) 1971 Sexual Therapist (writer: "Hello Goodbye" - uncredited) 1971 Snatched Women (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 1970 Elvis: That's the Way It Is (Documentary) (writer: "Little Sister"/"Get Back" Medley) 1970 Armchair Theatre (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Wednesday's Child (1970) ... (writer: "Get Back", "Don't Let Me Down") 1970 This Is Tom Jones (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #3.5 (1970) ... (writer: "Let It Be") 1970 The Other Reg Varney (TV Movie) (writer: "Got To Get You Into My Life") 1970 See You at Mao (Documentary) (writer: "Hello, Goodbye") 1970 Let It Be (Documentary) (writer: "Two of Us", "Dig A Pony", "Across the Universe", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", "Dig It", "Let It Be", "I've Got a Feeling", "One After 909", "Don't Let Me Down", "The Long and Winding Road", "Get Back") 1970 Jimmy Durante Presents the Lennon Sisters (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.21 (1970) ... (writer: "Golden Slumbers" - uncredited) 1970 Movin' (TV Movie) (writer: "Hey Jude", "Come Together") 1970 NBC Experiment in Television (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Music! (1970) ... (writer: "Hey Jude") The Ed Sullivan Show (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes, 1964 - 1970) (performer - 4 episodes, 1964 - 1965) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1965) (music - 1 episode, 1965) - Episode #23.22 (1970) ... (writer: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Yesterday") - Episode #19.1 (1965) ... (lyrics: "We Love You" - uncredited) / (music: "We Love You" - uncredited) / (performer: "I Feel Fine" (uncredited), "I'm Down", "Act Naturally", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", "Help!") / (writer: "I Feel Fine" (uncredited), "I'm Down", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", "Help!") - Episode #17.33 (1964) ... (writer: "You Can't Do That") - Episode #17.21 (1964) ... (performer: "Twist and Shout", "Please Please Me", "I Want to Hold Your Hand" - uncredited) / (writer: "Please Please Me", "I Want to Hold Your Hand" - uncredited) - Episode #17.20 (1964) ... (performer: "She Loves You" (uncredited), "This Boy" (uncredited), "All My Loving" (uncredited), "I Saw Her Standing There" (uncredited), "From Me to You" (uncredited), "I Want to Hold Your Hand") / (writer: "She Loves You" (uncredited), "This Boy" (uncredited), "All My Loving" (uncredited), "I Saw Her Standing There" (uncredited), "From Me to You" (uncredited), "I Want to Hold Your Hand") - The Politician (1966) ... (writer: "Help!" - uncredited) 1968 Love Love Love (Short) (writer: "All You Need is Love") 1968 The Movie Orgy (Documentary) (writer: "She Loves You") 1968 The Ann-Margret Show (TV Special) (writer: "With a Little Help from My Friends" - uncredited) 1968 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - All My Loving (1968) ... (writer: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Yellow Submarine") 1968 The Bob Hope Show (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #19.2 (1968) ... (writer: "Hey Jude" - uncredited) 1968 Rondom het Oudekerksplein.... (Documentary) (writer: "And I love Her" - uncredited) 1968 Yellow Submarine (writer: "Yellow Submarine", "Hey Bulldog", "Eleanor Rigby", "All Together Now", "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "With A Little Help From My Friends", "Baby You're A Rich Man", "All You Need Is Love", "When I'm Sixty-Four", "Nowhere Man", "A Day In the Life") 1968 Andy Williams' Kaleidoscope Company (TV Movie) (writer: "With a Little Help From My Friends") 1968 Petula (TV Special) (writer: "We Can Work it Out") - Episode #5.26 (1968) ... (writer: "Lady Madonna") - Episode #4.22 (1967) ... (writer: "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Penny Lane") 1968 The Monkees (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Mijacogeo (1968) ... (writer: "Good Morning, Good Morning" - uncredited) 1968 The Prisoner (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Fall Out (1968) ... (writer: "All You Need Is Love" - uncredited) 1968 Yesterday (Documentary) (writer: "Yesterday") 1967 Magical Mystery Tour (TV Movie) (writer: "Magical Mystery Tour", "The Fool on the Hill", "Flying", "I Am the Walrus", "Your Mother Should Know", "She Loves You", "All My Loving", "Hello Goodbye" - uncredited) 1967 The Firemen's Ball (writer: "From Me to you" - uncredited) 1967 Billion Dollar Brain (writer: "A Hard Day's Night" - uncredited) 1965-1967 The Beatles (TV Series) (writer - 38 episodes) - Wait/I'm Only Sleeping (1967) ... (writer: "Wait", "Penny Lane", "Eleanor Rigby", "I'm Only Sleeping" - uncredited) - Tomorrow Never Knows/I've Just Seen a Face (1967) ... (writer: "Tomorrow Never Knows", "She Said She Said", "I've Just Seen A Face" - uncredited) - Taxman/Eleanor Rigby (1967) ... (writer: "Got To Get You Into My Life", "Here, There And Everywhere", "Eleanor Rigby", "I Feel Fine" - uncredited) - Good Day Sunshine/Ticket-to-Ride (1967) ... (writer: "Good Day Sunshine", "Little Child", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "And Your Bird Can Sing", "Ticket To Ride" - uncredited) 1967 Hoepla (TV Series documentary) (writer - 2 episodes) - Bont, snel, flitsend (1967) ... (writer: "Baby you're a rich man" - uncredited) - Episode #1.4 ... (writer: "Hello, Goodbye" - uncredited) 1967 Our World (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "All You Need Is Love") 1967 Katzenzungen (TV Movie) (writer: "Help") 1967 Wavelength (writer: "Strawberry Fields Forever") 1967 Bon Appetit (Short) (writer: "Yesterday" (instrumental), "Michelle" (instrumental) - uncredited) 1967 David Holzman's Diary (writer: "A Day in the Life") 1967 Free and Easy (Documentary) (writer: "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Penny Lane") 1966 Carry on Pimpernel (writer: "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1966 The Family Way (writer: "Love In The Open Air" (main theme)) - Episode #1.117 (1966) ... (writer: "Paperback Writer") 1966 The Beatles at Shea Stadium (TV Movie documentary) (writer: "I'm Down", "Can't Buy Me Love", "I Feel Fine", "Ticket to Ride", "Baby's in Black", "Help!") 1965-1966 Hollywood a Go Go (TV Series) (writer - 7 episodes) - Episode #1.59 (1966) ... (writer: "I Should Have Known Better") 1966 Not Only... But Also (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.1 (1966) ... (writer: "If I Fell") 1964-1966 Shindig! (TV Series) (writer - 24 episodes) - Episode #2.34 (1966) ... (writer: "We Can Work It Out", "Michelle") - Episode #2.33 (1966) ... (writer: "Pop Goes the Workers") - Episode #2.25 (1965) ... (writer: "Yesterday", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", "I Call Your Name") - Episode #2.14 (1965) ... (writer: "Help", "I'm Down") - Episode #2.12 (1965) ... (writer: "I'm a Loser" - uncredited) 1965 Blackpool Night Out (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.7 (1965) ... (writer: "I Feel Fine", "I'm Down", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", "Help!" - uncredited) 1965 Help! (writer: "Help!" (1965), "Ticket to Ride" (1965), "The Night Before" (1965), "Another Girl" (1965), "She's a Woman" (1964), "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) - uncredited) 1965 Go-Go Bigbeat (Documentary) (writer: "Please Please Me", "From Me To You", "She Loves You") 1965 Go Go Mania (writer: "She Loves You", "A World Without Love") 1964 The T.A.M.I. Show (Documentary) (writer: "I'll Keep You Satisfied", "Bad to Me", "From a Window") 1964 Coronation Street (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.421 (1964) ... (writer: "She Loves You" - uncredited) 1964 UK Swings Again (Short) (writer: "Like Dreamers Do") 1964 A Hard Day's Night (music: "This Boy (Ringo's Theme)" (1963) - uncredited) / (writer: "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "I Should Have Known Better" (1964), "I Wanna Be Your Man" (1963), "All My Loving" (1963), "If I Fell" (1964), "Can't Buy Me Love" (1964), "And I Love Her" (1964), "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" (1964), "Tell Me Why" (1964), "She Loves You" (1963) - uncredited) 1964 Locked In! (Documentary) (writer: "She Loves You") 1963 Beat City (TV Short documentary) (writer: "There's a Place") 1963 Drop In (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode)	Come Together
Which famous science fiction novel of 1951 begins with the main character, Bill Mason, recovering in hospital with his eyes bandaged having missed a giant meteor storm?	As it happened: Olympics opening ceremony - London 2012 Olympic Games (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) As it happened: Olympics opening ceremony Updated July 29, 2012 14:22:45 Sorry, this video has expired Map: England London has opened the 2012 Olympic Games with a glittering opening ceremony watched by over one billion people worldwide. Directed by Oscar-winning film-maker Danny Boyle, the fireworks-laden extravaganza featured over 10,000 performers and took place in front of a crowd of 80,000 spectators at the Olympic Stadium. We brought you all the action as it happened (all times AEST): 9:45am: Sir Paul stands up and moves to the front of the stage to involve the audience, before closing his performance by shouting "Welcome to London!" A fitting ending to a truly spectacular opening ceremony. 9:38am: Sir Paul McCartney now appears on stage and the Olympic bell rings out before he begins to perform Hey Jude. 9:36am: The flame is used to light dozens of torches which rise up to form one, the flame of unity, and thus the Olympic cauldron. So it was the six young athletes who lit the cauldron, not a 'name'. An interesting, if not tad underwhelming, decision. That sets off a fireworks display which lights up London as Pink Floyd plays in the background. A montage of great Olympics moments plays on the video screen. Photo: The stems of the Olympic flame come together to form one, lighting the cauldron. (Reuters: Dylan Martinez) 9:30am: Redgrave passes the Olympic torch onto six young athletes who represent the future of Great Britain at the Olympic Games. Each of them was nominated by some of the greatest sports stars to come out of the United Kingdom. 9:28am: After travelling 20,600 kilometres, the Olympic torch is carried into the stadium by Sir Steve Redgrave, who brings it through an honour guard of 500 men and women who built the Olympic Park. Photo: Former Olympic rower and winner of five gold medals, Steve Redgrave, carries the flame into the stadium. (Reuters/Pool) 9:26am: Beijing taekwondo medallist Sarah Stevenson rises up onto the stadium on a platform to read the Olympic oath, where she pledges on behalf of all athletes to perform in the best of spirits and free of drugs. 9:25am: We now see English football superstar David Beckham escorting the Olympic flame up the River Thames on board a speed boat. He passes it onto rower Sir Steve Redgrave, who remarkably won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics. Photo: David Beckham heads down the Thames in a speedboat, carrying the Olympic flame. (Reuters: Eddie Keogh) 9:17am: IOC president Jacques Rogge invites Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, to open the 2012 London Olympics. She does so with a short speech, followed by fireworks. Eight bearers, including Ethiopian long distance champion Haile Gebrselassie, carry the Olympic flag into the stadium. Boxing legend Muhammad Ali watches on. 9:12am: IOC president Jacques Rogge now addresses the crowd, saying he hopes the Games will leave a long and lasting legacy well after the opening ceremony. He thanks the volunteers for their generous time in bringing the Games together. Opening ceremony in numbers Cows: 3 Source: AFP He also points out that for the first time in Olympic history, all of the participating nations will feature female athletes. He also spoke of Britain's long, long history of sport before addressing the athletes: "Your talent, your dedication and commitment brought you here. "Now you have a chance to become true Olympians. "That honour is determined not by whether you win, but how you compete." 9:07am: Lord Sebastian Coe, chair of the London 2012 Organising Committee, is now introduced alongside IOC president Jacques Rogge to address the crowd: "Welcome to London, welcome to the 2012 Olympic Games, welcome from everyone of us. I have never been so proud to be British, and to be part of the Olympic movement. "The Olympic Games bring together the people of the world in harmony and friendship and peace to celebrate what is best about man kind. "London 2012 will inspire a generation. "This is our time. "One day we will tell our children and our grandchildren that when our time came, we did it right. "Let us determine, all of us, all over the world, that London 2012 will see the very best of us." 9:03am: Now the Arctic Monkeys are performing John Lennon and Paul McCartney's classic Come Together. 9:00am: The Arctic Monkeys are on stage performing I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor. 8:55am: Nation #205 - last but not least - Great Britain! Celebrated four-time gold medal winning track cyclist Sir Chris Hoy leads them out to the strains of We Can Be Heroes as a helicopter drops 7 billion of tiny pieces of paper over the stadium - one to represent each person on the planet. The roar from the crowd is deafening. Photo: Track cyclist Sir Chris Hoy leads the Great Britain team into the Olympic Stadium. (Getty Images: Quinn Rooney) 8:49am: The huge United States contingent enters the building, wearing outfits by Ralph Lauren complete with berets. They lead all nations in the Olympics with 931 gold. Fencer Mariel Zagunis is carrying the stars and stripes. 8:44am: Here's another snap of the Aussies from the AOC. Nearby Timor has just entered the stadium, represented by six athletes. 8:37am: Here's South Africa, with controversial middle distance runner Caster Semenya bearing the flag. 8:34am: Sticking with the tennis theme, five-times grand slam winner Novak Djokovic leads out the Serbian team. Djokovic wept on the podium when he claimed bronze in Beijing four years ago with victory over American James Blake. Earlier, Saudi Arabia walked into the stadium with female athletes joining the fray for the first time at a Games. Brunei and Qatar also had female athletes marching for the first time. Photo: A very colourful Mexico team, being led by flagbearer Maria del Rosario Espinoza, enters the Olympic Stadium. (Reuters: Mike Blake) 8:29am: Russian tennis superstar Maria Sharapova leads her nation into the Olympic Stadium. Earlier this year Sharapova became only the 10th woman in history and sixth in the open era to complete a career Grand Slam by taking out the French Open. 8:22am: Here's our neighbours New Zealand, led by 1500m runner Nick Willis. Willis claimed the silver medal in the event in Beijing. The ABC's Amanda Shalala is at Hyde Park, where there are thousands of people who missed out on tickets to the opening ceremony: 8:15am: ABC reporters Matt Wordsworth and Karen Barlow are filing for Online from the ground in London. Karen penned this on the opening ceremony while Matt's latest piece is on the USA Dream Team . 8:10am: This just in from the AOC Twitter account (@AusOlympicTeam): The Aussies look amazing having paraded around the Olympic Stadium. Bring on the Games! http://pic.twitter.com/bSgFLNp4 Hockeyroos striker Emily Hurtz (@misshurtz) also tweeted a pic of the ladies prior to the ceremony. 8:06am: Here's the fastest man on the planet and one of the stars of these Games, 100 metres world record holder Usain Bolt, carrying the flag for the mighty Jamaican outfit. The Jamaicans are wearing black tops with (really) bright yellow bottoms. 8:00am: We've posted a gallery of the opening ceremony: 7:58am: Aussie sailor Elise Rechichi says a performer let her play their drum . Fellow sailor Krystal Weir (@krystalsailing) also tweeted a pic as she soaks up the atmosphere. 7:45am: The Czechs are wearing gum boots! Says Rechichi (@EliseRechichi): Czech team got the right idea! Gumboots! It is the uk afterall! http://pic.twitter.com/39lzeagg 7:42am: Here's China - 7-foot-tall NBA basketballer Yi Jianlian is carrying the flag. Since China resumed Olympics participation in 1984 after an absence of three decades, all of its flagbearers have been male basketballers. Former Houston Rockets star Yao Ming had the honour at Beijing 2008 and Athens 2004. Another interesting tidbit - China has sent a team of 380 to the Games - smaller than Australia's 410. Meanwhile, ABC News 24 spoke with two Australians who performed in the opening ceremony: Video: A pair of lucky Aussies talk about performing in the ceremony (ABC News) 7:37am: We're going through the Bs - we've just seen Brazil, currently gearing up for the World Cup in two years time. Meanwhile, the @Olympics Twitter account has posted a snap of the Aussies heading into the Olympic Stadium. 7:26am: And here's Australia! Flagbearer Lauren Jackson leads the team into the stadium and you'd never be able to wipe the beaming smile off her face. A significant roar from the crowd is heard in the background. The Aussies really do look resplendent in their uniforms - white slacks or skirts with bottle green jackets, the insides lined with the names of past gold medal winners. Video: Lauren Jackson's father Gary discusses his daughter's success (ABC News) 7:24am: Sailor Elise Rechichi on Twitter: Here we go! What could top this?! The heartache all of a sudden seems worthwhile! #nightofyourlife #proudtobeaussie pic.twitter.com/XEH6lM6j 7:20am: OK, here comes the first of our countries entering the stadium - Greece, as is tradition. They walk into Push the Button by English band The Chemical Brothers. 7:15am: We now hear the Christian hymn Abide With Me, sung at every FA Cup since 1927. 7:12am: Many of the athletes are watching the opening ceremony from the comfort of the athletes village, as seen here in this pic tweeted by swimmer Steph Rice (@itsstephrice). Diver Sharlene Stratton (@sharlenestratto) is doing the same: Watching the opening ceremony in the village! So freaking awesome! :) #2012Olympics #olympicceremony #aussiesarecoming 7:08am: Now we see Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the Briton credited with inventing the World Wide Web, sitting at a computer on stage, as Boyle comments on a progression from the industrial revolution to where we, as a world, sit now. That appears to be it for Boyle's show - spectacular. Photo: Fireworks fall from the Olympic rings during the opening ceremony. (Reuters: Suzanne Plunkett) 7:05am: British rapper Dizzee Rascal now appears on stage performing his hit Bonkers. The ridiculously fast pace of what Boyle has done here truly is a feast for the eyes. 7:02am: The British music montage continues - New Order and Frankie Goes To Hollywood, The Eurythmics and The Prodigy. Spectacular dancing accompanies all of these. Then we see an excerpt from Boyle's Trainspotting featuring the song Born Slippy by Underworld. 6:57am: We're hearing some of the classics of British rock now, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Queen, Led Zeppelin, David Bowie, The Sex Pistols, Cream, The Jam, The Kinks and Millie Small singing My Boy Lollipop. 6:52am: Boyle now incorporates a clever montage on the impact social media has had on the world. Indeed. We're into the third section of Boyle's show now: "It's very simple, it is a love story," he said in his earlier press conference. Photo: Actor Rowan Atkinson, playing Mr Bean, performs during the opening ceremony. (Reuters: Kai Pfaffenbach) 6:49am: Exclamations of "Mr Bean!" are exploding all over social media. There is now vision of Mr Bean among the blokes in the infamous running scene on the beach. He trails off to hop in a car, but later rejoins the front of the line. He trips his nearest challenger over to cross the finish line a winner, before awaking from his dream and rejoining us on stage to 'finish off' the performance with his keyboard. Sir Simon looks on bemused. Says Aussie sailor Nic Douglass (@Nic_Douglass): #olympics loved the Mr Bean segment!! Classic! #openingceremony 6:47am: English conductor Sir Simon Rattle now appears to lead the London Symphony Orchestra in a rendition of Chariots of Fire. Goosebumps aplenty, this is wonderful. Mr Bean, aka Rowan Atkinson, appears on stage at a keyboard, much to the delight of the crowd (and no doubt many more around the world). He appears to be either taking photos, or possibly even tweeting, from his smart phone. 6:43am: Mike Oldfield of Tubular Bells fame now hammers out some tunes on his guitar on stage. Photo: Performers dressed as Mary Poppins take part in the opening ceremony. (Reuters: David Gray) 6:35am: We're now into the second phase of the extravaganza - celebrating the UK's National Health Service. According to the London 2012 Twitter account (@London2012), almost all of the some 600 dancers in the section work for the NHS. This opening ceremony features over 15,000 volunteers, by the way. Kudos to them. 6:31am: Representatives of the Royal Army, Navy and Air Force now walk through the stadium with the Union flag, which is raised on a pole. The crowd is then asked to stand for the national anthem, God Save the Queen. It is performed by a children's choir wearing pyjamas (well, it is past their bedtime). 6:29am: The helicopter now appears over the stadium (although, amazingly, we've all of a sudden gone from daylight to dark) and 'the Queen' is shown parachuting from the chopper, followed by Mr Bond. Writes Aussie sailor Elise Rechichi (@EliseRechichi) on Twitter: Queen parachuting in?! Yikes! I hope she stretched prior! :) The real Queen walks out, accompanied by IOC president Jacques Rogge. 6:25am: Boyle delights the crowd now with vision of actor Daniel Craig, playing James Bond, entering Buckingham Palace to speak with the Queen. "Good evening Mr Bond," Her Royal Majesty says as she turns from writing at her desk. "Good evening your Majesty," Mr Bond replies. They strut out of the palace, followed by the Queen's corgi, and take off in a helicopter emblazoned with the Union Jack to travel across the city. 6:24am: The sequence ends and we now see the Olympic rings, glowing in red in the middle of the stadium, for the first time. A brilliant hoop of blue light rounds the stadium. Writes Aussie swimmer Eamon Sullivan (@Eamon_Sullivan): Great opening section of the ceremony... Getting goosebumps. 6:15am: Smoke stacks are rising out of the ground as Britain remembers the industrial revolution. Photo: Smoke stacks from the industrial age appear during the opening ceremony. (Reuters: Damir Sagolj) 6:08am: After a video sequence celebrating all the countries of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland-born actor/director Sir Kenneth Branagh appears playing Isambard Kingdom Brunel, an English engineer who built bridges and dockyards including the construction of the first major British railway. He has been voted the second greatest Briton of all time, behind Sir Winston Churchill. 6:03am: And here's Tour de France champion Bradley Wiggins (minus his bike). He walks in to a standing ovation to ring the Olympic Bell. Wiggins is a freak, having won three gold, a silver and two bronze medals in track cycling across three Olympics before shifting to the road. Photo: Great Britain cyclist and 2012 Tour de France winner Bradley Wiggins greets spectators after ringing the Olympic Bell. (Reuters: David Gray) 6:01am: Boyle is famous for films like Trainspotting and the initial opening sequence wouldn't look out of place in any cinema. Boyle earlier held a pre-ceremony press conference in which he revealed his extravaganza will be broken into three parts - the first of which he calls "The Green and Pleasant Land". "It seems to me that the industrial revolution began here and changed the whole world really, for good and for bad, and there is no attempt to hide the fact. We call it Pandemonium, which is Milton's invented word for the capital of hell in Paradise Lost." The second part will be a celebration of universal health care. Boyle says Britain's National Health Service is almost unique in the world. "It is something that is very dear to people's hearts. Obviously all types of government fight like billio with it to try to control it, to cut it, to deal with it whatever, but there is something about it that is actually so embedded in us that we have decided to keep it." The ceremony's third sequence is a modern musical affair called "Frankie and June Say Thanks Tim". "We're very, very proud of the standard of the volunteer dancing in that sequence. It has been extraordinary watching them. It's very simple, it is a love story." Boyle says the ceremony should be "proudly baffling" and "hopefully charming". "You do the show for yourselves. You can't do it for the whole world. You know, you hope. So I think some of the audience will be baffled at times, they are bound to be. But I hope it is only temporary and I hope it feels charming rather than really annoying." Photo: Performers act out a scene from ancient times during the opening ceremony. (Getty Images: Richard Heathcote) 6:00am: And the countdown is over! We're off and running. It's raining, surprise, surprise. 5:45am: UK betting has runner Roger Bannister and rower Steven Redgrave at the head of the list for the honour of lighting the Olympic cauldron to officially open the Games of the XXX Olympiad. Queen Elizabeth and David Beckham are also among the favourites, together with James Bond. 5:40am: London becomes the first city to host the Olympics three times, following on from 1908 and 1948. Boyle has spent over $42 million on his opening ceremony, which will apparently feature Europe's largest bell. 5:30am: International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge earlier held a press conference where he said London is raring and ready to go: "In terms of readiness, these Games equal the readiness of Sydney and Beijing but the proof of the pudding is in the eating." 5:15am: We're 45 minutes out from the start of the ceremony and Britain's Royal Air Force aerobatic team, known as the Red Arrows, have just made a spectacular flyover of the Olympic precinct with plumes of red, white and blue smoke trailing behind them. Meanwhile, ABC reporters Rachael Brown and Peter Lewis spoke with some revellers prior to the start of the ceremony: Sorry, this video has expired	i don't know
"Which famous science fiction novel of 1898 is famous for its ending which states ""After all that mankind had tried, the Earth was saved by the littlest things that God, in his wisdom, had put on this Earth?"	Henry Rubin: Paranoia in Science Fiction Films of the 1950’s Paranoia in Science Fiction Films of the 1950’s Paranoia in Science Fiction Films of the 1950’s The appealing nature of Science Fiction Films is their ability to use scientific possibilities and radical social arguments to convey their controversial narratives. Richard Hodgens believes some of the most original and thoughtful contemporary fiction has been represented in the Science Fiction film genre (Hodgens 30). So in a broader sense any style, vision or mood can be conveyed within the limitless boundaries of the Science Fiction narrative, especially during the 1950’s in US cinema. This belief is also echoed by Peter Nicholls who argues science fiction was deemed socially insignificant and could play host to political criticism of a kind which might elsewhere have attracted attention of Joseph McCarthy and his Un-American Activities Committee (Clute). Dr. Miles J. Bennell (Kevin McCarthy) is the panicked stricken physician in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). Dr. Bennell in the trailer looks into the camera and screams in desperation “They’re here already! You're next! You're next, you're next!” (Invasion of the Body Snatchers Trailer). This line of dialogue from the trailer of Don Siegel’s classic Science Fiction “B” movie sums up the fear and paranoia represented in Hollywood’s Science Fictions films of the 1950’s. These films allowed Hollywood to explore the pervasive anxiety caused by Cold War politics; these films target the ambivalence towards America’s creation of the very weapons that helped catapult the United Sates into superpower status as well as the generalized fear of nuclear proliferation. The Soviet Union extended its control across the continent of Central Europe in 1945. Winston Churchill sent a top-secret telegram to President Truman on May 12, 1945, and he confided with Truman of his uncertainty of what was going on behind the Soviet Union’s Iron Curtain (Churchill 1). The telegram was the first time the Prime Minister of England used his now famous term “Iron Curtain” and may have been the original seed of paranoia which ended up sweeping through the United States as the threat of communism grew under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. As the director and principal scientist of the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos research lab in Alamogordo, New Mexico, J. Robert Oppenheimer witnessed the first explosion of the atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert. "We knew the world would not be the same" (A Science Odyssey). A collective paranoia was triggered in 1945 and would expand during the 1950’s starting with the end of World War II and the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. With the threat of nuclear weaponry and radiation, Hollywood recognized and capitalized on this postwar “atomic age” anxiety. In The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), Michael Rennie stars as Klaatu, an alien from a distant planet whose spaceship lands on a baseball diamond in Washington D.C. Klaatu wishes to meet the representatives of earth to deliver a vital message, warning the citizens the dangers of atomic technology. “It is no concern of ours how you run your own planet, but if you threaten to extend your violence, this Earth of yours will be reduced to a burned-out cinder your present We shall be waiting for your answer. The decision rests with you” (The Day the Earth Stood Still). The warning is a similar approach the United States took in cautioning the Japanese during the last days of the war. The United States military dropped leaflets on the Japanese people after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima warning the populace the United States was in possession of the most destructive force ever devised by man (American Experience). In addition, the leaflets encouraged the Japanese to evacuate their cities before the second bomb was dropped, even though they had little chance to escape or surrender. In this chilling spectacle of art imitates life, both invaders intended to warn the populations about the looming dangers through fear and paranoia which jolted the people into some degree of common sense. In the case of the Japanese, the Americans were using nuclear destruction as a threat to force the Japanese into surrender, whereas Klaatu, poses his warning as a possible threat for the entire planet. By the time The Day the Earth Stood Still had been produced, nuclear proliferation was evolving as an American bargaining chip in the battle of the Cold War. Them! (1954), now regarded as a classic Science Fiction “B” bug film was the highest grossing film for Warner Brothers studios 1954. In the opening scene The Ellinson Girl, portrayed by Sandy Descher wanders the desert in her flannel bath robe, staring into the distance resembling someone who had just witnessed an apocalyptic incident. This foreshadowing scene sets the apocalyptic mood of fear and apprehension for Them!. Them!, starring James Whitmore, as Police Sgt. Ben Peterson discovers ants the size of Buicks that are exposed to radiation during the Trinity nuclear tests near White Sands, New Mexico. The irradiated ants destroy people and property as they hunt for nourishment in the barren New Mexico desert. These mutated ants then pillaged their way to Los Angeles where they finally succumb to military flamethrowers of the National Guard. Them! is the classic story of nuclear fear and widespread anxiety of atomic annihilation in the nuclear age (Tsutsui 240). The entomologist in Them!, Dr. Harold Medford, played by Edmund Gwenn reinforces the apocalyptic paranoia of the new atomic era by this foreshadowing statement “We may be witnessing a Biblical prophecy come true”, “And there shall be destruction and darkness come upon creation and beasts will reign over the earth” (Them!). And in the ending scene, Peter Graves characters Robert Grahm asks, ” if these monsters got started as a result of the first atomic bomb in 1945, what about all the others that have been exploded since then? Dr. Harold Medford, answers solemnly, “Nobody knows, Robert. When man entered the atomic age, he opened a door into a new world. What will he eventually find in that new world, nobody can predict (Them!)”. In Susan Sontag’s essay “The Imagination of Disaster”, Sontag argues a trauma exists over the use of nuclear weapons and Science Fiction films bear witness to this distress. Sontag also states the murderous insect genre “serve a complex psychological function for the anxious movie going- masses, at once distracting us from and numbing us to the ever-present possibility of nuclear Armageddon” (Tsutsui 241). Them! was not the only film which capitalized on the paranoia of radiation and insects. AB-PT Pictures Corp produced, Beginning of the End (1957). This black and white classic was Hollywood’s first presentation of an atomic bomb (Hendershot 42). An Illinois state experimental farm accidentally creates giant grasshoppers with fertilizer laced with radioactive material. These giant irradiated arthropods descend on Chicago destroying everything in their path, even though they have been doused with poisonous chlordane by the military. Fear increases because science can’t solve the problem, immediately. The military wants to drop an Atomic bomb on Chicago to destroy the grasshoppers, but Dr. Ed Wainwright (Peter Graves) has a solution to lure the locust into Lake Michigan with a recording of the locust mating call. The mating call draws the locusts to their watery death. An even greater sense of paranoia is injected into the final scenes of the film, when Dr. Wainwright ponders what other creatures have feasted on the radioactive fertilizer and have grown to a humongous size. The government in its role as protector actually fails the citizens of the United States and causes the radiation catastrophe, furthering the paranoia, not from an external source, but from within the authoritative society. With the adaption of the National Security Council Report 68 the United States tried to contain the spread of communism through policy. Arguably the use of economic and diplomatic measures was more desirable for some. But after the Soviet Union’s test of an atomic bomb, RDS 1 on 29 August 1949, U.S. officials believed they needed an arsenal of strategic nuclear weapons to contain the threat of communism (Leffler 69). As Gary B. Nash in his textbook, The American People so accurately states, “The Cold War was the greatest single force affecting American society during the decade and a half after World War II” (Nash 330). In 1952, Winchester Pictures Company released The Thing From Another World (1951), distributed by RKO Radio Pictures and produced by Howard Hawks. Early on in The Thing, Captain Patrick Hendry (Kenneth Tobey) is notified, an unidentified aircraft has crashed landed near their arctic research station. Captain Hendry shows the first sign of paranoia by assuming it’s a Russian plane that has crash landed. “Could be Russians, They’re all over the place like files (Saleh 29)”. In addition, to the Soviet invasion theory, paranoia is also abetted by the Geiger counter, a device that measures radiation activity. When the North Pole scientists discover the crash site, the Geiger counter measurements are off the scale, increasing the nuclear fear and paranoia that often accompanies Science Fiction films of this generation. The scientists soon realize this is no ordinary airplane, but a spaceship from outer space with an alien which is made of vegetable tissue. Even though The Thing, played by James Arness goes on a rampage and kills several sled dogs and personal by drinking their blood. The botanist, Dr. Arthur Carrington, hypotheses the alien vegetable is an intelligent creature and he desires to communicate with it. Eric Smoodin in Watching the Skies believes the vegetable alien in The Thing is a metaphor for Soviet infiltration. Believing the Soviets can infiltrate anything and thus everything is potentially vulnerable and dangerous -- even plants. In addition Scotty, (Douglas Spencer) the intrepid reporter in The Thing, ends the film with a radio transmission to his fellow journalists, further establishing the anxiety driven narrative, “I bring you a warning. Every one of you listening to my voice, tell the world, tell this to everybody wherever they are. Watch the skies, everywhere, keep looking, keep watching the skies” (Saleh 37). In The Day the Earth Stood Still a number of paranoia themes, including the threat of a Soviet invasion are introduced. After being shot and taken to Walter Reed Hospital, Klaatu is visited by Mr. Harley, a secretary of the President. When Klaatu wants to get out among the people, Mr. Harley rejects the idea, and asks Klaatu not to attempt to leave the hospital. Clearly, the United States government is fearful and does not want Klaatu influence to spread. In another scene, Mrs. Barley (Frances Bavier) after hearing Klaatu has escaped from an army hospital expresses her concern he is a spaceman from the Soviet Union (Pardon 145). Mrs. Barley’s paranoia is also inflamed by the morning radio reports, “The creature- where is he? What is he up to? He must be tracked down like a wild animal. He must be destroyed.” The realism of the radio broadcasts in The Day the Earth Stood Still is amplified by the director, Robert Wise. Wise used real-life television and radio personalities who contributed to the sense of authenticity and accuracy (Haspel 65). Their voices were so familiar for the exhibition of this film they contributed to the verisimilitude of this paranoid narrative. As Walter Lippman so appropriately coined the term “The Cold War” in 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee, went looking for communists and communists sympathizers in Hollywood from 1947 to the 1950’s. The most famous victims of the communist hunt were the “Hollywood Ten”. These eight writers, including one director and producer refused to discuss their political affiliation with the congressional commission. The “Hollywood Ten” were blacklisted from Hollywood and jailed for one year for contempt of Congress (Eckstein 424). Also, during the early 1950’s the Korean armistice was signed, and American newspapers were full of stories reporting American soldiers who chose communism instead of returning home (Johnson 6). This political atmosphere in the United States created a perfect storm for mistrust and fear that communists were on every block threatening the American values and way of life. Two films in particular, Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and Invaders from Mars (1953) exemplified anxiety in their narratives. However, many film theorists, writers and producers of these two landmark film exhibitions have differing views of the causes and interpretations of paranoia in these groundbreaking productions. The communist-infiltration allegory in Invasion of the Body Snatchers is reflected in the odd behavior of the citizens of Santa Mira. They just do not seem like themselves. They fall asleep and their bodies are taken over by aliens who promise a life free of the pain of love and ambition. According to R Briley, in Reel History and the Cold War: A Lesson Plan, the message embodied in Invasion of the Body Snatchers is to be vigilant. Anyone, doctor, friend or wife could be part of a communist conspiracy (Briley 21). In Guy Braucourt’s 1972 interview with Don Siegel, Siegel affirms the majorities of people in the world are pods, existing without any intellectual aspirations and are incapable of love. Yet again, in a 1976 interview with Stuart M. Kaminsky, Siegel reaffirms his view of humanity, “many of my associates are certainly pods, they have no feelings, they exist, breathe, sleep” (Sanders 56). Siegel’s execution of paranoia can be seen thru the interpretations of his characters, by turning friends, neighbors and lovers into lifeless individuals who lack emotion, drive and inspiration. Granted Siegel used Jack Finney’s serialized stories, Body Snatchers (1954) and Daniel Mainwaring’s script which guided the film to its unhappy ending (Sanders 56). But in the most interesting analysis of Invasion of the Body Snatchers Steven M. Sanders in Philosophy of Science Fiction Film, see’s Dr. Miles J. Bennell story told to Dr. Hill (Whit Bissell),of the pod invasion, as a deranged paranoid tale. A complete fabrication of fantasy, without a strand of truth, told by an anxiety driven madman. Also, in a 1985 interview with Kevin McCarthy, Tom Hatten of Golden West Broadcasters asks McCarthy if there were any political ramifications in Invasion of the Body Snatchers. McCarthy answers with a bit of a chuckle, “the movie was about Madison Avenue, they have no hearts at all, they turn out material just to sell things” (1956). In William Cameron Menzies’s Invaders from Mars (1953) paranoia is generally depicted as there is no place to hide in postwar small town America (Hendershot 43). In Invaders from Mars, a flying saucer lands in David’s (Jimmy Hunt’s) backyard. David’s father, George (Leif Erickson) investigates the landing and falls into a sand pit and is captured by the Martians. The Martians insert a small crystal device in the base of George’s skull and he becomes a slave to the Martians demands. As the Martians collect slaves for destroying the secret atomic rocket installation of this small western town, paranoia has spread, concerning the Martian invasion and the secret US military installation. Even before David’s father is captured by the Martians he talked about his work as being secret. And when David visit’s his friend Dr. Kelston (Arthur Franz) at the observatory, there is a heightening sense of anxiety when David is told his visits must be curtailed since, “things got to hush-hush”(Latham 200). The secrecy in Invaders from Mars tends to lend itself to a Cold War allegory. The Martians are represented as Soviets who are invading with Marxist theory and attacking and destroying the working middle class in this military industrial complex. As Bryan E. Vizzini points out the Martins in Invaders from Mars would also be identified by the spectatorship of the 1950’s as Communists. Given, the Martins are attacking a secret nuclear missile project by proxy with American spies (Vizzini 29). The spies could easily be interpreted as Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The first American civilians executed for espionage in 1953. With the increased publicity surrounding the Rosenberg trail and nearly two dozen newspapers and magazines, influenced public perceptions of the danger of "communist sub- version in government". The Department of Justice "framed the Rosenberg case for the news media" instead of merely reacting to public fears that the press had fanned (Whitfield 1079). Clearly this hysteria surrounding the Rosenberg trial helped fan the anxiety level. In the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists a disturbing and anxiety driven view of suburban life was discussed (Latham 201). The atomic scientists believed in 1951 the United States should move its population from larger cities to smaller communities, so as to ease the destruction of a nuclear attack. A 1954 review in the New York Times describes Invaders from Mars as pabulum for adults and has having met the demands of today’s space-struck youngsters (Science-Fiction Tale Exciting Most of Way 2). Little did this 1954 reviewer know Invaders from Mars would propose a piercing commentary on the postwar experience of suburbia and the cry for conformity and anxiety which goes along with the suburban community. George Pal, a Hungarian animator who worked for UFA (Universum Film AG) in Berlin during the Weimar Republic, immigrated to the United States at the start of the Second World War in 1939 (Saxon 44). Mr. Pal is now regarded by many as the father of contemporary Science Fiction, with films as Destination Moon (1950) and The War of the Worlds (1953). Destination Moon, produced by George Pal and directed by Irving Pichel is based on the novel Rocketship Galileo (1947) by Robert A. Heinlein. Destination Moon in the opening three scenes does not hesitate to jump on the paranoia bandwagon of the 1950’s. The film starts with an abortive rocket launch at a high security military installation. General Thayer (Tom Powers) and Dr. Charles Cargraves (Warner Anderson) witness the disastrous rocket crash from their desert bunker. General Thayer asks, “What happened Charles, what went wrong”, Charles’s explains the rocket motor failed and was probably due to sabotage. Both Scientist and General agree that it must be sabotage and they should leave it up to “Intelligence” to find the persons responsible. The film audience at the time of exhibition should accept the communist infiltration narrative, particularly since Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, a Los Alamos physicist had been found guilty in 1950 for passing secrets to the Russians from 1942 to 1949. “It was probably due to sabotage”, this simple line of dialogue, confirms the hysterical political atmosphere surrounding Destination Moon. In the next scene, General Thayer, meets Jim Barnes (John Archer) of Barnes Aircraft Corporation. Thayer convinces Barnes his company needs to build a spaceship to the moon without government support, because the government is not interested in pursuing space research during peace time. In the following scene, Barnes, Thayer and Cargraves meet with investors to convince them to invest in their rocket ship to the moon. After viewing a marketing film with cartoon character Woody Woodpecker as the moderator, General Thayer explains the urgency of this moon mission.”The reason is quite simple. We are not the only ones who know that the Moon can be reached. We're not the only ones who are planning to go there. The race is on - and we'd better win it, because there is absolutely no way to stop an attack from outer space. The first country that can use the Moon for the launching of missiles... will control the Earth. That, gentlemen, is the most important military fact of this century” (Destination Moon). These three before mentioned scenes, were the only references to the Cold War paranoia in Destination Moon. The screenplay based on Rocketship Galileo was altered by Robert A. Heinlein, to highlight the Cold War tensions during the McCarthy era (Saleh 17). Heinlein was also anxious about beating the Soviets into space and emphasized the realism and believability of space travel portrayed in Destination Moon. Heinlein also believed a trip to the moon was essential for military concerns and this narrative became part of the national rhetoric (The Future Is Now 58). Indeed, publicity material for Destination Moon also emphasized the need for military exercises on the moon. One of these articles was, “Must America Engage in a Race to the Moon in Self-Defense?” which was published in press kits for Destination Moon in 1950 (The Future Is Now 62). The War of the Worlds (1953) was Paramount Pictures most successful motion picture in 1953. George Pal produced The War of the Worlds after the script sat idle at Paramount Studios for some 26 years. H.G. Well’s sold the movie rights of The War of the Worlds (1898) to Paramount Pictures in 1925, hoping Cecil B. DeMille would direct the film. Pal discovered the script contacted Byron Haskin to direct the film and Barre Lyndon to write the screenplay. The War of the Worlds was an “A” list Science Fiction saga which took eight months of special and optical effects to complete and won the Oscar for Best Effects, Special Effects in 1954 (Pal 2). It cost Paramount Pictures an estimated two million dollars, more expensive than Pals previous films, Destination Moon and When Worlds Collide (1951). Much has been written about H.G. Well’s apocalyptic novel The War of the Worlds. It was updated considerably, to account for the current political and social issues of the 1950’s. Originally, The War of the Worlds was written based on several historical events, the unification and militarization of Germany, being the most important historical event (Study). George Pal's, The War of the Worlds reveals a number of cultural fears that plagued America in the years immediately following the Second World War: the fear of Soviet invasion, the dubious security of nuclear weaponry, and fragility of civilized behavior in the face of apocalyptic threat (Journal 2). In November of 1952 the United States tested its first Hydrogen bomb code-named “Mike” for “megaton” which was 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb denoted over Hiroshima (Operation Ivy). A year later, the Soviet Union tested RD-6 the country’s largest nuclear test which was 30 times stronger than the Hiroshima detonation (12, August 1953). Robert Torry, in his seminal work, Apocalypse Then: Benefits of the Bomb in Fifties Science Fiction Films (1991) describes the realism and special effects in The War of the Worlds. The special effects with the help of Gordon Jennings and Walter Hoffman created the horrors of modern warfare conducted on American soil. With the heighten anxiety of Soviet weapons research, the Martians in The War of the Worlds demonstrated a technology that surpassed the United States and acted as a metaphorical surrogate for the Soviets in this apocalypse narrative. When the military generals decide to drop a nuclear device on the invading Martins, a top secret Northrop Flying Wing is used to drop an atomic bomb on the Martians spacecraft. The atom bomb fails to inflict any damage to the Martian spacecraft. This humiliating military defeat, furthers the narrative of the United States inferiority against a technologically advanced military. Thus, we can view the threat of invasion and annihilation very possible in the age of nuclear weapons on US soil. The War of the Worlds is also filled with religious allegories. With the Martin threat over, ”The ending is a ringing endorsement of humankind’s place in the universe secured by God’s blessing and protection” (Journal 2). The narrator in a “Biblical Voice” recites an ending prayer during the last scene of The War of the Worlds. “After all that men could do had failed, the Martians were destroyed and humanity was saved by the littlest things, which God, in His wisdom, had put upon this Earth” (The War of the Worlds (1953) - Memorable Quotes). Although the “savior” ending in The War of the Worlds does ease the anxiety factor of complete human annihilation of the human race. Except history, has demonstrated the contrary to this dramatic ending. “Most scholars agree the American Indian population were reduced substantially following European contact by a variety of Old World diseases “(Thornton, Russell, Tim Miller, and Jonathan Warren 28). In this historical context, the paranoid and cautious view should have resulted in finding microbes from the Martin planet that invades and ravages the human race. Instead, George Pal turns this historical concept on its head. The Martins succumb to the common cold and are destroyed and humanity on earth is saved. This scenario neutralizes religion, science and military might and enforces Well’s acceptance of Eugenics and Darwinism. The survival of the fittest narrative plays well in this story, except the human race is the dominate species, not the technically advanced Martins invaders. The political and cultural atmosphere of the 1950’s provided a rich and fertile landscape for anxiety driven narratives in the Science Fiction genre. As we look back some 60 years, our interpretations are mixed with historical perspectives, critical scholarship and various opinions. And in some film analysis, the Cold War, nuclear annihilation and McCarthyism have little to do with these thoughtful presentations. But this miracle ending is counter to invasion principals Works Cited "12 August 1953 - Soviet 'RDS-6' Test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission." Home: CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. . "1956 "INVASION OF BODY SNATCHERS" Star KEVIN McCARTHY Interview (1985) - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. .	The War of the Worlds
Which Australian Prime Minister famously disappeared whilst swimming off the coast of Victoria on December 17th 1967?	War of the Worlds War of the Worlds What is on this page? Robinson Crusoe model It all started with the story written by H.G. Wells many years ago. As many of us know, the story was modified by Orson Wells and broadcast on Halloween night as a radio drama. This story took place in the New York City area instead of London. It caused quite a stir as some people thought it was a real newscast. As far as I know, it was never broadcast in the New York City area again until the early 1960s on WBAI-FM during an afternoon. This page is devoted to the 1953 movie based on the story. In my opinion, the Martian war machines were perhaps the most imaginative and superb creation ever made for science fiction films. The abstraction of the manta ray shape with its pure simplicity and design for function makes it fascinating and I never tire of looking at it. Although George Pal directed this movie, it was Art Director Albert Nozaki who created the machines. The machines and the sounds were used in one other movie...Robinson Crusoe on Mars. Albert Nozaki also worked on this film. It's likely that simple drawings based on the Martian war machines were used as the alien space ships rather than three-dimensional models. The following article by George Pal was published in the October 1953 issue of Astounding Science Fiction (cover photo shown below), a magazine that I subscribed to in those days. It was unusual at that time for the editor, John W. Campbell, Jr. to have published an article about a science fiction movie but I can only agree that this outstanding movie deserved recognition. The film was released in 1953 and although it has been remade a couple of times recently, they never capture the excellent workmanship that existed back then and the modern design of the Martian war machines has never been surpassed. The movie itself is now 54 years old. "WAR OF THE WORLDSï¿½ You'll see the movie‑it's a good show. But it's also the end result of technical feats that any laboratory man can appreciate! The Special‑Effects man, today, combines inspiration with perspiration ~ using lots of both! Producer of "War of the Worlds," a Paramount Picture Whenever a Hollywood producer brings out a new motion picture in which he has tampered with the plot of a well‑known novel or play, he's inviting criticism. We took that risk when we made the H. G. Wells classic, "War of The Worlds," but inasmuch as none of us connected with it have been dodging any verbal tomatoes since, I take it that the audiences approve. "War of the Worlds" was on my agenda of future projects almost since the day I arrived at Paramount Studio two and one half years ago after producing my first science‑fiction venture, "Destination Moon" for Eagle-Lion release. Paramount had owned the Wells story for some twenty‑six years 'but no producer had ever tackled it, although it had been discussed several times. But now with the big vogue for films of a science‑fiction nature it seemed a logical choice. So it was natural that I selected it as one of my first story properties for future production. I was stimulated by the problems it posed. Although written fifty‑six years ago, in many respects it had withstood the advances of time remarkably well and remained today an exciting and visionary story of the future. It offered me my greatest challenge to date in figuring out how to film the Martian machines, their heat and disintegration rays and the destruction and chaos they cause when invade Earth. It ended up by being my costly picture to date, $2,000,000, as contrasted with $586,000 for ï¿½Destination Moon," and $936,000 for "When Worlds Collide." It also took the longest period of time to make. More than six months of special‑effects work plus an additional two months for optical effects were needed after our regular shooting schedule with the cast was concluded; work with the cast took forty days at the studio and on location in Arizona. The filming of a science‑fiction movie requires a series of technical triumphs in the model shop. Here, the operating mechanism of a heat‑ray that has to work practically is installed in a Martian flying wing. More special‑effects work went into War of The Worlds" than any of my other pictures. More than four times as many, for instance, as went into "When Worlds Collide." Actually one half of the final completed picture which you see on the screen consists of some form of special effects created by our exceptional department here at Paramount Studio. It is my great sorrow that my good friend Gordon Jennings, Paramount Special‑Effects Director for more than two decades, a multiple Academy Award winner and the recognized leader in his field died of a heart attack shortly after we finished work on the picture and before it was shown publicly. If for one moment you think the challenge of modernizing Wells' story was child's play, just take a scrap of paper and list the commonplace inventions and scientific discoveries which we utilize in our daily living that were utterly nonexistent when Wells wrote his story. There were no airplanes, atom bombs or tanks with which to fight the Martian machines at the time he wrote his tale. His readers followed his story on a flight of imagination. Our audience comes to the theater today conversant with the terms: nuclear physics, atomic fission, gravitational fields and space platforms. Even the children play with space helmets and ray guns and are even more familiar with such expressions as "blast off " than their elders. It was exciting to take Wells' imaginative work and couple it with modern discoveries and come up with a film that would be entertaining, credible and believable to an audience geared to scientific awareness. One of our first decisions was to move the setting from London and environs to Southern California. It was more practical to shoot in an easily accessible area. Also influencing our decision were the many, stories of flying saucers in the last few years which have emanated from the western part of the United States. Our audiences might well believe that such a Martian invasion could take place in such a locale. Los Angeles as the metropolis invaded by the Martians was a logical choice, too, because it was possible for us to arrange to actually clear a portion of the city streets of the populace for several of our scenes. I'll wager that if I could climb into the Time Machine which Wells wrote about in another story and flash back fifty‑six years for a conference with the gentleman, he'd have approved the changes. Now how he would have taken our addition of a romantic interest I won't hazard a guess. But in the film business you have to be practical. No one is less interested in doing routine boy meets girl stories than 1. But a boy-and-girl theme is necessary even in a science‑fiction film of the scope of "War of the Worlds." Audiences want it. So we introduced a young college scientist played by a talented newcomer named Gene Barry. As his companion we cast Ann Robinson, another bright new talent. In one respect we hewed right to the Wells original. That was in his conception of a Martian being. He dreamed up an octopuslike creature. We made ours a huge crablike being with one giant Cyclops eye with three separate lenses, a big head to hold its oversize brain, and long spindly tentacles with suckers on the end for arms. The Martian was the handiwork of our talented young unit art director Albert Nozaki who worked throughout with us from start to finish under Paramount supervising art director Hal Pereira. After Nozaki finished his design I called in a sculptor, make‑up man and artist named Charles Geniora, who became famous as the gorilla in the film " Ingagi " years ago. I asked him to build the monster. He built it out of papier-mache and sheet rubber, created arms that actually pulsated‑through the use of rubber tubing in them‑and painted the whole thing lobster red. It was a startler all right, something right out of your worst nightmare. Gemora is a short‑statured man who could fit into the contraption too, so we hired him to operate it. When lie got inside he moved around on his knees, holding his arms hunched out. His hands came just to the elbows of the Martian's formidable looking tentacles. Then we showed only one fleeting glimpse of the creature in the final picture! All that effort, money and time for a few seconds on the screen. Why? Naturally there was an argument on how much the Martian was to be shown in the finished picture. But we decided that a hint of horror is often more effective than a large dose. And anyway, would you have wanted to know this thing intimately? Our greatest special‑effects problem in the production was building and operating the warlike Martian machines which land on Earth to destroy its inhabitants. We came close to electrocuting our crew in designing this one. We went back to the original Wells book for inspiration. My first edition is illustrated with scenes of a huge, disklike object on giant stilts. However, Wells' conception of the machines was mechanical. In this era we decided ours should be electrical. I wish we'd never seen the illustrations of the stiltlike legs at all! We'd have saved a lot of grief. For the original plan, worked out by the special‑effects people, was to have the machines, which were to be miniatures, rest on three pulsating beams of static electricity serving as legs. The idea was to use a high‑voltage ‑electrical discharge of some one million volts fed down to the legs from wires suspended from an overhead rig on the sound stage. A high velocity blower was used from behind to force the sparks down the legs. We made tests under controlled conditions on our special‑effects stage and they were spectacular. I couldn't have been more delighted, Technicians, rather than actors, dominate the movie lot; the job calls for the closest co-operation between photographic technologists and model show experts. What one can't do, the other must! But there was one great problem. It was dangerous to generate a million volts on a regular sound stage. It would be too easy for the sparks to jump to damp dust, dirt, metal, or what have you. It could have killed someone, perhaps set the studio on fire. So after the test opening scene we reluctantly gave up the electrical legs for the machine, although a great deal of hard work had already been expended on them. It was in actuality as dangerous as we had wanted it to be on the screen! The Martian machine and its destructive rays, although looming large on the screen, in reality was scaled down to one sixth real size when we filmed it. We built three miniature machines, forty‑two inches in diameter and made out of copper to maintain the reddish hue always identified with Mars, the red planet. They were flat, semi‑disk shaped objects. We gave them three distinctive features, a long cobra neck which emitted a disintegrating ray, an electrical TV camera type scanner on the end of a snakelike metal coil which emerged from the body of the machine, and wing‑tip flame throwers. Each machine was operated by fifteen hair‑fine wires connected to a device on an overhead track. By means of these wires we carried the electrical controls to make the cobra neck, the scanning eye and other portions operate properly. This was indeed puppetry on a huge scale! Here is another trade trick on how we made the triple‑lensed scanner: It was actually thick plastic with hexagonal holes cut in it. Behind these, rotating light shutters gave a flickering effect. But in creating the flicker we got into fresh trouble. We got a strobatach effect, the sort of thing you see in a movie of wagon wheels in which the turning spokes seem to go faster, then slower when they are in conflict with the camera shutter speed. Our answer was to very carefully regulate the shutter speed behind the head. Those vicious‑looking fire rays emanating from the machines were burning welding wire. As the wire melted, a blow torch set up behind, blew the wire out. The finished result looked highly realistic. Before we ever started shooting the picture, more than one thousand sketches were prepared by Nozaki supervised by Art Director Pereira, working in close collaboration with Director Byron Haskin. These showed their conception of how combined live action and special effects, or each of them separately, would look. Originally, they were rough sketches but by the time we were ready to begin shooting in January, 1952, detailed drawings were completed and inserted at the proper places in the script to guide Director Haskin, Cameraman George Barnes, A.S.C., and the rest of the crew. It isn't customary to detail so carefully what each scene and camera setup will look like but in a science fiction film of this type, it is vitally necessary to hold down costs and production time. Nozaki's drawings were especially valuable in the extensive sequence showing the evacuation of Los Angeles and the attack on the city by the Martian machines. Both live action and special‑ and optical‑effects were extensively mixed in these complex scenes. In addition to shooting the downtown section of Los Angeles in real life, we created it in miniature on a Paramount sound stage. Miniatures are becoming a worse headache with each picture made. I've learned that even the bobbysoxers can spot them in most films these days. We absolutely had to maintain an aura of credibility and authenticity for our story. This tends to give those expensive ulcers to special‑effects men and producers you read about. As a result we built miniatures more carefully than ever before. We strove for lifelike authenticity by making them larger. Our Los Angeles City Hall miniature, for example, was eight feet tall. Quite a few experts told me that they couldn't distinguish between the miniatures and the real thing which really made me feel proud. A check was made with Civil Defense Authorities before staging the evacuation scenes in order to incorporate the latest techniques for such an emergency. Automobiles, rather than tuxedos, were the requirements for the nine hundred extras hired for the sequence. We wanted a traffic jam. One of the scenes turned out to be unrehearsed real life. During the filming we heard one day that there had been a crash on the new Hollywood Freeway which had caused a bad traffic tie‑up. A camera crew was rushed to the spot like a newsreel staff and caught the scene. We needed a deserted city. Ours was Los Angeles at 5:00 a.m. on a Sunday morning. Its normally clear streets at that hour were enforced by police outposts hooked up with our company by walkie‑talkie. It was hard work to frame a panic evacuation scene‑but even more work to clean up the fallen masonry, rubble, papers, and trash scattered for blocks up and down the center of one of America's largest cities afterwards. Here's an example of how we tied in special‑effects with the real‑life evacuation: We photographed a street on a back lot. With this we matched four by five Ectachrome still shots of Bunker Hill in downtown Los Angeles. These were rephotographed on Technicolor film. A hand‑painted matte, done on an eight by ten inch blowup, then reduced to regulation 35 mm. film frame size, of the sky, background, flame effects and the Martian machines was then matched with the live action. This complicated business is accomplished in the special‑effects camera department with large, expensive, custom‑built, optical printers under the direction of Paul Lerpae, a veteran in the business. He has optical printer cameras mounted on lathes with adjustments calibrated down to 1/10,000 of an inch. It has It has to be in that great detail. The tiniest mistake made on a single film frame is magnified two hundred times on a average‑sized screen, even more on the new wide screens now coming into vogue. Realism is earned; it doesn't just happen. For the horse‑opera, any piece of Western desert scenery will do; "realism for free" is available to them. For science‑fiction films, it's the reward of infinite pains with details. For "War of the Worlds," the optical‑effects department painted between three thousand to four thousand celluloid frames for us. In one brief flash in the picture an army colonel is disintegrated by a Martian machine. It took exactly one hundred forty‑four mattes of his inked‑in figure to accomplish this illusion. But everything I've described so far was just a practice session for the biggest hurdle of them all. The single, most difficult sequence to create in the entire picture‑was when the United States Army attacked the Martian machines and they fought back. "No, children, they didn't really destroy Los Angeles to make this movie. But my, wouldn't you like to have what they did have to destroy‑after months of the most painstakingly exacting efforts!" First we did the easy part‑the live action with our cast and the National Guard on location near Phoenix, Arizona. For two days the outfit went through maneuvers while our cameramen shot scenes of them defending our country against Martians. Then the special‑effects boys went to work. First, matte shots of trees and a command post were made. Then miniatures of a gully where the actors could hide, and the approaching three Martian machines were photographed. Next the rays and explosions were inserted. After that came the bright yellowish foreground explosions. In all we had five complicated processes to contend with. At times we made as many as twenty‑eight different exposures to get one single final color scene. For a scene where an attacking tank is disintegrated, we inked in the tank outline on an opaque matte. Then we changed the color to red, then to redblue. We got a flaring out of sudden flame from the tank by using diffusion glasses. Here was the spot where we switched from red to yellow. Afterwards we photographically "dodged in" the burnt areas around the area where the tank had been. When the United States forces drop an atom bomb on the Martians we had to come up with a gimmick to protect the invaders in this crisis. Special‑effects devised a large, plastic bubble, five feet in diameter. First, the machine was filmed alone. Then we photographed the explosion and the bubble and superimposed that negative over the first to get the final result. There was no clearance needed for the facsimile of the atom bomb we used. It was a stunt engineered right on our own sound stage by Paramount's eighty‑one‑year‑old powder expert, Walter Hoffman. He got his effect by putting a collection of colored explosive powders on top of an air‑tight metal drum filled with an explosive gas. Rigged up with an electrical remote control, its second try reached a height of seventy five feet with the mushroom top of the real thing. To build a perfect miniature house is a job; how they achieved the common, familiar pattern of weatherstoining, though, is probably a trade secret. And it's unquestionably a high art! Getting Army clearance was not a major concern in producing "War of the Worlds." We did use a few stock shots from the Northrop and North American Aviation Companies which bad to be submitted to the Department of Defense, but it was minor. One of these was a shot of the Flying Wing which we used to carry the atom bomb against the Martians. While producing both "Destination Moon" and "When Worlds Collide," I bad employed the unique talents of artist Chesley Bonestell. I naturally wanted him back for "War of the Worlds." When he came, he served a double role. A series of his paintings of the planets in our solar system were shown during the prologue with the voice of Sir Cedric Hardwick impersonating that of H. G. Wells in describing why the Martians were forced to migrate from their planet. He explains why Earth was the only one that would do. Most of Bonestell's paintings were made on canvas of standard size but in the case of Jupiter he painted on glass. He created a mural seven by four feet showing Jupiter's rugged terrain leaving cut‑out areas in order that the special‑effects department could insert lifelike looking streams of molten lava coursing down the mountainsides. How would a Martian scream sound? The boys thought a long time on that one. Finally they arrived at the unusual conclusion of scraping dry ice across a contact microphone and combining it with a woman's high scream recorded backwards. It was the weirdest sound anyone has yet come up with for one of my pictures. The vibrating, almost singing noise of the machines themselves was a magnetic recorder hooked up to send back an oscillation sound. The eerie sound of the Martian's death ray was chords struck on three guitars, the sounds amplified, then played backwards and reverberated. Although it took months to come up with the sounds, once we had them it was a simple matter to record them in the picture. The nerve strain or co‑ordination in a film like "War of the Worlds" is tremendous. Let one department fluff off and the whole result goes flooey no matter how the others have knocked themselves out for perfection. You get so wrapped up in your own particular problems and your part of the teamwork that by the time the film is in the can, the whole thing is sort of a haze. You've knocked yourself out on details and technicalities so that when someone asks you, "Is it good," you can't answer "yes" or "no" for sure. The whole thing is a blur. A conventional picture is easier to produce and judge. That's why the first sneak preview at the Paradise Theater in Westchester, a Los Angeles suburb, last November had all those who worked on the film slightly off this world's gravity. We'd used our imagination and ingenuity‑given it everything we had. Was it good or was it ripe for blase teenagers' laughter? It was a fine feeling which the cast and creators shared when the preview cards came in "good." just to make sure that this favorable audience wasn't an exception, we staged a second sneak preview in Santa Monica. Another top response. Then we really relaxed. Those Friday night audiences of youths from twelve to twenty‑five in jeans and leather jackets are the toughest audiences in the world to please. We were satisfied that, if they took our version of H. G. Wells, we'd made the grade. Uncurling our fingers, almost arthritic with crossings, the print was shipped to New York. But was it time to vacation? Not by a planetful. Now let's see: If we got disintegration in" War of the Worlds, " can we create artificial satellites in " Conquest of Space "? I hope so. It's the next science‑fiction film on the agenda, you know. PRODUCTION CREDITS PRODUCERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.George Pal DIRECTORï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Byron Haskin SCREENPLAYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½Barre Lyndon ASSOCIATE PRODUCERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½Frank Freeman, Jr. DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.....ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Georje Barnes, A.S.C. ART DIRECTIONï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½...Hal Pereira and Albert Nozaki EDITORï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Everett Douglas, A.C.E TECHNICOLOR CONSULTANTï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Monroe W. BurbankI ASSISTANT DIRECTORï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½..Michael D. Moore COSTUMESï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Edith Head SET DECORATIONï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Sam Comer and Emile Kuri MAKEUP SUPERVISIONï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½Wally Westmore MUSICï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Leith Stevens SOUND RECORDINGï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½Harry Lindgren and Gene Garvin SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC EFFECTSï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½.Gordon Jennings-, A.S.C., Paul Lerpae, A.S.C.Wallace Kelly, A.S. C. Ivyl Burks, Jan Domela and Irmin Roberts, A. S. C ASTRONOMICAL ARTï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½.Chesley Bonestell MARTIAN COSTUME AND MAKEUPï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Charles Gemara HAIR STYLISTï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½.Nellie Manley PROCESS PHOTOGRAPHYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Farcoit Edouart, A.S.C. MINIATURE CONSTRUCTIONï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Marcel Delgado SPECIAL EFFECTSï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Walter Hoffman PROPERTIESï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½Gordon Cole STUNT COORDINATORSï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Dole Van Sickel, David Sharpe and Fred Graham CAST CLAYTON FORRESTER....ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Gene Barry SYLVIA VAN BURENï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ann Robinson GENERAL MANNï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½....Les Tremayne DR. PRIORï¿½ï¿½ï¿½......ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Robert Cornthwaite DR. BILDERBECKï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½....ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Sandro Giglio PASTOR MATTHEW COLLINSï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Lewis Martin GENERALï¿½s AIDEï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Housely Stevenson, Jr. RADIO ANNOUNCERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Paul Frees WASH PERRYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Bill Phipps COLONEL HEFFNERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Vernon Rich COPï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Henry Brandon SALVATOREï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Jack Khruschen PROFESSOR MCPHERSONï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Edgar Barrier BUCK MONAHANï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ralph Dumke DUMB BLONDEï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Carolyn Jones MANï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Pierre Cressoy MARTIANï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Charles Gemora SHERIFF BOGANYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Walter Sande DR. JAMESï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Alex Frazer DR. DUPREYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.Ann Codee DR. GRATZMANï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Ivan Lebedoff RANGERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Robert Rockwell ZIPPYï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Alvy Moore ALONZO HOGUEï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Paul Birch FIDDLER HAWKINSï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Frank Krieg WELL‑DRESSED LOOTERï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½..Ned Glass LOOTERSï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½...Dave Sharpe, Dale Van Sickel,and Fred Graham PROLOGUE NARRATORï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Paul Frees The War of the Worlds (hereafter referred to as War), which had been a Paramount property since 1925, became one of the first alien invasion films of the fifties. Filmed in magnificent three- strip technicolor, the $2,000,000 film proved that "a special effect is as big a star as any in the world," as George Pal later said of the success of Star Wars. While Pal's film version lacks the depth and resonance of H. G. Wells's novel, it is a stunning success in purely visual terms, with its menacing Martian machines gliding relentlessly across the screen, scattering mankind before them and leaving total destruction and death in their wake. When Paramount licensed War for video cassette sales in 1980, it quickly climbed into the ranks of the top twenty‑selling tapes, its appeal undiminished nearly thirty years after its release. War was generally well received by the critics when it premiered in New York on August 13, 1953 (it had a Hollywood‑only premiere on February 20, 1953). The New York Times said: "The War of the Worlds is, for all of its improbabilities, an imaginatively conceived, professionally turned adventure which makes excellent use of technicolor, special effects by a crew of experts, and impressively drawn backgrounds.... Gene Barry, as the scientist, and the cast behave naturally, considering the circumstances." Moira Walsh, writing in America, called the film a surprisingly pertinent and undated science fiction account of an invasion from Mars.... Its technicolored 'special effects' (bv the late Gordon Jennings) are superlative and its scientific explanations are lucid and convincing. By comparison, its handling of earthly matters, such as mass panic, boy meets-girl (yes, even here!) and a well‑intentioned but rather sappy affirmation of religious faith, is rather flat and small in conception." The titles appear after a brief prologue (read by Paul Frees) detailing the ever greater destructive power of modem weapons. A narration, read by Sir Cedric Hardwicke, describes the Martians' need for a new world and precipitates a two-and-a-half minute "grand tour" of the solar system, ending with our green and inviting Earth. The residents of Linda Rosa, a small California town, see a meteor fall to Earth, skidding in sideways and starting a number of small brush fires. Word of the fallen meteor is sent to three Pacific Tech scientists fishing in the area. Dr. Clayton Forrester, one of the scientists, decides to take a look. Meanwhile, at the impact site, a gully, the townspeople gather to stare at the still‑hot meteor and discuss the economic benefits it could bring Linda Rosa through increased tourism. Forrester, a nuclear physicist, arrives at the site, where he meets Sylvia Van Buren, niece of Pastor Matthew Collins, the local minister, and a lecturer in Library Science at USC. When Forrester's Geiger counter starts clicking, indicating the meteor is radioactive, he decides to stay until the meteor cools. While Forrester, Sylvia, and the rest of the town attend a square dance that night, three locals are deputized to stand guard near the meteor while it cools. They're about to leave when they hear a strange sound‑the top of the meteor is unscrewing! A long-necked, cobra‑headed probe emerges from the opening. Eager to make "first contact," the locals, waving a white flag ("Everybody understands when you have the white flag, you wanna be friends," says one), slowly approach the ominous‑looking cobra head. Their words of welcome turn to screams as the cobra he‑ad turns and drops toward them, a strange pinging sound preceding the release of a heat ray that incinerates them. At the dance, the lights and phones go out, and all the clocks and wristwatches become magnetized; a compass points toward the meteor site. Forrester, the sheriff, and a deputy rush there to discover fires, downed power lines, and the charred bodies of the three men. As they survey the scene in horror, they spot the cobra neck turning toward them, the waning pinging increasing in intensity. The deputy tries to flee in the police car, leaving Forrester and the sheriff behind, but he's destroyed by a blast from the Martian heat ray. Forrester and the sheriff escape on foot and call in the military. Quickly mobilized, the Army rushes vehicles full of troops to the gully harboring the Martian machine. As the troops continue digging in, an Air Force plane drops flares. The flares reveal a manta rav‑shaped Martian machine, now free of its protective meteor casing. The machine fires its heat ray, destroying a radio truck, and everyone dives for cover. Still more troops and tanks are called up to encircle the Martian nest with a ring of steel. Colonel Heffner arrives to take charge of the operation. Sylvia, there with her uncle Matthew, serves donuts and coffee to the weary soldiers. Soon Colonel Heffner is joined by General Mann, who notes the Martians' position and reveals the machines are magnetically linked in groups of three. Forrester (Gene Barry) and others from the church venture out to find all the Martian machines have crashed. Here. A dying Martian feebly reaches out from a hatch in its machine After a long and tension‑filled night, the troops wait for something to happen. A Martian machine rises from the gully and surveys the scene. In the command bunker, Pastor Collins argues for peaceful communication with the Martians, theorizing they must be closer to the Creator than man, since they are technologically more advanced. Slipping undetected from the bunker, he walks toward the trio of approaching machines, a Bible in his hand, reciting the twenty‑third Psalm. The cobra neck of the lead machine swivels and drops menacingly toward him, then blasts him with its heat ray. Shocked at the minister's incineration, the troops open fire. The gully around the machines is devastated by the firepower of the soldiers, but the machines themselves are unharmed, protected by translucent blisters. Using their heat rays and "skeleton" rays (so called for their effect), the machines vaporize the soldiers and their ineffectual weapons. The headquarters bunker is hit by a heat ray, turning one soldier into a human torch. Colonel Heffner orders everybody out, but is himself caught in a skeleton ray and disintegrated. Forrester and Sylvia escape in his small airplane while jets streak toward the Martian machines. Flying low to avoid the jets, Forrester nearly collides with a Martian machine and crashes near an abandoned farmhouse. Later, rested and recovered from the crash, Forrester and Sylvia cook breakfast in the farmhouse. Sylvia tells him of a time when she, a child and lost, took refuge in a church and "prayed for the one who loved me most to find me." She was found by her uncle Matthew. A new meteor smashes into the farmhouse, collapsing it and knocking Forrester unconscious for several hours. After he awakens, a Martian machine hovers outside, looking for life. As Forrester and Sylvia prowl around, one of the machines lowers an electronic TV-eye on a flexible cable. Entering through a window like some great snake, the eye investigates the room the two frightened humans are hiding in. Finding nothing, the eye closes up protectively and withdraws, but another one appears after Sylvia catches a fleeting glimpse of a Martian outside. Alerted to the presence of the Martian scanner by Sylvia's scream, Forrester severs the eye from its cable with an axe. Suddenly, a Martian lays his suckered hand on Sylvia's shoulder. Forrester throws a length of pipe at the creature‑after first shining his flashlight on itand it runs off shrieking in pain. Calming the hysterical Sylvia, Forrester realizes there is no time for romance. Taking the severed probe with them and a sample of the Martian's blood, they escape from the farmhouse moments before the Martians destroy it. The rout of mankind is shown through scenes detailing the Martians' destruction of Earth's greatest cities. Man seems helpless before the superior weaponry of the Martians. At his command post, General Mann reveals the Martian battle strategy of linking up in threes and cutting through the countryside like scythes. Meanwhile, Forrester arrives at Pacific Tech with the electronic eye he severed and the blood sample from the wounded Martian. The Martian eye has three segments, each with its own pupil and each a different color: red, blue, and green. Hooking up the scanner to an "epidiascope" reveals how the Martians see us. Since ordinary weapons are useless, an atomic bomb, carried by the "flying wing," will be dropped on the Martian position outside Los Angeles. A radio man records the scene on tape outside the bunker nearest the Martian advance, his words meant for the future-if there is any. The Martians generate their protective blisters as the bomb is dropped. The onlookers, including Forrester and Sylvia, peer through goggles at the radioactive cloud, searching for signs of life. Suddenly, the Martian machines glide unscathed ‑from the cloud. Man has thrown the best of his military arsenal at them to no effect. Their inexorable advance continues. Los Angeles is next. At Pacific Tech, Forrester advocates a biological approach to defeating the Martians, since "we can't beat their machines." But the Martians are approaching the city, and an evacuation is ordered. Unable to continue their research in the city, the Pacific Tech scientists flee in a school bus driven by Sylvia. Forrester stays behind to retrieve some instruments, planning to drive out in a pickup truck. But he encounters looters desperate to escape, who beat him and throw him from the truck. Left behind, his truck gone, Forrester runs through the empty streets. He finds the truck, overturned and stripped, but the only sign of Sylvia's school bus is its destination sign lying in the street. The Martian machines glide malevolently down the nearly empty streets of Los Angeles, their heat rays blowing up buildings, water towers, and even the Los Angeles City Hall. Explosions and flames all around him, Forrester runs from church to church looking for Sylvia. Forrester finds several Pacific Tech scientists who left on her bus, but she is not with them. Finally, in the third church he visits, Forrester finds her. The situation seems hopeless, and they embrace amid the impending destruction of the church. Suddenly, the Martian machines slow and crash to the street. As Forrester and Sylvia go outside to investigate, they see a hatch on one of the machines open. A suckered hand emerges and flexes feebly before it stops moving. The Martians are dead, killed by our bacteria. Sir Cedric Hardwicke's narration thanks God, saying, "And thus, after science fails man in its supreme test, it is the littlest things that God in his wisdom had put upon the Earth that save mankind." In 1895, the twenty‑nine‑year‑old H. G. Wells moved to a house in Woking. There, working diligently on the dining room table, Wells wrote many of his best‑known short stories and three novels: The Wheels of Chance (a cycling romance), The Invisible Man, and The War of the Worlds. Wells, like many Englishmen of his day, had succumbed to the joys of the safety bicycle, and he began to keep accounts of his cycling adventures and the sights he saw while pedaling around Woking. Wells's brother Frank suggested he write a work detailing an interplanetary invasion. Intrigued by the suggestion, Wells began to work out the plot. In his autobiography Wells wrote how he "wheeled about the district marking down suitable places and people for destruction." And, in a letter to Elizabeth Healey, he wrote: "I'm doing the dearest little serial for Pearson's new magazine, in which I completely wreck and sack Woking‑killing my neighbors in painful and eccentric ways‑‑then proceed via Kingston and Richmond to London, which I sack, electing South Kensington for feats of peculiar atrocity." The novel was well received when it appeared in 1898. Sir Richard Gregory's review in the February 10th issue of Nature was typical of the novel's critical success: ". . . The War of the Worlds is even better than either of these contributions [The Time Machine and The Island of Doctor Moreau] to scientific romance, and there are parts of it which are more stimulating to thought than anything that the author has yet written." The feeling of impending apocalypse that colors all of Wells's early works, the "scientific romances," is present in War and is the result of several factors in Wells's background. For one, Wells, who was often in poor health, feared he would die young. Further, his early religious training continued to affect his outlook, suggesting to him that Man, the imperfect animal, might fall from his lofty place in the scheme of things. Finally, Wells was influenced by scientific theorists who argued that the law of entropy would lead to a cooling of the sun and the ending of all life on Earth and the other planets of the solar system. War fits comfortably into the "end of the world" tradition that has been the source of so much religious imagery. Wells was to use several variations on the end of the world theme in his works: In the Days of the Comet (a collision between a heavenly body and the Earth), The World Set Free (a massive explosion), and The Shape of Things to Come (the descent to Earth of Angels to establish the Kingdom of God). Wells's War also followed the appearance, during the final third of the nineteenth century, of a multitude of novels and works detailing the successful invasion of England, including the first, Sir George Chesney's The Battle of Dorking (1871), Sir William Butler's The Invasion of England (1882), William Le Quex's The Great War in England in 18.97 (1894), and F. N. Maude's The New Battle of Dorking (1900). These works were the expression of a prevalent mood known as Fin de siecle, or "end of the century, age, world." Fin de siecle results most often when art and behavior undergo transformations, and the old and familiar forms disappear or are replaced by new forms which seem strange or even bizarre, The nineteenth century had been full of momentous change and overpowering events. There was a longing for a new beginning, a new century in which to rebuild the social and intellectual order that fast‑moving events had pushed to the brink of collapse. Later historians were amazed when, Sir George Chesney's book in hand, they were able to find all the geographical landmarks in and around Dorking he mentioned in his fictionalized account. Here again, Wells followed Chesney's example. He, too, made references to actual places devastated by the Martian invasion‑the result of his cycling excursions. Real names like Winchester, Berkshire, Surrey, and Middlesex add to the almost documentary-like flavor of War. Wells's War was perhaps the first book to show mankind on the run, fleeing before a merciless enemy. While such scenes are all too familiar to twentieth century man, used to newsreels showing refugees from countless wars, they were startlingly fresh and powerful in 1898: ï¿½For the main road was a boiling stream of people, a torrent of human beings rushing forward, one pressing on another. A great bank of dust, white and luminous in the blaze of the sun, made everything within 20 feet of the ground grey and indistinct and was perpetually renewed by the hurrying feet of a dense crowd of horses and men and women on foot, and by the wheels of vehicles of every description. So much as they could see of the road Londonward between the houses to the right was a tumultuous stream of dirty, hurrying people ... the black heads, the crowded forms, grew into distinctness as they rushed toward the comer, hurried past, and merged their individuality again in a receding multitude that was swallowed up at last in a cloud of dust.ï¿½ Wells was responsible for other firsts in War, most notably the first real alien in literature, as opposed to a giant man in Voltaire's Micromegas. Here is Wells's description of Man's first encounter with a truly extraterrestrial life form: A big greyish rounded bulk, the size, perhaps, of a bear, was rising slowly and painfully out of the cylinder. As it bulged up and caught the light, it glistened like wet leather. ï¿½... There was a mouth under the eyes, the lipless brim of which quivered and panted, and dropped saliva. The whole creature heaved and pulsated convulsively. ... The peculiar V‑shaped mouth with its pointed upper lip, the absence of brow ridges, the absence of a chin beneath the wedge‑like lower lip, the incessant quivering of this mouth, the Gorgon groups of tentacles.... There was something fungoid in the oily brown skin, something in the clumsy deliberation of the tedious movements unspeakably nasty .... I was overcome with disgust and dread.ï¿½ A trio of Martian war machines advance slowly as they move out of the gully into the face of the intense firepower directed at them. The wires supporting the lead machines are clearly visible in this shot. Wells's vile Martians drink human blood, or, rather, inject it into their veins. While this practice disgusts Wells's narrator, he is quick to point out that ï¿½I think that we should remember how repulsive our carnivorous habits would seem to an intelligent rabbit." This is perhaps Wells's greatest contribution in War: the turning of the tables, the looking at things from fresh perspectives, especially our treatment of "lower" life forms, including the colored races enslaved or destroyed by the white man's superior technology. As Wells's narrator says, after hiding from the Martians as a frightened rat might hide from men, "Surely if we have learned nothing else, this war has taught us pity‑pity for those witless souls that suffer our domination." George Pal was born in Cegled, Hungary, a small town about thirty‑five miles from Budapest, on February 1, 1908, the son of entertainers with a traveling theater troupe. Raised by his grandparents, Pal did not follow in his parents' theatrical footsteps, deciding instead to become an architect. In 1925 he was accepted into the Budapest Academy of Art, where, in addition to his architectural studies, he took painting, anatomy, and other fine arts classes. He also slipped into a nearby medical school's lectures on anatomy occasionally by donning a white smock and pretending to be a student. Pal made extra money by sketching muscles and bones for the medical students, which they turned in as their own work. Architectural students were required to learn either carpentry or bricklaying, so Pal decided to become a carpenter, a craft which would help him immensely when he created his puppetoons. Architect Pal graduated in 1928, just in time to Join the swelling ranks of the unemployed in Hungary. But his knowledge of anatomy and his drawing skills got him a job as an apprentice animator at Budapest's Hunnia Film Studio. The job enabled Pal to marry his childhood sweetheart, Zsoka Grandjean. Pal found that his salary, while enough for him, was insufficient for a newly married man, so he looked around for another, better‑paying job. In 1931 he and his wife went to Berlin, where he found work as an animator at the huge UFA studio. Within two months he was put in charge of the studio's cartoon department. By 1933 Pal found himself under scrutiny by the Gestapo, so he moved to Prague, Czechoslovakia, and set up his own cartoon studio, designing his own portable stop‑motion camera when he discovered there wasn't a single animation camera in the country. Hoping to find success making animated commercials, Pal moved again, this time to Paris, where he made cartoons for Philips Radio of Holland. Philips Radio liked his work so much they convinced Pal to pack his suitcases again and move to Holland, where he opened his first studio in a garage and his second in a butcher shop. Here, Pal and his American associate, Dave Bader, hit upon calling his "color cartoons in three‑dimensions" puppetoons, a word created by combining puppet and cartoons. By 1939 war was imminent, and, after several tries, Pal was finally granted a visa to emigrate to the United States, his fifth country in eight years. When Pal reached New York, Barney Balaban of Paramount Pictures saw one of the young Hungarian's puppetoons: at a party and offered him a contract to produce a series of animated shorts to be released under the name "Madcap Models." Forrester (Gene Barry), flanked by Dr. Pryor on the left (Robert Cornthwaite) and Sylvia (Ann Robinson) on the right shows the scientists at Pacific Tech the head of the electronic TV probe that he severed in the farmhouse. George Pal, left, with Sir Cedric Hardwicke, who narrated the film, at a recording session. Pal thought it appropriate that an English voice speak Wells's words. Within a year George Pal Productions of Hollywood, California, was producing puppetoons for Paramount. Between 1941 and 1947 Pal made over forty puppetoons for the studio, receiving six Academy Award nominations along the way. The Academy voted him a special Oscar for his unique animation techniques in 1943. After producing two educational shorts in 1948 and 1949 for Shell Oil, Pal got the financial backing he'd been seeking from Eagle‑Lion Films to produce his first feature, The Great Rupert, starring Jimmy Durante, in 1949. Rupert was a trained squirrel (really just another animated figurine) who finds a cache of money in an old house filled with destitute vaudevillians and gives it to his friend Mr. Amendola (Durante). The film got good reviews as a family picture and made money. Pal and his director on Rupert, Irving Pichel, were now ready for their next joint effort-Destination Moon. (See the DM chapter.) 1. Gordon Jennings, standing, watches the effects crew prepare a Martian machine for filming. 2. Producer George Pal and director of photography George Barnes look over the script. 3. Preliminary sketches of the full‑size Martian machine model on a studio blackboard. 4. A plaster shop employee at Paramount works on the mold which will be used in the making of Martian machines. Pal's project after Destination Moon was When Worlds Collide. With its successful launching, Pal began looking for another script and was excited to discover that Paramount owned the rights to H. G. Wells's classic The War of the Worlds. Cecil B. DeMille bought the film rights to War in 1925. In 1926 the New York Times reported Paramount's decision to make the film. "Arzen Doscerepy, famous German technical expert who has been producing in Berlin," said the Times, "has spent two years perfecting devices and mechanisms which will make Wells's Martians walk and spray death around the world." Hollywood pioneer Jesse Lasky, who'd gained control of Paramount, offered the Wells property to famed Russian director Sergei Eisenstein (Tbe Battleship Potemkin) in 1930. But, although a script was prepared, Eisenstein backed out in favor of Que Viva Mexico (1931), a film never completed. Later War was almost made a number of times, but never got past the writing of the script. Pal, assured that Paramount owned the rights to the novel in perpetuity, called his good friend DeMille. DeMille quickly told him he was no longer interested in making the film himself and would be delighted to help Pal in any way he could. Pal started moving ahead on the project and hired Barre Lyndon to write a new script. Lyndon, born in London in 1896, was a former journalist, novelist, and playwright who'd moved to New York from England in 1938. By 1940 he was writing movies for MGM, and in 1943 wrote The Lodger for 20th Century-Fox. Pal and his director, Byron Haskin, asked Lyndon to update the story and set it in the United States. With all the talk of flying saucers, War was especially timely, and a California-based film would be much cheaper to shoot than a London period film. After finding the perfect small town in the Chino hills, Linda Rosa, Lyndon began working on his first draft. At Pal's urging, Lyndon replaced his original lead, Major Bradley, with Dr. Clayton Forrester, a nuclear physicist from Pacific Tech. Pal wanted Forrester to become separated from his wife and child and spend his time searching for them. But Don Hartman, vice‑president in charge of production and the man responsible for the Crosby/Hope "Road" pictures, said a married hero wouldn't be acceptable to the audience. Instead, he ordered Pal to give Forrester a "love interest." Reluctantly, Pat. had Lyndon write in the character of Sylvia Van Buren, as well as reducing the violence in Lyndon's first draft. When Hartman saw Lyndon's script dated June 7, 1951, he told Pal it was a "piece of crap" and threw it into a wastebasket. But associate producer Frank Freeman, Jr. defended the film to his father and president of Paramount, Y. Frank Freeman, as did Cecil R. DeMille, without whose support the film might never have been made. The elder Freeman told Pal to make the film any way he wanted, and work went ahead. Pal began casting the picture during the summer of 1951, looking for the right actor for the Clayton Forrester role. He considered Lee Marvin, but instead went with an unknown, a young Broadway actor Paramount had just put under contract, Gene Barry. While waiting for shooting on War to begin, Barry made The Atomic City (1952). Twenty-four-year-old Ann Robinson, a native Californian who'd had a bit part in George Stevens's A Place in the Sun (1951), was signed to play Sylvia Van Buren. In December 1951 a second‑unit film crew left for ten days of location shooting near Florence, Arizona, about forty‑five miles southwest of Phoenix. Byron Haskin and another crew were sent thirty‑five miles northwest of Los Angeles to film the evacuation of the threatened city. In the hilly terrain surrounding the Simi Valley, Haskin shot the scenes of onlookers watching the atomic bomb explosion that fails to stop the Martian machines. The Arizona National Guard played the part of the Army troops, and the scenes of them in their tanks, armored vehicles, and personnel carriers roaring up, jumping out, and setting up in battle positions were totally realistic in comparison with many stock footage-filled films. 1. George Pal, promotion manager Kenneth DeLand, and director Al Nozaki study a production sketch. 2. Lee Vasque, now head of Paramount's prop shop, works on the mechanism which operated the cobra neck and head. 3. Effects man Chester Pate (left) and special effects chief Gordon Jennings, work on a Martian machine. The gully where the first meteor lands took shape on Stage 18. Albert Nozaki recalled that his stage setting on 18 was basic and designed to be as economical as possible; the production's budget couldn't afford many sound stages. Meanwhile, Haskin's crew filmed portions of the evacuation from Los Angeles on an unopened segment of the Hollywood Freeway. For the scenes of Forrester searching frantically for Sylvia, Pal got the Los Angeles Police Department to rope off part of Hill Street early one Sunday morning. The police kept the streets clear for the Film company while cameras covered Gene Barry's movements through streets dressed by the prop department. Shooting the principal photography took about a month, and was finished in mid‑February 1952. Haskin had only been shooting for several days when a lawyer from the legal department ran onto the stage shouting that filming had to stop. The lawyer explained that Paramount owned only the silent rights to Wells's book. But Wells's son Frank was completely sympathetic and got the movie company out of hot water by selling them the "talkie" rights for an additional $7,000. Stage 18 was cleared for four miniature sets with sky backings, the most elaborate of which was the Los Angeles street destroyed by the marauding Martian machines. A backlot street was matched with 4 by 5‑inch Ektachrome still shots of Bunker Hill in Los Angeles, and rephotographed on technicolor film. A matte of the sky and background, done as an 8‑ by I 0‑inch blowup and then reduced to 3 5 mm film frame size, was matched with the flame effects, Martian machines, and then with the live action. The miniature street was built on a platform so the high‑speed cameras could not only shoot from street level but also get as close to the miniature buildings as necessary. Filming at approximately four times normal speed requires intense light levels, so the set was bathed in light. For the effects of the A‑bomb blast, eighty‑one‑year‑old powder expert Walter Hoffman placed a mixture of colored explosive powders atop an airtight metal drum filled with explosive gas on Stage 7. Set off by an electrical charge, the resulting explosion reached a height of seventy‑five feet and produced a perfect mushroom cloud for the high‑speed cameras filming the miniholocaust. Al Nozaki, a Japanese‑American, made hundreds of sketches to storyboard the script. Shot-by-shot. Hired by Paramount in 1934 to work on Cecil B. DeMille's The Crusades, apprentice draftsman Nozaki spent a year in an internment camp in California before he was released to spend World War II working as an industrial designer in Chicago. Hans Drieir, head of Paramount's art department, rehired him in 1945. According to George Pal, Lyndon's first script retained the Martian war machinesï¿½ tripod legs. But Pal soon realized that they "just didn't look right." And, for a low‑budget production, the tripods would have cost too much to construct and operate realistically. That's when the idea of basing the machines on a manta ray resting on three beams of pulsating electronic energy occurred to Nozaki, Nozaki put his design for the machines on paper and had the prop man build a small design model fifteen inches across. Three forty‑two inch models were molded in clay and refined down to Nozaki's specifications. Copper was formed over a wooden armature for the operating models, and each had various mechanisms, lights, and gears to operate the cobra head inside. They were destroyed after the filming. Art director Al Nozaki with an early model of the Martian machines. Nozaki is drawing continuity sketches for the production. The Martian machines were scaled, one‑inch to one‑foot, making an equivalent life size of 42 feet wide and 22 feet high. Each machine had a rotating cobra neck which emitted the heat ray and wing‑tip skeleton rays, but only one machine had the TV scanner probe, and only the main machine could lower its neck as it does when it cinders Pastor Collins. Instead of using three tripod legs that were described in the original novel, three force beams were used to support each machine. When the very first ship appears at dawn, a few shots of the blinking ray-legs can be seen. The machines were individually attached to fifteen hair‑fine wires connected to a control trolley on an overhead track. Some of the wires carried electricity to operate the interior mechanisms, while others bore the machines' weight. The triple‑lensed scanner used for close‑ups was made of thick plastic with hexagonal holes cut in it. Behind this, special effects chief Gordon Jennings placed rotating light shutters which gave off an eerie flickering effect. For the scene in which the machines rise from the gully and are fired upon by the troops, over two, hundred individual explosive charges were placed on piano wires, buried in the ground, or thrown onto the miniature sets by the effects crew. Three lucite domes, the Martians' protective blisters, were filmed against the miniature set while the explosions were triggered. The saucer models, which would have been destroyed by the explosions, were matted in later. Following Nozaki's design, Gordon Jennings and his special effects crew constructed the machines to project a million volts of static electricity down three wires attached to the floor of the set. A high‑velocity blower was used from behind to force sparks down the electrical "legs." Pal finally decided that the effect, while spectacular, was just too dangerous. It could easily have electrocuted a crew member or set the stage on fire. The machines' heat rays, which emerged from the cobra head, were burning welding wire. As the wire melted, a blowtorch set up behind blew the wire out, and the result was superimposed over the neck of the machines. The disintegration of Colonel Heffner by one of the skeleton rays took 144 individual mattes to reduce him to nothingness. In the same sequence a soldier is struck by a heat ray and staggers about the command bunker in flames. The stuntman was "Mushy" Callahan. As actor Les Tremayne (General Mann) recalled, Callahan was wrapped in a blanket to extinguish the flames, but the blanket actually funneled the fire up around his face, and he was badly burned before Tremayne and others rushed in to put out the fire. A Martian machine blasts a water tower with its heat ray in Los Angeles. The heat ray was burning welding wire superimposed over the cobra head. For the destruction of the Los Angeles City Hall, powder man Walter Hoffman placed explosive charges inside the eight‑foot‑tall miniature, and its explosive destruction was filmed by high‑speed cameras. The unearthly sounds of the Martian machines were produced by amplifying the sounds from three electric guitars played backward. The Martian's scream when Forrester strikes it with the pipe was produced by scraping dry ice across a microphone and mixing it with a woman's scream played backward. The Martian itself had to be convincing, but there was very little money for anything too elaborate. After Nozaki had come up with a design, he gave it to actor and makeup man Charles Gemora. From paper-mache latex rubber, rubber tubing, and lobster‑red paint over a wooden frame, Gemora fashioned the Martian. With himself inside, Gemora could make the three fingers of the Martian's hand move. With pulsating veins and operational gills in its front, the Martian was weirdly alien‑looking. Unable to walk when inside his Martian construct, Gemora was pulled about the set on a dolly which he knelt on. Extremely fragile, the Martian lasted through its few scenes before falling apart. Pal hoped initially to film the final third of War in 3-D. When the Earthmen put on their protective goggles, prior to the dropping of the atomic bomb, Pal wanted the audience to put on their 3-D glasses. But Paramount, not incorrectly, believed 3-D was nothing more than a passing fad and vetoed the idea. Perhaps if War and other films that would have benefited from the addition of 3‑D had used the discarded process, audiences would not have thought it such a gimmick. Low‑budget or not, War of the Worlds still cost nearly $2,600,000 to produce, and approximately $1,300,000 was spent on the special effects. Gordon Jennings, who died shortly after the film's release in 1953, received an Academy Award posthumously for his work on War. War contained the most extensive and spectacular special effects of any science fiction film since Things to Come in 1936, and shared the decade's honors with Forbidden Planet and This Island Earth. War places special significance on the number three (perhaps coincidentally), as 2001 would fifteen years later. The meteors fall in groups of three, there are three Pacific Tech scientists in the vicinity, three deputized townspeople stand guard over the meteor, the Martian machines move in groups of three, the Martians have three eyes and three "fingers," and Forrester visits three churches before finding Sylvia in the third. Pal and Haskin decided early on to have the Martians always in the east and moving toward Los Angeles in the west (screen right to screen left). Little remarked upon, this composition theory gives War an almost subliminal emphasis. One of the film's first shots, in Linda Rosa, shows the meteor fireball falling from upper screen right diagonally across the screen to lower screen left, exactly bisecting the steeple of a church and providing a subtle clue to the source of the Martians' eventual destruction. A man is shown on a ladder, ready change a movie theater's marquee (the film is Cecil B. DeMille's Paramount production, Samson and Delilah the story of a man with a weakness that destroys him, but not before he destroys his surroundings, as do the Martians. General Mann, after the failure of the A‑bomb, turns and faces left for a moment, a posture of defeat, then turns back to the right, toward the invaders, and vows to "fight them every inch of the way." The occurrence of things in threes and the right-to-left emphasis gives War a subconscious correctness and sense of unstoppable advance that helps one become caught up in its relentless pace. Apart from its superior special effects and manipulative use of screen composition, War is not a very complex film. Byron Haskin's direction, it can be argued, was shaped by Al Nozaki's hundreds of storyboard sketches. But, within the confines of following so detailed a visual blueprint, Haskin's direction is solid and clean. He keeps the action moving at a brisk pace, never allowing it to falter, The earliest sound pictures, called, appropriately enough, "talkies," lost the art of movement. Tied down to inefficient microphones and huge, soundproofed cameras (see Singin'in the Rain for a comedic look at this problem), the early talkies set back the art of making movies for years until improvements in technology gave back to films their lost freedom. Under Haskin's sure hand, War moved. His greatest weakness, if the blame can be placed on him, is his direction of the actors. When asked about his two leads, Haskin said, perhaps unfairly, that Ann Robinson was a nice girl and very willing, but not much of an actress. As for Gene Barry, Haskin said, "Jesus, he was terrible! He has since developed into quite an actor, but at that time he couldn't get out of his own way!" Though Haskin is perhaps too harsh in his judgments about his two leads, he did get excellent performances from Les Tremayne as General Mann and Lewis Martin as Pastor Collins. And, as the three deputized townspeople who become the Martians' first victims, Bill Phipps, Jack Krushchen, and Paul Birch handled their roles nicely. Gene Barry, born Eugene Klass in 1921, was put under contract by Paramount in 1952 after a successful series of roles on Broadway. War, which was to be his first film, actually became his third, since its late start of shooting allowed Barry to appear in The Atomic City and Those Redheads from Seattle (1952). War was his only science fiction film until he appeared in John Mantley's thoughtful The 27tb Day in 1957. Always a reliable and steady-working actor,. Barry is best known for three television series: Bat Masterson (1959‑61), Burke's Law (1963‑65), and The Name of the Game (1968‑70). Ann Robinson, who played Sylvia Van Buren, was born in 1928. Although she'd had small parts in several films prior to War, she had to go through the ordeal of auditioning in Paramount's infamous "fishbowl‑a glass‑encased stage which prevented the actors and actresses from seeing or hearing those scrutinizing them. Robinson married Mexican matador Jaime Bravo in 1957, but got a divorce in 1967 and never tried acting again. She was a guest at the twenty‑fifth anniversary celebration for War at Hollywood's Holly Cinema in 1977. Les Tremayne, who played General Mann, was a star of radio drama in the 1940s. Pal chose Tremayne for his authoritative presence and impressive "radio voice." Tremayne has appeared in many films and spoke the narration at the beginning of Forbidden Planet. Sir Cedric Hardwicke, who spoke the narration, was suggested by Cecil B. DeMille when Pal asked DeMille if he would narrate. Pal later observed that it was unintentionally appropriate that an Englishman narrated a picture based on a book written by H. G. Wells. (For more on the cast, see the Appendix.) George Pal died of a heart attack at his Beverly Hills home on May 2, 1980. He was seventy‑two. At the time he died, he was working on another film, Voyage of the Berg. He won eight Oscars for his films and was considered a genius in special effects. Pal will perhaps be remembered more for other films, such as Destination Moon, The Time Machine, and Tom thumb But The War of the Worlds inspired many young filmmakers and made possible many of the special-effects‑laden films being produced today. Dismissed by many as "lightweight," both War and George Pal will continue to grow in stature as long as the wonder of special effects continues to hold audiences spellbound in darkness. Although produced at a time of hysteria over Communism and the fear of invasion from the skies (see the chapters on Day and The Thing), War has more to do with the genius of H. G. Wells and George Pal than either of those Cold War influences. Its technicolor and effects remain stunning and its low‑budget inventiveness is a tribute to the men who made it. This is one War no one wants to forget. This was the best of all the war machine kits to put together. The plastic parts fit perfectly and needed no reworking. The only item is painting. Gold spray paint is needed to finish the body. The best color recommended by a friend is from Ace hardware and is a metallic gold #17001. I sprayed on a couple of coats sparinglyto avoid runs. The green areas come as transparent green and need no attention. The base that comes with it can also be painted. I could not resist buying three of them because they always worked in groups of threes. What if the Martians invaded the earth at the wrong time? War Machine from Monsters in Motion This is the most detailed and expensive version of the War Machine that I have seen. It includes not only the machine but also the destroyed buildings and street. Like all other kits, it requires a lot of work, skill and experience to assemble so that it looks reasonably convincing. It requires several special paints, adhesives and an airbrush to do a good job. Optional Sound and Light Kit Most intriguing is the accessory light and sound kit. Three green LEDs are used in the main body and a red LED is used for the cobra heat ray. They flash appropriately. Better yet is the dedicated sound integrated circuit that provides authentic sound from the movie. Instructions are shown above and parts are shown below. It is powered by a 9-volt battery and includes a speaker. The speaker, battery and circuit board are located in the destroyed buildings. A remote on-off switch can be used as well as the circuit board switch. Although the final images of the ships are not shown in the poster, the same manta ray design was used in the movie Robinson Crusoe on Mars but the cobra neck was eliminated and a large red disc was added to the bottom of the alien ship. The tripod circles on the underside were also eliminated. The colors were light pink and light blue instead of a copper body and green wing tips and nose. In addition, some of the same sound effects were used from War of the Worlds. Robinson Crusoe on Mars Model This model was also made by Skyhook Models and is solid plastic. It requires relatively little work to finish. There are only two pieces. Instructions are minimal.	i don't know
What nationality was Kel Nagle, winner of golf's British Open in 1960 ?	Kel Nagle, Winner of 1960 British Open, Dies at 94 \| Golf.com Kel Nagle, Winner of 1960 British Open, Dies at 94 More Photo: Bob Thomas/Getty Images Kel Nagle, seen here in Australia in 1970, won the 1960 British Open over Arnold Palmer and finished runner-up to Gary Player at the 1965 U.S. Open. AP News Posted: Wed Jan. 28, 2015 Install App SYDNEY -- Kel Nagle, a former British Open winner, U.S. Open runner-up and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, has died. He was 94. The PGA of Australia said in a statement Thursday that Nagle, who won the British Open at St. Andrews in 1960, its centenary year, died overnight at a Sydney hospital. It did not give a cause of death. The Australian golfer, who won a tournament every year for 26 years after turning professional in 1946, collected 61 victories on the PGA Tour of Australasia and two on the U.S. tour. His win at St. Andrews came by one stroke over Arnold Palmer, who was attempting to win his third consecutive major that year after taking the Masters and U.S. Open. Nagle finished second to Gary Player at the 1965 U.S. Open at Bellerive in St. Louis, losing an 18-hole playoff to the South African. Player said then that Nagle was ''one of the best short-game players'' he had seen. Nagle also won the Australian PGA championship a record six times and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2007. He also played on the PGA Senior Tour (now Champions Tour) in the United States in 102 events from 1981-1989. Nagle's other achievements included wins at the 1954 World Cup in Montreal and 1959 World Cup in Melbourne with partner Peter Thomson, a five-time British Open champion. ''It's a sad day for golf, we've lost a champion of our game,'' said PGA chief executive Brian Thorburn. In 1980, Nagle was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the sport of golf and was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986. ''Kel was a giant of the game,'' said Golf Australia chief executive Stephen Pitt. ''But much more than that, he was an ambassador for his sport and his country, universally liked and admired by his peers.'' For more news that golfers everywhere are talking about, follow @golf_com on Twitter, like us on Facebook , and subscribe to our YouTube video channel . More From the Web	Australia
Which US President was assassinated on September 6th 1901 shortly after spending a morning visiting Niagara Falls with his wife?	Kel Nagle, World Golf Hall of Fame member, dies at 94 in Australia Kel Nagle, World Golf Hall of Fame member, dies at 94 in Australia By Series: Industry News Published: Thursday, January 29, 2015 \| 12:02 a.m. SYDNEY (AP) – Kel Nagle, a former British Open winner, U.S. Open runner-up and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, has died. He was 94. The PGA of Australia said in a statement Thursday that Nagle, who won the British Open at St. Andrews in 1960, its centenary year, died overnight at a Sydney hospital. It did not give a cause of death. The Australian golfer, who won a tournament every year for 26 years after turning professional in 1946, collected 61 victories on the PGA Tour of Australasia and two on the U.S. tour. His win at St. Andrews came by one stroke over Arnold Palmer, who was attempting to win his third consecutive major that year after taking the Masters and U.S. Open. Nagle finished second to Gary Player at the 1965 U.S. Open at Bellerive in St. Louis, losing an 18-hole playoff to the South African. Player said then that Nagle was "one of the best short-game players" he had seen. Nagle also won the Australian PGA Championship a record six times and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2007. He also played on the PGA Senior Tour (now Champions Tour) in the United States in 102 events from 1981-1989. Nagle's other achievements included wins at the 1954 World Cup in Montreal and 1959 World Cup in Melbourne with partner Peter Thomson, a five-time British Open champion. "It's a sad day for golf, we've lost a champion of our game," said PGA Chief Executive Brian Thorburn. In 1980, Nagle was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the sport of golf and was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986. "Kel was a giant of the game," said Golf Australia Chief Executive Stephen Pitt. "But much more than that, he was an ambassador for his sport and his country, universally liked and admired by his peers." Copyright (2015) Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.	i don't know
As in the film TORA TORA TORA which five letter word does the Japanes word Tora mean in English?	6 Great Realistic World War 2 Movies: They Tell It Like It Was! \| ReelRundown 6 Great Realistic World War 2 Movies: They Tell It Like It Was! 6 Great Realistic World War 2 Movies: They Tell It Like It Was! Updated on April 30, 2013 The Mosquito Bomber This is a realistic de Havillland Mosquito, and these planes were actually adapted as bombers for WW II. But the movie Mosquito Squadron is far from realistic. \| Source I Will Be Shot Down for Sharing My Favorite Movies Disagreements lead to war, right? And there is no bigger topic of disagreement than favorite movies. So, if I tell you which six movies I think are great realistic World War II movies, I'm sure to be shot down by some readers who don't like what I do. I'll hear even more from the folks who can't believe I didn't include anything with Humphrey Bogart or John Wayne. But the ultimate lesson of war is that war is horrible and unnecessary. If we learn to live with respect for different opinions, we shouldn't need to go killing each other. So, I hope you will listen as I share my views, and even explain why I didn't include a lot of favorites. And I encourage you to add to my list in the comments below! Let's create a lively discussion, not a deadly one! What's a Success Author Doing Reviewing War Movies? So, I've written a hundred articles about how to be happy and how to succeed. What am I doing writing movie reviews? Well, I've got three reasons: Like everyone else, I procrastinate. So I've turned my procrastination to good use by sharing some fun and wisdom that I learned watching TV late into the night. When you're done having some fun, you can use these tips to get back to work . I write about different types of leadership. One of the four types of leaders , the Dominant leader, is the classic military leader. In fact, one of my favorite movies, 12 O'clock High, is the story of how this type of leader was defined. War is about victory, and victory is one type of success. Personally, I prefer winners of the Nobel Peace Prize who prevent war, like these women leaders . But I acknowledge how war can teach us courage and show us how to create a great team and be successful. So, walk with me into the world of war movies, and learn leadership on the way. Why Realistic Movies? And What Makes a Movie Realistic? I like movies - dramas or documentaries - that tell it like it was. Sure, less realistic, more Hollywood, creative, dramatic, or even fantasy war movies have something to tell us. But what they tell us is only the author's idea of the truth. And the truth has a lot more to offer than one person's idea of the truth. I'll illustrate this with two movies I didn't include on my list: Mosquito Squadron (1960). The Mosquito was an early, small British World War II bomber. That's about all that was historically accurate in this movie. The movie is really about a romantic triangle. A squadron leader is shot down and crashes and is presumed dead after a bombng raid. His best buddy is promoted to take his place - and also falls in love with the dead man's wife. But the guy who crashed isn't really dead. Talk about conflicting loyalties! As great as the romance is, the depiction of the war is all wrong. Downright impossible events are patched together to make the romance work, and to present the writer's idea of heroism. And everyone has 1960s haircuts and 1960s values - nothing is true to the war era. Mosquito Squadron is a fun romp, but not on my list of realistic movies. Morituri (1965) is a deeply symbolic movie with Marlon Brando and Yul Brenner trapped on a German freighter bringing raw rubber from Japan to Marseille. The Allies don't want to sink this ship, they want to steal it. So they blackmail a German expatriate hiding in India (Brando) to go on board disguised as an SS officer and sabotage the scuttling charges. The movie starts as a reluctant commando thriller and turns into a symbolic journey where the characters on the boat represent the types of people struggling in Germany as Germany begins to lose the war. There is a loyal German who hates the Nazis (the captain, played by Yul Brenner); a loyal Nazi party member (the first officer); prisoners of war destined to die in the camps when they reach Germany; and even a Jewish woman who comes on board. The sinking ship becomes a metaphor for the sinking German nation in the second half of the war. It's a moving, meaningful story. It's a symbolic vision, and Morituri is a movie worth seeing. But it is not, and is not intended to be, a realistic movie. So What Makes a Realistic Movie? As far as I'm concerned, a war movie is realistic if: The events that occur in the movie actually happened, at least most of them. And when an event is changed, the creators of the movie acknowledge it. Names may be changed, but the people being depicted are depicted accurately, and their intent and their character are explored in a way that intends to show us their view of life, their issues, and their decisions. As much as possible, the character, actions, scenes, equipment, and actions are accurate to the period. We don't see British war heroes making light of rationing (as in Mosquito Squadron above). Now, historical reconstruction will not be perfect. Some adjustments will be made so the movie can flow. Some equipment may not be from the period, because it can't be affordably reconstructed. And, plain and simple, errors will be made when movies are made. And there are sure to be movie buffs and history buffs in every theater who will jump on to the Internet Movie Database ( www.IMDB.com ) or Wikipedia or a movie blog and tell everyone that that airplane wasn't flown in that month of the war. In fact, you know a movie is realistic when you start to see complaints about those types of details! Six Great Realistic War Movies: The List So, here we go, in order of year released: Twelve O'Clock High (1952). The model of American leadership seeking to discover the "maximum effort" an airman can make without breaking. Flat Top (1952). The Navy's version of the same leadership issue: Shaping up young hotshot air crews for duty on aircraft carriers in World War II. The Dam Busters (1955) shows how scientists and courageous pilots worked together to destroy dams and flood the Ruhr Valley, taking the air war into Germany for a crucial victory. The Battle of Britain (1959) the story of the courage of the air defense of Britain during the crucial first months of Germany's assaults, and Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring's crucial mistake that saved England from invasion. Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) A fascinating alternate view of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Both the Japanese attack and the American defense, and both political issues and military efforts are detailed out. But the perspective is from the Japanese side. Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004) A unique movie that explores the nature of strategic command and the strategic decisions that made the liberation of France and Allied invasion of Germany possible. In case you are foaming at the mouth because you don't see your favorite movie here, please read on after my reviews. I write about great movies that didn't make my list, recommending them and explaining my preferences. Frank A. Armstrong General Frank A. Armstrong is the real man depicted as Frank Savage and played by Gregory Peck in 12 O'clock High. \| Source Twelve O'Clock High (1949) The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor pushed America rapidly into a war in Europe and the Pacific that we were not fully prepared for. A generation of peace means that only the very top men in the military have war experience. And, when it comes to an air war in modern, fast, metal airplanes, both airmen and airplanes were untested and in short supply. In the fall of 1942, a few flyers with too few airplanes had to take on the might of Nazi Germany. Night-time bombing had proven ineffective. Daylight raids were incredibly dangerous. But it had to be done. The military rule called for "maximum effort" by the bomber squadrons. But what is "maximum effort"? World War II was the first Western war in which the terrible psychological toll of warfare was under consideration. The shell-shock of World War I (which was called battle fatigue in World War II, and has now been renamed as posttraumatic distress disorder (PTSD), was recognized, but not well understood. And the psychological cost of ordering men into life-threatening situations until they died was not yet clear, either. Real men were living and dying with these problems. One squadron is having particularly hard luck - losing more airplanes and pilots than any other, again and again. A navigation error makes them three minutes late for a rendevous, and five planes go down where other squadrons lost no more than two. Something must be done. Brigadier General Frank Savage (played by Gregory Peck) takes overa the squadron and enforces extreme discipline. No one can avoid flying by claiming to have a cold. The bar is shut down - no drinking. And one plane is renamed the "Leper Colony" and includes all the men who have made big mistakes. They must shape up - or die. What Makes 12 O'clock High Realistic The battle scenes are genuine wartime footage from allied bombers fighting the Luftwaffe. The whole movie was filed in black and white to match that footage. I can tell you that the real footage is nothing like re-created Hollywood air battles. The movie-makers also crashed a real B-17 - no special effects wizardry here! Brigadier General Frank Savage is a fictional representation of Colonel Frank A. Armstrong (among others). His portrayal was so realistic that Armstrong was delighted. The issue of the movie: the discovery of the type of dominant, disciplined command that calls men to do their best but also pushes them to the breaking point is entirely real. In fact, the movie is still used by the military - and by corporations - as a leadership training tool today. Devotion to an Illusion One of the most fascinating conclusions of 12 O'clock High and the military quest for a command that will produce "maximum effort" is the discovery that one must be loyal to an illusion to achieve it. People will not do their very best for an ideal. It is too bloodless and impersonal. Ideals call forth faith, but not loyalty. But if troops are loyal to their commanders, or commanders to their troops, then the commander wants to see the troops live, and can't order them to their deaths. And the troops know their commander is human, and will make mistakes. That knowledge gives rise to fear, dampening the edge of maximum effort. To make it all even more difficult, loyalty to buddies on one's team makes each man close to the man he knows. This can lead to decisions in battle that save one life at the loss of many others. Twelve O'clock High shows the answer the army found to all these problems. Men (and women) need to be dedicated to an illusion: to a squadron or a regiment. Commanders change. Crews change. Missions change. Locations change. But a name or number or a logo remains the same. The famed Flying Tigers of the Pacific Front won a well-deserved reputation and the logo and name moved from the 1st American Volunteer Group to the US 14th Air Force. We see the same in sports. What stays the same in a franchise? Ownership changes. Management and coaching change. Players are traded or retire. The team may move to a different city, or may even change it's name. Loyalty to a name that seems to be a living group allows our greatest effort. We build an illusion of a perfect group of humans. Each of us can fail while we are devoted to something that lives on. That gives us the courage to give maximum effort, even when the effort involves death-defying risks and inhumane acts of war. What Makes 12 O'clock High Great The terse depiction of the real tension of that early period of the war, when just a few airmen kept Nazi Germany at bay while waiting for America to produce tens of thousands of aircraft and hundreds of capable pilots, is exceptional. The pain of command sending exhausted men to fly out day after day, knowing that each day, some will die, is the haunting presence of the movie. Such gritty, direct story telling shows us what a piece of the war was really like. What We Learn From 12 O'clock High There is a surprising subtlety and depth to 12 O'clock High. The first commander of the squadron is removed from command because he has gotten too close to his troops. He can't blame them for an error that lead to someone dying. If they beg off from duty, claiming to have a cold, he can't bring himself to order them into the air, and quite possibly to their deaths. But when General Savage takes over, his approach is, at first, too brutal. He almost loses all of his pilots to transfer requests. Then, later, he falls into the same trap as the previous commander: human compassion leading to battle fatigue. (I won't tell you how that plays out - no spoilers here!) The ultimate lesson is that "maximum effort" is impossible to define. We only know we've achieved maximum effort when we go one step farther - and break down. And the alchemy of leadership is complex. Too much drive, and the troops come to hate and despise the leader. Too much compassion, and we allow errors that kill our troops. The balance of three elements: drive, compassion, and loyalty is the key to maximum effort. Aircraft Carrier on Fire This is a real photo of a fire on an aircraft carrier during World War 2. It wasn't in the movie, but it's too good to miss! \| Source Flat Top (1952) Flat Top takes the same issue that the US Army Air Force to the Pacific, and to the Navy flyers stationed on aircraft carriers. (For the history buff: The USAAF became the US Air Force in 1947, independent of the army, and the US Navy continues to operate its aircraft within the naval command structure.) Young fighter pilots - flyboys - have a reputation as hotshots. Flying faster than the speed of sound and landing your plane on an aircraft carrier that looks like a postage stamp floating in the ocean seconds before you land is not a safe place for one-man heroics. What does it take to shape up a bunch of hotshots into a responsible team? Watch Flat Top and find out. What Makes Flat Top Realistic Once again, for the aerial scenes, only real combat footage was used. But for Flat Top, the directors wanted color, so they used footage from the Korean War. This makes Flat Top a bit less realistic, as the folding-wing aircraft of WW II are seen on the carrier, and a different model is flying in the air! Still, the realism of actual battle footage works wonders. The boring passage across the Pacific followed by a huge air and sea assault where attacking Japanese airbases on the island and protecting the fleet at the same time is a huge challenge is a thoroughly accurate recounting of the life of fighter pilots on carrier duty in the Pacific in WW II. What Makes Flat Top Great The tension between Dan Collier, Group Commander on the carrier (played by Sterling Hayden) and Lieutenant Joe Rodgers, the Executive Officer under him and lead pilot (played by Richard Carlson), is the tension of the strict, dominant survivor as leader versus the compassionate executive commander close to his military team. In the very first scene, Collier orders Rodgers to ground hotshot pilot Ensign Barney Smith, and he remains grounded - and frustrated - all the way across the Pacific. Collier is angry, but Rodgers takes the stunt landing lightly. Smith is desperate to prove himself. There is a beautiful scene where he receives a letter from his parents saying how glad they are that he is flying for America, and he can't tell them he is grounded. Both strictness and compassion are needed for success, but neither of the two men sees it that way, and they lock horns throughout the movie. Slowly, through combat, Joe Rodgers learns to see both sides of command. He grows into a worthy replacement when Collier is promoted at the end of the film. The Bouncing Bomb Okay, only a geek like me would find this photo pretty. But this is an actual bouncing bomb of the same type that was used against the German dams. \| Source The Dam Busters (1955) The Dam Busters is a great war movie for an engineering geek like me. Early in the war, Churchill and his cabinet are looking for innovative weapons to solve strategic problems. One big problem is the need to destroy the dams of the Ruhr Valley deep in Germany. The dams are safe from high-altitude bombing because only a direct hit at the dam's base - below water level - will break it. And they are protected from torpedo attack by torpedo netting. Barnes Neville (B. N.) Wallis (portrayed by Michael Redgrave) is an engineer with a daring idea. He wants to create a dam-busting bomb that will drop from an airplane, have backspin like a golf ball, and skip across the water like a skipping stone. Then, when it hits the dam, it rolls down the dam wall, staying close to the concrete. When it explodes, the dam is blown away at the base, and gives way. Voilà, broken dam, flooded Ruhr valley, loss of clean water, destroyed hydroelectric power plants, halted German industry. If that sounds science-fictional to you, you are not alone. A lot of top military brass in England thought so, too. Many scientists and engineers improved on Wallis's idea. But it was his unflagging pursuit of his inventors vision through doubting military commanders and overwhelmed bureaucracy that got the bomb built and tested on an old mining dam in Wales scheduled for destruction - and it worked. The second half of the bouncing bomb dam-busting team was the young Wing Commander, Guy Gibson (played by Richard Todd), who led the bombing raid, Operation Chastise. The planes had to be modified to carry the heavy bombs and make them spin. The attack on Germany extended beyond the range of fighter aircraft, so the bombers were going in without the protection of aerial cover. They had to fly exactly 60 feet over the water at 240 miles per hour by high hills, drop the bombs precisely on target with nearly untested targeting devices, and pull out before crashing. It would be only a slight exaggeration to call it a suicide mission. What Makes the Dam Busters Realistic The movie dramatizes - and only slightly simplifies - the many bureaucratic barriers and technical problems that needed to be solved. Ingenious dual spotlights shown down from the plane to the water - when the two lights converged to create one circle, the plane was exactly 60 feet over the water. Two different targeting devices were tried, and one of them was shown in the movie. The minute-by-minute re-enactment of the raid is awesome. It's accurate all the way down to the code words used to report mission success and the fate of Guy Gibson's dog. What We Learn From Dam Busters The raid succeeded in knocking out two of the three dams that were targeted, and the Ruhr did flood at high season. Politically, this was an important victory because it allowed Churchill to brag to Stalin that the British were carrying the war into Germany and helping weaken Hitler's military might. But those two victories are only half the story. There were two ways in which the dam busters were a big bust. Only nine of the nineteen bombers that flew the mission returned. Losses were so heavy that it was a long time before Allied forces tried low altitude bombing Germany again. And there was a more serious problem. The broken concrete dams were quickly rebuilt with sand, allowing war production to resume. Those sand dams could have been destroyed again and again by high-altitude bombers safely following up on the success and sacrifice of Operation Chastise. But those safe, high-altitude raids were never ordered. The steep barriers of disbelieff and bureaucracy and the lack of cooperation and follow-up to Operation Chastise are exemplary. Throughout the war, the British military faces such internal rigidity, infighting, and lack of common sense. As a result, many good initiatives lost much of their value, and the bombing of the Ruhr Valley dams is just one example. RAF Spitfire Spitfires like this defended England against the Luftwaffe throughout the Battle of Britain. \| Source The Battle of Britain (1959) "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." Winston Churchill does have a way with words, doesn't he? Those were his words of praise for the fighter pilots of the Royal Air Force (RAF) in its defense of England in the Battle of Britain. Germany had captured all of Europe in a blitzkrieg, a lightning-war, where it overwhelmed the air forces and then the land forces of one nation after another. Ruling all of Contintal Europe and driving the British off the continent at Dunkirk, they were poised to invade England. Indees, many Englishmen thought that invasion was only weeks away. The British government removed station names from railway stations and street signs to confuse invading forces. Only two things stood in Hitler's way: The English Channel and the RAF. The Channel was sure, but it would only slow down Hitler's armies, not stop them. The RAF was tiny - outnumbered by more than five to one by the experienced Luftwaffe. The RAF had two types of fighters: The famous Spitfire, which was brand new, and the Hurricane, which was slower. The Spitfire would take on the German fighters, allowing the slower Hurricanes to harry the German bombers. In the first few weeks, losses were devastating. Reischmarschall Herman Göring focused his attacks on the RAF airfields of southeast England. If the RAF failed there, London was an easy target. But Göring was a morphine addict who had seen only easy victories. The RAF stood against him. And then, in either a fortunate accident of timing or a brilliant strategic provocation, on August 25, 1940, England bombed Berlin. Hitler, enraged, ordered Göring to bomb London. Göring did this for just a few days. But those few days gave the nearly-defeated RAF a chance to rebuild its airfields and bring new fighters down from the Midlands. Göring expected no English air defense and instead saw more British fighters in the air than ever before. The British fighters were, in fact, so crowded in the air that they weren't very effective. But they proved their point. The RAF was still in fighting form. And that changed the history of the war. Göring was demoted and Germany abandoned its plans to invade England. It never got another chance. The Battle of Britain tells the whole story in precise detail. It's historical accuracy makes the uncertainty of those dark days incredibly real as flyers with as little as ten hours in a Spitfire head into battle. If you want even more details and to see what it's like to fly in a spitfire, check out the documentary The Real Battle of Britain with brothers Colin and Ewan McGregor as they interview veterans and learn to fly a Spitfire. The Aircraft Carrier Yorktown This is the USS Yorktown during the filming of Tora! Tora! Tora!, when she was dressed up as a WW II aircraft carrier. \| Source Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) Tora! means attack, and Tora! Tora! Tora! was the radio code word that announced that the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was indeed a surprise, and was devastating. The movie Tora! Tora! Tora! provides a unique view of both sides of the Pearl Harbor story, and shows many moving pieces. It presents extremely accurate facts and suggests the most likely interpretations, and yet it leaves open many genuine historical uncertainties. Did the Japanese intend a sneak attack? Or did they try to coordinate the declaration of war with the surprise attack, only to have the embassy run late due to relying on a two-fingered typist? Given the Americans intercepted Japanese diplomatic messages and broke the Japanese code, why was Pearl Harbor so unprepared for the attack? Was it just luck that the aircraft carriers were all out to sea, or did the US Navy get itself as ready for the attack as it could? All these questions come together to paint a complex picture of the attack on Pearl Harbor, which can be seen as a victory or a defeat for the Japanese in so many ways. In terms of political strategy, it was the beginning of certain defeat for the Japanese. The army, not the navy, was in control, and they believed they were invincible. They would not listen to the Harvard-educated Navy Admiral Yamamoto who warned against policies that would ensure that the US would enter the war. But the army wanted to invade Southeast Asia, and they knew that the Americans would attack sooner or later. Pearl Harbor was a first strike designed to cripple American military power in the Pacific. Ironically, the attack on Pearl Harbor provided definitive proof that aircraft carriers, not battleships, were the heart of modern naval power. Yet the Japanese attack plan targeted battleships, seeing them as the most importand capital ships. Five American battleships and 13 other ships were destroyed. But all three American aircraft carriers were deployed at sea and never came under attack. So the damage done was severe, but the core of American naval power in the Pacific, the aircraft carriers, were unharmed. Similarly, Admiral Yamamoto wanted a declaration of war made 30 minutes before the attack. But either bungling of decoding and typing, or a clever ruse by Japanese high command (army and navy) above Yamamoto turned the surprise attack into a sneak attack. Militarily, it made little difference. Politically, the attack coming before the declaration of war allowed President Roosevelt to declare the attack on Pearl Harbor "a day that will live in infamy." Japan failed in its unrealistic goal of demoralizing the United States and keeping out of a Pacific war. Just the opposite: The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor united the United States in war as nothing else could have. Roger Ebert completely panned Tora! Tora! Tora! as a historically accurate, but boring movie. Rotten Tomatoes accurately portrayed it as "an insightful and well crafted World War II acton drama that was the result of years of negotiations between the two countries." I found Tora! Tora! Tora! dramatically powerful. Then again, I am a student of Japanese culture and a lover of art films. I can easily see how a war buff could be disappointed. But I think the historical accuracy is important. And isn't it kind of amazing that two deadly enemies, each despising the other, can come together 25 years later to share the story and learn from it together? "Ike" General Eisenhower General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe, less than a year after D-Day \| Source Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004) Ike: Countdown to D-Day is a most unusual movie. It covers the 83 days between Eisenhower's appointment as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces and the D-Day invasion on Tuesday, June 6, 1944. What makes this fascinating is the complete lack of battle action. This is a movie that focuses on strategic decisions and the attitude of leadership that Eisenhower used to create a team out of egos as varied as tee-totalling Montgomery and big-mouthed George Patton. The movie is extremely accurate with regard to historical facts, except for a few changes of date to fit events into the time frame. And the trailer for the movie admits to those changes. For example, the censure of Patton over his mistreatment of shell-shocked troops occurred several months earlier. Key issues are which moon and tide is the best day for the attack and how to keep the Germans thinking that the Allies would attack Calais and not Normandy. Two things make Ike: Countdown to D-Day exceptional. One is the steady tension as issues are worked out one by one. The other is the constant tension over decisions that could cost the lives of tens of thousands of soldiers. One wrong decision or one loudmouth could make that huge difference. For D-Day to succeed, each decision must be right, and the secret must be kept. If you are an Eisenhower fan, you might also check out Ike: The War Years, both the made-for-TV movie and the mini-series where Robert Duvall plays General Eisenhower. The succinct writing and sharp direction keep a brisk pace of one dark, somber scene after another. The flow of political, military, and personal decisions is non-stop. You can think of Ike: Countdown to D-Day as a prequel to perhaps the greatest World War II movie of them all: The Longest Day. So why isn't The Longest Day on my list? Only because it is too famous! Great Movies Not on My List John Wayne and Humphrey Bogart Hear, Hear to Hollywood! It's love of drama is wonderful. And that is why that no John Wayne or Humphrey Bogart movies made my list. None of them is realistic enough; They are all too Hollywood. For John Wayne, I would have liked to include The Wings of Eagles. It is based on a real issue: The development of light aircraft carriers to speed fighters and bombers across the Pacific. But that issue was decided before the war, and the fictionalized version just does not meet my criteria for a realistic movie. Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) is another great story. Similarly, Humphrey Bogart's stories of small men in the European War such as CasaBlanca (1942), Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) and Passage to Marseille (1944) are all great dramas. It has been said that John Wayne won the war in the Pacific and Humphrey Bogart won in Europe. But that is only true in Hollywood. Prisoner of War and Holocaust Movies There are two prisoner of war movies, Stalag 17 (1953) in Germany and King Rat (1965) in the Pacific. They are both excellent and realistic - I just consider them to be in a category of their own. Movies about the Holocaust also are a category of their own. Band of Brothers and Saving Private Ryan Band of Brothers (2001)is not a movie, but a 10-part miniseries well worth mentioning. In a Hollywood Reporter review, it is said to have "captured the varied experiences of ordinary soldiers better than" any other (1998) has excellent realism and period details, but the storyline itself is fictional. Absolute Classics Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) was thought for many years to be realistic, but it turns out the underlying story was a legend during the war, not fact. Still, it's a great movie. Midway (1976) with Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda is a great movie that gets the facts right as background to a fictional plotline. Great Generals Patton (1970) the movie, of course, must be included, even though events are not as historically accurate as they are in a movie like The Battle of Britain. And The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) with James Mason is worth considering. Why aren't they on this list? Only because i plan to write another article comparing Rommel and Patton as generals. See You on the Front Lines! One thing we have today that we didn't have during World War II is the Internet. Most of these movies are available on Netflix, many on Watch Instantly. It's almost like having a time machine. World War Two is just a click away - See you there! Which Is Your Favorite? Which of these movies is your favorite? Twelve O'clock High	Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
What nationality was Bob Charles, winner of golf's British Open in 1963?	Greatest War Movies Greatest War Movies Introduction \| 1900s-1920s \| 1930s \| 1940s-1 \| 1940s-2 \| 1950s \| 1960s-1 \| 1960s-2 \| 1970s \| 1980s \| 1990s-now Greatest War Films: War films acknowledge the horror and heartbreak of war, letting the actual combat fighting or conflict (against nations or humankind) provide the primary plot or background for the action of the film. There are a significant number of influential, important, and milestone war films throughout cinematic history, outlined here, and each with a few screenshots and the title screen from the opening credits. Typical elements in the action-oriented war plots include POW camp experiences and escapes, historical recreations of major battles or war-related events, submarine warfare, spy or espionage tales, personal heroism, biopics of important war figures, "war is hell" brutalities, air dogfights, tough trench/infantry experiences, resistance movements, pre-war intrigue, veterans returning to the homeland, male-bonding buddy adventures during wartime - even black comedies about warfare. Themes explored in these war films include combat, survivor and escape stories, tales of gallant sacrifice and struggle, studies of the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and intelligent and profound explorations of the moral and human issues. In the recent 2014 book War on the Silver Screen, it was stated that more films have been made about World War II than about any other armed hostility in American history. In 2007, Military History Magazine created a special collector's edition highlighting their selection of the 100 Greatest War Movies, a critical guide to the best war films of all time, chronologically covering war films from Battleship Potemkin (1925) to Letters From Iwo Jima (2006), as this list does. The magazine wrote that "the movies that made the cut cover a full spectrum of life during wartime, were made by filmmakers around the globe and span the history of war from ancient days to now..." Almost all the films dealt with wars and battles of American involvement since the Civil War, and a vast majority of them dealt with World War II. Some of their films probably shouldn't have been on list: The Third Man (1949) for instance, was a political thriller rather than a war movie. Hitchcock's Intolerance (1916) , Gone With the Wind (1939) , The Great Dictator (1940), In Which We Serve (1942, UK), Destination Tokyo (1943), The Lost Patrol (1943), Back to Bataan (1944), The Fighting Sullivans (1944), Objective, Burma! (1945), Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), Halls of Montezuma (1950), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Battle Cry (1955), Mister Roberts (1955), The Young Lions (1958), Sink the Bismarck (1960), Hell is for Heroes (1962), Battle of the Bulge (1965), Chimes at Midnight/Falstaff (1965), In Harm's Way (1965), The Blue Max (1966), Closely Watched Trains (1966, Czech.), The Sand Pebbles (1966), Where Eagles Dare (1968), The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Catch-22 (1970), Kelly's Heroes (1970), Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), The Boys in Company C (1977), MacArthur (1977), Coming Home (1978), Force 10 From Navarone (1978), Go Tell the Spartans (1978), Gallipoli (1981, Austr.), First Blood (1982), Heartbreak Ridge (1986), Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Casualties of War (1989), Henry V (1989), Heaven and Earth (1993), Richard III (1995), Courage Under Fire (1996), Starship Troopers (1997), Three Kings (1999), Enemy at the Gates (2001), Tigerland (2000), The Pianist (2002), We Were Soldiers (2002), and Jarhead (2005). Note: The films that are marked with a yellow star are the films that Greatest Films has selected as the "100 Greatest Films" . Highest Ranking War Movies (in chronological order) Battleship Potemkin (1925) - has regularly appeared in the top 10 of every Sight & Sound polling, also voted the greatest film ever by a panel of experts at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) - Received Best Picture Oscar; Ranked # 54 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies polling in 1998, a list of the 100 greatest English-language movies Ranked # 33 in 2005 in the Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest War Films." The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) - Ranked # 10 in 2005 in the Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest War Films"; Ranked # 11 in BFI's "Favorite British Film of the 20th Century" polling taken in 1999; Ranked # 13 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies polling in 1998, a list of the 100 greatest English-language movies; Ranked # 46 in Entertainment Weekly's "100 Greatest Movies of All Time" book published in 1999; Ranked # 48 in the Men's Journal's listing of "The 50 Best Guy Movies of All Time" taken in 2003; Ranked # 58 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills polling in 2001. Apocalypse Now (1979) - Ranked # 2 in 2005 in the Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest War Films." Schindler's List (1993) - the highest-ranked war-related film in IMDb's top 250 films rankings, voted upon by site visitors; Ranked # 4 in 2005 in the Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest War Films." Saving Private Ryan (1998) - Ranked # 1 in 2005 in the Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest War Films." The Greatest War Movies	i don't know
What is the well known two word name of the street in Los Angeles that runs from Figuerola Street for 22 miles to the Pacofoc Coast Highway?	Full text of "Starlog Magazine Issue 166" See other formats Special Summer SF Preview Issue ITION UNIVERSE $4.50 U.S. $5.50 CANADA j*v. MAY #1 66 NINJATURTLES II Mutant movie madness - / Costner rules as PRINCE Of THIEVES Legends of Sherwood Forest from , 1377-1991: Films,TV & before r "V ROCKETEER i { new hero from old llywood WO Kevin Costner as Robin Hood Let your imagination so Visit places you never dreamed possible... Each volume only $19.95 plus postage. A CLOSER LOOK Patrick Woodroffe An absorbing insight by the artist himself into all his techniques, including oils, water-color, pen and ink, etching, and his innovative semi-photographic process, tomography techniques that have provided an imaginative and phenomenal use of color in his many fantasy and children's books, album covers and posters. 128 pp, 9" x 12" 317 color illustrations. MARK HARRISON'S DREAMLANDS Mark Harrison and Lisa Tuttie Includes the memorable book jackets for Sherri Tepper's The Gate to Woman's Country and Barry Hughart's The Story of the Stone. An intelligent commentary reveals some of the artist's personal dreams hiding behind the public visions. Softcover, 128 pages, 8 1/2" x 12", 94 color illustrations. LAST SHIP HOME Rodney Matthews Included in this collection are illustrations from Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy and Frank Herbert's Dune. Also featured is a section on technique, with insights into Matthews' working materials, methods and creative process. 136 pp, 12" x 12", 145 color and 80 b/w illustrations. SOLAR WIND Peter Jones A collection of illustrations representing Jones's interest in science fiction and fantasy. Prehistoric leviathans, futuristic swords and sorcery, space battles and gorilla- like aliens. 92 pp, 8 1/2" x 11" 98 color illustrations. AIRSHOW Philip Castle The second collection of Castle's highly distinctive artwork. The lifelike quality of the airbrushing emphasizes his passion for the cars, aircraft and films of the pre-WWI years. Castle's work includes numerous covers for Time Magazine and film art for Stanley Kubrick. 144 pp, 9" x 12" 100 color illustrations. iTX r-CiLU- ■-.,■. '.v . l-l- ..i-yv_!j>'.fc.., MAGNETIC STORM Roger Dean and Martyn Dean Illustrations from the Deans' many commercial successes, as well as photographs of their architectural marvels, including stages built for such rock groups as YES and Pink Floyd. 156 pp, 12" x 12", 298 color and 89 b/w illustrations. DIARY OF A SPACEPERSON Chris Foss The erotic adventures of a spacewoman encountering an assortment of the most alien beings. Includes images of far-off worlds and lumbering spaceships in full color plus a collection of more delicate line drawings. Softcover, 120 pages, 9 12" x 12", 71 color + 47 b/w illustrations. DREAM MAKERS Martyn Dean and Chris Evans A collection of the works of six leading fantasy artists, incorporating highly revealing interviews. Environments range from Middle Earth to deep space worlds. 160 pp, 9:" x 12", 103 color and 45 b/w illustrations. CIRUELO Ciruelo Cabral and Nigel Suckling Features both his commissioned illustrations and paintings based solely on his original ideas, exercises in imagination and technique. Includes perceptive commentary by Nigel Suckling {Heroic Dreams). Softcover, 128 pages, 8 1/2" x 12", 120 color illustrations. THE PORTFOLIO COLLECTION A brand new series of large format artbooks. With a brief introductory text, each book features reproductions of 28 spectacular fantasy images, spanning the career of each artist up to the present day. Printed on the finest quality paper, each piece is suitable for framing. THE RODNEY MATTHEWS PORTFOLIO Rodney Matthews Crystalline gravity-defying landscapes. Softcover 64 pages, 11 x 17", 28 color plates. THE CHRIS FOSS PORTFOLIO Chris Foss Intergalactic arks and ion-driving civilizations. Softcover 64 pages, 11" x 17", 28 color plates. r i STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO: STARLOG PRESS FANTASY ART BOOKS $19.95 each — plus postage Please indicate the quantity of each book being ordered. AIRSHOW _JIM BURNS PORTFOLIO _LAST SHIP HOME MAGNETIC STORM _MARK HARRISONS DREAMLANDS _RODNEY MA TTHEWS PORTFOLIO _SOLAR WIND _BRUCE PENNINGTON PORTFOLIO _CHRIS FOSS PORTFOLIO _CIRUELO _A CLOSER LOOK DIARY OF A SPACEPERSON DREAM MAKERS POSTAGE AND HANDLING: Please add S3.00 for each book ordered. Sorry, no Overseas orders Total enclosed: S NAME CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. FEATURES THE SCIENCE NUMBER \66 MAY ia>1 MICTION UNIVER^ 18 ROAD KILLERS In a race of life & death, those Car Warriors are winning 25 IN TOD WE TRUST Spengo wants to destroy Earth. Can Mom & Dad save it? 31 SARACEN SWASHBUCKLER Joining Robin of Sherwood, Mark Ryan found TV adventure 35 HISTORY OF THE HOOD With bow & arrow, the heroic archer became a film legend 00 RAIDER OF SHERWOOD Kevin Costner is the Prince of Thieves known as Robin Hood 47 FLIGHT OF THE ROCKETEER Dave Stevens' airborne hero valiantly takes to the skies 52 APRIL IN TURTLELAND For Paige Turco, happiness is also a Teenage Mutant Ninja 55 IN THE MUTANT'S SHADOW Within us all is hidden that enigmatic key to evolution 65 MARTIAN CHRONICLES Battle for battle, it's a guide to the "War of the Worlds" Kevin Costner is Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves (see page 40). V ' Robin Hood Photo: Copyright 1991 W»n STARLOG is published moj COMMUNICATIONS INTEf 475 Park Avenue Soutj 10016. STARLOG is a reg of Starlog CommunicaS Inc. (ISSN 0191-462J number: R-1247048J Number 166, May Copyright 199J COMMUNICATIONS IB rights reserved. Rjfcnt or reproduction in part or in whol\|mthout the publishers' written permissMi is strictly forbidden. STARLOG accep^Fno responsibility for unsolicited maMscripts, photos or other materials, ^«t if submittals are accompani^^ by a self-addressed, stamped ej^lope, they'll be considered and, if ne^Ksary, returned. STARLOG does not pubpsh fiction. Fiction submissions are nj^accepted. Products advertised are nJr necessarily endorsed by STARLOG, ananews expressed in editorial copy are necessarily those of STARLOG. Fcond class postage paid at New York, ^IY and additional mailing offices. Subscription rates: $34.47 one year (12 issues) delivered in U.S'. and Canada, foreign subscriptions $43.47 in U.S. funds only. New subscriptions send directly to STARLOG, 475 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. Notification of change of address or renewals send to STARLOG Subscription Dept., P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-0132. POSTMASTER: Send change of address to STARLOG Subscription Dept., P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris.IL 61054-0132. Printed in U.S.A. m TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES Raphael Mask What has a shell, wears a red mask, eats pizza, loves April, is hot-headed, sarcastic and defends himself with a sais? Cowabunga! If s RAPHAEL Now you too can be a TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLE! Just you pull on this authentic Raphael mask! Only $31 + postage Copyright © 1989 Mirage Studios A Don Post MaskTM Fully Guaranteed Clip or Copy Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 NAME TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES Raphael Mask #1506 STREET $31.00 Please indicate quantity of masks being ordered. CITY To cover postage and handling, add $4.00 for each mask ordered. (OVERSEAS: $10.00) Tntal enr.lnsfid: STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. MAY 1991 #166 Business & Editorial Offices: 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 President/Publisher NORMAN JACOBS Executive Vice President RITA EISENSTEIN Associate Publisher MILBURN SMITH V.P./Circulation Director ART SCHULKIN Creative Director W.R. MOHALLEY Editor DAVID MCDONNELL Special Effects Editor DAVID HUTCHISON Managing Editors EDDIE BERCANZA DANIEL DICKHOLTZ Contributing Editors ANTHONY TIMPONE MICHAEL CINCOLD Consultants LIA PELOSI KERRY O'QUINN Art Director JIM MCLERNON Art Staff CALVIN LEE ANTHONY MARCHESANI YVONNE JANC Senior Correspondent STEVE SWIRES West Coast Correspondent MARC SHAPIRO British Correspondent ADAM PIRANI Canadian Correspondent PETER BLOCH-HANSEN Typesetters PAUL HALLASY SALLY ECKHOFF Financial Director: Joan Baetz Marketing Director: Frank M. Rosner Assistants: Maria Damiani, Peter Hernandez, Kim Watson, Debbie Irwin, JoAnne Sanabria, John Paul Garcia, Kathleen Hawkins. Correspondents: (LA) Mike Clark, Kyle Counts, Jean-Marc & Randy Lofficier, Bill Warren; (NY) Jami Bernard, Robert Greenberger, Edward Cross, lan Spelling, Tom Weaver, Dan Yakir; (Chicago) jean Airey, Kim Howard Johnson; (Boston) Will Murray; (SF) Eric Niderost; (WV) John Sayers; (OH) Laurie Haldeman; (CAN) Mark Phillips; (Interplanetary) Michael J. Wolff; (Creature) Mike Fisher. Contributors: Mary Barrow, Greg Beeman, Drew Bittner, Gordon Carleton, Susan D'Arcy, Elyse Dickenson, Chuck Dixon, Mary Donovan, Terry Erdmann, David Fulton, William Wilson Coodson Jr., Howard Green, David James, George Kocheil, Tom Phillips, Leah Rosenthal, Steve Rubin, Steve Saffel, Dan Scapperotti, Lynne Stephens, Diedre Sullivan, Jack Svetlik, Jeff Walker, Rebecca West. Cover Photos: Turtles II: John Bramley/Copyright 1990 Northshore Investments Ltd./Turtles Characters: Trademark & Copyright 1991 Mirage Studios; Prince: David James/Copyright 1991 Warner Bros. Inc. For Advertising Information: (212) 689-2830. FAX (212) 889-7933 Advertising Director: Rita Eisenstein Classified Ads Manager: Connie Bartlett For West Coast Advertising Sales: Jim Reynolds, Reynolds & Associates (213) 649-6287 Due to the large -volume of mail, per- sonal replies are impossible. Celebrity addresses will not be given out. Mail will not be forwarded. No exceptions. Other fans & advertisers sometimes contact readers whose letters are printed here. To avoid this, mark your letter "Please Withhold My Address." Otherwise, we retain the option to print it. Write: STARLOG COMMUNICATIONS 475 Park Avenue South, 8th Floor, New York, NY 100 16. MERRY MEN ...For quite some time now. I have been an ir- regular, yet devoted reader of STARLOG and its associated publications. On a recent trip to my favorite local comics store, 1 picked up STARLOG #151 for the articles on Nichelle Nichols and Denise Crosby. Then, I noticed the cover blurb; "Robin of Sherwood, In the fantasy forest." I really got excited, being a longtime Robin Hood buff, and also a fan of Richard Carpenter's Robin Hood series. I was lucky enough to view several episodes on tape, thanks to a good friend. In her article. "Legends of the Hooded Man", Abbie Bernstein mentioned sev- eral episodes I was not aware existed. So, this letter was originally going to ask you to com- pile and print a complete episode guide for both Praed's and Connery's portrayals of the le- gendary outlaw. The next day, I purchased a copy of issue #161. Imagine my surprise when 1 saw on the contents page the following entry: "Tales of Sherwood Forest, Legends of Robin Hood unfold in TV fantasy adventure." Again, my pulse quickened as I flipped through the is- sue to page 65. There I discovered exactly what I was considering writing to you about: a com- plete list of episodes, in chronological order, with individual plot synopses as well. I nearly hit the ceiling. Talk about service with a smile. I can't say thank you enough. Now, what 1 would like to know is where I can purchase these episodes on tape. Also, is there any way you can put me in touch with a fan club? I seem to recall spotting a fanzine at a Star Trek convention. Also, how about interviews with Robin (both of them), his men, Marian, the Sheriff and Gisburne? Anyway, keep up the good work and I'll try to become a not-so-irregular reader of STARLOG. Alan Brantley Address Unknown See Fan Network for club info, and check out issue #126 for a Michael Praed interview. Meanwhile, this issue officially begins the biggest Robin Hood year of them all. ...I was very happy to see an article in STARLOG #162 about the wonderful film Edward Scissorhatids. Tim Burton's film had a tremendous impact on me. It seems to have had a strong impact on others too — the first time that I saw it, some people wouldn't leave the theater when it was over because they were just too overwhelmed. I feel that Tim Burton made a much more ef- fective film with Edward than Batman. Batman was exciting and dazzlina, but it became a mar- keting monster. Edward has the heart Batman lacked. The biggest surprise of Edward Scissorhands was Johnny Depp. I used to think of Depp as a vapid teen actor, but no more. Although he doesn't say much, he expresses everything very effectively with his face and eyes. You can re- ally feel his torment. Might I be going too far in suggesting an Oscar nomination for Depp? The best thing about Edward was the re- freshing* fact that it wasn't just another film about a muscle-bound bozo who kills 500,000 people in one minute. Let's see more films like Edward Scissorhands. They are desperately needed. Tammy Smith 10418 Nate Way Santee, CA 92071 ...Tim Burton's Edward Scissorhands is an ex- cellent film with spectacular performances by Johnny Depp, Winona Ryder, Dianne Wiest and Vincent Price. Stan Winston's scissorhand ef- fects are brilliant, as are the rest of the effects. Although it does have its terribly sad and downright depressing moments, there is a beau- tiful musical score by Danny Elfman throughout the entire movie, and the romance and comedy add to this wonderful creation. This film is, without a doubt, a classic. Chris Giunto 1416 Broening Highway Baltimore. MD 21224 DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 1-800-228-4246 Reg. $89.95 Now $69.95 Limited Time Offer To Order call 1-800-228-4246 or send check or money order including $3.00 per tape shipping/handling to: " DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL S323-A ELKHORN BLVD. SACRAMENTO, CA 95842 Questions call 1-916-331-8370 VHS only. PAL transfers available. Catalogs $4.95 or free with order. CA residents add 6.5% sales tax. About tnis manuscript/ 'Robin "» ...Regarding your episode guide of the "Robin of Sherwood" series, it was an extremely wel- come article, and I feel that it surpasses many of your other episode guides. The photos were excellent and rarely seen ones at that. I also enjoyed the detail with which each episode was explained. The series itself is probably one of the finest produced and written TV shows in recent times and I was upset to see it finish after only three seasons. I know many U.S. fans like my- self wait in hope for the possible return of the "Hooded Man" either on the big or small screen. Anthony Fitzpatrick 105 Betty-Glen Raheny Dublin 5 Republic of Ireland DREAMWERKS / ST. LOUIS SALUTES iREri MAY 11-12, 1991 HOLIDAY INN WESTPORT I-270 at PAGE ST. LOUIS, MO George Take/' David McDonne// Co/m Meaney "SULU" Editor - STARLOG 'O'BRIEN" 1DAY - $18 ADVANCE / $20 DOOR - Off - WEEKEND RATE - $32 ADVANCE TICKETS NOW LOCATIONS - FAMOUS BARR STORES & MUSIC VISION OR CALL TO CHARGE TICKETS BY PHONE - DIALTIX (314)434-6600 OR TO WRITE FOR MEMBERSHIPS OR FURTHER INFORMATION ■ SEND A URGE S.A.S.E. TO: DREAMWERKS, BOX N, CRUGERS, NY 10521 Off CALL 914-739-3191 LOST AND FOUND ...The best thing about the recent article on Bill Mumy in STARLOG #163 was that you did it in the first place. I realize that STARLOG is SF and fantasy oriented and I love you guys for that. But for once it would be nice to read something with a little less emphasis on Lost in Space, especially where photos are concerned. I know the show has many fans. That's great. But truth- fully, I only enjoy it because of Bill Mumy. I prefer his later work and I love Bames &"Barnes. I corrupt everyone who'll sit still for it with their video collection, "Zabagabee." I don't mean to sound like I didn't appreciate the piece. It's just that I had heard most of it before. The only information that was new to me was a cou- ple of comic titles I didn't know Bill Mumy was involved with. I wish you had done something like the article on Kim Hunter back in STARLOG #160. Now, that had great depth, covering some of her best work outside Planet of the Apes. Last year at a convention, Mumy said that Seduction of the Innocent had a tape out on Beat Brothers records. What I really would've liked to learn from your article is where the heck I can get this tape. Can anybody help me? Is there someplace I can order it or something? Now I'm desperate to get hold of some of their music! Debbie McCampbell 20131 Panstone Court Marietta, GA 30060 ...After reading Kyle Counts' Bill Mumy article in issue #163, I was elated to discover two things: First, I'm not the only one to believe that the comic book Space Family Robinson in- spired the Lost in Space TV show, and second, that the comic book may return to the stands, brought to us by Valiant. Space Family Robinson (Lost in Space was added to the title with issue #13; when it came out after a long hiatus in the early '70s, the title went briefly to SFR-LIS on Space Station One) was my inspiration throughout school. The sto- ries were not Shakespeare, but they did take me around the galaxy and through time, and though I never knew who did them, the cover art for the series (up to around issue #52, when Whitman made a travesty of the work by re-inking them in, beg pardon, "comic book" style) was by far the best done during that era, with a few ex- ceptions. Steven R. Puckett P.O. Box 737 Bellaire, MI 49615 ...Ever since Star Trek successfully moved to the big screen, I had been hoping that the same would occur to Lost in Space. Certainly it has a built-in audience, both young and old, and what better way to conclude loose ends. All these years wondering whether the Jupiter II would ever return to Earth. But after reading Kyle Counts' article, I'm upset that Irwin Allen him- self continues to block all attempts. I cannot understand the logic behind his refusal, but I hope he changes his mind soon. In the mean- time. I urge Mumy and Innovation Comics to produce a limited series based on Lost in Space. There are so many tales of the Robinson family yet to be told, most of all what happened after that fateful third season ended. Jeff M.P. McFarland 745 Pine Street, #1 1 San Francisco, CA 94108 Innovation's Lost in Space series starts in May - with contributions from Bill Mumy and Mark (Don West) Goddard. ...I just had to write and thank you for your gen- erous (if long-awaited) coverage of Irwin Allen's Land of the Giants. As fans, we had practically given up hope of seeing it featured or even men- tioned. However, you've made our continually buying your magazine worth our wait (and money) with your two-part Giants writers arti- cles (#159-#160) and the Don Matheson inter- view in issue #162. A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of meeting Gary Conway and Don Matheson. They were not only interesting but the most unassum- ing people a fan would like to meet. Later, on a British TV show, Conway and Deanna Lund in- formed us that a Giants movie was in the cards. A Giants movie is long overdue and hopefully it would feature the original cast. It must — no other cast could bring the characters back to life. Giants was the first show to be run on a regular basis in the Soviet Union and still syn- dicated around the world. It deserves more pub- licity and hopefully your magazine will remind others of the series* existence. Carole Lewin 1 Lismore Place Pendower Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne and Wear, England, NE15 6QX ...Mark Phillips did a good job covering many Giants writers in #159. At the article's end, it had "To be continued" then, in issue #162, 1 saw the "Small Talk" sidebar with Bob and Esther Mitchell. Is that the rest of the article on the Giants writers? I totally agree with Robert and Wanda Duncan that the Lost in Space cast and series was the best. It was great to read the premise for a fourth season episode. I like Giants too, but the characters were so busy climbing up and down ropes, I got tired just watching them. I would have liked to have seen less action and more character development. I also enjoyed Phillips' articles in issue #162 on Liam Sullivan and Don Matheson. I would have liked more comment on the Space episode Sullivan did. I loved his comments on Rod Serling. I've never read a bad word about him. It's refreshing to know that a very success- ful genius can be a good man and well-liked. As for the Matheson article, there was some great background info. I had never heard about the plans to do a voiceover for Space's "Sky is Falling." It never seemed like anything was missing. Of course, Giants was very physical, but no one has asked the cast if, as pan of their audition, they had to go through a rigorous physical test/obstacle course to get the job. Some people may be in great shape and still not be able to climb a rope 20 feet. Also, no one mentions that Heather Young was pregnant dur- ing the first season's end and the second's be- ginning, and the problems that presented. Sherry Krause 937 Freeport Road Creighton, PA 15030 The conclusion of Mark Phillips' acclaimed Giants writers article appeared in issue #160. The "Small Talk" sidebar in #162 was only a related story. More features are in the works. PROPER PERSPECTIVE ...On the cover of STARLOG #161, a question asked: "What if Catherine had lived?" Well, of course I think that 14 million people would Can she stay. Father ?\ She loves £uzzy ) v^ch aracters/ _ y have said, "There's still something worthwhile to watch on TV." Once Beauty and the Beast left TV, not one show retained any standards or was worth watching. I mean, the love they shared, we shared. The passion, the caring, the family of the undergrounds — it all belonged to us, the public. I hope the 14 million fans don't just give up. We still have the love for that wonder- ful show. It's now in syndication. We will all have hope that it will continue until the last rerun is over. So there's your answer! Al Redicavage Manchester, CT MORLOCKS! Home planet: Earth in the year 802,701 Dwelling: Underground caves, The Morlocks are extremely light/ sensitive. Ancestry: Both the Morlocks and their aboveground counterparts, the Eloi, have human ancestry. One group of humans had realized that the atmosphere was poisoned by radioactivity, the result of a war. This group went under- ground to escape the poison atmosphere. They evolved into the beastly Morlocks. The group that stayed above ground evolved Into the childlike Eloi. Diet: Morlocks feed upon the Eloi. Size comparison A Morlock Is Interrupted while feeding. STARLOG/Afav 1991 ALL I SAID COAS "HOW ASoOT A urrrct TTnft££--UAf>s£>&P ...Having read the letters regarding Beauty & the Beast's third season in STARLOG #164, I am appalled by the writers' lack of understand- ing. Elaine Landman said that the only reason she could think of for "having to continue" was money. What about the outcry from the fans? Let's face it, the fans are the only reason there was a third season. We made our own beds, so to speak and ever since, some of the same people have done nothing but complain about having to lie in them. Granted, I would much preferred a happily- ever-after ending. But literature, like life, is filled with unhappy endings. And yet, every ending is also a new beginning. Keeping that in mind, it's pretty obvious what the third season ATTENTION STAR TREK COLLECTORS! The Official STAR TREK 25th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL! WWIIBfl r .NNIVERSAM ESPECIAL! The complete Enterprise voyages; FromtXision to film & beyond Inside this modern American myth Saluting the men & women who've gone where no one has gone before Published by STARLOG! Prepared by the editors of STARLOG and STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION, ' the official magazine series. - ... The complete Enterprise voyages — from television to film & beyond! Facts! Photos! Saluting the men and women who've gone where no one has . . gone before! 100 PAGES! ALL COLOR! SPECIAL SILVER COVER! Only $6.95 iK3t» Cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 STAR TREK 25th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL - $6.95 Please indicate quantity of magazines being ordered and add S2.05 per magazine to cover postage and handling. STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks tor delivery. was all about. Given certain dictates by CBS (more violence, less romance), George R.R. Martin, Ron Koslow and everyone did a remark- able job of keeping the show's integrity intact. As for the episodes themselves, "Walk Slowly," as painful as it is to watch, is undoubt- edly one of the finest hours of network televi- sion ever seen. And "Invictus"; what so appalled Diane Davis (Catherine's gun being used to kill Gabriel) was a perfect touch — the ultimate po- etic justice. Then, there's Diana. She was an extremely complex character. She had such an ethereal quality about her that I suppose some people could mistake for simplicity. Admittedly, the third season was not a fairy tale the way the first two were, but it was still far better than anything else on TV. Perhaps Diana summed it up best: "If all you're willing to see is what you've seen before, you're gonna miss half of what's going on," Ann Gurkin Route 2 Box 606 Williamston, NC 27892 ...I am writing in regard to "Death of the Beast" in issue #161. George R.R. Martin's obvious frustration with one CBS executive's failure to "pay attention" was a source of great amusement to me. Perhaps now, Martin has some small idea of the frustration that we fans experienced when everyone failed to "pay attention" to what we wanted to see. If the network, producers and writers had been as bold in their exploration and development of the relationship between Vincent and Catherine as they were in presenting the idea in the first place, they still might have had a failure on their hands, but at least it would have been a glorious failure. As it stands, all they succeeded in proving once again was that the TV industry has no idea how to handle a new concept. They approach it with trepidation, strangle it with restrictions, and then try to "save" it by retooling it into the same old stale ideas they publicly deplore but privately continue to support. As to Martin's comment that "only Catherine was different in the third season" that reminds me of the old joke "Other than that, Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play?" Marie Halligan R.D. #2 Beaver Falls, PA 15010 SUBSCRIBER SERVICES Missing copies? Moving? Renewals? Re- ceiving duplicates? Subscription questions? Write directly to: STARLOG NEW SUBSCRIBERS Subscriber ONLY: Services, Do not send money P.O. Box 132 order to above address. Mt. Morris, 1L See subscription ad this 61054-0132 issue. 1 I I I I I Attach Mailing Label Here Inquiries addressed to editorial offices only delay your request. NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP ; — The Greatest Trek Event Ever Held! SPONSORED BY Write Your Cable Operator for THE SCI-FI CHANNEL in association with ENTERTAINMENT w I rtFl'U\#\3 ® STHl JUNE 7-9. 1991 REK The Celebration Convention IlllIS Georae TAKEI to mm logo used with permission AND ON SUNDAY SHRINE AUDITORIUM THE SITE OF THE ACADEMY AWARDS! FOR THE LIVE REUNION OF THE ENTIRE CAST TOGETHER ON STAGE! Let the Joyous news be spread: The Celebration of the incredible 25th Anniversary of STAR TREK sizzles with extra excitement as the entire original classic cast will appear together on stage with creator Gene Rodden berry on Sunday, June 9th. This unprecedented once in a lifetime attraction could never be housed in a mere hotel ballroom I So on Sunday only we're going where we've never gone before and moving the entire convention: all the dealers, all the events, and all the exhibits to the world famous SHRINE AUDITORIUM (649 West Jefferson in Los Angeles), site of the Oscars and American Music Awards! Friday June 7 and Saturday June 8 remain at our traditional site:THELOS ANGELES AIRPORT HILTON. Friday and Saturday's schedule will be bursting with single guest appearances, Next Generation presentations and news scoops, preview peeks at STAR TREK 6, auctions, contests, special videos, 25th Anniversary events and some shockingly surprising guest drop-insl Sunday's schedule will feature single appearances by Bill, Leonard and Gene, and the amazing "live reunion" on stage, plus surprises we can't mention! TICKETS: At the present time the only way to attend all three days is to buy a preferred seat package which will give you a reserved seat at both The Airport Hilton and The Shrine and covers the entire weekend convention. Preferred seat packages are $1 45. Over a thousand of these packages have already been sold. Only 400 remain: so please act soon! Sunday only tickets (general admission including seating in the non reserved section at the Shrine) are available in advance for $30. To order tickets send fees to CREATION, 145 Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, New York 11501. Make checks payable to CREATION. You may order by using a CREDIT CARD (Mastercard or Visa) and calling toll free (800) TV ALIVE between 10:30am to 5pm weekdays. There is a $2 service charge per ticket for telephone orders. You may also reserve hotel rooms at the Airport Hilton ($89 a night) at this number. Dealer tables are available: please call us for details! "** Note: The Shrine Auditorium is a magnificent facility and is approximately 20 minutes from The Airport Hilton and offers parking at a nominal rate. LOVE IN THE AFTERLIFE THAT OTHER HOOD In another part of the forest known as Sherwood, there is, naturally, another Robin Hood. And funny, he doesn't look like Kevin Costner, Unlike the Prince of Thieves (Costner) of this issue's cover, this bowman, Patrick {Sleeping with the Enemy) Bergin, is bound directly for American TV. Bergin stars in the 20th Century Fox production of Robin Hood, the first announced Hood project which sparked Hollywood's recent Robin frenzy. Originally slated to be di- rected by John (Predator) McTiernan, the Bergin film (then known as Adventures of Robin Hood and scripted by Mark Allen Smith) was switched to the TV track when the Costner project began shooting first. With McTiernan as executive producer, John (Ghost Story) Irvin directed on loca- tions in England and Wales (not in Northern California as once planned and earlier reported here). It'll be a theatrical release everywhere except the U.S. where Robin Hood will premiere on Fox Broadcasting Company's new movie night (slated to air on Mondays) either this month or in early May. That's, naturally, a few weeks ahead of the release of Prince of Thieves (see page 40). NOSTALGIC SCI-FI & HORROR ON VIDEO! Terror is a Man A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE IN MOTION PICTURE TERROR! •THYSSEN-brRR Sinister Cinema W) With over 1000 shock filled titles available. Sinister Cinema is truly the leading source for your favorite sci fi and horror oldies on video. Just send $2.00 for our eye popping catalogue, or receive it free when you order any of the following films at the low price of . . . $16.95 miE 1 . Night Of The Living Dead 1 968 (mint, best video available) 2. Jack The Ripper 1959 3. Night Tide 1961 4. Giant of Marathon 1960 5. The Devil's Messenger 1961 6. Tormented 1 960 7. Terror Is A Man 1 959 Please add S2.05 per title for packaging, handling, and postage. Specify VHS or Beta. Sorry, not available in PAL. Make checks or money orders payable to: Sinister Cinema P.O. Box 4369 dept S Medford. OR 97501 Questions ??? Call us at 503-773-6860 Visa & Mastercard Accepted They're very much in love. And they're also very much dead. They're Meryl Streep and Albert Brooks, finding love in the afterlife in Defending Your Life. Brooks wrote and directed this metaphysical comedy/fantasy/love story, which opens this spring. Lovely Uma (Adventures of Baron Munchausen) Thurman is Bergin's Maid Marian. Also in the Hood cast are Jurgen (Dune) Prochnow, Edward (Never Say Never Again) Fox and Jeroen (The Living Daylights) Krabbe. With two Robin Hoods shot, there's nothing left in the quiver for the other Hood films. Tri-Star's Robin Hood (the "serious" adventure from Ed Zwick & Marshall Herskovitz of thirty something) is in limbo. Shooting had been scheduled for last September, but it never started. And the long-hoped-for film version of TV's Robin of Sherwood, which had been jump- started to life by all this other Hood activity, is now considered dead. Series star Mark Ryan — who played Nasir (see page 31) — believes it will not be made. Genre TV: Stephen King's Golden Years premieres this fall on CBS. It's a brand new TV series created and mostly written by King (who has already penned the first draft scripts for five of the show's eight episodes). It's described as a "thriller with a fantasy element," a phrase intended, perhaps, to put it in Twin Peaks country. King and Richard Rubinstein (of Laurel Entertainment, which is producing the show) serve as co-executive producers. Family Dog— slated to be a CBS mid- season replacement — is already barking its way to possible success. With 13 half- hour episodes produced, the network has ordered five more scripts. Co-executive producer Dennis Klein previews the series in COMICS SCENE #19 (on sale now). Character Castings: The Addams Family has two other members: Christina I (Mermaids) Ricci as Wednesday and Jimmy Workman as Pugsley. Bloodi Simple's Dan Hedaya is also in the film as j a shady lawyer. Sequels: Shooting was supposed to j start this month or in May on Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. (Yes, that's j the same sub-title that director Nicholas Meyer used for a while on his previous j Enterprise outing, Star Trek II. By the way, it's a Shakespearean phrase from Hamlet as in "death, the undiscovered country, from whose bourn no traveler returns"). It's all but certain that Trek VI can not be ready for release any earlier than December. A spring 1992 premiere — missing the saga's 25th anniversary celebration — is more likely. Freddy' s Dead: The Final Nightmare is the slightly altered title for Nightmare on Elm Street VI. Rachel Talalay has directed this sequel (due this fall) in which Freddy (Krueger) does indeed meet Eddie (Scissorhands) — Robert ("V"') Englund is back as Krueger while Johnny Depp, re- cently seen in Edward Scissorhands and a cast member of the first Nightmare on Elm Street years ago, has a cameo. The movie's final sequences — though this may yet change — are planned to be filmed in 3-D. And yes, though this is supposed to end the nightmares, Englund does have an option in his contract regarding an Elm Street VII. Roseanne Barr and comedian hubby Tom Arnold also have cameos. And in a bit of inspired casting, fans will at last meet Freddy Krueger's daddy dearest. He's played by Alice Cooper. — David McDonnell FILM FANTASY CALENDAR All dates are extremely subject to change. Movies deemed especially tentative are denoted by asterisks. Changes are reported in "Updates." May: Suburban Commando, Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves. Spring: Switch, Highlander II, The Pit & the Pendulum, Defending Your Life. Summer: Mom & Dad Save the World, RoboCop 3, The Fisher King. June: The Rocketeer. July: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, 101 Dalmatians (re-release), Rock-a-Doodle, Radio Flyer, Bill & Ted II. August: Beastmaster II: Through the Portal of Time, Child's Play 3. THE tlEXT GE/JEffllTfOn #9251 ENTERPRISE CREW $62 •}(. Actual Pins Slightly Larger #9235 STARFLEET COMMAND INSIGNIA $32 #9501 THE BEGINNING $20 #9505 ENTERPRISE & UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS $16 © 1988 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation . The entire spectrum of the STAR TREK Universe— the crew, their adventures, their symbols— are all captured in these elegant, jewel-like pins. Each one is a distinctive work of art, meticulously crafted in cloisonne. The STAR TREK pins, worn on garments or collected and displayed, will increase in value and sen- timent throughout the years. Pin collecting for fun and profit is an everyday, every year festival for buying, selling and trading. /Zf/7_ ^,- iHEr\ THE tlEXT CEHEHUT/U/I PIN SETS 9251 ENTERPRISE CREW $62 9235 STARFLEET COMMAND INSIGNIA $32 9501 THE BEGINNING S20 9505 ENTERPRISE & UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS S16 INDIVIDUAL PINS 1022 COMMUNICATOR (full size) $15 1150 R0MULAN BIRD-0F-PREY $12 210 SPECIAL 20th ANNIVERSARY S12 1020 COMMUNICATOR (half size) S10 212 STAR TREK THEME S10 1701 HEN ENTERPRISE SB 37 STAR TREK LIVES S8 40 STAR TREK FOREVER $8 . 12 STARFLEET COMMAND (deluxe) $8 . 3 STAR TREK WITH ENTERPRISE S8 . 1501 LOGO (blue & silver) S6 . 1502 LOGO (red) $6 . 15 ENTERPRISE $6 31 STARFLEET COMMAND (black) $6 36 STARFLEET ENGINEERING $6 45 STARFLEET SCIENCE S6 1080 UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS LOGO S6 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER! STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 POSTAGE Please add $2 for each order to cover postage and handling. Overseas: $5 per order in US funds only. Total enclosed: $ NAME . STREET: CITY: _ STATE: _ _ZIP: Collection ize: 5" $35 ere are tne latest addition the STAR TREK Pin Collection —including pins made especially to commemorate the release of STAR TREK V: THE FINAL FRONTIER. Each pin is an authentic work of art, elegant and jewel-like, meticulously crafted in cloisonne. JAR TREK pins, worn on garments or collected and displayed, will increase in value and sentiment throughout the years. Pin collecting for fun and profit is an everyday, every year festival for buying, selling and trading. Actual pins larger. DISPLAY CASE THEME Pins ^Cfu&d <&c£/£o STimflEK STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION Pins 953 Size: 3" $20 afcta, ij>6zaaic&' 1090 NEXT GENERATION iHfsa I 1088 NEXT GENERATION Branch Pins ISEUtnSRCOHWABDl SOLD OUT HTGOHII Starfleet Command Sol Sector (maroonl $6 ^ 9701 STAR TREK V Logo 16 STAB TREK V Pins 9705 STAR TREK V \ on Symbol SS SFC EXEC INSIGNIA Pins 9703 STAR TREK V Symbol 16 9710 STAR TREK V I ' Enterprise in triangle J8 9720 Galileo Lettering J6 Clip or Copy STAR TREK V Pins 9701 STAR TREK V Logo $6 9703 STAR TREK V Symbol S6 9705 STAR TREK V on Symbol $8 9710 STAR TREK V with Enterprise In triangla $8 971 1 STAR TREK V with Enterprise on top $10 9716 STAR TREK V with Galileo on top $10 9717 GaNteo wtth Ship S10 9729 Galileo Lettering $6 STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION Pins SO 1088 NEXT GENERATION Crew $6 1090 NEXT GENERATION Starfleet Command $8 1805 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (green) $6 1806 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (maroon) $6 1807 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (yellow) $6 1809 Starbase 74 $6 STAR TREK Branch Pins 61 Military $8 62 Security $8 63 Marines $8 64 Medical $8 65 Hdquarters $8 66 Intelligence $8 , 67 Material $8 ' 68 Colonial Operations $8 6g Personnel $8 70 Communcatlons $8 71 Merchant Marine $8 72 Engineering $8 SFC EXEC INSIGNIA Pins 21 Command Dlr white $6 22 Engineering Olv yellow $6 23 Operations Dlw orange $6 24 Security Div red $6 25 Medical Div green $6 26 Science Div blue $6 DISPLAY CASE THEME Pins 950 Size: 5" S35 953 Size: 3" S20 STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Send cash, check or money order payable to Starlog Press Sim TREK Pin Spectacular! Please add $2 for each order to cover postage and handling. Overseas: Add $5 per order in US funds only. 1. Enter cost of pins: 2. Enter postage & handling charge: 3. Add lines #1 and #2: Total enclosed: Name: . Street: City: State: _ -Zip: Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. , 1989 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation. SF Directory Assembled by LIA PELOSl Please note: Inclusion here does not indicate en- dorsement of any club or publication by STARLOG. And STARLOG is not responsible for information or spelling errors in these list- ings or changes in membership fees and privi- leges. Always write first to any organization, including a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to confirm membership/sub rates and the club or publication's continued existence. Attention: Not listed here? It is not our over- sight. You haven't sent information to us. Note: This is now a one-time-only (per year) listing. Please write to SF Directory, STARLOG. 475 Park Avenue South, NY, NY 10016. Provide all pertinent info on club/publication type, sanc- tioning, mailing address, yearly dues or sub- scription rates and membership kit. To facilitate inclusion, please provide info in the style that follows, typed double-space. These will be listed free at STARLOG's discretion. FAN CLUBS SPIRIT OF SHERWOOD A Robin of Sherwood appreciation society. Sanctioning: Richard Carpenter Address: Spirit of Sherwood 1276 W. Marshall Ferndale, MI 48220 Yearly dues: $10. Membership includes: Bi-monthly zine, cast bios, credit lists, button and color laser print of the cast. BUCK ROGERS: BATTLE FOR THE 25TH CENTURY FAN CLUB A role-playing fan club. Sanctioning: None Address: Josh Jacob R.R. #1 Box 75 Congerville, IL 61729 Yearly dues: $6. Membership includes: An information package on the game .including a character sheet and a 10" x 4" character drawing. Ten issues of our monthly newsletter that includes fan art, fan let- ters and a classified section. JACKSONVILLE SUPPORTERS OF BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Sanctioning: None Address: Jacksonville Supporters of Beauty and the Beast 7222 Poinciana Avenue Jacksonville, FL 32217 (904) 733-7218 Yearly dues: $15. Membership includes: Information package, 12 monthly newsletters, open invitation to all club activities, discounts on club merchandise and special events. PROJECT QUANTUM LEAP Sanctioning: None Address: Project Quantum Leap P.O. Box 77513 Tucson, AZ 85703 Yearly dues: $15. Membership includes: Quarterly issues of Project Quantum Leap's newsletter. The Observer, featuring the latest QL news. Members also receive a Project pass, photo and buttons. THE UNITED WHOVIANS OF TUCSON Sanctioning: None Address: The United Whovians of Tucson FUN NETWORK EDITED by EDDIE BERGANZA APRIL FOOLS OK, if you don't want to settle for the Tiny Toons version of the Enterprise crew (from "Duck Trek" by animator Ken Boyer), Paramount Home Video has a new number to call to get classic episodes of the original and the movies on tape. That's 1-800-445-3800, ask for operator #258. That's all, folks. P.O. Box 77513 Tucson. AZ 85703 Yearly dues: $12. Membership includes: A one-year subscription to TARDIS Time Lore, a quarterly publication, including news and fiction. Active members re- ceive a membership badge. Meetings twice monthly. WARP NINE A general science fiction club that covers all aspects of the genre. Sanctioning: None Address: Warp Nine c/o Chris Chattier 6330 Belherbe St. Leonard, Quebec Canada HIP 1G5 Yearly dues: $8. Membership includes: Eight issues of Warp Nine's fanzine. Contains convention listings, trivia, episode guides and news from a continually growing fan network. Offers a free trial issue for those interested. Write for more info. INTERNATIONAL STEVEN SPIELBERG FAN CLUB Club devoted to the director and his films. Sanctioning: None Address: Steven Spielberg Fan Club P.O. Box A64 Huddersfield HD4 5AL England Yearly dues: UK: £9, EEC: £12, America $24, Australia/Canada: $28, Asia: £13, Others: £16. Membership includes: Color membership card, 4 SSFC color magazines, exclusive competi- tions open to members. Rare memorabilia for SPACE 1999 4 NEW 1-Hour Episodes: Voyager's Return - Guardian of Piri - Matter of Life & Death - Earthbound »11i 9 TECH Volumes 1-6. Entire Macross Saga $11 ta 9 $69" STAR TREK Original T.V. Series Any Volume $9.95 , /Video lyikrcfianf 1800) 334-4268 P.O. Box 1029, Inyokern, CA 93527 Send for FREE Catalog To order Videos, send check or money order; or phone toll free. 2-5 wks. delivery. S&H Cost Per Order S75.00 or Less $3.95 S75.01-S150-00 $2.95 S150 01 & up WE PAY CONVENTIONS Questions about cons listed? Please send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the address listed for the con. Conventioneers: Send all pertinent info no later than 5 months prior to event to STARLOG Con Calendar. 475 Park Ave. South. NY. NY 10016. STARLOG makes no guarantees, due to space limitations, that your con will be listed here. This is a free service: to ensure a listing in STARLOG— nor here but else- where — contact Connie Bartlett (212-689-2830) for classified ad rates & advertise there. APRIL DREAMWERKS April 6-7 Cleveland Hilton South Independence, OH Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: Michael Dom 6 David McDonnell COLLECTOR'S EXPO April 6 Holiday Inn Gainesville. GA Dana Pinkard 2549 Redmond Circle Rome, GA 301 61 (404)234-8210 TECHNICON 8 April 12-14 Donaldson Brown Center Blacksburg, VA Technicon 8 c/o VTSFFC P.O. Box 256 Blacksburg. VA 24063-0256 (703)953-1214 Guests: Diane Carey & Greg Brodeur DREAMWERKS April 13-14 Holiday Inn Conference Center York. PA Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: Walter Koenig & David McDonnell CONDUIT April 19-21 Quality Inn Salt Lake City. UT CONduit c/o Dave Powell 2566 Blaine Avenue Salt Lake City. UT 84108-3359 (801)467-9517 Guest: Barbara Hambly l-CON April 19-21 State University of New York Stony Brook, NY I-Con P.O. Box 550 Stony Brook. NY 11790 (5161632-6460 FAX: 516-632-7519 Guests: Frederik Pohl. Larry Niven. Jack Williamson. David Kyle. Tim Hildebrandl. Julius Schwartz. Jonathan Frakes. Tom Baker. Majel Barrett & Harlan Ellison DREAMWERKS April 20-21 The Irem Temple Wilkes-Barre. PA Dreamwerks see listing above Guests: George Takei # David McDonnell DEMICON II April 26-28 Howard Johnsons Des Moines. IA DemiCon II Dept. F P.O. Box 7252 Des Moines, LA 50322-7572 Guest: Joe Haldeman CON-COURSE April 26-28 Jugendgastehaus Hamburg-Horn, Germany Dagmar Trutzel Winterhuder WEG 67 2000 Hamburg 76 Germany Guest: John de Lancie MARCON 26 April 26-28 Hyatt Regency Columbus, Ohio Marcon 26 P.O. Box 21 1101 Columbus, OH 43221 (614)2-MARCON Guests: Lois McMaster Bujold. C.J. Cherryh. Juanita Coulson. Peter David & Melinda Snodgrass BOISE FANTASY ARTS CON IV April 27-28 BFAC P.O. Box 8602 Boise. ID 83702 (208)454-2835 TREKFEST PALM BEACH April 27 Sheraton Inn West Palm Beach, FL Trekfesl P.O. Box 17825 Plantation. FL 3331 8 (305)474-7300 Guest: Michael Dom COLLECTOR'S EXPO April 27 Holiday Inn Birmingham. AL Dana Pinkard 2549 Redmond Circle Rome. GA 30161 (404) 235-2179 or (404) 234-8210 TOY, SF & JAPANIMATION April 28 Holiday Inn East Indianapolis. IN Andy Holzman 8088 Hoover Lane Indianapolis, IN 46260 (317)251-2339 TREKFEST MIAMI April 28 Park Plaza Hotel Miami, FL » sec Trekfesl listing above Guest: Michael Dom MAY ROC-KON 15 May 3-5 Holiday Inn at Otter Creek Little Rock, AK Roc-Kon 15 P.O. Box 45122 Little Rock. AK 72214 (501)370-0889 ANCLICON IV May 3-5 Holiday Inn Renton Renton. WA Anglicon IV P.O. Box 75536 Seattle. WA 98125 (206)672-1300 Guest: Julian Glover CONTRAPTION KAIZEN May 3-5 Troy Hilton Troy. MI Contraption P.O. Box 2285 Ann Arbor. MI 48106 Guests: Frederik Pohl & Dr. Elizabeth Anne Hull GALLIFREY ONE: THE SEQUEL May 3-5 Pasadena Hilton Hotel Pasadena, CA Gallifrey Conventions P.O. Box 712188 Los Angeles, CA 9007 1 (213)841-2544 Guests: Colin Baker. Nicholas Courtney. John Levene. Barbara Hambly. Garfield & Judith Reeves- Stevens, Larry Niven & Larry Stewart DREAMWERKS May 11-12 Holiday Inn Westport St. Louis, MO Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: George Takei. Colm Meaney & David McDonnell ALUANCECON II 2nd Italian Star Wars Con May 16-19 Republic of San Marino Italy Alliance CasellaPostale4ll-C.P.O. 41 100 Modena. Italy 14 STARLOG/May 1991 OASIS 4 May 17-19 Gold Key Inn . Orlando, FL Oasis P.O. Box 616469 Orlando. FL 3286 1-6469 Guest: Robert Asprin FANCORIA'S WEEKEND OF HORRORS May 18-19 Airport Hilton LA.CA Creation 145 Jericho Turnpike Mineola. NY 11501 (516)746-9626 Guests: Clive Barker. Bill Butler. Optic Nerve FX. Tony Gardner. Tony Randel & FANGORIA's Ton; Timpone SEATREK May 26-31 S.S. Britanis to Mexico 1865 Brickell Avenue. Box E Miami. FL 33 1 29 (800) FAN-TREK Cabins are still available 1 6 Star Trek guests LANDTREK May 31-June 2 Miami South KOA Miami, FL Landtrek c/oCapt. Deborah Nelson 7010 W. 2nd Way Hialeah.FL 33014 (Benefits KOA Kare Kampers— children with cancer) THUNDERCON May 31-June 2 Central Plaza Hotel Oklahoma City, OK ThunderCon 2019 Beaumont Norman. OK 7307 1 (4051329-0835 Guests: Colm Meaney & Russell Bates SON OF HERNE'S CON (ROBIN OF SHERWOOD CON) May 31-June 2 Risley Hall. Cornell L'niversity Ithaca, NY . Heme's Con 3419 Irwin Avenue Riverdale. NY 10463-3720 Guests: Richard Carpenter. Mark Ryan. Nickolas Grace & Michael Praed. Special archery competition FORRYCON May 31-June 2 Airport Hotel Kilbernie, Wellington New Zealand Forrycon P.O. Box 27432 Upper Willis Street Wellington, New Zealand Guest: Forrest J Ackerman JUNE X-CON 15 June 7-9 Marc Plaza Hotel Milwaukee, WI X-Con Ltd. P.O. Box 7 Milwaukee. WI 53201-0007 (414)444-8888 (414)445-7835 SOUTH OF OZ June 14-16 Hyatt Orlando Hotel Kissimme, FL South of OZB&B Con 8042 Cleaves Road N. Ft. Myers. FL 33903 (407) 263-M99 Guests: Roy Dolrice. Jay Acovone & Ellen Geer FREE-CON 12 June 15-16 Fresno County Plaza Fresno, CA Free-Con 614 E. San Joaquin Tulare. CA 93274 (209)688-7160 Free Admission ARKANSAS FAN CON IV June 15-16 Camelot Hotel Little Rock. AR United Trekkers of Arkansas 1419 Look Street Little Rock. AR 72204 (501)663-0282 Guests: Jean Lorrah & Shirley Maiewski VULKON FLORIDA FANTASY FAIR June 21-23 Altamonte Springs Hilton Orlando, FL Vulkon P.O. Box 786 Hollywood. FL 33022-0786 (305)457-3465 Guests: Colm Meaney. Dick Durock. Mark Goddard & Dave McDonnell CON-FEDERATION ONE June 21-23 Hospitality Inn South Calgary, Alberta Con -Federal ion SF Society P.O. Box 22222. Bankers Hall Calgary. Alberta Canada T2P4J6 Guests: John de Lancie & Robert Grcenberger MICHICON CAMEFEST June 21-23 Southfield Civic Center Detroit. MI Metro Denoit Gamers P.O. Box 656 Wyandette. MI 48192 Art: Mike Fisher ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 MUM! ©T'S EPWAR.P SClS50fcHArJD5 cousisl, BoSBY SLBN0BR3U7T! purchase. Personal replies, free badges and stickers throughout the membership year. THE VOID Sanctioning: None Address: T.L. Turner 11791 79A Avenue Delta, B.C. Canada V4C 1V7 Subscription rates: SI 5. Membership includes: A quarterly newsletter containing SF/fantasy articles, short stories and artwork. STAR TREK CLUBS U.S.S. POLARIS NCC-1839 A local chapter of Starfleet. the International Star Trek Fan Association, serving fans in the Cincinnati and Hamilton, Ohio area. Sanctioning: Starfleet, the International Star Trek Fan Association Address: Recruiting Officer USS Polaris NCC-1839 6091 Ricky Drive Fairfield, OH 45014 Yearly dues: None for Polaris. $10 per year for individual membership in the parent organiza- tion, Starfleet. (Family memberships are avail- able at reduced rates. Write for more info.) Membership includes: Membership card, memo pad, handbook, year's subscription to bi- monthly newsletter, the Communique, and the opportunity to attend the Polaris' monthly meetings and participate in other events and ac- tivities. STARSHIPS OF THE THIRD FLEET An interactive club of space enthusiasts that en- joys action in the Star Tre k universe. Ship's crews participate in missions and operations as assigned by 3FHQ. SS/3F operates a Third Fleet Academy which offers several degree programs. The newsletter, 77ie? Third Dimension, is pub- lished quarterly. Sanctioning: None Address: Third Fleet Headquarters Box 710219 Santee. CA 92072-0219 (619) 449-0965 Yearly dues: $20, introductory membership: 6 months, $11. Membership includes: Orientation, member- ship card, duty orders certificate, rank certifi- cate, by-laws and Third Fleet Academy info. U.S.S CONFEDERATION NCC I798-A A Star Trek: The Next Generation fan club. But classic Trek is never ignored. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Confederation NCC 1798-A Attention: Communications Officer 166 Strachan Avenue Suite #1. Toronto, Ontario Canada M6J 2S9 Yearly dues: $35 (Canada). Membership includes: Laminated security ID card, crew certificate (suitable for framing), patch, sticker, ship photo, monthly newsletter Warped Mail (for rate card, mark envelope "W.M."), access to U.S.S. Confederation computer BBS, bridge crew photo and more. Send SASE (outside of Canada $.50) for intro letter and official application form. U.S.S. MAGELLAN NCC-2594 Tampa Bay's newest Star Trek club. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Magellan NCC-2594 c/o Joseph Yost P.O. Box 1605 Sarasota, FL 34230-1605 (813) 755-8392 Membership includes: Interests in Star Wars, Doctor Who and Alien Nation, plus any other SF. In search of people who love SF novels, movies, TV and role-playing games. cussic TREK MEETS TASHA YAR> She's r3e,3^> Jim. NojUiaVU she's alive/ Mo , she's dead ao^io — wai-t...// U.S.S. NIGHTWING The International Star Trek fan association. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Nightwing NCC-4025 7804 N. Matanzas Avenue Tampa. FL 33614 For more info, write to the above address. STARBASE 10 A non-profit Star Trek fan organization. Canadian chapter of Starfleet Command. Its mission is to promote the Star Trek philoso- phy and to foster an understanding of SF and the need for space exploration. Sanctioning: None Address: Susan Keeping 52 Thorncliffe Park Drive Apt. 601 Toronto, Ontario Canada M4H 1K5 Yearly dues: $12. Membership includes: Bi-monthly newsletter, The Echo, Starbase 10 stationery, address list of members. Send SASE for info. Canada only. U.S.S. SOL NCC-1733 Sanctioning: None Address: Acting Captain Dona Namet P.O. Box 55370 North Pole, AK 99705 Yearly dues: $8. Membership includes: Four issues of quarterly newsletter, A Fistful of Credits, handbook, crew roster, ship promotion exam, club I.D. card and membership certificate. STARFLEET USA Starfleet USA is a role-playing club for every- one from age eight to 19 who loves Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation. nti Shocking Proportions PROUDLY PRESENT LOS ANGELES JUNE 1991 TERMINATOR S JUDGMENT DNd THE CONVENTION A Convention For Fans featuring The Stars and Production Team in Person! For complete information on this once in a lifetime event please send a stamped self addressed envelope to CREATION, 145 Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, New York 11501. Attention: TERMINATOR 2. Or call (516) SHOWMAN, business hours EST. "ZiafM says a\\ you have ^o £o \S straiten "this Kid out. Koui tou^F> Cou\di rt be? :haL Art: Leah Rosenthal Sanctioning: None. Not affiliated with Starfleet, the International Star Trek Fan Association. Address: Fl. Adm. Mark Higgins 4228 Cherry Hill Lane OKC, OK 73120-8119 Yearly dues: None. Membership includes: Starfleet USA personal- ized membership card with your name, rank, rank insignia, position and restrictions. A place on one of the many ships in Starfleet. The first 100 will be given positions on ships with the rank of Commander and up. SCIENCE FICTION CONTINUUM v Catalogue of SF, Fantasy, & Horror J Japanimation ROBOIsQF 1 9 each THE NEW GENERATION- See the terrible Invid invasion and thedestruction of the REF fleet. Each tape contains three episodes, the entire series is eight tapes. Volumes 1 and 2are available. Volume3willbeavailablesoon! $29.99 This English language version is letterboxed andinVHSHIFI. AURA THE MOVIE $14.99 each 7ILLI0N From thestudio that produced ROBOTECH. A human colony faces annihilation and their only hope are the mysterious alien Zillion guns. One episode pertape, 5 tape mini-series. Volumes 1-3 are available! volumes 4 & 5 will be available soon. Call toll-free to order - (800) 232-6002 VHSonly. We accept Mastercard & Visa. Shipping charges for continental USA: 1 tape - $4, 2 tapes - $6 $1 .50 each addl tape. AK, HI, PR, and Canada call for shipcharge. Canadacall (908)755-2331. Allowthreeto siiweeks for delivery. Send $1 fora catalogue. Mail to- S& J Productions P.O. Box 154 Colonia, N J. 07067 s. KveryTape Is Brand New& FaclorySealedH y FAN PUBLICATIONS LEGEND #3 An international Robin of Sherwood fanzine. Sanctioning: None Address: Janet P. Reedman 1036 Hampshire Road Victoria, B.C. Canada V8S 4S9 Subscription rates: $16.50 (US), $17.50 (Canada), £10 (UK). For US/UK orders, add $2/£2 if airmail desired. QUANTUM QUARTERLY A newsletter featuring photos, episode guides, merchandise, fanzine listings and the latest info on Quantum Leap. Sanctioning: None Address: Quantum Quarterly c/o Jim Rondeau 1853 Fallbrook Avenue San Jose, CA 95130 Subscription rates: $6 (US) 4 issues, $9 (overseas) 4 issues. LONESTAR TREK #2 A Star Trek fanzine. Sanctioning: None Address: Laurie Haynes/Jan Meek P.O. Box 189 DeRidder, LA 70634 Subscription rates: $18 FC, $25 OS airmail. Subscription includes: High quality format genzine. Action-adventure, relationships sto- ries. Color cover. Approximately 200 pages. Primarily Classic Trek, with one ST:TNG story included. For more info, send SASE. THE PICARDIAN \| A newsletter/zine for Patrick Stewart fans. s Sanctioning: None * Address: Marilyn Wilkerson I 829 S.E. Riverside Drive t Evansville, IN 47713 Subscription rates: S8 (US), $9 (Canada), $11 (overseas). Subscription includes: Eleven issues of The Picardian, containing fiction and nonfiction, poetry and filksongs, news and rumors. THE TREKZINE TIMES The Trekiine Times is a quarterly newslet- ter/letterzine featuring news, reviews and arti- cles on writing, editing and illustration by some of the most familiar names in fandom. All Star Trek genres featured. Sanctioning: None Address: Forever Productions P.O. Box 75. Cooper Station New York, NY 10276 Subscription rates: $12 (US), $14 (Canada). $16 (Europe). POWER STAR Monthly fanzine covering SF and fantasy in all media. Features short stories. Interested in re- ceiving stories and art by fans of Star Trek, Max Headroom, Beauty & the Beast, Quantum Leap, War of the Worlds, Doctor Who, etc. Sanctioning: None Address: Jerry Seward 3421 Fulton Street Saginaw, MI 48601 Subscription rates: $5 per issue, $30 for six months. CLOUD CITY: A SAFE PORT FOR STAR WARS FANS Sanctioning: None Address: Fiorenzo Delle Rupi 96 Via XX Settembre 06100 Perugia, Italy Subscription rates: Send SASE with two International Reply Coupons for foreign subs. Subscription includes: Six issues of Cloud City containing color covers, blueprints, fic- tion, news, free stickers and gifts. Italian- printed zine, but with special volumes in English. The association is looking for foreign contacts and collaborations. TRILOGY TIMES A bi-monthly, non-profit newsletter for Star Wars and Lucasfilm fans. Features interviews, special effects, articles, previews of Lucasfilm projects. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: $10 (US, Mexico), $11 (Canada), $13 (overseas) for one year (six is- sues). Send SASE for more info and order form. Captain Picard discovers a malfunction in THE HOlODECK COMPUTER WHEN HE ENTERS HIS FAVORITE "DlXON HILL* DETECTIVE PROGRAM ONLY TO FIND.. STAR WARS FANS UNITED An annual fanzine with stories, artwork, pho- tographs and more by Star Wars fans from around the world. Send a SASE if you would like to contribute to future issues. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: 1988 issue: $11 (US), $11.50 (Canada), $14 (overseas); 1989 issue: $13 (US), $13.50 (Canada), $16 (overseas); 1990 issue: $12 (US), $12.50 (Canada), $15 (overseas). BEHIND THE MAGIC A quarterly, non-profit newsletter for Lucasfilm fans. Each issue focuses on a different division of Lucasfilm and LucasArts Entertainment. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: $7 (US, Mexico), $8 (Canada), $10 (overseas) for one year (four is- sues). Send SASE' for more info and order form. NEW WORLDS OF WONDER! FANGORIA Still horrifying after all these years! The magazine of movie terror features the bloody best photos, makeup secrets & chilling interviews with the horror all-stars of movies, books & video! •iJwSo«2!2lSISS&l 1 eDan« s \| (/antia may* 1 •m-: :iema ""SBSB'' Salute oa SFclassic STABMAN Episode guide STAR TREK Michael Dom theKlingon way DICK TRftpY Investigating the movie 'WANETOFTHEAPES m . Dwabuiiga! -KTRACY .Win pimi! ^nnnil?' S8y 2e * no tomorrow I Every colorful issue explores the science fiction universe! Look for the latest news, movie & TV previews, special FX secrets ana exciting interviews with ac- tors, writers & direc- tors! COMICS SCENE America's hottest comics publication presents amazing previews of new comics & in-depth interviews with their incredible creatorsl Plus all the latest comics movies & TV shows! J I 5$* 3 \\ Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG COMM. INTL., INC. 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 STARLOG S0»pa$E 8* km hk. GOREZONE All the splatter that matters on the world scream scene! Uncensored horror videos! Controversial interviews! Plus fabulous fright fiction & extra-gory giant posters! It'll make your flesh crawl! NAME ADDRESS CITY 12 issues/ year $34.47 (Foreign: $43.47) FANGORIA 10 issues/year $24.47 (Foreign: $33.47) COMICS SCENE 6 issues/ year $17.99 (Foreign: $23.99) GOREZONE 4 issues/ year $11.99 (Foreign: $15.99) Total Enclosed: $ STATE ZIP Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery of first H you do not want to ait out coupon Foreign orders, sand U.S. funds only, will except written order. It's a matter of life & death when the "Car warriors" race. In the world of tomorrow, it's not how many miles per gallon your car gets — it's how much firepower it carries. This is the world of Car Warriors, a new four-issue limited series from Epic Comics, by Chuck Dixon and Steve Dillon. Based on Car Wars, a bestselling board-and-role- playing game by Steve Jackson Games, the action takes place in a dark future, where a devastating grain blight has led to mass starvation and the collapse of civilization. Travelers must rely on heavily arrned and armored vehicles to stay alive, and profes- sional "autoduelling" is the sport of choice for the hungry masses. Chaco "Mad Mex" Vasquez is one of the country's top autoduellists. Offered a shot at the infamous DeLorean Run in Michigan, with the prize being a fabulously valuable supply of a new super-grain, Vasquez ac- cepts when he learns the people responsible for his parents' murders are helping huge U.S. food corporations shut the race down. "It's a chase-and-revenge story," says Chuck Dixon. "The villains are a gang called the Vikings, who are very much out of 18 STARLOG/Mtfv 1991 By DREW BITTNER Chaco's past. That's a major thing for him to deal with. Also, the food corporations don't want this grain out threatening their monopoly, so they're obviously not happy about the Run." Chaco won't be out on the Run by him- self. Dixon says there's plenty of competi- tion for the big prize. "We've got Diamond, a tough female character; she's in this to save her family's farm. There's the Wysocki family, who [editor] Carl Potts described as 'The Simpsons on acid,' and a cyberpunk charac- ter named Mecha-Shan, who's virtually built into his car... there are many autoduellists in the Run." Dixon says. Dixon made full use of the Car Wars background as written in the game to create his story. Although he had never played Car Wars, he says he was struck at once by the humor of this post-apocalypse Earth. "The material has given me lots of Like the Steve Jackson games, the comic has unique characters that players may want to adopt. ideas." Dixon admits. "It's very detailed and has loads of fun stuff to play with, a very rich background, but also has enough gaps for me to fit my own things in and give them room to develop. That's one thing that ap- pealed to me. Another was the sense of hu- mor, which was great and really set this work apart from the crowd of Mad Max knock-offs. A project like Car Warriors is right up Dixon's alley. He's best known for ac- tion/adventure comics including Alien Legion, Punisher, Black Terror and Racer-X. He's also writing another upcoming Robin mini-series for DC. "This is definitely my kind of stuff and I think Carl and [editor] Marie Javins thought it would be something I could do and have fun doing. The way they work with me on a book is just to turn me loose," he says. "My stuff is all seat-of-the-pants writing; maybe I should pretend to be like other writers, say 'Oh, yes, I've got two years of continuity in mind and more,' but I don't. It's hit or miss. Sometimes it really works, sometimes not, but it all remains fresh." What decided him on this book, however. was Steve Dillon being signed to pencil it. "Steve did a really great Judge Dredd story with werewolves awhile back, and I've been a big fan of his work. When Carl and Marie came to me with the idea for this thing, I looked it over and found some good reasons to take it, but when they said Steve TK4T CAUHON IS H00<&7 up to A cygeeuiNK UNIT. vVHAT£Vg(2 va&qu&z cak see & In these days of thunder, Chaco "Mad Mex" Vasquez is the top competitor professional "autoduelling." His weaponry has just been upgraded. was pencilling, I felt like, 'Well, why didn't you tell me that in the first place?' And he has done some great stuff for this book too — very sharp and realistic. He has made it look like a junked-up future with all these great extra things thrown in." For Dixon, one major difference in doing this project was working from an established background. Dixon says he argued with him- self at length over whether to call Steve Jackson Games for consultation and finally decided against it. "I thought about it for two weeks," he says, "and the decision I made was just to write it and let them blow it apart if they didn't like it. But they seemed pleased by my stuff and only made a few corrections, some dialogue and things like that. I got along well with the game company, though: they have a 'garage band' feeling that made me relax some. It was pretty easy to work with them, but I felt like I could over-re- search this with them and, if I got too con- fused with background, then I would feel hemmed in. "We've all worked hard to make this something that should appeal to both comics readers and gamers. Comics have frag- mented so much that nobody buys every- DREW B1TTNER, New Jersey-based writer, examined Wild Cards in COMICS SCENE SPECTACULAR #3. v »^ ! S5£5Sr wtTt-i°Jr f * B ~- STARLOG/May 1991 19 ONZALO WG%gi 111 I Mi The action isn't what would call graphically violent" thing on the market; you have to go out and grab the guy on the street with something he'll want to read. The gaming parts of the comic are all pretty entry-level and should be a good way for comics readers to get in- volved while hopefully being something the gamers will want to add to their game." The characters in Car Warriors all start out somewhat before where a group of play- ers would begin an adventure, just to estab- lish their backgrounds and so on. but Dixon says he had in the back of his mind that the book's heroes might be useful to gamers. "This is gaming come to life. I could hope that some people would adopt these guys for their own games. If they do, that's the most complimentary thing that could happen for me," Dixon says. "I think it'll be a successful project, really the sort of thing Epic is looking to do. The action isn't what I would call graphically violent, but the lan- guage is a little raw in places. It's PG-13, meant to appeal to maybe a bit older audi- ence than some of the mainstream comics; hopefully, in this kind of book, I can take more time to do characterization without losing anybody. And, since the game sells well, the game and the comic can help each other out." If the book does well, Dixon admits to having some ideas for an ongoing story. "The tension between Chaco and Diamond would help move the story along. Their relationship is a major element with me, the idea of these incomplete people putting themselves back together, healing the wounds and going forward. Also, I would love to do something a little more urban, like a race set in New York or somewhere like that. With all the things in that world al- ready, I can dig out plenty of things to use. Now that the characters are established, all I have to do is make up situations to throw them into," Dixon says. "If the book does well, I would like to go on writing it; I've enjoyed it tremendously. "This is really unlike anything I've done," Chuck Dixon admits. "It isn't over- whelmingly grim, though it isn't a very nice world. There are some people here who are good at heart and have to be violent to sur- vive, but this isn't nihilistic 'nothing is worthwhile' stuff. I did that and I'm past that stage in my life now. This is sort of Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome instead of Mad Max, where the message was that humanity is scum. Just because of what it is, Car Warriors has its tragic side, but there's a glint of light at the end of this tunnel, a ray of hope." <fe STARLOG/Mav 1991 Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of Star Trek with THE STAR TREK STARS! STEWART VANCOUVER.CAN. APRIL 27-28, 1991 Pacific National Exhibition TICKETS AT TICKETMASTER. OR AT THE DOOR or CALL (516) 746-9626 to charge tickets by phone CREATION SALUTES LEONARD ■■ NIMOY DALLAS TEXAS MAY 4-5, 1991 PARK PLAZA We're quite pleased to welcome Leonard back to the " convention scene" with his first appearance in quite a time. Tickets are S17.00 daily in advance. S20al the door. Preferred reserved seating for the weekend is $60 and this will give you "up front" seating for the weekend, all weekend! To reserve seats or order advance tickets using MASTERCARD or VISA call toll free (800) TV ALIVE between 10:30am andSPM EST weekdays. MARINA SIRTIS: "TROI" CINCINATTI AREA ON MAY 18-19, 1991 AT THE DRAWBRIDGE INN (KENTUCKY) BUFFALO NEW YORK ON JUNE 8-9, 1991 AT THE RAMADA RENAISSANCE DEARBORN, MICHIGAN ON JUNE 29-30 AT THE CIVIC CENTER (along with NICHELLE NICHOLS and RICHARD ARNOLD) HONOLULU ON OCTOBER 5-6, 1991 AT THE NEIL BLAISDELL CENTER. DALLAS ON OCTOBER 19-20 AT THE PLANO CONVENTION CENTER along with MICHAEL DORN CALL TOLL FREE (800) T.V. ALIVE DURING BUSINESS HOURS E.S.T. TO ORDER TICKETS WITH CREDrT CARDS. ALL OF THESE CONVENTIONS OFFER SPECIAL SINGLE DAY RESERVED PREFERRED SEATS: SO ORDER SOON TO GET BEST SEATS! ______^__^_____ i ___ l _ 1 MICHAEL DORN: "WORF ii • PROVIDENCE R.I.: MARCH 23-24 OMNI BILTMORE HOTEL • EUGENE, OREGON MAY 25-26 AT THE RED LION • DALLAS OCTOBER 19-20 AT THE PLANO CONVENTION CENTER WITH MARINA SIRTIS Order tickets with Mastercard/Visa: (800) TV ALIVE business hours EST. Tickets on sale at door also. i>^r JE, All Conventions Sponsored By WRITE YOUR CABLE OPERATOR TODA Y TO RECEIVE THE ALL SCI-FI CABLE NETWORK! • Star Trek Dea\ex% • Star Trek 6 News » Next Generation Uptates • Auction • Sci-F't Film Prevtews • Surprises! TVI O 1^ jE GREEN BAY WISCONSIN MARCH 30 EMBASSY SUITES WITH MAJEL BARRETT RODDENBERRY... EVANSVILLE, INDIANA APRIL 6-7 AT THE EXECUTIVE INN WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... 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DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 1-800-228-4246 4 NEW DARK SHADOWS VOLS. 61-64 RESURRECTION OF BARNABAS COLLINS VOL. 1- $29.95 /V 1 m IN BEST OF DARK SHADOWS 30MINS. -$9.95 ii J BEST OF BARNABAS COLLINS UVUU 30MINS. -$9.95 HOME VIDEO 105 MINS EACH TAPE VOLS. 2 - 4 EACH $29.95 VOLS. 5-64 EACH $19.95 ASK ABOUT OUR DARK SHADOWS VIDEO CLUB To order call 1-800-228-4246 or send check or money order including $3.00 per tape or $6.00 per set shipping/handling to : DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 5323-A ELKHORN BLVD SACRAMENTO, CA 95842 Questions call 1-916-331-8370 VHSonly. PAL transfers available. Catalogs $4.95 or free with order. CA residents add 6.5% sales tax. A NEW DIMENSION IN SCI-FI FUN! Simply touch your telephone for the latest in Science Fiction Fun and News •FUN! •GAMES! • MUSIC! • INFORMATIVE! •PRIZES! • SUPRISES! No matter what your interest in Science Fiction is, be it, Television to Conventions or Fantasy to Quantum Mechanics you will find many informative and fun topics of interest. For the latest and greatest in Sci-Fi Fun and happenings simply call., THE SO- 900-370 7370-72' CONNECTION SCI-FI 370-7243) S2 for the first minute, and $1 each additional minute. Kids, get your parents permission before calling. © Corbin Communications - 1991 FROM THE MIDGE Designing Fan Science fiction fans live in a world of starships and scientific creations, a world of interplanetary travel and alien beings, a world of imagination beyond the ordinary, a world of futuristic dreams. For most fans, science fiction is not a casual interest; it is a thrilling obsession which fills their hearts and minds. The wonderful world of science fiction is, in a word, exciting. In many ways, it is an ideal world. Fans not only enjoy that world, they live in it. But fans also live in the real world and it is, in many ways, less than ideal. When college loans must be repaid, when apartment rent comes due, when the stomach starts to growl, fans face the necessity of getting a job. Sadly, they frequently settle for jobs which are dull and mundane. They may love excitement, adventure and imagination, but they leave those quali- ties at home when they go to work each day. They may enjoy challenging problems and radical ideas when they read for pleasure, but they fill their days with meaningless routine. They may admire heroes of courage and strength, but they settle for jobs which turn them into everyday wimps. The result is that many science fiction fans split the world into two realms: the ideal and the practical. Their mind resides in the ideal realm, while their body resides in the practical realm. They resign themselves to the tragic conclusion that those two realms never shall be one. This dichotomy is of their own construction. It is not the nature of reality which is to blame for the uninspiring pattern of their lives, it is their own lack of belief in the practicality of their ideals. Not every fan resigns himself to a dull and mundane career. Some find a way to turn their ideals into a salary-earning activity. Some design their lives so that their passion becomes their profession. One such person is a young man who, like most of us, has been interested in SF from his earliest childhood. Let's call him Paul. Paul grew up in a small upstate New York town, and the family would often create entertainment for themselves by driving to the local airport, parking and watching the airplanes take off and land. Most kids would find that boring, but Paul loved it. When he was in kindergarten, Paul took his first airplane ride, and he was fascinated by the efficient design of the interior passage accommodations. He loved the compact arrangement of the bathroom and the controls and conveniences of the seats. As he grew, so did his interests in space. He followed the activities of the NASA space program avidly, and he was fascinated by photos and diagrams which showed the astronaut cabins small and tight, yet practical and efficient. When he saw 2007 ; A Space Odyssey, he couldn't take his eyes off the interiors of the various space crafts. He loved the way seats and passageways and facilities were designed to fit around humans, to provide comfort and to maximize easy use. These interiors were no mere fantasy vision to Paul, they were realistic solutions to problems. In third grade, Paul began reading Jules Verne, and soon after that, he discovered The Martian Chronicles. In science fiction books and movies, Paul was intrigued by descriptions of spaceships, by details of alternative civilizations, by imaginary everyday technology, especially situations which human comfort was provided within extreme constraints. When he went to college, Paul majored in architectural design and civil engineering — logical subjects which grew out of his fictional interests. One day, Paul saw a notice in Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine: Boeing was looking for designers. When he finished college, he wrote the company, was interviewed and, because his grades were good and his training appropriate, was hired. He has now been with Boeing for over 10 years and is Engineering Supervisor for Passenger Accommodations on 747 's and 767 's. "If I were living a hundred years from now," Paul smiles, "I would be designing the interiors of spaceships, but air- planes are the spaceships of today. I'm about as happy as I can imagine, because I'm doing the next best thing to my dream job." Paul's world is not divided into two realms. He has turned his ideals into practical- ity. He has made his dream come true. It is never easy to do this and it is more difficult for some than for others, depend- ing on the individual circumstances, but it is possible for every human to convert his childhood pleasures into a practical career. That's the way in which we bring the ex- citement, adventure, challenges and imagination of the science fiction universe into our Monday through Friday lives. That's the way in which we turn ourselves into the hero we admire in books and movies. When an individual designs his life so that it includes maximum happiness, that is success. — Kerry O'Quinn Explore the history of science fiction in Order now while back issues last! #2 Gene Roddenberry. Space: 1999 EP Guide. Logans Run. War of the Worlds. $15. #3 Space: i 999 EP Guide. Nichelle Nichols. George Takei. DeForest Kelley. $6 Million Man. $15. #4 3-D SF Movie Guide. Richard Anderson. Outer Limits EP Guide. S25. #5 3-D Film history. UFO & Space: 1999 EP Guides. S10. #6 Robert Heinlein on Destination Moon. Star Trek Animation Guide. Fantastic Journey. $15. #7 Star Wars. Rocketship X-M. Space: 1999 Eagle blueprints. Robby. $15. #8 Harlan Ellison. Star Wars. TheFly.$\5. #10 George Pal. Ray Hanyhausen. Ralph Bakshi. Isaac Asimov. $10. #11 CE3K. Prisoner EP Guide. Incredible Shrinking Man. Rick Baker. Stuart Freeborn. $5. #12 Roddenberry. Doug Trumbull & Steven Spielberg on CE3K. Dick Smith. $4. #13 David Prowse. George Pal on The Time Machine. Logan s Run EP Guide. $4. #14 Project UFO. Jim Danforth. Michael O'Donoghue's Saturday Night Live Trek parody. $4. #15 Twilight Zone EP Guide. Galactica. Richard Donner. This Island Earth. $4. #16 Alan Dean Foster. Phil Kaufman. Fantastic Voyage. Invaders EP Guide. $4. #17 Steven Spielberg. Gene Roddenberry. Joe Haldeman. Ralph McQuarrie. $4. #18 Gary Kurtz on Empire. Joe Dante. Dirk Benedict & Richard Hatch. $4. #19 Ralph Bakshi. Roger Corman. Gil Gerard. Maren Jensen. Star Wars, Body Snatchers. CE3K FX. $4. #20 Pam Dawber. Kirk Alyn. Buck Rogers. Superman. $4. #21 Mark Hamill. David Allen. George Romero. Lost in Space EP Guide. Buck Rogers. 54. #22 Lome Greene. Noah Hathaway. Veronica Cartwright. Special FX careers. ALIEN. $4. #23 David Prowse. Dan O'Bannon.Dr. Who EP Guide. The Day The Earth Stood Still. ALIEN. $4. #24 STARLOG's 3rd Anniversary. William Shatner. Leonard Nimoy. $6. #25 Ray Bradbury. Star Trek: TMP. The Thing. $4. #26 Ridley Scott. H.R. Giger. ALIEN. Gerry Anderson. $4. #27 Galactica EP Guide. ST.TMP. Black Hole. ALIEN FX. Nick Meyer. $4. #28 Lou Ferrigno. Wonder Woman EP Gu^. $4. #29 Erin Gray. Buster Crabbe. Buck Rogers. $4. #30 Robert Wise. Chekov's Enterprise. Qttestor Tapes. Stuntwomen. $4. #31 Empire. 20,0 Under the Sea. Chekov's Enterprise 2. $4. #32 Sound FX LP. Buck Rogers & Trek designs. Chekov's Enterprise 3. $6. #33 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea EP Guide. Harlan Ellison reviews Trek. $4. #34 Tom Baker. Irv Kershner on Empire. Martian Chronicles. Buck Rogers. $5. #35 Billy Dee Williams. Empire & Voyage to Bottom of Sea FX. $4. #36 STARLOG's 4th Anniversary. Gary Kurtz. Nichelle Nichols. David Prowse. Glen Larson. Yvette Mimieux. 56. #37 Harrison Ford. Persis Khambatta, Terry Dicks. 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S6. #165 Available March. S6. #166 Available April. S6. #167 Available May. S6. #168 STARLOG's !5th Anniversary. Out in June. S7. #169 Available July. $6. #170 Available August. $6. Director Greg Beeman takes time out from shooting a wacky procession for Mom & Dad Save the World. "For me," he says, gesturing at the green, gold and purple set, "this is the perfect movie to be doing. When I was 15. I saw Star Wars, and from then on. I wanted to make movies. 1 went to the USC Film School because George Lucas went there. I always wanted to do comedy, action and science fiction, and this is one of the rare movies that blends all of those in a format that takes itself seriously." "Seriously?" wonders the visitor from STARLOG. The setting is a goofily or- nate hall, with big blue windows and metallic golden walls. At the far end of the room, over a purple throne sur- Photo: Ben Glass rounded by gilded basketwork. is a huge banner: "BRAIN POWER— EARTH 10%, SPENGO 100%!!" Around the throne are attendants: the men have the heads of bulldogs, the women, fish faces graced with lipstick and long curling eyelashes. ^ By ^ There are enormous, heroic statues of Jon Lovitz apparently holding up the hall. As intended, it all looks like a bizarre — but consistent — cross between the visual styles of Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi and Grinch pal Dr. Seuss. Seriously? Yep. asserts Beeman. "This is a legit- imate science fiction comedy. It's not a spoof in any way. It's a rare script," he marvels, one written by Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson of Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure fame. "There's a lot of action, a lot of very funny parts, a lot of big comedy, a lot of subtle comedy, and a chance to do really fun special ef- fects — and these big sets," which were designed by Craig (The Blob) Stearns. Mom & Dad has a great deal of talent in front of Jacques Haitkin's cameras, as well. Mom is Marge Nelson, played by Teri (Mr. Mom) Garr; Dad is Dick Nelson, portrayed by Jeffrey (Beetlejuice) Jones. Tod Spengo, the insecure megalomaniac ruler of the planet Spengo — he named it after himself — is Saturday Night Lire's Jon Lovitz. Monty Python's Eric Idle (STARLOG #142) plays the imprisoned -5^ o STARLOG/Mav 1991 25 XK former ruler of this out-of-the-way, backward planet, unceremoniously tossed into a dungeon by Spengo. "And Wallace Shawn," adds Deirdre Sullivan, associate producer of Mom & Dad Save the World. "He's a trip, he's very funny. He plays an executioner — oops, I shouldn't say that," she corrects herself. "His name is Sibor; he's supposed to execute Dad, but he doesn't have the heart. He's a great, funny, Spengoian-type character." Scripts & Stories Everyone on the set keeps comparing Mom & Dad Save the World to other movies, and curiously enough, all the comparisons seem apt. It's a bit like The Wizard of Oz, with some Alice in Wonderland touches, not to mention overtones of The 5.000 Fingers of Dr. T and a smidgeon of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Sullivan adds that the script "is a real myth, and that was one 26 STARLOG/May 1991 of the things that we really concentrated on. The fact that it's called Mom & Dad Save the World means it can really refer to any mom, any dad; I think the title being generic really fits into the whole mythic aspect." There are certainly elements of both Oz and the Dr. Seuss-designed Dr. T in some of the other costume concepts. Clusters of extras prepare for a big pro- cession in the throne room. There are butchers, bakers and probably candle- stick makers among the throng. There are soldiers grandly called "Destroyers" in asymmetrical purple and green uni- forms (the left side of the helmet is green, with a ridge; the thin right side is purple). Artists in smocks and berets and big foulard ties ready for the march, car- rying giant palettes smeared only with purple and green paint. Everyone has elaborate Oz-like hairdos, sculptured and stiff, in curlicues and waves. All hail Tod Spengo (Jon Lovitz), absolute ruler of the planet Spengo — he named it after himself. Director Beeman, who previously helmed License to Drive, cheerfully gives away the plot of his movie. "It's about a middle-aged couple who live in a tract house in Woodland Hills. Dad goes to work every day, and Mom is a very cheerful, peppy person. Dad is basically a lump: he has lost his zest for life." Later, Jeffrey Jones adds to that description of Dad. "He's fairly discour- aged," says the actor, "in a mid-life cri- sis with no outlet at all. His kids don't respect him, he's doing badly at work, he doesn't like adventure or change. He's eating Fritos all the time, and doesn't know why spicy food doesn't agree with him. He has got a very bad back. He doesn't exercise; to get the paper, he drives the car down the driveway and back. He doesn't like unusual things." "Meanwhile," says Beeman, "at the opposite end of the galaxy is a teeny tiny planet called Spengo, not really even a planet, more of an asteroid." (Jon Lovitz says it's "the size of Gatalina.") "Its leader, who has named the planet after him (though he won't admit to this), basically has planet envy. He wants to destroy Earth because Earth is larger than Spengo, and won't put it in any of their astronomical charts. He has built this gigantic laser, with which he's planning to destroy Earth. As he's lining up his sights, saying goodbye to the things about Earth he admires, through his high-powered telescope, he suddenly spots Mom out by the pool exercising, in her J.C. Penney sweats. Spengo im- mediately falls madly, passionately in love with her. He must have her." Mom & Dad don't get along very well any longer. They decide to take a 20th anniversary vacation to Santa Barbara in hopes of rekindling their romance, when Spengo uses his magnet-shaped Magno- Ray to pull their 1989 Ford Crown Victoria off to the planet Spengo. "Dad is thrown into a dungeon." continues Beeman, "while Mom is taken to a pent- house," without knowing where Dad has gone. "She finally realizes that Spengo intends to marry her and that her husband is in great danger." Dad, meanwhile, has met the former emperor in the dungeon, from which the Earthman manages to escape. In the sew- ers below, he encounters the Lub-lubs. Special FX makeup supervisor Tony (Darkman) Gardner vividly describes them as "ambulatory penises, little mushroom characters. Their bodies com- press like springs, and they have a big webbed foot on the bottom. They're real cute, but it's misleading — that smiling mouth on their heads is just a blowhole. The real mouth is under the lip of the mushroom heads, and their whole head D«C= P "Dad [Jeffrey Jones], who is incredibly mediocre on Earth, on Spengo is the smartest, most vital, most irresistibly sexy guy," notes Beeman. It's apparent that the rebels, Dwier Brown and Kathy Ireland; aren't terribly bright. ^0'fl~0"0"6'5Xfl"6"g'6'0' o 'a"u"0"C-6-5-0"SXSXg"5"6"S"iroinrrTS'"5'T5 5 S 5 6 & 6 fl u 6 6"6'6"6"0"6"6-g * iinitiitttiitititiiiii nuiii The Death Cart scours the desert for Dad and the rebels and reveals why Spengo's inhabitants have been cited as "the stupidest people in the universe." pops open like a pop-top can. The real mouths have two rows of teeth, and the teeth can distend like a shark's. They look really cute, and you want to go pet them, but then, they open up their heads and go for blood." After Dad manages to escape from the dungeon, out in the desert he teams up with the rebels, "who are played by Dwier [Field of Dreams] Brown and Kathy Ireland, the Sports Illustrated cover girl," Beeman explains. "The problem with this planet is that it's a planet of incred- ibly stupid people, even the good guys. The rebels' main weapon is the rock." (Dad wears a bandolier with small rocks in place of bullets.) "Dad, who is incred- ibly mediocre on Earth, on Spengo is the smartest, most vital, most irresistibly sexy guy. He mounts the rebels to attack the fortress." using The Trojan Tod. This is a big wooden statue of Spengo that says "In Tod We Trust" on the front. Dad shrewdly figures that Tod, much given to gigantic statues of himself, can't possibly refuse yet another one. And yes, says Beeman, at last. Mom & Dad do save the world. Earthlings & Aliens Over on another set a few days later, Teri Garr. dressed in her Spengonian wedding gown, is tied up at the controls of the gigantic laser cannon, which re- sembles a cross between a potato and a "This is a legitimate science fiction comedy. It's not a spoof in any way, stresses director Beeman over a barbecue Lub-lub lunch. pig's tail. She must sit there patiently for hours as Jones and Lovitz have a swordfight all around her. Jones and Lovitz are working out the duel, coming up with comic bits of busi- ness. Neither, of course, is exactly Cyrano de Bergerac or D'Artagnan, and they kind of hack away at one another. Lovitz. as Spengo. is a spoiled brat of a leader, and when Dad begins getting the upper hand, petulantly says, "Stop it. Stop it!" as if it's all just a big game that he's supposed to win. This set is quite remarkable. Continuing Craig Stearns' overall color scheme of metallic golds, purples and greens, and still looking like a blend of Dr. Seuss's eccentric, curvy designs and 28 STARLOG/Mav 1991 ^r^^^r^^^r^^r^r ##&^###ir# »K :x>c IX JC 3>C Gaudi's massive, flowing, organic shapes, it's a big circle, tilted on its side, one edge higher than the other. At the control end of the big laser cannon — one switch is helpfully labeled "more" and "less" — there's a flight of steps, like huge, roughly-stamped coins, leading up to Spengo's small sanctum. Having been designed by Spengo the Dweeb, the rail- ing runs up the inside of the staircase; one slip and he could dash out what little brains he has. It's up here that the vain, strutting little egomaniac keeps all his key gear. He's actually bald, no eyebrows even; just as he's a creepy little jerk passing himself off as the planet's ruler, he's re- ally a hairless man pretending to be as a hirsute hero. The room has gilded walls, mirrors, stands for the wigs, an odd thing like a wheeled toaster crossed with an iron, and an enormous lounge covered in purple paisley fabric. Spengo has no taste, either. When it's suggested to Jon Lovitz that he's a lead player for the first time, he is careful to add, "I would say I'm one of three leads myself, but it is my biggest part by far. This is the first time that I've had a part where my character actually motivates the whole movie." He's especially pleased to be working with his friend Teri Garr. "I met her when she hosted Saturday Night Live in 1985, and we've been friends since then. She's terrific, you know. I feel lucky that she's doing the movie: I feel like she's doing me a big favor. She's really funny, and she's a really fine actress, so that only makes me look good. Having scenes with her is fun; I'm learning stuff from her, too." Jeffrey Jones is quite tall, an agree- able, friendly man who seems like the type to swap funny actor stories with (see the interview with him in STARLOG #132). Clad in leather like a gladiator, with that bandolier of stones, he looks both heroic and absurd. "I started think- ing, 'What am I doing here?' " he says. "What I like about the script is that it's very imaginative, and it has a good ba- sis, too. It has character development. which of course every actor likes to see. Its humor isn't based on anything de- structive or insulting. It's very silly, but not stupid." Comedy acting, Jones asserts, is not distinctly different than dramatic acting. "It's all problem-solving. Here's the problem, here's the script, here's the set, and here are your characters. How do you keep the pace up, keep the thrust of the story continuing? I'm not out there mak- ing a conscious effort to be funny \<$r The creatures of Spengo walk through hallways whose architecture has been heavily influenced by Dr. Seuss to give it that modern idiot look. STARLOG/Mav 1991 29 K. xxz SMC >itC MK ^k: MK IXJC XK XK MK :x>c XK don't think. 'Hey, maybe if I do a big look like this' " — he bugs out his large eyes — "boom, like a Rodney Dangerfield imitation, that will be funny. Well, that's not how it works. It's funny when it's appropriate to the scene as written and played." As described, Solomon and Matheson's script does sound well-bal- anced, giving each of the characters BILL WARREN, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, is the author of Keep Watching the Skies! Vols. 1 & 2 (McFarland, $39.95 each). He previewed She-Wolf of London in STARLOG #162. strong, clear traits. Mom's strongest trait is her friendliness. "Mom is a very caring, warm person," says Beeman. "Wherever she goes, she gets people to- gether. On this planet, there are two types of serving creatures who live in the palace. The men are all bulldog- heads, the women are all fishheads. There's a fishhead and a bulldoghead whose marriage is on the rocks; Mom gets them to sit down and talk to each other, and gets them back together." Critters & Carts In charge of these servile critters is Tony Gardner, who's rapidly become one of the most sought-after special makeup FX wizards in movies. Referring to the mechanical masks, he points out that with the dog performers, "we get to use their own eyes, so we can get some emo- How could you have "something com- pletely different" without a Monty Python alumnus? Eric Idle appears as the deposed Emperor of Spengo. tion. But the heads of the fish characters are completely mechanical. The actors are almost blind; they have to look through the mouth opening. We're basi- cally at the mercy of mechanics. With appliance makeup, you can go back in and clean up edges, and it's really easy to keep your actors cool. But when they're wholly enclosed in this thing, they're at everybody's mercy." Gardner has nothing but praise for the little people in those mechanical cos- tumes. "They're excellent; we've had so much fun with them. Their attitude is great. I think in casting the little peo- ple, they chose the best actors possible. They're really expressive in the suits, they love to use body language. The heads they're wearing weigh over five pounds, and they're turning their heads around a lot, looking all over the place, really sweating up a storm." As with some of his associates, Gardner has been taking his work home with him in unusual ways. "I had a dream. I went into a grocery store where there were fish on ice, but they were these giant fishheads; they had snaps at the backs of the heads, and you had to get all the snaps closed, and overlap the scales, and when the scales were all over- lapping, their eyes bugged out." But, he adds, "the film looks really cool in dailies; it looks cute, and funny, and it's really a change of pace for me." Still, Gardner is back in Valencia, California, where he worked on The Blob, and back in another sewer designed by The Blob's Craig Stearns. His design this time, says Stearns, is to indicate that the people of Spengo "are supposed to be the stupidest people in the universe, so they have a very free-flowing kind of ar- chitecture. We make them stupid, but not too stupid; we use a lot of Dr. Seuss, which has an idiotic look, but his things look as though they would work. There's a kind of logic in it. We can't just make it bad design; we have to make it their own design." To illustrate, Stearns shows off the real, full-sized "Death Cart," which Spengo's "Destroyers" scour the desert in, looking for Dad and the rebels. From the front, it looks vicious, with its huge cannon and a vaguely fishy look. But from the side, you can see that although it has huge wheels up front, it's actually hauling four uncomfortable-looking little carts. It looks authentically ludicrous and quite funny. If Greg Beeman and his workers can capture on film the experi- ence of simply looking at this magnifi- cently loony cart, Mom & Dad Save the World could be a delight. ■& 30 STARLOG/Ma)' 1991 • ByJEANAIREY Originally, he was supposed to die. And it wasn't going to be a quiet death. He was, after all, originally a villain, an assassin named Edmund, working for an evil sorcerer. His task was to slay Robin of Sherwood. But just as he was about to commit that dark deed, the heroic Little John put an arrow through him. Or at least that's how it was in writer Richard Carpenter's original script. And that was the intention during the initial filming of the first Robin of Sherwood episode. But everyone liked actor Mark Ryan and the character he played. Nasir. "The character Nasir didn't even exist at all, it was called Edmund the Archer," Mark Ryan recalls of the first day's filming. "I arrived on the set and Ian Sharpe, the director, said to me. 'It's not Edmund the Archer anymore. It's Nasir the Saracen, and we want you to fight this guy with two swords.' It just happened that I had done a bit of swordfighting with two swords. They were going to kill me in the second hour. "But the producer decided to keep me on. Having made that decision, they gave them- selves a problem: There was absolutely no background material for this character! So, [Richard] 'Kip' Carpenter, the writer, who's a very, very clever and talented man, an ex- actor himself, said to me, 'Look, go away and research this stuff and come up with some ideas and I'll stick it in.' That's how I ended up in the series. I went away and researched the whole Arab background. Obviously, Kip used that material and stuff he researched himself. And it worked very well. So. I thought I was going to do two hours and ended up doing 26." Foreign Forests Nasir. Ryan explains, evolved from close cooperation between Carpenter, himself and the costumes and props departments. "In the first six episodes, there wasn't any back- ground. So. if you haven't got much to say. you can concentrate more on building up the costume, the props, and the things you can do with the props. As I was going about on the As a warrior far from home, Mark Ryan fought alongside "Robin of Sherwood." l ^r^k"^ ■ Jr-\. STARLOG/May 199J 31 set in the first episodes. I was just playing with the costume, playing with the idea of the knife throwing and the sword playing. "That's basically how that side of the character evolved. If you look at the episodes in order, you'll see that happening. I had a very strong idea of what this character should be. right from the word 'go.' Kip had said to me. 'Look. I'm going to give you some dialogue. Don't get worried if there's not much, it works with the character.' And he's absolutely right. When he did write dialogue that I thought I could do without. I cut it. I cut." he says emphatically, "most of the dialogue I had. The only dialogue I couldn't cut was the Arabic because." he laughs, didn't understand it! I didn't know what I was Though unable to continue with Robin of Sherwood, Ryan has teamed with Mike Grell for this year's Green Arrow Annual, which features familiar faces. Green Arrow Art: Shea Anton Pensa/Trademark & Copyright 1991 DC Comics Inc Photo: Showtime saying half the time." Not only did Ryan not know what he was saying, he found that although he worked very hard on the pronunciation, one time his verbalization of what should have been "None shall pass" came out. according to one listener, as "someone has stolen my rowboat." The single line he ever added, however, wasn't in English. "In the last episode with "There are seven archetypes there," explains Ryan as to the enduring Robin Hood attraction. "People can associate with any of those seven archetypes." very emotionally charged by it because we knew it might be the last time. We were losing Michael. The camera crew were crying. There was one point where the cameraman had to stop because he had tears running down his eyes. It was very emotional." As disappointed as the cast and crew were with the departure of Praed. who originated the role, the series continued as Jason Connery assumed Robin Hood's mantle. Meeting their new "leader" was a pleasant surprise for Ryan. "It wasn't that difficult because Jason is a really nice guy. We knew what we were doing. We had done a lot of it by then so we as a unit were tight and it was more difficult for Jason. With him, it was a different kind of energy, but I think it still worked." Ryan hesitates. "What endeared Jason to me was the fact that we were very cruel practical jokesters . on each other as well as anybody else that came onto the set, and Jason took it all with good part and listened to us. He integrated into the group. Obviously, when he was acting, he was the leader, he was Robin Hood, but amongst his peers, he was our equal. He wasn't the star. That helped a lot. He's one of the nicest guys I ever worked with. If my dad were James Bond, I would be a complete bastard," Ryan grins. Arabian Archery Making the show proved to be a learning experience as well. "I was bom in Doncaster in south Yorkshire and I was brought up as a kid romping around Sherwood Forest playing in a hollow oak tree something like 1400 years old which they say was Robin's meeting place. So, I knew of the Robin Hood legend because it was something I lived with. Obviously. I had seen all the old films, but I thought Robin was just a vagabond in the forest. The idea of the old Celtic god romping around in the woods never occurred to me at all." Ryan believes that part of the attraction of any Robin Hood series is the appeal of its characters. "There are seven archetypes there. People can associate with any one of those seven archetypes. And a group mind. People either connect with one of the archetypes or with the group mind. And." he continues, "it's good against evil." He also believes their series was unique. "It was the closest presentation of what life was like in those times. They did a lot of re- search to try to get it right. People weren't clean, they were dirty, and grotty and cold." "If my dad were James Bond, I would be a complete bastard." Michael Praed when we were in the hut and I said. 'Salaam al laikum. Robin" — that's the only line I added in the entire series." That particular scene was difficult to film. Ryan adds. "We were all crying, we were all But the series was also criticized for some of its realism. "There was a lot of upset about some of the violence in the series. Life is violent. I'm in two minds about that. I do believe that if you're going to show somebody getting an arrow through them, you should show it gory and nasty. People will go, 'That's the last thing I would want to happen to me.' Because on the whole, arrows don't kill instantaneously. You die through gangrene and it's nasty and grotty and horrible. And that would have been truthful. But then, you get people going, 'You can't show that kind of stuff because no one's going to accept it.' Well, no one is supposed to accept it — violence is quite nasty. So, they sanitized that. I don't believe TV violence affects people so they want to go out and shoot people. They either want to go out and shoot people or not." Although working with the humans on the series was enjoyable, the livestock weren't Mark Ryan shows off why he was one of the Merry Men as he exposes "the highest paid eyebrows in television." always as cooperative. "There was this one episode where I was riding a horse and I had to nock up the arrow, loose the arrow, miss the stuntman who's behind me and then stop the horse. But in those particular situations, the horse gets charged up and it's very difficult to rein them in. And I had. obviously, to let go of the reins to put an arrow to the bow and besides that, no stirrups — in case I had to bail out, I could just roll off the side of the horse." Ryan started the run to find out that the horse quickly developed its own ideas about what the stunt should be. "The horse was so charged up that 1 couldn't get hold of the reins, the horse was charging down the track like a lunatic. One of the horse guys stepped out into the track, went. 'Stop.' The horse stopped, and I went 14 feet through the air and he caught me!" Another time, Ryan's horse developed its own script altogether. "The horse decided it was home time and decided to head back to its stable with me on it. Because STARLOG/Mav 1991 33 When Ryan took up the mantle of Nasir, the character was a blank slate. it was dinner time. It got bored. It just decided, 'I'm off!' I couldn't stop it. It just went all the way back and got in the back of the truck and started munching its oats with me screaming and shouting at it." Emerald Endings At SF conventions, Ryan has worked up a whole repertoire of wacky topics for discussion: worldwide guinea pig farms, flashlights up the nose and, most importantly, dueling eyebrows. He attributes this unconventional convention style to his first con experience at a Chicago-based SCORPIO. "I was in culture shock. I was jet-lagged and culture shocked." He shakes his head, remembering. "I had never seen anything like this before and I was just overwhelmed by the sheer weight of emotional input that people had. For an Englishman, it's sort of shocking to find all these different emotions: love. question — I went on for 25 minutes about my eyebrows, about why I had the highest paid eyebrows in show business. And that was a fact," he says seriously, "because at that time, I did have the highest paid eyebrows in television. Per episode, I was getting paid more money per eyebrow movement than anyone I could think of. "But the thing about the eyebrows having a limo each and the ego battles they would have about who would do what line," he chuckles, "then, got completely out of control and became a legend. About two years later, I went to a convention and there were girls there wearing 'Spirit of Eyebrows' T-shirts. They were having eyebrow conventions." Ryan is disappointed and upset that the on/off Robin of Sherwood spin-off movie is now completely off. "I felt that the film should have been made, could have been made and needed to be made to finish off the whole thing — a logical conclusion for us and for the fans," Ryan says. "And it could have been done. We fought and pushed and tried to get this thing going, but it's just not going to get done and it's not my fault. I won't name names." His frustration with the projected film's dissolution led Ryan to try to fulfill what he sees as his obligation to the fans in a different way — by writing a Green Arrow comic book with Mike Grell for DC. It is a project, he admits, "which I'm very proud of. very bullish about. It's going to be something I'm quite happy about. It'll come out this year. It's not Robin of Shen\-ood. Green Arrow goes back and meets a gang of guys and he becomes the dark man of the sacred oak — very similar to the Son of Heme. And there is a gang in the forest." Another project Ryan has been working on for some time is a film based on the Arthurian legend entitled Pendragon. "It's a big project with some very interesting people interested, important people involved. We're calling it science-sorcery because it's some of the stuff now in quantum mechanics and holographs — time and multi-dimensional universes. So, there's all kinds of stuff in it. I can't talk about it too much except to say it's in development." However, Ryan believes that he has al- ready seen one dream fulfilled. "If I had a dream of immortality, not being egotistical about it, but just in a sense of — well, I made a stamp on that. It would be that in 200 years' "I don't understand people who aren't into talking to the fans, "says Ryan here with an admirer and Michael Praed. "You have to treat them with respect and realize that to them, you are an important part of their life — I feel honored." excitement. ..You could overdose on the atmosphere. It was ridiculous. You could stick an aerial up and fry eggs on it with the power. I was a bit taken aback." This is clearly an understatement, as he continues, "I was almost going home — getting JEAN AIREY, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, is the author (with LAURIE HALDEMAN) of Travel Without the TARDIS (Target, $3.25). She profiled Were Lorrimer in issue #163. 34 STARLOG/May 799/ "if you're going to show someone getting an arrow through them, you should show it gory and nasty." on the plane and leaving. But Michael Keating [a fellow guest, from Blake' s 7], God bless him, said to me. 'We're going to the bar.' And so, we consumed some quantity of various American beverages." He grins. "I felt fine. The second panel we did, Michael launched off into some weird direction when he was asked a question. And I thought, 'I've got it, I've got it. that's it.' So. when someone asked me a question — which was quite a serious time when Robin Hood is talked about, with Little John, Friar Tuck and Will Scarlet, possibly there'll be this Arab character that may be called Nazim or Nasir or Rassir or whatever, and he has become an accepted part of the group. And it didn't take 200 years at all, it took 18 months for the new version [Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves] to have this character. And," says Mark Ryan, "I'm quite pleased about that." -jU. What sets Robin Hood apart from such other central figures of the swashbuckler genre as D'Artagnan and Zorro is that he's a gen- uine folk hero. He's a legendary fighter whose adventures are based in some way on historical figures — not entirely a fic- tional creation of a storyteller like Alexandre Dumas or Johnston (Zorro) McCulley. First mentioned in an edition of Piers Plowman in 1377, cycles of ballads about him existed as far back as the 14th cen- tury. Most are short tales about single in- cidents in Robin Hood's life — how he wins an archery contest in disguise or robs a rich priest who refuses to share with the poor. The characters of Robin, and his chief aides, vary in these stories, many of which originally concerned other heroes, who he eclipsed in fame. Over all, Robin Hood is established as Robin of the Village of Locksley. A yeo- man, a free born man — neither noble nor peasant — he's outlawed for poaching deer and killing a royal forester (in self-de- fense). And that's where the adventures begin. Legends of Hooded Men Robin's popularity comes from his humiliation of such figures as the Sheriff and the Abbot, who were hated as tax col- lectors and enforcers of petty laws. While not a noble himself (in most legends), Robin Hood represents chivalry's ideals, demonstrating personal honor, generos- ity, courage and loyalty to the Crown. To England's commoners, an outlaw's life. It's a traditional fight— as Robin Hood faces John Little (soon to be known as Little John) in the quarter-staff duel, interpreted for a Reader's Digest Books edition of the Howard Pyle classic. The Many Adventures of Robinfiood in countless tales throughout history, the outlaw hero has never been far from Sherwood Forest. >ltii h ' By WILLIAM WILSON COODSON JR. j\|i: nun to-iti free of backbreaking farm labor and the daily duties to the lord of one's manor, must have seemed like paradise. None of the Robin Hood ballads are truly subversive. They're critical of cor- rupt and incompetent officials, but they also stress loyalty to the feudal system, and to the divinely anointed king. The May Day celebrations which in- voked Robin Hood and his other tradi- tional companions in games and Morris dances eventually became short plays in the 15th century. They introduced two new characters. Friar Tuck and Maid Marian (also sometimes Marion), while the older ballads spoke of Little John, Will Scarlet (or Stuckly), Allan-a-Dale and George-a- Green. The time frame for these adventures varied — from the reigns of Richard I (1 189-1 199) to Edward II (1307-1327). Then, in 1495, A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode, a biography by Wynkyn de Worde based on the old ballads, was published. The peasant hero became a nobleman. Robert Fitzooth. Earl of Huntingdon. Later (in 1598), there were two legiti- mate plays by Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle which influenced many of Robin's subsequent appearances. In these versions. Robin was the Earl of Huntingdon (or Huntington), driven to live as an outlaw but later pardoned and married to Lady Matilda. The first American light opera, by Reginald de Koven and Harry B. Smith, was Robin Hood. This 1890 production is mainly known today for the song "O Promise Me.'" But the biggest boost to Robin's liter- ary fame came in Sir Walter Scott's groundbreaking novel Ivanhoe (1820). Using the name Locksley, Robin is repre- sented as the leader of the Saxon peasants. Allied with the Saxon noble Ivanhoe, he helps restore Richard I, also known as the Lionhearted, to the throne. Richard re- establishes the justice denied by the Norman nobles while he was away at the Crusades. The introduction of the Saxon-Norman dispute was Scott's contribution to the mythos. Scott also firmly set Robin Hood's adventures during the reign of Richard the Lionhearted where they would remain throughout the saga. At the other end of the literary spec- trum, a series of weekly pulp adventures about Robin Hood began appearing in 1838. Written by Pierce Egan, the French translations entitled The Prince of Thieves were credited (perhaps erroneously) to Alexandre Dumas, creator of The Three Musketeers. The last major source for the popular Robin Hood mythos was Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, a book originally intended for children. Drawing from the ballads, plays and his own imagination, Pyle reshaped events in Robin's life into their accepted form. It is Pyle's versions of Robin's first encounters with Friar Tuck and Little John that resurface in most films. With his re- markable engravings. Pyle's book is an exciting introduction to Robin Hood for readers of all ages. It's still in print — and often re-interpreted by other artists. Archers of the Classics Easily one of the most often-filmed characters in all literature. Robin Hood 36 STARLOG/Mav 1991 1. The screen's first great swashbuckler, Douglas Fairbanks, was the memorable silent Robin Hood, romancing Maid Marian (Barbara Tennant). 2. Errol Flynn epitomized the hero in this 1938 classic — a movie parodied in 1982's My Favorite Year and this summer's The Rocketeer. 3. Basil Rathbone (as the evil Guy of Gisbourne) faced Flynn in a duel that Rathbone would later satirize in 1956's The Court Jester (opposite Danny Kaye). 4. Before Bo was born, husband-to-be/actor John Derek played Robin Hood's son in 1 950's Rogues of Sherwood Forest. 5. Disney's The Story of Robin Hood (1952) prompted a Robin renaissance. The trio is Little John (James Robertson Justice), Robin (Richard Todd) and Friar Tuck (James Hayter). first burst onto the screen in the earliest days of moviemaking. He was seen in five British silent films produced between 1909 and 1913. starring in three and turn- ing up as a supporting character in two Ivanhoes. The third British Robin Hood vehicle. //; the Days of Robin Hood, was filmed on the "actual" location in Nottingham. Two American Robin Hoods also reached theaters in 1912 and 1913, the first of which starred Robert Frazer, a dashing romantic actor of the day. Frazer. who played Rob Roy and even Jesus Christ in early films, became typecast as a villain after the advent of sound and is known today as Bela Lugosi's adversary in White Zombie (1932). The classic silent Robin Hood, directed by Allan Dwan. didn't come along until 1922 (when it was the most expensive film produced up to that time). And appro- priately, it starred the silent screen's greatest swashbuckler. Douglas Fairbanks. Fairbanks firmly set Robin among the nobility. As Robert. Earl of Huntingdon. he saves Lady Marian Fitzwalter (Enid Bennett) from a drunken Prince John (Sam De Grasse). When King Richard (Wallace Beery) leaves on the Crusades. John launches a reign of terror against all who won't swear loyalty to him. Marian escapes, faking her own death. Robin swears vengeance and begins to raise a peasant army. Foolishly, when Robin finds Marian is alive and a prisoner of John, he rushes alone to the castle and is captured (a fre- quent Hood motif). A mysterious knight appears, defeats Tuck in a quarter staff duel, and then leads the merry band in a success- ful assault on the castle. Robin, of course, escapes to help. Revealed as Richard, the knight pardons all the outlaws, exiles John, and unites the lovers. Fairbanks was the originator of the movie swashbuckler in such films as The Mark of Zorro and The Three Musketeers, but he didn't originally want to play Robin Hood. He does seem more interested in the saga's chivalric elements as op- posed to the carefree, exciting lives of for- est outlaws. However, the film's focus is on the action, which the acrobatic Fairbanks certainly provides. Of course, to date, the definitive cine- matic styling of Robin Hood is Warner Bros.' 1938 The Adventures of Robin Hood, featuring the young Errol Flynn (and available from MGM/UA Video). This time, after King Richard (Ian Hunter) leaves for the Crusades, Robin Hood. Baron of Locksley and a Saxon, in- terferes with the plans of Prince John (Claude Rains) and the Norman nobles to persecute the Saxon peasantry. Robin goes alone to Nottingham Castle to confront the Prince, his chief henchman Sir Guy of Gisbourne (Basil Rathbone), and the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham (Melville Cooper). There, Robin is smitten by Maid Marian (Olivia de Havilland). the King's ward. When John announces he's assuming the throne, Robin denounces him as a traitor and escapes. Summoning the peasants, both Saxon and Norman, to join him in Sherwood Forest. Robin leads them to fight for their rights, as freeborn Englishmen. The Sheriff's minions are robbed as they col- lect the new, illegal taxes, and shot down whenever they abuse people. Later, Robin's pride as an archer and desire to show off for Marian compels him to attend an archery contest given by the Sheriff. Robin actually splits the arrow of his last competitor, but is arrested despite his disguise. Marian assists Little John (Alan Hale, who had also played the role in the Fairbanks film) in a last-minute rescue, saving Robin from the scaffold. King Richard returns to England dis- guised as a monk, but John receives word and dispatches an assassin. Marian over- hears the plotters and sends Much the Miller (Herbert Mundin) who stops the King's murderer. Believing his brother dead, John plans to have himself crowned king by the Bishop of the Black Canons. Robin. Richard and their followers disguise them- selves as monks, kidnap the Bishop, and accompany him into the castle. A battle ensues, with Robin triumphant. This classic film had two directors, William Keighley and Michael Curtiz. Keighley helmed most of the exterior scenes, with Curtiz doing the interiors and final editing. Additionally, William Dieterle directed some connective scenes while B. Reeves "Breezy" Eason served as second unit director. More stuntmen STARLOG/Mav 1991 37 Robin & Marian Photo: Copyright 1976 Columbia Pictures/Courtesy Dan Scapperotti worked on the movie than any other film made up till then. The Flynn film (which cost some $2 million) has several ad- vantages over Fairbanks' production: crisp dialogue, Academy Award-winning music (by Erich Wolfgang Korngold) and Technicolor, which gave it an appearance similar to classic book illustrations. Archer Howard Hill, who played Owen the Welshman, actually split the arrow at the tournament. He also "shot" several stuntmen, who depended on his skill to hit their body armor. Sons of Sherwood Like any classic hero, Robin Hood has had his share of sons (and daughters). His son battled through Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946) and Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950), both partially derived from the Flynn version. In Bandit (directed by George Sherman & Henry Levin), Robert of Huntingdon (Cornel Wilde, an accomplished horseman and college fencer) is outlawed by William of Pembroke (Henry Daniell) as part of a plot to seize the throne. Robert raises his father's old band. While most of them look a bit slower, they manage to rescue the boy king Henry III from the castle, with the aid of Lady Catherine .Maitland (Anita Louise). Robert, naturally, is captured. William decides to starve him for a month, before fighting him to the death. In the film's best scene, Lady Maitland swings pack- ages of food from her window to Robert's. At full strength, he faces William while the Merry Men storm the castle. Even better is Rogues of Sherwood Forest, directed by Gordon Douglas in bright Technicolor. It is 1215, and John (George Macready), now the rightful king, is planning to raise taxes and weaken the barons. Robin Hood's son, Robin (John Derek) raises his father's rogues to harry 38 STARLOG/Ma>' 1991 the tax collectors, and when several of the barons are murdered, also organizes them to defy the King. Robin and the barons fi- nally capture John and force him to sign the Magna Carta, which places legal lim- its on his power. It isn't exactly how that historical event happened, but it makes for exciting adventure. Reprising his role from the Flynn and Fairbanks films, Alan Hale is a memorable Little John. He has the last word, inter- rupting his friend Tuck as they watch the young lovers embrace. "Come, all has been said and all has been done," he de- clares, leading the band away into Sherwood and legend, as the crowd cheers. With the Robin Hood mythos squarely in the public domain, it was inevitable that low-budget moviemakers should look to cut themselves in for a bit of the action by churning out their own economical out- door epics. Low-budget legend Sam Katzman's Cinecolor The Prince of Thieves (1948), adapted by Charles H. Schneer (STARLOG #150-52) from the al- leged Alexandre Dumas novel, was strictly a juvenile romp which had the look of a Western transplanted into Sherwood (originally Shire of Wood). Jon Hall, a wooden actor best-known for his kitschy turns in Universal' s Arabian Nights cos- tumers, brought a tongue-in-cheek quality to his performance as Robin. Friar Tuck, played by Alan Mowbray, was in the pic- ture strictly to provide lowbrow humor. Even less ambitious in scale was Hal Roach's Tales of Robin Hood (1951), a pi- lot for a projected TV series which never took off. The setbound 60-minute adven- ture starred Robert (Hideous Sun Demon) Clarke, who had played D'Artagnan (The Three Musketeers) and the Count of Monte Cristo (Sword of Venus) in other mini- budgeted films of the same period. Secretly raised from infancy by Whit Bissell, this Robin Hood's adventures include the ex- pected assortment of evil Norman lords, archery contests, disguises, captures and escapes. Despite theatrical distribution, its TV origins were obvious. Art: Chuck Jones/Copyright 1991 Warner Bros./Courtesy Circle Gallery Art ■^KS^® ■^ °hliM,rnmiulfK kS&sujcDmi* i 6. Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea's David Hedison starred in The Son of Robin Hood. But it was June Laverick who was actually Robin's relative, his daughter. 7. Even legends aren't immortal as Audrey Hepburn (as Marian), Sean Connery (Robin) and Nicol Williamson (Little John) discovered in 1976's Robin & Marian. 8. Jason Connery (left) — Sean Connery's son — continued the family tradition as the second Robin of Sherwood. 9. Robin Hood hasn't been a particularly successful comics hero. That may change if a Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves comic is greenlighted. 10. "Yoicks and away!" Friar Tuck (Porgy Pig) doesn't believe a certain accident- prone duck is really heroic "Robin Hood Daffy" in the classic Chuck Jones short. The Story of Robin Hood (1952) was a major retelling of the saga, directed by Ken Annakin and produced by Disney Studios in England with locations in Sherwood Forest, the first Robin Hood film to be made there. The staging and sets were good, if less grand than the 1938 ver- sion. Richard Todd is the young Robin Fitzooth, who grows into a leader. Joan Rice is a very tomboyish Maid Marian. This version begins in 1190 as the Earl of Huntingdon (Clement McCallin) departs for the Crusades with King Richard (Patrick Barr). He leaves his daughter, Marian, with Queen Eleanor (Martita Hunt) and entrusts his lands to his ranger, Hugh Fitzooth and Hugh's son, Robin. Prince John (Hubert Gregg) and the Sheriff (Peter Finch) hold an archery con- test to help recruit a new personal army. After winning the contest, by splitting his son's arrow, Hugh convinces several men not to join John. So, the Sheriff has Hugh 10. assassinated. When Robin kills the mur- derer, he is outlawed and forms his band of resistance fighters. Robin's group attracts John Little (James Robertson Justice) who defeats Robin in the famous duel on the bridge. In another friendly fight, Robin recruits Friar Tuck (James Hayter). For two years, the outlaws rule Sherwood Forest, communicating by whistling arrows. But when Marian helps Robin outwit the Sheriff and Prince John, she is imprisoned in the castle, prompting the traditional rescue attempt. Eventually, Robin must fight a final duel with the Sheriff on the castle drawbridge as it's being raised. King Richard returns, makes Robin the Earl of Locksley, and orders his ward Marian to marry Robin, which she is most pleased to do. In a return to the origin of the Robin Hood tales, the film is partly narrated by Allan-a-Dale (Elton Haytes), a minstrel singing of the band's adventures. This trick was repeated in 1973 in Disney's hit animated version of Robin Hood, with the rooster Allan-A-Dale crooning about Robin Hood (a fox) and Little John (a bear). Considered by some one of the Disney classics, it's actually a lesser film, a somewhat dull movie, mostly an excuse for various critters to ca- vort around reliving the Robin Hood saga. Among others, Mr. Magoo (on his 1960s' TV series, as Friar Tuck) and Daffy Duck — as "Robin Hood Daffy" (with Porky Pig as Tuck) — also took animated turns with the mythos. Bugs Bunny even met Errol Flynn's Robin Hood in "Rabbit Hood." End of the Merry Men Other British versions, like a four- some from Hammer Films, included most of the popular Robin Hood elements yet failed to strike the proper notes action- wise. The Men of Sherwood Forest (1957), directed by SF specialist Val Guest (STARLOG #162-163), starred American actor Don Taylor in a tale of a foiled assas- sination attempt against the King. Dull beyond words, the made-in-Ireland Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960) had Richard Greene — star of a Robin Hood TV series — as the good-guy robber and Peter Cushing (STARLOG #100) as the Sheriff embroiled in another murder plot against the Archbishop. Terence Fisher directed. Barrie Ingham, a light leading man in British films of the '60s, climbed into the green costume for A Challenge for Robin Hood (1968), in which Robin's own cousin (Peter Blythe) destroys his father's will and lords over his serfs with an iron hand. A subordinate character, the Sheriff of Nottingham is here played by John Arnatt, who had previously essayed the role in the Richard Greene TV series. An unpretentious family film, Challenge drew some audience derision nonetheless, as in a scene where a ribbon borne aloft by a pi- geon is pierced by an arrow — discharged by a blindfolded Robin! Hammer returned with New Zealander David Warbeck as the archer in Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood. An unsuccess- ful TV pilot in 1969, it was eventually re- leased theatrically four years later. Another British Robin Hood film of scant consequence, the misleadingly-titled Son of Robin Hood (1959) actually con- cerned a daughter, played by minor leading lady June Laverick, and aided in this ad- venture by American actor Al (later David) Hedison (STARLOG #108, #145). Cheap- looking despite its color and wide-screen trappings, Son of Robin Hood deserves its obscurity, although the climactic duel be- tween Hedison and the malevolent Black Duke (played by screen veteran David Farrar) is strikingly choreographed — an impressive action scene which seems to (continued on page 76) STARLOG/Mav 1991 39 Robin Ho Prince of Thieves j This time, Kevin costner is the man with the bow and arrow. By ADAM PIRANI We decided we wanted to re-invent the legend, to explain how Robin Hood became Robin Hood, and in order to do so, we came up with a few twists on the origin," says pro- ducer/co-writer John Watson. "Pen [Densham, co-writer/producer] 's idea was that Robin was on the Crusades, that he became a prisoner of war there, and we start the film with a swashbuckling escape from prison, a modern action sequence, which sets the movie's tone. "Then, we bring Robin home — back to England to be confronted by a homeland in a dismal state with King Richard away from the country, in which the Sheriff of Nottingham is not only ravaging and pil- laging Nottingham but actually has de- signs on the whole nation, so Robin Hood becomes a story about the survival of England as a country. "We also wanted to introduce a new character into the legend, and Pen's idea was this Moor, who's a man who was in prison with him and helped him escape, and in the escape, Robin saved his life. So the Moor, because of his Islamic back- ground, believes that he now owes Robin a life and must travel with him back to England until he has saved Robin's life and therefore has become equal. , ADAM PIRANI, STARLOG's British Correspondent, is the author of The Gerry Anderson Episode Guide (Titan Books). He examined A Clockwork Orange in issue #165. \ \ \ \ While the legend has been altered, the love between Robin (Costner) and Marian (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio) remains a strong story element. "So what we have is this fascinating image of a Moor, a sophisticated black man — advanced in the sciences and with a greater body of knowledge than anybody in England had, in the midst of these rus- tic, rural English faces in the forest. "Then, we tell about how Robin comes back and finds his home has been devas- tated and his father falsely accused and hanged. Robin quickly becomes an outlaw and goes into the forest.'' So begins the legend of Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves. "There is a combination of motives in Robin Hood," Watson adds. "There is a personal motive and there is the larger motive. It starts with the personal motive: a desire to set things right, particularly where his father is concerned, because his father has been falsely accused by the Sheriff and so Robin is motivated to avenge his father's death. "In the course of pursuing that per- sonal motive, he discovers the larger mo- tive — that he and his father are only a small example of a larger problem, which is that the Sheriff has been stealing from the poor, has been using the poor as a stepping stone to his own personal ambi- tion and that all around, throughout the country, there is increasing devastation and poverty. Stylishly wicked, Alan Rickman is the Sheriff of Nottingham. "Robin slowly realizes that he has the skills to set things right, and that's when he starts robbing from the rich and giving to the poor — that part of it is the larger motive that Robin discovers in the story's course and that's how he becomes a hero. He must discover within himself the skills and the strength of character to become a hero, a people's hero, which was not his original intention." Out on the backlot of England's Shepperton Studios, Kevin Costner stands talking to director Kevin Reynolds. An as- sistant holds a large, bright umbrella above Costner's head to keep the actor and his costume dry from a slight driz- zling rain. Costner also wears a thick modern jacket over his costume. The umbrella and jacket look incon- gruous, because all around the scene is 12th century England. It's the market town square of Nottingham, overshad- owed by a castle, and complete with mar- ket stalls that display produce and other goods, a well and some 30 12th century ci- tizens dressed in dirty browns and greens. "Move away from the camera, we're going to be firing arrows," — announcing this through his megaphone is assistant director David Tringham. "Rehearsal," he calls out. And now the worlds of reality and fan- tasy begin to blend together. Kevin Costner removes his 20th century jacket to reveal his Robin Hood outfit: studded leather jacket with a brown suede hood, brown leggings and stylishly laced suede boots. He takes hold of a longbow whose height almost matches his own, and the rehearsal begins. Costner runs forward, grabs two ar- rows that are embedded in a fencepost, drops one, takes an archer's stance, and draws as if to fire. End of rehearsal. Returning from his imprisonment after the Crusades with the Moor Azeem (Morgan Freeman), Robin (Kevin Costner) finds his homeland under despotic rule. "I just dropped one of the arrows," the actor says somewhat sheepishly, confirming what the crew had noticed anyway, "but how does it look on camera?" Obviously, it doesn't look quite enough, because they start to move the cam- era forward a few feet to be closer to where Costner stood by the fencepost. The actor, meanwhile, stands warming his hands over a brazier containing logs burning in an open fire. "Last time my hands were this cold was on Silverado," Costner announces amicably to nearby crew members. "Standby," assistant director Tringham's megaphoned voice breaks through the air of the studio backlot once again. Costner goes back to the fencepost and practices grabbing arrows. "Background action, and, run this way!" Tringham shouts through the megaphone, and the crowd of dark-costumed extras run up behind Costner — "and actionV' — Costner starts running with the crowd, catches sight of the arrows in the fencepost, turns back and grabs them, stands and draws — "and cut 1 ." And then they do it again. Two extras in the crowd fall over in the run-up behind Costner and two more fall on top of them. They come over to have their costumes and makeup checked. "I knew this would happen to me — straight in the mud," one says. "I fell on top of her," says another. And then they do it again. And then they do it again, this time with Costner actually firing arrows rather than "Cut" being called right after he has loaded them onto his bow. Two crew members hold up a four foot transparent plexiglass shield to protect the cameraman while Costner fires. The two arrows sail off harmlessly into the mud in the background. And then they break for lunch. Robin & Marian Producer/writers Densham and Watson's company Trilogy — comprising themselves and their third partner Richard Lewis — previously produced Upworid, directed by Stan Winston, and The Kiss, directed by Densham. After Morgan Creek Productions took on their Prince of Thieves script for Warner Bros, distribution, there were two vital factors that helped get the movie made: actor Kevin Costner and director Kevin Reynolds. "We got an indication fairly early on after we had written the script that Kevin had an interest in playing Robin Hood and that he had read our script and liked it." Watson says, "but he wasn't prepared to commit to our version [among the then-competing Hood projects] until we had a director. Kevin Reynolds — who directed Costner in one of his earliest leading roles in Fandango — became attached to the project soon after. "We were big fans of his. We got the script to him at an early stage. Kevin Reynolds said that he liked it but was at the time committed to a production at Universal," Watson says, "and it wasn't until that fell through that he became available. Within 48 hours of the other film falling out, we had hired him to do this film and he was on a plane to England with me to start set- ting up the picture. "After we got Kevin Reynolds to direct, the process for Kevin Costner, to firmly commit to our film was a comparatively brief one." Other leading actors in Prince of Thieves include Mary Elizabeth {The Abyss) Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, Christian {Heathers) Slater as Will Scarlet, Nick {Frankenstein Unbound) Brimble as Little John, Michael McShane as Friar Tuck and Alan {Die Hard) Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham. Sean Connery plays a cameo role as King Richard, a role filmed in a single day. (Connery, of course, played the bowman in 1976's Robin & Marian. His actor son, Jason Connery, played TV's Robin of Sherwood?) As the newest character in the Robin Hood mythos, the Moor Azeem, Morgan {Driving Miss Daisy) Freeman has a key role. Freeman is clear about what kind of interpretation of the Robin Hood legend this is. "This is a nitty-gritty film, not a costume drama," he says. "This is a far cry from the green tights and the pixie shoes. These guys are living in the nitty-gritty here and now. Twelfth century England was not costumed by Edith Head. "And the English had not, up to that point — and did not until deep into the 16th or 17th century — cared that much for water on their bodies, so they were not terribly clean. Most other societies don't have that abhorrence to water, so when you meet the English, you can hear them coming! "My character is aware of all of this, and also we play this from the standpoint that, I'm coming out of a society that has much of the world's knowledge, in vaults — the library at Alexandria was the envy of the world. That's probably why it was sacked and burned." Freeman took the role of the sophisti- cated Moor amongst ignorant Anglo-Saxons for several reasons. "Every actor wants to get a good action film under his belt — or two or three — and it was a shot at working with Kevin. I've admired everything I've seen him in. Everything — I've not seen him do anything I didn't like him in. And Azeem is an interesting part." For Freeman, working with Costner has Twelfth century England comes alive and fills the Shepperton Studios backlot. Not all the men make merry. Will Scarlet (Christian Slater) receives a painful blow. proven to be worthwhile. "I have not yet been able to find the word that describes Kevin," the actor says. "He's huggable, I mean for me, that's the way I feel about him. a very lovable human being. Not only is he very charismatic and accomplished as an actor, but after having seen Dances With Wolves, I mean. ..he is consummate. I have seen few movies that turn me on as that one did. That's all him. It defines him." Fences & walls Working with both Freeman and Costner has been rewarding for the movie's stunt co- ordinator. Paul (ALIENS) Weston. "We are very fortunate with Kevin and Morgan who are excellent horsemen. They rode bareback, jumping over fences and walls: there's a lot of good horsework," he says. "This is a far cry from green tights and pixie shoes," notes Freeman. ■ Weston's other challenges have included "a lot of sword work and staff work; we had a section up in Yorkshire on the waterfall, and falling over the waterfall. In the Sherwood Forest itself, we had tree houses, which were 30 to 40 feet high, having to get the artists up there, and they did it very well. They've all been up high and swinging backwards and forwards. "Kevin has been wonderful because he 44 STARLOG/Mfly 1991 A classic image is re-created in the new film, which production designer John Graysmark notes "is not a history les- son. It's more of an adventure romp." has been wanting to do all the swings him- self. It has been interesting trying to stop him! Because sometimes it's a little danger- ous and you think. 'Steady on now, let's be sensible about this.' "He's willing to do most things, and I just have to look after him and make sure that he doesn't put himself in too much dan- ger." The stunt coordinator must draw a careful line between the requirements of safety and Costner's desire to make the film as realistic as possible. "It's fairly sensible, really," Weston notes. "You look at the real- ity of it and say, 'Yes, I know he would like to be up there on the screen and do the dive, but if anything went wrong, we're all out of work.' " Bringing the look of the 12th century to Prince of Thieves has been the task assigned to production designer John {Flash Gordon) Graysmark. Although Graysmark supervised considerable research into the period of 1 194 A.D., the year in which the story is set, he notes that the film "is not a history lesson. It's much more of an adventurous romp than a serious study of historical possibility." As well as not restricting themselves historically, geographically too the film- makers have avoided limiting themselves to the areas in which Robin Hood might have theoretically traveled. "It will look great because we've swept all over Britain," Graysmark says. "We were up in Alnwick [home to a medieval castle and fortress and a 1240 A.D. building used as Maid Marian's home] and Yorkshire [for the waterfalls, Aysgarth Falls], Hadrian's Wall [built by the Romans and spanning England from east to west], and Seven Sisters in Eastbourne [striking chalk cliffs used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades]. Burnham Beeches looks great with the idea of all these people living up in the trees [both Burnham Beeches, a heavily forested area, and the New Forest were used as Sherwood Forest, home to Robin and the outlaws]." The filmmakers also traveled to the South of France for two days' lensing at Carcassonne, a medieval walled city used in the movie as the exterior of Nottingham. "So, it will look big," he says, "it won't be all lurking about in a dark forest. It's great big sweeping visual pieces, which is Kevin Reynolds without any question." Graysmark approves of Reynolds' visual style. "Kevin's thing is this constantly mov- ing camera, which makes it totally non-con- ventional in terms of what the Robin Hood movies were like; they were very static. The famous one with Errol Flynn [page 35] is much more static and conventional in terms of the equipment with which they had to shoot. We've had cranes and remote control cameras that can sweep around and take in vast views — and also of course Kevin uses very wide lenses, too. "It's quite interesting because, not being English, Kevin's view is not the conven- STARLOG/Mav J 991 45 k W?yi tional one of an English hero — it's the Lone Ranger, it's Indiana Jones, but in Saxon garb." Muck & Dirt Says Gaysmark, "The other thing that we have been lucky enough to have been able to do is keep them all dirty. I saw a period film years ago called Lion in Winter and what has always stuck with me is the fact that for the first time ever, I saw a historical film of that period where the floors were covered in straw, and dog droppings, and we've tried to do that as far as it was possible. "I think it's absolutely essential. I know that the Errol Flynn masterpiece is still held up as a marvelous adventure, but he's so clean all the time, and everything's sort of neat. We've got quite a lot of that image, you know, that muck and dirt." Graysmark ; notes that this influence — encouraged by Reynolds — is also evident in costume de- Don't expect the Sherwood Forest treehouses to win any awards for good housekeeping. The filmmakers are going for a gritty and dirty look. signer John (Conan) Bloomfield's work. Greysmark doesn't claim to be accurately re-creating every aspect of the 12th century world. First of all, he notes, "very few Saxon buildings stand. There are a couple of little bits of church. Basically, they were wooden buildings and they're long gone.' " Additionally, moviegoers' expectations pre-empt a totally truthful representation of the past. For instance: "Because it's a kind of convention of the cinema, all the arms of the Sheriff's men are the same, and I'm sure they weren't really. Anything you could get a hold of with a point on it was what you would use, but they've all got the same swords and shields and so on. That's so you can immediately recognize the goodies from the baddies — it's the black and white hats. "The other thing is, a modern man can't handle those swords, they're too bloody- heavy. The stuntmen said, 'These are far too j heavy for us to work with.' [In Saxon times,] they didn't fence, they just did these bloody I great sweeps and you fended it off and gave me one back if you could. But here, we're expected to do quite a bit of sword fighting, and of course those swords of the period have got such big pommels on that they actually hurt the hand. You hurt your wrists I [because of the weight] and also the bulk of them, they had a great lump here to stop them shooting out of your hand. "Obviously, we've cheated historical re- alities by hundreds of years, but the basic I atmosphere I would think is much nearer the truth than has ever been done before in a \| Robin Hood film. "It's certainly not 1194," says John \| Graysmark, "but set more or less in that pe- riod, it's a sort of Indiana Jones." On a modern soundstage, an old-fashioned hero takes off for adventure. By MARC SHAPIRO I wall panel swings silently open. Through the portal, a man dressed in '30s upper crust informality slips into a radio transmitter room. He sits down at a transmitter, consults a codebook and, with grim determination lining his face, sets the dial and speaks into the microphone. "This is number seven," growls the mystery man. "I regret to inform you that the package has been delayed. Over." The transmitter squawks to life and click-clacks out a reply on the decoding machine's paper spool. The stranger tears it off and reads, "Rendezvous cannot be changed." "But I need more time!" "Cut!" yells director Joe Johnston as he brings this small but pivotal bit of in- trigue to a halt. Johnston moves quickly through a mob of crew members and deep into an already crowded corner of a Disney Studio soundstage. "If we can go slow, slow, slow and push in on him and the radio, I think that will work," Johnston tells an agreeable cameraman. "And since we're going to creep in on this, let's try and start when he reaches for the mike." With rocket pack ready, William Campbell takes off this summer as the latest comic book hero to hit the screen. •>-4r Johnston next turns his attention to the actor, who cracks a small joke while his makeup is being touched up, and con- firms with the director that he is to punch up six digits on the transmitter. Johnston, to solidify the count, retreats behind a flat where the sound man supplying the trans- mitter effects is informed that the magic number is truly six. "OK," says Johnston. "Let's try it again." Launch Pads The Rocketeer, Disney's big budget ac- tion-adventure, has moved onto the sound- stages and into the home stretch. And it shows. Bill Campbell, who portrays the title '30s flyboy, has come out of the "uneasy and insecure" shell he felt he was in during the first weeks of the four- month-plus shooting schedule and into a friendly, self-assured posture on the set. Jennifer Connelly, who plays Cliff Secord's girl friend Jenny, has stopped by the set on her day off, to monitor the film's progress, munch craft service chow and to hang out with the cast and crew. Even Johnston, ever vigilant and tight- lipped on his directorial follow-up to Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, has a smile on his face as he goes through the logistics of the transmitter room sequence. MARC SHAPIRO, STARLOG's West Coast Correspondent , previewed The Neverending Story II in issue #165. Now, after five years, two scripts, six rewrites and two directors, The Rocketeer has not only the go-ahead for production but is now mere days from being com- pleted for a summer release. And like all good comic book-to-film translations, Dave Stevens' homage to big men, small planes and Saturday matinee serials has had a bumpy odyssey. Conceived in 1981 as a pair of backup tales for Starslayer, Stevens' initial two- story, 12-page adventure struck a positive nerve with readers and resulted in three more adventures that appeared in Pacific Comics Presents. Those, and a chapter that tied up loose ends in a Rocketeer one-shot, were collected as a trade paperback in 1984. Shortly thereafter, Paul De Meo and Danny Bilson, the Flash's creative hon- chos, approached Stevens with an eye toward bringing The Rocketeer to the big screen. "We all agreed that what was great about The Rocketeer was the art, the atmo- sphere and the tone," says DeMeo. "So, when Danny and I got together with Dave five years ago, the major challenge was to come up with a good story that was faithful to the book's feeling." What followed was a series of options, rewrites, directorial changes (Joe Johnston for Bill Dear), a lawsuit with Marvel Comics over who owned the Rocketeer name and Disney's eventual en- try into the project (see COMICS SCENE #2 for more details). Pre-production on "The trick was to come up with a design that would look realistic," explains production designer Jim Bissell of the film's main prop. The rocket pack will fly with the aid of ILM and wire work. The Rocketeer began in 1988 and and co- incided with the hero's return to the printed page in The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine. The Rocketeer has survived the transla- tion to film relatively intact. The flying sequences, a combination of live action, wire work and Industrial Light and Magic's enchantment, is true to the original '30s serial feel. Jenny (a.k.a. Betty in the comics) is "less cheesecake" but just as spunky. Cliff's plane, the Blind Bulldog, is around and intact and even creator Stevens appears in a cameo. ignition Johnston's film is based on Stevens' first Rocketeer adventure. Like the comic, the movie begins in pre-war Los Angeles where Cliff Secord, a cocky young aviator, has an uneventful flight interrupted by machine gun fire whizzing past his head. Cliff crash lands his plane at a nearby airfield and into a car parked on the runway. The airfield is immediately surrounded by police and federal agents who question the young pilot as the driver of the crash car is taken away by ambulance. While preparing his back-up plane for an upcoming air show, Cliff discovers a mysterious package containing a rocket pack. Through ex- perimentation, the young pilot learns to fly through the air and contemplates how best to put this amazing discovery to use. The rocket pack, apparently created by Howard Hughes, is stolen by a gang of crooks. Secord sets out to retrieve the rocket pack and the result is a thrill-a- minute adventure involving air races, es- Cliff Secord (Campbell) and his sweetheart, Jenny (Jennifer Connelly) take in a movie. The script closely follows the first comic book adventures created by writer/artist Dave Stevens. pionage and mid-air battles that combine live action and animated FX. And it all takes place in a world that exudes pop cul- ture, decadence and kitsch. "We all agreed that what was great about The Rocketeer was the art, the atmospere and the tone," says co-writer Paul De Meo. "The Bulldog Cafe is a bigger-than-life, fantasy architecture," admits Bissell Filmed on location in Los Angeles and Santa Maria, the Gordon Brothers movie also features Alan Arkin as Cliff's good buddy mechanic Peevy, Terry (The Stepfather) O'Quinn as Howard Hughes and Timothy Dalton (STARLOG #145) as actor Neville Sinclair. But during a tour of such Rocketeer sets as the Bulldog Cafe, where Cliff and his flying friends hang out, and the South Seas Club, where the well-to-do and well-connected meet, it becomes evi- dent that a major star in the Rocketeer uni- verse is production designer Jim Bissell, who combines a sense of history and imagination into backdrops that literally take on a life all their own. • "My imagination has gone pretty wild on this film," says Bissell, holding court inside one of his creations, a castle mock- up. "The birth of all sets is basically by Caesarian section, but by production standards, this has been a real plum." Bissell, whose genre credits include E.T., Arachnophobia and Harry and the Hendersons, offers that the challenge in designing these sets "centered on walking the line between sophisticated comic book fantasy and reality. "There's nothing in this film where the set is secondary. Everything about this movie is visual and important. You couldn't do anything so outlandish that it would detract from the film and you had to make sure everything rang true to the audi- ence as being true to the time period." Bissell prepared for 1938 design work by poring over old photos of airfields, nightclubs and other forms of pre-WWII architecture. He then took the basic con- cept "and tweaked it quite a bit." Creating Chaplin Airfield took extra ef- fort. "Chaplin Field never existed, so we were faced with creating an airfield from scratch. We took this field in a Los Angeles suburb, added existing graphic de- signs of the '30s and jumbled them to- gether in our own graphic designs. The feel we came up with was ragtag and real gritty." Bissell waxes eloquent when describing the specifics of his other creations. "The Bulldog Cafe is a bigger-than-life, total fantasy piece of architecture. Howard Hughes' office is a Mt. Olympus that has a white, pristine, highly streamlined look. The South Seas Club is Hollywood deca- dence. Things like the giant clam shell and the underwater motif tread lightly between elegance and kitsch." Bissell was responsible for the castle for the movie-within-a-movie sequences, various elements of the gondola scenes. and, in conjunction with a number of others, the Rocketeer's trademark flying pack. "The trick was to come up with a design that would look realistic," he explains. "We wanted something that would have the look of good speculative fantasy and yet would look like it would do what it was supposed to do. What we came up with was something that's a cross between Commando Cody and what the guy at the last Olympics used." Blast-Off Days later, filmmaking has expanded out into almost luxurious surroundings as the movie-within-a-movie sequence, featuring Dalton, Connelly and Campbell, is unfolding on Bissell's castle set. For a swashbuckfer-in-the-making sequence (not unlike Errol Flynn's Adventures of Robin Hood), extras dressed as knights and knaves of the realm are costumed in 1 3th century mufti. Connelly, who portrays an extra, is a fetching lady-in-waiting. Dalton, with an ever-present cigarette in his hands between takes, is costumed and bewigged, a dashing Errol Flynn clone. In scenes shot the previous day. all manner of swordplay and rope swinging were executed under Johnston's supervi- sion. The continuation of that sequence is 50 STARLOG/May 1991 being picked up as Dalton exaggerates the finish of a rope swing. The director calls for action. A serving wench steps forward with a goblet which she passes to Dalton. "Hail, my knight." says the actress in an unactorly way. "Would that you drink of my sweet love as you drink of this cup." "Cut! Cut! Cut!" screams an angry, upset director who storms out into the middle of the set. Dalton tosses down his goblet in disgust. Crew and extras moan and groan. The clapper boy snaps, "Take 27." But Johnston hasn't blown a fuse. The director rebuking the actress "that act- ing is not like acting the way you're act- ing" is only an actor himself. Then, the real director yells, "Cut!" He disappears into discussion with his cam- eraman and Dalton. The scene is run through a few more times before cameras are broken down and repositioned for a sequence involving Connelly. Rocketeer creator Stevens wanders onto the set, grabs a director's chair and proclaims his happiness with this film version before settling in to watch the lensing. Paul De Meo, on a lunch break from The Flash, has come over for a quick dialogue punch-up and to express his relief that The Rocketeer, with his and Bilson's names on the script, has finally been made. "We've been on and off this film three times," says De Meo. "They would bring people in to get a different take on the film and then they would bring us back. Danny and I were beginning to feel like yo-yos." Johnston calls for rehearsal on a scene between Jenny and her extra friend Irma. "Boy, is she a pip." Irma snipes. "Your audition was much better. "Irma," says Jenny, "everybody' s audi- tion was better." The scene is run through once again and Johnston calls for a take. Connelly, fight- ing the flu, gives it her best shot but promptly blows the line, sending every- body into gales of laughter. She shrugs her shoulders and laughs as well. "How do I get in the mood to play a '30s kind of guy?" asks Bill Campbell. "I listen to a lot of big band music. When I want to be in the mood, I listen to the song Tn the Mood.' Campbell is getting in the mood in his trailer where, true to his statement, some '30s swing is purring softly out of his tape machine. Campbell, a relative unknown whose major credits were recurring roles on the TV series Dynasty and Crime Stoiy, appears too good to be true. In every way, Campbell seems just like Cliff Secord. "I guess I was already pretty much how they envisioned this character," says Campbell. "I didn't feel like I had to do much work to find him. It's not a difficult character to find anyway. I feel like I'm fairly close to this guy. We're both sort of childish and naive and a. little bit rough around the edges." Campbell is involved in quite a few of the special FX sequences. He claims, "I didn't really know what to expect." What he really did not expect was to have his fear of flying tested at every turn. "I remember one day when we were shooting a flying sequence which required me to actually go up in one of those old bi- planes," chuckles the actor. "The actual pi- lot and I were about to get into the plane and go up when I noticed that he was wear- ing a parachute. I looked at him for a minute and asked where my 'chute was. He said something about my not needing one. I really didn't need to hear that." The actor continues, "I was involved in many of the Rocketeer flying sequences. That wasn't too bad because I was only hanging from wires a few feet off the ground. Fortunately, they didn't hang me from helicopters." Campbell's candor comes to the surface when he explains how The Rocketeer, de- spite a background in TV and theater, has been on-the-job training for him. (continued on page 75) STARLOG/May 1991 51 Another BY DANIEL DICKHOLTZ By now, the sight of four masked, man- sized turtles practicing the martial arts should be a familiar one to April O'Neil. And yet, a year after she first came tumbling down through a manhole and into their lives, they are as extraordinary to the TV reporter as her own appearance may be startling to those who've followed her previous adventures. "It's like being in a fantasy land," admits Paige Turco, who replaces Judith Hoag (STARLOG #154) as the half-shelled heroes' human companion in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze. "I said to a friend of mine it was like being a little kid and going to Disney World, except they talk to you. My first day was like. "Wow! They're talking to me! This is amazing!' And I found myself, as an actress, talking to Michaelangelo, not to the actor. Once in a while, I would go, 'This is really weird. I'm turning a little silly here,' because the actor inside can see me really empathizing or having fun with Michaelangelo. "And each of the Turtles has their own separate personality, which I had trouble with before I started the film because I thought, "Oh. God! I'm going to have to memorize their colors.' Somebody had said to me, 'No, they all have their own personalities.' I remember thinking, 'You've got to be kidding me.' And when I got there, they really did! "It was greatW I mean, it was keeping the child alive in you. You have to in order to do a film like this one. The child in you sparks up and lives for a little while, and it was wonderful to be a part of that." April Showers A soap opera actress better known to fans of All My Children as Melanie Cortlandt, Turco was simply looking for a change of pace when her agent, without telling her, got her the audition for what would become her film debut. But once she won the role, beat- ing out 100 others ("That's information to me. I didn't know there were that many people up for this"), the actress' turned to neither the cartoons nor Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird's Turtles comics to prepare her self for becoming their heroine. Likewise, she took no inspiration from her predecessor. "I don't know Judith," she says. "I've never talked with her. I saw the movie a long time ago and didn't base anything of what I was doing on what she did. Judith and I are very different, and much of the way you cre- ate a character, you use a lot of yourself. To try and re-create, or create something from, somebody else's work is a very bizarre con- cept to me. I've never even attempted it. I wouldn't want to. This April is my April, the Now, Paige Turco must help the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles solve "The Secret of the Ooze." 52 STARLOG/May 1 99 1 way / perceived her. "The one thing that I did do was really concentrate on the reality of who she was. It's not all that in-depth, you know," Turco laughs, "but I didn't want a two-dimensional caricature. I really wanted to create a person. So, I have a friend who works for a network and he's a field reporter, and I took two days and followed him around. I spent some time in a newsroom and out on locations. So. that was fun, just to get some idea of where this woman is coming from and what her day-to- day life is so that it could be interrupted by four absurd turtles. "I definitely think she's a little quirky to be able to live with these Turtles," the ac- tress confides. "She's a very ambitious, very centered person who knows what she wants, she goes after what she wants, and she's very' open to accepting things. And very lov- ing. She's very caring, sisterly. ..I mean, they're like teenage brothers, you know? I think she might have been a little bit conser- \|5 E "I think l could pass on the yellow jumpsuit." "It's hard to miss the Turtles. They're so huge, they're everywhere," Turco notes. "It's exciting to be involved in all of that." vative before she met the Turtles. But she has a really neat perspective on life." The Massachusetts-born Turco was forced to change her own perspective when an injury abruptly ended her early ballet ca- reer. Turning to other stage work, she ap- peared in assorted plays and musicals, get- ting her first taste of life as a comic character when she performed in college productions of Annie and You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown. "They're real people to me," she says both of those roles and April. "But maybe their flavor for excitement seems to be a little more exaggerated." Taking pans in afternoon TV dramas, she began playing to considerably larger audi- ences, joining the cast of, first, Guiding Light and then, in 1988, All My Children. But while her soap opera experience had in- ured her to shooting a script out of sequence and enduring seemingly endless days, the actress confesses she hasn't become accus- Says Turco, "One of the decisions I made was that balance between reality and at the same time, being able to accept and see the absurdity of it all." tomed to every aspect of filmmaking. "I've never seen myself before on a bij screen," comments Turco. "In fact, I was saying to somebody, T hope that I get to see it at some point,' because I don't want to show up at the premiere and be sitting there, going, 'Oh, my God! I'm huge up there!' You know, that's a strange feeling. I went to a film last week, and I sat there, and sud- denly it hit me! I went. 'Wow! Like, that's, that's real big up there. I'm a little scared about all this.' And when I went to do the looping, I was a little shocked at first, but you get used to it." One person she most credits with helping her acclimate herself to her new working en- vironment is her co-star David (Star Trek V) Warner, who here plays the inventor of the Turtles I Photo: Copyright 1990 Northshore Investments Ltd. What Judith Hoag (pictured) did with the role "wasn't something I thought about. I was more concerned with my job and Paige playing April." "I think the appeal to April, and to kids, is, 'Wow! This is a real person who knows these guys,' " Paige Turco explains. secretive ooze. "I loved him! He was working with me on one of the first days I worked, so I was really learning how everything worked, even down to simple things, and he was real helpful. He was right there, very giving. It's hard to give specifics. It was just an overall feeling of the way he deals with this medium, being able to keep it alive. I wish I had had the opportunity to have more scenes with him and to really work with him — and maybe someday I will! But he's a great guy. He's really a neat person. People are going to love him. He was great as the professor." April Fools On the other hand, although she has nothing but admiration for their creators, the Turtle suits proved troublesome. "The actors were great, and they helped me out as much as they could, but there was only so much we could do because it's so technical," notes Turco. "One of the things that was very difficult about it was when a line was spoken, the puppeteer spoke at the same time as the actor in the Turtle costume, and when the actor inside said his line, it was extremely muffled because all I heard was machinery moving the faces. It was defi- nitely a challenge. There were a couple of times after we had been working all day where I would stand there and think, 'Where's my puppeteer? Could somebody 54 STARLOG/Maj 1991 please move my face?' " She laughs. "It was kind of strange to go back to working with humans. Very different." Yet as problematic as an outfit could be under normal circumstances, the actress comments, "it had to break down sometimes. So, every once in a while, one of the Turtles' faces would freak out. I mean, it would make really funny faces out of control. Or one of the guys in the suits would go, 'It's not hap- pening.' Like, it just wouldn't move. You would hear somebody talking, but the face wouldn't be responding to you." And if that wasn't enough, she recalls with a laugh, "I tripped quite a bit. The Turtles had marks that were elevated off the floor because they "This April is my April, the way I perceived her." couldn't see them. You know, they saw out of little slits. So. I tripped a lot." However, there was one occasion when it wasn't one of the actors' marks that caught her underfoot. "A part of it was cut from the film, but there was a scene where I had to cross over to grab a purse very, very quickly in my house and one of the Turtles is hiding. And I was so damned determined to get that pocketbook, I went to jump over the Turtle, not thinking there's this huge shell on his back with a bo, and got stuck. I was sitting on the Turtle's back in the middle of this scene and started to laugh. "There was something funny that hap- pened off set. I got stuck in an elevator. Actually, that wasn't very funny. What hap- pened was the power went out during the hurricane. I was finally found after an hour, and the guy that found me — his dog found me actually — said to me when I was in there, 'You're working on that Turtle movie, aren't you?' And I said, 'Yeah.' He said, 'Well, where are they now? Aren't they supposed to save you?' And I was sitting there, think- ing, 'All right. I know that was meant to be funny, but I'm not in the mood.' " Joke or not, April's having a reputation solely as a damsel in distress isn't something Turco would like to see the character keep. "I'm actually contracted to do the third film," she reveals. "I don't think they know for sure what they're going to do, but one of the things that I would love to do would be to get into the martial arts of it all and maybe get into more of the action sequences. That would be fun. I haven't seen it, but from what I understand, in the cartoon, April runs around with a gun, the suit, and does a lot of the stuff with them. That wasn't the case with the film. I would have loved to, because I am athletic." However, Paige Turco remarks, "I think I could pass on the yellow jumpsuit." ■& Buried deep within everyone lies the source of mutant abilities. V. ', \" §£ '11* 'M Lt ft • • HHHT • * - VI hv * "H H % * • S ■• — S ■ •'•■ 1. »■• H i« - • r 1 "H i**ft . ft- ^"1 I'.-'i n ? i r"\ ? ■ •"J H-» i I »•< r-'H* '1 ■ •'J t .H.* * Hff 1 Li • ™ ' Hr - -1 1 ■ 1 ft.* ^ '^m.'t 0. ^^H Hh '-HH 4* tfllUftU .■ 1 o op M By MICHAEL WOLFF/II In the '50s, atomic radiation produced numerous movie mutations. ,OY ?£««£ ^ di The members of an Earth colony on another planet are threatened when one of their number is exposed to radioactive rain and changed into a telepathic murderer... A scientist, searching for odd tracks in a New Mexico desert near the first A-bomb test site, encounters an enormous ant... Presented as an institute for the education of "gifted children." a private New York school turns out to be a secret training center for young people possessed with superhuman abilities... Members of a small English community are shocked when all the local women of child-bearing age produce a group of mysterious blonde-haired children... The shadow of the Mutant has been spreading across the science-fiction universe for decades now. Admittedly, it's a seductive subject with which to speculate. A slight alteration in genetic structure could lead to anything from a moral fable denouncing racism to Tokyo being smashed by something large and primordial. A boy with green hair, a giant tarantula, a colony of people with special powers deep within New 56 STARLOG/Mav 1991 York City — the topic can be altered to supply a seemingly limitless array of plot devices and twists. All from one of the smallest facets of nature. It's tempting to assume that the rela- tionship between mutants and science fiction began with the atomic bomb. After all. the first one was exploded in 1945 and, seven years later (or about the time giant ants began tearing up New Mexico in Them!), James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the genetic code for DNA. But as difficult as it might seem to the average Japanese citizen fleeing the wrath of Godzilla, mutation has had a longer history both in fact and science fiction. In the late '20s, American biologist Hermann Muller was using X-rays on fruit flies to experiment with altering mutation rates. There's no evidence that Muller was eaten by a fly the size of Detroit, so it's natural to assume that nothing amiss happened. In the meantime, over in Europe. Henryk Green filmed Alraune in 1928, the tale of a scientist experimenting with the then-radical technology of artificial insemination (and creating an apparent mutation in the form of a woman without a soul). Recent discoveries in genetics have done little to water down the idea, as evidenced in the British mini- series First Born, based on Maureen Duffy's Gar Saga. Here, the story dealt with the experimental cross-breeding of man and ape. producing a creature that appears human, but who possesses certain unique characteristics. The term "mutant" often describes something which seems human, but which is different in some fundamental fashion. In science fiction, as in real life, the term has been bandied about far more broadly. A bit of definition is necessary. Mistakes? In science, a mutant is an organism which possesses inheritable characteristics different from those of its parents. This can happen because genetic material, or DNA, is composed of nucleotides which serve as the building blocks for each gene. The genes are "read." and from this reading, complete organisms can be created. Now. if something happens to alter the arrangement of nucleotides, then the gene can be "misread" (imagine a book with several of the pages rearranged). And if this misreading is carried on to the creation of an entire organism, then it's time to buy an enormous swatter because the giant fruit flies are going to start scratching at your window. Mutation isn't that rare an occurrence. Given the number of viable genes within an average human, the odds are good that we all carry at least two mutations apiece within us (think of that the next time your stomach growls menacingly or your skin moves of its own accord). The trick here is that it is difficult for a mutant gene to develop within an organism, or pass on its characteristics to an offspring, simply because the "pages" in its "book" are in disarray and the "reader" is scratching his head and putting it back on the shelf. So, why, if all of the above is true, are you sitting here watching Lori Nelson run from a three-eyed whatsit in Day the World Ended! Ignoring the fact that Nelson had her reasons, it must be pointed out that the survival rate of mutant genes (and, through them, mutant organisms) has increased in recent times due to such factors as exposure to medical X-rays, radioactive materials or certain chemicals. Environmental considerations can also play a part. The mutants of Total Recall had been human, but the extreme conditions of Mars forced the hand of nature. The fight for survival resulted in the colonists giving birth to creatures twisted by the body's attempts to produce something which could live in the rarefied atmosphere and increased solar radiation. Human DNA, driven against the wall of natural desperation, began to produce wild variations on a theme as it sought some- thing that would survive. Some mutants' psychic powers may have been the result of DNA seeking methods by which people on Mars could easily communicate (the reduced air pressure making speech impractical). Mars dictator Cohaagen was certainly a criminal, but he also lacked vision. A more careful application of colonial life-support conditions could have resulted in the eventual birth of true Martians. Mutation can sometimes be induced by more exotic methods. A favorite method in those cities beyond The Outer Limits was hypersonic bombardment, as seen in the episodes "The Sixth Finger" and "The Chameleon." The idea was that genetic nu- cleotides could be favorably rearranged and accelerated by the introduction of controlled levels of sound. This would, by the way, in- volve some extremely careful technology, as a sonic bombardment powerful enough to alter the nucleotide chain could also shatter the living cells in which the genetic material resided. David McCallum in "The Sixth Finger" was braver than he thought: one misstep in the design of Edward Mulhare's machine would have resulted in McCallum being reduced to a pool of protoplasmic slime. The process would have also had to have been very selective. Contrary to what is commonly believed, the vast majority of DNA within a human genome isn't "read" at all in an organism's development. If DNA is a "book," it's a reference volume, and only selected readings need be consulted in order to produce a human being. The other chapters quietly lie there for the most part, waiting for a casual reader in the form of excessive ultraviolet radiation or toxic waste. A strand of DNA, unlike your standard reference work, carries large sections which could easily tum into horror stories. Among the "casual readers" were Strother Martin in SSSSSSS, and Donald Pleasence in The Mutations, both of whom Monsters? Nature will mutate genes in her own sweet time, through random errors in copying DNA material from one generation to another, or through changes in the environment. Nature has to do this sort of thing, else we would still be sniffing under rocks for our dinner and dragging knuckles along the ground. But this process can take billions of years and, when you're trying to feed the hungry, eliminate disease, take over the world or come up with a plot for a low- budget movie, you start looking for ways to They're just a couple of mutants sitting around noshing pizza. decided that the way to succeed lay in cross- breeding (a belief similar to the concepts illustrated in First Born and Alraune). Martin was attempting to cross a human with a cobra, and he arguably had an easier job of it than Pleasence. who was trying to create a human-plant hybrid. All Martin had to do was take the genetic codes for humans and cobras, and create a third strand of DNA which would contain an operational mixture of both. Pleasence. on the other hand, was cov- ering a much wider territory. Humans and snakes, while certainly different in ap- pearance, at least have the virtue of pos- sessing similarities in things like cell structure, blood and muscular systems. Crossing a human with a plant calls for finding a way to mingle two radically unre- lated genetic codes. Martin could concen- trate on nucleotide formations; Pleasence had to go further, down to the very molecu- lar level, altering the substances used to form nucleotides and devising an entirely alien genome. He succeeded, creating a life form which was neither plant nor human, but a careful combination of the two. Turtles Character: Trademark & Copyright 1991 Mirage Studios short-cut the process. Enter atomic radiation, the darling of many a '50s genre film. It popped up in Tarantula when Leo G. Carroll used an isotope to create a synthetic nutrient. It worked as a mutagenic substance, radically altering growth hormones in animals. Not only did Carroll provide the world with a wonderful new food source, he managed to increase the giant murderous spider population of the American Southwest by a factor of one. An accident. Could happen to anyone. The real trouble began when atomic and nuclear weapons were detonated throughout the globe. It was bad enough when the explosions revived prehistoric mantises and rhedosaurL.what made matters worse was when some creatures received a mutagenic dose of radiation, thus altering an already tense situation. Godzilla was a large member of the saurischia order of dinosaurs (family and genus still undetermined due to those MICHAEL J. WOLFF, STARLOG's Interplanetary Correspondent, examined aspects of Frankenstein in issue #164. STARLOG/Mav 1991 57 pesky spines on his back); radiation provided him with a fiery breath. Bomb testing also altered the "electric paleosaurus" (a variety of pateosaurus) of The Giant Behemoth, making the creature's defensive electric discharge radioactive in nature. In both cases, the mutagenic effects were felt in the creature's body cells, bringing about rapid changes throughout certain organs which produced the new lethal abilities. Why this rapid cellular activity didn't kill the host creature is a matter for speculation. Rapid mutation of body cells in living things is, unfortunately, an all-too- common occurrence. In most cases, it's referred to as cancer. If bomb blasts could make a deadly creature deadlier, then they could also make a dangerous menace out of a previously harmless life form. Sometimes this happens despite nature's built-in safeguards. Much has been made of how the giant ants of Them! would have been impossible due to the Inverse Cube Law of size vs. weight. Certainly, the Inverse Cube Law was an enormous comfort to James Whitmore as he flame-throwed his way through the sewers beneath Los Angeles. A careful autopsy of one of the ants (barbecued or otherwise) might have proven worthwhile. Structural and material mutations may have come to light which might have made sense. The relationship between animals and radiation continues to this day. The acci- dental release of irradiated chemical wastes into the sewers of New York have given rise to some recent incidents involving a rat and four turtles who have somehow ac- quired human characteristics through a sud- den mutagenic change. Along with a propensity for Oriental martial arts, these adolescent mutant turtles have also some- how gained a ravenous appetite for pizza. The implications of this phenomenon can be frightening, especially when one con- siders the disturbing coincidence between the proliferation of atomic wastes and the increased number of pizza parlors. (And, if the exploits of Daredevil and Spider-Man are any indication, exposure to a mutating dose of radiation also brings about an uncontrollable desire to wear skin-tight costumes. Fashion experts take note.) The ants of Them! provide an example of a successful mutation in that the mutant characteristics (i.e. enormous size^ plus whatever internal changes made it possible for the beasts to exist at that level) were passed on to the offspring. Here, however, we must be careful of our definitions. The original oversized ants could be correctly classified as mutations. Their offspring, on the other hand, would not be considered mutants since they are true descendents. This matter of definition is an important one. Concerning Beauty & the Beast, it would be incorrect to class Vincent as a mutant until more is revealed about his parents. It would be equally incorrect to label his child as a mutant simply for the fact that so little is known about Vincent's fc£ species in general (if Vincent is, indeed, part of a species and not a one-time affair, in which case he would be a mutant). The fact that the child appears human simply indicates that Vincent and Catherine could produce a stable hybrid, and that Catherine's genetic code was dominant. A final determination can't really be made until after the child reaches puberty as mutant genes could lie dormant until then. Remember that no one is born an adult. Genes can be activated or suppressed by certain proteins, and these proteins are affected by hormones such as those which appear during puberty. That explains why the vast majority of mutants within the universe of Marvel Comics didn't acquire their superhuman traits until the onset of puberty (that's as- suming that Nightcrawler was born blue and furry). The genetic code for these people, although mutated, remained dormant throughout their formative years, becoming active only as they entered their early teens. Relatively few of the Marvel mutants have had a chance to produce offspring, so it becomes difficult to determine if they can be classed as successful mutations until we see whether or not their children acquire any of their characteristics. Of the few who've had children, Magneto emerges as the most successful mutation since he has passed on his psionic potential to his offspring (who manifest it in different fashions). It should be noted, however, that the line might be a dead-end since Magneto's granddaughter, Luna, was apparently born "normal" without the family's psionic potential (and, ironically, this makes her more of a mutant than her parents). Comic book mutants generally tend to point out the unpredictability of mutation. Successful physical characteristics tend to be that way because they contribute to the organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Having wings or the ability to control chemical reactions is all very nice, but from a human viewpoint, such abilities are a bit frivolous. A human being isn't going to be a more successful creature simply because he can store and project cosmic radiation. Masters? The stories in Marvel Comics have often pointed out another aspect of mutation as it applies to humans: the fear and distrust which so-called "normal" people have for mutants (or at least those with visible characteristics). This bigotry is a common theme throughout SF. The Space: 1999 episode "Mission of the Darians" featured a barbarian race which eliminated all people judged to be mutants. A.E. van Vogt's classic novel Slan tells of a future where humans work to exterminate a race of mu- tations whose only crime is that they're stronger, smarter and telepathic. The mutants of Olaf Stapledon's Odd John are not as numerous as the Slan, but they're eventually driven to establish a hiding place on a Pacific island, fearing destruction or ex- ploitation at human hands. (continued on page 75) 58 STARLOG/Mav 1991 NEW FROM NOW AVAILABLE ON COMPACT DISC FOR THE FIRST TIMEII m m e o m o ■ MUSIC FROM THE ORIGINAL TELEVISION SCORES £-/u\^: ^A^V^" GNPD 8022 STAR TR£K II: THE WRATH OF KHAN ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK CASSETTE: 8:98 COMPACT DISC: 16:95 GNPD 8023 STAR TRSK III: THS SEARCH FOR SPOCK ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8024 AUBtt mWrn-THE SERIES MUSIC FROM THE ORIGINAL TV SCORES CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 1 6.95 SI8KWM THEHANDfflAID'ST4LE SNPD B00S-AWARD WINNER STAR TREK- DRIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK HE CAGE/WHERE NO MAN 5 GONE BEFORE ' OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8010 STAR TREK SOUND EFFECTS SOUND FX FROM THE ORIGINAL TV SERIES LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8012 STAR TREK-THE NEXT GENERATION • ENCOUNTER AT FARPOINT LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 PR-D-001 FORBIDDEN PLANET ORIGINAL MGM SOUNDTRACK LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8020 THE HANDMAID'S TALE ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 3NPD 2128-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 1 dudes: Alien, Superman, Close Encounters, Outer Umits, One Step Beyond, Star Trek, Black Hole, onraker, Phantom Planet, Journey To The Seventh Galaxy, Space: 1999, Godzilla, The Day The Earth Stood Still, Star Wars, Battlestar Galactica, 2001 • 1 8 in all. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2133-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 2 dudes: Empire Strikes Back, Buck Rogers, Time Tunnel, Dark Star, Star Trek-The Motion Picture, March f the Lizard Men, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Twilight Zone, Vampire Planet, Doctor Who, Sinbad nd the Eye of the Tiger, Daughter of the Lesser Moon, The Adventures of Supermen and More."Explosive"(Billboard Magazine) LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2163-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 3 dudes: E.T., War of the Worlds, Lost in Space 1 & 2, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Blade Runner, Rash on, The Thing, Return of the Jedi, The Prisoner, UFO, Space 1999 2, Angry Red Planet, Land of the Giants and More. "A potent line-up"(Starlog Magazine) LP OR CASSETTE: 8.88 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2146-MUSIC FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Wonderful space-age electronic music from the most gifted futurists of the audio spectrum. Includes music yTangerine Dream, Don Preston, Steve Roach, Alex Cima.Neil Norman and more. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 GNPD 2166-SECRET AGENT FILE Includes: Reilly, Ace of Spies, Octopussy, I Spy, The Rockford Files, Casino Royale, James Bond Theme, Man from U.N.C.LE., 007 theme, You Only Live Twice, Goldfinger Ipcress File and more. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8018-FRID/W THE 13TH: THE SERIES Music from the Original Television Scores. Over 70 minutes of music. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8008-THE TIME MACHINE-Original Motion Picture Score LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SCIENCE FICTION SINGLES 1.98 Each (45 rpm record Only) GNPS 81 3-STAR WARS/RE-ENTRY GNPS 828-WAR OF THE WORLDS/E.T.-LOST IN SPACE 1 ,2 GNPS 820-MOONRAKER/JOURNEY TO THE 7TH GALAXY GNPS 833-INDIANA JONES/LAND OF THE GIANTS-SPACE: 1999 II GNPS 831 -REiLLYACE OF SPIES/CANNON IN D LP CASSETTE CD. QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL CANADA-S3.00 Per Unit Postage & Shipping FOREIGN-S5.02 Per Unit Pay this amount Send Cash, Check or Money Order to: STARLOG 475 Park Ave. South New York, NY 10016 NAME ADDRESS PHONE Please allow 4-8 weeks for delivery. Foreign orders send U.S. funds only Don't want to cut magazine? Write order on any plain piece of paper. VIOEOLOG GHOSTS & CENIES Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg star in Ghost, just out from Paramount Home Video in VHS HiFi stereo. Packaged in a special ghostly white cassette shell, Ghost is priced for the rental market with a $100 retail tag. Beta users, however, are the lucky ones, since they can purchase this Jerry Zucker-directed hit for only $29.95; a laserdisc release will follow. Produced by Walt Disney Animation (France) and released under the new "Disney Movietoons" banner, DuckTales: The Movie— Treasure of the Lost Lamp was truly an international effort, with animators, artists and camera crews working in England, Spain, France, the U.S. and China. Based on the character created by famed Disney artist Carl Barks in 1947, this is Scrooge McDuck's very first full-length animated feature. Always in search of riches, and the more exotic the better, Scrooge and the boys are in search of the mysterious buried trea- sure of legendary thief Collie Baba. Producer/director Bob Hathcock, who has been responsible for about a third of the episodes on the DuckTales TV series, began as an assistant animator at Hanna-Barbera in 1968, before forming his own company, Incredible Films Inc.; he has been associated with such series as The Jetsons and The Smurfs. The DuckTales feature film was de- signed to draw on the rich pool of existing European talent, many of whom had con- tributed to the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit. With the production centered in a suburb of Paris, Paul and Gaetan Brizzi — identical twins, who are well known for their ani- mated Asterix series — assembled a team of 110 artists from Denmark, Hungary, Spain, Ireland, England and Australia. In England, Disney's British studio with 80 artists under the guidance of sequence directors Clive Pallant and Vincent Woodcock, handled the opening and closing sequences. The enter- prise became even more global when it be- Believe. Ghost is on video. L came necessary to send the eels to China for painting; most of the camerawork was also done there. DuckTales: The Movie — Treasure of the Lost Lamp (mastered in digital video and audio) retails for the low price of $22.99 in VHS and Beta HiFi stereo surround sound, closed-captioned. A follow-up laserdisc is also planned. The screenplay is by Alan Burnett; the score, by David Newman. Home video versions of Star Trek: The Next Generation are now being marketed by Paramount for sale in the U.S. by mail order through Columbia House Video. The first season's two-part premiere ''Encounter at Farpoint" is priced at $4.95 with subsequent episodes issued every four to six weeks at $19.95 (plus shipping and handling). Based on the Marvel comics character, The Punisher, starring Dolph Lundgren and Louis Gossett Jr. finally makes its debut on video retailer's shelves this month as a rental title from LIVE Home Videoin VHS and Beta HiFi stereo. Despite its comic book origins, this is not one for the kiddies. Synthetic flesh! Sam Raimi's Darkman (STARLOG #158) is on the loose from MCA Universal Home Video in VHS and Beta, Dolby HiFi digital stereo surround sound. Also on CLV laserdisc. Sony continues to push its 8mm video format, most recently with a number of Touchstone titles including the live action fantasy Splash (1984) with Daryl Hannah as the adventuresome mermaid and the more recent animated musical The Little Mermaid. The new 8mm titles are recorded in standard HiFi stereo and the newer PCM stereo for- mat that has been appearing on 8mm equip- ment, such as the new Sony GV-300 Video Walkman. LIVE Home Video is offering Total Recall in 8mm, soon to be followed by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie and a Turtles animated episode "Super Rocksteady and Mighty BeBop." There are numerous classic adventures and recent releases now being sold at very reduced prices. Consider: Millennium, 7th The Punisher is finally hitting American streets (and they're hitting back). The comics-based action flick is on video. Voyage ofSinbad and Blade Runner priced less than $15 ; or The Ghost and Mrs. Muir and Charlton Heston and Jason Robards in Julius Caesar with Richard Chamberlain, Robert Vaughn, Diana Rigg and Sir John Gielgud — all this for less than $20 on video- cassette. What a bargain! The 1981 production of Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian has just laser-beamed into a new widescreen digital sound laserdisc, priced at $39.98; CLV on sides one and two, CAV on side three with chapter stops. MGM/UA Home Video is pushing ahead with plans to build their laserdisc inventory. Look for the Fredric March 1932 version of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde with the famous 17 minutes of previously censored material re- stored; or the sixth 007 adventure On Her Majesty's Secret Service in a deluxe widescreen edition including the original theatrical release trailer: Khartoum with Laurence Olivier, originally filmed in Ultra Panavision 70, now in widescreen laserdisc with the original theatrical trailer (sharp- eyed fans might recognize some of the battle sequences that appeared as stock footage on The Time Tunnel); or MGM's first CinemaScope film Knights of the Round Table with Robert Taylor as Arthur and Ava Gardner as Guinevere; or this treasure from deep in the MGM vaults: the original 1926 Vitaphone swashbuckling romance with John Barry more as Don Juan. Circuitry Man is set in the Los Angeles of the near future — a toxic wasteland whose people must now live underground. Humans, now outfitted with computer chip plugs on their skulls, vie for the latest circuitry. It stars Dana Wheeler-Nicholson, Vernon Wells (STARLOG #124) and Jim Metzler, and features a sharp cameo by Dennis Christopher as a scraggly cigar-chewing denizen of the decayed underground world. Circuitry Man is a VHS HiFi UltraStereo and laserdisc release from RCA/Columbia Home Video. As we go to press, Buena Vista Home Video has just anounced the release of the Disney animated version of Kipling's Jungle Book at a low sell-through price for May. —-David Hutchison STARLOG TRADING POSTi THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINES! STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION A permanent record of the voyages of the Starship ENTERPRISE! Definitive coverage of the continuing STAR TREK saga! Each volume is all-slick, all-color and packaged with exclusive interviews, detailed episode guides, behind the scenes photos, art & blueprints — PLUS spectacular pull-out posters! 1. Vol. 12 Marina Sirtis: The wild side of a Betazoid. . .Gates McFadden. . .FX secrets: How to beam up. . .Denise Crosby, Michael Dorn & Colm Meaney. $5.00 + postage 2. Vol. 11 LeVar Burton: Engineer in action. . .Jonathan Frakes. . .Year 3 missions. . . Eight fold-out pinups featuring Federation friends & foes! $5.00 + postage 3. Vol. 10 Wil Wheaton: Growing up on the Enterprise. . .Blueprints, designs & diagrams. . .Get to know the Borg! . . . Directing starship adventures. . . Four all-new third season posters! $5.00 + postage 4. Vol. 9 Gates McFadden returns. . . The final missions of Year 2. . .STAR TREK comics. . . The Dauphin, Wesley's alien love. . .Four all-new third season posters! $5.00 + postage 5. Vol. 8 Interview: Diana Muldaur. . . Synopses. . .2nd Season Blueprints & designs. . .Inside the STAR TREK novel, "Power Hungry". . .Four posters (in- cluding the Romuian & Ferengi ships). . . & more! $5.00 + postage 6. Vol. 7 Interview: Michael Dorn. . . 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Total Amount enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH , NEW YORK, NY 10016 NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. BY PETER BLOCH-HANSEN With ELYSE DICKENSON Here 's a b attle-by-battle summary of E arth' s alien warfare. PRfflMIl The 1953 invaders who began the War of the Worlds were apparently stopped by fatal bacteria. Thousands of them were stored in barrels. Dr. Clayton Forrester headed the US government's unsuccessful, secret study of their bodies and technology. He adopted orphaned Harrison Blackwood, and educated him as an astrophysicist. Collective amnesia had persuaded the popu- lace to forget the invasion, explaining why Sylvia van Buren (played by Ann Robinson, reprising her i953 film role) was committed to a mental institute for insisting the aliens would return. Still sensitive to them, she has break- downs when they move. The aliens are not dead. Radioactivity kills the bacteria, allowing them to function, as long as they remain radioactive. Through a process of cell phase-matching, they can inhabit human beings, retaining all their memories, but the hu- man bodies suffer radiation sickness, showing ugly sores. When aliens die, they dissolve. Always functioning in threes, they depend for leadership on a tripartite Advocacy. Executive producers: Greg Strangis & Sam Strangis. Producer; Jonathan Hackett. Music: Billy Thorpe. Production design: Gavin Mitchell. Creative consultant: Herbert Wright Script consultant: Tom Lazarus, Alien prosthetics: Bill Sturgeon. Executive-in-charge-of-production: Bob Wertheimer. Regular Cast: Dr. Harrison Blackwood: Jared Martin: Dr. Suzanne McCullough: Lynda Mason Green; Lt. Colonel Paul Ironhorse: Richard Chaves; Norton Drake: Philip Akin; Debi McCullough: Rachel Blanchard. Note: Advocates #1: Richard Comar; #2: Use Van Glatz; #3: Michael Rudder unless otherwise indicated. "The Resurrection" (Pilot) Parti Airdate: 10/7/88 Writer: Greg Strangis. Director: Colin Chilvers. Episode Guide Guest Cast: Moussoud: Frank Pellegrino; General Wilson: John Vernon; Charlotte: Gwynyth Walsh. Terrorists attack Fort Jericho, a nuclear waste storage dump. Aliens stored there awaken and "possess" the terrorists. With hundreds of their brethren, they travel in a tractor-trailer to Kellogue USAF Base, where three of their war machines (as seen in the 1953 George Pal docu- mentary film) are stored. At the New Pacific Institute, microbiologist Suzanne McCullough joins Dr. Harrison Blackwood and computer expert Norton Drake to search for extraterrestrials. Norton intercepts an alien radio transmission from Fort Jericho. Harrison and Suzanne rush there. They meet Lt. Colonel Paul Ironhorse. Seeing the broken bar- rels, Harrison realizes the aliens are alive. He tells Suzanne about the '53 invasion. She takes him to her uncle, General Wilson, who seems unconvinced. Ironhorse and his troops pursue the "terrorists." "The Resurrection" Part 2 Guest Cast: Orel: Desmond Ellis; Martin Neufeld; Teal: Ric Sarabia. Finney: Following Norton's radio intercepts, Harrison and Suzanne rush to a country farm- house, meeting Ironhorse. His Delta Squad assaults the "terrorists" inside but are all killed or possessed by the aliens, who escape, establishing their HQ in an abandoned underground nuclear testing site in Nevada. General Wilson gives Harrison government backing, a secret base called the Cottage and Ironhorse as watchdog/liaison. Norton's inter- cepts lead the team to Kellogue to destroy the alien war machines located there. Barely ahead of Ironhorse's possessed soldiers, they plant explosives inside the machines and flee. The explosives destroy the pursuing machines. (Initially, "The Resurrection" ran as the series' two-hour premiere.) "The Walls of Jericho" Airdate: 10/14/88 Writer: Forrest Van Buren. (Pseudonym) Director: Colin Chilvers. Guest Cast: General Wilson: John Vernon; Mrs. Pennyworth: Corrine Conley; Kensington: Larry Reynolds. With no recent alien activity, Ironhorse be- lieves them neutralized. General Wilson an- nounces the project terminated. The advocates are dying from their cave HQ's radiation. They steal plastic fabric for pro- tective suits but need a coolant. A police report of a "melted" thief at a liquid nitrogen coolant factory leads Harrison and Ironhorse, disguised as safety inspectors, to discover that aliens have possessed the factory workers. Returning after dark, they're discov- ered and fight their way out. The Blackwood Project is renewed, but the Advocates live on. "Thy Kingdom Come" Airdate: 10/21/88 Writer: Herbert Wright. Director: Winrich Kolbe. Guest Cast: Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson; Alien Hunter: Alar Aedma. From the Cottage, Dr. Harrison Blackwood (Jared Martin), Lt. Col. Paul Ironhorse {Richard Chaves), Dr. Suzanne McCuIfough {Lynda Mason Green) and Norton Drake (Philip Akin) continue a battie begun in 1953. Sylvia tells Harrison and Ironhorse that aliens are on the loose in northern Montana. Aliens possess prison hockey players, then a vacationing family. The team follows their transmissions to a Canadian army base where the gate guards have been killed. The team members are arrested but escape. The aliens lo- cate others stored in a lake on the base and re- vive them, possessing many soldiers in the in- terim. Using explosives, the team drops a power line into the lake, electrocuting many aliens, but other aliens escape. "A Multitude of Idols'* Airdate: 10/28/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: Meill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Eiyse: Michele Scarabeili. Aliens steal two truckloads of nuclear waste from the government. Eiyse Conway (Michele Scarabeili. later of Alien Nation}, a reporter covering nuclear waste transport, tapes them. From a copy of her tape, the team learns about the stolen trucks. Via TV news choppers. Eiyse locates the stolen trucks in an abandoned town, \ CA. Following Defense Department photos, the team goes to Beeton. liens are decanting hundreds of their brethren Ironhorse leads Delta Squad into an alien-infested town, only to discover that there's no one there in "A Multitude of Idols." and possessing humans they have lured there. Discovered, the team flees, returning with troops, but the aliens have already gone with a thousand new soldiers. "Eye for an Eye'" Airdate: 1 1/04/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: Mark Sobel. Guest Cast: Flannery: Jeff Corey; Harvey: John Ireland. General Wilson, discovering that Orson Welles' 1938 War of the Worlds radio invasion was real, sends the team to Grover's Mills, New Jersey to investigate. They question a few veter- ans; Welles* broadcast was a government cover- up of the real invasion. Nearby, aliens unearth an immobilized war machine. Warned by veteran Flannery, Ironhorse sees the aliens mounting the war- ship's death ray onto a hearse. He diverts the aliens to Harrison and Norton who have con- structed a parabolic mirror which reflects the death ray back, destroying the aliens. "The Second Seal" Airdate: 11/11/88 Writer: Patrick Barry. Director: Neill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Lt. Amanda Burke: Lynne Griffin: General Masters: Greg Morris. While examining Dr. Forrester's papers in an underground vault, Harrison and Suzanne dis- cover an alien crystal. Its narcotic effects ham- per them in battle with alien-possessed soldiers searching for a list of where 10,000 comatose aliens are stored. Ironhorse. alerted by Norton, fights through to Harrison and Suzanne as they evade alien demolition charges in the vaults. Ironhorse shoots an alien escaping around a corner, apparently with the list. Do the aliens have it? "Goliath Is My Name" Airdate: 11/18/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Robert Parkins: James Kee; Jefferson: Eric Bruskotter. At Ohio Polytech, during a fantasy version of a laser tag-like game set in the college's un- derground tunnels, student Robert Parkin's, a former associate of Suzanne's, is killed by aliens attempting to steal lethal "Y Fever" from a campus lab. The team arrives to investigate. One of Parkins' teammates, possessed by the aliens, is infected with Y Fever. Frenzied, forgetting his alien identity, he disappears with two vials of Y Fever toxin, resuming the stu- dents' game. The team discovers the break-in and searches the runnels for him. The aliens also search until Ironhorse kills them. Harrison, entering the game, tricks the alien/student into the lab where he's destroyed. "To Heal the Leper" Airdate: 11/25/88 Writer: David Tynan. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson: Scott: Kim Coates; Beth: Guylaine St. Onge: Leo: Paul Boretski. Needing medicine for a sick Advocate, the aliens steal human brains. Their transmissions stop. Everyone except Harrison concludes that the aliens have gone. He links the brain thefts to alien activity. Sylvia's strange drawings lead Harrison to a power plant where the aliens, pro- cessing the brains in a crystalline device, cure the Advocate and then leave. "The Good Samaritan" Airdate: 12/31/88 Writer: Sylvia Clayton. (Pseudonym) Director: Warren Davis. Guest Cast: Alien Commander: Michael Kramer: Marcus Mason: Alex Cord; Terri: Lori Hallier; Franklin: Warren Davis. To learn more about designing a radiation- proof bacteria that might kill aliens. Suzanne contacts wealthy businessman Marcus Mason. whose corporation will profit from new grain capable of ending world hunger. Offered information for sexual favors. Suzanne refuses, but is nevertheless granted a tour of his lab. The aliens develop a lethal spore. They pos- sess Mason and infect his grain with it. Suzanne steals a sample of the tainted grain, discovering the spore. Monitoring transmissions. Norton STARLOG/May 7997 links Mason's company dockyard with the aliens. Posing as Department of Agriculture in- spectors. Harrison and Ironhorse battle aliens aboard the wheat ship until the alienated Mason jumps overboard. The shipments have been stopped, but the aliens still have the spores. "Epiphany" Airdate: 1/7/89 Writer: Sylvia van Buren (obviously a pseudonym). Director: Neill Feamley. Guest Cast: Katia: Deborah Wakeham; Valery Kerov: Patrick Macnee: Policeman: David Ferry. Planning to incite thermonuclear war, the aliens build a nuclear bomb and plant it in a stolen van parked near a US/USSR disarmament summit. Meanwhile, Harrison brings home Katia, a former lover and a USSR negotiating team member who wants to defect. The bomb is dis- covered. The USSR blames the USA, which refuses to allow Katia's defection, due to the sensitive disarmament talks. Harrison tells Katia about the aliens among us. Katia, a bomb expert, disarms the bomb and returns to Russia to lead the anti-alien effort there. "Among the Philistines" Airdate: 11/14/89 Writer: Patrick Barry. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Dr. Adrian Bouchard: Cedric Smith: Kensington: Larry Reynolds. The team meets Dr. Adrian Bouchard, a lan- guage expert who has partially decoded the alien transmissions. The" team takes him to the Cottage to help Norton. They make good progress: A new transmission indicates an im- minent alien operation. Leaving Norton and Adrian behind, the others hurry with Delta Squad to stop the aliens. Norton discovers that Adrian is an alien in- filtrator. Adrian kills Kensington. Norton res- cues Debi but is trapped in the lab with Adrian, who has copied all the team's computer data. "Choirs of Angels" Airdate: 1/21/89 Writer: Dumford King. Director: Herbert Wright. Guest Cast: Dr. Eric Von Deer: Jan Rubes: Alien Soldiers: John Novak. Alex Carter, Heidi von Palleske; Billy Carlos: Billy Thorpe. David Calderisi assumes the role of Advocate #1. Aliens use taped music with an addictive implant to hypnotize biologist Dr. Von Deer into developing a serum against Earth's bacte- ria. Suzanne arrives to study cell phase-match- ing with Von Deer. Harrison, given a copy of the tape, succumbs to the "embed" and becomes irrational, siding with the aliens. Meanwhile. Suzanne, suspicious of Von Deer's odd behavior, subdues him. discovers his serum and alerts Norton and Ironhorse. Harrison, deprived of the music, recovers. Norton destroys Von Deer's computer records. Suzanne poisons the serum with ammonia. The aliens give up the project. "Dust to Dust" Airdate: 1/28/89 Writer: Richard Krzemien. • Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Grace Lonetree: Robin Sewell: Joseph Lonetree: Ivan Naranjo: Bureau of Indian Affairs Officer: Eric Schweia. During the first season, the conflict wasn't only with the aliens, as Ironhorse and Blackwood often disagreed. Indian spirits are summoned to combat the aliens in "Dust to Dust." The first season episodes were very fond of Biblical titles. A grave robber steals an ancient mask bear- ing a triangular crystal from an American Indian burial ground. From a newscast, the aliens rec- ognize the crystal as a warship starter while the team realizes the crystal is beyond the Indians' technological skill. After failing to persuade the grave robber to return the mask, the tribe's shaman, Joseph, is driven to the reservation by Ironhorse. Aliens kill the grave robber take the crystal and locate the warship on the reservation. Warned by Norton, Suzanne and Harrison race to the area. The aliens activate the buried warship. Joseph, guided by Indian spirits, summons a powerful storm, destroying the warship. "He Feedeth Among the Lilies" Airdate: 2/4/89 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Karen McKinney: Cynthia Belliveau. Alien experiments on humans to combat Earth bacteria fail in the cavern's radiation. The aliens abduct humans, implant a device in their bodies and "harvest" them six months later for study. Meanwhile, the team interviews people who've encountered aliens. They meet Karen McKinney who, for several months, has suffered debilitating nightmares about 10 missing hours in her life. She and Harrison begin a romance. Under hypnosis, Karen reveals that she was abducted by creatures who placed something in her body. When Harrison explains about the aliens, she agrees to tests to find the implant. That night. Harrison rushes to her apartment but finds Karen gone, abducted by the aliens. "The Prodigal Son" Airdate: 2/1 1/89 Teleplay: Herbert Wright. Story: Patrick Barry. Director: George McGowan. Guest Cast: Quinn: John Colicos. In a human body immune to Earth bacteria, the alien army's supreme commander has sur- vived since '53, becoming famous as the hermit artist Quinn. Now, the Advocacy wants to dis- sect him to discover his secret. In New York to secretly brief the UN Security Council on the aliens, Harrison is cap- tured by Quinn. Three million aliens will soon arrive. Harrison must tell the UN that if they ac- cept Quinn as Earth's ruler, Quinn wiii save 10 percent of humanity. Suzanne and Ironhorse find a message from Harrison at Quran's studio, warning that Quinn is an alien. The aliens infiltrate Ironhorse's se- curity force at the UN, cornering Quinn and Harrison. When Harrison saves them both, Quinn frees him and disappears. "The Meek Shall Inherit" Airdate: 2/1 1/89 Writer: D.C, Fontana. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Molly Stone: Diana Reis; Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson; Sgt. Coleman: Norah Grant: Advocate #2: Michael Kramer; Advocate #3: Martin Neufeld. An alien triad is sent to hijack a transport truck containing a needed power source. They are seen possessing three homeless men by Molly Stone, a vagrant from the hospital where Sylvia lives. Sensing nearby alien activity. Sylvia has an "episode." To warn Harrison, she escapes with Molly. Hearing of her escape, Harrison searches for her with Suzanne, finally going to a trucking yard where vagrants receive handouts. Sylvia and Molly are there, as are the aliens, awaiting : the truck. They possess Moiiy. The iruck ar- rives. As the aliens move. Ironhorse and his Omega Squad arrive and kill them all. STARLOG/May 1991 ^Hr^jHf^liijM^H Hf ^r ">^^3 Ml"" — "™~lfll The heroes lake a K^jj^BBHf Jf "^ * : i harsh blow in the Hfe Wj9FLiHR\|Vfl ^P w second season as ■ZM — JHj ^B ^^r ; ^ft they gain a new ally, mercenary John Kincaid {Adrian Paul), but "*""" " ^K ^» ^». ^r lose two friends. ■ ; J5g lp.^^.sJ — :^\| "Unto Us a Child Is Born" Airdate: 2/25/89 Writer: David Braff. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: First Alien: Brent Carver; Nancy Salvo: Amber-Lea Watson: Alien Babies: •Jonathan & Brandyn Ursini; Alien Chiid: Mark Pair. John Ferguson. To escape capture, an aiien possesses a pregnant woman and is rushed to the hospital in labor. Guided by Norton's computers, the team goes to the hospital. Ironhorse deploys his squad throughout the hospital to defend the chiid who grows quickly to adulthood and gets loose, killing several people. The triad infiltrates the hospital to cap- ture the ehiid but when the mother/a Hen decides to reabsorb; it to recover her lost strength, her partners kill her and are then killed by Ironhorse. Harrison finds the child who ages rapidly and dies, revealing a normal human child inside. The baby is given to its grandparents, who are revealed to be aliens. "The Last Supper' Airdate: 3/11/89 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George McCowan. Guest Cast: Dr. Argochev: Colm Feore; Gabriel Morales: Efrain Figuerola; Dr. Soo Tak: James Hong. Note: Advocate #1: Use Von Glatz; #2: Rick Sarabia; #3: Michael Copeman. To plan a world defense against the aliens. the team, in a site secured by Ironhorse for a weekend, briefs representatives from several countries. They're hampered by international tensions. The aliens locate them and attack, breaking through Ironhorse s defense. One dele- gate proves to be an alien, but is destroyed. Ironhorse defeats the aliens with a clever but desperate strategy. "Vengeance Is Mine" Airdate: 4/22/89 Writer: Arnold Margolin. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: Sarah Cole: Carolyn Dunn; Martin Cole: Denis Forest; Alien #1; Peter Millard, #2: Remembering the invasion of '53, Sylvia van Buren (Ann Robinson) comes to the aid of Harrison and McCullough as "The Meek Shall Inherit." Paul Jolicoeur: Alien Woman: Julie Khaner. Aliens rob armored trucks to buy rubies for laser weapons. Ironhorse accidentally kills a woman named Sarah Cole. Shaken, he is sent off to recuperate and captured by Sarah's vengeful husband Martin, using a remote-controlled model heli- copter bearing explosives. Ironhorse escapes, persuading Martin to help defeat the "terrorists" who are really responsible. "My Soul to Keep" Airdate: 4/29/89 Writer: Jon Kubichan. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Cash McCullough: Michael Parks; Quinn: John Colicos. Alien eggs dying in the cavern's heat are moved to an icehouse to hatch. Quinn (seen in "The Prodigal Son") tells "Cash." Suzanne's reporter ex-husband that she works for a secret government operation to kill illegal aliens in the USA. Cash tries to black- mail her into giving him information for a story on the Blackwood Project. She refuses. Prompted by Norton's intercepts. Harrison and Ironhorse steal an egg from the icehouse for Suzanne to examine. When Ironhorse's com- mandos attack and destroy the remaining eggs. Cash follows them in and, seeing the aliens, agrees to keep silent. "So Shall Ye Reap" Airdate: 5/6/89 Writer: Michael McCormack. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: Lt. Novack: Dixie Seatle: Detective Jack Sawyer: Jonathan Welsh: Envoy: Jill Jacobson; Alien Scientist: Angelo Rizacos: Advocate #3: Frank Pelligreno. Alien scientists experiment on kidnapped humans in Chicago, designing an addictive drug that makes humans homicidal. The team poses as DEA agents, investigating the city's drug deaths. Police are uncooperative until liaison officer Lt. Novack discovers their "real" cover as anti-terrorists. A test of the aliens" drug goes awry. Lt. Novack locates their base, but to prevent a po- lice massacre. Harrison explains about the aliens. Novack lets the Omega Squad assault the base. Meanwhile, the aliens' drug-addicted pris- oners break free and destroy their captors. The Advocacy abandons the project. "The Raising of Lazarus" Airdate: 5/13/89 Writer: Durnford King. Director: Neill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Col. Frederick Alexander: Nicolas Coster: Lt. Perry: Janet Bailey. A small alien vessel with its inert pilot are discovered and placed in a nuclear-powered un- derground USAF base. The team begins studying it, but Air Force Colonel Alexander arrives with orders placing him in charge. His people fail to open the craft with drill and laser. Norton ad- vises Harrison that sound feedback might work. It does. Experiments begin. Alexander injects himself with alien tissue, hoping to gain alien powers. The alien pilot re- STARLOG/May 1991 vives and enters the ventilation system. Norton calls Harrison. Alexander works on top-secret, military technology development. The alien taps into their phone line and accesses the Blackwood Project computer files. Then, with fuel from the base reactor, the alien contami- nates almost the entire base, possesses Alexander and escapes. Ironhorse and Harrison destroy the fleeing alien with the laser. "Angel of Death" Airdate: 5/20/89 Writer/Director: Herbert Wright. Guest Cast: Q'tara: Elaine Giftos; Alien Jake: John Evans. Q'tara. a female android from planet Q'arto. kills 86 aliens in four days. The team sets a trap to capture aliens. Q'tara appears, captures Ironhorse and kills all but one alien. Reporting to the Advocates, the survivor mistakenly iden- tifies Suzanne as Q'tara. Q'tara probes Ironhorse's mind for informa- tion, then sends him to tell the others that she's actually an ally. Meanwhile, the Advocates lo- cate Q'tara and. with a special weapon, lead an assault force disguised as firemen. They attack while Harrison. Suzanne. Norton and Ironhorse meet with her but are beaten off. All four humans are seriously wounded. Q'tara heals their wounds, promising to return within the year. Then, she calls home, referring to humanity as a new food source, and leaves. Second Season (Fall 1989) Due to falling ratings. Paramount installed Frank Mancuso Jr. as executive producer and Jeremy Hole as executive story consultant, later succeeded by Jim Trombetta. They redesigned the show completely, hiring Adrian Paul as John Kincaid, Denis Forest as Malzor. Catherine Disher as Mana and later. Julian Richings as Ardix. In turn. Richard Chaves and Phil Akin departed the show. Triumph's Jon Anderson became supervising producer. The series' storyline was also readjusted. In a time called "almost tomorrow." new, superior aliens arrive from the now-destroyed planet Morthrai. hatching from three-person cocoons in perfect human form, neither radioactive nor subject to Earth's bacteria. They worship the mysterious Eternal, and use an organic technology cultured from its flesh. They can create perfect human clones which have all the originals' memories. Led by the autocratic Malzor and female scientist Mana, they call themselves the Morthren. "The Second Wave" Airdate: 10/7/89 Teleplay: Michael Michaelian. Jonathan Glassner. Director: Francis Delia. Guest Cast: Alien Scientist: Julian Richings; Ironhorse: Richard Chaves; Norton: Phil Akin. The Morthren execute the Advocates and all the First Wave aliens but make no other move ; for months. Harrison answers a mysterious summons from General Wilson to Plato's Bar. where he's met by two marines. Outside, a shadowy figure shoots the marines who prove to be aliens. Harrison's rescuer is Paul Kincaid, a soldier used by General Wilson for special mis- sions. At the Cottage, they learn that General Wilson has disappeared. Ironhorse. reconnoitering a building where Norton has "The Second Wave" arrives, executing the Advocates and using their bio- technology to win the war. located aliens, is captured and cloned. Harrison and Kincaid investigate, find Ironhorse much weakened and take him home. At the Cottage, the clone Ironhorse plants a time bomb, kills Norton and captures Debi. Ironhorse shoots himself, killing the clone. The survivors escape the explosion which destroys the Cottage. "No Direction Home" Airdate: 10/14/89 Teleplay: Nolan Powers. Story: Thomas Baum. Director: Mark Sobel. Guest Cast: Father Tim: Angelo Rizacos; Peter Blais: Helper: Denise Ferguson. Ralph: Kincaid takes the others to his underground home, an abandoned military command point. The aliens also move their HQ, accidentally abandoning an "engram" which Harrison and Kincaid find. Suzanne determines that it is a memory transfer device. It gives them a vision of Malzor and Mana, who likewise see them. Meanwhile. Father Tim is captured and cloned. He returns to his street mission where Ralph, a disturbed vagrant, instinctively senses Father Tim's "wrongness" and makes a scene which Kincaid sees on his monitor, Kincaid in- vestigates and realizes the truth. Harrison and Suzanne take the engram to the mission, con- fronting the clone and his soldiers. They destroy the engram which, in turn, kills the clone. "Doomsday" Airdate: 10/21/89 Writer: Tony Di Franco. Director: Timothy Bond. Guest Cast: Reverend Thomas Solter: Kurt Rets; Grace: Diana Reis; Steven: Nathaniel Moreau; Bayda: Patricia Phillips. The Morthren block a water main during STARLOG/A/av 1991 drought, causing riots. Ardix arranges fake mir- acles it! a church run by Ktncaid's friend Thomas. Thomas' cloned son Steven is found "dead" and is apparently resurrected by Thomas. Realizing the Morthren have blocked the , rtiatas. Suzanne and Harrison find the biock un- der a water treatment plant. Kincaid. following when Thomas is taken there for cloning, meets Harrison and Suzanne. They blow up the biock, then rescue the original Thomas and Steven. At ';■ the church, they confront the clone, who's rous- ting parishioners to faith in htm using ahoio- : gram of the Eternal. An electrical storm shorts out the hologram, so Ardix zaps the clones and flees. It rains. "Terminal Rock" Airdate: 10/28/89 Writer: John Groves. Director. Gabriel Pelietier. Guest Cast: Rosa Douglas: Shannon Lawson: Sol: Paul Bettis; Larry: Jaimz Woqlvett; Ripper: Lawrence King. The Morthren clone Ripper, leader of a punk band. Mana adds subliminal implants to their !. music to incite violence in the listeners. Kiricaid visits Rosa, a friend whose teen brother Larry has joined Ripper's gang, the Scavengers. Ktncaid's attacked by three music- controlled Scavengers with alien devices in their ears. He kills two, bringing home the badlv wounded third Scavenger, who dies when Suzanne removes the device. Debi puts it in her own ear and goes berserk, attacking her mother. The Morthren alter the band's amplifier to extend their control. Kincaid and Harrison go. to Ripper's club. Realizing the music is causing the violence, they destroy the alien device, kill the clone and his alien "agent." Malzor aban- dons the music project. "Breeding Ground" Airdate: 11/04/89 Writer: Alan Moskowitz. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Dr. Emil Gestaine: Gerard Parkes; Kate Barrows: Helen Hughes. At Metro Hospital, Emil Gestaine, a doctor friend of Harrison, implants a Morthren fetus into a man's back in return for medicine he be- lieves will cure his illness. Seeing the man's back fatally burst open, Harrison takes tissue samples. Examining them. Suzanne real- izes the aliens are incubating their young in humans. Meanwhile, the impoverished, elderly Kate Barrows is left to die. Ardix forces Dr. Emil to impregnate her with a fetus. Harrison and Kincaid kidnap Kate who escapes from them. She's returned to the hospital by Morthrens. Harrison and Kincaid pursue, arriving to find Dr. Emil dead, the aliens and newborn gone. "Seft of Emun'" Airdate: 11/11/89 Writer. J.K.E. Rose. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Seft: Laura Press; Torri: Illya Woloshyn. The Morthren revive a hibernating captive, Seft of planet Emun, to make badly-needed power crystals. Shopping for materials, she meets Harrison. They fall in love. Unwilling to serve the Morthren who destroyed her race, she telepathically calls Harrison to ask his help. Kincaid, believing Seft to be Morthren, nearly kills her. Seft meets Harrison again. Ardix uses her son Torri as bait in an effort to trap her. As she comes for Torri, the Morthren attack. Suzanne is wounded. All seem doomed, but Seft & Torri dematerialize themselves while the humans escape. "Loving the Alien" Airdate: 11/18/89 Writer: Janet Maclean. Director: Otta Hanus. Guest Cast: Marcus: Eugene Glazner: Ceeto: Keram Malicki-Sanchez; Jo: Mira Kirshner. Feeling misunderstood. Debi runs away and meets another runaway. Ceeto. They fall in love but she discovers he is Morthren. A cell of alien fighters led by Marcus Crane, a friend of Harrison and Suzanne, is destroyed by Morthren mercenaries seeking a weapon that Marcus has stolen. His daughter Jo is captured, cloned and sent to find her father. Marcus meets the team. They find the run- aways in an abandoned theater. Debi stops them from killing Ceeto. The cloned Jo leads the Morthren there. In the confusion, Marcus and the clone are killed. The humans flee and the Morthren recapture Ceeto. Debt's grief recon- ciles her to her mother. "Night Moves" Airdate: 11/25/89 Writer: Lome Rossman. Director: Mark Sobel. STARLOG/Moy 1991 Guest Cast: John: Ken Pogues: Rebecca Owen: Sally Chamberlin; Paul Fox: Wayne Best: Shirley: Meg Hogarth; Roy: Dale Wilson. Suzanne's mother Rebecca owns a coopera- tive farm. Suzanne takes Debi there to escape the mounting violence over food shortages. The Morthren, also short of food, clone Rebecca's husband John and two other co-op members; then, posing as Department of Agriculture soil researchers, the clones use the farm's green- house to grow Morthren food. Growing suspi- cious, Rebecca alerts Suzanne who calls Harrison. He discovers that the researchers are fake. Arriving with Kincaid. Harrison finds Suzanne and Debi fleeing through the fields. Suzanne has shot the clones, but the Morthren have killed her mother. •'Synthetic Love" Airdate: 1/20/90 Writer: Nancy Ann Miller. Director: Francis Delia. Guest Cast: LaPorte: Vlasta Vrana; Mr. Jimmy: Sam Malkin; Renee: Kathryn Rose. Legalized narcotics cause rising crime, overwhelming the welfare system. The Morthren deal with LaPorte to distribute Crevulax, a drug effective against mental disor- ders, through his pharmaceutical company's re- habilitation centers. In return, LaPorte delivers human "test subjects" who are killed for their brain tissue. Kincaid takes addict friend Jimmy Wilson to LaPorte's center. Seeing patients abducted, Jimmy alerts Kincaid but then is taken by the Morthren. Kincaid returns disguised as an addict, finds Jimmy gone and steals some Crevulax. Suzanne discovers Crevulax is made with human brain tissue and tells LaPorte, who breaks off his deal with Malzor. Malzor kills LaPorte's daughter and threatens to expose him. LaPorte kills himself. "The Defector" Airdate: 1/27/90 Writers: Sandra & Judith Berg. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Kemo: Charles McCaughan; Ace: Charles Kerr; Scoggs: Belinda Metz. While talking to Kincaid on a computer BBS, Kincaid's friend Ace dies. Kemo, a Morthren. has invented a device to interface with human computers, drain their data and kill their operators. In killing Ace, Kemo is disfig- ured and slated for death by the perfection-ob- sessed Morthren. He steals an engram and flees to Ace's base. Using Kemo's device, Mana kills further BBS members, while Malzor's soldiers search for Kemo. At Ace's base, Kincaid meets Kemo, who wants peace. They meet Harrison at Scoggs' place. Using the engram, Kemo dis- rupts his own device, then returns to the base and destroys it before escaping, "Time to Reap" Airdate: 2/3/90 Writer: Jim Trombetta. Director: Joseph L. Scanlan. Guest Cast: Miranda Watson: Paula Barrett; General Mann: George R. Robertson; Young Sylvia: Martha Irving; Young Harrison: Amos Crawley. Malzor travels to 1953 to inoculate a few surviving aliens against Earth bacteria. He must return in 12 hours. His time travel device creates disturbances identical to the '53 invasion. Harrison and Kincaid, tracking the disturbance to its source, follow Malzor into the past, where they race him to the aliens located inside an Army-quarantined area. Malzor arrives first and begins the inoculations, but Harrison and Kincaid arrive and slaughter the aliens. Malzor escapes through time, followed by Harrison and Kincaid. Despite his failure, the Eternal spares Malzor. "The Pied Piper" Airdate: 2/10/90 Teleplay: Nancy Ann Miller. Story: Alan Moscowitz. Director: Allan Eastman. Guest Cast: Adam: Joel Carlson; Martin Daniels: Ron Lea: Julie: Lisa Jakub. The firstborn alien, grown to the equivalent of a nine-year old, languishes for lack of emo- tional nourishment. Malzor sends him to the Creche, an experimental schooi where Martin Daniels is secretly raising genetically-engi- neered children. Adam will be healed there and will also obtain information on Martin's exper- iments. Martin calls Suzanne to help discover Adam's identity. When Adam is found not to be human, Martin ejects Suzanne. Adam uses telepathy to win over the children and kill the staff. Returning by night, the team discovers the murders. They pursue Adam, who leads the children towards Morthren HQ. Suzanne persuades the children not to go with Adam, who returns with his stolen data. STARLOG/Mav 1991 "The Deadliest Disease" Airdate: 2/17/90 Teiepiay: Carl Binder. Story: Wilson Coneybeare. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Tao: Aki Aleong: Colonel West: John Evans; Brock: James Purcell; Bing: Joon B. Kim; Abraham: Elias Zarou; Jerry: Alex Karzis. Mana and others are fatally ill. Malzor deals with Colonel West, bartering hyperdrive technology for a med-cell, a prototype microrobotic doctor. When the cell is stolen, Malzor traces it to a market called The Exchange. He captures and clones Brock whose security firm protects The Exchange. West asks the team to locate the cell. Inquiries lead them to The Exchange. Kincaid goes to work for Brock. Tao, a wealthy Oriental merchant, plans to sell the ceil for enough money to control The Exchange. The Brock clone, increasingly independent, secretly takes its original to The Exchange. Seeking the ceil, Malzor arrives during a war among The Exchange's merchants. Nearly ev- eryone is killed, including Tao's and Brock's sons. Malzor gets the cell, kills the clone, cures Mana. then kills West. "Path of Lies" Airdate: 2/24/90 Teiepiay: Rick Schwartz, Nancy Ann Miller. Story: Rick Schwartz. Director: Allan Eastman. Guest Cast: Marc Traynor: David Ferry; Ed Jennings: Bernard Behrens; Bibi Gardner: Barbara Gordon; W.R Samuels: Maurice Evans. Reporter Marc Traynor photographs Harrison and Kincaid in a gunfight with Morthren. Malzor orders Traynor killed and the photos retrieved while the team tries to stop publication. Meanwhile, Malzor is trading a "serum of youth" to wealthy W.R. Samuels in return for PETER BLOCH-HANSEN, STARLOC s Canadian Correspondent, profiled Rachel Blanchard in STARLOG #154. ELYSE DICKENSON provided research assis- tance. his political and business influence. Samuels orders the alien story buried, while his business manager Ed Jennings kills Traynor's girl friend, editor and publisher. Jennings steals the nega- tives. Then, Jennings kills the reclusive Samuels and takes his place with Malzor. The Morthren are gaining powerful allies. "Candle in the Night" Airdate: 4/14/90 Writer: Carl Binder. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Nate: Noam Zylberman; Gunther: Sandy Webster; Sam: Gema Zamprogna. On her birthday, Debi is depressed because she doesn't have an ordinary childhood. The adults plan a surprise birthday party. Suzanne calls her friends. Kincaid collects them, looking for a place for a party. Harrison futilely searches for a cake until, near dark, he finds Gunther. who agrees to bake one although finding ingredients is difficult. Kincaid decides to hold the party at the abandoned library where Nate, a boy infatuated Kincaid goes undercover as a drug addict in pursuit of "Synthetic Love." with Debi, lives. Meanwhile, Ardix, searching for a runaway watcher, finds it in Gunther's shop as the cake is being finished. Ardix deactivates it. Suzanne takes the morose Debi to the sur- prise party. "Video Messiah" Airdate: 4/21/90 Writer: Norman Snider. Director: Gabrielle Pelletier. Guest Cast: Dr. Van Order: Roy Thinnes: Hardy- Gait: Larry Joshua: Mindy Cooper: Lori Hallier: Clark: Alex Carter. The Morthren clone Dr. Van Order (Roy Thinnes, who fought aliens in The Invaders) is a popular self-help guru. He uses disciple Hardy Gait's advertising agency. HGI, to disseminate TV ads with subliminal images designed to stimulate violence. Harrison and Suzanne learn the Morthren are spying on HGI. When Kincaid reports that Mindy. a girl friend employee of HGI, is at a weekend Van Order motivational seminar. Harrison suspects mind control. They go to res- cue her. At the seminar. Mindy is about to be murdered when Kincaid rescues her. Van Order commands Mindy to kill Kincaid. Instead, she kills Van Order and accepts a partnership at HGI. stopping the ads. "Totally Real" Airdate:' 4/28/90 Writer: Jim Trombetta. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Nikita: Colm Feore; David Nash: Trevor Cameron Smith; Sendac: Michael Woods; Scoggs: Belinda' Metz. The Morthren. using a holographic com- puter game, study human creativity. Their champion. Sendac. battles to the death with hu- man opponents furnished by an accomplice, Nikita, while audiences bet on the outcome. Harrison and Suzanne develop a serum en- abling two people to mind-link, seeing through each other's eyes. Martin and Chaves take a break from the wars as they await the next set-up. STARLOG/Maj 1991 Debi. scoring highly on Nikita's computer- ized career aptitude-testing simulator, is kid- napped to battle Sendac. Informed by a witness, the team crashes the "games." Kincaid links into the game to help Debi. The fleeing Ardix kills Nikita. Harrison discovers the game is re- motely controlled by Mana. Deceived by the game, Debi nearly kills Kincaid. When Harrison mind-links with Sendac. Malzor cuts the power to avoid detection, causing Sendac to die. "Max" Airdate: 5/5/90 Writer: Gnome Janzen. Director: Jorge Montesi. Guest Cast: Max: Michael Welden: Colonel Bradley: Chuck Shamata. One year before. Kincaid's brother Max was captured by the Morthren, and is presumed dead. But Mana placed his brain into a cyborg which Seeking refuge for her daughter, McCullough heads for her mother's farm, only to discover "Night Moves." "Time to Reap" involves Malzor's (Denis Forest) jaunt to the '50s to save members of his race. looks like Max. Sent to kill his commando teammates. Max steals Kincaid's army file. Max kills two commandos and then comes for Kincaid. The pursuit leads to the scene of Max's capture. Max, remembering his brother, struggles with his programming. The Morthren arrive, destroy Max but are driven off by Harrison. "The True Believer" Airdate: 5/12/90 Writer: Jim Henshaw. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Thresher: Timothy Webber; Captain Nash: Michael Hogan. Suzanne determines that the Morthren, on limited rations, are short of personnel. Malzor and Mana identify all the team mem- bers. News reports brand the team as murderers when Morthren. disguised as the team, rob an S \|& L. Malzor poses as leader of a police assault team assigned to the case. During a gun battle, he captures Harrison and. at police headquarters. When "The Obelisk" reveals a horrible secret about the Morthren's past, Mana (Catherine Disher) decides to finally end the war of the worlds. tortures him for the base's location. Debi meets Thresher, a policeman who has seen dead and wounded aliens. Kincaid explains the situation. They trick Malzor into bringing Harrison to an abandoned warehouse, but Malzor has set up an ambush. Malzor escapes from the ensuing battle but with serious losses. "The Obelisk" Airdate: 5/19/90 Writers: Rick Schwartz, Mary Ann Miller. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Tallick: John Gilbert: Ceeto: Keram Malicki-Sanchez; Tila: Cynthia Dale. There are only 40 Morthren left. Malzor consults the obelisk, which reveals past and fu- ture. He orders the lethal, forbidden Talesian spores released. Release pods are positioned. awaiting favorable winds. . Ceeto (introduced in "Loving the Alien") steals the obelisk and reveals the Morthren past to Debi, Harrison and Suzanne. In 1945, Mana observed Earth's atomic blasts. Tallick, the Morthren leader and Mana's father, orders Malzor to prepare an expeditionary force with Malzor's wife, Tila, in command. The effort un- balances Morthrai's eco-system. When Tila is killed in the "53 invasion, Maizor secretly kills Tallick, takes his place and orders a second in- vasion, destroying Morthrai. Ceeto reveals the secret to Mana. She leads the team to expose Maizor. In the confronta- tion, Malzor kills Ceeto. Debi kills Malzor. Mana orders the spores and the base destroyed. The war of the worlds is over. ■■;"■■& STARLOG/Afav 799/ MODELS: GTC sells a broader selection of Sci-Fi Scale Models than any other distributor in North America! Send $3 for GTC's New 28 page il- lustrated catalog with over 1,000 Different Models from Robotech, Star Trek, Thunderbirds, Star Wars, Macross, and more. Galactic Trade Commission, 10185 Switzer, Overland Park, KS 66212. STILL THINGS IS STILL THE BEST! Giant Catalog of SF photos, exclusive line of videotapes, scripts, glamour. Send $2.00 to STILL THINGS, 13622 Hen- ny Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342 ^czmrnmM- W ++ GIANT CATALOG* NOW AVAILABLE' Scripts from your (avorcte So Fi & Horror Movies From Frankenstein to Ghostbusters' Over 3000 amazing titles" ' Send 50c (refundable) for a huge . catatoq Receive flMf offer!^' Send to SCRIPT CITY. 1 770 N. Highland. Suite 608SI Hollywood CA 90028 SELLING JAMES BOND, TV AVENGERS, U.N.C.L.E., Charlie's Angels, Dark Shadows, Star Trek, Batman and Prisoner, Playboys, Charlie's Angels, Combat, Sci-Fi, Horror, Movie and TV Photos, & Paperbacks, etc. Catalog $2.50. TV Guide Catalog 1950-1990 $2.00. Howard Rogofsky, Box SL107, Glen Oaks, NY 11004 ST COLLECTION many rare books, records, com- ics, toys, etc. Send legal SASE for list J. Kingsbury Rt. 1 Box 11B Clayton, Wl 54004. STAR WARS CAST, CREW AN D PROMO items pro- duced for LF.L Plus toys, books. Star Trek and NASA items. Cat. $2 Collect-O-Mania P.O. Box 4314, Whittier, CA 90607. TARGET the WORLD! The International Fan Location Service finds buyers of what YOU have to offer, no matter where on Earth they may be! Send for our FREE catalog: IFLS 7781 Asterella Ct Springfield, ¥A 22152 (703) 644-7854 (Voice & FAX) STAR TREK COLLECTIBLES. Books (1200 + ), Records (200 + ), Comics (3500 + ) & Fotonovels (175 + ). Also 200 Starlogs. For 26 page list, send $1.00&LgSASEtoTREK,Box519,CapeGirardeau, MO 63702. SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM, exciting NASA color prints collection. For catalog and sample send $1.25 to Space Collection, Box 701-S, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920. WHAT IS PROPBILIA? Movie replica prop collec- ting send for free cat. to Prop Dept. 10614 Oaktree Dr. Worth, IL 60482. fcA A AAftAAftftftAAAft AAftft A AAA ft ft AAA ! [ jewelry, blueprints, next generation, 1 fee shirts, ^^ »** wars, * ^^Hr QBF^. fanzines^and J f ^ J^ much . ' . ' ' ' more; EW EYE STUDIO PHASERS COMMUNICATOR? \ Fb. BOX 632 I WILLIMANTIC,CT. n/i99/! i catalog-one dollar UOUb SCI-FI/FANTASY ARTWORK RUBBER STAMPS! Let Imagination Be Your Guide. $1 Catalog. Space Debris, Box N. Crugers, NY 10521. STAR TREK, Star Wars, B.S. Galactica, "V," Blakes-7, S. Trek Next Gen., I carry a full line of science fiction items! Sale on Dr. Who, Robotech! Send $3.50 for 75 page 1991 catalog! (Canada $4.50/overseas $6.00) Refunded with 1st order. Tom's Sci-Fi Shop, P.O. Box 56116 Dept. 6, Har- woodHts,IL 60656-01 16. For as little as $45, you can reach over one million SF fans, the world's largest science-fiction audience. DEADLINE: ForSTARLOG#170:inourofficebyMay3, 1991. For#171:inbyJune3, 1991. A/)so/ufe/y no ads can be accepted for an issue after that issue's deadline has passed. BASIC RATE: $15 per line (limit: 48 characters per line) Minimum— three lines. Punctuation symbols & spaces count as characters. Small display ads: $120 per column inch (Camera-ready only!) HEADLINE: First line only: Word(s) of your choice (underline them) will be printed in BOLD CAPS. CATEGORY: Indicate category under which your ad may be listed. In the event of space limitations, STARLOG reserves the right to place ads under a category of its choosing. PAYMENT: Cash, check or money order must accompany ad. (Checks payable to Starlog Communications Int.) MAIL TO: STARLOG Classified, 475 Park Avenue South, 8th Fir, NY, NY 10016 READERS: Beware! STARLOG is not responsible for any product or service printed in this section. Star Trek Next: Generation, Lost in Space, Beauty and the Beast , Trek classic and movies, Dr Who, Star Wars, Ali- ens, Blakes 7, Warof the Worlds, The Prisoner, The Avengers, The Man From Uncle, Airwolf, MacGyver, Battlestar Galactica, Space 1999, UFO (and other Anderson shows), Outer Lim- its, Twilight Zone, Voyage/Sea, Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants, Starman, and many others are in our Science Fiction Catalog: toys, books, models, tapes, posters, scripts, "props, records, miniatures, photos, buttons, blue- prints, patches, jewelery, much more, only S1.00 (S2.00 Canada, S3.00 overseas, US funds only!). Stair T<S<SM PO Box 456SL, Dunlap, TN 37327 TV COLLECTABLES: Equalizer, UNCLE, Charlie's Angels, Dark Shadows, Brady Bunch, Combat, Bat- man, Irwin Allen, Lunchboxes, Toys, Games, Com- ics, Mags, Catalog $2. TV Guides 1950-1991. Catalog $2. Jim's TV Guides, Box 4767SL, San Diego, CA 92164. DRAGONS, WIZARDS, CREATURES, TSR. 3 Full- Color Pewter Catalogs: 46 Pg Rawcliffe/Partha, 32 Pg Gallo, 27 Pg Hudson. Send $5.00 for 1, $9.00 for 2, $13.00 for all. Refundable. The Dragon's Lair; Dept. SL; PO Box 809; Andover, MA 01810. THE ULTIMATE CATALOGS 1. Playboy and all other adult magazines (1953-1990). . . .$1.00 2. Rock N'Roll Magazines and Collec- tibles (1957-1990) Beatles. Kiss. Bangles, 8londie. Joan Jett, etc) 200 page catalog 3.00 3. TV Toys and Monster Magazines (Star Trek, Munsters, 007, Famous Monsters, etc.) 1.00 HENKEL 24 Orchard Street Rldgetleld Park, NJ 07660 201-641-7212 (Also Buying) GIANT CATALOG Superhero & Sci-Fi, Star Wars, Superpowers, Willow, Secret Wars, Etc. Send $1 .00 to: Figures, P.O. Box 8304, Cranston, Rl 02920. PHASERS, RARE MODELS, much more from Star Trek, B.G., Dr. Who, etc. $1 .00 to Acme Space Prod- ucts, 2488 Warwick Ave., Warwick, Rl 02889 •hill colo% cwmtog ~ O-J 'D'J{Ag09{$ S2 " I T-Shirts. stationery, jewelry, rubber stamps, belt buckles. s^?i sculptures, posters. ^"V-, coffee cups, and much more. Dancing Dragon Designs-TGO 1881 Fieldbrook Rd Areata CA 95521 1-800-322-6040 BRAND NEW! 24" Supersize Jupiter-2 Model kit, "Vincent" from B&B model figure kit! Send SASE and $3.00 to Lunar Models, 5120 Grisham, Rowlett, TX 75088. PROP & UNIFORM REPLICAS frm 25 yrs of S. Trek, S. Wars, BS Galactica, Logan, Escape NY, Blade Runner, Blakes 7, Aliens, Capt. Power, V, more. $2 to Marco Ent., 293 Spruce, Anaheim, CA 92805. GIANT 20 PAGE TOY + CARD CATALOG: Star Wars, Trek, T.M.N.T., Indy, etc. ships, figs, + more. Send $2 to Rob-Lee Ent. 4721 N.W. Fisk, K.C. MO 64151. W^IW FREE CATALOG of Movie & TV T-Shirts • Posters • Patches AND MORE! Write lo: P.O. Box 24937-S • Denver, CO 80224 Or call: 303/671-TREK TREKEE OUTFITTING FINALLY DONE RIGHT! Phone 906/635-0303 ENTERPRISES • Authentic Star Trek uniforms • Newborn to XXXL • Unequaled Quality • Command, Engineering & Science • Classic & Next Generation • Lowest Prices • Fast Delivery • Phone Orders • COD's Welcome • Complete Catalog $1.00 P.O. Box 1338 sault ste. Marie, mi 49783 tM 333m v u ' V f STAR TREK FANS: For previews of upcoming episodes and movies, episode listings and conven- tions TOS and TNG call 1-900-872-2600 ext 421. $2.00 per minute. CONTINUUM '91: A STAR TREK 25TH ANNIVER- SARY CELEBRATION! Media Guests: Gates McFadden & Majel Barrett. Join us for a fun-filled weekend of Guest Appearances, Masquerade Ball, Costume Contest, Gaming, Art Show, Much More! SASE to CONtinuum, 1617 Lyndhurst Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, 314-334-4386. HiHdH.'.l-MliliJ 1,000,000 VIDEOMOVIES/SOUNDTRACKS! LPS! SF&HORROR/CULT. Video Catalog: $1. Sound- tracks: $1. Posters: $1. RTS/V166, Box 750579, Petaluma, California 94975. ATLAS! THE SCI-FI SOUND OF THE90"s. Seen live at several Los Angeles Creation Cons. Cassette of original Sci-Fi inspired music now available. Send $8.95 to Galactic Anthems, 260 S. Glendora, #102, W. Covina, CA 91790 or write for details. OBSCURE FILMS ON VIDEO. . .SEARCH We will locate and obtain your favorite hard-to-find films (pre 1975) on video. We are expensive but good. 5 searches for $5 & SASE: Video Finds, 1770 N. Highland Ave. #721-SL, Hollywood, CA 90028. LOST IN SPACE fans! Robot Memories is the in- side story of The Robot by Bob May. Color home movies— rare stills— robot demo. 50 min. VHS for '23.00. 6201 Sunset Blvd., Suite 233, Hollywood, CA 90028 FIND OUT WHY M.T.I, is always interesting to deal with. Media Tie-in's latest listing contains over 1,800 different movie/TV collectables. For $3 you can subscribe to 3 of our listings. Looking for the unusual? Try us! TV scripts our specialty. Media Tie-In, P.O. Box 160794, Mobile, AL 36616. ;.,: ththth SELLING YOUR STAR TREK, STAR WARS COL- LECTION? Contact us for best deals. Send list and phone #. NEW EYE STUDIO, Box 632, Willimantic, CT 06226. DR. WHO autographed photos L5 sterling each. Also other memorablia. IRC to D. Tait, 294 Ringmore Way, West Park, Plymouth, England, UK, PL5 3RL. PROPS: STNG/Classic Trek, Galactica, LIS. Pins/patches, books, uniforms. Mail $2.00 to Prop Dept, 5600 Spruce Ave, WPB, FL 33407 (407) 845-5410. Mutants (continued from page 58) Mankind's capacity to visit suffering upon people for reasons as trivial as physical difference has been well documented. In science fiction, from Stapledon and van Vogt on down, the perspective has usually been one of our species facing a blossoming race of apparently superior people. In some cases, this "superior" factor could involve nothing more than the ability to shoot force beams out of your eyes (or, as in Genesis II, an extra belly-button), but people have been hated, or killed, for far less. In these cases, humanity becomes the villain in much the same way Neanderthal Man was the villain against the Cro-Magnon. Humans are driven to fear that which is superior and which may ultimately supplant our reign over the earth. Then, of course, there are the genuine threats. John Wyndham's The Midwich Cuckoos (filmed as Village of the Damned) revealed an alien invasion armed with per- haps the most disturbing of all weapons: our own children. The unseen aliens were able to create a widespread mutagenic effect in human women which resulted in telepathic ability being passed on to their babies. The mechanism for this could have been something as simple as a virus designed to inject a "telepathic" gene directly into the DNA of a host cell. These genes then adapted to the new biology and began producing organisms based upon the host but SPINDRIFTBLUEPRINTS(yolume1)10fullydetail- ed sheets!!! Including engines and other hard-to- find details! High quality & professionally drawn! Printed, (not xeroxed). $13.00 includes postage & handling (sorry, no C.O.D.s) Send check or money order only to: Richard Kreeger, 106 N. Landcaster Dr., Raymare, MO 64083. NINJAMYSTICAL WIZARDS HAND THROWN FIREBALL WITH BANG 6 minimum $9, Fireball w/Smoke $12 must be 18 years old to order. Include with each order $7 special pyrotek ship and hand. Charge. Send check, cash, money order. Unique Worldwide Discounts Suite 530 (S) 2020 W Pen- sacola St, Tallahassee, FL 32304. GIANT AMEBA! Grows hand-size, bigger. Unear- thly, "desktop Blob." $5.00 guaranted alive! Weird Science, 325-SL12 W1st, Tyler, TX 75701. BRITISH FAN WITH NTSC PLAYBACK wants con- tact with US fans with PAL playback. M Stewart, 36 Pilrig Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH65AL SPECIAL EFFECTS WORKSHOPS: 35mm Camera Equipment Front & Rear-Screen Projection, Stop- Motion, Time-Lapse. For Info. Call SPFX (718) 956-8452. STAR TREK FANS: For previews of upcoming episodes and movies, episode listings and conven- tions TOS and TNG call 1-900-872-2600 ext 421. $2.00 per minute. TTrrH MOVIE POSTERS, ALL CURRENT RELEASES. Thousands 1950s-1980s. FASTEST SERVICE. Visa/MC orders (904) 373-7202. Catalog $2.00. RICK's, Box 23709-SL, Gainesville, FL 32602-3709. ORIGINAL MOVIE POSTERS. Star photos! Two catalogs, 3000 illustrations $3.00 Poster Gallery, Box 2745-D3, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, 313-665-3151. jJn, LuiJiilJt ifinLiJi^i GHASTLY MAGAZINE: The publication devoted to all things dark and dire. Music, fiction, poetry, art, photography from the dark side. $3.50 ppd. to: Nosferatu Productions, 3790 El Camino Real, Suite 218, Palo Alto, CA 94306. which carried the new powers sent by the aliens (a current variation of this theme can be found within the Wild Card books edited by George R.R. Martin). Similarly, Stephen King's Charlie McGee became a Firestarter due to drug-derived wild talents passed on by her parents. David Cronenberg's Scanners was an- other source of telepathic children, the result of exposure due to a mutagenic drug called Ephemerol, although these managed to grow into adults. Here was a good argument for anti-mutant hysteria as the film detailed the activities of a secret group of "scanners" working to assume control over humanity, as well as defend themselves against attacks by a small band of "good" scanners. The Outer Limits episode "The Mutant" presented audiences with a human exposed to the mutagenic elements within an alien rain shower. Victimized by the environment, and fearful of being marooned due to his condition, he is driven to murder and terrorism. His newfound powers develop into a source of fear, a situation which was mirrored, years later, in the Star Trek episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before." Isaac Asimov's Foundation and Empire brought us the Mule, a mutant possessing superior intelligence as well as the power to influence emotions. Rather than a demigod capable of toppling buildings, Asimov's character was a flesh-and-blood creature whose abilities, although tame by today's four-color standards, were devastating in their subtlety. Asimov's story didn't deal so much with the source of the Mule's mutation as it did with the idea that the mutant is. by its nature, an unpredictable factor in the development of things. If people fear a mutation, then it's not because it is good or evil, but because it cannot be foreseen. In each living cell is the beast of uncertainty locked by what we know and understand about nature, and so very capable of escaping to confront us with what we do not know. In the end, it is Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human which gently reminds all of us of the true nature of the Mutant. Sturgeon's story involves a group of people whose minds are able to operate in single harmony. But, instead of being the product of some mad experiment or the random result of a bomb blast. Sturgeon's creation was simply the next logical step in humanity's development, a quiet affirmation of the hope that all children grow up to be better than their parents. Nothing in the universe is static. Nature, with perhaps some small assistance from people like Hermann Muller and Donald Pleasence, continually works to insure the permanence of life. The Mutant flickers and dies out, or it represents something which could go on and improve upon what we do. Each birth rattles the cage of the Beast within its cell. We must remember that, at one time, we were the mutants who took the Earth from its rulers. If we believe that we've improved our world, then how much more wonderful could life be when touched by new hands? T« Rocketeer (continued from page 51) "Because I don't have that much experi- ence and this is such a strong cast, I've often felt outgunned and self-conscious. But, as we've gone along, I think I've managed to loosen up quite a bit. And when I'm having trouble loosening up, I can always slip on Tn the Mood.' " Landing Strip Jennifer Connelly is hardly in the mood as she sniffs and sneezes out a wel- come for a lunch break conversation. The actress, whose last fantasy trip was oppo- site David Bowie in Labyrinth (which she discussed in STARLOG#108), claims she came into The Rocketeer totally blind. "This is going to sound terrible, but I actually didn't know the comic books ex- isted until I auditioned for the part." she says. "I finally did take a look at them, but I tended to look more at the pictures than the story." But the actress has discovered that Jenny is, in fact, "a pretty good role." "She's a straightforward, feisty kind of woman who is pretty honest about what she needs. Jenny isn't passive. She doesn't retreat into a corner and wait to be saved. This movie goes through many shifts so I'm basically stuck in one facet of this character. The basic challenge has been to keep this character as real as pos- sible. She has to be someone people are going to care about, someone who rings true." Connelly doesn't think of The Rock- eteer as being science fiction per se, but she's quite satisfied with what it is. "It's a fantasy, but the story and the elements of the time period are so grounded in reality that, at certain points, the line separating the two becomes blurred and you get the feeling that all of this could really be happening. That's the best kind of filmmaking experience." Campbell pokes his head in the trailer and lets Connelly know that they're needed back on the set. The scheduled scene, a continuation of the movie-within- a-movie, has Cliff coming onto stage and confronting Jenny about a fight they've had and to announce the discovery of the rocket pack. Connelly takes her place in a between- take break. At Johnston's signal, Campbell, standing at the edge of the stage, waves her over. She crosses to him. The discussion focuses on the fight and their future. Pretty tame stuff. But the gears shift into Rocketeer-style intensity when the topic of Cliff's "find" is brought up. "What do you mean?" asks Jenny. "You found something?" Cliff Secord's eyes grow wide with ex- citement and flash a hint of potential ad- venture to come. "It's an engine! But it's not for an air- plane! You strap it on your back and you fly!" iz STARLOG/May 1991 75 Robin (continued from page 39) belong in an altogether different picture. Robin Hood has made cameo appear- ances in various films — notably as a sup- porting character (played by Harold Warrender) in MGM's movie version of Ivanhoe (1952). Monty Python's John Cleese was the aristocratic Robin Hood in Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits (1982). Kevin Costner (see page 40) and Patrick Bergin (see page 10) are presently the newest dueling Robins in current projects, but until now, the last Robin Hood theatrical film was the 1976 Robin and Marian, directed by Richard Lester. Sean Connery was the middle-aged, weather- beaten Robin who. having served King Richard (Richard Harris) for years in the Crusades, returns to England after the King's death. He and Little John (Nicol Williamson), both disillusioned by observing royalty up close for years, unwillingly find them- selves again forming a band of peasant outlaws. Robin has discovered that Marian, whom he left many years ago to seek adventure, is now the Abbess' of Kirklees. She's about to be arrested for not paying new taxes. Marian (Audrey Hepburn) ends up again living with Robin in Sherwood. The Sheriff (Robert Shaw) camps out- side Sherwood with an army. Robin, driven by memories of past glory and fear of aging, accepts the Sheriff's challenge to a duel. It's a long, grueling fnatch. By the end, Robin is triumphant, but badly wounded. His followers are scattered by the Sheriff's troops. Marian, now certain she loves him above God, her life or her immortal soul, binds Robin Hood's wounds and then poi- sons them both so he can go out in a legendary blaze of glory. WILLIAM WILSON GOODSON JR. is a North Carolina-based writer. This is his first article for STARLOG. TOM WEAVER, veteran STARLOG correspondent, provided additional material & research assistance. 12. Time Bandits Photo: Copyright 1981 Arco-Embassy Heroes of the TV set On TV. Robin Hood has thus far fought through at least four regular series. The Adventures of Robin Hood were chronicled from 1955 to 1958 by Sapphire Films for England's 1TV (with later syndi- cated airing in America). Some 165 episodes were filmed, chronicling the ad- ventures of Robin Locksley (Richard Greene), a Saxon forester who, returning from the Crusades, finds his lands seized by Norman barons. Several episodes were devoted to Robin's recruiting his chief aides. Friar Tuck (Alexander Gauge) and Maid Marian (Bernadette O'Farrell. later Patricia Driscoll) continued to live in town and slip the outlaws information. The series' longevity also gave Robin two King Johns (Andrew Keir. Donald Pleasence) and two Sheriffs (Alan Wheatley. John Arnatt). A sort of social reformer. Robin fought the inequities of medieval life such as the marriage tax and nobility's monopoly on windmills and ovens. And since '50s tele- vision didn't lend itself to large-scale vio- lence, the master archer often turned con man. The second TV series. ABC's When Things Were Rotten, played the myths for laughs. Produced by Mel Brooks, it sati- rized the legends, sometimes successfully. Robin Hood (Dick Gautier) and his merry band might still battle the Sheriff of 1 1 . Richard Greene may be the most accomplished archer of all — he ambled through 165 half-hour Adventures of Robin Hood. 12. "Have you met the poor?" asked the very thankful Robin (John Cleese) upon encountering Time Bandits. 13. Barry Ingham took up the archer's bow for A Challenge for Robin Hood (1968). 14. Brian Bedford and Phil Harris, among others, voiced the animated Merry Men of Disney's 1973's Robin Hood. 15. Role-playing has long been part of the Robin Hood tradition. In 16th century May Day games, the revelers often entered archery contests under the names of their favorite Merry Men. Nottingham (Henry Polic II). but here the emphasis is on slapstick, sight gags and anachronistic humor. It doesn't matter that Robin isn't so bright: the Sheriff is even dumber. In a typical episode, the Sheriff makes a deal with a sheik to corner the market in olive oil. The sheik insists that part of the price is marriage to the Sheriff's ward Maid Marian (Misty Rowe). Fortunately. Friar Tuck (Dick Van Patten) is able to stretch the wedding out with a song and dance number until Robin. Little John (David Sabin) and the boys arrive for that tradi- tional rescue gig. A critical failure, which lasted only a few months in 1975. Rotten now airs in re- runs on the HA! Channel. The BBC produced the third series, 12 half-hour installments of the Legend of Robin Hood in 1975. Robin of Sherwood, the most recent TV series produced by Goldcrest Films in England and broadcast on Showtime in the 76 STARLOG/Mav 1991 US, weaves the familiar mythos with ele- ments of fantasy and gritty medieval real- ity. This Robin fights unjust nobles as well as black magic. Many folklorists believe the Robin Hood character draws on old legends of Celtic gods. Here, Robin of Loxley (Michael Praed). a Saxon peasant, is cho- sen by Heme the Hunter (John Abineri) to battle the forces of darkness. Heme, who may be a god, spirit or elderly wizard, convinces Robin to assume the identity of the Hooded Man. He gathers a small, efficient fighting force, including Little John (Clive Mantle), Marian (Judi Trott) and Nasir (Mark Ryan, see page 31), a Moorish swordsman. When Robin of Loxley dies at the sec- ond season's end. Heme selects Robert of Nottingham (Jason Connery), son of a Norman noble — and in real life, son of former screen Robin Sean Connery — to take over. (For details, see the episode guide in STARLOG #160.) Presented in many forms — chivalric archer, peasant revolutionary and super- hero — Robin Hood has always represented an ideal heroism, the man of the forest who enjoys the freedom of the greenwood over the claustrophobia (and frequent cor- ruption) of civilization. As Howard Pyle wrote so long ago, "Quote Robin... 'We will get us away to the greenwood tree, and there hold a merry feast in honor of our new friends and may- hap a cup or two...' " •£* THE ART OF KEN KELLY The power, excitement and drama that lives in Ken Kelly's work can be found collected here for the very first time. This long awaited book spans his entire career which began in 1968 with his classic cover paintings for Warren Magazine's CREEPY, EERIE, VAMPIRELLA and FAMOUS MONSTERS OF FILMLAND. His art has since graced the covers of such spectacular series as Robert E. Howard's CONAN, John Norman's GOR and Robert Adam's HORSECLANS. This book also contains an extensive biography on the artist, as well as an enlightening introduction by his mentor Frank Frazetta.soFT cover trade edition $19.95 DELUXE LIMITED EDITION/SILVER: Deluxe Padded Leather Hardback printed on Heavyweight paper. Strictly limited to 2000 copies hand signed and numbered by Ken Kelly. $65.00 DELUXE LIMITED EDITION/GOLD: Deluxe Padded Leather Hardback printed on Heavyweight paper. Strictly limited to 500 copies. Hand signed and numbered with a one of a kind ORIGINAL PEN AND INK drawing on the opening page by Ken Kelly. S245.00 41 EXTRA LARGE POSTERS sized proportionally up to 20"x30" on Heavyweight High Quality Matte Paper available for $10.00 ea. Available at bookstores everywhere or order directly from the Publisher. Include $1.50 per book or poster for postage & handling. PA residents add 6% sales tax. FRIEDLANDER PUBLISHING GROUP 740 WASHINGTON ROAD • PITTSBURGH, PA 15228 •OVER 40 SUPERB COLOR REPRODUCTIONS 'NUMEROUS PEN AND INK DRAWINGS 'RETAIL PRICE $19.95 •EXTENSIVE BIOGRAPHY ON THE ARTIST »9"x12" SOFT COVER 'INTRODUCTION BY FRANK FRAZETTA •96 PAGES 'LARGE FOLD-OUT CENTER SPREAD 'ISBN #0-9627154-0-9 • DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED • LINER NOTES' STARLOG came alive in California, not far from Disneyland, just the other day. It was the first STARLOG Festival in years — as co- sponsored with Adam Malin and Gary Berman of Creation Conventions. And I was there. So were Lost in Space's Bill Mumy, Beauty & the Beast's Irena Irvine, makeup FX wizard Tony (JDarkman) Gardner, Terminator 2 FX ace John Bruno, Greg {Mom & Dad Save the World) Beeman, Predator's Kevin Peter Hall, Carl (Robotech) Macek, Denise Crosby and Patrick Stewart. And almost all of STARLOG's West Coast writers turned up: Marc Shapiro (with wife Nancy & daughter Rachael), Bill Warren (with wife Beverly), Kyle Counts, Mike Clark (with wife Jodi & kids), Randy & Jean-Marc Lofficier (with a slide tour of Moebius' cinematic fantasies), Lee Goldberg (with wife Valerie), Bill Rabkin (who teamed with Lee to preview Love & Curses), Pat Jankiewicz, Desire Gonzales, Doris Sauter and NY- based Lynne Stephens. It went so well that further STARLOG Festivals are being discussed. Meanwhile, the FANGORIA Weekends of Horrors continue, complementing the numerous SF/comics/collectibles conventions held weekly across America. I attend my share of those conventions — since it gives me a chance to talk to readers about STARLOG. So, if you want to comment on the magazine in person, I'm on the road again: March 22-24 in Denver (at the Holiday Inn with Leonard Nimoy & Colm Meaney), April 6-7 in Cleveland (at the Hilton South with Michael Dorn), April 13-14 in York, PA (at the Holiday Inn Conference Center with Walter Koenig), April 20-21 in Wilkes Barre, PA (at the Irem Temple with George Takei), May 11-12 in St. Louis (at the Holiday Inn Westport with Colm Meaney & George Takei) and May 26-3 1 on the High Seas (Sea Trek, cruising around on the S.S. Britanis in the Gulf of Mexico with lotsa Trek stars). There are still a few cabins available — and Sea Trek is a convention like no other. If you can, go. For more info, call 800-FAN-TREK. June 21, I'll be in Orlando (at the Altamonte Springs Hilton with Swamp Thing's Dick Durock, Mark Goddard & Colm Meaney), July 20-21 in Chicago (at the Sheraton O'Hare with DeForest Kelley and STARLOG's David Hutchison, Kim Howard Johnson & Jean Airey) and August 16-18 in West Palm Beach, FL at.Royce Hotel Airport (with John de Lancie). There is, however, no truth to the rumor that I'm opening for Shecky Greene in Vegas on September 7. (It's the 9th and we're co-headlining.) And yes, I am currently considering anything (except windows) in Hawaii, a supermarket opening in Albuquerque and a Tupperware party in Terre Haute. For me, one of the good things about the STARLOG Festival was getting to spend time with our West Coast writers. We're fortunate to have writers the caliber of our core LA team: Marc Shapiro, Bill Warren & Kyle Counts. Of course. Marc Shapiro (who explores The Rocketeer on page 47) is ultra-prolific, Those writers look serious: Marc Shapiro, Kyle Counts, Editor Dave McDonnell & Bill Warren. apparently unable to stop writing articles. If he doesn't have something to write, he goes into "withdrawal" and starts bouncing off the walls, denting the furniture. He may work in science fiction, but his heart's in heavy metal. Bill Warren (who watches Mom & Dad Save the World on page 25) stopped astounding me years ago. I now accept as absolute fact that Bill & NY-based Tom Weaver, between them, know everything there is to know about SF movies (OK, not everything, 90% of everything). That's one reason why Bill's a valued contributor to the definitive film info source book, Leonard Maltiri s TV Movies & Video Guide. And there's Kyle Counts (who trains Family Dog in COMICS SCENE #19, now on sale). A frequent contributor to The Hollywood Reporter and the LA Times, Kyle wrote one of my favorite issues of Cinefantastique: the full-length dissec- tion of Alfred Hitchcock's classic The Birds. It would make a great book. (Note to savvy hardcover editors: Call me.) Memorize their faces above — and check out previous Liner Notes for photos of STARLOG writers Tom Weaver, Will Murray, Kim Howard Johnson, Mike Clark, Bob Greenberger, Dan Scapperotti, Carr D'Angelo, Tim Ferrante & Eric Niderost, Art Director Jim McLernon. FX editor David Hutchison and Managing Editor Eddie Berganza. Which brings me to the words I never thought / would be the one to write. This is issue #166. Eddie joined with #62. He began at STARLOG in 1982 as a high school intern and simply never left. "What — and leave show biz?" he would say. For years. Eddie has been the calm center of a stormy edito- rial staff for whom the word "moody" was coined. He's the guy responsible for obtaining and selecting each issue's visuals — and captioning them as well. And he's also the Unknown Turtle, the man behind that Teenage Ninja mask in the ad on page 4. I've always thought of Eddie as the one irreplaceable STARLOG employee: He knows where everything is (OK, 90% of everything). Now, he's joining DC Comics' editorial staff. Well, I, along with Managing Editor Dan Dickholtz, master designer Calvin Lee, crusading assistant Lia Pelosi. Hutch, Jim and the whole gang, salute our good friend. Hail and farewell, Eddie. So long and thanks for all the fish. We'll be calling you a lot at DC. To invite you to the next Tupperware party. —David McDonnell (Editor/February 1991) The future in STARLOG: It's time for "Creature Features II" as those ladies of the Black Lagoon, Julie Adams & Lori Nelson, and the Creature man himself, Ricou Browning, reminisce about marine life...Hurd Hatfield poses. He's the very Picture of Dorian Gray. ..and Hulk Hogan enters the ring from another planet. He's Christopher Lloyd's pal, the Suburban Commando... Look for the almost-summer fun in STARLOG #167, on sale Thursday, May 2, 1991. 78 STARLOG/May 1991 ^2!£Nn/ B hkf ixerr BEnarnnon Jjsa g^»» V4o "^r Uftes ,. «can%7 J? artl »S/rt' '"N ■ss» i?£> iS»BCj Res a ns; .-'afces: £@r2 "vers" «i £ Eaeh volume is all-stick, all- color and packaged with exclusive interviews, detailed episode guides, behind- the-scenes photos, art and blueprints, actual r scenes ■ from the ■S^fSu. shows — PLUS spec- tacular pull-out posters! dfzkK c °mfe, * STARLOG PRESS ' 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH 'NEW YORK. NY 10016 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO STARLOG PRESS Incase you missed any of the earlier issues, order today and complete your '• j collection! J * 5?fchaeJ n !«&$&»* i V : -, tece /v fe<fer ^ 5T4R TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION © 1989 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation. FIRST SEASON: FOURTH SEASON #1 $5 #13 $4.95 _#2$5 #14 $4.95 _#3 $5 #15 $4.95 #4 $5 (Available 4/11/91) SECOND SEASON: #16 $4.95 (Sorry, #5 Sold Out) (Available 6/11/91) (Sorry, #6 Sold Out) #7 $5 U.S. postage & handling: #8 $5 THIRD SEASON: S2.00 - one magazine $3.00 - up to 5 magazines $5.00 - 6 or more magazines #9S5 Foreign postage & handling: #10 S5 $4.00 per magazine #11 $5 Canadian residents #1 2 S5 add 10% sales tax. TOTAL ENCLOSED: NAME STREET CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please aliow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. iN/VK ft« « Gainax • The Founders of BayCon • and Studio Proteus present **??'; c o^ G nimeCon'91 e Anime & Manga Convention August 30th to September 2nd, 1991 at The Red Lion Hotel, San Jose, California We're pleased to present the biggest convention of Japanese comics and animation ever to hit US shores. This Is a rare oppertunity for all anime and manga fans to meet and get to know these and other fine guests. This fabulous festival is being brought to you in cooperation with GAINAX anima- tion, producers of such fine works as "Wings of Oneamis","Aim For the Top,Gunbuster",and "Nadia, the Secret of Blue Water". Don't miss out!Those registering early will be eligable to attend a private party with our convention guest as well as have an oppertunity to buy member only T-shirts featuring origional designs by Kenichi Sonoda, Haruhiko Mikimoto.and Leiji Matsumoto done espec- ially for AnimeConlSign up today! Live Program Tracks Anime Film Program 2 Video Programs Autograph Sessions Guests From the US Animation and Comics Industry Art Show Large Dealer's Room and more! Our Guests From Japan Will Include: Kenichi Sonoda Gall Force , Riding Ban Bubble gum Crisis Leiji Matsumoto Cipuin Huloci, Queen Millcno Haruhiko Mikimoto M jams, Cunbustet, Mcguone 25 ohji Manabe Oullanden Toshio Okada Cunbusu, Daicon III, IV Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Wings of Oneamis, Scad of Blue Wuet (Nadu) For Membership Information, Write: AflIflieCOfl'91 3145 Geary Blvd. , Suite 524 San Francisco, Ca. 94118 XT—t zx > '91-cii, -kg&^fciX < n5#7 >f-(7 • x •j7«II>l'tt ! B^fgOB^fi^SS^Si©*-^!, ffiBf •ft* • mm/F AX#^BJE©±, &xk£tcltFAX-e%m) <*£<n\, •iHOft : B£ m«H5g;«ifTt3^^^mfflI2 - 7 - DEW fA 2 F iGAINAXrt 7-^3> '91 ^?tSM£ •FAXO0422-22-1280 (24HOURS)	Sunset Boulevard
What is the well known two word name for the remote , higher reaches of the A57 road where it crosses the Peak District between Manchester and Sheffield?	Full text of "Starlog Magazine Issue 166" See other formats Special Summer SF Preview Issue ITION UNIVERSE $4.50 U.S. $5.50 CANADA j*v. MAY #1 66 NINJATURTLES II Mutant movie madness - / Costner rules as PRINCE Of THIEVES Legends of Sherwood Forest from , 1377-1991: Films,TV & before r "V ROCKETEER i { new hero from old llywood WO Kevin Costner as Robin Hood Let your imagination so Visit places you never dreamed possible... Each volume only $19.95 plus postage. A CLOSER LOOK Patrick Woodroffe An absorbing insight by the artist himself into all his techniques, including oils, water-color, pen and ink, etching, and his innovative semi-photographic process, tomography techniques that have provided an imaginative and phenomenal use of color in his many fantasy and children's books, album covers and posters. 128 pp, 9" x 12" 317 color illustrations. MARK HARRISON'S DREAMLANDS Mark Harrison and Lisa Tuttie Includes the memorable book jackets for Sherri Tepper's The Gate to Woman's Country and Barry Hughart's The Story of the Stone. An intelligent commentary reveals some of the artist's personal dreams hiding behind the public visions. Softcover, 128 pages, 8 1/2" x 12", 94 color illustrations. LAST SHIP HOME Rodney Matthews Included in this collection are illustrations from Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy and Frank Herbert's Dune. Also featured is a section on technique, with insights into Matthews' working materials, methods and creative process. 136 pp, 12" x 12", 145 color and 80 b/w illustrations. SOLAR WIND Peter Jones A collection of illustrations representing Jones's interest in science fiction and fantasy. Prehistoric leviathans, futuristic swords and sorcery, space battles and gorilla- like aliens. 92 pp, 8 1/2" x 11" 98 color illustrations. AIRSHOW Philip Castle The second collection of Castle's highly distinctive artwork. The lifelike quality of the airbrushing emphasizes his passion for the cars, aircraft and films of the pre-WWI years. Castle's work includes numerous covers for Time Magazine and film art for Stanley Kubrick. 144 pp, 9" x 12" 100 color illustrations. iTX r-CiLU- ■-.,■. '.v . l-l- ..i-yv_!j>'.fc.., MAGNETIC STORM Roger Dean and Martyn Dean Illustrations from the Deans' many commercial successes, as well as photographs of their architectural marvels, including stages built for such rock groups as YES and Pink Floyd. 156 pp, 12" x 12", 298 color and 89 b/w illustrations. DIARY OF A SPACEPERSON Chris Foss The erotic adventures of a spacewoman encountering an assortment of the most alien beings. Includes images of far-off worlds and lumbering spaceships in full color plus a collection of more delicate line drawings. Softcover, 120 pages, 9 12" x 12", 71 color + 47 b/w illustrations. DREAM MAKERS Martyn Dean and Chris Evans A collection of the works of six leading fantasy artists, incorporating highly revealing interviews. Environments range from Middle Earth to deep space worlds. 160 pp, 9:" x 12", 103 color and 45 b/w illustrations. CIRUELO Ciruelo Cabral and Nigel Suckling Features both his commissioned illustrations and paintings based solely on his original ideas, exercises in imagination and technique. Includes perceptive commentary by Nigel Suckling {Heroic Dreams). Softcover, 128 pages, 8 1/2" x 12", 120 color illustrations. THE PORTFOLIO COLLECTION A brand new series of large format artbooks. With a brief introductory text, each book features reproductions of 28 spectacular fantasy images, spanning the career of each artist up to the present day. Printed on the finest quality paper, each piece is suitable for framing. THE RODNEY MATTHEWS PORTFOLIO Rodney Matthews Crystalline gravity-defying landscapes. Softcover 64 pages, 11 x 17", 28 color plates. THE CHRIS FOSS PORTFOLIO Chris Foss Intergalactic arks and ion-driving civilizations. Softcover 64 pages, 11" x 17", 28 color plates. r i STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO: STARLOG PRESS FANTASY ART BOOKS $19.95 each — plus postage Please indicate the quantity of each book being ordered. AIRSHOW _JIM BURNS PORTFOLIO _LAST SHIP HOME MAGNETIC STORM _MARK HARRISONS DREAMLANDS _RODNEY MA TTHEWS PORTFOLIO _SOLAR WIND _BRUCE PENNINGTON PORTFOLIO _CHRIS FOSS PORTFOLIO _CIRUELO _A CLOSER LOOK DIARY OF A SPACEPERSON DREAM MAKERS POSTAGE AND HANDLING: Please add S3.00 for each book ordered. Sorry, no Overseas orders Total enclosed: S NAME CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. FEATURES THE SCIENCE NUMBER \66 MAY ia>1 MICTION UNIVER^ 18 ROAD KILLERS In a race of life & death, those Car Warriors are winning 25 IN TOD WE TRUST Spengo wants to destroy Earth. Can Mom & Dad save it? 31 SARACEN SWASHBUCKLER Joining Robin of Sherwood, Mark Ryan found TV adventure 35 HISTORY OF THE HOOD With bow & arrow, the heroic archer became a film legend 00 RAIDER OF SHERWOOD Kevin Costner is the Prince of Thieves known as Robin Hood 47 FLIGHT OF THE ROCKETEER Dave Stevens' airborne hero valiantly takes to the skies 52 APRIL IN TURTLELAND For Paige Turco, happiness is also a Teenage Mutant Ninja 55 IN THE MUTANT'S SHADOW Within us all is hidden that enigmatic key to evolution 65 MARTIAN CHRONICLES Battle for battle, it's a guide to the "War of the Worlds" Kevin Costner is Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves (see page 40). V ' Robin Hood Photo: Copyright 1991 W»n STARLOG is published moj COMMUNICATIONS INTEf 475 Park Avenue Soutj 10016. STARLOG is a reg of Starlog CommunicaS Inc. (ISSN 0191-462J number: R-1247048J Number 166, May Copyright 199J COMMUNICATIONS IB rights reserved. Rjfcnt or reproduction in part or in whol\|mthout the publishers' written permissMi is strictly forbidden. STARLOG accep^Fno responsibility for unsolicited maMscripts, photos or other materials, ^«t if submittals are accompani^^ by a self-addressed, stamped ej^lope, they'll be considered and, if ne^Ksary, returned. STARLOG does not pubpsh fiction. Fiction submissions are nj^accepted. Products advertised are nJr necessarily endorsed by STARLOG, ananews expressed in editorial copy are necessarily those of STARLOG. Fcond class postage paid at New York, ^IY and additional mailing offices. Subscription rates: $34.47 one year (12 issues) delivered in U.S'. and Canada, foreign subscriptions $43.47 in U.S. funds only. New subscriptions send directly to STARLOG, 475 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. Notification of change of address or renewals send to STARLOG Subscription Dept., P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-0132. POSTMASTER: Send change of address to STARLOG Subscription Dept., P.O. Box 132, Mt. Morris.IL 61054-0132. Printed in U.S.A. m TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES Raphael Mask What has a shell, wears a red mask, eats pizza, loves April, is hot-headed, sarcastic and defends himself with a sais? Cowabunga! If s RAPHAEL Now you too can be a TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLE! Just you pull on this authentic Raphael mask! Only $31 + postage Copyright © 1989 Mirage Studios A Don Post MaskTM Fully Guaranteed Clip or Copy Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 NAME TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES Raphael Mask #1506 STREET $31.00 Please indicate quantity of masks being ordered. CITY To cover postage and handling, add $4.00 for each mask ordered. (OVERSEAS: $10.00) Tntal enr.lnsfid: STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. MAY 1991 #166 Business & Editorial Offices: 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 President/Publisher NORMAN JACOBS Executive Vice President RITA EISENSTEIN Associate Publisher MILBURN SMITH V.P./Circulation Director ART SCHULKIN Creative Director W.R. MOHALLEY Editor DAVID MCDONNELL Special Effects Editor DAVID HUTCHISON Managing Editors EDDIE BERCANZA DANIEL DICKHOLTZ Contributing Editors ANTHONY TIMPONE MICHAEL CINCOLD Consultants LIA PELOSI KERRY O'QUINN Art Director JIM MCLERNON Art Staff CALVIN LEE ANTHONY MARCHESANI YVONNE JANC Senior Correspondent STEVE SWIRES West Coast Correspondent MARC SHAPIRO British Correspondent ADAM PIRANI Canadian Correspondent PETER BLOCH-HANSEN Typesetters PAUL HALLASY SALLY ECKHOFF Financial Director: Joan Baetz Marketing Director: Frank M. Rosner Assistants: Maria Damiani, Peter Hernandez, Kim Watson, Debbie Irwin, JoAnne Sanabria, John Paul Garcia, Kathleen Hawkins. Correspondents: (LA) Mike Clark, Kyle Counts, Jean-Marc & Randy Lofficier, Bill Warren; (NY) Jami Bernard, Robert Greenberger, Edward Cross, lan Spelling, Tom Weaver, Dan Yakir; (Chicago) jean Airey, Kim Howard Johnson; (Boston) Will Murray; (SF) Eric Niderost; (WV) John Sayers; (OH) Laurie Haldeman; (CAN) Mark Phillips; (Interplanetary) Michael J. Wolff; (Creature) Mike Fisher. Contributors: Mary Barrow, Greg Beeman, Drew Bittner, Gordon Carleton, Susan D'Arcy, Elyse Dickenson, Chuck Dixon, Mary Donovan, Terry Erdmann, David Fulton, William Wilson Coodson Jr., Howard Green, David James, George Kocheil, Tom Phillips, Leah Rosenthal, Steve Rubin, Steve Saffel, Dan Scapperotti, Lynne Stephens, Diedre Sullivan, Jack Svetlik, Jeff Walker, Rebecca West. Cover Photos: Turtles II: John Bramley/Copyright 1990 Northshore Investments Ltd./Turtles Characters: Trademark & Copyright 1991 Mirage Studios; Prince: David James/Copyright 1991 Warner Bros. Inc. For Advertising Information: (212) 689-2830. FAX (212) 889-7933 Advertising Director: Rita Eisenstein Classified Ads Manager: Connie Bartlett For West Coast Advertising Sales: Jim Reynolds, Reynolds & Associates (213) 649-6287 Due to the large -volume of mail, per- sonal replies are impossible. Celebrity addresses will not be given out. Mail will not be forwarded. No exceptions. Other fans & advertisers sometimes contact readers whose letters are printed here. To avoid this, mark your letter "Please Withhold My Address." Otherwise, we retain the option to print it. Write: STARLOG COMMUNICATIONS 475 Park Avenue South, 8th Floor, New York, NY 100 16. MERRY MEN ...For quite some time now. I have been an ir- regular, yet devoted reader of STARLOG and its associated publications. On a recent trip to my favorite local comics store, 1 picked up STARLOG #151 for the articles on Nichelle Nichols and Denise Crosby. Then, I noticed the cover blurb; "Robin of Sherwood, In the fantasy forest." I really got excited, being a longtime Robin Hood buff, and also a fan of Richard Carpenter's Robin Hood series. I was lucky enough to view several episodes on tape, thanks to a good friend. In her article. "Legends of the Hooded Man", Abbie Bernstein mentioned sev- eral episodes I was not aware existed. So, this letter was originally going to ask you to com- pile and print a complete episode guide for both Praed's and Connery's portrayals of the le- gendary outlaw. The next day, I purchased a copy of issue #161. Imagine my surprise when 1 saw on the contents page the following entry: "Tales of Sherwood Forest, Legends of Robin Hood unfold in TV fantasy adventure." Again, my pulse quickened as I flipped through the is- sue to page 65. There I discovered exactly what I was considering writing to you about: a com- plete list of episodes, in chronological order, with individual plot synopses as well. I nearly hit the ceiling. Talk about service with a smile. I can't say thank you enough. Now, what 1 would like to know is where I can purchase these episodes on tape. Also, is there any way you can put me in touch with a fan club? I seem to recall spotting a fanzine at a Star Trek convention. Also, how about interviews with Robin (both of them), his men, Marian, the Sheriff and Gisburne? Anyway, keep up the good work and I'll try to become a not-so-irregular reader of STARLOG. Alan Brantley Address Unknown See Fan Network for club info, and check out issue #126 for a Michael Praed interview. Meanwhile, this issue officially begins the biggest Robin Hood year of them all. ...I was very happy to see an article in STARLOG #162 about the wonderful film Edward Scissorhatids. Tim Burton's film had a tremendous impact on me. It seems to have had a strong impact on others too — the first time that I saw it, some people wouldn't leave the theater when it was over because they were just too overwhelmed. I feel that Tim Burton made a much more ef- fective film with Edward than Batman. Batman was exciting and dazzlina, but it became a mar- keting monster. Edward has the heart Batman lacked. The biggest surprise of Edward Scissorhands was Johnny Depp. I used to think of Depp as a vapid teen actor, but no more. Although he doesn't say much, he expresses everything very effectively with his face and eyes. You can re- ally feel his torment. Might I be going too far in suggesting an Oscar nomination for Depp? The best thing about Edward was the re- freshing* fact that it wasn't just another film about a muscle-bound bozo who kills 500,000 people in one minute. Let's see more films like Edward Scissorhands. They are desperately needed. Tammy Smith 10418 Nate Way Santee, CA 92071 ...Tim Burton's Edward Scissorhands is an ex- cellent film with spectacular performances by Johnny Depp, Winona Ryder, Dianne Wiest and Vincent Price. Stan Winston's scissorhand ef- fects are brilliant, as are the rest of the effects. Although it does have its terribly sad and downright depressing moments, there is a beau- tiful musical score by Danny Elfman throughout the entire movie, and the romance and comedy add to this wonderful creation. This film is, without a doubt, a classic. Chris Giunto 1416 Broening Highway Baltimore. MD 21224 DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 1-800-228-4246 Reg. $89.95 Now $69.95 Limited Time Offer To Order call 1-800-228-4246 or send check or money order including $3.00 per tape shipping/handling to: " DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL S323-A ELKHORN BLVD. SACRAMENTO, CA 95842 Questions call 1-916-331-8370 VHS only. PAL transfers available. Catalogs $4.95 or free with order. CA residents add 6.5% sales tax. About tnis manuscript/ 'Robin "» ...Regarding your episode guide of the "Robin of Sherwood" series, it was an extremely wel- come article, and I feel that it surpasses many of your other episode guides. The photos were excellent and rarely seen ones at that. I also enjoyed the detail with which each episode was explained. The series itself is probably one of the finest produced and written TV shows in recent times and I was upset to see it finish after only three seasons. I know many U.S. fans like my- self wait in hope for the possible return of the "Hooded Man" either on the big or small screen. Anthony Fitzpatrick 105 Betty-Glen Raheny Dublin 5 Republic of Ireland DREAMWERKS / ST. LOUIS SALUTES iREri MAY 11-12, 1991 HOLIDAY INN WESTPORT I-270 at PAGE ST. LOUIS, MO George Take/' David McDonne// Co/m Meaney "SULU" Editor - STARLOG 'O'BRIEN" 1DAY - $18 ADVANCE / $20 DOOR - Off - WEEKEND RATE - $32 ADVANCE TICKETS NOW LOCATIONS - FAMOUS BARR STORES & MUSIC VISION OR CALL TO CHARGE TICKETS BY PHONE - DIALTIX (314)434-6600 OR TO WRITE FOR MEMBERSHIPS OR FURTHER INFORMATION ■ SEND A URGE S.A.S.E. TO: DREAMWERKS, BOX N, CRUGERS, NY 10521 Off CALL 914-739-3191 LOST AND FOUND ...The best thing about the recent article on Bill Mumy in STARLOG #163 was that you did it in the first place. I realize that STARLOG is SF and fantasy oriented and I love you guys for that. But for once it would be nice to read something with a little less emphasis on Lost in Space, especially where photos are concerned. I know the show has many fans. That's great. But truth- fully, I only enjoy it because of Bill Mumy. I prefer his later work and I love Bames &"Barnes. I corrupt everyone who'll sit still for it with their video collection, "Zabagabee." I don't mean to sound like I didn't appreciate the piece. It's just that I had heard most of it before. The only information that was new to me was a cou- ple of comic titles I didn't know Bill Mumy was involved with. I wish you had done something like the article on Kim Hunter back in STARLOG #160. Now, that had great depth, covering some of her best work outside Planet of the Apes. Last year at a convention, Mumy said that Seduction of the Innocent had a tape out on Beat Brothers records. What I really would've liked to learn from your article is where the heck I can get this tape. Can anybody help me? Is there someplace I can order it or something? Now I'm desperate to get hold of some of their music! Debbie McCampbell 20131 Panstone Court Marietta, GA 30060 ...After reading Kyle Counts' Bill Mumy article in issue #163, I was elated to discover two things: First, I'm not the only one to believe that the comic book Space Family Robinson in- spired the Lost in Space TV show, and second, that the comic book may return to the stands, brought to us by Valiant. Space Family Robinson (Lost in Space was added to the title with issue #13; when it came out after a long hiatus in the early '70s, the title went briefly to SFR-LIS on Space Station One) was my inspiration throughout school. The sto- ries were not Shakespeare, but they did take me around the galaxy and through time, and though I never knew who did them, the cover art for the series (up to around issue #52, when Whitman made a travesty of the work by re-inking them in, beg pardon, "comic book" style) was by far the best done during that era, with a few ex- ceptions. Steven R. Puckett P.O. Box 737 Bellaire, MI 49615 ...Ever since Star Trek successfully moved to the big screen, I had been hoping that the same would occur to Lost in Space. Certainly it has a built-in audience, both young and old, and what better way to conclude loose ends. All these years wondering whether the Jupiter II would ever return to Earth. But after reading Kyle Counts' article, I'm upset that Irwin Allen him- self continues to block all attempts. I cannot understand the logic behind his refusal, but I hope he changes his mind soon. In the mean- time. I urge Mumy and Innovation Comics to produce a limited series based on Lost in Space. There are so many tales of the Robinson family yet to be told, most of all what happened after that fateful third season ended. Jeff M.P. McFarland 745 Pine Street, #1 1 San Francisco, CA 94108 Innovation's Lost in Space series starts in May - with contributions from Bill Mumy and Mark (Don West) Goddard. ...I just had to write and thank you for your gen- erous (if long-awaited) coverage of Irwin Allen's Land of the Giants. As fans, we had practically given up hope of seeing it featured or even men- tioned. However, you've made our continually buying your magazine worth our wait (and money) with your two-part Giants writers arti- cles (#159-#160) and the Don Matheson inter- view in issue #162. A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of meeting Gary Conway and Don Matheson. They were not only interesting but the most unassum- ing people a fan would like to meet. Later, on a British TV show, Conway and Deanna Lund in- formed us that a Giants movie was in the cards. A Giants movie is long overdue and hopefully it would feature the original cast. It must — no other cast could bring the characters back to life. Giants was the first show to be run on a regular basis in the Soviet Union and still syn- dicated around the world. It deserves more pub- licity and hopefully your magazine will remind others of the series* existence. Carole Lewin 1 Lismore Place Pendower Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne and Wear, England, NE15 6QX ...Mark Phillips did a good job covering many Giants writers in #159. At the article's end, it had "To be continued" then, in issue #162, 1 saw the "Small Talk" sidebar with Bob and Esther Mitchell. Is that the rest of the article on the Giants writers? I totally agree with Robert and Wanda Duncan that the Lost in Space cast and series was the best. It was great to read the premise for a fourth season episode. I like Giants too, but the characters were so busy climbing up and down ropes, I got tired just watching them. I would have liked to have seen less action and more character development. I also enjoyed Phillips' articles in issue #162 on Liam Sullivan and Don Matheson. I would have liked more comment on the Space episode Sullivan did. I loved his comments on Rod Serling. I've never read a bad word about him. It's refreshing to know that a very success- ful genius can be a good man and well-liked. As for the Matheson article, there was some great background info. I had never heard about the plans to do a voiceover for Space's "Sky is Falling." It never seemed like anything was missing. Of course, Giants was very physical, but no one has asked the cast if, as pan of their audition, they had to go through a rigorous physical test/obstacle course to get the job. Some people may be in great shape and still not be able to climb a rope 20 feet. Also, no one mentions that Heather Young was pregnant dur- ing the first season's end and the second's be- ginning, and the problems that presented. Sherry Krause 937 Freeport Road Creighton, PA 15030 The conclusion of Mark Phillips' acclaimed Giants writers article appeared in issue #160. The "Small Talk" sidebar in #162 was only a related story. More features are in the works. PROPER PERSPECTIVE ...On the cover of STARLOG #161, a question asked: "What if Catherine had lived?" Well, of course I think that 14 million people would Can she stay. Father ?\ She loves £uzzy ) v^ch aracters/ _ y have said, "There's still something worthwhile to watch on TV." Once Beauty and the Beast left TV, not one show retained any standards or was worth watching. I mean, the love they shared, we shared. The passion, the caring, the family of the undergrounds — it all belonged to us, the public. I hope the 14 million fans don't just give up. We still have the love for that wonder- ful show. It's now in syndication. We will all have hope that it will continue until the last rerun is over. So there's your answer! Al Redicavage Manchester, CT MORLOCKS! Home planet: Earth in the year 802,701 Dwelling: Underground caves, The Morlocks are extremely light/ sensitive. Ancestry: Both the Morlocks and their aboveground counterparts, the Eloi, have human ancestry. One group of humans had realized that the atmosphere was poisoned by radioactivity, the result of a war. This group went under- ground to escape the poison atmosphere. They evolved into the beastly Morlocks. The group that stayed above ground evolved Into the childlike Eloi. Diet: Morlocks feed upon the Eloi. Size comparison A Morlock Is Interrupted while feeding. STARLOG/Afav 1991 ALL I SAID COAS "HOW ASoOT A urrrct TTnft££--UAf>s£>&P ...Having read the letters regarding Beauty & the Beast's third season in STARLOG #164, I am appalled by the writers' lack of understand- ing. Elaine Landman said that the only reason she could think of for "having to continue" was money. What about the outcry from the fans? Let's face it, the fans are the only reason there was a third season. We made our own beds, so to speak and ever since, some of the same people have done nothing but complain about having to lie in them. Granted, I would much preferred a happily- ever-after ending. But literature, like life, is filled with unhappy endings. And yet, every ending is also a new beginning. Keeping that in mind, it's pretty obvious what the third season ATTENTION STAR TREK COLLECTORS! The Official STAR TREK 25th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL! WWIIBfl r .NNIVERSAM ESPECIAL! The complete Enterprise voyages; FromtXision to film & beyond Inside this modern American myth Saluting the men & women who've gone where no one has gone before Published by STARLOG! Prepared by the editors of STARLOG and STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION, ' the official magazine series. - ... The complete Enterprise voyages — from television to film & beyond! Facts! Photos! Saluting the men and women who've gone where no one has . . gone before! 100 PAGES! ALL COLOR! SPECIAL SILVER COVER! Only $6.95 iK3t» Cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 STAR TREK 25th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL - $6.95 Please indicate quantity of magazines being ordered and add S2.05 per magazine to cover postage and handling. STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks tor delivery. was all about. Given certain dictates by CBS (more violence, less romance), George R.R. Martin, Ron Koslow and everyone did a remark- able job of keeping the show's integrity intact. As for the episodes themselves, "Walk Slowly," as painful as it is to watch, is undoubt- edly one of the finest hours of network televi- sion ever seen. And "Invictus"; what so appalled Diane Davis (Catherine's gun being used to kill Gabriel) was a perfect touch — the ultimate po- etic justice. Then, there's Diana. She was an extremely complex character. She had such an ethereal quality about her that I suppose some people could mistake for simplicity. Admittedly, the third season was not a fairy tale the way the first two were, but it was still far better than anything else on TV. Perhaps Diana summed it up best: "If all you're willing to see is what you've seen before, you're gonna miss half of what's going on," Ann Gurkin Route 2 Box 606 Williamston, NC 27892 ...I am writing in regard to "Death of the Beast" in issue #161. George R.R. Martin's obvious frustration with one CBS executive's failure to "pay attention" was a source of great amusement to me. Perhaps now, Martin has some small idea of the frustration that we fans experienced when everyone failed to "pay attention" to what we wanted to see. If the network, producers and writers had been as bold in their exploration and development of the relationship between Vincent and Catherine as they were in presenting the idea in the first place, they still might have had a failure on their hands, but at least it would have been a glorious failure. As it stands, all they succeeded in proving once again was that the TV industry has no idea how to handle a new concept. They approach it with trepidation, strangle it with restrictions, and then try to "save" it by retooling it into the same old stale ideas they publicly deplore but privately continue to support. As to Martin's comment that "only Catherine was different in the third season" that reminds me of the old joke "Other than that, Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play?" Marie Halligan R.D. #2 Beaver Falls, PA 15010 SUBSCRIBER SERVICES Missing copies? Moving? Renewals? Re- ceiving duplicates? Subscription questions? Write directly to: STARLOG NEW SUBSCRIBERS Subscriber ONLY: Services, Do not send money P.O. Box 132 order to above address. Mt. Morris, 1L See subscription ad this 61054-0132 issue. 1 I I I I I Attach Mailing Label Here Inquiries addressed to editorial offices only delay your request. NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP ; — The Greatest Trek Event Ever Held! SPONSORED BY Write Your Cable Operator for THE SCI-FI CHANNEL in association with ENTERTAINMENT w I rtFl'U\#\3 ® STHl JUNE 7-9. 1991 REK The Celebration Convention IlllIS Georae TAKEI to mm logo used with permission AND ON SUNDAY SHRINE AUDITORIUM THE SITE OF THE ACADEMY AWARDS! FOR THE LIVE REUNION OF THE ENTIRE CAST TOGETHER ON STAGE! Let the Joyous news be spread: The Celebration of the incredible 25th Anniversary of STAR TREK sizzles with extra excitement as the entire original classic cast will appear together on stage with creator Gene Rodden berry on Sunday, June 9th. This unprecedented once in a lifetime attraction could never be housed in a mere hotel ballroom I So on Sunday only we're going where we've never gone before and moving the entire convention: all the dealers, all the events, and all the exhibits to the world famous SHRINE AUDITORIUM (649 West Jefferson in Los Angeles), site of the Oscars and American Music Awards! Friday June 7 and Saturday June 8 remain at our traditional site:THELOS ANGELES AIRPORT HILTON. Friday and Saturday's schedule will be bursting with single guest appearances, Next Generation presentations and news scoops, preview peeks at STAR TREK 6, auctions, contests, special videos, 25th Anniversary events and some shockingly surprising guest drop-insl Sunday's schedule will feature single appearances by Bill, Leonard and Gene, and the amazing "live reunion" on stage, plus surprises we can't mention! TICKETS: At the present time the only way to attend all three days is to buy a preferred seat package which will give you a reserved seat at both The Airport Hilton and The Shrine and covers the entire weekend convention. Preferred seat packages are $1 45. Over a thousand of these packages have already been sold. Only 400 remain: so please act soon! Sunday only tickets (general admission including seating in the non reserved section at the Shrine) are available in advance for $30. To order tickets send fees to CREATION, 145 Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, New York 11501. Make checks payable to CREATION. You may order by using a CREDIT CARD (Mastercard or Visa) and calling toll free (800) TV ALIVE between 10:30am to 5pm weekdays. There is a $2 service charge per ticket for telephone orders. You may also reserve hotel rooms at the Airport Hilton ($89 a night) at this number. Dealer tables are available: please call us for details! "** Note: The Shrine Auditorium is a magnificent facility and is approximately 20 minutes from The Airport Hilton and offers parking at a nominal rate. LOVE IN THE AFTERLIFE THAT OTHER HOOD In another part of the forest known as Sherwood, there is, naturally, another Robin Hood. And funny, he doesn't look like Kevin Costner, Unlike the Prince of Thieves (Costner) of this issue's cover, this bowman, Patrick {Sleeping with the Enemy) Bergin, is bound directly for American TV. Bergin stars in the 20th Century Fox production of Robin Hood, the first announced Hood project which sparked Hollywood's recent Robin frenzy. Originally slated to be di- rected by John (Predator) McTiernan, the Bergin film (then known as Adventures of Robin Hood and scripted by Mark Allen Smith) was switched to the TV track when the Costner project began shooting first. With McTiernan as executive producer, John (Ghost Story) Irvin directed on loca- tions in England and Wales (not in Northern California as once planned and earlier reported here). It'll be a theatrical release everywhere except the U.S. where Robin Hood will premiere on Fox Broadcasting Company's new movie night (slated to air on Mondays) either this month or in early May. That's, naturally, a few weeks ahead of the release of Prince of Thieves (see page 40). NOSTALGIC SCI-FI & HORROR ON VIDEO! Terror is a Man A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE IN MOTION PICTURE TERROR! •THYSSEN-brRR Sinister Cinema W) With over 1000 shock filled titles available. Sinister Cinema is truly the leading source for your favorite sci fi and horror oldies on video. Just send $2.00 for our eye popping catalogue, or receive it free when you order any of the following films at the low price of . . . $16.95 miE 1 . Night Of The Living Dead 1 968 (mint, best video available) 2. Jack The Ripper 1959 3. Night Tide 1961 4. Giant of Marathon 1960 5. The Devil's Messenger 1961 6. Tormented 1 960 7. Terror Is A Man 1 959 Please add S2.05 per title for packaging, handling, and postage. Specify VHS or Beta. Sorry, not available in PAL. Make checks or money orders payable to: Sinister Cinema P.O. Box 4369 dept S Medford. OR 97501 Questions ??? Call us at 503-773-6860 Visa & Mastercard Accepted They're very much in love. And they're also very much dead. They're Meryl Streep and Albert Brooks, finding love in the afterlife in Defending Your Life. Brooks wrote and directed this metaphysical comedy/fantasy/love story, which opens this spring. Lovely Uma (Adventures of Baron Munchausen) Thurman is Bergin's Maid Marian. Also in the Hood cast are Jurgen (Dune) Prochnow, Edward (Never Say Never Again) Fox and Jeroen (The Living Daylights) Krabbe. With two Robin Hoods shot, there's nothing left in the quiver for the other Hood films. Tri-Star's Robin Hood (the "serious" adventure from Ed Zwick & Marshall Herskovitz of thirty something) is in limbo. Shooting had been scheduled for last September, but it never started. And the long-hoped-for film version of TV's Robin of Sherwood, which had been jump- started to life by all this other Hood activity, is now considered dead. Series star Mark Ryan — who played Nasir (see page 31) — believes it will not be made. Genre TV: Stephen King's Golden Years premieres this fall on CBS. It's a brand new TV series created and mostly written by King (who has already penned the first draft scripts for five of the show's eight episodes). It's described as a "thriller with a fantasy element," a phrase intended, perhaps, to put it in Twin Peaks country. King and Richard Rubinstein (of Laurel Entertainment, which is producing the show) serve as co-executive producers. Family Dog— slated to be a CBS mid- season replacement — is already barking its way to possible success. With 13 half- hour episodes produced, the network has ordered five more scripts. Co-executive producer Dennis Klein previews the series in COMICS SCENE #19 (on sale now). Character Castings: The Addams Family has two other members: Christina I (Mermaids) Ricci as Wednesday and Jimmy Workman as Pugsley. Bloodi Simple's Dan Hedaya is also in the film as j a shady lawyer. Sequels: Shooting was supposed to j start this month or in May on Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. (Yes, that's j the same sub-title that director Nicholas Meyer used for a while on his previous j Enterprise outing, Star Trek II. By the way, it's a Shakespearean phrase from Hamlet as in "death, the undiscovered country, from whose bourn no traveler returns"). It's all but certain that Trek VI can not be ready for release any earlier than December. A spring 1992 premiere — missing the saga's 25th anniversary celebration — is more likely. Freddy' s Dead: The Final Nightmare is the slightly altered title for Nightmare on Elm Street VI. Rachel Talalay has directed this sequel (due this fall) in which Freddy (Krueger) does indeed meet Eddie (Scissorhands) — Robert ("V"') Englund is back as Krueger while Johnny Depp, re- cently seen in Edward Scissorhands and a cast member of the first Nightmare on Elm Street years ago, has a cameo. The movie's final sequences — though this may yet change — are planned to be filmed in 3-D. And yes, though this is supposed to end the nightmares, Englund does have an option in his contract regarding an Elm Street VII. Roseanne Barr and comedian hubby Tom Arnold also have cameos. And in a bit of inspired casting, fans will at last meet Freddy Krueger's daddy dearest. He's played by Alice Cooper. — David McDonnell FILM FANTASY CALENDAR All dates are extremely subject to change. Movies deemed especially tentative are denoted by asterisks. Changes are reported in "Updates." May: Suburban Commando, Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves. Spring: Switch, Highlander II, The Pit & the Pendulum, Defending Your Life. Summer: Mom & Dad Save the World, RoboCop 3, The Fisher King. June: The Rocketeer. July: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, 101 Dalmatians (re-release), Rock-a-Doodle, Radio Flyer, Bill & Ted II. August: Beastmaster II: Through the Portal of Time, Child's Play 3. THE tlEXT GE/JEffllTfOn #9251 ENTERPRISE CREW $62 •}(. Actual Pins Slightly Larger #9235 STARFLEET COMMAND INSIGNIA $32 #9501 THE BEGINNING $20 #9505 ENTERPRISE & UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS $16 © 1988 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation . The entire spectrum of the STAR TREK Universe— the crew, their adventures, their symbols— are all captured in these elegant, jewel-like pins. Each one is a distinctive work of art, meticulously crafted in cloisonne. The STAR TREK pins, worn on garments or collected and displayed, will increase in value and sen- timent throughout the years. Pin collecting for fun and profit is an everyday, every year festival for buying, selling and trading. /Zf/7_ ^,- iHEr\ THE tlEXT CEHEHUT/U/I PIN SETS 9251 ENTERPRISE CREW $62 9235 STARFLEET COMMAND INSIGNIA $32 9501 THE BEGINNING S20 9505 ENTERPRISE & UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS S16 INDIVIDUAL PINS 1022 COMMUNICATOR (full size) $15 1150 R0MULAN BIRD-0F-PREY $12 210 SPECIAL 20th ANNIVERSARY S12 1020 COMMUNICATOR (half size) S10 212 STAR TREK THEME S10 1701 HEN ENTERPRISE SB 37 STAR TREK LIVES S8 40 STAR TREK FOREVER $8 . 12 STARFLEET COMMAND (deluxe) $8 . 3 STAR TREK WITH ENTERPRISE S8 . 1501 LOGO (blue & silver) S6 . 1502 LOGO (red) $6 . 15 ENTERPRISE $6 31 STARFLEET COMMAND (black) $6 36 STARFLEET ENGINEERING $6 45 STARFLEET SCIENCE S6 1080 UNITED FEDERATION OF PLANETS LOGO S6 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER! STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 POSTAGE Please add $2 for each order to cover postage and handling. Overseas: $5 per order in US funds only. Total enclosed: $ NAME . STREET: CITY: _ STATE: _ _ZIP: Collection ize: 5" $35 ere are tne latest addition the STAR TREK Pin Collection —including pins made especially to commemorate the release of STAR TREK V: THE FINAL FRONTIER. Each pin is an authentic work of art, elegant and jewel-like, meticulously crafted in cloisonne. JAR TREK pins, worn on garments or collected and displayed, will increase in value and sentiment throughout the years. Pin collecting for fun and profit is an everyday, every year festival for buying, selling and trading. Actual pins larger. DISPLAY CASE THEME Pins ^Cfu&d <&c£/£o STimflEK STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION Pins 953 Size: 3" $20 afcta, ij>6zaaic&' 1090 NEXT GENERATION iHfsa I 1088 NEXT GENERATION Branch Pins ISEUtnSRCOHWABDl SOLD OUT HTGOHII Starfleet Command Sol Sector (maroonl $6 ^ 9701 STAR TREK V Logo 16 STAB TREK V Pins 9705 STAR TREK V \ on Symbol SS SFC EXEC INSIGNIA Pins 9703 STAR TREK V Symbol 16 9710 STAR TREK V I ' Enterprise in triangle J8 9720 Galileo Lettering J6 Clip or Copy STAR TREK V Pins 9701 STAR TREK V Logo $6 9703 STAR TREK V Symbol S6 9705 STAR TREK V on Symbol $8 9710 STAR TREK V with Enterprise In triangla $8 971 1 STAR TREK V with Enterprise on top $10 9716 STAR TREK V with Galileo on top $10 9717 GaNteo wtth Ship S10 9729 Galileo Lettering $6 STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION Pins SO 1088 NEXT GENERATION Crew $6 1090 NEXT GENERATION Starfleet Command $8 1805 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (green) $6 1806 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (maroon) $6 1807 Starfleet Command Sol Sector (yellow) $6 1809 Starbase 74 $6 STAR TREK Branch Pins 61 Military $8 62 Security $8 63 Marines $8 64 Medical $8 65 Hdquarters $8 66 Intelligence $8 , 67 Material $8 ' 68 Colonial Operations $8 6g Personnel $8 70 Communcatlons $8 71 Merchant Marine $8 72 Engineering $8 SFC EXEC INSIGNIA Pins 21 Command Dlr white $6 22 Engineering Olv yellow $6 23 Operations Dlw orange $6 24 Security Div red $6 25 Medical Div green $6 26 Science Div blue $6 DISPLAY CASE THEME Pins 950 Size: 5" S35 953 Size: 3" S20 STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH NEW YORK, NY 10016 Send cash, check or money order payable to Starlog Press Sim TREK Pin Spectacular! Please add $2 for each order to cover postage and handling. Overseas: Add $5 per order in US funds only. 1. Enter cost of pins: 2. Enter postage & handling charge: 3. Add lines #1 and #2: Total enclosed: Name: . Street: City: State: _ -Zip: Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. , 1989 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation. SF Directory Assembled by LIA PELOSl Please note: Inclusion here does not indicate en- dorsement of any club or publication by STARLOG. And STARLOG is not responsible for information or spelling errors in these list- ings or changes in membership fees and privi- leges. Always write first to any organization, including a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to confirm membership/sub rates and the club or publication's continued existence. Attention: Not listed here? It is not our over- sight. You haven't sent information to us. Note: This is now a one-time-only (per year) listing. Please write to SF Directory, STARLOG. 475 Park Avenue South, NY, NY 10016. Provide all pertinent info on club/publication type, sanc- tioning, mailing address, yearly dues or sub- scription rates and membership kit. To facilitate inclusion, please provide info in the style that follows, typed double-space. These will be listed free at STARLOG's discretion. FAN CLUBS SPIRIT OF SHERWOOD A Robin of Sherwood appreciation society. Sanctioning: Richard Carpenter Address: Spirit of Sherwood 1276 W. Marshall Ferndale, MI 48220 Yearly dues: $10. Membership includes: Bi-monthly zine, cast bios, credit lists, button and color laser print of the cast. BUCK ROGERS: BATTLE FOR THE 25TH CENTURY FAN CLUB A role-playing fan club. Sanctioning: None Address: Josh Jacob R.R. #1 Box 75 Congerville, IL 61729 Yearly dues: $6. Membership includes: An information package on the game .including a character sheet and a 10" x 4" character drawing. Ten issues of our monthly newsletter that includes fan art, fan let- ters and a classified section. JACKSONVILLE SUPPORTERS OF BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Sanctioning: None Address: Jacksonville Supporters of Beauty and the Beast 7222 Poinciana Avenue Jacksonville, FL 32217 (904) 733-7218 Yearly dues: $15. Membership includes: Information package, 12 monthly newsletters, open invitation to all club activities, discounts on club merchandise and special events. PROJECT QUANTUM LEAP Sanctioning: None Address: Project Quantum Leap P.O. Box 77513 Tucson, AZ 85703 Yearly dues: $15. Membership includes: Quarterly issues of Project Quantum Leap's newsletter. The Observer, featuring the latest QL news. Members also receive a Project pass, photo and buttons. THE UNITED WHOVIANS OF TUCSON Sanctioning: None Address: The United Whovians of Tucson FUN NETWORK EDITED by EDDIE BERGANZA APRIL FOOLS OK, if you don't want to settle for the Tiny Toons version of the Enterprise crew (from "Duck Trek" by animator Ken Boyer), Paramount Home Video has a new number to call to get classic episodes of the original and the movies on tape. That's 1-800-445-3800, ask for operator #258. That's all, folks. P.O. Box 77513 Tucson. AZ 85703 Yearly dues: $12. Membership includes: A one-year subscription to TARDIS Time Lore, a quarterly publication, including news and fiction. Active members re- ceive a membership badge. Meetings twice monthly. WARP NINE A general science fiction club that covers all aspects of the genre. Sanctioning: None Address: Warp Nine c/o Chris Chattier 6330 Belherbe St. Leonard, Quebec Canada HIP 1G5 Yearly dues: $8. Membership includes: Eight issues of Warp Nine's fanzine. Contains convention listings, trivia, episode guides and news from a continually growing fan network. Offers a free trial issue for those interested. Write for more info. INTERNATIONAL STEVEN SPIELBERG FAN CLUB Club devoted to the director and his films. Sanctioning: None Address: Steven Spielberg Fan Club P.O. Box A64 Huddersfield HD4 5AL England Yearly dues: UK: £9, EEC: £12, America $24, Australia/Canada: $28, Asia: £13, Others: £16. Membership includes: Color membership card, 4 SSFC color magazines, exclusive competi- tions open to members. Rare memorabilia for SPACE 1999 4 NEW 1-Hour Episodes: Voyager's Return - Guardian of Piri - Matter of Life & Death - Earthbound »11i 9 TECH Volumes 1-6. Entire Macross Saga $11 ta 9 $69" STAR TREK Original T.V. Series Any Volume $9.95 , /Video lyikrcfianf 1800) 334-4268 P.O. Box 1029, Inyokern, CA 93527 Send for FREE Catalog To order Videos, send check or money order; or phone toll free. 2-5 wks. delivery. S&H Cost Per Order S75.00 or Less $3.95 S75.01-S150-00 $2.95 S150 01 & up WE PAY CONVENTIONS Questions about cons listed? Please send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the address listed for the con. Conventioneers: Send all pertinent info no later than 5 months prior to event to STARLOG Con Calendar. 475 Park Ave. South. NY. NY 10016. STARLOG makes no guarantees, due to space limitations, that your con will be listed here. This is a free service: to ensure a listing in STARLOG— nor here but else- where — contact Connie Bartlett (212-689-2830) for classified ad rates & advertise there. APRIL DREAMWERKS April 6-7 Cleveland Hilton South Independence, OH Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: Michael Dom 6 David McDonnell COLLECTOR'S EXPO April 6 Holiday Inn Gainesville. GA Dana Pinkard 2549 Redmond Circle Rome, GA 301 61 (404)234-8210 TECHNICON 8 April 12-14 Donaldson Brown Center Blacksburg, VA Technicon 8 c/o VTSFFC P.O. Box 256 Blacksburg. VA 24063-0256 (703)953-1214 Guests: Diane Carey & Greg Brodeur DREAMWERKS April 13-14 Holiday Inn Conference Center York. PA Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: Walter Koenig & David McDonnell CONDUIT April 19-21 Quality Inn Salt Lake City. UT CONduit c/o Dave Powell 2566 Blaine Avenue Salt Lake City. UT 84108-3359 (801)467-9517 Guest: Barbara Hambly l-CON April 19-21 State University of New York Stony Brook, NY I-Con P.O. Box 550 Stony Brook. NY 11790 (5161632-6460 FAX: 516-632-7519 Guests: Frederik Pohl. Larry Niven. Jack Williamson. David Kyle. Tim Hildebrandl. Julius Schwartz. Jonathan Frakes. Tom Baker. Majel Barrett & Harlan Ellison DREAMWERKS April 20-21 The Irem Temple Wilkes-Barre. PA Dreamwerks see listing above Guests: George Takei # David McDonnell DEMICON II April 26-28 Howard Johnsons Des Moines. IA DemiCon II Dept. F P.O. Box 7252 Des Moines, LA 50322-7572 Guest: Joe Haldeman CON-COURSE April 26-28 Jugendgastehaus Hamburg-Horn, Germany Dagmar Trutzel Winterhuder WEG 67 2000 Hamburg 76 Germany Guest: John de Lancie MARCON 26 April 26-28 Hyatt Regency Columbus, Ohio Marcon 26 P.O. Box 21 1101 Columbus, OH 43221 (614)2-MARCON Guests: Lois McMaster Bujold. C.J. Cherryh. Juanita Coulson. Peter David & Melinda Snodgrass BOISE FANTASY ARTS CON IV April 27-28 BFAC P.O. Box 8602 Boise. ID 83702 (208)454-2835 TREKFEST PALM BEACH April 27 Sheraton Inn West Palm Beach, FL Trekfesl P.O. Box 17825 Plantation. FL 3331 8 (305)474-7300 Guest: Michael Dom COLLECTOR'S EXPO April 27 Holiday Inn Birmingham. AL Dana Pinkard 2549 Redmond Circle Rome. GA 30161 (404) 235-2179 or (404) 234-8210 TOY, SF & JAPANIMATION April 28 Holiday Inn East Indianapolis. IN Andy Holzman 8088 Hoover Lane Indianapolis, IN 46260 (317)251-2339 TREKFEST MIAMI April 28 Park Plaza Hotel Miami, FL » sec Trekfesl listing above Guest: Michael Dom MAY ROC-KON 15 May 3-5 Holiday Inn at Otter Creek Little Rock, AK Roc-Kon 15 P.O. Box 45122 Little Rock. AK 72214 (501)370-0889 ANCLICON IV May 3-5 Holiday Inn Renton Renton. WA Anglicon IV P.O. Box 75536 Seattle. WA 98125 (206)672-1300 Guest: Julian Glover CONTRAPTION KAIZEN May 3-5 Troy Hilton Troy. MI Contraption P.O. Box 2285 Ann Arbor. MI 48106 Guests: Frederik Pohl & Dr. Elizabeth Anne Hull GALLIFREY ONE: THE SEQUEL May 3-5 Pasadena Hilton Hotel Pasadena, CA Gallifrey Conventions P.O. Box 712188 Los Angeles, CA 9007 1 (213)841-2544 Guests: Colin Baker. Nicholas Courtney. John Levene. Barbara Hambly. Garfield & Judith Reeves- Stevens, Larry Niven & Larry Stewart DREAMWERKS May 11-12 Holiday Inn Westport St. Louis, MO Dreamwerks BoxN Crugers.NY 10521 (914)739-3191 Guests: George Takei. Colm Meaney & David McDonnell ALUANCECON II 2nd Italian Star Wars Con May 16-19 Republic of San Marino Italy Alliance CasellaPostale4ll-C.P.O. 41 100 Modena. Italy 14 STARLOG/May 1991 OASIS 4 May 17-19 Gold Key Inn . Orlando, FL Oasis P.O. Box 616469 Orlando. FL 3286 1-6469 Guest: Robert Asprin FANCORIA'S WEEKEND OF HORRORS May 18-19 Airport Hilton LA.CA Creation 145 Jericho Turnpike Mineola. NY 11501 (516)746-9626 Guests: Clive Barker. Bill Butler. Optic Nerve FX. Tony Gardner. Tony Randel & FANGORIA's Ton; Timpone SEATREK May 26-31 S.S. Britanis to Mexico 1865 Brickell Avenue. Box E Miami. FL 33 1 29 (800) FAN-TREK Cabins are still available 1 6 Star Trek guests LANDTREK May 31-June 2 Miami South KOA Miami, FL Landtrek c/oCapt. Deborah Nelson 7010 W. 2nd Way Hialeah.FL 33014 (Benefits KOA Kare Kampers— children with cancer) THUNDERCON May 31-June 2 Central Plaza Hotel Oklahoma City, OK ThunderCon 2019 Beaumont Norman. OK 7307 1 (4051329-0835 Guests: Colm Meaney & Russell Bates SON OF HERNE'S CON (ROBIN OF SHERWOOD CON) May 31-June 2 Risley Hall. Cornell L'niversity Ithaca, NY . Heme's Con 3419 Irwin Avenue Riverdale. NY 10463-3720 Guests: Richard Carpenter. Mark Ryan. Nickolas Grace & Michael Praed. Special archery competition FORRYCON May 31-June 2 Airport Hotel Kilbernie, Wellington New Zealand Forrycon P.O. Box 27432 Upper Willis Street Wellington, New Zealand Guest: Forrest J Ackerman JUNE X-CON 15 June 7-9 Marc Plaza Hotel Milwaukee, WI X-Con Ltd. P.O. Box 7 Milwaukee. WI 53201-0007 (414)444-8888 (414)445-7835 SOUTH OF OZ June 14-16 Hyatt Orlando Hotel Kissimme, FL South of OZB&B Con 8042 Cleaves Road N. Ft. Myers. FL 33903 (407) 263-M99 Guests: Roy Dolrice. Jay Acovone & Ellen Geer FREE-CON 12 June 15-16 Fresno County Plaza Fresno, CA Free-Con 614 E. San Joaquin Tulare. CA 93274 (209)688-7160 Free Admission ARKANSAS FAN CON IV June 15-16 Camelot Hotel Little Rock. AR United Trekkers of Arkansas 1419 Look Street Little Rock. AR 72204 (501)663-0282 Guests: Jean Lorrah & Shirley Maiewski VULKON FLORIDA FANTASY FAIR June 21-23 Altamonte Springs Hilton Orlando, FL Vulkon P.O. Box 786 Hollywood. FL 33022-0786 (305)457-3465 Guests: Colm Meaney. Dick Durock. Mark Goddard & Dave McDonnell CON-FEDERATION ONE June 21-23 Hospitality Inn South Calgary, Alberta Con -Federal ion SF Society P.O. Box 22222. Bankers Hall Calgary. Alberta Canada T2P4J6 Guests: John de Lancie & Robert Grcenberger MICHICON CAMEFEST June 21-23 Southfield Civic Center Detroit. MI Metro Denoit Gamers P.O. Box 656 Wyandette. MI 48192 Art: Mike Fisher ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 MUM! ©T'S EPWAR.P SClS50fcHArJD5 cousisl, BoSBY SLBN0BR3U7T! purchase. Personal replies, free badges and stickers throughout the membership year. THE VOID Sanctioning: None Address: T.L. Turner 11791 79A Avenue Delta, B.C. Canada V4C 1V7 Subscription rates: SI 5. Membership includes: A quarterly newsletter containing SF/fantasy articles, short stories and artwork. STAR TREK CLUBS U.S.S. POLARIS NCC-1839 A local chapter of Starfleet. the International Star Trek Fan Association, serving fans in the Cincinnati and Hamilton, Ohio area. Sanctioning: Starfleet, the International Star Trek Fan Association Address: Recruiting Officer USS Polaris NCC-1839 6091 Ricky Drive Fairfield, OH 45014 Yearly dues: None for Polaris. $10 per year for individual membership in the parent organiza- tion, Starfleet. (Family memberships are avail- able at reduced rates. Write for more info.) Membership includes: Membership card, memo pad, handbook, year's subscription to bi- monthly newsletter, the Communique, and the opportunity to attend the Polaris' monthly meetings and participate in other events and ac- tivities. STARSHIPS OF THE THIRD FLEET An interactive club of space enthusiasts that en- joys action in the Star Tre k universe. Ship's crews participate in missions and operations as assigned by 3FHQ. SS/3F operates a Third Fleet Academy which offers several degree programs. The newsletter, 77ie? Third Dimension, is pub- lished quarterly. Sanctioning: None Address: Third Fleet Headquarters Box 710219 Santee. CA 92072-0219 (619) 449-0965 Yearly dues: $20, introductory membership: 6 months, $11. Membership includes: Orientation, member- ship card, duty orders certificate, rank certifi- cate, by-laws and Third Fleet Academy info. U.S.S CONFEDERATION NCC I798-A A Star Trek: The Next Generation fan club. But classic Trek is never ignored. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Confederation NCC 1798-A Attention: Communications Officer 166 Strachan Avenue Suite #1. Toronto, Ontario Canada M6J 2S9 Yearly dues: $35 (Canada). Membership includes: Laminated security ID card, crew certificate (suitable for framing), patch, sticker, ship photo, monthly newsletter Warped Mail (for rate card, mark envelope "W.M."), access to U.S.S. Confederation computer BBS, bridge crew photo and more. Send SASE (outside of Canada $.50) for intro letter and official application form. U.S.S. MAGELLAN NCC-2594 Tampa Bay's newest Star Trek club. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Magellan NCC-2594 c/o Joseph Yost P.O. Box 1605 Sarasota, FL 34230-1605 (813) 755-8392 Membership includes: Interests in Star Wars, Doctor Who and Alien Nation, plus any other SF. In search of people who love SF novels, movies, TV and role-playing games. cussic TREK MEETS TASHA YAR> She's r3e,3^> Jim. NojUiaVU she's alive/ Mo , she's dead ao^io — wai-t...// U.S.S. NIGHTWING The International Star Trek fan association. Sanctioning: None Address: U.S.S. Nightwing NCC-4025 7804 N. Matanzas Avenue Tampa. FL 33614 For more info, write to the above address. STARBASE 10 A non-profit Star Trek fan organization. Canadian chapter of Starfleet Command. Its mission is to promote the Star Trek philoso- phy and to foster an understanding of SF and the need for space exploration. Sanctioning: None Address: Susan Keeping 52 Thorncliffe Park Drive Apt. 601 Toronto, Ontario Canada M4H 1K5 Yearly dues: $12. Membership includes: Bi-monthly newsletter, The Echo, Starbase 10 stationery, address list of members. Send SASE for info. Canada only. U.S.S. SOL NCC-1733 Sanctioning: None Address: Acting Captain Dona Namet P.O. Box 55370 North Pole, AK 99705 Yearly dues: $8. Membership includes: Four issues of quarterly newsletter, A Fistful of Credits, handbook, crew roster, ship promotion exam, club I.D. card and membership certificate. STARFLEET USA Starfleet USA is a role-playing club for every- one from age eight to 19 who loves Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation. nti Shocking Proportions PROUDLY PRESENT LOS ANGELES JUNE 1991 TERMINATOR S JUDGMENT DNd THE CONVENTION A Convention For Fans featuring The Stars and Production Team in Person! For complete information on this once in a lifetime event please send a stamped self addressed envelope to CREATION, 145 Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, New York 11501. Attention: TERMINATOR 2. Or call (516) SHOWMAN, business hours EST. "ZiafM says a\\ you have ^o £o \S straiten "this Kid out. Koui tou^F> Cou\di rt be? :haL Art: Leah Rosenthal Sanctioning: None. Not affiliated with Starfleet, the International Star Trek Fan Association. Address: Fl. Adm. Mark Higgins 4228 Cherry Hill Lane OKC, OK 73120-8119 Yearly dues: None. Membership includes: Starfleet USA personal- ized membership card with your name, rank, rank insignia, position and restrictions. A place on one of the many ships in Starfleet. The first 100 will be given positions on ships with the rank of Commander and up. SCIENCE FICTION CONTINUUM v Catalogue of SF, Fantasy, & Horror J Japanimation ROBOIsQF 1 9 each THE NEW GENERATION- See the terrible Invid invasion and thedestruction of the REF fleet. Each tape contains three episodes, the entire series is eight tapes. Volumes 1 and 2are available. Volume3willbeavailablesoon! $29.99 This English language version is letterboxed andinVHSHIFI. AURA THE MOVIE $14.99 each 7ILLI0N From thestudio that produced ROBOTECH. A human colony faces annihilation and their only hope are the mysterious alien Zillion guns. One episode pertape, 5 tape mini-series. Volumes 1-3 are available! volumes 4 & 5 will be available soon. Call toll-free to order - (800) 232-6002 VHSonly. We accept Mastercard & Visa. Shipping charges for continental USA: 1 tape - $4, 2 tapes - $6 $1 .50 each addl tape. AK, HI, PR, and Canada call for shipcharge. Canadacall (908)755-2331. Allowthreeto siiweeks for delivery. Send $1 fora catalogue. Mail to- S& J Productions P.O. Box 154 Colonia, N J. 07067 s. KveryTape Is Brand New& FaclorySealedH y FAN PUBLICATIONS LEGEND #3 An international Robin of Sherwood fanzine. Sanctioning: None Address: Janet P. Reedman 1036 Hampshire Road Victoria, B.C. Canada V8S 4S9 Subscription rates: $16.50 (US), $17.50 (Canada), £10 (UK). For US/UK orders, add $2/£2 if airmail desired. QUANTUM QUARTERLY A newsletter featuring photos, episode guides, merchandise, fanzine listings and the latest info on Quantum Leap. Sanctioning: None Address: Quantum Quarterly c/o Jim Rondeau 1853 Fallbrook Avenue San Jose, CA 95130 Subscription rates: $6 (US) 4 issues, $9 (overseas) 4 issues. LONESTAR TREK #2 A Star Trek fanzine. Sanctioning: None Address: Laurie Haynes/Jan Meek P.O. Box 189 DeRidder, LA 70634 Subscription rates: $18 FC, $25 OS airmail. Subscription includes: High quality format genzine. Action-adventure, relationships sto- ries. Color cover. Approximately 200 pages. Primarily Classic Trek, with one ST:TNG story included. For more info, send SASE. THE PICARDIAN \| A newsletter/zine for Patrick Stewart fans. s Sanctioning: None * Address: Marilyn Wilkerson I 829 S.E. Riverside Drive t Evansville, IN 47713 Subscription rates: S8 (US), $9 (Canada), $11 (overseas). Subscription includes: Eleven issues of The Picardian, containing fiction and nonfiction, poetry and filksongs, news and rumors. THE TREKZINE TIMES The Trekiine Times is a quarterly newslet- ter/letterzine featuring news, reviews and arti- cles on writing, editing and illustration by some of the most familiar names in fandom. All Star Trek genres featured. Sanctioning: None Address: Forever Productions P.O. Box 75. Cooper Station New York, NY 10276 Subscription rates: $12 (US), $14 (Canada). $16 (Europe). POWER STAR Monthly fanzine covering SF and fantasy in all media. Features short stories. Interested in re- ceiving stories and art by fans of Star Trek, Max Headroom, Beauty & the Beast, Quantum Leap, War of the Worlds, Doctor Who, etc. Sanctioning: None Address: Jerry Seward 3421 Fulton Street Saginaw, MI 48601 Subscription rates: $5 per issue, $30 for six months. CLOUD CITY: A SAFE PORT FOR STAR WARS FANS Sanctioning: None Address: Fiorenzo Delle Rupi 96 Via XX Settembre 06100 Perugia, Italy Subscription rates: Send SASE with two International Reply Coupons for foreign subs. Subscription includes: Six issues of Cloud City containing color covers, blueprints, fic- tion, news, free stickers and gifts. Italian- printed zine, but with special volumes in English. The association is looking for foreign contacts and collaborations. TRILOGY TIMES A bi-monthly, non-profit newsletter for Star Wars and Lucasfilm fans. Features interviews, special effects, articles, previews of Lucasfilm projects. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: $10 (US, Mexico), $11 (Canada), $13 (overseas) for one year (six is- sues). Send SASE for more info and order form. Captain Picard discovers a malfunction in THE HOlODECK COMPUTER WHEN HE ENTERS HIS FAVORITE "DlXON HILL* DETECTIVE PROGRAM ONLY TO FIND.. STAR WARS FANS UNITED An annual fanzine with stories, artwork, pho- tographs and more by Star Wars fans from around the world. Send a SASE if you would like to contribute to future issues. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: 1988 issue: $11 (US), $11.50 (Canada), $14 (overseas); 1989 issue: $13 (US), $13.50 (Canada), $16 (overseas); 1990 issue: $12 (US), $12.50 (Canada), $15 (overseas). BEHIND THE MAGIC A quarterly, non-profit newsletter for Lucasfilm fans. Each issue focuses on a different division of Lucasfilm and LucasArts Entertainment. Sanctioning: None Address: Trilogy Times Publications P.O. Box 3319 Chico, CA 95927-3319 Subscription rates: $7 (US, Mexico), $8 (Canada), $10 (overseas) for one year (four is- sues). Send SASE' for more info and order form. NEW WORLDS OF WONDER! FANGORIA Still horrifying after all these years! The magazine of movie terror features the bloody best photos, makeup secrets & chilling interviews with the horror all-stars of movies, books & video! •iJwSo«2!2lSISS&l 1 eDan« s \| (/antia may* 1 •m-: :iema ""SBSB'' Salute oa SFclassic STABMAN Episode guide STAR TREK Michael Dom theKlingon way DICK TRftpY Investigating the movie 'WANETOFTHEAPES m . Dwabuiiga! -KTRACY .Win pimi! ^nnnil?' S8y 2e * no tomorrow I Every colorful issue explores the science fiction universe! Look for the latest news, movie & TV previews, special FX secrets ana exciting interviews with ac- tors, writers & direc- tors! COMICS SCENE America's hottest comics publication presents amazing previews of new comics & in-depth interviews with their incredible creatorsl Plus all the latest comics movies & TV shows! J I 5$* 3 \\ Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG COMM. INTL., INC. 475 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 STARLOG S0»pa$E 8* km hk. GOREZONE All the splatter that matters on the world scream scene! Uncensored horror videos! Controversial interviews! Plus fabulous fright fiction & extra-gory giant posters! It'll make your flesh crawl! NAME ADDRESS CITY 12 issues/ year $34.47 (Foreign: $43.47) FANGORIA 10 issues/year $24.47 (Foreign: $33.47) COMICS SCENE 6 issues/ year $17.99 (Foreign: $23.99) GOREZONE 4 issues/ year $11.99 (Foreign: $15.99) Total Enclosed: $ STATE ZIP Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery of first H you do not want to ait out coupon Foreign orders, sand U.S. funds only, will except written order. It's a matter of life & death when the "Car warriors" race. In the world of tomorrow, it's not how many miles per gallon your car gets — it's how much firepower it carries. This is the world of Car Warriors, a new four-issue limited series from Epic Comics, by Chuck Dixon and Steve Dillon. Based on Car Wars, a bestselling board-and-role- playing game by Steve Jackson Games, the action takes place in a dark future, where a devastating grain blight has led to mass starvation and the collapse of civilization. Travelers must rely on heavily arrned and armored vehicles to stay alive, and profes- sional "autoduelling" is the sport of choice for the hungry masses. Chaco "Mad Mex" Vasquez is one of the country's top autoduellists. Offered a shot at the infamous DeLorean Run in Michigan, with the prize being a fabulously valuable supply of a new super-grain, Vasquez ac- cepts when he learns the people responsible for his parents' murders are helping huge U.S. food corporations shut the race down. "It's a chase-and-revenge story," says Chuck Dixon. "The villains are a gang called the Vikings, who are very much out of 18 STARLOG/Mtfv 1991 By DREW BITTNER Chaco's past. That's a major thing for him to deal with. Also, the food corporations don't want this grain out threatening their monopoly, so they're obviously not happy about the Run." Chaco won't be out on the Run by him- self. Dixon says there's plenty of competi- tion for the big prize. "We've got Diamond, a tough female character; she's in this to save her family's farm. There's the Wysocki family, who [editor] Carl Potts described as 'The Simpsons on acid,' and a cyberpunk charac- ter named Mecha-Shan, who's virtually built into his car... there are many autoduellists in the Run." Dixon says. Dixon made full use of the Car Wars background as written in the game to create his story. Although he had never played Car Wars, he says he was struck at once by the humor of this post-apocalypse Earth. "The material has given me lots of Like the Steve Jackson games, the comic has unique characters that players may want to adopt. ideas." Dixon admits. "It's very detailed and has loads of fun stuff to play with, a very rich background, but also has enough gaps for me to fit my own things in and give them room to develop. That's one thing that ap- pealed to me. Another was the sense of hu- mor, which was great and really set this work apart from the crowd of Mad Max knock-offs. A project like Car Warriors is right up Dixon's alley. He's best known for ac- tion/adventure comics including Alien Legion, Punisher, Black Terror and Racer-X. He's also writing another upcoming Robin mini-series for DC. "This is definitely my kind of stuff and I think Carl and [editor] Marie Javins thought it would be something I could do and have fun doing. The way they work with me on a book is just to turn me loose," he says. "My stuff is all seat-of-the-pants writing; maybe I should pretend to be like other writers, say 'Oh, yes, I've got two years of continuity in mind and more,' but I don't. It's hit or miss. Sometimes it really works, sometimes not, but it all remains fresh." What decided him on this book, however. was Steve Dillon being signed to pencil it. "Steve did a really great Judge Dredd story with werewolves awhile back, and I've been a big fan of his work. When Carl and Marie came to me with the idea for this thing, I looked it over and found some good reasons to take it, but when they said Steve TK4T CAUHON IS H00<&7 up to A cygeeuiNK UNIT. vVHAT£Vg(2 va&qu&z cak see & In these days of thunder, Chaco "Mad Mex" Vasquez is the top competitor professional "autoduelling." His weaponry has just been upgraded. was pencilling, I felt like, 'Well, why didn't you tell me that in the first place?' And he has done some great stuff for this book too — very sharp and realistic. He has made it look like a junked-up future with all these great extra things thrown in." For Dixon, one major difference in doing this project was working from an established background. Dixon says he argued with him- self at length over whether to call Steve Jackson Games for consultation and finally decided against it. "I thought about it for two weeks," he says, "and the decision I made was just to write it and let them blow it apart if they didn't like it. But they seemed pleased by my stuff and only made a few corrections, some dialogue and things like that. I got along well with the game company, though: they have a 'garage band' feeling that made me relax some. It was pretty easy to work with them, but I felt like I could over-re- search this with them and, if I got too con- fused with background, then I would feel hemmed in. "We've all worked hard to make this something that should appeal to both comics readers and gamers. Comics have frag- mented so much that nobody buys every- DREW B1TTNER, New Jersey-based writer, examined Wild Cards in COMICS SCENE SPECTACULAR #3. v »^ ! S5£5Sr wtTt-i°Jr f * B ~- STARLOG/May 1991 19 ONZALO WG%gi 111 I Mi The action isn't what would call graphically violent" thing on the market; you have to go out and grab the guy on the street with something he'll want to read. The gaming parts of the comic are all pretty entry-level and should be a good way for comics readers to get in- volved while hopefully being something the gamers will want to add to their game." The characters in Car Warriors all start out somewhat before where a group of play- ers would begin an adventure, just to estab- lish their backgrounds and so on. but Dixon says he had in the back of his mind that the book's heroes might be useful to gamers. "This is gaming come to life. I could hope that some people would adopt these guys for their own games. If they do, that's the most complimentary thing that could happen for me," Dixon says. "I think it'll be a successful project, really the sort of thing Epic is looking to do. The action isn't what I would call graphically violent, but the lan- guage is a little raw in places. It's PG-13, meant to appeal to maybe a bit older audi- ence than some of the mainstream comics; hopefully, in this kind of book, I can take more time to do characterization without losing anybody. And, since the game sells well, the game and the comic can help each other out." If the book does well, Dixon admits to having some ideas for an ongoing story. "The tension between Chaco and Diamond would help move the story along. Their relationship is a major element with me, the idea of these incomplete people putting themselves back together, healing the wounds and going forward. Also, I would love to do something a little more urban, like a race set in New York or somewhere like that. With all the things in that world al- ready, I can dig out plenty of things to use. Now that the characters are established, all I have to do is make up situations to throw them into," Dixon says. "If the book does well, I would like to go on writing it; I've enjoyed it tremendously. "This is really unlike anything I've done," Chuck Dixon admits. "It isn't over- whelmingly grim, though it isn't a very nice world. There are some people here who are good at heart and have to be violent to sur- vive, but this isn't nihilistic 'nothing is worthwhile' stuff. I did that and I'm past that stage in my life now. This is sort of Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome instead of Mad Max, where the message was that humanity is scum. Just because of what it is, Car Warriors has its tragic side, but there's a glint of light at the end of this tunnel, a ray of hope." <fe STARLOG/Mav 1991 Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of Star Trek with THE STAR TREK STARS! STEWART VANCOUVER.CAN. APRIL 27-28, 1991 Pacific National Exhibition TICKETS AT TICKETMASTER. OR AT THE DOOR or CALL (516) 746-9626 to charge tickets by phone CREATION SALUTES LEONARD ■■ NIMOY DALLAS TEXAS MAY 4-5, 1991 PARK PLAZA We're quite pleased to welcome Leonard back to the " convention scene" with his first appearance in quite a time. Tickets are S17.00 daily in advance. S20al the door. Preferred reserved seating for the weekend is $60 and this will give you "up front" seating for the weekend, all weekend! To reserve seats or order advance tickets using MASTERCARD or VISA call toll free (800) TV ALIVE between 10:30am andSPM EST weekdays. MARINA SIRTIS: "TROI" CINCINATTI AREA ON MAY 18-19, 1991 AT THE DRAWBRIDGE INN (KENTUCKY) BUFFALO NEW YORK ON JUNE 8-9, 1991 AT THE RAMADA RENAISSANCE DEARBORN, MICHIGAN ON JUNE 29-30 AT THE CIVIC CENTER (along with NICHELLE NICHOLS and RICHARD ARNOLD) HONOLULU ON OCTOBER 5-6, 1991 AT THE NEIL BLAISDELL CENTER. DALLAS ON OCTOBER 19-20 AT THE PLANO CONVENTION CENTER along with MICHAEL DORN CALL TOLL FREE (800) T.V. ALIVE DURING BUSINESS HOURS E.S.T. TO ORDER TICKETS WITH CREDrT CARDS. ALL OF THESE CONVENTIONS OFFER SPECIAL SINGLE DAY RESERVED PREFERRED SEATS: SO ORDER SOON TO GET BEST SEATS! ______^__^_____ i ___ l _ 1 MICHAEL DORN: "WORF ii • PROVIDENCE R.I.: MARCH 23-24 OMNI BILTMORE HOTEL • EUGENE, OREGON MAY 25-26 AT THE RED LION • DALLAS OCTOBER 19-20 AT THE PLANO CONVENTION CENTER WITH MARINA SIRTIS Order tickets with Mastercard/Visa: (800) TV ALIVE business hours EST. Tickets on sale at door also. i>^r JE, All Conventions Sponsored By WRITE YOUR CABLE OPERATOR TODA Y TO RECEIVE THE ALL SCI-FI CABLE NETWORK! • Star Trek Dea\ex% • Star Trek 6 News » Next Generation Uptates • Auction • Sci-F't Film Prevtews • Surprises! TVI O 1^ jE GREEN BAY WISCONSIN MARCH 30 EMBASSY SUITES WITH MAJEL BARRETT RODDENBERRY... EVANSVILLE, INDIANA APRIL 6-7 AT THE EXECUTIVE INN WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... RENO NEVADA APRIL 6-7 AT THE HOLIDAY INN WITH MAJEL BARRETT... GRAND RAPIDS APRIL 20-21 AT THE COMEDY CLUB WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... WILMINGTON, DELEWARE APRIL 20-21 AT THE SHERATON ... NEW YORK CITY MAY 4-5 AT THE PENTA HOTEL FOR AN ALL BEAUTY AND THE BEAST CONVENTION... NEW HAVEN MAY 18-19 AT THE PARK PLAZA WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... PHOENIX JUNE 1-2 AT THE SHERATON... MANHATTAN JUNE 22-23 AT THE PENTA FOR A MULTIMEDIA SHOW... DES MOINES, IOWA JUNE 22-23 AT THE CONVENTION CENTER WITH WALTER KOENIG... TORONTO JUNE 29-30 AT THE SKYLINE HOTEL... SEATTLE AREA JUNE 29-30 AT THE EVERETT PACIFIC WITH MAJEL BARRETT... INDIANAPOLIS JULY 6-7 AT THE AIRPORT HILTON... OTTAWA JULY 6-7 AT THE CHATEAU LAURIER WITH JAMES DOOHAN... ROCHESTER, NY JULY 13-14 AT THE GENESSEE PLAZA WITH WALTER KOENIG... MONTREAL, CANADA JULY 20-21 AT THE CONVENTION CENTER WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... ANCHORAGE, ALASKA AUGUST 3-4 AT THE HILTON HOTEL WITH GEORGE TAKEI... SAN ANTONIO AUGUST 3-4 AT THE CONVENTION CENTER... PHILADELPHIA AUGUST 17-18 AT THE HERSHEY HOTEL... BANGOR MAINE AUGUST 24-25 AT THE CIVIC CENTER WITH NICHELLE NICHOLS... CALGARY, CANADA AUGUST 31 -SEPTEMBER 1 AT THE WESTIN.... BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA SEPTEM- BER 28-29 AT JEFFERSON CIVIC CENTER... OMAHA OCTOBER 19-20 ATTHE HOLIDAY INN CENTRAL WITH GEORGE TAKEI... FOR MORE INFO ON THESE EVENTS SEND A SELF ADDRESSED STAMPED ENVELOPE (ONE PER CONVENTION) TO CREATION, 145 JERICHO TURNPIKE, MINEOLA, NEW YORK 11501. OR CALL (516) SHOWMAN. DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 1-800-228-4246 4 NEW DARK SHADOWS VOLS. 61-64 RESURRECTION OF BARNABAS COLLINS VOL. 1- $29.95 /V 1 m IN BEST OF DARK SHADOWS 30MINS. -$9.95 ii J BEST OF BARNABAS COLLINS UVUU 30MINS. -$9.95 HOME VIDEO 105 MINS EACH TAPE VOLS. 2 - 4 EACH $29.95 VOLS. 5-64 EACH $19.95 ASK ABOUT OUR DARK SHADOWS VIDEO CLUB To order call 1-800-228-4246 or send check or money order including $3.00 per tape or $6.00 per set shipping/handling to : DICKENS VIDEOS BY MAIL 5323-A ELKHORN BLVD SACRAMENTO, CA 95842 Questions call 1-916-331-8370 VHSonly. PAL transfers available. Catalogs $4.95 or free with order. CA residents add 6.5% sales tax. A NEW DIMENSION IN SCI-FI FUN! Simply touch your telephone for the latest in Science Fiction Fun and News •FUN! •GAMES! • MUSIC! • INFORMATIVE! •PRIZES! • SUPRISES! No matter what your interest in Science Fiction is, be it, Television to Conventions or Fantasy to Quantum Mechanics you will find many informative and fun topics of interest. For the latest and greatest in Sci-Fi Fun and happenings simply call., THE SO- 900-370 7370-72' CONNECTION SCI-FI 370-7243) S2 for the first minute, and $1 each additional minute. Kids, get your parents permission before calling. © Corbin Communications - 1991 FROM THE MIDGE Designing Fan Science fiction fans live in a world of starships and scientific creations, a world of interplanetary travel and alien beings, a world of imagination beyond the ordinary, a world of futuristic dreams. For most fans, science fiction is not a casual interest; it is a thrilling obsession which fills their hearts and minds. The wonderful world of science fiction is, in a word, exciting. In many ways, it is an ideal world. Fans not only enjoy that world, they live in it. But fans also live in the real world and it is, in many ways, less than ideal. When college loans must be repaid, when apartment rent comes due, when the stomach starts to growl, fans face the necessity of getting a job. Sadly, they frequently settle for jobs which are dull and mundane. They may love excitement, adventure and imagination, but they leave those quali- ties at home when they go to work each day. They may enjoy challenging problems and radical ideas when they read for pleasure, but they fill their days with meaningless routine. They may admire heroes of courage and strength, but they settle for jobs which turn them into everyday wimps. The result is that many science fiction fans split the world into two realms: the ideal and the practical. Their mind resides in the ideal realm, while their body resides in the practical realm. They resign themselves to the tragic conclusion that those two realms never shall be one. This dichotomy is of their own construction. It is not the nature of reality which is to blame for the uninspiring pattern of their lives, it is their own lack of belief in the practicality of their ideals. Not every fan resigns himself to a dull and mundane career. Some find a way to turn their ideals into a salary-earning activity. Some design their lives so that their passion becomes their profession. One such person is a young man who, like most of us, has been interested in SF from his earliest childhood. Let's call him Paul. Paul grew up in a small upstate New York town, and the family would often create entertainment for themselves by driving to the local airport, parking and watching the airplanes take off and land. Most kids would find that boring, but Paul loved it. When he was in kindergarten, Paul took his first airplane ride, and he was fascinated by the efficient design of the interior passage accommodations. He loved the compact arrangement of the bathroom and the controls and conveniences of the seats. As he grew, so did his interests in space. He followed the activities of the NASA space program avidly, and he was fascinated by photos and diagrams which showed the astronaut cabins small and tight, yet practical and efficient. When he saw 2007 ; A Space Odyssey, he couldn't take his eyes off the interiors of the various space crafts. He loved the way seats and passageways and facilities were designed to fit around humans, to provide comfort and to maximize easy use. These interiors were no mere fantasy vision to Paul, they were realistic solutions to problems. In third grade, Paul began reading Jules Verne, and soon after that, he discovered The Martian Chronicles. In science fiction books and movies, Paul was intrigued by descriptions of spaceships, by details of alternative civilizations, by imaginary everyday technology, especially situations which human comfort was provided within extreme constraints. When he went to college, Paul majored in architectural design and civil engineering — logical subjects which grew out of his fictional interests. One day, Paul saw a notice in Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine: Boeing was looking for designers. When he finished college, he wrote the company, was interviewed and, because his grades were good and his training appropriate, was hired. He has now been with Boeing for over 10 years and is Engineering Supervisor for Passenger Accommodations on 747 's and 767 's. "If I were living a hundred years from now," Paul smiles, "I would be designing the interiors of spaceships, but air- planes are the spaceships of today. I'm about as happy as I can imagine, because I'm doing the next best thing to my dream job." Paul's world is not divided into two realms. He has turned his ideals into practical- ity. He has made his dream come true. It is never easy to do this and it is more difficult for some than for others, depend- ing on the individual circumstances, but it is possible for every human to convert his childhood pleasures into a practical career. That's the way in which we bring the ex- citement, adventure, challenges and imagination of the science fiction universe into our Monday through Friday lives. That's the way in which we turn ourselves into the hero we admire in books and movies. When an individual designs his life so that it includes maximum happiness, that is success. — Kerry O'Quinn Explore the history of science fiction in Order now while back issues last! #2 Gene Roddenberry. Space: 1999 EP Guide. Logans Run. War of the Worlds. $15. #3 Space: i 999 EP Guide. Nichelle Nichols. George Takei. DeForest Kelley. $6 Million Man. $15. #4 3-D SF Movie Guide. Richard Anderson. Outer Limits EP Guide. S25. #5 3-D Film history. UFO & Space: 1999 EP Guides. S10. #6 Robert Heinlein on Destination Moon. Star Trek Animation Guide. Fantastic Journey. $15. #7 Star Wars. Rocketship X-M. Space: 1999 Eagle blueprints. Robby. $15. #8 Harlan Ellison. Star Wars. TheFly.$\5. #10 George Pal. Ray Hanyhausen. Ralph Bakshi. Isaac Asimov. $10. #11 CE3K. Prisoner EP Guide. Incredible Shrinking Man. Rick Baker. Stuart Freeborn. $5. #12 Roddenberry. Doug Trumbull & Steven Spielberg on CE3K. Dick Smith. $4. #13 David Prowse. George Pal on The Time Machine. Logan s Run EP Guide. $4. #14 Project UFO. Jim Danforth. Michael O'Donoghue's Saturday Night Live Trek parody. $4. #15 Twilight Zone EP Guide. Galactica. Richard Donner. This Island Earth. $4. #16 Alan Dean Foster. Phil Kaufman. Fantastic Voyage. Invaders EP Guide. $4. #17 Steven Spielberg. Gene Roddenberry. Joe Haldeman. Ralph McQuarrie. $4. #18 Gary Kurtz on Empire. Joe Dante. Dirk Benedict & Richard Hatch. $4. #19 Ralph Bakshi. Roger Corman. Gil Gerard. Maren Jensen. Star Wars, Body Snatchers. CE3K FX. $4. #20 Pam Dawber. Kirk Alyn. Buck Rogers. Superman. $4. #21 Mark Hamill. David Allen. George Romero. Lost in Space EP Guide. Buck Rogers. 54. #22 Lome Greene. Noah Hathaway. Veronica Cartwright. Special FX careers. ALIEN. $4. #23 David Prowse. 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S6. #165 Available March. S6. #166 Available April. S6. #167 Available May. S6. #168 STARLOG's !5th Anniversary. Out in June. S7. #169 Available July. $6. #170 Available August. $6. Director Greg Beeman takes time out from shooting a wacky procession for Mom & Dad Save the World. "For me," he says, gesturing at the green, gold and purple set, "this is the perfect movie to be doing. When I was 15. I saw Star Wars, and from then on. I wanted to make movies. 1 went to the USC Film School because George Lucas went there. I always wanted to do comedy, action and science fiction, and this is one of the rare movies that blends all of those in a format that takes itself seriously." "Seriously?" wonders the visitor from STARLOG. The setting is a goofily or- nate hall, with big blue windows and metallic golden walls. At the far end of the room, over a purple throne sur- Photo: Ben Glass rounded by gilded basketwork. is a huge banner: "BRAIN POWER— EARTH 10%, SPENGO 100%!!" Around the throne are attendants: the men have the heads of bulldogs, the women, fish faces graced with lipstick and long curling eyelashes. ^ By ^ There are enormous, heroic statues of Jon Lovitz apparently holding up the hall. As intended, it all looks like a bizarre — but consistent — cross between the visual styles of Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi and Grinch pal Dr. Seuss. Seriously? Yep. asserts Beeman. "This is a legit- imate science fiction comedy. It's not a spoof in any way. It's a rare script," he marvels, one written by Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson of Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure fame. "There's a lot of action, a lot of very funny parts, a lot of big comedy, a lot of subtle comedy, and a chance to do really fun special ef- fects — and these big sets," which were designed by Craig (The Blob) Stearns. Mom & Dad has a great deal of talent in front of Jacques Haitkin's cameras, as well. Mom is Marge Nelson, played by Teri (Mr. Mom) Garr; Dad is Dick Nelson, portrayed by Jeffrey (Beetlejuice) Jones. Tod Spengo, the insecure megalomaniac ruler of the planet Spengo — he named it after himself — is Saturday Night Lire's Jon Lovitz. Monty Python's Eric Idle (STARLOG #142) plays the imprisoned -5^ o STARLOG/Mav 1991 25 XK former ruler of this out-of-the-way, backward planet, unceremoniously tossed into a dungeon by Spengo. "And Wallace Shawn," adds Deirdre Sullivan, associate producer of Mom & Dad Save the World. "He's a trip, he's very funny. He plays an executioner — oops, I shouldn't say that," she corrects herself. "His name is Sibor; he's supposed to execute Dad, but he doesn't have the heart. He's a great, funny, Spengoian-type character." Scripts & Stories Everyone on the set keeps comparing Mom & Dad Save the World to other movies, and curiously enough, all the comparisons seem apt. It's a bit like The Wizard of Oz, with some Alice in Wonderland touches, not to mention overtones of The 5.000 Fingers of Dr. T and a smidgeon of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Sullivan adds that the script "is a real myth, and that was one 26 STARLOG/May 1991 of the things that we really concentrated on. The fact that it's called Mom & Dad Save the World means it can really refer to any mom, any dad; I think the title being generic really fits into the whole mythic aspect." There are certainly elements of both Oz and the Dr. Seuss-designed Dr. T in some of the other costume concepts. Clusters of extras prepare for a big pro- cession in the throne room. There are butchers, bakers and probably candle- stick makers among the throng. There are soldiers grandly called "Destroyers" in asymmetrical purple and green uni- forms (the left side of the helmet is green, with a ridge; the thin right side is purple). Artists in smocks and berets and big foulard ties ready for the march, car- rying giant palettes smeared only with purple and green paint. Everyone has elaborate Oz-like hairdos, sculptured and stiff, in curlicues and waves. All hail Tod Spengo (Jon Lovitz), absolute ruler of the planet Spengo — he named it after himself. Director Beeman, who previously helmed License to Drive, cheerfully gives away the plot of his movie. "It's about a middle-aged couple who live in a tract house in Woodland Hills. Dad goes to work every day, and Mom is a very cheerful, peppy person. Dad is basically a lump: he has lost his zest for life." Later, Jeffrey Jones adds to that description of Dad. "He's fairly discour- aged," says the actor, "in a mid-life cri- sis with no outlet at all. His kids don't respect him, he's doing badly at work, he doesn't like adventure or change. He's eating Fritos all the time, and doesn't know why spicy food doesn't agree with him. He has got a very bad back. He doesn't exercise; to get the paper, he drives the car down the driveway and back. He doesn't like unusual things." "Meanwhile," says Beeman, "at the opposite end of the galaxy is a teeny tiny planet called Spengo, not really even a planet, more of an asteroid." (Jon Lovitz says it's "the size of Gatalina.") "Its leader, who has named the planet after him (though he won't admit to this), basically has planet envy. He wants to destroy Earth because Earth is larger than Spengo, and won't put it in any of their astronomical charts. He has built this gigantic laser, with which he's planning to destroy Earth. As he's lining up his sights, saying goodbye to the things about Earth he admires, through his high-powered telescope, he suddenly spots Mom out by the pool exercising, in her J.C. Penney sweats. Spengo im- mediately falls madly, passionately in love with her. He must have her." Mom & Dad don't get along very well any longer. They decide to take a 20th anniversary vacation to Santa Barbara in hopes of rekindling their romance, when Spengo uses his magnet-shaped Magno- Ray to pull their 1989 Ford Crown Victoria off to the planet Spengo. "Dad is thrown into a dungeon." continues Beeman, "while Mom is taken to a pent- house," without knowing where Dad has gone. "She finally realizes that Spengo intends to marry her and that her husband is in great danger." Dad, meanwhile, has met the former emperor in the dungeon, from which the Earthman manages to escape. In the sew- ers below, he encounters the Lub-lubs. Special FX makeup supervisor Tony (Darkman) Gardner vividly describes them as "ambulatory penises, little mushroom characters. Their bodies com- press like springs, and they have a big webbed foot on the bottom. They're real cute, but it's misleading — that smiling mouth on their heads is just a blowhole. The real mouth is under the lip of the mushroom heads, and their whole head D«C= P "Dad [Jeffrey Jones], who is incredibly mediocre on Earth, on Spengo is the smartest, most vital, most irresistibly sexy guy," notes Beeman. It's apparent that the rebels, Dwier Brown and Kathy Ireland; aren't terribly bright. ^0'fl~0"0"6'5Xfl"6"g'6'0' o 'a"u"0"C-6-5-0"SXSXg"5"6"S"iroinrrTS'"5'T5 5 S 5 6 & 6 fl u 6 6"6'6"6"0"6"6-g * iinitiitttiitititiiiii nuiii The Death Cart scours the desert for Dad and the rebels and reveals why Spengo's inhabitants have been cited as "the stupidest people in the universe." pops open like a pop-top can. The real mouths have two rows of teeth, and the teeth can distend like a shark's. They look really cute, and you want to go pet them, but then, they open up their heads and go for blood." After Dad manages to escape from the dungeon, out in the desert he teams up with the rebels, "who are played by Dwier [Field of Dreams] Brown and Kathy Ireland, the Sports Illustrated cover girl," Beeman explains. "The problem with this planet is that it's a planet of incred- ibly stupid people, even the good guys. The rebels' main weapon is the rock." (Dad wears a bandolier with small rocks in place of bullets.) "Dad, who is incred- ibly mediocre on Earth, on Spengo is the smartest, most vital, most irresistibly sexy guy. He mounts the rebels to attack the fortress." using The Trojan Tod. This is a big wooden statue of Spengo that says "In Tod We Trust" on the front. Dad shrewdly figures that Tod, much given to gigantic statues of himself, can't possibly refuse yet another one. And yes, says Beeman, at last. Mom & Dad do save the world. Earthlings & Aliens Over on another set a few days later, Teri Garr. dressed in her Spengonian wedding gown, is tied up at the controls of the gigantic laser cannon, which re- sembles a cross between a potato and a "This is a legitimate science fiction comedy. It's not a spoof in any way, stresses director Beeman over a barbecue Lub-lub lunch. pig's tail. She must sit there patiently for hours as Jones and Lovitz have a swordfight all around her. Jones and Lovitz are working out the duel, coming up with comic bits of busi- ness. Neither, of course, is exactly Cyrano de Bergerac or D'Artagnan, and they kind of hack away at one another. Lovitz. as Spengo. is a spoiled brat of a leader, and when Dad begins getting the upper hand, petulantly says, "Stop it. Stop it!" as if it's all just a big game that he's supposed to win. This set is quite remarkable. Continuing Craig Stearns' overall color scheme of metallic golds, purples and greens, and still looking like a blend of Dr. Seuss's eccentric, curvy designs and 28 STARLOG/Mav 1991 ^r^^^r^^^r^^r^r ##&^###ir# »K :x>c IX JC 3>C Gaudi's massive, flowing, organic shapes, it's a big circle, tilted on its side, one edge higher than the other. At the control end of the big laser cannon — one switch is helpfully labeled "more" and "less" — there's a flight of steps, like huge, roughly-stamped coins, leading up to Spengo's small sanctum. Having been designed by Spengo the Dweeb, the rail- ing runs up the inside of the staircase; one slip and he could dash out what little brains he has. It's up here that the vain, strutting little egomaniac keeps all his key gear. He's actually bald, no eyebrows even; just as he's a creepy little jerk passing himself off as the planet's ruler, he's re- ally a hairless man pretending to be as a hirsute hero. The room has gilded walls, mirrors, stands for the wigs, an odd thing like a wheeled toaster crossed with an iron, and an enormous lounge covered in purple paisley fabric. Spengo has no taste, either. When it's suggested to Jon Lovitz that he's a lead player for the first time, he is careful to add, "I would say I'm one of three leads myself, but it is my biggest part by far. This is the first time that I've had a part where my character actually motivates the whole movie." He's especially pleased to be working with his friend Teri Garr. "I met her when she hosted Saturday Night Live in 1985, and we've been friends since then. She's terrific, you know. I feel lucky that she's doing the movie: I feel like she's doing me a big favor. She's really funny, and she's a really fine actress, so that only makes me look good. Having scenes with her is fun; I'm learning stuff from her, too." Jeffrey Jones is quite tall, an agree- able, friendly man who seems like the type to swap funny actor stories with (see the interview with him in STARLOG #132). Clad in leather like a gladiator, with that bandolier of stones, he looks both heroic and absurd. "I started think- ing, 'What am I doing here?' " he says. "What I like about the script is that it's very imaginative, and it has a good ba- sis, too. It has character development. which of course every actor likes to see. Its humor isn't based on anything de- structive or insulting. It's very silly, but not stupid." Comedy acting, Jones asserts, is not distinctly different than dramatic acting. "It's all problem-solving. Here's the problem, here's the script, here's the set, and here are your characters. How do you keep the pace up, keep the thrust of the story continuing? I'm not out there mak- ing a conscious effort to be funny \<$r The creatures of Spengo walk through hallways whose architecture has been heavily influenced by Dr. Seuss to give it that modern idiot look. STARLOG/Mav 1991 29 K. xxz SMC >itC MK ^k: MK IXJC XK XK MK :x>c XK don't think. 'Hey, maybe if I do a big look like this' " — he bugs out his large eyes — "boom, like a Rodney Dangerfield imitation, that will be funny. Well, that's not how it works. It's funny when it's appropriate to the scene as written and played." As described, Solomon and Matheson's script does sound well-bal- anced, giving each of the characters BILL WARREN, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, is the author of Keep Watching the Skies! Vols. 1 & 2 (McFarland, $39.95 each). He previewed She-Wolf of London in STARLOG #162. strong, clear traits. Mom's strongest trait is her friendliness. "Mom is a very caring, warm person," says Beeman. "Wherever she goes, she gets people to- gether. On this planet, there are two types of serving creatures who live in the palace. The men are all bulldog- heads, the women are all fishheads. There's a fishhead and a bulldoghead whose marriage is on the rocks; Mom gets them to sit down and talk to each other, and gets them back together." Critters & Carts In charge of these servile critters is Tony Gardner, who's rapidly become one of the most sought-after special makeup FX wizards in movies. Referring to the mechanical masks, he points out that with the dog performers, "we get to use their own eyes, so we can get some emo- How could you have "something com- pletely different" without a Monty Python alumnus? Eric Idle appears as the deposed Emperor of Spengo. tion. But the heads of the fish characters are completely mechanical. The actors are almost blind; they have to look through the mouth opening. We're basi- cally at the mercy of mechanics. With appliance makeup, you can go back in and clean up edges, and it's really easy to keep your actors cool. But when they're wholly enclosed in this thing, they're at everybody's mercy." Gardner has nothing but praise for the little people in those mechanical cos- tumes. "They're excellent; we've had so much fun with them. Their attitude is great. I think in casting the little peo- ple, they chose the best actors possible. They're really expressive in the suits, they love to use body language. The heads they're wearing weigh over five pounds, and they're turning their heads around a lot, looking all over the place, really sweating up a storm." As with some of his associates, Gardner has been taking his work home with him in unusual ways. "I had a dream. I went into a grocery store where there were fish on ice, but they were these giant fishheads; they had snaps at the backs of the heads, and you had to get all the snaps closed, and overlap the scales, and when the scales were all over- lapping, their eyes bugged out." But, he adds, "the film looks really cool in dailies; it looks cute, and funny, and it's really a change of pace for me." Still, Gardner is back in Valencia, California, where he worked on The Blob, and back in another sewer designed by The Blob's Craig Stearns. His design this time, says Stearns, is to indicate that the people of Spengo "are supposed to be the stupidest people in the universe, so they have a very free-flowing kind of ar- chitecture. We make them stupid, but not too stupid; we use a lot of Dr. Seuss, which has an idiotic look, but his things look as though they would work. There's a kind of logic in it. We can't just make it bad design; we have to make it their own design." To illustrate, Stearns shows off the real, full-sized "Death Cart," which Spengo's "Destroyers" scour the desert in, looking for Dad and the rebels. From the front, it looks vicious, with its huge cannon and a vaguely fishy look. But from the side, you can see that although it has huge wheels up front, it's actually hauling four uncomfortable-looking little carts. It looks authentically ludicrous and quite funny. If Greg Beeman and his workers can capture on film the experi- ence of simply looking at this magnifi- cently loony cart, Mom & Dad Save the World could be a delight. ■& 30 STARLOG/Ma)' 1991 • ByJEANAIREY Originally, he was supposed to die. And it wasn't going to be a quiet death. He was, after all, originally a villain, an assassin named Edmund, working for an evil sorcerer. His task was to slay Robin of Sherwood. But just as he was about to commit that dark deed, the heroic Little John put an arrow through him. Or at least that's how it was in writer Richard Carpenter's original script. And that was the intention during the initial filming of the first Robin of Sherwood episode. But everyone liked actor Mark Ryan and the character he played. Nasir. "The character Nasir didn't even exist at all, it was called Edmund the Archer," Mark Ryan recalls of the first day's filming. "I arrived on the set and Ian Sharpe, the director, said to me. 'It's not Edmund the Archer anymore. It's Nasir the Saracen, and we want you to fight this guy with two swords.' It just happened that I had done a bit of swordfighting with two swords. They were going to kill me in the second hour. "But the producer decided to keep me on. Having made that decision, they gave them- selves a problem: There was absolutely no background material for this character! So, [Richard] 'Kip' Carpenter, the writer, who's a very, very clever and talented man, an ex- actor himself, said to me, 'Look, go away and research this stuff and come up with some ideas and I'll stick it in.' That's how I ended up in the series. I went away and researched the whole Arab background. Obviously, Kip used that material and stuff he researched himself. And it worked very well. So. I thought I was going to do two hours and ended up doing 26." Foreign Forests Nasir. Ryan explains, evolved from close cooperation between Carpenter, himself and the costumes and props departments. "In the first six episodes, there wasn't any back- ground. So. if you haven't got much to say. you can concentrate more on building up the costume, the props, and the things you can do with the props. As I was going about on the As a warrior far from home, Mark Ryan fought alongside "Robin of Sherwood." l ^r^k"^ ■ Jr-\. STARLOG/May 199J 31 set in the first episodes. I was just playing with the costume, playing with the idea of the knife throwing and the sword playing. "That's basically how that side of the character evolved. If you look at the episodes in order, you'll see that happening. I had a very strong idea of what this character should be. right from the word 'go.' Kip had said to me. 'Look. I'm going to give you some dialogue. Don't get worried if there's not much, it works with the character.' And he's absolutely right. When he did write dialogue that I thought I could do without. I cut it. I cut." he says emphatically, "most of the dialogue I had. The only dialogue I couldn't cut was the Arabic because." he laughs, didn't understand it! I didn't know what I was Though unable to continue with Robin of Sherwood, Ryan has teamed with Mike Grell for this year's Green Arrow Annual, which features familiar faces. Green Arrow Art: Shea Anton Pensa/Trademark & Copyright 1991 DC Comics Inc Photo: Showtime saying half the time." Not only did Ryan not know what he was saying, he found that although he worked very hard on the pronunciation, one time his verbalization of what should have been "None shall pass" came out. according to one listener, as "someone has stolen my rowboat." The single line he ever added, however, wasn't in English. "In the last episode with "There are seven archetypes there," explains Ryan as to the enduring Robin Hood attraction. "People can associate with any of those seven archetypes." very emotionally charged by it because we knew it might be the last time. We were losing Michael. The camera crew were crying. There was one point where the cameraman had to stop because he had tears running down his eyes. It was very emotional." As disappointed as the cast and crew were with the departure of Praed. who originated the role, the series continued as Jason Connery assumed Robin Hood's mantle. Meeting their new "leader" was a pleasant surprise for Ryan. "It wasn't that difficult because Jason is a really nice guy. We knew what we were doing. We had done a lot of it by then so we as a unit were tight and it was more difficult for Jason. With him, it was a different kind of energy, but I think it still worked." Ryan hesitates. "What endeared Jason to me was the fact that we were very cruel practical jokesters . on each other as well as anybody else that came onto the set, and Jason took it all with good part and listened to us. He integrated into the group. Obviously, when he was acting, he was the leader, he was Robin Hood, but amongst his peers, he was our equal. He wasn't the star. That helped a lot. He's one of the nicest guys I ever worked with. If my dad were James Bond, I would be a complete bastard," Ryan grins. Arabian Archery Making the show proved to be a learning experience as well. "I was bom in Doncaster in south Yorkshire and I was brought up as a kid romping around Sherwood Forest playing in a hollow oak tree something like 1400 years old which they say was Robin's meeting place. So, I knew of the Robin Hood legend because it was something I lived with. Obviously. I had seen all the old films, but I thought Robin was just a vagabond in the forest. The idea of the old Celtic god romping around in the woods never occurred to me at all." Ryan believes that part of the attraction of any Robin Hood series is the appeal of its characters. "There are seven archetypes there. People can associate with any one of those seven archetypes. And a group mind. People either connect with one of the archetypes or with the group mind. And." he continues, "it's good against evil." He also believes their series was unique. "It was the closest presentation of what life was like in those times. They did a lot of re- search to try to get it right. People weren't clean, they were dirty, and grotty and cold." "If my dad were James Bond, I would be a complete bastard." Michael Praed when we were in the hut and I said. 'Salaam al laikum. Robin" — that's the only line I added in the entire series." That particular scene was difficult to film. Ryan adds. "We were all crying, we were all But the series was also criticized for some of its realism. "There was a lot of upset about some of the violence in the series. Life is violent. I'm in two minds about that. I do believe that if you're going to show somebody getting an arrow through them, you should show it gory and nasty. People will go, 'That's the last thing I would want to happen to me.' Because on the whole, arrows don't kill instantaneously. You die through gangrene and it's nasty and grotty and horrible. And that would have been truthful. But then, you get people going, 'You can't show that kind of stuff because no one's going to accept it.' Well, no one is supposed to accept it — violence is quite nasty. So, they sanitized that. I don't believe TV violence affects people so they want to go out and shoot people. They either want to go out and shoot people or not." Although working with the humans on the series was enjoyable, the livestock weren't Mark Ryan shows off why he was one of the Merry Men as he exposes "the highest paid eyebrows in television." always as cooperative. "There was this one episode where I was riding a horse and I had to nock up the arrow, loose the arrow, miss the stuntman who's behind me and then stop the horse. But in those particular situations, the horse gets charged up and it's very difficult to rein them in. And I had. obviously, to let go of the reins to put an arrow to the bow and besides that, no stirrups — in case I had to bail out, I could just roll off the side of the horse." Ryan started the run to find out that the horse quickly developed its own ideas about what the stunt should be. "The horse was so charged up that 1 couldn't get hold of the reins, the horse was charging down the track like a lunatic. One of the horse guys stepped out into the track, went. 'Stop.' The horse stopped, and I went 14 feet through the air and he caught me!" Another time, Ryan's horse developed its own script altogether. "The horse decided it was home time and decided to head back to its stable with me on it. Because STARLOG/Mav 1991 33 When Ryan took up the mantle of Nasir, the character was a blank slate. it was dinner time. It got bored. It just decided, 'I'm off!' I couldn't stop it. It just went all the way back and got in the back of the truck and started munching its oats with me screaming and shouting at it." Emerald Endings At SF conventions, Ryan has worked up a whole repertoire of wacky topics for discussion: worldwide guinea pig farms, flashlights up the nose and, most importantly, dueling eyebrows. He attributes this unconventional convention style to his first con experience at a Chicago-based SCORPIO. "I was in culture shock. I was jet-lagged and culture shocked." He shakes his head, remembering. "I had never seen anything like this before and I was just overwhelmed by the sheer weight of emotional input that people had. For an Englishman, it's sort of shocking to find all these different emotions: love. question — I went on for 25 minutes about my eyebrows, about why I had the highest paid eyebrows in show business. And that was a fact," he says seriously, "because at that time, I did have the highest paid eyebrows in television. Per episode, I was getting paid more money per eyebrow movement than anyone I could think of. "But the thing about the eyebrows having a limo each and the ego battles they would have about who would do what line," he chuckles, "then, got completely out of control and became a legend. About two years later, I went to a convention and there were girls there wearing 'Spirit of Eyebrows' T-shirts. They were having eyebrow conventions." Ryan is disappointed and upset that the on/off Robin of Sherwood spin-off movie is now completely off. "I felt that the film should have been made, could have been made and needed to be made to finish off the whole thing — a logical conclusion for us and for the fans," Ryan says. "And it could have been done. We fought and pushed and tried to get this thing going, but it's just not going to get done and it's not my fault. I won't name names." His frustration with the projected film's dissolution led Ryan to try to fulfill what he sees as his obligation to the fans in a different way — by writing a Green Arrow comic book with Mike Grell for DC. It is a project, he admits, "which I'm very proud of. very bullish about. It's going to be something I'm quite happy about. It'll come out this year. It's not Robin of Shen\-ood. Green Arrow goes back and meets a gang of guys and he becomes the dark man of the sacred oak — very similar to the Son of Heme. And there is a gang in the forest." Another project Ryan has been working on for some time is a film based on the Arthurian legend entitled Pendragon. "It's a big project with some very interesting people interested, important people involved. We're calling it science-sorcery because it's some of the stuff now in quantum mechanics and holographs — time and multi-dimensional universes. So, there's all kinds of stuff in it. I can't talk about it too much except to say it's in development." However, Ryan believes that he has al- ready seen one dream fulfilled. "If I had a dream of immortality, not being egotistical about it, but just in a sense of — well, I made a stamp on that. It would be that in 200 years' "I don't understand people who aren't into talking to the fans, "says Ryan here with an admirer and Michael Praed. "You have to treat them with respect and realize that to them, you are an important part of their life — I feel honored." excitement. ..You could overdose on the atmosphere. It was ridiculous. You could stick an aerial up and fry eggs on it with the power. I was a bit taken aback." This is clearly an understatement, as he continues, "I was almost going home — getting JEAN AIREY, veteran STARLOG corre- spondent, is the author (with LAURIE HALDEMAN) of Travel Without the TARDIS (Target, $3.25). She profiled Were Lorrimer in issue #163. 34 STARLOG/May 799/ "if you're going to show someone getting an arrow through them, you should show it gory and nasty." on the plane and leaving. But Michael Keating [a fellow guest, from Blake' s 7], God bless him, said to me. 'We're going to the bar.' And so, we consumed some quantity of various American beverages." He grins. "I felt fine. The second panel we did, Michael launched off into some weird direction when he was asked a question. And I thought, 'I've got it, I've got it. that's it.' So. when someone asked me a question — which was quite a serious time when Robin Hood is talked about, with Little John, Friar Tuck and Will Scarlet, possibly there'll be this Arab character that may be called Nazim or Nasir or Rassir or whatever, and he has become an accepted part of the group. And it didn't take 200 years at all, it took 18 months for the new version [Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves] to have this character. And," says Mark Ryan, "I'm quite pleased about that." -jU. What sets Robin Hood apart from such other central figures of the swashbuckler genre as D'Artagnan and Zorro is that he's a gen- uine folk hero. He's a legendary fighter whose adventures are based in some way on historical figures — not entirely a fic- tional creation of a storyteller like Alexandre Dumas or Johnston (Zorro) McCulley. First mentioned in an edition of Piers Plowman in 1377, cycles of ballads about him existed as far back as the 14th cen- tury. Most are short tales about single in- cidents in Robin Hood's life — how he wins an archery contest in disguise or robs a rich priest who refuses to share with the poor. The characters of Robin, and his chief aides, vary in these stories, many of which originally concerned other heroes, who he eclipsed in fame. Over all, Robin Hood is established as Robin of the Village of Locksley. A yeo- man, a free born man — neither noble nor peasant — he's outlawed for poaching deer and killing a royal forester (in self-de- fense). And that's where the adventures begin. Legends of Hooded Men Robin's popularity comes from his humiliation of such figures as the Sheriff and the Abbot, who were hated as tax col- lectors and enforcers of petty laws. While not a noble himself (in most legends), Robin Hood represents chivalry's ideals, demonstrating personal honor, generos- ity, courage and loyalty to the Crown. To England's commoners, an outlaw's life. It's a traditional fight— as Robin Hood faces John Little (soon to be known as Little John) in the quarter-staff duel, interpreted for a Reader's Digest Books edition of the Howard Pyle classic. The Many Adventures of Robinfiood in countless tales throughout history, the outlaw hero has never been far from Sherwood Forest. >ltii h ' By WILLIAM WILSON COODSON JR. j\|i: nun to-iti free of backbreaking farm labor and the daily duties to the lord of one's manor, must have seemed like paradise. None of the Robin Hood ballads are truly subversive. They're critical of cor- rupt and incompetent officials, but they also stress loyalty to the feudal system, and to the divinely anointed king. The May Day celebrations which in- voked Robin Hood and his other tradi- tional companions in games and Morris dances eventually became short plays in the 15th century. They introduced two new characters. Friar Tuck and Maid Marian (also sometimes Marion), while the older ballads spoke of Little John, Will Scarlet (or Stuckly), Allan-a-Dale and George-a- Green. The time frame for these adventures varied — from the reigns of Richard I (1 189-1 199) to Edward II (1307-1327). Then, in 1495, A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode, a biography by Wynkyn de Worde based on the old ballads, was published. The peasant hero became a nobleman. Robert Fitzooth. Earl of Huntingdon. Later (in 1598), there were two legiti- mate plays by Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle which influenced many of Robin's subsequent appearances. In these versions. Robin was the Earl of Huntingdon (or Huntington), driven to live as an outlaw but later pardoned and married to Lady Matilda. The first American light opera, by Reginald de Koven and Harry B. Smith, was Robin Hood. This 1890 production is mainly known today for the song "O Promise Me.'" But the biggest boost to Robin's liter- ary fame came in Sir Walter Scott's groundbreaking novel Ivanhoe (1820). Using the name Locksley, Robin is repre- sented as the leader of the Saxon peasants. Allied with the Saxon noble Ivanhoe, he helps restore Richard I, also known as the Lionhearted, to the throne. Richard re- establishes the justice denied by the Norman nobles while he was away at the Crusades. The introduction of the Saxon-Norman dispute was Scott's contribution to the mythos. Scott also firmly set Robin Hood's adventures during the reign of Richard the Lionhearted where they would remain throughout the saga. At the other end of the literary spec- trum, a series of weekly pulp adventures about Robin Hood began appearing in 1838. Written by Pierce Egan, the French translations entitled The Prince of Thieves were credited (perhaps erroneously) to Alexandre Dumas, creator of The Three Musketeers. The last major source for the popular Robin Hood mythos was Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, a book originally intended for children. Drawing from the ballads, plays and his own imagination, Pyle reshaped events in Robin's life into their accepted form. It is Pyle's versions of Robin's first encounters with Friar Tuck and Little John that resurface in most films. With his re- markable engravings. Pyle's book is an exciting introduction to Robin Hood for readers of all ages. It's still in print — and often re-interpreted by other artists. Archers of the Classics Easily one of the most often-filmed characters in all literature. Robin Hood 36 STARLOG/Mav 1991 1. The screen's first great swashbuckler, Douglas Fairbanks, was the memorable silent Robin Hood, romancing Maid Marian (Barbara Tennant). 2. Errol Flynn epitomized the hero in this 1938 classic — a movie parodied in 1982's My Favorite Year and this summer's The Rocketeer. 3. Basil Rathbone (as the evil Guy of Gisbourne) faced Flynn in a duel that Rathbone would later satirize in 1956's The Court Jester (opposite Danny Kaye). 4. Before Bo was born, husband-to-be/actor John Derek played Robin Hood's son in 1 950's Rogues of Sherwood Forest. 5. Disney's The Story of Robin Hood (1952) prompted a Robin renaissance. The trio is Little John (James Robertson Justice), Robin (Richard Todd) and Friar Tuck (James Hayter). first burst onto the screen in the earliest days of moviemaking. He was seen in five British silent films produced between 1909 and 1913. starring in three and turn- ing up as a supporting character in two Ivanhoes. The third British Robin Hood vehicle. //; the Days of Robin Hood, was filmed on the "actual" location in Nottingham. Two American Robin Hoods also reached theaters in 1912 and 1913, the first of which starred Robert Frazer, a dashing romantic actor of the day. Frazer. who played Rob Roy and even Jesus Christ in early films, became typecast as a villain after the advent of sound and is known today as Bela Lugosi's adversary in White Zombie (1932). The classic silent Robin Hood, directed by Allan Dwan. didn't come along until 1922 (when it was the most expensive film produced up to that time). And appro- priately, it starred the silent screen's greatest swashbuckler. Douglas Fairbanks. Fairbanks firmly set Robin among the nobility. As Robert. Earl of Huntingdon. he saves Lady Marian Fitzwalter (Enid Bennett) from a drunken Prince John (Sam De Grasse). When King Richard (Wallace Beery) leaves on the Crusades. John launches a reign of terror against all who won't swear loyalty to him. Marian escapes, faking her own death. Robin swears vengeance and begins to raise a peasant army. Foolishly, when Robin finds Marian is alive and a prisoner of John, he rushes alone to the castle and is captured (a fre- quent Hood motif). A mysterious knight appears, defeats Tuck in a quarter staff duel, and then leads the merry band in a success- ful assault on the castle. Robin, of course, escapes to help. Revealed as Richard, the knight pardons all the outlaws, exiles John, and unites the lovers. Fairbanks was the originator of the movie swashbuckler in such films as The Mark of Zorro and The Three Musketeers, but he didn't originally want to play Robin Hood. He does seem more interested in the saga's chivalric elements as op- posed to the carefree, exciting lives of for- est outlaws. However, the film's focus is on the action, which the acrobatic Fairbanks certainly provides. Of course, to date, the definitive cine- matic styling of Robin Hood is Warner Bros.' 1938 The Adventures of Robin Hood, featuring the young Errol Flynn (and available from MGM/UA Video). This time, after King Richard (Ian Hunter) leaves for the Crusades, Robin Hood. Baron of Locksley and a Saxon, in- terferes with the plans of Prince John (Claude Rains) and the Norman nobles to persecute the Saxon peasantry. Robin goes alone to Nottingham Castle to confront the Prince, his chief henchman Sir Guy of Gisbourne (Basil Rathbone), and the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham (Melville Cooper). There, Robin is smitten by Maid Marian (Olivia de Havilland). the King's ward. When John announces he's assuming the throne, Robin denounces him as a traitor and escapes. Summoning the peasants, both Saxon and Norman, to join him in Sherwood Forest. Robin leads them to fight for their rights, as freeborn Englishmen. The Sheriff's minions are robbed as they col- lect the new, illegal taxes, and shot down whenever they abuse people. Later, Robin's pride as an archer and desire to show off for Marian compels him to attend an archery contest given by the Sheriff. Robin actually splits the arrow of his last competitor, but is arrested despite his disguise. Marian assists Little John (Alan Hale, who had also played the role in the Fairbanks film) in a last-minute rescue, saving Robin from the scaffold. King Richard returns to England dis- guised as a monk, but John receives word and dispatches an assassin. Marian over- hears the plotters and sends Much the Miller (Herbert Mundin) who stops the King's murderer. Believing his brother dead, John plans to have himself crowned king by the Bishop of the Black Canons. Robin. Richard and their followers disguise them- selves as monks, kidnap the Bishop, and accompany him into the castle. A battle ensues, with Robin triumphant. This classic film had two directors, William Keighley and Michael Curtiz. Keighley helmed most of the exterior scenes, with Curtiz doing the interiors and final editing. Additionally, William Dieterle directed some connective scenes while B. Reeves "Breezy" Eason served as second unit director. More stuntmen STARLOG/Mav 1991 37 Robin & Marian Photo: Copyright 1976 Columbia Pictures/Courtesy Dan Scapperotti worked on the movie than any other film made up till then. The Flynn film (which cost some $2 million) has several ad- vantages over Fairbanks' production: crisp dialogue, Academy Award-winning music (by Erich Wolfgang Korngold) and Technicolor, which gave it an appearance similar to classic book illustrations. Archer Howard Hill, who played Owen the Welshman, actually split the arrow at the tournament. He also "shot" several stuntmen, who depended on his skill to hit their body armor. Sons of Sherwood Like any classic hero, Robin Hood has had his share of sons (and daughters). His son battled through Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946) and Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950), both partially derived from the Flynn version. In Bandit (directed by George Sherman & Henry Levin), Robert of Huntingdon (Cornel Wilde, an accomplished horseman and college fencer) is outlawed by William of Pembroke (Henry Daniell) as part of a plot to seize the throne. Robert raises his father's old band. While most of them look a bit slower, they manage to rescue the boy king Henry III from the castle, with the aid of Lady Catherine .Maitland (Anita Louise). Robert, naturally, is captured. William decides to starve him for a month, before fighting him to the death. In the film's best scene, Lady Maitland swings pack- ages of food from her window to Robert's. At full strength, he faces William while the Merry Men storm the castle. Even better is Rogues of Sherwood Forest, directed by Gordon Douglas in bright Technicolor. It is 1215, and John (George Macready), now the rightful king, is planning to raise taxes and weaken the barons. Robin Hood's son, Robin (John Derek) raises his father's rogues to harry 38 STARLOG/Ma>' 1991 the tax collectors, and when several of the barons are murdered, also organizes them to defy the King. Robin and the barons fi- nally capture John and force him to sign the Magna Carta, which places legal lim- its on his power. It isn't exactly how that historical event happened, but it makes for exciting adventure. Reprising his role from the Flynn and Fairbanks films, Alan Hale is a memorable Little John. He has the last word, inter- rupting his friend Tuck as they watch the young lovers embrace. "Come, all has been said and all has been done," he de- clares, leading the band away into Sherwood and legend, as the crowd cheers. With the Robin Hood mythos squarely in the public domain, it was inevitable that low-budget moviemakers should look to cut themselves in for a bit of the action by churning out their own economical out- door epics. Low-budget legend Sam Katzman's Cinecolor The Prince of Thieves (1948), adapted by Charles H. Schneer (STARLOG #150-52) from the al- leged Alexandre Dumas novel, was strictly a juvenile romp which had the look of a Western transplanted into Sherwood (originally Shire of Wood). Jon Hall, a wooden actor best-known for his kitschy turns in Universal' s Arabian Nights cos- tumers, brought a tongue-in-cheek quality to his performance as Robin. Friar Tuck, played by Alan Mowbray, was in the pic- ture strictly to provide lowbrow humor. Even less ambitious in scale was Hal Roach's Tales of Robin Hood (1951), a pi- lot for a projected TV series which never took off. The setbound 60-minute adven- ture starred Robert (Hideous Sun Demon) Clarke, who had played D'Artagnan (The Three Musketeers) and the Count of Monte Cristo (Sword of Venus) in other mini- budgeted films of the same period. Secretly raised from infancy by Whit Bissell, this Robin Hood's adventures include the ex- pected assortment of evil Norman lords, archery contests, disguises, captures and escapes. Despite theatrical distribution, its TV origins were obvious. Art: Chuck Jones/Copyright 1991 Warner Bros./Courtesy Circle Gallery Art ■^KS^® ■^ °hliM,rnmiulfK kS&sujcDmi* i 6. Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea's David Hedison starred in The Son of Robin Hood. But it was June Laverick who was actually Robin's relative, his daughter. 7. Even legends aren't immortal as Audrey Hepburn (as Marian), Sean Connery (Robin) and Nicol Williamson (Little John) discovered in 1976's Robin & Marian. 8. Jason Connery (left) — Sean Connery's son — continued the family tradition as the second Robin of Sherwood. 9. Robin Hood hasn't been a particularly successful comics hero. That may change if a Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves comic is greenlighted. 10. "Yoicks and away!" Friar Tuck (Porgy Pig) doesn't believe a certain accident- prone duck is really heroic "Robin Hood Daffy" in the classic Chuck Jones short. The Story of Robin Hood (1952) was a major retelling of the saga, directed by Ken Annakin and produced by Disney Studios in England with locations in Sherwood Forest, the first Robin Hood film to be made there. The staging and sets were good, if less grand than the 1938 ver- sion. Richard Todd is the young Robin Fitzooth, who grows into a leader. Joan Rice is a very tomboyish Maid Marian. This version begins in 1190 as the Earl of Huntingdon (Clement McCallin) departs for the Crusades with King Richard (Patrick Barr). He leaves his daughter, Marian, with Queen Eleanor (Martita Hunt) and entrusts his lands to his ranger, Hugh Fitzooth and Hugh's son, Robin. Prince John (Hubert Gregg) and the Sheriff (Peter Finch) hold an archery con- test to help recruit a new personal army. After winning the contest, by splitting his son's arrow, Hugh convinces several men not to join John. So, the Sheriff has Hugh 10. assassinated. When Robin kills the mur- derer, he is outlawed and forms his band of resistance fighters. Robin's group attracts John Little (James Robertson Justice) who defeats Robin in the famous duel on the bridge. In another friendly fight, Robin recruits Friar Tuck (James Hayter). For two years, the outlaws rule Sherwood Forest, communicating by whistling arrows. But when Marian helps Robin outwit the Sheriff and Prince John, she is imprisoned in the castle, prompting the traditional rescue attempt. Eventually, Robin must fight a final duel with the Sheriff on the castle drawbridge as it's being raised. King Richard returns, makes Robin the Earl of Locksley, and orders his ward Marian to marry Robin, which she is most pleased to do. In a return to the origin of the Robin Hood tales, the film is partly narrated by Allan-a-Dale (Elton Haytes), a minstrel singing of the band's adventures. This trick was repeated in 1973 in Disney's hit animated version of Robin Hood, with the rooster Allan-A-Dale crooning about Robin Hood (a fox) and Little John (a bear). Considered by some one of the Disney classics, it's actually a lesser film, a somewhat dull movie, mostly an excuse for various critters to ca- vort around reliving the Robin Hood saga. Among others, Mr. Magoo (on his 1960s' TV series, as Friar Tuck) and Daffy Duck — as "Robin Hood Daffy" (with Porky Pig as Tuck) — also took animated turns with the mythos. Bugs Bunny even met Errol Flynn's Robin Hood in "Rabbit Hood." End of the Merry Men Other British versions, like a four- some from Hammer Films, included most of the popular Robin Hood elements yet failed to strike the proper notes action- wise. The Men of Sherwood Forest (1957), directed by SF specialist Val Guest (STARLOG #162-163), starred American actor Don Taylor in a tale of a foiled assas- sination attempt against the King. Dull beyond words, the made-in-Ireland Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960) had Richard Greene — star of a Robin Hood TV series — as the good-guy robber and Peter Cushing (STARLOG #100) as the Sheriff embroiled in another murder plot against the Archbishop. Terence Fisher directed. Barrie Ingham, a light leading man in British films of the '60s, climbed into the green costume for A Challenge for Robin Hood (1968), in which Robin's own cousin (Peter Blythe) destroys his father's will and lords over his serfs with an iron hand. A subordinate character, the Sheriff of Nottingham is here played by John Arnatt, who had previously essayed the role in the Richard Greene TV series. An unpretentious family film, Challenge drew some audience derision nonetheless, as in a scene where a ribbon borne aloft by a pi- geon is pierced by an arrow — discharged by a blindfolded Robin! Hammer returned with New Zealander David Warbeck as the archer in Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood. An unsuccess- ful TV pilot in 1969, it was eventually re- leased theatrically four years later. Another British Robin Hood film of scant consequence, the misleadingly-titled Son of Robin Hood (1959) actually con- cerned a daughter, played by minor leading lady June Laverick, and aided in this ad- venture by American actor Al (later David) Hedison (STARLOG #108, #145). Cheap- looking despite its color and wide-screen trappings, Son of Robin Hood deserves its obscurity, although the climactic duel be- tween Hedison and the malevolent Black Duke (played by screen veteran David Farrar) is strikingly choreographed — an impressive action scene which seems to (continued on page 76) STARLOG/Mav 1991 39 Robin Ho Prince of Thieves j This time, Kevin costner is the man with the bow and arrow. By ADAM PIRANI We decided we wanted to re-invent the legend, to explain how Robin Hood became Robin Hood, and in order to do so, we came up with a few twists on the origin," says pro- ducer/co-writer John Watson. "Pen [Densham, co-writer/producer] 's idea was that Robin was on the Crusades, that he became a prisoner of war there, and we start the film with a swashbuckling escape from prison, a modern action sequence, which sets the movie's tone. "Then, we bring Robin home — back to England to be confronted by a homeland in a dismal state with King Richard away from the country, in which the Sheriff of Nottingham is not only ravaging and pil- laging Nottingham but actually has de- signs on the whole nation, so Robin Hood becomes a story about the survival of England as a country. "We also wanted to introduce a new character into the legend, and Pen's idea was this Moor, who's a man who was in prison with him and helped him escape, and in the escape, Robin saved his life. So the Moor, because of his Islamic back- ground, believes that he now owes Robin a life and must travel with him back to England until he has saved Robin's life and therefore has become equal. , ADAM PIRANI, STARLOG's British Correspondent, is the author of The Gerry Anderson Episode Guide (Titan Books). He examined A Clockwork Orange in issue #165. \ \ \ \ While the legend has been altered, the love between Robin (Costner) and Marian (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio) remains a strong story element. "So what we have is this fascinating image of a Moor, a sophisticated black man — advanced in the sciences and with a greater body of knowledge than anybody in England had, in the midst of these rus- tic, rural English faces in the forest. "Then, we tell about how Robin comes back and finds his home has been devas- tated and his father falsely accused and hanged. Robin quickly becomes an outlaw and goes into the forest.'' So begins the legend of Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves. "There is a combination of motives in Robin Hood," Watson adds. "There is a personal motive and there is the larger motive. It starts with the personal motive: a desire to set things right, particularly where his father is concerned, because his father has been falsely accused by the Sheriff and so Robin is motivated to avenge his father's death. "In the course of pursuing that per- sonal motive, he discovers the larger mo- tive — that he and his father are only a small example of a larger problem, which is that the Sheriff has been stealing from the poor, has been using the poor as a stepping stone to his own personal ambi- tion and that all around, throughout the country, there is increasing devastation and poverty. Stylishly wicked, Alan Rickman is the Sheriff of Nottingham. "Robin slowly realizes that he has the skills to set things right, and that's when he starts robbing from the rich and giving to the poor — that part of it is the larger motive that Robin discovers in the story's course and that's how he becomes a hero. He must discover within himself the skills and the strength of character to become a hero, a people's hero, which was not his original intention." Out on the backlot of England's Shepperton Studios, Kevin Costner stands talking to director Kevin Reynolds. An as- sistant holds a large, bright umbrella above Costner's head to keep the actor and his costume dry from a slight driz- zling rain. Costner also wears a thick modern jacket over his costume. The umbrella and jacket look incon- gruous, because all around the scene is 12th century England. It's the market town square of Nottingham, overshad- owed by a castle, and complete with mar- ket stalls that display produce and other goods, a well and some 30 12th century ci- tizens dressed in dirty browns and greens. "Move away from the camera, we're going to be firing arrows," — announcing this through his megaphone is assistant director David Tringham. "Rehearsal," he calls out. And now the worlds of reality and fan- tasy begin to blend together. Kevin Costner removes his 20th century jacket to reveal his Robin Hood outfit: studded leather jacket with a brown suede hood, brown leggings and stylishly laced suede boots. He takes hold of a longbow whose height almost matches his own, and the rehearsal begins. Costner runs forward, grabs two ar- rows that are embedded in a fencepost, drops one, takes an archer's stance, and draws as if to fire. End of rehearsal. Returning from his imprisonment after the Crusades with the Moor Azeem (Morgan Freeman), Robin (Kevin Costner) finds his homeland under despotic rule. "I just dropped one of the arrows," the actor says somewhat sheepishly, confirming what the crew had noticed anyway, "but how does it look on camera?" Obviously, it doesn't look quite enough, because they start to move the cam- era forward a few feet to be closer to where Costner stood by the fencepost. The actor, meanwhile, stands warming his hands over a brazier containing logs burning in an open fire. "Last time my hands were this cold was on Silverado," Costner announces amicably to nearby crew members. "Standby," assistant director Tringham's megaphoned voice breaks through the air of the studio backlot once again. Costner goes back to the fencepost and practices grabbing arrows. "Background action, and, run this way!" Tringham shouts through the megaphone, and the crowd of dark-costumed extras run up behind Costner — "and actionV' — Costner starts running with the crowd, catches sight of the arrows in the fencepost, turns back and grabs them, stands and draws — "and cut 1 ." And then they do it again. Two extras in the crowd fall over in the run-up behind Costner and two more fall on top of them. They come over to have their costumes and makeup checked. "I knew this would happen to me — straight in the mud," one says. "I fell on top of her," says another. And then they do it again. And then they do it again, this time with Costner actually firing arrows rather than "Cut" being called right after he has loaded them onto his bow. Two crew members hold up a four foot transparent plexiglass shield to protect the cameraman while Costner fires. The two arrows sail off harmlessly into the mud in the background. And then they break for lunch. Robin & Marian Producer/writers Densham and Watson's company Trilogy — comprising themselves and their third partner Richard Lewis — previously produced Upworid, directed by Stan Winston, and The Kiss, directed by Densham. After Morgan Creek Productions took on their Prince of Thieves script for Warner Bros, distribution, there were two vital factors that helped get the movie made: actor Kevin Costner and director Kevin Reynolds. "We got an indication fairly early on after we had written the script that Kevin had an interest in playing Robin Hood and that he had read our script and liked it." Watson says, "but he wasn't prepared to commit to our version [among the then-competing Hood projects] until we had a director. Kevin Reynolds — who directed Costner in one of his earliest leading roles in Fandango — became attached to the project soon after. "We were big fans of his. We got the script to him at an early stage. Kevin Reynolds said that he liked it but was at the time committed to a production at Universal," Watson says, "and it wasn't until that fell through that he became available. Within 48 hours of the other film falling out, we had hired him to do this film and he was on a plane to England with me to start set- ting up the picture. "After we got Kevin Reynolds to direct, the process for Kevin Costner, to firmly commit to our film was a comparatively brief one." Other leading actors in Prince of Thieves include Mary Elizabeth {The Abyss) Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, Christian {Heathers) Slater as Will Scarlet, Nick {Frankenstein Unbound) Brimble as Little John, Michael McShane as Friar Tuck and Alan {Die Hard) Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham. Sean Connery plays a cameo role as King Richard, a role filmed in a single day. (Connery, of course, played the bowman in 1976's Robin & Marian. His actor son, Jason Connery, played TV's Robin of Sherwood?) As the newest character in the Robin Hood mythos, the Moor Azeem, Morgan {Driving Miss Daisy) Freeman has a key role. Freeman is clear about what kind of interpretation of the Robin Hood legend this is. "This is a nitty-gritty film, not a costume drama," he says. "This is a far cry from the green tights and the pixie shoes. These guys are living in the nitty-gritty here and now. Twelfth century England was not costumed by Edith Head. "And the English had not, up to that point — and did not until deep into the 16th or 17th century — cared that much for water on their bodies, so they were not terribly clean. Most other societies don't have that abhorrence to water, so when you meet the English, you can hear them coming! "My character is aware of all of this, and also we play this from the standpoint that, I'm coming out of a society that has much of the world's knowledge, in vaults — the library at Alexandria was the envy of the world. That's probably why it was sacked and burned." Freeman took the role of the sophisti- cated Moor amongst ignorant Anglo-Saxons for several reasons. "Every actor wants to get a good action film under his belt — or two or three — and it was a shot at working with Kevin. I've admired everything I've seen him in. Everything — I've not seen him do anything I didn't like him in. And Azeem is an interesting part." For Freeman, working with Costner has Twelfth century England comes alive and fills the Shepperton Studios backlot. Not all the men make merry. Will Scarlet (Christian Slater) receives a painful blow. proven to be worthwhile. "I have not yet been able to find the word that describes Kevin," the actor says. "He's huggable, I mean for me, that's the way I feel about him. a very lovable human being. Not only is he very charismatic and accomplished as an actor, but after having seen Dances With Wolves, I mean. ..he is consummate. I have seen few movies that turn me on as that one did. That's all him. It defines him." Fences & walls Working with both Freeman and Costner has been rewarding for the movie's stunt co- ordinator. Paul (ALIENS) Weston. "We are very fortunate with Kevin and Morgan who are excellent horsemen. They rode bareback, jumping over fences and walls: there's a lot of good horsework," he says. "This is a far cry from green tights and pixie shoes," notes Freeman. ■ Weston's other challenges have included "a lot of sword work and staff work; we had a section up in Yorkshire on the waterfall, and falling over the waterfall. In the Sherwood Forest itself, we had tree houses, which were 30 to 40 feet high, having to get the artists up there, and they did it very well. They've all been up high and swinging backwards and forwards. "Kevin has been wonderful because he 44 STARLOG/Mfly 1991 A classic image is re-created in the new film, which production designer John Graysmark notes "is not a history les- son. It's more of an adventure romp." has been wanting to do all the swings him- self. It has been interesting trying to stop him! Because sometimes it's a little danger- ous and you think. 'Steady on now, let's be sensible about this.' "He's willing to do most things, and I just have to look after him and make sure that he doesn't put himself in too much dan- ger." The stunt coordinator must draw a careful line between the requirements of safety and Costner's desire to make the film as realistic as possible. "It's fairly sensible, really," Weston notes. "You look at the real- ity of it and say, 'Yes, I know he would like to be up there on the screen and do the dive, but if anything went wrong, we're all out of work.' " Bringing the look of the 12th century to Prince of Thieves has been the task assigned to production designer John {Flash Gordon) Graysmark. Although Graysmark supervised considerable research into the period of 1 194 A.D., the year in which the story is set, he notes that the film "is not a history lesson. It's much more of an adventurous romp than a serious study of historical possibility." As well as not restricting themselves historically, geographically too the film- makers have avoided limiting themselves to the areas in which Robin Hood might have theoretically traveled. "It will look great because we've swept all over Britain," Graysmark says. "We were up in Alnwick [home to a medieval castle and fortress and a 1240 A.D. building used as Maid Marian's home] and Yorkshire [for the waterfalls, Aysgarth Falls], Hadrian's Wall [built by the Romans and spanning England from east to west], and Seven Sisters in Eastbourne [striking chalk cliffs used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades]. Burnham Beeches looks great with the idea of all these people living up in the trees [both Burnham Beeches, a heavily forested area, and the New Forest were used as Sherwood Forest, home to Robin and the outlaws]." The filmmakers also traveled to the South of France for two days' lensing at Carcassonne, a medieval walled city used in the movie as the exterior of Nottingham. "So, it will look big," he says, "it won't be all lurking about in a dark forest. It's great big sweeping visual pieces, which is Kevin Reynolds without any question." Graysmark approves of Reynolds' visual style. "Kevin's thing is this constantly mov- ing camera, which makes it totally non-con- ventional in terms of what the Robin Hood movies were like; they were very static. The famous one with Errol Flynn [page 35] is much more static and conventional in terms of the equipment with which they had to shoot. We've had cranes and remote control cameras that can sweep around and take in vast views — and also of course Kevin uses very wide lenses, too. "It's quite interesting because, not being English, Kevin's view is not the conven- STARLOG/Mav J 991 45 k W?yi tional one of an English hero — it's the Lone Ranger, it's Indiana Jones, but in Saxon garb." Muck & Dirt Says Gaysmark, "The other thing that we have been lucky enough to have been able to do is keep them all dirty. I saw a period film years ago called Lion in Winter and what has always stuck with me is the fact that for the first time ever, I saw a historical film of that period where the floors were covered in straw, and dog droppings, and we've tried to do that as far as it was possible. "I think it's absolutely essential. I know that the Errol Flynn masterpiece is still held up as a marvelous adventure, but he's so clean all the time, and everything's sort of neat. We've got quite a lot of that image, you know, that muck and dirt." Graysmark ; notes that this influence — encouraged by Reynolds — is also evident in costume de- Don't expect the Sherwood Forest treehouses to win any awards for good housekeeping. The filmmakers are going for a gritty and dirty look. signer John (Conan) Bloomfield's work. Greysmark doesn't claim to be accurately re-creating every aspect of the 12th century world. First of all, he notes, "very few Saxon buildings stand. There are a couple of little bits of church. Basically, they were wooden buildings and they're long gone.' " Additionally, moviegoers' expectations pre-empt a totally truthful representation of the past. For instance: "Because it's a kind of convention of the cinema, all the arms of the Sheriff's men are the same, and I'm sure they weren't really. Anything you could get a hold of with a point on it was what you would use, but they've all got the same swords and shields and so on. That's so you can immediately recognize the goodies from the baddies — it's the black and white hats. "The other thing is, a modern man can't handle those swords, they're too bloody- heavy. The stuntmen said, 'These are far too j heavy for us to work with.' [In Saxon times,] they didn't fence, they just did these bloody I great sweeps and you fended it off and gave me one back if you could. But here, we're expected to do quite a bit of sword fighting, and of course those swords of the period have got such big pommels on that they actually hurt the hand. You hurt your wrists I [because of the weight] and also the bulk of them, they had a great lump here to stop them shooting out of your hand. "Obviously, we've cheated historical re- alities by hundreds of years, but the basic I atmosphere I would think is much nearer the truth than has ever been done before in a \| Robin Hood film. "It's certainly not 1194," says John \| Graysmark, "but set more or less in that pe- riod, it's a sort of Indiana Jones." On a modern soundstage, an old-fashioned hero takes off for adventure. By MARC SHAPIRO I wall panel swings silently open. Through the portal, a man dressed in '30s upper crust informality slips into a radio transmitter room. He sits down at a transmitter, consults a codebook and, with grim determination lining his face, sets the dial and speaks into the microphone. "This is number seven," growls the mystery man. "I regret to inform you that the package has been delayed. Over." The transmitter squawks to life and click-clacks out a reply on the decoding machine's paper spool. The stranger tears it off and reads, "Rendezvous cannot be changed." "But I need more time!" "Cut!" yells director Joe Johnston as he brings this small but pivotal bit of in- trigue to a halt. Johnston moves quickly through a mob of crew members and deep into an already crowded corner of a Disney Studio soundstage. "If we can go slow, slow, slow and push in on him and the radio, I think that will work," Johnston tells an agreeable cameraman. "And since we're going to creep in on this, let's try and start when he reaches for the mike." With rocket pack ready, William Campbell takes off this summer as the latest comic book hero to hit the screen. •>-4r Johnston next turns his attention to the actor, who cracks a small joke while his makeup is being touched up, and con- firms with the director that he is to punch up six digits on the transmitter. Johnston, to solidify the count, retreats behind a flat where the sound man supplying the trans- mitter effects is informed that the magic number is truly six. "OK," says Johnston. "Let's try it again." Launch Pads The Rocketeer, Disney's big budget ac- tion-adventure, has moved onto the sound- stages and into the home stretch. And it shows. Bill Campbell, who portrays the title '30s flyboy, has come out of the "uneasy and insecure" shell he felt he was in during the first weeks of the four- month-plus shooting schedule and into a friendly, self-assured posture on the set. Jennifer Connelly, who plays Cliff Secord's girl friend Jenny, has stopped by the set on her day off, to monitor the film's progress, munch craft service chow and to hang out with the cast and crew. Even Johnston, ever vigilant and tight- lipped on his directorial follow-up to Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, has a smile on his face as he goes through the logistics of the transmitter room sequence. MARC SHAPIRO, STARLOG's West Coast Correspondent , previewed The Neverending Story II in issue #165. Now, after five years, two scripts, six rewrites and two directors, The Rocketeer has not only the go-ahead for production but is now mere days from being com- pleted for a summer release. And like all good comic book-to-film translations, Dave Stevens' homage to big men, small planes and Saturday matinee serials has had a bumpy odyssey. Conceived in 1981 as a pair of backup tales for Starslayer, Stevens' initial two- story, 12-page adventure struck a positive nerve with readers and resulted in three more adventures that appeared in Pacific Comics Presents. Those, and a chapter that tied up loose ends in a Rocketeer one-shot, were collected as a trade paperback in 1984. Shortly thereafter, Paul De Meo and Danny Bilson, the Flash's creative hon- chos, approached Stevens with an eye toward bringing The Rocketeer to the big screen. "We all agreed that what was great about The Rocketeer was the art, the atmo- sphere and the tone," says DeMeo. "So, when Danny and I got together with Dave five years ago, the major challenge was to come up with a good story that was faithful to the book's feeling." What followed was a series of options, rewrites, directorial changes (Joe Johnston for Bill Dear), a lawsuit with Marvel Comics over who owned the Rocketeer name and Disney's eventual en- try into the project (see COMICS SCENE #2 for more details). Pre-production on "The trick was to come up with a design that would look realistic," explains production designer Jim Bissell of the film's main prop. The rocket pack will fly with the aid of ILM and wire work. The Rocketeer began in 1988 and and co- incided with the hero's return to the printed page in The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine. The Rocketeer has survived the transla- tion to film relatively intact. The flying sequences, a combination of live action, wire work and Industrial Light and Magic's enchantment, is true to the original '30s serial feel. Jenny (a.k.a. Betty in the comics) is "less cheesecake" but just as spunky. Cliff's plane, the Blind Bulldog, is around and intact and even creator Stevens appears in a cameo. ignition Johnston's film is based on Stevens' first Rocketeer adventure. Like the comic, the movie begins in pre-war Los Angeles where Cliff Secord, a cocky young aviator, has an uneventful flight interrupted by machine gun fire whizzing past his head. Cliff crash lands his plane at a nearby airfield and into a car parked on the runway. The airfield is immediately surrounded by police and federal agents who question the young pilot as the driver of the crash car is taken away by ambulance. While preparing his back-up plane for an upcoming air show, Cliff discovers a mysterious package containing a rocket pack. Through ex- perimentation, the young pilot learns to fly through the air and contemplates how best to put this amazing discovery to use. The rocket pack, apparently created by Howard Hughes, is stolen by a gang of crooks. Secord sets out to retrieve the rocket pack and the result is a thrill-a- minute adventure involving air races, es- Cliff Secord (Campbell) and his sweetheart, Jenny (Jennifer Connelly) take in a movie. The script closely follows the first comic book adventures created by writer/artist Dave Stevens. pionage and mid-air battles that combine live action and animated FX. And it all takes place in a world that exudes pop cul- ture, decadence and kitsch. "We all agreed that what was great about The Rocketeer was the art, the atmospere and the tone," says co-writer Paul De Meo. "The Bulldog Cafe is a bigger-than-life, fantasy architecture," admits Bissell Filmed on location in Los Angeles and Santa Maria, the Gordon Brothers movie also features Alan Arkin as Cliff's good buddy mechanic Peevy, Terry (The Stepfather) O'Quinn as Howard Hughes and Timothy Dalton (STARLOG #145) as actor Neville Sinclair. But during a tour of such Rocketeer sets as the Bulldog Cafe, where Cliff and his flying friends hang out, and the South Seas Club, where the well-to-do and well-connected meet, it becomes evi- dent that a major star in the Rocketeer uni- verse is production designer Jim Bissell, who combines a sense of history and imagination into backdrops that literally take on a life all their own. • "My imagination has gone pretty wild on this film," says Bissell, holding court inside one of his creations, a castle mock- up. "The birth of all sets is basically by Caesarian section, but by production standards, this has been a real plum." Bissell, whose genre credits include E.T., Arachnophobia and Harry and the Hendersons, offers that the challenge in designing these sets "centered on walking the line between sophisticated comic book fantasy and reality. "There's nothing in this film where the set is secondary. Everything about this movie is visual and important. You couldn't do anything so outlandish that it would detract from the film and you had to make sure everything rang true to the audi- ence as being true to the time period." Bissell prepared for 1938 design work by poring over old photos of airfields, nightclubs and other forms of pre-WWII architecture. He then took the basic con- cept "and tweaked it quite a bit." Creating Chaplin Airfield took extra ef- fort. "Chaplin Field never existed, so we were faced with creating an airfield from scratch. We took this field in a Los Angeles suburb, added existing graphic de- signs of the '30s and jumbled them to- gether in our own graphic designs. The feel we came up with was ragtag and real gritty." Bissell waxes eloquent when describing the specifics of his other creations. "The Bulldog Cafe is a bigger-than-life, total fantasy piece of architecture. Howard Hughes' office is a Mt. Olympus that has a white, pristine, highly streamlined look. The South Seas Club is Hollywood deca- dence. Things like the giant clam shell and the underwater motif tread lightly between elegance and kitsch." Bissell was responsible for the castle for the movie-within-a-movie sequences, various elements of the gondola scenes. and, in conjunction with a number of others, the Rocketeer's trademark flying pack. "The trick was to come up with a design that would look realistic," he explains. "We wanted something that would have the look of good speculative fantasy and yet would look like it would do what it was supposed to do. What we came up with was something that's a cross between Commando Cody and what the guy at the last Olympics used." Blast-Off Days later, filmmaking has expanded out into almost luxurious surroundings as the movie-within-a-movie sequence, featuring Dalton, Connelly and Campbell, is unfolding on Bissell's castle set. For a swashbuckfer-in-the-making sequence (not unlike Errol Flynn's Adventures of Robin Hood), extras dressed as knights and knaves of the realm are costumed in 1 3th century mufti. Connelly, who portrays an extra, is a fetching lady-in-waiting. Dalton, with an ever-present cigarette in his hands between takes, is costumed and bewigged, a dashing Errol Flynn clone. In scenes shot the previous day. all manner of swordplay and rope swinging were executed under Johnston's supervi- sion. The continuation of that sequence is 50 STARLOG/May 1991 being picked up as Dalton exaggerates the finish of a rope swing. The director calls for action. A serving wench steps forward with a goblet which she passes to Dalton. "Hail, my knight." says the actress in an unactorly way. "Would that you drink of my sweet love as you drink of this cup." "Cut! Cut! Cut!" screams an angry, upset director who storms out into the middle of the set. Dalton tosses down his goblet in disgust. Crew and extras moan and groan. The clapper boy snaps, "Take 27." But Johnston hasn't blown a fuse. The director rebuking the actress "that act- ing is not like acting the way you're act- ing" is only an actor himself. Then, the real director yells, "Cut!" He disappears into discussion with his cam- eraman and Dalton. The scene is run through a few more times before cameras are broken down and repositioned for a sequence involving Connelly. Rocketeer creator Stevens wanders onto the set, grabs a director's chair and proclaims his happiness with this film version before settling in to watch the lensing. Paul De Meo, on a lunch break from The Flash, has come over for a quick dialogue punch-up and to express his relief that The Rocketeer, with his and Bilson's names on the script, has finally been made. "We've been on and off this film three times," says De Meo. "They would bring people in to get a different take on the film and then they would bring us back. Danny and I were beginning to feel like yo-yos." Johnston calls for rehearsal on a scene between Jenny and her extra friend Irma. "Boy, is she a pip." Irma snipes. "Your audition was much better. "Irma," says Jenny, "everybody' s audi- tion was better." The scene is run through once again and Johnston calls for a take. Connelly, fight- ing the flu, gives it her best shot but promptly blows the line, sending every- body into gales of laughter. She shrugs her shoulders and laughs as well. "How do I get in the mood to play a '30s kind of guy?" asks Bill Campbell. "I listen to a lot of big band music. When I want to be in the mood, I listen to the song Tn the Mood.' Campbell is getting in the mood in his trailer where, true to his statement, some '30s swing is purring softly out of his tape machine. Campbell, a relative unknown whose major credits were recurring roles on the TV series Dynasty and Crime Stoiy, appears too good to be true. In every way, Campbell seems just like Cliff Secord. "I guess I was already pretty much how they envisioned this character," says Campbell. "I didn't feel like I had to do much work to find him. It's not a difficult character to find anyway. I feel like I'm fairly close to this guy. We're both sort of childish and naive and a. little bit rough around the edges." Campbell is involved in quite a few of the special FX sequences. He claims, "I didn't really know what to expect." What he really did not expect was to have his fear of flying tested at every turn. "I remember one day when we were shooting a flying sequence which required me to actually go up in one of those old bi- planes," chuckles the actor. "The actual pi- lot and I were about to get into the plane and go up when I noticed that he was wear- ing a parachute. I looked at him for a minute and asked where my 'chute was. He said something about my not needing one. I really didn't need to hear that." The actor continues, "I was involved in many of the Rocketeer flying sequences. That wasn't too bad because I was only hanging from wires a few feet off the ground. Fortunately, they didn't hang me from helicopters." Campbell's candor comes to the surface when he explains how The Rocketeer, de- spite a background in TV and theater, has been on-the-job training for him. (continued on page 75) STARLOG/May 1991 51 Another BY DANIEL DICKHOLTZ By now, the sight of four masked, man- sized turtles practicing the martial arts should be a familiar one to April O'Neil. And yet, a year after she first came tumbling down through a manhole and into their lives, they are as extraordinary to the TV reporter as her own appearance may be startling to those who've followed her previous adventures. "It's like being in a fantasy land," admits Paige Turco, who replaces Judith Hoag (STARLOG #154) as the half-shelled heroes' human companion in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze. "I said to a friend of mine it was like being a little kid and going to Disney World, except they talk to you. My first day was like. "Wow! They're talking to me! This is amazing!' And I found myself, as an actress, talking to Michaelangelo, not to the actor. Once in a while, I would go, 'This is really weird. I'm turning a little silly here,' because the actor inside can see me really empathizing or having fun with Michaelangelo. "And each of the Turtles has their own separate personality, which I had trouble with before I started the film because I thought, "Oh. God! I'm going to have to memorize their colors.' Somebody had said to me, 'No, they all have their own personalities.' I remember thinking, 'You've got to be kidding me.' And when I got there, they really did! "It was greatW I mean, it was keeping the child alive in you. You have to in order to do a film like this one. The child in you sparks up and lives for a little while, and it was wonderful to be a part of that." April Showers A soap opera actress better known to fans of All My Children as Melanie Cortlandt, Turco was simply looking for a change of pace when her agent, without telling her, got her the audition for what would become her film debut. But once she won the role, beat- ing out 100 others ("That's information to me. I didn't know there were that many people up for this"), the actress' turned to neither the cartoons nor Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird's Turtles comics to prepare her self for becoming their heroine. Likewise, she took no inspiration from her predecessor. "I don't know Judith," she says. "I've never talked with her. I saw the movie a long time ago and didn't base anything of what I was doing on what she did. Judith and I are very different, and much of the way you cre- ate a character, you use a lot of yourself. To try and re-create, or create something from, somebody else's work is a very bizarre con- cept to me. I've never even attempted it. I wouldn't want to. This April is my April, the Now, Paige Turco must help the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles solve "The Secret of the Ooze." 52 STARLOG/May 1 99 1 way / perceived her. "The one thing that I did do was really concentrate on the reality of who she was. It's not all that in-depth, you know," Turco laughs, "but I didn't want a two-dimensional caricature. I really wanted to create a person. So, I have a friend who works for a network and he's a field reporter, and I took two days and followed him around. I spent some time in a newsroom and out on locations. So. that was fun, just to get some idea of where this woman is coming from and what her day-to- day life is so that it could be interrupted by four absurd turtles. "I definitely think she's a little quirky to be able to live with these Turtles," the ac- tress confides. "She's a very ambitious, very centered person who knows what she wants, she goes after what she wants, and she's very' open to accepting things. And very lov- ing. She's very caring, sisterly. ..I mean, they're like teenage brothers, you know? I think she might have been a little bit conser- \|5 E "I think l could pass on the yellow jumpsuit." "It's hard to miss the Turtles. They're so huge, they're everywhere," Turco notes. "It's exciting to be involved in all of that." vative before she met the Turtles. But she has a really neat perspective on life." The Massachusetts-born Turco was forced to change her own perspective when an injury abruptly ended her early ballet ca- reer. Turning to other stage work, she ap- peared in assorted plays and musicals, get- ting her first taste of life as a comic character when she performed in college productions of Annie and You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown. "They're real people to me," she says both of those roles and April. "But maybe their flavor for excitement seems to be a little more exaggerated." Taking pans in afternoon TV dramas, she began playing to considerably larger audi- ences, joining the cast of, first, Guiding Light and then, in 1988, All My Children. But while her soap opera experience had in- ured her to shooting a script out of sequence and enduring seemingly endless days, the actress confesses she hasn't become accus- Says Turco, "One of the decisions I made was that balance between reality and at the same time, being able to accept and see the absurdity of it all." tomed to every aspect of filmmaking. "I've never seen myself before on a bij screen," comments Turco. "In fact, I was saying to somebody, T hope that I get to see it at some point,' because I don't want to show up at the premiere and be sitting there, going, 'Oh, my God! I'm huge up there!' You know, that's a strange feeling. I went to a film last week, and I sat there, and sud- denly it hit me! I went. 'Wow! Like, that's, that's real big up there. I'm a little scared about all this.' And when I went to do the looping, I was a little shocked at first, but you get used to it." One person she most credits with helping her acclimate herself to her new working en- vironment is her co-star David (Star Trek V) Warner, who here plays the inventor of the Turtles I Photo: Copyright 1990 Northshore Investments Ltd. What Judith Hoag (pictured) did with the role "wasn't something I thought about. I was more concerned with my job and Paige playing April." "I think the appeal to April, and to kids, is, 'Wow! This is a real person who knows these guys,' " Paige Turco explains. secretive ooze. "I loved him! He was working with me on one of the first days I worked, so I was really learning how everything worked, even down to simple things, and he was real helpful. He was right there, very giving. It's hard to give specifics. It was just an overall feeling of the way he deals with this medium, being able to keep it alive. I wish I had had the opportunity to have more scenes with him and to really work with him — and maybe someday I will! But he's a great guy. He's really a neat person. People are going to love him. He was great as the professor." April Fools On the other hand, although she has nothing but admiration for their creators, the Turtle suits proved troublesome. "The actors were great, and they helped me out as much as they could, but there was only so much we could do because it's so technical," notes Turco. "One of the things that was very difficult about it was when a line was spoken, the puppeteer spoke at the same time as the actor in the Turtle costume, and when the actor inside said his line, it was extremely muffled because all I heard was machinery moving the faces. It was defi- nitely a challenge. There were a couple of times after we had been working all day where I would stand there and think, 'Where's my puppeteer? Could somebody 54 STARLOG/Maj 1991 please move my face?' " She laughs. "It was kind of strange to go back to working with humans. Very different." Yet as problematic as an outfit could be under normal circumstances, the actress comments, "it had to break down sometimes. So, every once in a while, one of the Turtles' faces would freak out. I mean, it would make really funny faces out of control. Or one of the guys in the suits would go, 'It's not hap- pening.' Like, it just wouldn't move. You would hear somebody talking, but the face wouldn't be responding to you." And if that wasn't enough, she recalls with a laugh, "I tripped quite a bit. The Turtles had marks that were elevated off the floor because they "This April is my April, the way I perceived her." couldn't see them. You know, they saw out of little slits. So. I tripped a lot." However, there was one occasion when it wasn't one of the actors' marks that caught her underfoot. "A part of it was cut from the film, but there was a scene where I had to cross over to grab a purse very, very quickly in my house and one of the Turtles is hiding. And I was so damned determined to get that pocketbook, I went to jump over the Turtle, not thinking there's this huge shell on his back with a bo, and got stuck. I was sitting on the Turtle's back in the middle of this scene and started to laugh. "There was something funny that hap- pened off set. I got stuck in an elevator. Actually, that wasn't very funny. What hap- pened was the power went out during the hurricane. I was finally found after an hour, and the guy that found me — his dog found me actually — said to me when I was in there, 'You're working on that Turtle movie, aren't you?' And I said, 'Yeah.' He said, 'Well, where are they now? Aren't they supposed to save you?' And I was sitting there, think- ing, 'All right. I know that was meant to be funny, but I'm not in the mood.' " Joke or not, April's having a reputation solely as a damsel in distress isn't something Turco would like to see the character keep. "I'm actually contracted to do the third film," she reveals. "I don't think they know for sure what they're going to do, but one of the things that I would love to do would be to get into the martial arts of it all and maybe get into more of the action sequences. That would be fun. I haven't seen it, but from what I understand, in the cartoon, April runs around with a gun, the suit, and does a lot of the stuff with them. That wasn't the case with the film. I would have loved to, because I am athletic." However, Paige Turco remarks, "I think I could pass on the yellow jumpsuit." ■& Buried deep within everyone lies the source of mutant abilities. V. ', \" §£ '11* 'M Lt ft • • HHHT • * - VI hv * "H H % * • S ■• — S ■ •'•■ 1. »■• H i« - • r 1 "H i**ft . ft- ^"1 I'.-'i n ? i r"\ ? ■ •"J H-» i I »•< r-'H* '1 ■ •'J t .H.* * Hff 1 Li • ™ ' Hr - -1 1 ■ 1 ft.* ^ '^m.'t 0. ^^H Hh '-HH 4* tfllUftU .■ 1 o op M By MICHAEL WOLFF/II In the '50s, atomic radiation produced numerous movie mutations. ,OY ?£««£ ^ di The members of an Earth colony on another planet are threatened when one of their number is exposed to radioactive rain and changed into a telepathic murderer... A scientist, searching for odd tracks in a New Mexico desert near the first A-bomb test site, encounters an enormous ant... Presented as an institute for the education of "gifted children." a private New York school turns out to be a secret training center for young people possessed with superhuman abilities... Members of a small English community are shocked when all the local women of child-bearing age produce a group of mysterious blonde-haired children... The shadow of the Mutant has been spreading across the science-fiction universe for decades now. Admittedly, it's a seductive subject with which to speculate. A slight alteration in genetic structure could lead to anything from a moral fable denouncing racism to Tokyo being smashed by something large and primordial. A boy with green hair, a giant tarantula, a colony of people with special powers deep within New 56 STARLOG/Mav 1991 York City — the topic can be altered to supply a seemingly limitless array of plot devices and twists. All from one of the smallest facets of nature. It's tempting to assume that the rela- tionship between mutants and science fiction began with the atomic bomb. After all. the first one was exploded in 1945 and, seven years later (or about the time giant ants began tearing up New Mexico in Them!), James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the genetic code for DNA. But as difficult as it might seem to the average Japanese citizen fleeing the wrath of Godzilla, mutation has had a longer history both in fact and science fiction. In the late '20s, American biologist Hermann Muller was using X-rays on fruit flies to experiment with altering mutation rates. There's no evidence that Muller was eaten by a fly the size of Detroit, so it's natural to assume that nothing amiss happened. In the meantime, over in Europe. Henryk Green filmed Alraune in 1928, the tale of a scientist experimenting with the then-radical technology of artificial insemination (and creating an apparent mutation in the form of a woman without a soul). Recent discoveries in genetics have done little to water down the idea, as evidenced in the British mini- series First Born, based on Maureen Duffy's Gar Saga. Here, the story dealt with the experimental cross-breeding of man and ape. producing a creature that appears human, but who possesses certain unique characteristics. The term "mutant" often describes something which seems human, but which is different in some fundamental fashion. In science fiction, as in real life, the term has been bandied about far more broadly. A bit of definition is necessary. Mistakes? In science, a mutant is an organism which possesses inheritable characteristics different from those of its parents. This can happen because genetic material, or DNA, is composed of nucleotides which serve as the building blocks for each gene. The genes are "read." and from this reading, complete organisms can be created. Now. if something happens to alter the arrangement of nucleotides, then the gene can be "misread" (imagine a book with several of the pages rearranged). And if this misreading is carried on to the creation of an entire organism, then it's time to buy an enormous swatter because the giant fruit flies are going to start scratching at your window. Mutation isn't that rare an occurrence. Given the number of viable genes within an average human, the odds are good that we all carry at least two mutations apiece within us (think of that the next time your stomach growls menacingly or your skin moves of its own accord). The trick here is that it is difficult for a mutant gene to develop within an organism, or pass on its characteristics to an offspring, simply because the "pages" in its "book" are in disarray and the "reader" is scratching his head and putting it back on the shelf. So, why, if all of the above is true, are you sitting here watching Lori Nelson run from a three-eyed whatsit in Day the World Ended! Ignoring the fact that Nelson had her reasons, it must be pointed out that the survival rate of mutant genes (and, through them, mutant organisms) has increased in recent times due to such factors as exposure to medical X-rays, radioactive materials or certain chemicals. Environmental considerations can also play a part. The mutants of Total Recall had been human, but the extreme conditions of Mars forced the hand of nature. The fight for survival resulted in the colonists giving birth to creatures twisted by the body's attempts to produce something which could live in the rarefied atmosphere and increased solar radiation. Human DNA, driven against the wall of natural desperation, began to produce wild variations on a theme as it sought some- thing that would survive. Some mutants' psychic powers may have been the result of DNA seeking methods by which people on Mars could easily communicate (the reduced air pressure making speech impractical). Mars dictator Cohaagen was certainly a criminal, but he also lacked vision. A more careful application of colonial life-support conditions could have resulted in the eventual birth of true Martians. Mutation can sometimes be induced by more exotic methods. A favorite method in those cities beyond The Outer Limits was hypersonic bombardment, as seen in the episodes "The Sixth Finger" and "The Chameleon." The idea was that genetic nu- cleotides could be favorably rearranged and accelerated by the introduction of controlled levels of sound. This would, by the way, in- volve some extremely careful technology, as a sonic bombardment powerful enough to alter the nucleotide chain could also shatter the living cells in which the genetic material resided. David McCallum in "The Sixth Finger" was braver than he thought: one misstep in the design of Edward Mulhare's machine would have resulted in McCallum being reduced to a pool of protoplasmic slime. The process would have also had to have been very selective. Contrary to what is commonly believed, the vast majority of DNA within a human genome isn't "read" at all in an organism's development. If DNA is a "book," it's a reference volume, and only selected readings need be consulted in order to produce a human being. The other chapters quietly lie there for the most part, waiting for a casual reader in the form of excessive ultraviolet radiation or toxic waste. A strand of DNA, unlike your standard reference work, carries large sections which could easily tum into horror stories. Among the "casual readers" were Strother Martin in SSSSSSS, and Donald Pleasence in The Mutations, both of whom Monsters? Nature will mutate genes in her own sweet time, through random errors in copying DNA material from one generation to another, or through changes in the environment. Nature has to do this sort of thing, else we would still be sniffing under rocks for our dinner and dragging knuckles along the ground. But this process can take billions of years and, when you're trying to feed the hungry, eliminate disease, take over the world or come up with a plot for a low- budget movie, you start looking for ways to They're just a couple of mutants sitting around noshing pizza. decided that the way to succeed lay in cross- breeding (a belief similar to the concepts illustrated in First Born and Alraune). Martin was attempting to cross a human with a cobra, and he arguably had an easier job of it than Pleasence. who was trying to create a human-plant hybrid. All Martin had to do was take the genetic codes for humans and cobras, and create a third strand of DNA which would contain an operational mixture of both. Pleasence. on the other hand, was cov- ering a much wider territory. Humans and snakes, while certainly different in ap- pearance, at least have the virtue of pos- sessing similarities in things like cell structure, blood and muscular systems. Crossing a human with a plant calls for finding a way to mingle two radically unre- lated genetic codes. Martin could concen- trate on nucleotide formations; Pleasence had to go further, down to the very molecu- lar level, altering the substances used to form nucleotides and devising an entirely alien genome. He succeeded, creating a life form which was neither plant nor human, but a careful combination of the two. Turtles Character: Trademark & Copyright 1991 Mirage Studios short-cut the process. Enter atomic radiation, the darling of many a '50s genre film. It popped up in Tarantula when Leo G. Carroll used an isotope to create a synthetic nutrient. It worked as a mutagenic substance, radically altering growth hormones in animals. Not only did Carroll provide the world with a wonderful new food source, he managed to increase the giant murderous spider population of the American Southwest by a factor of one. An accident. Could happen to anyone. The real trouble began when atomic and nuclear weapons were detonated throughout the globe. It was bad enough when the explosions revived prehistoric mantises and rhedosaurL.what made matters worse was when some creatures received a mutagenic dose of radiation, thus altering an already tense situation. Godzilla was a large member of the saurischia order of dinosaurs (family and genus still undetermined due to those MICHAEL J. WOLFF, STARLOG's Interplanetary Correspondent, examined aspects of Frankenstein in issue #164. STARLOG/Mav 1991 57 pesky spines on his back); radiation provided him with a fiery breath. Bomb testing also altered the "electric paleosaurus" (a variety of pateosaurus) of The Giant Behemoth, making the creature's defensive electric discharge radioactive in nature. In both cases, the mutagenic effects were felt in the creature's body cells, bringing about rapid changes throughout certain organs which produced the new lethal abilities. Why this rapid cellular activity didn't kill the host creature is a matter for speculation. Rapid mutation of body cells in living things is, unfortunately, an all-too- common occurrence. In most cases, it's referred to as cancer. If bomb blasts could make a deadly creature deadlier, then they could also make a dangerous menace out of a previously harmless life form. Sometimes this happens despite nature's built-in safeguards. Much has been made of how the giant ants of Them! would have been impossible due to the Inverse Cube Law of size vs. weight. Certainly, the Inverse Cube Law was an enormous comfort to James Whitmore as he flame-throwed his way through the sewers beneath Los Angeles. A careful autopsy of one of the ants (barbecued or otherwise) might have proven worthwhile. Structural and material mutations may have come to light which might have made sense. The relationship between animals and radiation continues to this day. The acci- dental release of irradiated chemical wastes into the sewers of New York have given rise to some recent incidents involving a rat and four turtles who have somehow ac- quired human characteristics through a sud- den mutagenic change. Along with a propensity for Oriental martial arts, these adolescent mutant turtles have also some- how gained a ravenous appetite for pizza. The implications of this phenomenon can be frightening, especially when one con- siders the disturbing coincidence between the proliferation of atomic wastes and the increased number of pizza parlors. (And, if the exploits of Daredevil and Spider-Man are any indication, exposure to a mutating dose of radiation also brings about an uncontrollable desire to wear skin-tight costumes. Fashion experts take note.) The ants of Them! provide an example of a successful mutation in that the mutant characteristics (i.e. enormous size^ plus whatever internal changes made it possible for the beasts to exist at that level) were passed on to the offspring. Here, however, we must be careful of our definitions. The original oversized ants could be correctly classified as mutations. Their offspring, on the other hand, would not be considered mutants since they are true descendents. This matter of definition is an important one. Concerning Beauty & the Beast, it would be incorrect to class Vincent as a mutant until more is revealed about his parents. It would be equally incorrect to label his child as a mutant simply for the fact that so little is known about Vincent's fc£ species in general (if Vincent is, indeed, part of a species and not a one-time affair, in which case he would be a mutant). The fact that the child appears human simply indicates that Vincent and Catherine could produce a stable hybrid, and that Catherine's genetic code was dominant. A final determination can't really be made until after the child reaches puberty as mutant genes could lie dormant until then. Remember that no one is born an adult. Genes can be activated or suppressed by certain proteins, and these proteins are affected by hormones such as those which appear during puberty. That explains why the vast majority of mutants within the universe of Marvel Comics didn't acquire their superhuman traits until the onset of puberty (that's as- suming that Nightcrawler was born blue and furry). The genetic code for these people, although mutated, remained dormant throughout their formative years, becoming active only as they entered their early teens. Relatively few of the Marvel mutants have had a chance to produce offspring, so it becomes difficult to determine if they can be classed as successful mutations until we see whether or not their children acquire any of their characteristics. Of the few who've had children, Magneto emerges as the most successful mutation since he has passed on his psionic potential to his offspring (who manifest it in different fashions). It should be noted, however, that the line might be a dead-end since Magneto's granddaughter, Luna, was apparently born "normal" without the family's psionic potential (and, ironically, this makes her more of a mutant than her parents). Comic book mutants generally tend to point out the unpredictability of mutation. Successful physical characteristics tend to be that way because they contribute to the organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Having wings or the ability to control chemical reactions is all very nice, but from a human viewpoint, such abilities are a bit frivolous. A human being isn't going to be a more successful creature simply because he can store and project cosmic radiation. Masters? The stories in Marvel Comics have often pointed out another aspect of mutation as it applies to humans: the fear and distrust which so-called "normal" people have for mutants (or at least those with visible characteristics). This bigotry is a common theme throughout SF. The Space: 1999 episode "Mission of the Darians" featured a barbarian race which eliminated all people judged to be mutants. A.E. van Vogt's classic novel Slan tells of a future where humans work to exterminate a race of mu- tations whose only crime is that they're stronger, smarter and telepathic. The mutants of Olaf Stapledon's Odd John are not as numerous as the Slan, but they're eventually driven to establish a hiding place on a Pacific island, fearing destruction or ex- ploitation at human hands. (continued on page 75) 58 STARLOG/Mav 1991 NEW FROM NOW AVAILABLE ON COMPACT DISC FOR THE FIRST TIMEII m m e o m o ■ MUSIC FROM THE ORIGINAL TELEVISION SCORES £-/u\^: ^A^V^" GNPD 8022 STAR TR£K II: THE WRATH OF KHAN ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK CASSETTE: 8:98 COMPACT DISC: 16:95 GNPD 8023 STAR TRSK III: THS SEARCH FOR SPOCK ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8024 AUBtt mWrn-THE SERIES MUSIC FROM THE ORIGINAL TV SCORES CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 1 6.95 SI8KWM THEHANDfflAID'ST4LE SNPD B00S-AWARD WINNER STAR TREK- DRIGINAL TV SOUNDTRACK HE CAGE/WHERE NO MAN 5 GONE BEFORE ' OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8010 STAR TREK SOUND EFFECTS SOUND FX FROM THE ORIGINAL TV SERIES LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8012 STAR TREK-THE NEXT GENERATION • ENCOUNTER AT FARPOINT LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 PR-D-001 FORBIDDEN PLANET ORIGINAL MGM SOUNDTRACK LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8020 THE HANDMAID'S TALE ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 3NPD 2128-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 1 dudes: Alien, Superman, Close Encounters, Outer Umits, One Step Beyond, Star Trek, Black Hole, onraker, Phantom Planet, Journey To The Seventh Galaxy, Space: 1999, Godzilla, The Day The Earth Stood Still, Star Wars, Battlestar Galactica, 2001 • 1 8 in all. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2133-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 2 dudes: Empire Strikes Back, Buck Rogers, Time Tunnel, Dark Star, Star Trek-The Motion Picture, March f the Lizard Men, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Twilight Zone, Vampire Planet, Doctor Who, Sinbad nd the Eye of the Tiger, Daughter of the Lesser Moon, The Adventures of Supermen and More."Explosive"(Billboard Magazine) LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2163-GREATEST SCIENCE FICTION HITS 3 dudes: E.T., War of the Worlds, Lost in Space 1 & 2, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Blade Runner, Rash on, The Thing, Return of the Jedi, The Prisoner, UFO, Space 1999 2, Angry Red Planet, Land of the Giants and More. "A potent line-up"(Starlog Magazine) LP OR CASSETTE: 8.88 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SNPD 2146-MUSIC FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Wonderful space-age electronic music from the most gifted futurists of the audio spectrum. Includes music yTangerine Dream, Don Preston, Steve Roach, Alex Cima.Neil Norman and more. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 GNPD 2166-SECRET AGENT FILE Includes: Reilly, Ace of Spies, Octopussy, I Spy, The Rockford Files, Casino Royale, James Bond Theme, Man from U.N.C.LE., 007 theme, You Only Live Twice, Goldfinger Ipcress File and more. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8018-FRID/W THE 13TH: THE SERIES Music from the Original Television Scores. Over 70 minutes of music. LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 GNPD 8008-THE TIME MACHINE-Original Motion Picture Score LP OR CASSETTE: 8.98 COMPACT DISC: 16.95 SCIENCE FICTION SINGLES 1.98 Each (45 rpm record Only) GNPS 81 3-STAR WARS/RE-ENTRY GNPS 828-WAR OF THE WORLDS/E.T.-LOST IN SPACE 1 ,2 GNPS 820-MOONRAKER/JOURNEY TO THE 7TH GALAXY GNPS 833-INDIANA JONES/LAND OF THE GIANTS-SPACE: 1999 II GNPS 831 -REiLLYACE OF SPIES/CANNON IN D LP CASSETTE CD. QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL CANADA-S3.00 Per Unit Postage & Shipping FOREIGN-S5.02 Per Unit Pay this amount Send Cash, Check or Money Order to: STARLOG 475 Park Ave. South New York, NY 10016 NAME ADDRESS PHONE Please allow 4-8 weeks for delivery. Foreign orders send U.S. funds only Don't want to cut magazine? Write order on any plain piece of paper. VIOEOLOG GHOSTS & CENIES Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg star in Ghost, just out from Paramount Home Video in VHS HiFi stereo. Packaged in a special ghostly white cassette shell, Ghost is priced for the rental market with a $100 retail tag. Beta users, however, are the lucky ones, since they can purchase this Jerry Zucker-directed hit for only $29.95; a laserdisc release will follow. Produced by Walt Disney Animation (France) and released under the new "Disney Movietoons" banner, DuckTales: The Movie— Treasure of the Lost Lamp was truly an international effort, with animators, artists and camera crews working in England, Spain, France, the U.S. and China. Based on the character created by famed Disney artist Carl Barks in 1947, this is Scrooge McDuck's very first full-length animated feature. Always in search of riches, and the more exotic the better, Scrooge and the boys are in search of the mysterious buried trea- sure of legendary thief Collie Baba. Producer/director Bob Hathcock, who has been responsible for about a third of the episodes on the DuckTales TV series, began as an assistant animator at Hanna-Barbera in 1968, before forming his own company, Incredible Films Inc.; he has been associated with such series as The Jetsons and The Smurfs. The DuckTales feature film was de- signed to draw on the rich pool of existing European talent, many of whom had con- tributed to the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit. With the production centered in a suburb of Paris, Paul and Gaetan Brizzi — identical twins, who are well known for their ani- mated Asterix series — assembled a team of 110 artists from Denmark, Hungary, Spain, Ireland, England and Australia. In England, Disney's British studio with 80 artists under the guidance of sequence directors Clive Pallant and Vincent Woodcock, handled the opening and closing sequences. The enter- prise became even more global when it be- Believe. Ghost is on video. L came necessary to send the eels to China for painting; most of the camerawork was also done there. DuckTales: The Movie — Treasure of the Lost Lamp (mastered in digital video and audio) retails for the low price of $22.99 in VHS and Beta HiFi stereo surround sound, closed-captioned. A follow-up laserdisc is also planned. The screenplay is by Alan Burnett; the score, by David Newman. Home video versions of Star Trek: The Next Generation are now being marketed by Paramount for sale in the U.S. by mail order through Columbia House Video. The first season's two-part premiere ''Encounter at Farpoint" is priced at $4.95 with subsequent episodes issued every four to six weeks at $19.95 (plus shipping and handling). Based on the Marvel comics character, The Punisher, starring Dolph Lundgren and Louis Gossett Jr. finally makes its debut on video retailer's shelves this month as a rental title from LIVE Home Videoin VHS and Beta HiFi stereo. Despite its comic book origins, this is not one for the kiddies. Synthetic flesh! Sam Raimi's Darkman (STARLOG #158) is on the loose from MCA Universal Home Video in VHS and Beta, Dolby HiFi digital stereo surround sound. Also on CLV laserdisc. Sony continues to push its 8mm video format, most recently with a number of Touchstone titles including the live action fantasy Splash (1984) with Daryl Hannah as the adventuresome mermaid and the more recent animated musical The Little Mermaid. The new 8mm titles are recorded in standard HiFi stereo and the newer PCM stereo for- mat that has been appearing on 8mm equip- ment, such as the new Sony GV-300 Video Walkman. LIVE Home Video is offering Total Recall in 8mm, soon to be followed by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie and a Turtles animated episode "Super Rocksteady and Mighty BeBop." There are numerous classic adventures and recent releases now being sold at very reduced prices. Consider: Millennium, 7th The Punisher is finally hitting American streets (and they're hitting back). The comics-based action flick is on video. Voyage ofSinbad and Blade Runner priced less than $15 ; or The Ghost and Mrs. Muir and Charlton Heston and Jason Robards in Julius Caesar with Richard Chamberlain, Robert Vaughn, Diana Rigg and Sir John Gielgud — all this for less than $20 on video- cassette. What a bargain! The 1981 production of Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian has just laser-beamed into a new widescreen digital sound laserdisc, priced at $39.98; CLV on sides one and two, CAV on side three with chapter stops. MGM/UA Home Video is pushing ahead with plans to build their laserdisc inventory. Look for the Fredric March 1932 version of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde with the famous 17 minutes of previously censored material re- stored; or the sixth 007 adventure On Her Majesty's Secret Service in a deluxe widescreen edition including the original theatrical release trailer: Khartoum with Laurence Olivier, originally filmed in Ultra Panavision 70, now in widescreen laserdisc with the original theatrical trailer (sharp- eyed fans might recognize some of the battle sequences that appeared as stock footage on The Time Tunnel); or MGM's first CinemaScope film Knights of the Round Table with Robert Taylor as Arthur and Ava Gardner as Guinevere; or this treasure from deep in the MGM vaults: the original 1926 Vitaphone swashbuckling romance with John Barry more as Don Juan. Circuitry Man is set in the Los Angeles of the near future — a toxic wasteland whose people must now live underground. Humans, now outfitted with computer chip plugs on their skulls, vie for the latest circuitry. It stars Dana Wheeler-Nicholson, Vernon Wells (STARLOG #124) and Jim Metzler, and features a sharp cameo by Dennis Christopher as a scraggly cigar-chewing denizen of the decayed underground world. Circuitry Man is a VHS HiFi UltraStereo and laserdisc release from RCA/Columbia Home Video. As we go to press, Buena Vista Home Video has just anounced the release of the Disney animated version of Kipling's Jungle Book at a low sell-through price for May. —-David Hutchison STARLOG TRADING POSTi THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINES! STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION A permanent record of the voyages of the Starship ENTERPRISE! Definitive coverage of the continuing STAR TREK saga! Each volume is all-slick, all-color and packaged with exclusive interviews, detailed episode guides, behind the scenes photos, art & blueprints — PLUS spectacular pull-out posters! 1. Vol. 12 Marina Sirtis: The wild side of a Betazoid. . .Gates McFadden. . .FX secrets: How to beam up. . .Denise Crosby, Michael Dorn & Colm Meaney. $5.00 + postage 2. Vol. 11 LeVar Burton: Engineer in action. . .Jonathan Frakes. . .Year 3 missions. . . Eight fold-out pinups featuring Federation friends & foes! $5.00 + postage 3. Vol. 10 Wil Wheaton: Growing up on the Enterprise. . .Blueprints, designs & diagrams. . .Get to know the Borg! . . . Directing starship adventures. . . Four all-new third season posters! $5.00 + postage 4. Vol. 9 Gates McFadden returns. . . The final missions of Year 2. . .STAR TREK comics. . . The Dauphin, Wesley's alien love. . .Four all-new third season posters! $5.00 + postage 5. Vol. 8 Interview: Diana Muldaur. . . Synopses. . .2nd Season Blueprints & designs. . .Inside the STAR TREK novel, "Power Hungry". . .Four posters (in- cluding the Romuian & Ferengi ships). . . & more! $5.00 + postage 6. Vol. 7 Interview: Michael Dorn. . . 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Vol. 7 Interviews: George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, Mel Gibson, Sting, Leonard Nimoy, Kirstie Alley, Peter Davison, Anthony Daniels, Michael J. Fox, Ridley Scott, Ron Howard, Ar- nold Schwarzenegger, Rutger Hauer, Patrick Macnee, Daryl Hannah, Roddy McDowall, John Carpenter, John Badham. Only $3.95 + postage 42. Vol. 6 Interviews: Billy Dee Williams, Karen Allen, Buster Crabbe, Jane Badler, Jon Pertwee, Patrick Troughton, Michael ironside, Merritt Butrick, Frank Oz, Tina Turner, Rick Baker. GREMLINS, TER- MINATOR, GHOSTBUSTERS, GREATEST AMERICAN HERO episode guide. Only $3.95 + postage THE BEST OF 43. Vol. 5 Interviews: David Prowse, Deborah Harry, Tom Baker, Mark Hamill, Arnold Schwarzenegger. INDIANA JONES, BUCKAROO BANZAI, THE DAY AFTER, LAST STAR- FIGHTER, RIGHT STUFF. Plus: all-new STAR TREK Blooper Album & more! Only $3.95 + postage 44. Vol. 4 Interviews: William Shatner, Roger Moore, Steven Spielberg, Kurt Russell, Mark Hamill, Christopher Lee, Ray Bradbury, Anthony Daniels, John Carpenter, Ridley Scott, June Lockhart. E.T., BLUE THUNDER, STAR TREK II FX. $5.95 + postage Interviews: Harlan Ellison, William Shatner, Steven Spielberg, Philip K. Dick, Douglas Adams. BLADE RUN- NER, RAIDERS, THIS ISLAND EARTH, DR. WHO. $5.95 + postage 46. Vol. 2 Interviews: Harrison Ford, Gene Roddenberry, Lome Greene, Joe Haldeman & Lou Ferrigno. STAR TREK: TMP, RAIDERS and DR. WHO. $5.95 + postage __™ M ™«^ 47. Vol. 1 Interviews: Mark Hamill, Har- rison Ford, Leonard Nimoy, Tom Baker, Buster Crabbe, Steven Spielberg, Nicholas Meyer & George Pat. THE THING (1951), ALIEN, STAR WARS. $5.95 + postage COMICS SPECTACULAR SPECTACULAR WIN FREE >. ' t f«;3?fS .% ■■■Y-Nr ""1 48. Vol. 3 8 amazing comics posters, each measuring 16" x 22", plus 2 super cover fold-outs! Interviews with Brian Bolland, Iwao Takamoto, Lewis Shiner. THE FLASH THE JETSONS BLACK PANTHER MUTANT NINJA TURTLES GREEN HORNET CAPTAIN AMERICA ALPHA FLIGHT ROGER RABBIT AKIRA WARREN BEATTY as Dick Tracy Only $3.95 + postage 49. Vol. 2 8 incredible comics posters, each measuring 16" x 22", plus 2 super cover fold-outs! Interviews with Todd McFarlane, Pepe Moreno & Gerard Christopher. WARREN BEATTY as Dick Tracy MUTANT NINJA TURTLES THE SIMPSONS SPIDER-MAN SUPERBOY THE LITTLE MERMAID CAPTAIN AMERICA JETSONS meet FLINTSTONES Death of THE HULK DIGITAL JUSTICE Only $3.95 + postage 50. Vol. 1 8 giant-size posters, each measuring 16" x22", plus 2 super cover fold-outs! Inter- views with Stan Lee, Adam West, Roy Disney. Plus: BAT- MAN movie prop secrets! MICHAEL KEATON & JACK NICHOLSON as Batman & The Joker THE BATMOBILE ADAM WEST & BURT WARD as Batman & Robin ROGER RABBIT TALES FROM THE CRYPT SUPERBOY THE HULK & DAREDEVIL THE PUNISHER SWAMP THING Only $3.95 + postage Official Movie Magazine TERMINATOR 2 JUDGMENT DAY The Action Packed Science Fiction Thriller 51 . The making of the film! with Arnold Schwarzenegger; the World's favorite action hero... with Linda Hamilton, who created the role of Sarah Connor in the original Terminator and went on to star in TV's Beauty & the Beastl... with director and co- author James Cameron, director of the original Terminator, ALIENS and The Abyss. Behind-the-Scenes! Amazing special effects from Industrial Light & Magic! All the excitement of the Story! Exclusive interviews! Color Photos! Only $4.95 + postage CUSTOM-MADE SLIPCASES Protect your valuable collection! 52. These sturdy slipcases each hold a full year of STARLOG back issues plus annual specials. Made of rein- forced board, covered with royal blue leather-like material, with silver-stamped logo and FREE SILVER FOIL for handy identification of each box. Only $7.95 + 53. Order 3 and SAVE! 3 for $21.95 + postage. 54. Order 6 and SAVE MORE! 6 for $39.95 + postage. 1 U.S.S. ENTERPRISE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ OFFICER'S MANUAL STARLOG TRADING POST ^BATTLESTAR GALACTIC* OFFICIAL BLUEPRINTS U.S.S. ENTERPRISE OFFICER'S MANUAL 55. Geoffrey Mandel, author of the Start leet Medical Reference and Doug Drexler, one of fandom's leading artists, have collaborated to produce the most lavish, detailed and exciting STAR TREK book ever— U.S.S. Enter- prise Officer's Manual. $12.95 + postage SPACE SHIP BLUEPRINTS SHIPS oj mii STAR FLEET 10 Blueprints— The Command Deck, Shuttlecraft Viper and 7 more! 8 3 /4" x 30"! Supply limited! First come, first served! Each set only $7.95 + postage ENTERPRISE BRIDGE BLUEPRINTS 57. 10 accurate 17" x 22" blueprints of the primary bridge. Shows every button of every station and their func- tion. Only $10.95 + postage £88 ENDEAVOR > i "S^iiS; v>'j Oat Hmv Ouom * • 58. "The ultimate reference book about Star Fleet." Printed on high-quality paper in an extra- large 9"x12" format, this book has more than 70 superdetail starship drawings, with multi- pie views of each class and complete construction data for every ship! Also included is a special section on the Belknap-ciass strike cruisers on oversize 9"x18" fold-out sheets. Plus, a brief history of each class and background information on the Constitu- tion, Tikopai, Endeavor, Daran & Cyane classes and many more! "You couldn't ask for more in a starship technical reference!" Only $24.95 + postage 59. Comparison Chart II Federation Size Comparison Chart II is a sequel to the popular Federation Size Com- parison Chart. This two-sheet (each 22" x 26") blueprint set features top and profile views of eight starships, including the Enterprise, Avenger, Belknap and Kltngon destroyer K'teremny, plus four others! Only $6.00 + postage 60. U.S.S. Decatur U.S.S. Decatur Prototype Test Starship is a 23" x 29" blueprint printed on beautiful goldenrod-colored paper with side, top and front views, a dreadnought variation and an abundance of info. Statistical data also included for Enter- prise and Constitution classes. Only $3.00 + postage 61. Reliant Development Chart A huge, 24" x 36" poster-size blueprint detailing the evolu- tion of the starship Reliant. It features the Coventry, Destroyat, Surya and Ptolemy classes, their NCC numbers, a detailed history and the Reliant pictured In the background. Only $3.00 + postage 12. 13. 15. 16. 18. 19. _ STAR TREK: NEXT 20. GENERATION #12 $5 _ STAR TREK: NEXT 21. GENERATION #11 $5 _ STAR TREK: NEXT 22. GENERATION #10 $5 _ STAR TREK: NEXT 23. 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Total Amount enclosed: $ Send cash, check or money order payable to: STARLOG PRESS 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH , NEW YORK, NY 10016 NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. BY PETER BLOCH-HANSEN With ELYSE DICKENSON Here 's a b attle-by-battle summary of E arth' s alien warfare. PRfflMIl The 1953 invaders who began the War of the Worlds were apparently stopped by fatal bacteria. Thousands of them were stored in barrels. Dr. Clayton Forrester headed the US government's unsuccessful, secret study of their bodies and technology. He adopted orphaned Harrison Blackwood, and educated him as an astrophysicist. Collective amnesia had persuaded the popu- lace to forget the invasion, explaining why Sylvia van Buren (played by Ann Robinson, reprising her i953 film role) was committed to a mental institute for insisting the aliens would return. Still sensitive to them, she has break- downs when they move. The aliens are not dead. Radioactivity kills the bacteria, allowing them to function, as long as they remain radioactive. Through a process of cell phase-matching, they can inhabit human beings, retaining all their memories, but the hu- man bodies suffer radiation sickness, showing ugly sores. When aliens die, they dissolve. Always functioning in threes, they depend for leadership on a tripartite Advocacy. Executive producers: Greg Strangis & Sam Strangis. Producer; Jonathan Hackett. Music: Billy Thorpe. Production design: Gavin Mitchell. Creative consultant: Herbert Wright Script consultant: Tom Lazarus, Alien prosthetics: Bill Sturgeon. Executive-in-charge-of-production: Bob Wertheimer. Regular Cast: Dr. Harrison Blackwood: Jared Martin: Dr. Suzanne McCullough: Lynda Mason Green; Lt. Colonel Paul Ironhorse: Richard Chaves; Norton Drake: Philip Akin; Debi McCullough: Rachel Blanchard. Note: Advocates #1: Richard Comar; #2: Use Van Glatz; #3: Michael Rudder unless otherwise indicated. "The Resurrection" (Pilot) Parti Airdate: 10/7/88 Writer: Greg Strangis. Director: Colin Chilvers. Episode Guide Guest Cast: Moussoud: Frank Pellegrino; General Wilson: John Vernon; Charlotte: Gwynyth Walsh. Terrorists attack Fort Jericho, a nuclear waste storage dump. Aliens stored there awaken and "possess" the terrorists. With hundreds of their brethren, they travel in a tractor-trailer to Kellogue USAF Base, where three of their war machines (as seen in the 1953 George Pal docu- mentary film) are stored. At the New Pacific Institute, microbiologist Suzanne McCullough joins Dr. Harrison Blackwood and computer expert Norton Drake to search for extraterrestrials. Norton intercepts an alien radio transmission from Fort Jericho. Harrison and Suzanne rush there. They meet Lt. Colonel Paul Ironhorse. Seeing the broken bar- rels, Harrison realizes the aliens are alive. He tells Suzanne about the '53 invasion. She takes him to her uncle, General Wilson, who seems unconvinced. Ironhorse and his troops pursue the "terrorists." "The Resurrection" Part 2 Guest Cast: Orel: Desmond Ellis; Martin Neufeld; Teal: Ric Sarabia. Finney: Following Norton's radio intercepts, Harrison and Suzanne rush to a country farm- house, meeting Ironhorse. His Delta Squad assaults the "terrorists" inside but are all killed or possessed by the aliens, who escape, establishing their HQ in an abandoned underground nuclear testing site in Nevada. General Wilson gives Harrison government backing, a secret base called the Cottage and Ironhorse as watchdog/liaison. Norton's inter- cepts lead the team to Kellogue to destroy the alien war machines located there. Barely ahead of Ironhorse's possessed soldiers, they plant explosives inside the machines and flee. The explosives destroy the pursuing machines. (Initially, "The Resurrection" ran as the series' two-hour premiere.) "The Walls of Jericho" Airdate: 10/14/88 Writer: Forrest Van Buren. (Pseudonym) Director: Colin Chilvers. Guest Cast: General Wilson: John Vernon; Mrs. Pennyworth: Corrine Conley; Kensington: Larry Reynolds. With no recent alien activity, Ironhorse be- lieves them neutralized. General Wilson an- nounces the project terminated. The advocates are dying from their cave HQ's radiation. They steal plastic fabric for pro- tective suits but need a coolant. A police report of a "melted" thief at a liquid nitrogen coolant factory leads Harrison and Ironhorse, disguised as safety inspectors, to discover that aliens have possessed the factory workers. Returning after dark, they're discov- ered and fight their way out. The Blackwood Project is renewed, but the Advocates live on. "Thy Kingdom Come" Airdate: 10/21/88 Writer: Herbert Wright. Director: Winrich Kolbe. Guest Cast: Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson; Alien Hunter: Alar Aedma. From the Cottage, Dr. Harrison Blackwood (Jared Martin), Lt. Col. Paul Ironhorse {Richard Chaves), Dr. Suzanne McCuIfough {Lynda Mason Green) and Norton Drake (Philip Akin) continue a battie begun in 1953. Sylvia tells Harrison and Ironhorse that aliens are on the loose in northern Montana. Aliens possess prison hockey players, then a vacationing family. The team follows their transmissions to a Canadian army base where the gate guards have been killed. The team members are arrested but escape. The aliens lo- cate others stored in a lake on the base and re- vive them, possessing many soldiers in the in- terim. Using explosives, the team drops a power line into the lake, electrocuting many aliens, but other aliens escape. "A Multitude of Idols'* Airdate: 10/28/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: Meill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Eiyse: Michele Scarabeili. Aliens steal two truckloads of nuclear waste from the government. Eiyse Conway (Michele Scarabeili. later of Alien Nation}, a reporter covering nuclear waste transport, tapes them. From a copy of her tape, the team learns about the stolen trucks. Via TV news choppers. Eiyse locates the stolen trucks in an abandoned town, \ CA. Following Defense Department photos, the team goes to Beeton. liens are decanting hundreds of their brethren Ironhorse leads Delta Squad into an alien-infested town, only to discover that there's no one there in "A Multitude of Idols." and possessing humans they have lured there. Discovered, the team flees, returning with troops, but the aliens have already gone with a thousand new soldiers. "Eye for an Eye'" Airdate: 1 1/04/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: Mark Sobel. Guest Cast: Flannery: Jeff Corey; Harvey: John Ireland. General Wilson, discovering that Orson Welles' 1938 War of the Worlds radio invasion was real, sends the team to Grover's Mills, New Jersey to investigate. They question a few veter- ans; Welles* broadcast was a government cover- up of the real invasion. Nearby, aliens unearth an immobilized war machine. Warned by veteran Flannery, Ironhorse sees the aliens mounting the war- ship's death ray onto a hearse. He diverts the aliens to Harrison and Norton who have con- structed a parabolic mirror which reflects the death ray back, destroying the aliens. "The Second Seal" Airdate: 11/11/88 Writer: Patrick Barry. Director: Neill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Lt. Amanda Burke: Lynne Griffin: General Masters: Greg Morris. While examining Dr. Forrester's papers in an underground vault, Harrison and Suzanne dis- cover an alien crystal. Its narcotic effects ham- per them in battle with alien-possessed soldiers searching for a list of where 10,000 comatose aliens are stored. Ironhorse. alerted by Norton, fights through to Harrison and Suzanne as they evade alien demolition charges in the vaults. Ironhorse shoots an alien escaping around a corner, apparently with the list. Do the aliens have it? "Goliath Is My Name" Airdate: 11/18/88 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Robert Parkins: James Kee; Jefferson: Eric Bruskotter. At Ohio Polytech, during a fantasy version of a laser tag-like game set in the college's un- derground tunnels, student Robert Parkin's, a former associate of Suzanne's, is killed by aliens attempting to steal lethal "Y Fever" from a campus lab. The team arrives to investigate. One of Parkins' teammates, possessed by the aliens, is infected with Y Fever. Frenzied, forgetting his alien identity, he disappears with two vials of Y Fever toxin, resuming the stu- dents' game. The team discovers the break-in and searches the runnels for him. The aliens also search until Ironhorse kills them. Harrison, entering the game, tricks the alien/student into the lab where he's destroyed. "To Heal the Leper" Airdate: 11/25/88 Writer: David Tynan. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson: Scott: Kim Coates; Beth: Guylaine St. Onge: Leo: Paul Boretski. Needing medicine for a sick Advocate, the aliens steal human brains. Their transmissions stop. Everyone except Harrison concludes that the aliens have gone. He links the brain thefts to alien activity. Sylvia's strange drawings lead Harrison to a power plant where the aliens, pro- cessing the brains in a crystalline device, cure the Advocate and then leave. "The Good Samaritan" Airdate: 12/31/88 Writer: Sylvia Clayton. (Pseudonym) Director: Warren Davis. Guest Cast: Alien Commander: Michael Kramer: Marcus Mason: Alex Cord; Terri: Lori Hallier; Franklin: Warren Davis. To learn more about designing a radiation- proof bacteria that might kill aliens. Suzanne contacts wealthy businessman Marcus Mason. whose corporation will profit from new grain capable of ending world hunger. Offered information for sexual favors. Suzanne refuses, but is nevertheless granted a tour of his lab. The aliens develop a lethal spore. They pos- sess Mason and infect his grain with it. Suzanne steals a sample of the tainted grain, discovering the spore. Monitoring transmissions. Norton STARLOG/May 7997 links Mason's company dockyard with the aliens. Posing as Department of Agriculture in- spectors. Harrison and Ironhorse battle aliens aboard the wheat ship until the alienated Mason jumps overboard. The shipments have been stopped, but the aliens still have the spores. "Epiphany" Airdate: 1/7/89 Writer: Sylvia van Buren (obviously a pseudonym). Director: Neill Feamley. Guest Cast: Katia: Deborah Wakeham; Valery Kerov: Patrick Macnee: Policeman: David Ferry. Planning to incite thermonuclear war, the aliens build a nuclear bomb and plant it in a stolen van parked near a US/USSR disarmament summit. Meanwhile, Harrison brings home Katia, a former lover and a USSR negotiating team member who wants to defect. The bomb is dis- covered. The USSR blames the USA, which refuses to allow Katia's defection, due to the sensitive disarmament talks. Harrison tells Katia about the aliens among us. Katia, a bomb expert, disarms the bomb and returns to Russia to lead the anti-alien effort there. "Among the Philistines" Airdate: 11/14/89 Writer: Patrick Barry. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Dr. Adrian Bouchard: Cedric Smith: Kensington: Larry Reynolds. The team meets Dr. Adrian Bouchard, a lan- guage expert who has partially decoded the alien transmissions. The" team takes him to the Cottage to help Norton. They make good progress: A new transmission indicates an im- minent alien operation. Leaving Norton and Adrian behind, the others hurry with Delta Squad to stop the aliens. Norton discovers that Adrian is an alien in- filtrator. Adrian kills Kensington. Norton res- cues Debi but is trapped in the lab with Adrian, who has copied all the team's computer data. "Choirs of Angels" Airdate: 1/21/89 Writer: Dumford King. Director: Herbert Wright. Guest Cast: Dr. Eric Von Deer: Jan Rubes: Alien Soldiers: John Novak. Alex Carter, Heidi von Palleske; Billy Carlos: Billy Thorpe. David Calderisi assumes the role of Advocate #1. Aliens use taped music with an addictive implant to hypnotize biologist Dr. Von Deer into developing a serum against Earth's bacte- ria. Suzanne arrives to study cell phase-match- ing with Von Deer. Harrison, given a copy of the tape, succumbs to the "embed" and becomes irrational, siding with the aliens. Meanwhile. Suzanne, suspicious of Von Deer's odd behavior, subdues him. discovers his serum and alerts Norton and Ironhorse. Harrison, deprived of the music, recovers. Norton destroys Von Deer's computer records. Suzanne poisons the serum with ammonia. The aliens give up the project. "Dust to Dust" Airdate: 1/28/89 Writer: Richard Krzemien. • Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Grace Lonetree: Robin Sewell: Joseph Lonetree: Ivan Naranjo: Bureau of Indian Affairs Officer: Eric Schweia. During the first season, the conflict wasn't only with the aliens, as Ironhorse and Blackwood often disagreed. Indian spirits are summoned to combat the aliens in "Dust to Dust." The first season episodes were very fond of Biblical titles. A grave robber steals an ancient mask bear- ing a triangular crystal from an American Indian burial ground. From a newscast, the aliens rec- ognize the crystal as a warship starter while the team realizes the crystal is beyond the Indians' technological skill. After failing to persuade the grave robber to return the mask, the tribe's shaman, Joseph, is driven to the reservation by Ironhorse. Aliens kill the grave robber take the crystal and locate the warship on the reservation. Warned by Norton, Suzanne and Harrison race to the area. The aliens activate the buried warship. Joseph, guided by Indian spirits, summons a powerful storm, destroying the warship. "He Feedeth Among the Lilies" Airdate: 2/4/89 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George Bloomfield. Guest Cast: Karen McKinney: Cynthia Belliveau. Alien experiments on humans to combat Earth bacteria fail in the cavern's radiation. The aliens abduct humans, implant a device in their bodies and "harvest" them six months later for study. Meanwhile, the team interviews people who've encountered aliens. They meet Karen McKinney who, for several months, has suffered debilitating nightmares about 10 missing hours in her life. She and Harrison begin a romance. Under hypnosis, Karen reveals that she was abducted by creatures who placed something in her body. When Harrison explains about the aliens, she agrees to tests to find the implant. That night. Harrison rushes to her apartment but finds Karen gone, abducted by the aliens. "The Prodigal Son" Airdate: 2/1 1/89 Teleplay: Herbert Wright. Story: Patrick Barry. Director: George McGowan. Guest Cast: Quinn: John Colicos. In a human body immune to Earth bacteria, the alien army's supreme commander has sur- vived since '53, becoming famous as the hermit artist Quinn. Now, the Advocacy wants to dis- sect him to discover his secret. In New York to secretly brief the UN Security Council on the aliens, Harrison is cap- tured by Quinn. Three million aliens will soon arrive. Harrison must tell the UN that if they ac- cept Quinn as Earth's ruler, Quinn wiii save 10 percent of humanity. Suzanne and Ironhorse find a message from Harrison at Quran's studio, warning that Quinn is an alien. The aliens infiltrate Ironhorse's se- curity force at the UN, cornering Quinn and Harrison. When Harrison saves them both, Quinn frees him and disappears. "The Meek Shall Inherit" Airdate: 2/1 1/89 Writer: D.C, Fontana. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Molly Stone: Diana Reis; Sylvia van Buren: Ann Robinson; Sgt. Coleman: Norah Grant: Advocate #2: Michael Kramer; Advocate #3: Martin Neufeld. An alien triad is sent to hijack a transport truck containing a needed power source. They are seen possessing three homeless men by Molly Stone, a vagrant from the hospital where Sylvia lives. Sensing nearby alien activity. Sylvia has an "episode." To warn Harrison, she escapes with Molly. Hearing of her escape, Harrison searches for her with Suzanne, finally going to a trucking yard where vagrants receive handouts. Sylvia and Molly are there, as are the aliens, awaiting : the truck. They possess Moiiy. The iruck ar- rives. As the aliens move. Ironhorse and his Omega Squad arrive and kill them all. STARLOG/May 1991 ^Hr^jHf^liijM^H Hf ^r ">^^3 Ml"" — "™~lfll The heroes lake a K^jj^BBHf Jf "^ * : i harsh blow in the Hfe Wj9FLiHR\|Vfl ^P w second season as ■ZM — JHj ^B ^^r ; ^ft they gain a new ally, mercenary John Kincaid {Adrian Paul), but "*""" " ^K ^» ^». ^r lose two friends. ■ ; J5g lp.^^.sJ — :^\| "Unto Us a Child Is Born" Airdate: 2/25/89 Writer: David Braff. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: First Alien: Brent Carver; Nancy Salvo: Amber-Lea Watson: Alien Babies: •Jonathan & Brandyn Ursini; Alien Chiid: Mark Pair. John Ferguson. To escape capture, an aiien possesses a pregnant woman and is rushed to the hospital in labor. Guided by Norton's computers, the team goes to the hospital. Ironhorse deploys his squad throughout the hospital to defend the chiid who grows quickly to adulthood and gets loose, killing several people. The triad infiltrates the hospital to cap- ture the ehiid but when the mother/a Hen decides to reabsorb; it to recover her lost strength, her partners kill her and are then killed by Ironhorse. Harrison finds the child who ages rapidly and dies, revealing a normal human child inside. The baby is given to its grandparents, who are revealed to be aliens. "The Last Supper' Airdate: 3/11/89 Writer: Tom Lazarus. Director: George McCowan. Guest Cast: Dr. Argochev: Colm Feore; Gabriel Morales: Efrain Figuerola; Dr. Soo Tak: James Hong. Note: Advocate #1: Use Von Glatz; #2: Rick Sarabia; #3: Michael Copeman. To plan a world defense against the aliens. the team, in a site secured by Ironhorse for a weekend, briefs representatives from several countries. They're hampered by international tensions. The aliens locate them and attack, breaking through Ironhorse s defense. One dele- gate proves to be an alien, but is destroyed. Ironhorse defeats the aliens with a clever but desperate strategy. "Vengeance Is Mine" Airdate: 4/22/89 Writer: Arnold Margolin. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: Sarah Cole: Carolyn Dunn; Martin Cole: Denis Forest; Alien #1; Peter Millard, #2: Remembering the invasion of '53, Sylvia van Buren (Ann Robinson) comes to the aid of Harrison and McCullough as "The Meek Shall Inherit." Paul Jolicoeur: Alien Woman: Julie Khaner. Aliens rob armored trucks to buy rubies for laser weapons. Ironhorse accidentally kills a woman named Sarah Cole. Shaken, he is sent off to recuperate and captured by Sarah's vengeful husband Martin, using a remote-controlled model heli- copter bearing explosives. Ironhorse escapes, persuading Martin to help defeat the "terrorists" who are really responsible. "My Soul to Keep" Airdate: 4/29/89 Writer: Jon Kubichan. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Cash McCullough: Michael Parks; Quinn: John Colicos. Alien eggs dying in the cavern's heat are moved to an icehouse to hatch. Quinn (seen in "The Prodigal Son") tells "Cash." Suzanne's reporter ex-husband that she works for a secret government operation to kill illegal aliens in the USA. Cash tries to black- mail her into giving him information for a story on the Blackwood Project. She refuses. Prompted by Norton's intercepts. Harrison and Ironhorse steal an egg from the icehouse for Suzanne to examine. When Ironhorse's com- mandos attack and destroy the remaining eggs. Cash follows them in and, seeing the aliens, agrees to keep silent. "So Shall Ye Reap" Airdate: 5/6/89 Writer: Michael McCormack. Director: George Bloomfieid. Guest Cast: Lt. Novack: Dixie Seatle: Detective Jack Sawyer: Jonathan Welsh: Envoy: Jill Jacobson; Alien Scientist: Angelo Rizacos: Advocate #3: Frank Pelligreno. Alien scientists experiment on kidnapped humans in Chicago, designing an addictive drug that makes humans homicidal. The team poses as DEA agents, investigating the city's drug deaths. Police are uncooperative until liaison officer Lt. Novack discovers their "real" cover as anti-terrorists. A test of the aliens" drug goes awry. Lt. Novack locates their base, but to prevent a po- lice massacre. Harrison explains about the aliens. Novack lets the Omega Squad assault the base. Meanwhile, the aliens' drug-addicted pris- oners break free and destroy their captors. The Advocacy abandons the project. "The Raising of Lazarus" Airdate: 5/13/89 Writer: Durnford King. Director: Neill Fearnley. Guest Cast: Col. Frederick Alexander: Nicolas Coster: Lt. Perry: Janet Bailey. A small alien vessel with its inert pilot are discovered and placed in a nuclear-powered un- derground USAF base. The team begins studying it, but Air Force Colonel Alexander arrives with orders placing him in charge. His people fail to open the craft with drill and laser. Norton ad- vises Harrison that sound feedback might work. It does. Experiments begin. Alexander injects himself with alien tissue, hoping to gain alien powers. The alien pilot re- STARLOG/May 1991 vives and enters the ventilation system. Norton calls Harrison. Alexander works on top-secret, military technology development. The alien taps into their phone line and accesses the Blackwood Project computer files. Then, with fuel from the base reactor, the alien contami- nates almost the entire base, possesses Alexander and escapes. Ironhorse and Harrison destroy the fleeing alien with the laser. "Angel of Death" Airdate: 5/20/89 Writer/Director: Herbert Wright. Guest Cast: Q'tara: Elaine Giftos; Alien Jake: John Evans. Q'tara. a female android from planet Q'arto. kills 86 aliens in four days. The team sets a trap to capture aliens. Q'tara appears, captures Ironhorse and kills all but one alien. Reporting to the Advocates, the survivor mistakenly iden- tifies Suzanne as Q'tara. Q'tara probes Ironhorse's mind for informa- tion, then sends him to tell the others that she's actually an ally. Meanwhile, the Advocates lo- cate Q'tara and. with a special weapon, lead an assault force disguised as firemen. They attack while Harrison. Suzanne. Norton and Ironhorse meet with her but are beaten off. All four humans are seriously wounded. Q'tara heals their wounds, promising to return within the year. Then, she calls home, referring to humanity as a new food source, and leaves. Second Season (Fall 1989) Due to falling ratings. Paramount installed Frank Mancuso Jr. as executive producer and Jeremy Hole as executive story consultant, later succeeded by Jim Trombetta. They redesigned the show completely, hiring Adrian Paul as John Kincaid, Denis Forest as Malzor. Catherine Disher as Mana and later. Julian Richings as Ardix. In turn. Richard Chaves and Phil Akin departed the show. Triumph's Jon Anderson became supervising producer. The series' storyline was also readjusted. In a time called "almost tomorrow." new, superior aliens arrive from the now-destroyed planet Morthrai. hatching from three-person cocoons in perfect human form, neither radioactive nor subject to Earth's bacteria. They worship the mysterious Eternal, and use an organic technology cultured from its flesh. They can create perfect human clones which have all the originals' memories. Led by the autocratic Malzor and female scientist Mana, they call themselves the Morthren. "The Second Wave" Airdate: 10/7/89 Teleplay: Michael Michaelian. Jonathan Glassner. Director: Francis Delia. Guest Cast: Alien Scientist: Julian Richings; Ironhorse: Richard Chaves; Norton: Phil Akin. The Morthren execute the Advocates and all the First Wave aliens but make no other move ; for months. Harrison answers a mysterious summons from General Wilson to Plato's Bar. where he's met by two marines. Outside, a shadowy figure shoots the marines who prove to be aliens. Harrison's rescuer is Paul Kincaid, a soldier used by General Wilson for special mis- sions. At the Cottage, they learn that General Wilson has disappeared. Ironhorse. reconnoitering a building where Norton has "The Second Wave" arrives, executing the Advocates and using their bio- technology to win the war. located aliens, is captured and cloned. Harrison and Kincaid investigate, find Ironhorse much weakened and take him home. At the Cottage, the clone Ironhorse plants a time bomb, kills Norton and captures Debi. Ironhorse shoots himself, killing the clone. The survivors escape the explosion which destroys the Cottage. "No Direction Home" Airdate: 10/14/89 Teleplay: Nolan Powers. Story: Thomas Baum. Director: Mark Sobel. Guest Cast: Father Tim: Angelo Rizacos; Peter Blais: Helper: Denise Ferguson. Ralph: Kincaid takes the others to his underground home, an abandoned military command point. The aliens also move their HQ, accidentally abandoning an "engram" which Harrison and Kincaid find. Suzanne determines that it is a memory transfer device. It gives them a vision of Malzor and Mana, who likewise see them. Meanwhile. Father Tim is captured and cloned. He returns to his street mission where Ralph, a disturbed vagrant, instinctively senses Father Tim's "wrongness" and makes a scene which Kincaid sees on his monitor, Kincaid in- vestigates and realizes the truth. Harrison and Suzanne take the engram to the mission, con- fronting the clone and his soldiers. They destroy the engram which, in turn, kills the clone. "Doomsday" Airdate: 10/21/89 Writer: Tony Di Franco. Director: Timothy Bond. Guest Cast: Reverend Thomas Solter: Kurt Rets; Grace: Diana Reis; Steven: Nathaniel Moreau; Bayda: Patricia Phillips. The Morthren block a water main during STARLOG/A/av 1991 drought, causing riots. Ardix arranges fake mir- acles it! a church run by Ktncaid's friend Thomas. Thomas' cloned son Steven is found "dead" and is apparently resurrected by Thomas. Realizing the Morthren have blocked the , rtiatas. Suzanne and Harrison find the biock un- der a water treatment plant. Kincaid. following when Thomas is taken there for cloning, meets Harrison and Suzanne. They blow up the biock, then rescue the original Thomas and Steven. At ';■ the church, they confront the clone, who's rous- ting parishioners to faith in htm using ahoio- : gram of the Eternal. An electrical storm shorts out the hologram, so Ardix zaps the clones and flees. It rains. "Terminal Rock" Airdate: 10/28/89 Writer: John Groves. Director. Gabriel Pelietier. Guest Cast: Rosa Douglas: Shannon Lawson: Sol: Paul Bettis; Larry: Jaimz Woqlvett; Ripper: Lawrence King. The Morthren clone Ripper, leader of a punk band. Mana adds subliminal implants to their !. music to incite violence in the listeners. Kiricaid visits Rosa, a friend whose teen brother Larry has joined Ripper's gang, the Scavengers. Ktncaid's attacked by three music- controlled Scavengers with alien devices in their ears. He kills two, bringing home the badlv wounded third Scavenger, who dies when Suzanne removes the device. Debi puts it in her own ear and goes berserk, attacking her mother. The Morthren alter the band's amplifier to extend their control. Kincaid and Harrison go. to Ripper's club. Realizing the music is causing the violence, they destroy the alien device, kill the clone and his alien "agent." Malzor aban- dons the music project. "Breeding Ground" Airdate: 11/04/89 Writer: Alan Moskowitz. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Dr. Emil Gestaine: Gerard Parkes; Kate Barrows: Helen Hughes. At Metro Hospital, Emil Gestaine, a doctor friend of Harrison, implants a Morthren fetus into a man's back in return for medicine he be- lieves will cure his illness. Seeing the man's back fatally burst open, Harrison takes tissue samples. Examining them. Suzanne real- izes the aliens are incubating their young in humans. Meanwhile, the impoverished, elderly Kate Barrows is left to die. Ardix forces Dr. Emil to impregnate her with a fetus. Harrison and Kincaid kidnap Kate who escapes from them. She's returned to the hospital by Morthrens. Harrison and Kincaid pursue, arriving to find Dr. Emil dead, the aliens and newborn gone. "Seft of Emun'" Airdate: 11/11/89 Writer. J.K.E. Rose. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Seft: Laura Press; Torri: Illya Woloshyn. The Morthren revive a hibernating captive, Seft of planet Emun, to make badly-needed power crystals. Shopping for materials, she meets Harrison. They fall in love. Unwilling to serve the Morthren who destroyed her race, she telepathically calls Harrison to ask his help. Kincaid, believing Seft to be Morthren, nearly kills her. Seft meets Harrison again. Ardix uses her son Torri as bait in an effort to trap her. As she comes for Torri, the Morthren attack. Suzanne is wounded. All seem doomed, but Seft & Torri dematerialize themselves while the humans escape. "Loving the Alien" Airdate: 11/18/89 Writer: Janet Maclean. Director: Otta Hanus. Guest Cast: Marcus: Eugene Glazner: Ceeto: Keram Malicki-Sanchez; Jo: Mira Kirshner. Feeling misunderstood. Debi runs away and meets another runaway. Ceeto. They fall in love but she discovers he is Morthren. A cell of alien fighters led by Marcus Crane, a friend of Harrison and Suzanne, is destroyed by Morthren mercenaries seeking a weapon that Marcus has stolen. His daughter Jo is captured, cloned and sent to find her father. Marcus meets the team. They find the run- aways in an abandoned theater. Debi stops them from killing Ceeto. The cloned Jo leads the Morthren there. In the confusion, Marcus and the clone are killed. The humans flee and the Morthren recapture Ceeto. Debt's grief recon- ciles her to her mother. "Night Moves" Airdate: 11/25/89 Writer: Lome Rossman. Director: Mark Sobel. STARLOG/Moy 1991 Guest Cast: John: Ken Pogues: Rebecca Owen: Sally Chamberlin; Paul Fox: Wayne Best: Shirley: Meg Hogarth; Roy: Dale Wilson. Suzanne's mother Rebecca owns a coopera- tive farm. Suzanne takes Debi there to escape the mounting violence over food shortages. The Morthren, also short of food, clone Rebecca's husband John and two other co-op members; then, posing as Department of Agriculture soil researchers, the clones use the farm's green- house to grow Morthren food. Growing suspi- cious, Rebecca alerts Suzanne who calls Harrison. He discovers that the researchers are fake. Arriving with Kincaid. Harrison finds Suzanne and Debi fleeing through the fields. Suzanne has shot the clones, but the Morthren have killed her mother. •'Synthetic Love" Airdate: 1/20/90 Writer: Nancy Ann Miller. Director: Francis Delia. Guest Cast: LaPorte: Vlasta Vrana; Mr. Jimmy: Sam Malkin; Renee: Kathryn Rose. Legalized narcotics cause rising crime, overwhelming the welfare system. The Morthren deal with LaPorte to distribute Crevulax, a drug effective against mental disor- ders, through his pharmaceutical company's re- habilitation centers. In return, LaPorte delivers human "test subjects" who are killed for their brain tissue. Kincaid takes addict friend Jimmy Wilson to LaPorte's center. Seeing patients abducted, Jimmy alerts Kincaid but then is taken by the Morthren. Kincaid returns disguised as an addict, finds Jimmy gone and steals some Crevulax. Suzanne discovers Crevulax is made with human brain tissue and tells LaPorte, who breaks off his deal with Malzor. Malzor kills LaPorte's daughter and threatens to expose him. LaPorte kills himself. "The Defector" Airdate: 1/27/90 Writers: Sandra & Judith Berg. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Kemo: Charles McCaughan; Ace: Charles Kerr; Scoggs: Belinda Metz. While talking to Kincaid on a computer BBS, Kincaid's friend Ace dies. Kemo, a Morthren. has invented a device to interface with human computers, drain their data and kill their operators. In killing Ace, Kemo is disfig- ured and slated for death by the perfection-ob- sessed Morthren. He steals an engram and flees to Ace's base. Using Kemo's device, Mana kills further BBS members, while Malzor's soldiers search for Kemo. At Ace's base, Kincaid meets Kemo, who wants peace. They meet Harrison at Scoggs' place. Using the engram, Kemo dis- rupts his own device, then returns to the base and destroys it before escaping, "Time to Reap" Airdate: 2/3/90 Writer: Jim Trombetta. Director: Joseph L. Scanlan. Guest Cast: Miranda Watson: Paula Barrett; General Mann: George R. Robertson; Young Sylvia: Martha Irving; Young Harrison: Amos Crawley. Malzor travels to 1953 to inoculate a few surviving aliens against Earth bacteria. He must return in 12 hours. His time travel device creates disturbances identical to the '53 invasion. Harrison and Kincaid, tracking the disturbance to its source, follow Malzor into the past, where they race him to the aliens located inside an Army-quarantined area. Malzor arrives first and begins the inoculations, but Harrison and Kincaid arrive and slaughter the aliens. Malzor escapes through time, followed by Harrison and Kincaid. Despite his failure, the Eternal spares Malzor. "The Pied Piper" Airdate: 2/10/90 Teleplay: Nancy Ann Miller. Story: Alan Moscowitz. Director: Allan Eastman. Guest Cast: Adam: Joel Carlson; Martin Daniels: Ron Lea: Julie: Lisa Jakub. The firstborn alien, grown to the equivalent of a nine-year old, languishes for lack of emo- tional nourishment. Malzor sends him to the Creche, an experimental schooi where Martin Daniels is secretly raising genetically-engi- neered children. Adam will be healed there and will also obtain information on Martin's exper- iments. Martin calls Suzanne to help discover Adam's identity. When Adam is found not to be human, Martin ejects Suzanne. Adam uses telepathy to win over the children and kill the staff. Returning by night, the team discovers the murders. They pursue Adam, who leads the children towards Morthren HQ. Suzanne persuades the children not to go with Adam, who returns with his stolen data. STARLOG/Mav 1991 "The Deadliest Disease" Airdate: 2/17/90 Teiepiay: Carl Binder. Story: Wilson Coneybeare. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Tao: Aki Aleong: Colonel West: John Evans; Brock: James Purcell; Bing: Joon B. Kim; Abraham: Elias Zarou; Jerry: Alex Karzis. Mana and others are fatally ill. Malzor deals with Colonel West, bartering hyperdrive technology for a med-cell, a prototype microrobotic doctor. When the cell is stolen, Malzor traces it to a market called The Exchange. He captures and clones Brock whose security firm protects The Exchange. West asks the team to locate the cell. Inquiries lead them to The Exchange. Kincaid goes to work for Brock. Tao, a wealthy Oriental merchant, plans to sell the ceil for enough money to control The Exchange. The Brock clone, increasingly independent, secretly takes its original to The Exchange. Seeking the ceil, Malzor arrives during a war among The Exchange's merchants. Nearly ev- eryone is killed, including Tao's and Brock's sons. Malzor gets the cell, kills the clone, cures Mana. then kills West. "Path of Lies" Airdate: 2/24/90 Teiepiay: Rick Schwartz, Nancy Ann Miller. Story: Rick Schwartz. Director: Allan Eastman. Guest Cast: Marc Traynor: David Ferry; Ed Jennings: Bernard Behrens; Bibi Gardner: Barbara Gordon; W.R Samuels: Maurice Evans. Reporter Marc Traynor photographs Harrison and Kincaid in a gunfight with Morthren. Malzor orders Traynor killed and the photos retrieved while the team tries to stop publication. Meanwhile, Malzor is trading a "serum of youth" to wealthy W.R. Samuels in return for PETER BLOCH-HANSEN, STARLOC s Canadian Correspondent, profiled Rachel Blanchard in STARLOG #154. ELYSE DICKENSON provided research assis- tance. his political and business influence. Samuels orders the alien story buried, while his business manager Ed Jennings kills Traynor's girl friend, editor and publisher. Jennings steals the nega- tives. Then, Jennings kills the reclusive Samuels and takes his place with Malzor. The Morthren are gaining powerful allies. "Candle in the Night" Airdate: 4/14/90 Writer: Carl Binder. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Nate: Noam Zylberman; Gunther: Sandy Webster; Sam: Gema Zamprogna. On her birthday, Debi is depressed because she doesn't have an ordinary childhood. The adults plan a surprise birthday party. Suzanne calls her friends. Kincaid collects them, looking for a place for a party. Harrison futilely searches for a cake until, near dark, he finds Gunther. who agrees to bake one although finding ingredients is difficult. Kincaid decides to hold the party at the abandoned library where Nate, a boy infatuated Kincaid goes undercover as a drug addict in pursuit of "Synthetic Love." with Debi, lives. Meanwhile, Ardix, searching for a runaway watcher, finds it in Gunther's shop as the cake is being finished. Ardix deactivates it. Suzanne takes the morose Debi to the sur- prise party. "Video Messiah" Airdate: 4/21/90 Writer: Norman Snider. Director: Gabrielle Pelletier. Guest Cast: Dr. Van Order: Roy Thinnes: Hardy- Gait: Larry Joshua: Mindy Cooper: Lori Hallier: Clark: Alex Carter. The Morthren clone Dr. Van Order (Roy Thinnes, who fought aliens in The Invaders) is a popular self-help guru. He uses disciple Hardy Gait's advertising agency. HGI, to disseminate TV ads with subliminal images designed to stimulate violence. Harrison and Suzanne learn the Morthren are spying on HGI. When Kincaid reports that Mindy. a girl friend employee of HGI, is at a weekend Van Order motivational seminar. Harrison suspects mind control. They go to res- cue her. At the seminar. Mindy is about to be murdered when Kincaid rescues her. Van Order commands Mindy to kill Kincaid. Instead, she kills Van Order and accepts a partnership at HGI. stopping the ads. "Totally Real" Airdate:' 4/28/90 Writer: Jim Trombetta. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Nikita: Colm Feore; David Nash: Trevor Cameron Smith; Sendac: Michael Woods; Scoggs: Belinda' Metz. The Morthren. using a holographic com- puter game, study human creativity. Their champion. Sendac. battles to the death with hu- man opponents furnished by an accomplice, Nikita, while audiences bet on the outcome. Harrison and Suzanne develop a serum en- abling two people to mind-link, seeing through each other's eyes. Martin and Chaves take a break from the wars as they await the next set-up. STARLOG/Maj 1991 Debi. scoring highly on Nikita's computer- ized career aptitude-testing simulator, is kid- napped to battle Sendac. Informed by a witness, the team crashes the "games." Kincaid links into the game to help Debi. The fleeing Ardix kills Nikita. Harrison discovers the game is re- motely controlled by Mana. Deceived by the game, Debi nearly kills Kincaid. When Harrison mind-links with Sendac. Malzor cuts the power to avoid detection, causing Sendac to die. "Max" Airdate: 5/5/90 Writer: Gnome Janzen. Director: Jorge Montesi. Guest Cast: Max: Michael Welden: Colonel Bradley: Chuck Shamata. One year before. Kincaid's brother Max was captured by the Morthren, and is presumed dead. But Mana placed his brain into a cyborg which Seeking refuge for her daughter, McCullough heads for her mother's farm, only to discover "Night Moves." "Time to Reap" involves Malzor's (Denis Forest) jaunt to the '50s to save members of his race. looks like Max. Sent to kill his commando teammates. Max steals Kincaid's army file. Max kills two commandos and then comes for Kincaid. The pursuit leads to the scene of Max's capture. Max, remembering his brother, struggles with his programming. The Morthren arrive, destroy Max but are driven off by Harrison. "The True Believer" Airdate: 5/12/90 Writer: Jim Henshaw. Director: Armand Mastroianni. Guest Cast: Thresher: Timothy Webber; Captain Nash: Michael Hogan. Suzanne determines that the Morthren, on limited rations, are short of personnel. Malzor and Mana identify all the team mem- bers. News reports brand the team as murderers when Morthren. disguised as the team, rob an S \|& L. Malzor poses as leader of a police assault team assigned to the case. During a gun battle, he captures Harrison and. at police headquarters. When "The Obelisk" reveals a horrible secret about the Morthren's past, Mana (Catherine Disher) decides to finally end the war of the worlds. tortures him for the base's location. Debi meets Thresher, a policeman who has seen dead and wounded aliens. Kincaid explains the situation. They trick Malzor into bringing Harrison to an abandoned warehouse, but Malzor has set up an ambush. Malzor escapes from the ensuing battle but with serious losses. "The Obelisk" Airdate: 5/19/90 Writers: Rick Schwartz, Mary Ann Miller. Director: William Fruet. Guest Cast: Tallick: John Gilbert: Ceeto: Keram Malicki-Sanchez; Tila: Cynthia Dale. There are only 40 Morthren left. Malzor consults the obelisk, which reveals past and fu- ture. He orders the lethal, forbidden Talesian spores released. Release pods are positioned. awaiting favorable winds. . Ceeto (introduced in "Loving the Alien") steals the obelisk and reveals the Morthren past to Debi, Harrison and Suzanne. In 1945, Mana observed Earth's atomic blasts. Tallick, the Morthren leader and Mana's father, orders Malzor to prepare an expeditionary force with Malzor's wife, Tila, in command. The effort un- balances Morthrai's eco-system. When Tila is killed in the "53 invasion, Maizor secretly kills Tallick, takes his place and orders a second in- vasion, destroying Morthrai. Ceeto reveals the secret to Mana. She leads the team to expose Maizor. In the confronta- tion, Malzor kills Ceeto. Debi kills Malzor. Mana orders the spores and the base destroyed. The war of the worlds is over. ■■;"■■& STARLOG/Afav 799/ MODELS: GTC sells a broader selection of Sci-Fi Scale Models than any other distributor in North America! Send $3 for GTC's New 28 page il- lustrated catalog with over 1,000 Different Models from Robotech, Star Trek, Thunderbirds, Star Wars, Macross, and more. Galactic Trade Commission, 10185 Switzer, Overland Park, KS 66212. STILL THINGS IS STILL THE BEST! Giant Catalog of SF photos, exclusive line of videotapes, scripts, glamour. Send $2.00 to STILL THINGS, 13622 Hen- ny Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342 ^czmrnmM- W ++ GIANT CATALOG* NOW AVAILABLE' Scripts from your (avorcte So Fi & Horror Movies From Frankenstein to Ghostbusters' Over 3000 amazing titles" ' Send 50c (refundable) for a huge . catatoq Receive flMf offer!^' Send to SCRIPT CITY. 1 770 N. Highland. Suite 608SI Hollywood CA 90028 SELLING JAMES BOND, TV AVENGERS, U.N.C.L.E., Charlie's Angels, Dark Shadows, Star Trek, Batman and Prisoner, Playboys, Charlie's Angels, Combat, Sci-Fi, Horror, Movie and TV Photos, & Paperbacks, etc. Catalog $2.50. TV Guide Catalog 1950-1990 $2.00. Howard Rogofsky, Box SL107, Glen Oaks, NY 11004 ST COLLECTION many rare books, records, com- ics, toys, etc. Send legal SASE for list J. Kingsbury Rt. 1 Box 11B Clayton, Wl 54004. STAR WARS CAST, CREW AN D PROMO items pro- duced for LF.L Plus toys, books. Star Trek and NASA items. Cat. $2 Collect-O-Mania P.O. Box 4314, Whittier, CA 90607. TARGET the WORLD! The International Fan Location Service finds buyers of what YOU have to offer, no matter where on Earth they may be! Send for our FREE catalog: IFLS 7781 Asterella Ct Springfield, ¥A 22152 (703) 644-7854 (Voice & FAX) STAR TREK COLLECTIBLES. Books (1200 + ), Records (200 + ), Comics (3500 + ) & Fotonovels (175 + ). Also 200 Starlogs. For 26 page list, send $1.00&LgSASEtoTREK,Box519,CapeGirardeau, MO 63702. SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM, exciting NASA color prints collection. For catalog and sample send $1.25 to Space Collection, Box 701-S, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920. WHAT IS PROPBILIA? Movie replica prop collec- ting send for free cat. to Prop Dept. 10614 Oaktree Dr. Worth, IL 60482. fcA A AAftAAftftftAAAft AAftft A AAA ft ft AAA ! [ jewelry, blueprints, next generation, 1 fee shirts, ^^ »** wars, * ^^Hr QBF^. fanzines^and J f ^ J^ much . ' . ' ' ' more; EW EYE STUDIO PHASERS COMMUNICATOR? \ Fb. BOX 632 I WILLIMANTIC,CT. n/i99/! i catalog-one dollar UOUb SCI-FI/FANTASY ARTWORK RUBBER STAMPS! Let Imagination Be Your Guide. $1 Catalog. Space Debris, Box N. Crugers, NY 10521. STAR TREK, Star Wars, B.S. Galactica, "V," Blakes-7, S. Trek Next Gen., I carry a full line of science fiction items! Sale on Dr. Who, Robotech! Send $3.50 for 75 page 1991 catalog! (Canada $4.50/overseas $6.00) Refunded with 1st order. Tom's Sci-Fi Shop, P.O. Box 56116 Dept. 6, Har- woodHts,IL 60656-01 16. For as little as $45, you can reach over one million SF fans, the world's largest science-fiction audience. DEADLINE: ForSTARLOG#170:inourofficebyMay3, 1991. For#171:inbyJune3, 1991. A/)so/ufe/y no ads can be accepted for an issue after that issue's deadline has passed. BASIC RATE: $15 per line (limit: 48 characters per line) Minimum— three lines. Punctuation symbols & spaces count as characters. Small display ads: $120 per column inch (Camera-ready only!) HEADLINE: First line only: Word(s) of your choice (underline them) will be printed in BOLD CAPS. CATEGORY: Indicate category under which your ad may be listed. In the event of space limitations, STARLOG reserves the right to place ads under a category of its choosing. PAYMENT: Cash, check or money order must accompany ad. (Checks payable to Starlog Communications Int.) MAIL TO: STARLOG Classified, 475 Park Avenue South, 8th Fir, NY, NY 10016 READERS: Beware! STARLOG is not responsible for any product or service printed in this section. Star Trek Next: Generation, Lost in Space, Beauty and the Beast , Trek classic and movies, Dr Who, Star Wars, Ali- ens, Blakes 7, Warof the Worlds, The Prisoner, The Avengers, The Man From Uncle, Airwolf, MacGyver, Battlestar Galactica, Space 1999, UFO (and other Anderson shows), Outer Lim- its, Twilight Zone, Voyage/Sea, Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants, Starman, and many others are in our Science Fiction Catalog: toys, books, models, tapes, posters, scripts, "props, records, miniatures, photos, buttons, blue- prints, patches, jewelery, much more, only S1.00 (S2.00 Canada, S3.00 overseas, US funds only!). Stair T<S<SM PO Box 456SL, Dunlap, TN 37327 TV COLLECTABLES: Equalizer, UNCLE, Charlie's Angels, Dark Shadows, Brady Bunch, Combat, Bat- man, Irwin Allen, Lunchboxes, Toys, Games, Com- ics, Mags, Catalog $2. TV Guides 1950-1991. Catalog $2. Jim's TV Guides, Box 4767SL, San Diego, CA 92164. DRAGONS, WIZARDS, CREATURES, TSR. 3 Full- Color Pewter Catalogs: 46 Pg Rawcliffe/Partha, 32 Pg Gallo, 27 Pg Hudson. Send $5.00 for 1, $9.00 for 2, $13.00 for all. Refundable. The Dragon's Lair; Dept. SL; PO Box 809; Andover, MA 01810. THE ULTIMATE CATALOGS 1. Playboy and all other adult magazines (1953-1990). . . .$1.00 2. Rock N'Roll Magazines and Collec- tibles (1957-1990) Beatles. Kiss. Bangles, 8londie. Joan Jett, etc) 200 page catalog 3.00 3. TV Toys and Monster Magazines (Star Trek, Munsters, 007, Famous Monsters, etc.) 1.00 HENKEL 24 Orchard Street Rldgetleld Park, NJ 07660 201-641-7212 (Also Buying) GIANT CATALOG Superhero & Sci-Fi, Star Wars, Superpowers, Willow, Secret Wars, Etc. Send $1 .00 to: Figures, P.O. Box 8304, Cranston, Rl 02920. PHASERS, RARE MODELS, much more from Star Trek, B.G., Dr. Who, etc. $1 .00 to Acme Space Prod- ucts, 2488 Warwick Ave., Warwick, Rl 02889 •hill colo% cwmtog ~ O-J 'D'J{Ag09{$ S2 " I T-Shirts. stationery, jewelry, rubber stamps, belt buckles. s^?i sculptures, posters. ^"V-, coffee cups, and much more. Dancing Dragon Designs-TGO 1881 Fieldbrook Rd Areata CA 95521 1-800-322-6040 BRAND NEW! 24" Supersize Jupiter-2 Model kit, "Vincent" from B&B model figure kit! Send SASE and $3.00 to Lunar Models, 5120 Grisham, Rowlett, TX 75088. PROP & UNIFORM REPLICAS frm 25 yrs of S. Trek, S. Wars, BS Galactica, Logan, Escape NY, Blade Runner, Blakes 7, Aliens, Capt. Power, V, more. $2 to Marco Ent., 293 Spruce, Anaheim, CA 92805. GIANT 20 PAGE TOY + CARD CATALOG: Star Wars, Trek, T.M.N.T., Indy, etc. ships, figs, + more. Send $2 to Rob-Lee Ent. 4721 N.W. Fisk, K.C. MO 64151. W^IW FREE CATALOG of Movie & TV T-Shirts • Posters • Patches AND MORE! Write lo: P.O. Box 24937-S • Denver, CO 80224 Or call: 303/671-TREK TREKEE OUTFITTING FINALLY DONE RIGHT! Phone 906/635-0303 ENTERPRISES • Authentic Star Trek uniforms • Newborn to XXXL • Unequaled Quality • Command, Engineering & Science • Classic & Next Generation • Lowest Prices • Fast Delivery • Phone Orders • COD's Welcome • Complete Catalog $1.00 P.O. Box 1338 sault ste. Marie, mi 49783 tM 333m v u ' V f STAR TREK FANS: For previews of upcoming episodes and movies, episode listings and conven- tions TOS and TNG call 1-900-872-2600 ext 421. $2.00 per minute. CONTINUUM '91: A STAR TREK 25TH ANNIVER- SARY CELEBRATION! Media Guests: Gates McFadden & Majel Barrett. Join us for a fun-filled weekend of Guest Appearances, Masquerade Ball, Costume Contest, Gaming, Art Show, Much More! SASE to CONtinuum, 1617 Lyndhurst Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, 314-334-4386. HiHdH.'.l-MliliJ 1,000,000 VIDEOMOVIES/SOUNDTRACKS! LPS! SF&HORROR/CULT. Video Catalog: $1. Sound- tracks: $1. Posters: $1. RTS/V166, Box 750579, Petaluma, California 94975. ATLAS! THE SCI-FI SOUND OF THE90"s. Seen live at several Los Angeles Creation Cons. Cassette of original Sci-Fi inspired music now available. Send $8.95 to Galactic Anthems, 260 S. Glendora, #102, W. Covina, CA 91790 or write for details. OBSCURE FILMS ON VIDEO. . .SEARCH We will locate and obtain your favorite hard-to-find films (pre 1975) on video. We are expensive but good. 5 searches for $5 & SASE: Video Finds, 1770 N. Highland Ave. #721-SL, Hollywood, CA 90028. LOST IN SPACE fans! Robot Memories is the in- side story of The Robot by Bob May. Color home movies— rare stills— robot demo. 50 min. VHS for '23.00. 6201 Sunset Blvd., Suite 233, Hollywood, CA 90028 FIND OUT WHY M.T.I, is always interesting to deal with. Media Tie-in's latest listing contains over 1,800 different movie/TV collectables. For $3 you can subscribe to 3 of our listings. Looking for the unusual? Try us! TV scripts our specialty. Media Tie-In, P.O. Box 160794, Mobile, AL 36616. ;.,: ththth SELLING YOUR STAR TREK, STAR WARS COL- LECTION? Contact us for best deals. Send list and phone #. NEW EYE STUDIO, Box 632, Willimantic, CT 06226. DR. WHO autographed photos L5 sterling each. Also other memorablia. IRC to D. Tait, 294 Ringmore Way, West Park, Plymouth, England, UK, PL5 3RL. PROPS: STNG/Classic Trek, Galactica, LIS. Pins/patches, books, uniforms. Mail $2.00 to Prop Dept, 5600 Spruce Ave, WPB, FL 33407 (407) 845-5410. Mutants (continued from page 58) Mankind's capacity to visit suffering upon people for reasons as trivial as physical difference has been well documented. In science fiction, from Stapledon and van Vogt on down, the perspective has usually been one of our species facing a blossoming race of apparently superior people. In some cases, this "superior" factor could involve nothing more than the ability to shoot force beams out of your eyes (or, as in Genesis II, an extra belly-button), but people have been hated, or killed, for far less. In these cases, humanity becomes the villain in much the same way Neanderthal Man was the villain against the Cro-Magnon. Humans are driven to fear that which is superior and which may ultimately supplant our reign over the earth. Then, of course, there are the genuine threats. John Wyndham's The Midwich Cuckoos (filmed as Village of the Damned) revealed an alien invasion armed with per- haps the most disturbing of all weapons: our own children. The unseen aliens were able to create a widespread mutagenic effect in human women which resulted in telepathic ability being passed on to their babies. The mechanism for this could have been something as simple as a virus designed to inject a "telepathic" gene directly into the DNA of a host cell. These genes then adapted to the new biology and began producing organisms based upon the host but SPINDRIFTBLUEPRINTS(yolume1)10fullydetail- ed sheets!!! Including engines and other hard-to- find details! High quality & professionally drawn! Printed, (not xeroxed). $13.00 includes postage & handling (sorry, no C.O.D.s) Send check or money order only to: Richard Kreeger, 106 N. Landcaster Dr., Raymare, MO 64083. NINJAMYSTICAL WIZARDS HAND THROWN FIREBALL WITH BANG 6 minimum $9, Fireball w/Smoke $12 must be 18 years old to order. Include with each order $7 special pyrotek ship and hand. Charge. Send check, cash, money order. Unique Worldwide Discounts Suite 530 (S) 2020 W Pen- sacola St, Tallahassee, FL 32304. GIANT AMEBA! Grows hand-size, bigger. Unear- thly, "desktop Blob." $5.00 guaranted alive! Weird Science, 325-SL12 W1st, Tyler, TX 75701. BRITISH FAN WITH NTSC PLAYBACK wants con- tact with US fans with PAL playback. M Stewart, 36 Pilrig Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH65AL SPECIAL EFFECTS WORKSHOPS: 35mm Camera Equipment Front & Rear-Screen Projection, Stop- Motion, Time-Lapse. For Info. Call SPFX (718) 956-8452. STAR TREK FANS: For previews of upcoming episodes and movies, episode listings and conven- tions TOS and TNG call 1-900-872-2600 ext 421. $2.00 per minute. TTrrH MOVIE POSTERS, ALL CURRENT RELEASES. Thousands 1950s-1980s. FASTEST SERVICE. Visa/MC orders (904) 373-7202. Catalog $2.00. RICK's, Box 23709-SL, Gainesville, FL 32602-3709. ORIGINAL MOVIE POSTERS. Star photos! Two catalogs, 3000 illustrations $3.00 Poster Gallery, Box 2745-D3, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, 313-665-3151. jJn, LuiJiilJt ifinLiJi^i GHASTLY MAGAZINE: The publication devoted to all things dark and dire. Music, fiction, poetry, art, photography from the dark side. $3.50 ppd. to: Nosferatu Productions, 3790 El Camino Real, Suite 218, Palo Alto, CA 94306. which carried the new powers sent by the aliens (a current variation of this theme can be found within the Wild Card books edited by George R.R. Martin). Similarly, Stephen King's Charlie McGee became a Firestarter due to drug-derived wild talents passed on by her parents. David Cronenberg's Scanners was an- other source of telepathic children, the result of exposure due to a mutagenic drug called Ephemerol, although these managed to grow into adults. Here was a good argument for anti-mutant hysteria as the film detailed the activities of a secret group of "scanners" working to assume control over humanity, as well as defend themselves against attacks by a small band of "good" scanners. The Outer Limits episode "The Mutant" presented audiences with a human exposed to the mutagenic elements within an alien rain shower. Victimized by the environment, and fearful of being marooned due to his condition, he is driven to murder and terrorism. His newfound powers develop into a source of fear, a situation which was mirrored, years later, in the Star Trek episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before." Isaac Asimov's Foundation and Empire brought us the Mule, a mutant possessing superior intelligence as well as the power to influence emotions. Rather than a demigod capable of toppling buildings, Asimov's character was a flesh-and-blood creature whose abilities, although tame by today's four-color standards, were devastating in their subtlety. Asimov's story didn't deal so much with the source of the Mule's mutation as it did with the idea that the mutant is. by its nature, an unpredictable factor in the development of things. If people fear a mutation, then it's not because it is good or evil, but because it cannot be foreseen. In each living cell is the beast of uncertainty locked by what we know and understand about nature, and so very capable of escaping to confront us with what we do not know. In the end, it is Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human which gently reminds all of us of the true nature of the Mutant. Sturgeon's story involves a group of people whose minds are able to operate in single harmony. But, instead of being the product of some mad experiment or the random result of a bomb blast. Sturgeon's creation was simply the next logical step in humanity's development, a quiet affirmation of the hope that all children grow up to be better than their parents. Nothing in the universe is static. Nature, with perhaps some small assistance from people like Hermann Muller and Donald Pleasence, continually works to insure the permanence of life. The Mutant flickers and dies out, or it represents something which could go on and improve upon what we do. Each birth rattles the cage of the Beast within its cell. We must remember that, at one time, we were the mutants who took the Earth from its rulers. If we believe that we've improved our world, then how much more wonderful could life be when touched by new hands? T« Rocketeer (continued from page 51) "Because I don't have that much experi- ence and this is such a strong cast, I've often felt outgunned and self-conscious. But, as we've gone along, I think I've managed to loosen up quite a bit. And when I'm having trouble loosening up, I can always slip on Tn the Mood.' " Landing Strip Jennifer Connelly is hardly in the mood as she sniffs and sneezes out a wel- come for a lunch break conversation. The actress, whose last fantasy trip was oppo- site David Bowie in Labyrinth (which she discussed in STARLOG#108), claims she came into The Rocketeer totally blind. "This is going to sound terrible, but I actually didn't know the comic books ex- isted until I auditioned for the part." she says. "I finally did take a look at them, but I tended to look more at the pictures than the story." But the actress has discovered that Jenny is, in fact, "a pretty good role." "She's a straightforward, feisty kind of woman who is pretty honest about what she needs. Jenny isn't passive. She doesn't retreat into a corner and wait to be saved. This movie goes through many shifts so I'm basically stuck in one facet of this character. The basic challenge has been to keep this character as real as pos- sible. She has to be someone people are going to care about, someone who rings true." Connelly doesn't think of The Rock- eteer as being science fiction per se, but she's quite satisfied with what it is. "It's a fantasy, but the story and the elements of the time period are so grounded in reality that, at certain points, the line separating the two becomes blurred and you get the feeling that all of this could really be happening. That's the best kind of filmmaking experience." Campbell pokes his head in the trailer and lets Connelly know that they're needed back on the set. The scheduled scene, a continuation of the movie-within- a-movie, has Cliff coming onto stage and confronting Jenny about a fight they've had and to announce the discovery of the rocket pack. Connelly takes her place in a between- take break. At Johnston's signal, Campbell, standing at the edge of the stage, waves her over. She crosses to him. The discussion focuses on the fight and their future. Pretty tame stuff. But the gears shift into Rocketeer-style intensity when the topic of Cliff's "find" is brought up. "What do you mean?" asks Jenny. "You found something?" Cliff Secord's eyes grow wide with ex- citement and flash a hint of potential ad- venture to come. "It's an engine! But it's not for an air- plane! You strap it on your back and you fly!" iz STARLOG/May 1991 75 Robin (continued from page 39) belong in an altogether different picture. Robin Hood has made cameo appear- ances in various films — notably as a sup- porting character (played by Harold Warrender) in MGM's movie version of Ivanhoe (1952). Monty Python's John Cleese was the aristocratic Robin Hood in Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits (1982). Kevin Costner (see page 40) and Patrick Bergin (see page 10) are presently the newest dueling Robins in current projects, but until now, the last Robin Hood theatrical film was the 1976 Robin and Marian, directed by Richard Lester. Sean Connery was the middle-aged, weather- beaten Robin who. having served King Richard (Richard Harris) for years in the Crusades, returns to England after the King's death. He and Little John (Nicol Williamson), both disillusioned by observing royalty up close for years, unwillingly find them- selves again forming a band of peasant outlaws. Robin has discovered that Marian, whom he left many years ago to seek adventure, is now the Abbess' of Kirklees. She's about to be arrested for not paying new taxes. Marian (Audrey Hepburn) ends up again living with Robin in Sherwood. The Sheriff (Robert Shaw) camps out- side Sherwood with an army. Robin, driven by memories of past glory and fear of aging, accepts the Sheriff's challenge to a duel. It's a long, grueling fnatch. By the end, Robin is triumphant, but badly wounded. His followers are scattered by the Sheriff's troops. Marian, now certain she loves him above God, her life or her immortal soul, binds Robin Hood's wounds and then poi- sons them both so he can go out in a legendary blaze of glory. WILLIAM WILSON GOODSON JR. is a North Carolina-based writer. This is his first article for STARLOG. TOM WEAVER, veteran STARLOG correspondent, provided additional material & research assistance. 12. Time Bandits Photo: Copyright 1981 Arco-Embassy Heroes of the TV set On TV. Robin Hood has thus far fought through at least four regular series. The Adventures of Robin Hood were chronicled from 1955 to 1958 by Sapphire Films for England's 1TV (with later syndi- cated airing in America). Some 165 episodes were filmed, chronicling the ad- ventures of Robin Locksley (Richard Greene), a Saxon forester who, returning from the Crusades, finds his lands seized by Norman barons. Several episodes were devoted to Robin's recruiting his chief aides. Friar Tuck (Alexander Gauge) and Maid Marian (Bernadette O'Farrell. later Patricia Driscoll) continued to live in town and slip the outlaws information. The series' longevity also gave Robin two King Johns (Andrew Keir. Donald Pleasence) and two Sheriffs (Alan Wheatley. John Arnatt). A sort of social reformer. Robin fought the inequities of medieval life such as the marriage tax and nobility's monopoly on windmills and ovens. And since '50s tele- vision didn't lend itself to large-scale vio- lence, the master archer often turned con man. The second TV series. ABC's When Things Were Rotten, played the myths for laughs. Produced by Mel Brooks, it sati- rized the legends, sometimes successfully. Robin Hood (Dick Gautier) and his merry band might still battle the Sheriff of 1 1 . Richard Greene may be the most accomplished archer of all — he ambled through 165 half-hour Adventures of Robin Hood. 12. "Have you met the poor?" asked the very thankful Robin (John Cleese) upon encountering Time Bandits. 13. Barry Ingham took up the archer's bow for A Challenge for Robin Hood (1968). 14. Brian Bedford and Phil Harris, among others, voiced the animated Merry Men of Disney's 1973's Robin Hood. 15. Role-playing has long been part of the Robin Hood tradition. In 16th century May Day games, the revelers often entered archery contests under the names of their favorite Merry Men. Nottingham (Henry Polic II). but here the emphasis is on slapstick, sight gags and anachronistic humor. It doesn't matter that Robin isn't so bright: the Sheriff is even dumber. In a typical episode, the Sheriff makes a deal with a sheik to corner the market in olive oil. The sheik insists that part of the price is marriage to the Sheriff's ward Maid Marian (Misty Rowe). Fortunately. Friar Tuck (Dick Van Patten) is able to stretch the wedding out with a song and dance number until Robin. Little John (David Sabin) and the boys arrive for that tradi- tional rescue gig. A critical failure, which lasted only a few months in 1975. Rotten now airs in re- runs on the HA! Channel. The BBC produced the third series, 12 half-hour installments of the Legend of Robin Hood in 1975. Robin of Sherwood, the most recent TV series produced by Goldcrest Films in England and broadcast on Showtime in the 76 STARLOG/Mav 1991 US, weaves the familiar mythos with ele- ments of fantasy and gritty medieval real- ity. This Robin fights unjust nobles as well as black magic. Many folklorists believe the Robin Hood character draws on old legends of Celtic gods. Here, Robin of Loxley (Michael Praed). a Saxon peasant, is cho- sen by Heme the Hunter (John Abineri) to battle the forces of darkness. Heme, who may be a god, spirit or elderly wizard, convinces Robin to assume the identity of the Hooded Man. He gathers a small, efficient fighting force, including Little John (Clive Mantle), Marian (Judi Trott) and Nasir (Mark Ryan, see page 31), a Moorish swordsman. When Robin of Loxley dies at the sec- ond season's end. Heme selects Robert of Nottingham (Jason Connery), son of a Norman noble — and in real life, son of former screen Robin Sean Connery — to take over. (For details, see the episode guide in STARLOG #160.) Presented in many forms — chivalric archer, peasant revolutionary and super- hero — Robin Hood has always represented an ideal heroism, the man of the forest who enjoys the freedom of the greenwood over the claustrophobia (and frequent cor- ruption) of civilization. As Howard Pyle wrote so long ago, "Quote Robin... 'We will get us away to the greenwood tree, and there hold a merry feast in honor of our new friends and may- hap a cup or two...' " •£* THE ART OF KEN KELLY The power, excitement and drama that lives in Ken Kelly's work can be found collected here for the very first time. This long awaited book spans his entire career which began in 1968 with his classic cover paintings for Warren Magazine's CREEPY, EERIE, VAMPIRELLA and FAMOUS MONSTERS OF FILMLAND. His art has since graced the covers of such spectacular series as Robert E. Howard's CONAN, John Norman's GOR and Robert Adam's HORSECLANS. This book also contains an extensive biography on the artist, as well as an enlightening introduction by his mentor Frank Frazetta.soFT cover trade edition $19.95 DELUXE LIMITED EDITION/SILVER: Deluxe Padded Leather Hardback printed on Heavyweight paper. Strictly limited to 2000 copies hand signed and numbered by Ken Kelly. $65.00 DELUXE LIMITED EDITION/GOLD: Deluxe Padded Leather Hardback printed on Heavyweight paper. Strictly limited to 500 copies. Hand signed and numbered with a one of a kind ORIGINAL PEN AND INK drawing on the opening page by Ken Kelly. S245.00 41 EXTRA LARGE POSTERS sized proportionally up to 20"x30" on Heavyweight High Quality Matte Paper available for $10.00 ea. Available at bookstores everywhere or order directly from the Publisher. Include $1.50 per book or poster for postage & handling. PA residents add 6% sales tax. FRIEDLANDER PUBLISHING GROUP 740 WASHINGTON ROAD • PITTSBURGH, PA 15228 •OVER 40 SUPERB COLOR REPRODUCTIONS 'NUMEROUS PEN AND INK DRAWINGS 'RETAIL PRICE $19.95 •EXTENSIVE BIOGRAPHY ON THE ARTIST »9"x12" SOFT COVER 'INTRODUCTION BY FRANK FRAZETTA •96 PAGES 'LARGE FOLD-OUT CENTER SPREAD 'ISBN #0-9627154-0-9 • DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED • LINER NOTES' STARLOG came alive in California, not far from Disneyland, just the other day. It was the first STARLOG Festival in years — as co- sponsored with Adam Malin and Gary Berman of Creation Conventions. And I was there. So were Lost in Space's Bill Mumy, Beauty & the Beast's Irena Irvine, makeup FX wizard Tony (JDarkman) Gardner, Terminator 2 FX ace John Bruno, Greg {Mom & Dad Save the World) Beeman, Predator's Kevin Peter Hall, Carl (Robotech) Macek, Denise Crosby and Patrick Stewart. And almost all of STARLOG's West Coast writers turned up: Marc Shapiro (with wife Nancy & daughter Rachael), Bill Warren (with wife Beverly), Kyle Counts, Mike Clark (with wife Jodi & kids), Randy & Jean-Marc Lofficier (with a slide tour of Moebius' cinematic fantasies), Lee Goldberg (with wife Valerie), Bill Rabkin (who teamed with Lee to preview Love & Curses), Pat Jankiewicz, Desire Gonzales, Doris Sauter and NY- based Lynne Stephens. It went so well that further STARLOG Festivals are being discussed. Meanwhile, the FANGORIA Weekends of Horrors continue, complementing the numerous SF/comics/collectibles conventions held weekly across America. I attend my share of those conventions — since it gives me a chance to talk to readers about STARLOG. So, if you want to comment on the magazine in person, I'm on the road again: March 22-24 in Denver (at the Holiday Inn with Leonard Nimoy & Colm Meaney), April 6-7 in Cleveland (at the Hilton South with Michael Dorn), April 13-14 in York, PA (at the Holiday Inn Conference Center with Walter Koenig), April 20-21 in Wilkes Barre, PA (at the Irem Temple with George Takei), May 11-12 in St. Louis (at the Holiday Inn Westport with Colm Meaney & George Takei) and May 26-3 1 on the High Seas (Sea Trek, cruising around on the S.S. Britanis in the Gulf of Mexico with lotsa Trek stars). There are still a few cabins available — and Sea Trek is a convention like no other. If you can, go. For more info, call 800-FAN-TREK. June 21, I'll be in Orlando (at the Altamonte Springs Hilton with Swamp Thing's Dick Durock, Mark Goddard & Colm Meaney), July 20-21 in Chicago (at the Sheraton O'Hare with DeForest Kelley and STARLOG's David Hutchison, Kim Howard Johnson & Jean Airey) and August 16-18 in West Palm Beach, FL at.Royce Hotel Airport (with John de Lancie). There is, however, no truth to the rumor that I'm opening for Shecky Greene in Vegas on September 7. (It's the 9th and we're co-headlining.) And yes, I am currently considering anything (except windows) in Hawaii, a supermarket opening in Albuquerque and a Tupperware party in Terre Haute. For me, one of the good things about the STARLOG Festival was getting to spend time with our West Coast writers. We're fortunate to have writers the caliber of our core LA team: Marc Shapiro, Bill Warren & Kyle Counts. Of course. Marc Shapiro (who explores The Rocketeer on page 47) is ultra-prolific, Those writers look serious: Marc Shapiro, Kyle Counts, Editor Dave McDonnell & Bill Warren. apparently unable to stop writing articles. If he doesn't have something to write, he goes into "withdrawal" and starts bouncing off the walls, denting the furniture. He may work in science fiction, but his heart's in heavy metal. Bill Warren (who watches Mom & Dad Save the World on page 25) stopped astounding me years ago. I now accept as absolute fact that Bill & NY-based Tom Weaver, between them, know everything there is to know about SF movies (OK, not everything, 90% of everything). That's one reason why Bill's a valued contributor to the definitive film info source book, Leonard Maltiri s TV Movies & Video Guide. And there's Kyle Counts (who trains Family Dog in COMICS SCENE #19, now on sale). A frequent contributor to The Hollywood Reporter and the LA Times, Kyle wrote one of my favorite issues of Cinefantastique: the full-length dissec- tion of Alfred Hitchcock's classic The Birds. It would make a great book. (Note to savvy hardcover editors: Call me.) Memorize their faces above — and check out previous Liner Notes for photos of STARLOG writers Tom Weaver, Will Murray, Kim Howard Johnson, Mike Clark, Bob Greenberger, Dan Scapperotti, Carr D'Angelo, Tim Ferrante & Eric Niderost, Art Director Jim McLernon. FX editor David Hutchison and Managing Editor Eddie Berganza. Which brings me to the words I never thought / would be the one to write. This is issue #166. Eddie joined with #62. He began at STARLOG in 1982 as a high school intern and simply never left. "What — and leave show biz?" he would say. For years. Eddie has been the calm center of a stormy edito- rial staff for whom the word "moody" was coined. He's the guy responsible for obtaining and selecting each issue's visuals — and captioning them as well. And he's also the Unknown Turtle, the man behind that Teenage Ninja mask in the ad on page 4. I've always thought of Eddie as the one irreplaceable STARLOG employee: He knows where everything is (OK, 90% of everything). Now, he's joining DC Comics' editorial staff. Well, I, along with Managing Editor Dan Dickholtz, master designer Calvin Lee, crusading assistant Lia Pelosi. Hutch, Jim and the whole gang, salute our good friend. Hail and farewell, Eddie. So long and thanks for all the fish. We'll be calling you a lot at DC. To invite you to the next Tupperware party. —David McDonnell (Editor/February 1991) The future in STARLOG: It's time for "Creature Features II" as those ladies of the Black Lagoon, Julie Adams & Lori Nelson, and the Creature man himself, Ricou Browning, reminisce about marine life...Hurd Hatfield poses. He's the very Picture of Dorian Gray. ..and Hulk Hogan enters the ring from another planet. He's Christopher Lloyd's pal, the Suburban Commando... Look for the almost-summer fun in STARLOG #167, on sale Thursday, May 2, 1991. 78 STARLOG/May 1991 ^2!£Nn/ B hkf ixerr BEnarnnon Jjsa g^»» V4o "^r Uftes ,. «can%7 J? artl »S/rt' '"N ■ss» i?£> iS»BCj Res a ns; .-'afces: £@r2 "vers" «i £ Eaeh volume is all-stick, all- color and packaged with exclusive interviews, detailed episode guides, behind- the-scenes photos, art and blueprints, actual r scenes ■ from the ■S^fSu. shows — PLUS spec- tacular pull-out posters! dfzkK c °mfe, * STARLOG PRESS ' 475 PARK AVENUE SOUTH 'NEW YORK. NY 10016 SEND CASH, CHECK OR MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO STARLOG PRESS Incase you missed any of the earlier issues, order today and complete your '• j collection! J * 5?fchaeJ n !«&$&»* i V : -, tece /v fe<fer ^ 5T4R TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION © 1989 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures Corporation. FIRST SEASON: FOURTH SEASON #1 $5 #13 $4.95 _#2$5 #14 $4.95 _#3 $5 #15 $4.95 #4 $5 (Available 4/11/91) SECOND SEASON: #16 $4.95 (Sorry, #5 Sold Out) (Available 6/11/91) (Sorry, #6 Sold Out) #7 $5 U.S. postage & handling: #8 $5 THIRD SEASON: S2.00 - one magazine $3.00 - up to 5 magazines $5.00 - 6 or more magazines #9S5 Foreign postage & handling: #10 S5 $4.00 per magazine #11 $5 Canadian residents #1 2 S5 add 10% sales tax. TOTAL ENCLOSED: NAME STREET CITY STATE ZIP IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO CUT OUT COUPON, WE WILL ACCEPT WRITTEN ORDERS. Please aliow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. iN/VK ft« « Gainax • The Founders of BayCon • and Studio Proteus present **??'; c o^ G nimeCon'91 e Anime & Manga Convention August 30th to September 2nd, 1991 at The Red Lion Hotel, San Jose, California We're pleased to present the biggest convention of Japanese comics and animation ever to hit US shores. This Is a rare oppertunity for all anime and manga fans to meet and get to know these and other fine guests. This fabulous festival is being brought to you in cooperation with GAINAX anima- tion, producers of such fine works as "Wings of Oneamis","Aim For the Top,Gunbuster",and "Nadia, the Secret of Blue Water". Don't miss out!Those registering early will be eligable to attend a private party with our convention guest as well as have an oppertunity to buy member only T-shirts featuring origional designs by Kenichi Sonoda, Haruhiko Mikimoto.and Leiji Matsumoto done espec- ially for AnimeConlSign up today! Live Program Tracks Anime Film Program 2 Video Programs Autograph Sessions Guests From the US Animation and Comics Industry Art Show Large Dealer's Room and more! Our Guests From Japan Will Include: Kenichi Sonoda Gall Force , Riding Ban Bubble gum Crisis Leiji Matsumoto Cipuin Huloci, Queen Millcno Haruhiko Mikimoto M jams, Cunbustet, Mcguone 25 ohji Manabe Oullanden Toshio Okada Cunbusu, Daicon III, IV Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Wings of Oneamis, Scad of Blue Wuet (Nadu) For Membership Information, Write: AflIflieCOfl'91 3145 Geary Blvd. , Suite 524 San Francisco, Ca. 94118 XT—t zx > '91-cii, -kg&^fciX < n5#7 >f-(7 • x •j7«II>l'tt ! B^fgOB^fi^SS^Si©*-^!, ffiBf •ft* • mm/F AX#^BJE©±, &xk£tcltFAX-e%m) <*£<n\, •iHOft : B£ m«H5g;«ifTt3^^^mfflI2 - 7 - DEW fA 2 F iGAINAXrt 7-^3> '91 ^?tSM£ •FAXO0422-22-1280 (24HOURS)	i don't know
Which British Prime Minister was born at 54 Albion Road, Broadstairs, Kent on July 9th 1916 ?	Edward Heath - Wikispooks Edward Heath Jump to: navigation , search Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Sir Edward Heath (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Born in Kent, Heath studied at Oxford University and served in the Second World War . He was first elected to Parliament in 1950 for Bexley, and was the Chief Whip from 1955 to 1959. Entering the Cabinet as Minister of Labour in 1959, he was later promoted to Lord Privy Seal and later became President of the Board of Trade. In 1965, Heath was elected leader of the Conservative Party, retaining that position despite losing the 1966 election. Edward Heath became Prime Minister after winning the United Kingdom General Election in 1970. In 1971 he oversaw the decimalisation of British coinage and in 1972, he reformed Britain's system of local government, reducing the number of local authorities and creating a number of new metropolitan counties. Possibly most significantly, he took Britain into the European Economic Community in 1973. Heath's Premiership also oversaw the height of "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland , with the suspension of the Stormont Parliament and the imposition of direct British rule. Unofficial talks with Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) delegates were unsuccessful, as was the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973, which caused the Ulster Unionist Party to withdraw from the Conservative whip. Heath also tried to curb the trade unions with the Industrial Relations Act 1971, and had hoped to deregulate the economy and make a transfer from direct to indirect taxation. However, rising unemployment in 1972 caused Heath to reflate the economy, attempting to control the resulting high inflation by a prices and incomes policy. Two miners' strikes, in 1972 and at the start of 1974, damaged the government, the latter causing the implementation of the "Three-Day Week" to conserve energy. Heath eventually called an election for February 1974]] to obtain a mandate to face down the miners' wage demands, but this instead resulted in a hung parliament in which Labour, despite winning fewer votes, had four more seats than the Tories. Heath resigned as Prime Minister after trying in vain to form a coalition with the Liberal Party. Despite losing a second general election in October that year, Heath vowed to continue as leader of his party. In February 1975, however, his former Education Secretary Margaret Thatcher challenged and defeated Heath to win the leadership. Returning to the backbenches, Heath became an active critic of Thatcher's policies. Outside of politics, Heath was a world-class yachtsman and a talented musician. He was also one of only four British Prime Ministers never to have married. [1] Contents 15 References Early life Edward Heath (known as "Teddy" as a young man) was born at 54 Albion Road, Broadstairs, Kent on 9 July 1916, the son of William George Heath, a carpenter and builder, and Edith Anne Heath (née Pantony), a maid. His father was later a successful small businessman. He was educated at Chatham House Grammar School in Ramsgate and in 1935 with the aid of a county scholarship he went up to study at Balliol College, Oxford. A talented musician, he won the college's organ scholarship in his first term (he had previously tried for the organ scholarships at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, and Keble College (Oxford)) which enabled him to stay at the university for a fourth year; he eventually graduated with a Second Class Honours BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1939. While at university Heath became active in Conservative politics. On the key political issue of the day, foreign policy, he opposed the Conservative-dominated government of the day ever more openly. His first Paper Speech (i.e. a major speech listed on the order paper along with the visiting guest speakers) at the Oxford Union, in Michaelmas 1936, was in opposition to the appeasement of Nazi Germany by returning her colonies, confiscated after the First World War . In June 1937 he was elected President of the Oxford University Conservative Association as a pro-Spanish Republican candidate, in opposition to the pro-Franco John Stokes (later a Conservative MP). In 1937–38 he was also chairman of the national Federation of University Conservative Associations, and in the same year (his third at university) he was Secretary then Librarian of the Oxford Union. At the end of the year he was defeated for the Presidency of the Oxford Union by another Balliol candidate, Alan Wood, on the issue of whether the Chamberlain government should give way to a left-wing Popular Front. On this occasion Heath supported the government. In his final year Heath was President of Balliol College Junior Common Room, an office held in subsequent years by his near-contemporaries Denis Healey and Roy Jenkins , and as such was invited to support the Master of Balliol Alexander Lindsay, who stood as an anti-appeasement 'Independent Progressive' candidate against the official Conservative candidate, Quintin Hogg, in the Oxford by-election, 1938. Heath, who had himself applied to be the Conservative candidate for the by-election, [2] accused the government in an October Union Debate of "turning all four cheeks" to Adolf Hitler , and was elected as President of the Oxford Union in November 1938, sponsored by Balliol, after winning the Presidential Debate that "This House has No Confidence in the National Government as presently constituted". He was thus President in Hilary term 1939; the visiting Leo Amery described him in his diaries as "a pleasant youth". As an undergraduate, Heath travelled widely in Europe. His opposition to appeasement was nourished by his witnessing first-hand a Nuremberg Rally in 1937, where he met top Nazis Hermann Göring , Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler at an SS cocktail party. He later described Himmler as "the most evil man I have ever met". [3] In 1938 he visited Barcelona, then under attack from Spanish Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War . Second World War Heath spent late 1939 and early 1940 on a debating tour of the United States before being called up. On 22 March 1941, he received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. [4] During the war he initially served with heavy anti-aircraft guns around Liverpool (which suffered heavy German bombing in May 1941) and by early 1942 was regimental adjutant, with the war substantive rank of captain. Later, as a temporary major commanding a battery of his own, he provided artillery support in the North-West Europe Campaign of 1944-1945, for which he received a mention in dispatches on 8 November 1945. [5] According to his autobiography Heath participated as an Adjutant in the Normandy Landings, where he met Maurice Schumann , French Foreign Minister under President Georges Pompidou . [6] Heath later remarked that, although he did not personally kill anybody, as the British forces advanced he saw the devastation caused by his unit's artillery bombardments. In September 1945 he commanded a firing squad that executed a Polish soldier convicted of rape and murder. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (MBE) on 24 January 1946. [7] He was demobilised in August 1946 and promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel on 1 May 1947. [8] Heath joined the Honourable Artillery Company as a lieutenant-colonel on 1 September 1951, [9] in which he remained active throughout the 1950s, rising to Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion; a portrait of him in full dress uniform still hangs in the HAC's Long Room. In April 1971, as Prime Minister, he wore his lieutenant-colonel's insignia to inspect troops. Post war, 1945–1950 Before the war Heath had won a scholarship to Gray's Inn and had begun making preparations for a career at the Bar, but after the war he instead passed top into the Civil Service. He then became a civil servant in the Ministry of Civil Aviation (he was disappointed not to be posted to the Treasury, but declined an offer to join the Foreign Office, fearing that foreign postings might prevent him from entering politics). [10] He joined a team under (later, Dame) Alison Munro tasked with drawing up a scheme for British airports using some of the many WW2 RAF bases, and was specifically charged with planning the home counties. Years later she attributed his evident enthusiasm for Maplin Airport to this work. Then much to the surprise of civil service colleagues, he sought adoption as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Bexley and resigned in November 1947. After working as News Editor of the Church Times from February 1948 to September 1949, [11] Heath worked as a management trainee at the merchant bankers Brown, Shipley & Co. until his election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bexley in the February 1950 General Election. In the election he defeated an old contemporary from the Oxford Union, Ashley Bramall, with a majority of 133 votes. Member of Parliament (1950–1965) Heath made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 26 June 1950, in which he appealed to the Labour Government to participate in the Schumann Plan. As MP for Bexley, he gave enthusiastic speeches in support of the young, unknown candidate for neighbouring Dartford, Margaret Roberts, soon to become Margaret Thatcher . In February 1951, Heath was appointed as an Opposition Whip by Winston Churchill . He remained in the Whip's Office after the Conservatives won the 1951 General Election, rising rapidly to Joint Deputy Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip and, in December 1955, Government Chief Whip under Anthony Eden . Journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft has observed that "Of all government jobs, this requires firmness and fairness allied to tact and patience and Heath's ascent seems baffling in hindsight". Because of the convention that Whips do not speak in Parliament, Heath managed to keep out of the controversy over the Suez Crisis . On the announcement of Eden's resignation, Heath submitted a report on the opinions of the Conservative MPs regarding Eden's possible successors. This report favoured Harold Macmillan and was instrumental in eventually securing Macmillan the premiership in January 1957. Macmillan later appointed Heath Minister of Labour, a Cabinet Minister – as Chief Whip Heath had attended Cabinet but had not been formally a member – after winning the October 1959 election. In 1960 Macmillan appointed Heath Lord Privy Seal with responsibility for the negotiations to secure the UK's first attempt to join the European Economic Community (as the European Community was then called). After extensive negotiations, involving detailed agreements about the UK's agricultural trade with Commonwealth countries such as New Zealand, British entry was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle , at a press conference in January 1963 – much to the disappointment of Heath, who was a firm supporter of European common market membership for the United Kingdom. However, he would oversee a successful application when serving in a higher position a decade later. [12] After this setback, a major humiliation for Macmillan's foreign policy, Heath was not a contender for the party leadership on Macmillan's retirement in October 1963. Under Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home he was President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development, and oversaw the abolition of retail price maintenance. Bilderberg As is not unusual for a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Heath attended the Bilderberg group (in 1963 and 1964) before being elected Conservative party leader. Leader of the Opposition (1965–1970) Ted Heath as Opposition Leader, 1966 After the Conservative Party lost the General Election of 1964, the defeated Douglas-Home changed the party leadership rules to allow for an MPs ballot vote, and then resigned. The following year, Heath – who was Shadow Chancellor at the time, and had recently won favourable publicity for leading the fight against Labour's Finance Bill – unexpectedly won the party's leadership contest, gaining 150 votes to Reginald Maudling 's 133 and Enoch Powell 's 15. [13] Heath became the Tories' youngest leader and retained office after the party's defeat in the General Election of 1966. Heath sacked Enoch Powell from the Shadow Cabinet in April 1968, shortly after Powell made his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech which criticised Commonwealth immigration to the United Kingdom. Heath never spoke to Powell again. [14] Prime Minister (1970–1974) With another general election approaching in 1970 a Conservative policy document emerged from the Selsdon Park Hotel that, according to some historians, [15] offered monetarist and free-market oriented policies as solutions to the country's unemployment and inflation problems. Heath stated that the Selsdon weekend only reaffirmed policies that had actually been evolving since he became leader of the Conservative Party. The prime minister, Harold Wilson , thought the document a vote-loser and dubbed it the product of Selsdon Man – after the supposedly prehistoric Piltdown Man [16] – in order to portray it as reactionary. But Heath's Conservative Party won the General Election of 1970 – 330 seats to Labour's 287. [17] It was the only occasion since 1945 in which one party with a working majority had been replaced in a single election by another party with an overall majority. The new cabinet included Margaret Thatcher (Education and Science), William Whitelaw (Leader of the House of Commons) and the former prime minister Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs). By January 1972, the unemployment rate reached a million, the highest level for more than two decades. Opposed to unemployment on moral grounds, Heath encouraged a famous "U-Turn" in economic policy that precipitated what became known as the "Barber boom." This was a two-range process involving the budgets of 1972 and 1973, the former of which pumped £2.5 billion into the economy in increased pensions and benefits and tax reductions. By early 1974, as a result of this Keynesian economic strategy, unemployment had fallen to under 550,000. The economic boom did not last, however, and the Heath Government implemented various cuts that led to the abandonment of policy goals such as a planned expansion of nursery education. Heath attempted to reduce the power of the trade unions, which had so far managed to stop legal attempts to curb their power. His Industrial Relations Act 1971 set up a special court under the judge Lord Donaldson, whose imprisonment of striking dockworkers was a public relations disaster that the Thatcher Government of the 1980s would take pains to avoid repeating (relying instead on confiscating the assets of unions found to have broken new anti-strike laws). Heath's attempt to confront trade union power resulted in a political battle, hobbled as the government was by inflation and high unemployment. Especially damaging to the government's credibility were the two miners' strikes of 1972 and 1974, the latter of which resulted in much of the country's industry working a "Three-Day Week" in an attempt to conserve energy. The National Union of Mineworkers won its case but the energy shortages and the resulting breakdown of domestic consensus contributed to the eventual downfall of his government. Edward Heath and Queen Elizabeth II with US President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon during their 1970 visit to the UK Foreign policy Upon entering office in June 1970, Heath immediately set about trying to reverse Wilson's policy of ending Britain's military presence East of Suez. [18] Heath took the United Kingdom into Europe with the European Communities Act 1972 in October (21 Eliz. II c.68). [19] He publicly supported the massive US bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in April 1972. [20] In October 1973, he placed a British arms embargo on all combatants in the Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur war, which mostly affected the Israelis by preventing them obtaining spares for their Centurion tanks. Heath refused to allow US intelligence gathering from British bases in Cyprus, resulting in a temporary halt in the US signals intelligence tap. [21] He also refused permission for the US to use any British bases for resupply. He favoured links with the People's Republic of China, visiting Mao Zedong in Beijing in 1974 and 1975 and remaining an honoured guest in China on frequent visits thereafter and forming a close relationship with Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping . Heath also maintained a good relationship with US President Richard Nixon and figures in the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. Northern Ireland Heath governed during a bloody period in the history of the Northern Ireland Troubles. On Bloody Sunday in 1972, 14 men were killed by British soldiers during a civil rights march in Derry. In early 1971 Heath sent in a Secret Intelligence Service officer, Frank Steele, to talk to the IRA and find out what common ground there was for negotiations. Steele had carried out secret talks with Jomo Kenyatta ahead of the British withdrawal from Kenya . [22] In July 1972, Heath permitted his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, William Whitelaw , to hold unofficial talks in London with an IRA delegation by Seán Mac Stiofáin . In the aftermath of these unsuccessful talks, the Heath government pushed for a peaceful settlement with the democratic political parties. The 1973 Sunningdale Agreement , which proposed a power-sharing deal, was strongly repudiated by many Unionists and the Ulster Unionist Party who withdrew its MPs at Westminster from the Conservative whip. The proposal was finally brought down by the Loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike in 1974 (although by then Heath was no longer in office). Heath was targeted by the IRA for introducing internment in Northern Ireland. In December 1974, the Balcombe Street ASU threw a bomb onto the first-floor balcony of his home in Wilton Street, Belgravia where it exploded. Heath had been conducting a Christmas carol concert at Broadstairs and arrived home 10 minutes after the bomb exploded. No one was injured in the attack, but a landscape portrait painted by Winston Churchill – given to Heath as a present – was damaged. [23] In January 2003, Heath gave evidence to the Saville Inquiry and stated that he had never sanctioned unlawful lethal force in Northern Ireland. Fall from power 1974 general election Heath tried to bolster his government by calling a General Election for 28 February 1974, using the election slogan "Who governs Britain?". The result of the election was inconclusive with no party gaining an overall majority in the House of Commons; the Tories had the most votes but Labour had slightly more seats. Heath began negotiations with Jeremy Thorpe , leader of the Liberal Party but, when these failed, he resigned as Prime Minister on 4 March 1974, and was replaced by Wilson's minority Labour government, eventually confirmed, though with a tiny majority, in a second election in October of the same year. [24] The Centre for Policy Studies , a Conservative group closely involved with the 1970 Selsdon document, began to formulate a new monetarist and free-market policy, initially led by Sir Keith Joseph . Although Margaret Thatcher was associated with the CPS she was initially seen as a potential moderate go-between by Heath's lieutenant James Prior. Rise of Thatcher Heath came to be seen as a liability by many Conservative MPs, party activists and newspaper editors. His personality was cold and aloof, annoying even to his friends. Alan Watkins observed in 1991 that his "brusqueness, his gaucherie, his lack of small or indeed any talk, his sheer bad manners" were among the factors costing him the support of Conservative backbenchers in the 1975 leadership election. [25] He resolved to remain Conservative leader, even after two general election defeats in one year, and at first it appeared that by calling on the loyalty of his front bench colleagues he might prevail. In the weeks following the second election defeat, Heath came under tremendous pressure to concede a review of the rules and agreed to establish a commission to propose changes and to seek re-election. There was no clear challenger after Enoch Powell had left the party and Keith Joseph had ruled himself out after controversial statements implying that the working classes should be encouraged to use more birth control. Joseph's close friend and ally Margaret Thatcher , who believed an adherent to CPS philosophy should stand, joined the leadership contest in his place alongside the outsider Hugh Fraser. Aided by Airey Neave 's campaigning amongst back-bench MPs – whose earlier approach to William Whitelaw had been rebuffed out of loyalty to Heath – she emerged as the only serious challenger. [26] The new rules permitted new candidates to enter the ballot in a second round of voting should the first be inconclusive, so Thatcher's challenge was considered by some to be that of a stalking horse. Neave deliberately understated Thatcher's support in order to attract wavering votes from MPs who were keen to see Heath replaced even though they did not necessarily want Thatcher to replace him. [27] [28] On 4 February 1975, Thatcher defeated Heath in the first ballot by 130 votes to 119, with Fraser coming in a distant third with 16 votes. This was not a big enough margin to give Thatcher the 15% majority necessary to win on the first ballot, but having finished in second place Heath immediately resigned and did not contest the next ballot. His favoured candidate, William Whitelaw, lost to Thatcher in the second vote one week later (Thatcher 146, Whitelaw 79, Howe 19, Prior 19, Peyton 11). [29] The vote polarised along right-left lines, with in addition the region, experience and education of the MP having their effects. Heath and Whitelaw were stronger on the left, among Oxbridge and public school graduates, and in MPs from Northern England or Scotland. [30] Thatcher had promised Heath a seat in the Shadow Cabinet, and planned to offer him whatever post he wanted. His advisers agreed he should wait at least six months, so he declined. He never relented and his refusal was called "the incredible sulk." [31] Thatcher nonetheless visited Heath at his home shortly after her election as leader, and had to stay for coffee with his PPS Tim Kitson so that the waiting press would not realise how brief the visit had been. Heath claimed that he had simply declined her request for advice about how to handle the press, whilst Thatcher claimed that she offered him any Shadow Cabinet position he wanted and asked him to lead the Conservative campaign in the upcoming EEC referendum, only to be rudely rebuffed. [32] Later career (1975–2001) Heath for many years persisted in criticism of the party's new ideological direction. At the time of his defeat he was still popular with rank and file Conservative members and was warmly applauded at the 1975 Party Conference. He played a leading role in the 1975 referendum campaign in which Britain voted to remain part of the EEC and remained active on the international stage, serving on the Brandt Commission investigation into developmental issues, particularly on North-South projects (Brandt Report). His relations with Thatcher remained negative, and in 1979–80 he turned down her offers of ambassador to the U.S. and secretary-general of NATO. [33] He continued as a central figure on the left of the party and, at the 1981 Conservative Party conference, openly criticised the government's economic policies – namely monetarism, which had seen inflation rise from 13% in 1979 to 18% in 1980 then fall to 4% by 1983, [34] but had seen unemployment double from around 1,500,000 to a postwar high of 3,300,000 during that time. [35] In 1990 he flew to Baghdad to attempt to negotiate the release of aircraft passengers and other British nationals taken hostage when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait . After Black Wednesday in 1992 he stated in the House of Commons that government should build a fund of reserves to counter currency speculators. In the 1960s Heath had lived at a flat in the Albany, off Piccadilly; at the unexpected end of his premiership he took the flat of a Conservative MP Tim Kitson for some months. In February 1985 Heath moved to Salisbury, where he resided until his death 20 years later. In 1987 he was nominated in the election for the Chancellorship of the University of Oxford but lost to Roy Jenkins as a result of splitting the Conservative vote with Lord Blake. Heath continued to serve as a back bench MP for the London constituency of Old Bexley and Sidcup and was, from 1992, the longest-serving MP ("Father of the House") and the oldest British MP. As Father of the House he oversaw the election of two Speakers of the Commons, Betty Boothroyd and Michael Martin . Heath was created a Knight of the Garter on 23 April 1992. [36] He retired from Parliament at the 2001 General Election]]. He and Tony Benn were the last two serving MPs to have been elected under George VI , with Heath being the only one to have served continuously since 1950. Parliament broke with precedent by commissioning a bust of Heath while he was still alive. [37] The 1993 bronze work, by Martin Jennings, was moved to the Members' Lobby in 2002. On 29 April 2002, in his 86th year, he made a public appearance at Buckingham Palace alongside the then prime minister Tony Blair and the three other surviving former prime ministers, as well as relatives of deceased prime ministers, for a dinner which was part of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. This was to be one of his last public appearances, as the following year saw a decline in his health. [38] Illness and death Edward Heath (1916-2005) Statesman, Musician & Sailor In August 2003, at the age of 87, Heath suffered a pulmonary embolism while on holiday in Salzburg, Austria. He never fully recovered, and owing to his declining health and mobility made very few public appearances in the final two years of his life. His last public appearance was at the unveiling of a set of gates to Sir Winston Churchill at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 November 2004. In his final public statement Heath paid tribute to James Callaghan who died on 26 March 2005, saying that Callaghan had been "...a major fixture in the political life of this country during his long and varied career. When in opposition he never hesitated to put firmly his party's case. When in office he took a smoother approach towards his supporters and opponents alike...We have lost a major figure from our political landscape". [39] Heath died from pneumonia on the evening of 17 July 2005, at the age of 89. He was cremated on 25 July 2005 at a funeral service attended by 1,500 people. The day after his death the BBC Parliament channel showed the BBC results coverage of the 1970 election. A memorial service was held for Heath in Westminster Abbey on 8 November 2005 which was attended by two thousand people. Three days later his ashes were interred in Salisbury Cathedral. In a tribute to him, the then Prime Minister Tony Blair stated "He was a man of great integrity and beliefs he held firmly from which he never wavered". [40] Arundells In January 2006, it was announced that Heath had left his house and contents to the value of £5 million in his will, most of it to a charitable foundation to conserve his 18th-century house, Arundells, opposite Salisbury Cathedral, as a museum to his career. The house is open to the public for guided tours from March to October, and displayed is a large collection of personal effects as well as Heath's personal library, photo collections and paintings by Winston Churchill. [41] In his will Heath, who had had no descendants, left only two legacies: £20,000 to his brother's widow, and £2,500 to his housekeeper. [42] Sexuality Heath never married. He had been expected to marry childhood friend Kay Raven, who reportedly tired of waiting and married an RAF officer whom she met on holiday in 1950. In a four-sentence paragraph of his memoirs, Heath claimed that he had been too busy establishing a career after the war and had "perhaps ... taken too much for granted". In a 1998 TV interview with Michael Cockerell, Heath said that he had kept her photograph in his flat for many years afterwards. [43] His interest in music kept him on friendly terms with female musicians including pianist Moura Lympany. When Heath was Prime Minister she was approached by the Conservative MP Tufton Beamish, who said: "Moura, Ted must get married. Will you marry him?" She said she would have done but was in love with someone else. [44] She later said the most intimate thing Heath had done was to put his arm around her shoulder. [45] Bernard Levin wrote at the time in The Observer, forgetting two other prime minsters who were bachelors with no known romantic interests, that the UK had to wait until the emergence of the permissive society for a prime minister who was a virgin. [46] In later life, according to his official biographer Philip Ziegler, Heath was "apt to relapse into morose silence or completely ignore the woman next to him and talk across her to the nearest man". John Campbell, who published a biography of Heath in 1993, devoted four pages to a discussion of the evidence concerning Heath's sexuality. Whilst acknowledging that Heath was often assumed by the public to be gay, not least because it is "nowadays ... whispered of any bachelor" he found "no positive evidence" that this was so "except for the faintest unsubstantiated rumour" (the footnote refers to a mention of a "disturbing incident" at the beginning of the Second World War in a 1972 biography by Andrew Roth). Campbell ultimately concluded that the most significant aspect of Heath's sexuality was his complete repression of it. Brian Coleman, the Conservative Party London Assembly member for Barnet and Camden, claimed in 2007 that Heath, in order to protect his career, had stopped cottaging in the 1950s. Coleman said it was "common knowledge" among Conservatives that Heath had been given a stern warning by police when he underwent background checks for the post of Privy Councillor. [47] Heath's biographer Philip Ziegler wrote in 2010 that Coleman was able to provide "little or no evidence" to back up this statement, that no man had ever claimed to have had a sexual relationship with Heath, nor was any trace of homosexuality to be found in his papers, and that "those who knew him well” insist that he had no such inclination. He believes Heath to have been asexual. [48] Paedophilia Jimmy Savile and Edward Heath rehearsing for Savile's BBC TV show Jim'll Fix It in 1980 In August 2015 the Sunday People reported that Edward Heath had backed paedophile Jimmy Savile for a royal honour – two years after the previous Prime Minister warned the Queen against it. Savile was passed over for an MBE a month before the former Conservative leader moved into No10. But less than two years after Heath took office, the TV presenter – exposed after his death as a serial child-sex abuser – was awarded the higher honour of an OBE. Heath later appeared on Savile’s BBC TV show Jim’ll Fix It when it was one of the nation’s favourites. Government files show that in May 1970 the Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson did “not wish to submit the name of Mr Jimmy Savile for an MBE in the Birthday List”. Heath took office weeks later after a June General Election and stayed in power until 1974. And records reveal how Savile was put forward for an OBE midway through Heath’s stint as PM. The award was made in the New Year’s Honours List of 1972. Top of the Pops presenter Savile officially received the honour in March of that year. The words: “The Prime Minister would not wish to submit the name of Mr Jimmy Savile for an MBE in the Birthday List,” appeared in a heavily censored note to civil servant Sir Robert Armstrong dated May 5 1970, when Wilson was still in power. The notes goes on: “He would, however, be ready to consider his name again for a future list.” Savile, who died in 2011 aged 84, became a Sir in 1992 following repeated attempts by Margaret Thatcher to have him knighted. The newspaper also revealed that Heath was present at more than half a dozen Westminster meetings of the notorious Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) which was formed to persuade politicians to lower the age of sexual consent to only ten. The revelations raise fresh doubts over the character of Heath, who died aged 89 in 2005. A source said: “While nothing has been proven against Heath, these sort of links show why the fullest possible investigation is necessary. The authorities must find out if there was any sinister reason for this apparent U-turn over honours to be awarded to Jimmy Savile.” The relationship between Savile and Heath is being probed by North Yorkshire Police who said last week they were “undertaking a comprehensive search of force systems to assess if there is any information or intelligence held in relation to Mr Heath”. A dossier of files compiled by former Labour minister Baroness Castle showed Heath was present at Westminster meetings with paedophile rights campaigners from the PIE group. Heath is said to have attended at least a quarter of the 30 or so monthly or bi-weekly meetings. Heath's name is said to have appeared on minutes of the private gatherings, also apparently attended by other MPs, along with scoutmasters and headteachers. But the Castle files have been missing since the mid 1980s. Baroness Castle, a former MP for Blackburn and Euro MP for Greater Manchester, died in 2002. It was claimed by Savile’s nephew Guy Marsden last week that a boy of 14 was abused by Heath at a London party. The unnamed victim is said to have been targeted by the politician just over a year before he became Prime Minister after the boy was picked up by Savile. The man claims he recognised his alleged abuser as Heath only when he saw the politician on TV several years later. Earlier it was revealed a man had come forward to claim to police he had been abused by Heath at the age of 12 in a flat in Mayfair, central London, after he was picked up as a hitch-hiker when he ran away from home in 1961. London’s Metropolitan Police said on Tuesday that it had been decided “there were no lines of inquiry that could proportionately be pursued” in relation to that rape allegation. Heath’s supporters have been highly critical of the allegations being made against him. Former Tory MP Matthew Parris today slammed the “idiocy” surrounding the claims. But Heath is the highest-profile figure to emerge in allegations of a VIP paedophile ring. [49] Sex abuse allegations Ten years after Sir Edward's death, allegations of child sexual abuse against him were received by eight police forces. [50] Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, who as Robert Armstrong was PM Edward Heath's private secretary, said he had "never felt a whiff of sexuality about Ted Heath, whether it was in relation to women, men or children". [51] On 14 August 2015, Lord Armstrong told Radio 4's Today Programme the allegations were "so totally uncharacteristic and unlikely" that he did not believe them to be true: "My incredulity is based on the way of life of a man and about his character and his personality. "When he was at home he had two policemen on the gate, he had the personal protection officer from Scotland Yard in the house, he never drove a car himself, he always had an official driver. "It just seems to me highly unlikely that he could have escaped all that to do the kind of thing that is described. I knew him for 35 years, I worked very closely with him while he was prime minister, and we remained friends for the rest of his life. "You usually detect some sense of sexuality when you are friends or work closely with them. I think he was completely asexual. There are some people like that and I think he was one of them." [52] References	Edward Heath
Which band's first top ten single was the 10538 Overture in 1972?	Astrology: Edward Heath, date of birth: 1916/07/09, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer or your Ascendant is Cancer: you are emotional, sentimental, peaceful, imaginative, sensitive, faithful, resistant, protective, vulnerable, generous, romantic, nostalgic, tender, poetic-minded, motherly or fatherly, dreamy, indolent, greedy, devoted but also timorous, unrealistic, evasive, passive, anxious, dependent, stubborn, moody, passive, lazy, touchy, stay-at-home or inaccessible. Some traditional associations with Cancer: Countries: Holland, Scotland, North and West Africa, New-Zealand, Paraguay, Algeria. Cities: Amsterdam, Manchester, Tokyo, New York, Istanbul, Stockholm, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Cadix, Alger, Tunis, Bern, Magdeburg. Animals: crabs, animals with shells. Food: milk, fishes, watery fruits and vegetables, turnips, white and red cabbages. Herbs and aromatics: tarragon, verbena, saxifrage. Flowers and plants: geraniums, white roses and white flowers in general, water lilies, morning glory, bear's breeches, and lilies. Trees: all trees full of sap. Stones, Metals and Salts: pearls, silver, lime and calcium phosphate. Signs: Leo 2nd Fire sign - 2nd Fixed sign - Masculine In analogy with the Sun, his ruler, and the 5th House Leo governs the heart and the spine, and the eyes, according to some authors. His colour is gold or orange, his stone is the diamond, his day is Sunday, his professions are actor, manager, jeweller, fashion and arts, and action (e.g. fireman)... If your sign is Leo or your Ascendant is Leo: you are proud, determined, strong-willed, loyal, solemn, generous, ambitious, courageous, heroic, conquering, creative, confident, seductive, happy, daring, fiery, majestic, honest, magnanimous, charismatic, responsible, noble, dramatic but also domineering, vain, susceptible, bossy, stubborn, intolerant, self-centred, violent, quick-tempered, nonchalant. Some traditional associations with Leo: Countries: Italy, Romania, Sicily, Czechoslovakia, Iraq, Lebanon, Southern France. Cities: Rome, Prague, Bombay, Madrid, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, Bath, Bristol, Portsmouth, Syracuse, Damas. Animals: lions and felines in general. Food: meat and especially red meat, rice, honey, cereals, grapes, iron-rich vegetables: watercress, spinach etc. Herbs and aromatics: saffron, mint, rosemary, common rue (Ruta graveolens). Flowers and plants: marigolds, sunflowers, celandines, passion flowers. Trees: palm trees, laurel, walnuts, olive trees, lemon and orange trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: gold, rubies, magnesium and sodium phosphate. Signs: Virgo 2nd Earth sign - 2nd Mutable sign - Feminine In analogy with Mercury, her ruler, and the 6th house Virgo governs the intestine. Her colour is green or yellow, her stone is the agate, her day is Wednesday, her professions are accountant, secretary, writer, computer scientist, nurse, doctor... If your sign is Virgo or your Ascendant is Virgo: you are brainy, perspicacious, attentive to detail and numbers, analytical, serious, competent, scrupulous, sensible, modest, logical, tidy, well-organized, clean, hard-working, provident, honest, faithful, reserved, shy, helpful, a perfectionist, but also narrow-minded, calculating, irritating, petty, anxious, cold, repressed or caustic. Some traditional associations with Virgo: Countries: Brazil, Greece, Turkey, West Indies, United-States (the same as Gemini), Yugoslavia, Crete, Mesopotamia, Lower Silesia, State of Virginia. Cities: Paris, Boston, Athens, Lyon, Corinthia, Heidelberg, spa towns in general. Animals: dogs, cats and all pets. Food: root vegetables: carrots, celeriac, kohlrabies, potatoes etc... Also dried fruits such as chestnuts. Herbs and aromatics: the same as Gemini whose ruler is Mercury too, lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtles, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets, clovers. Flowers and plants: small bright-coloured flowers, especially blue and yellow, such as dandelions, buttercups, yellow dead-nettles, buglosses, forget-me-nots ; cardamoms, oak leaves, acorns. Trees: all nut trees, e.g. the hazelnut tree... Stones, Metals and Salts: sards (red agate), mercury, nickel, potassium sulphate and iron phosphate. Signs: Libra 2nd Air sign - 3rd Cardinal sign (autumn equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Venus, his ruler and the 7th House Libra governs the kidneys and the bladder. His colour is blue or red (not too bright), his stone is the opal, his day is Friday, his professions are in the beauty, luxury or fashion industry, musician, artistic creator, lawyer, mediator... If your sign is Libra or your Ascendant is Libra: you are sentimental, charming, polite, refined, loyal, a pacifist, fair, distinguished, light-hearted, romantic, learned, ethereal, nice, well-groomed, a perfectionist, calm, sweet, tolerant, sociable, elegant, considerate, seductive, aesthetic, indulgent, but also hesitant, weak, indecisive, selfish, fragile, fearful, indolent, cool or even insensitive. Some traditional associations with Libra: Countries: Japan, Canada, Indo-China, South Pacific Islands, Burma, Argentina, Upper Egypt, Tibet. Cities: Lisbon, Vienna, Frankfurt, Leeds, Nottingham, Johannesburg, Antwerp, Fribourg. Animals: lizards and small reptiles. Food: berries, apples, pears, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans, spices, corn and other cereals. Herbs and aromatics: mint, Cayenne pepper. Flowers and plants: hydrangea, big roses, blue flowers and those associated with Taurus also ruled by Venus, namely, poppies, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, and daisies. Trees: ash trees, poplars, apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses. Stones, Metals and Salts: sapphires, jade, copper, potassium and sodium phosphate. Signs: Scorpio 2nd Water sign - 3rd Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Pluto, her ruler with Mars, and the 8th House Scorpio governs the sexual organs and the anus. Her colour is black or dark red, her stone is the malachite, her day is Tuesday, her professions are gynaecologist, psychiatrist, detective, the military, army, stockbroker, asset managemer... If your sign is Scorpio or your Ascendant is Scorpio: you are secretive, powerful, domineering, resistant, intuitive, asserted, charismatic, magnetic, strong-willed, perspicacious, passionate, creative, independent, vigorous, generous, loyal, hard-working, persevering, untameable, possessive, cunning, ambitious, sexual, proud, intense, competitive but also aggressive, destructive, stubborn, anxious, tyrannical, perverse, sadistic, violent, self-centred, complex, jealous. Some traditional associations with Scorpio: Countries: Morocco, Norway, Algeria, Syria, Korea, Uruguay, Transvaal. Cities: Washington, New Orleans, Valencia, Liverpool, Milwaukee, Fes, Halifax, Hull, Cincinnati. Animals: insects and other invertebrates. Food: the same strong tasting food as for Aries: red meat, garlic, onions, leeks, spices. Herbs and aromatics: aloes, witch hazels, nepeta, mustard, capers, peppers. Flowers and plants: geraniums, rhododendrons, thistles, mint, honeysuckles. Trees: blackthorns, bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: opals, steel and iron, calcium and sodium sulphate. Signs: Sagittarius 3rd Fire sign - 3rd Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Jupiter, his ruler, and the 9th House Sagittarius governs the thighs and the liver. His colour is indigo, orange or red, his stone is the carbuncle, his day is Thursday, his professions are explorer, commercial traveller, pilot, philosopher, writer, clergyman... If your sign is Sagittarius or your Ascendant is Sagittarius: you are charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving. Some traditional associations with Sagittarius: Countries: Spain, Australia, Hungary, South Africa, Arabia, Yugoslavia. Cities: Stuttgart, Toledo, Budapest, Cologne, Avignon, Sheffield, Naples, Toronto. Animals: fallow deers, hinds, and all games. Food: grapefruits, raisins, onions, leeks, bulb vegetables. Herbs and aromatics: aniseeds, sage, bilberries, cinnamon, borage, mosses, sage, blueberry, patience, balsam. Flowers and plants: dandelions, carnations, thistles. Trees: mulberry trees, chestnut trees, ash trees, lemon trees, oaks. Stones, Metals and Salts: topaz, tin, silica, potassium chloride. Signs: Capricorn 3rd Earth sign - 4th Cardinal sign (winter solstice) - Feminine In analogy with Saturn, her ruler, and the 10th House Capricorn governs the knees, the bones and the skin. Her colour is black, or grey, green or brown, her stone is the jade, her day is Saturday, her professions are politician, researcher, jurist, scientist, engineer, administrator... If your sign is Capricorn or your Ascendant is Capricorn: you are serious, cold, disciplined, patient, focused, thoughtful, ambitious, indomitable, cautious, lucid, persistent, provident, steady, introverted, stern, wilful, hard-working, responsible, persevering, honest, realistic, loyal, reserved, resolute, moralistic, quiet, rigorous, attached and reliable. But you may also be curt, withdrawn, calculating, petty, cruel, unpleasant, ruthless, selfish, dull, rigid, slow or sceptical. Some traditional associations with Capricorn: Countries: India, Mexico, Afghanistan, Macedonia, Thrace, the Yugoslavian coast, the Orkneys and Shetland Islands, Albania, Bulgaria, Saxony. Cities: Delhi, Oxford, Brussels, Mexico, Port-Saïd, Gent, Constance, Mecklenburg, all the administrative centres of capital cities. Animals: goats, pigs and animals with split hooves. Food: meat, potatoes, barley, beets, spinach, medlars, onions, quinces, flour and starchy food in general. Herbs and aromatics: indian hemp, comfreys, centaureas, hemlocks, henbanes. Flowers and plants: ivies, wild pansies, amaranths, pansies. Trees: pines, willows, flowering ashes, aspens, poplars, alders. Stones, Metals and Salts: turquoises, amethysts, silver, lead, calcium phosphate, calcium fluorine. Signs: Aquarius 3rd Air sign - 4th Fixed sign - Masculine In analogy with Uranus his ruler, with Saturn, and the 11th House Aquarius governs the ankles and the legs. His colour is navy blue or indigo, his stone is the sapphire, his day is Saturday, his professions are astrologer, high technologies, scientist, astronaut, psychiatrist, actor, electrician... If your sign is Aquarius or your Ascendant is Aquarius: you are idealistic, altruistic, detached, independent, original, surprising, gifted, contradictory, innovative, humanistic, likeable, friendly, self-confident, impassive, quiet, intuitive, creative, charitable, elusive, disconcerting, generous, tolerant, paradoxical, and you cannot stand any kind of constraint. But you may also be marginal, resigned, distant, utopian, maladjusted, eccentric and cold. Some traditional associations with Aquarius: Countries: Russia, Sweden, Poland, Israel, Iran, Abyssinia. Cities: Moscow, Salzburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Saint Petersburg. Animals: long distance big birds such as the albatross. Food: citrus fruits, apples, limes, dried fruits and easily preserved food. Herbs and aromatics: peppers, hot red peppers, star-fruits, and generally herbs that are spicy or with an unusual flavour. Flowers and plants: orchids, dancing ladies, polygonatum. Trees: fruit trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: aquamarines, aluminium, sodium chloride and magnesium phosphate. Signs: Pisces 3rd Water sign - 4th Mutable sign - Feminine In analogy with Neptune her ruler with Jupiter, and the 12th House Pisces governs the feet and the blood circulation. Her colour is green or purple or turquoise blue, her stone is the amethyst, her day is Thursday, her professions are seamanship and and faraway travels, musician, social and emergency worker, doctor, writer and jobs in remote places... If your sign is Pisces or your Ascendant is Pisces: you are emotional, sensitive, dedicated, adaptable, nice, wild, compassionate, romantic, imaginative, flexible, opportunist, intuitive, impossible to categorized, irrational, seductive, placid, secretive, introverted, pleasant, artistic, and charming. But you may also be indecisive, moody, confused, wavering, lazy, scatterbrained, vulnerable, unpredictable and gullible. Some traditional associations with Pisces: Countries: Portugal, Scandinavia, small Mediterranean islands, Gobi desert, Sahara. Cities: Jerusalem, Warsaw, Alexandria, Seville, Santiago de Compostela. Animals: fishes, aquatic mammals and all animals living in the water. Food: melons, cucumbers, lettuces, vegemite sugar, pumpkins. Herbs and aromatics: lemon, chicory, limes, mosses. Flowers and plants: water lilies, willows, aquatic plants. Trees: fig-trees, willows, aquatic trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: heliotropes, moonstone, platinum, tin, iron phosphate and potassium sulphate. Sun 17ï¿½21' Cancer, in House IV Sun Aspects Sun conjunction Saturn orb +2ï¿½23' Sun inconjunction Uranus orb -1ï¿½33' Sun conjunction Venus orb +9ï¿½31' Sun sextile Mars orb +4ï¿½53' Planets: Sun The Sun represents vitality, individuality, will-power and creative energy and honours. For a woman, it also represents her father, and later her husband. The Sun is one of the most important symbols in the birth chart, as much as the Ascendant, then the Moon (a bit less for a man), the ruler of the Ascendant and the fast-moving planets. It's element is fire; it is hot and dry, it governs Leo, is in exaltation in Aries and is in analogy with the heart. It represents the boss, authority, beside the father and the husband ; the age of the Sun goes from 20 years old to about 40, following the Venus age when one is aware of his seductive power. Temperament : Bilious Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary, passionate type. Sun in Cancer Your nature is impressionable. Your sensitivity is very developed and allows you to feel the influences of your environment and to draw your sensations and your feelings from surrounding ambiances. You are very receptive to your family roots, to your past and sometimes, to history. Your imagination is the refuge where you enjoy diving, on your own. The subtleness of your emotions is difficult to render. It is impossible for a cell ï¿½ family, social, professional - to function by itself without homogenous references, without a ï¿½family likenessï¿½. You are able to convince your close friends to digest their differences and their specificities and to create an intimate relationship in which you can happily show your worth. Should an agent for cohesion be missing, and should everything seem too diverse or scattered, you are probably the most capable to unify the whole group: one after the other, you digest your surrounding characteristics and, as time goes by, you turn into the most perfect representative of your environment. You may need to handle hostility without shutting down the lines of dialogue. You must also learn to develop the fighting spirit that your sign lacks, so that your receptivity can be fully expressed. Sun in House IV In your natal chart, the Sun is in the 4th House. Your private world and your family environment are of utmost importance to you. Your aspirations (your solar models) focus on everything in which your personality can find refuge. This also includes clans and divides, as well as integrations and separations. Your attachment to your roots goes far beyond a mere family feeling or parochialism. The clan, to which you feel you belong, is the determining factor in the choice of your objectives, your ideals, and your reasons for living. Sun Dominant If the Sun is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Solarian: you loathe pettiness and Machiavellian manoeuvre, and you are fond of natural nobleness as well as of direct and honest attitudes. You endeavour to get out of muddled or dark situations as quickly as possible. Your need for transparency may lead you to make cut-and-dried judgments such as yes or no, and black or white. However, your honesty commands your entourage's consideration. At times, you come across as authoritarian. It is true that you never want to be thought of the notable absentee, and that you manage to make people pay attention to you, as well as to your plans and your assessments. To this end, the Solarian sometimes develops a great talent for placing himself under the spotlight without missing a single opportunity to arouse interest. Some other Solarians, although more discreet, still manage to be the focus of any debate, even in situations of exclusion. It is your way of being present even though you are actually not there... More than other people, you appreciate the esteem extended to you. It is useless to cheat with you, since in all areas you consider establishing enduring relationships only with those who love you, admire you, respect you, or express some degree of affection to you. Your will to straighten out your inter-personal relationships is your strength and sometimes, your Achilles' heel. You cannot achieve anything behind the scenes. Therefore, your comportment is marked with heroism, and your stands are devoid of ambiguity, in the sense that your commitments are unfailing, and your rebuffs, final. Interpretation of the 17ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A man and two women gamble in a lavishly furnished room decorated with exotic flowers." ( Janduz version) Reckless, extravagant, and coward character. One is unable to manage one's destiny properly because one is only concerned with superficial pleasures and external appearances. The lavish lifestyle one enjoys is beyond one's means and may bring about big financial losses. Should the natal chart concur, there is a danger of poisoning through gas, chemical substances, and narcotics. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Moon 5ï¿½28' Scorpio, in House VII Moon Aspects Moon trine Venus orb -2ï¿½21' Moon opposite Jupiter orb -3ï¿½23' Moon trine Pluto orb +2ï¿½17' Moon square Neptune orb +3ï¿½39' Moon trine Mercury orb +6ï¿½45' Moon semi-square Mars orb -1ï¿½46' Planets: Moon The Moon represents instinctive reaction, unconscious predestination, everyday mood, sensitivity, emotions, the feminine side of the personality, intuition, imagination. For a man, she represents his mother and later his wife, and his relationship with women in general. For a woman, the Moon is almost as important as the Sun and the Ascendant. Her element is water, she is cold and moist, she rules Cancer, is in exaltation in Taurus and is in analogy with the stomach. She symbolizes the mother, wife, the crowd, the Moon is associated with birth and childhood. Tradition also matches her with the end of life, after Saturn the old age, it is thus customary to go back to one's place of birth to die: the end of life meets the very beginning. Temperament : Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, non Active and Primary, Nervous or Amorphous type. Moon in Scorpio On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Scorpio. Your instincts deeply influence your thinking process and your actions. There are a lot of impulsiveness and violence in you. But they are only the other side of the coin of you direct and innate receptivity that gives you the amazing ability to perceive what is really at stake in any given situation. You also have extraordinary psychological skills. You are impervious to prevailing trends and tastes and you prefer to create a unique lifestyle for yourself alone. You are very selective in your intimate sphere and you accept as friends only the persons who can be naturally integrated in your quite special realm. You carefully maintain your distance with all intruders. Closeness needs time. Moon in House VII With the Moon in the 7th House, you feel that human relationships take shape naturally and do not need to be built. Linking up to the world is not a matter of reasoned and codified sociability, but of sensitivity. You get along well with the people whom you feel are trustworthy a priori. The ideal partner for you is a person who resembles you, and whose sensitivity is like your own in terms of subtlety and complicity. Within your couple, as well as in your associations, you totally blend in the other one. At times, your attitude is selective. Moon Dominant If the Moon is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Lunarian: the driving force behind your actions is mainly the pursuit of well-being and tranquillity. Your sensitive and romantic self lives on those periods of rest during which you let your imagination wander at will. This is your way of finding inspiration and balance. Nothing is allowed to disturb your feeling of fulfilment and security within a harmonious cell, be it a family or a clan. More than other people, the Lunarian is attached to those moments during which one forgets one's worries and lets oneself cast adrift aimlessly, with no other goal than to be lulled into an ambiance, a situation, or a perfect moment. Many people do not understand such absences and their meaning, which is to regain strength. These people readily describe you with such unflattering terms as apathy and nonchalance. Never mind! Some inspirations require surrendering as well as striking a balance derived from alternate action and passivity. Your qualities are expressed to the fullest in situations which demand familiarity and privacy. Your capacities to respect and blend into your environment is at least as valuable as some other people's aggressive dispositions. However, you are well-advised to avoid indolence and renunciation out of laziness or indifference. Interpretation of the 5ï¿½ Scorpio symbolic degree "A nice and well-maintained garden. An uncultivated field with a donkey kicking." ( Janduz version) The garden symbolises a humble, nice, and conscientious character. Attention to detail and persistence bring about success and notoriety in natural sciences, botany, or horticulture. One may give one's name to a new species of flower or fruit. The donkey warns against stubbornness, laziness, and whimsical behaviour. A strong Mercury in the natal chart offsets the danger of violence and ruin heralded by this degree. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Mercury 28ï¿½42' Gemini, in House III Mercury Aspects Mercury conjunction Pluto orb +4ï¿½28' Moon trine Mercury orb +6ï¿½45' Mercury sextile Jupiter orb -3ï¿½22' Mercury conjunction Venus orb +9ï¿½06' Mercury square Mars orb -6ï¿½27' Planets: Mercury Mercury represents communication, logical and rational mind, intellectual skills. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Virgo and Gemini, is in exaltation in Virgo and is in analogy with the arms, hands, nervous system. It represents tradesmen, lawyers, messengers; the age of Mercury goes from 8 or10 years old to about 15.. Temperament : Nervous Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, Active and Primary, Nervous or Sanguine type. Mercury in Gemini Mercury describes your relations, your communication skills and the way you relate to the external world. However, other astrological elements also influence these areas. The sign Mercury occupies is significant only if Mercury is part of your planetary dominantes. In your chart, Mercury is in Gemini. You need to know everything about the world around you and you probably want to share the results of your observations with everybody. You have a real gift ï¿½ or desire ï¿½ to pass on acquisitions and knowledge. Your inquiring mind is the drive behind your frequent discussions and your exchanges. You prefer to increase the number of your centres of interest rather than to lock yourself up in an exaggerate specialization. But donï¿½t lose sight of the essential thing: your thirst for knowledge may scatter your capacities. Diversification also has its dangersï¿½ However, your open-mindedness spares you the traps of cultural discrimination: everything is worth your interest, in principle. Rejecting a foreigner may deprive you of enriching discoveries or assessments. Your strength lies in your ability to broaden your horizon and to know. Mercury in House III Mercury is in the 3rd House, the sector where inter-personal relations are learned, and which is naturally linked to this planet. Communication is an essential feature to you. You need to continuously experiment new ideas, as well as to create multi-faceted concepts and relationships. You try to keep your intellectual process constantly at work so as to be able to grasp all sorts of situations and information. You are a reporter and an observer to the core. Mercury Dominant If Mercury is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Mercurian: the tradition points out the importance of communication. From idle but enriching chatters to observation gift, such a dominant endows you with a wide range of expression. Human beings have one thousand facets and one thousand masks they wear according to circumstances and the fortunes of the game of life. You take the role of an observer who is avid for novelties, discoveries, and surprises. Everything catches your attention and becomes an opportunity for new encounters, relationships, and learning. The world amazes you, amuses you sometimes, and stimulates your curiosity. Because the most important thing is to discover, and because you consider that each new situation is packed with potentialities, you try to fill the gaps in your knowledge. Although your open-mindedness may scatter your centres of interest, it also enables you to carefully avoid sticking to only one immutable and rigid view. The slightest sign enables you to perceive the other side of the coin, as well as the infinite complexity of people and of situations. On the human plane, you seek the dialogue and the information without which you know that you are not able to fully grasp the nature of your interlocutor. This keen interest in the Unknown sharpens your inter-relational skills. All these qualities are traditionally associated with Mercury. Interpretation of the 28ï¿½ Gemini symbolic degree "Under a low grey sky, a flock of crows fly against the wind, and three dogs run in opposite directions." ( Janduz version) Indecisive, fickle, and pessimistic character. One must make a concentration effort and carefully keep one's projects ready for implementation as soon as the good opportunity arises. One must believe in one's qualities, and learn not to systematically listen to the person who spoke last. Otherwise, innate lack of tenacity and self-confidence, blended with excessive malleability, would result in repeated failures. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Venus 7ï¿½49' Я Cancer, in House IV Venus Aspects Moon trine Venus orb -2ï¿½21' Venus conjunction Pluto orb +4ï¿½38' Sun conjunction Venus orb +9ï¿½31' Mercury conjunction Venus orb +9ï¿½06' Venus sextile Jupiter orb +5ï¿½44' Planets: Venus Venus represents the way one loves, relationships, sharing, affectivity, seductive ability. For men, she also corresponds to the kind of woman he's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is more symbolized by the Moon, Venus is the lover and not the wife). Her element is the Air, she is moist, rules Taurus and Libra, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the kidneys, the venous system, the bladder, the neck. She represents the artists, tradesmen, occupations linked to beauty and charm; the age of Venus goes from 15 to about 25 years old. Temperament : Sanguine and Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type. Venus in Cancer Venus describes your affective life. On the day of your birth, she is found in Cancer. Emotions and sensations are indissociable from your imagination, your dreams and your inner life. There is something romantic and fabulous in the way you experience love. You can really feel passion only within a subtle, refined and quite mysterious relationship. In love, your imagination has unlimited powers. Tenderness is the key to your sentimental fulfilment. You dread violent passions and storms and you strive to fulfil your needs for gentleness and harmony. For you, love is a refuge. You treasure the security of your couple cell and you protect the intimacy and the secrets of your relationship. Feelings make you dreamï¿½ Your affectivity is romantic and whimsical. Whims are of course the indispensable ingredients of your sentimental life, its salt and sugar. However, you may pour too much salt in your affectivity! Imagination may be tricky. You become the victim of your mood swings and strange desires overwhelm your thoughts. Your romantic sensitivity requires its fair share of dreams and mystery. Better than anyone, you create an atmosphere of sweet intimacy, which is the basis of a fulfilled love relationship, even, and above all, in the everyday life. Venus in House IV Venus expresses her characteristics through the 4th House values. It is within the intimacy of your family world that your affectivity reveals itself and blossoms. Your sentimental attitudes are very selective. It is impossible for you to love just anybody, anywhere. You keep your affective surges for those who belong to your clan, whether this clan is made of the members of your family, or your closed friends. Therefore, you exclude a priori persons who are too different, and you limit your love to a reassuring home. Venus Dominant If Venus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Venusian: you are a sensual and emotional person particularly receptive to the natural likes and dislikes aroused by your contact with people. You are prone to frequent instinctive aversions and true passions which are exclusively driven by the feeling of love. The heart has its reasons which Reason knows nothing of... Your balance is based on the richness of your affective life. Without love, the Venusian is resourceless, lost, and deprived of any reason for living. You have an obvious and strong will to charm and to arouse the attachments without which you cannot properly function. Every area of your life is thus marked by your affectivity. The danger is that you may "be taken in" by charm. In such cases, you would prefer to keep your emotions under better control. Thus, hyper-sensitivity has its own inconveniences. Nevertheless, better than anyone else, you know how to play with feelings and attractions. Although you are sometimes caught in the traps of an over sensitive emotionalism, feelings remain your best assets in many circumstances. There is another aspect to the Venusian dominant. According to the Tradition, this planet rules the Arts, and you are endowed with some degree of artistic dispositions, ranging from good to excellent. Interpretation of the 7ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A young woman hidden in a Temple of Love stares fearlessly at a snake ready to pounce on a bird." ( Janduz version) Self-lenient and weak-willed character. One always listens to one's instincts. This degree indicates that the family life is unhappy and that secret relationships may result in marital breakdown. Good moral standards are indispensable. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Mars 22ï¿½15' Virgo, in House VI Mars Aspects Mars sextile Saturn orb +2ï¿½30' Sun sextile Mars orb +4ï¿½53' Mercury square Mars orb -6ï¿½27' Moon semi-square Mars orb -1ï¿½46' Planets: Mars Mars represents the desire for action and physical energy, sexuality, strength. For a woman, Mars corresponds to the kind of man she's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is rather symbolized by the Sun, Mars is the lover, not the husband). Fire is its element, it is hot and dry, and it rules Aries and Scorpio (along with Pluto), is in exaltation with Capricorn and is in analogy with the muscles and the spleen. It represents the soldiers, sportsmen, warriors, surgeons, blacksmiths... ; the age of Mars goes from 42 to 50 years old. Temperament : Bilious Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type. It is a Choleric. Mars in Virgo The planet Mars indicates how you react to life concrete stimulations. It also describes your fighting spirit, your abilities to stand for yourself and to take action. With Mars in Virgo, you strive to control your emotions and to reduce your field of activity in order to keep a maximal level of efficiency in your actions. When you commit yourself into something, you display a strong ingenuity and resourcefulness and you intervene at the right time. Your actions are as efficient as they are discreet. You may not feel comfortable when the situation you face is not logical. The whims of fate are not your allies: but you analyze properly more stable situations and you handle them methodically well. You seldom take inconsiderate actions and you prefer to take the time to weigh up the pros and the cons before undertaking anything. Your entourage may see your reserve and your restraint as a lack of boldness. Mars in House VI With Mars in the 6th House, your social life is a duel. You do not find your social place naturally. You feel that you have to gain it and to deserve it. Therefore, you display a great fighting spirit in the professional area, and you increase the number of strong actions, trials of strength, and at times, confrontations. The ardour and the energy you expend in your field of action constitute your personal signature and your manner. The role of a fighter fits you perfectly well. Mars Dominant If Mars is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Marsian: in your hand-to-hand struggle for life, you demonstrate an acute and active sense of confrontation with the world, with other people, and with your own destiny. You need to take action and to fight for your projects and your desires. You perceive all situations with deep intensity, and you react to the here and now without bothering to step back in order to ensure that events are under your control. You take up challenges with excessive foolhardiness as a consequence of your impulsiveness. However, better than anyone else, you know how to mobilise your resources in case of crisis. You take action whenever it is necessary to do so, and you are present in a timely manner. With Mars, your attitudes are dictated by the realities of the moment, by your emotions, and by everything which proved to have worked in the past. When this dominant is not well integrated, it may bring about an aggressive or impulsive behaviour. Therefore, you must learn to control your hyper-sensitivity and your fits of temper. You are also endowed with Marsian qualities: the fighting spirit and the taste for duel without which one may find oneself overwhelmed by events. When this willpower is well channelled, its precious energy enables to cope with all sorts of contingencies. There are a thousand ways to win, and a thousand challenges to take up with the enthusiasm and the dynamism which make life so worthy. A certain idea of life which is wild, passionate, and in tune with events. Interpretation of the 22ï¿½ Virgo symbolic degree "A beautiful ship in full sail glides through the sea." ( Janduz version) Adventurous, carefree, and humble character. One is always in quest for new experiences and new sensations full of romanticism and dangers. Because of one's marriage, one may have to travel to foreign countries. Success can be achieved in the arts, in literature, or in the representation of one's country abroad, especially if in the natal chart, several natal planets are posited in mutable signs. If Saturn is prominent, protections granted by powerful figures do not produce all the expected outcomes, and public recognition comes late. Furthermore, one is not the pushy type and prefers to have one's talents revealed by others. According to Manilius, a poet and astrologer of the 1st century of the Christian era, this degree describes beauty, great eloquence, witty repartees, artistic gifts, and outstanding authors and teachers. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Jupiter 2ï¿½05' Taurus, in House I Jupiter Aspects Moon opposite Jupiter orb -3ï¿½23' Jupiter square Neptune orb -0ï¿½16' Jupiter sextile Pluto orb +1ï¿½06' Mercury sextile Jupiter orb -3ï¿½22' Venus sextile Jupiter orb +5ï¿½44' Jupiter quintile Uranus orb +1ï¿½10' Planets: Jupiter Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces (along with Neptune), is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system. It represents the governors, magistrates, professors, religious men too; the age of Jupiter goes from 50 to 55 or even 70 years old. Temperament : Sanguine Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is an extrovert Choleric. Actually the humid version of Mars, inclined to action like him. Jupiter in Taurus The planet Jupiter symbolizes expansion, broadness and generosity. Jupiter is associated with the functions of synthesis, enthusiasm and optimism. In your natal chart, his house position is more important than his sign position because, like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Jupiter in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Jupiter in Taurus amplifies your practical sense and your capacity to improve your material life. You can experience a long-lasting fulfilment. You are often a bon viveur who likes lifeï¿½s good things. You manage and develop your patrimony with a lot of luck and generosity. Your taste is very good and your loyalty is genuine. Jupiter in House I Jupiter is in the 1st House. Your first experience of the world is integration and common language. Your reputation as a sociable person probably comes from your innate need to establish a form of social relationship with each encounter. When you are facing unknown situations, you spontaneously seek to define each person's role, place, and function. As you organise your world, it is important, first and foremost, that you take into account the values, the laws, and the people you discover. Jupiter Dominant If Jupiter is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Jupiterian: because this planet brings about a keen interest in social and professional success, the Tradition considers it to be beneficial. Indeed, you know how to adjust to events and to jump at the chance when it arises. The members of you entourage gladly entrust you with high responsibilities because they are often impressed by your learning skills and your adaptation abilities as you deal with new structures and new languages. What is the secret of your good star? It is your self-confidence which wins public support. Now, what is the secret of your charm? Definitely, enthusiasm, euphoria, and exaltation. Exaggeration also. When this dominant is well integrated, it is a factor of affluence and optimism, and a certain degree of joviality enables you to easily fit into various spheres. It constitutes your main asset to manage your life. However, you must at times curb your desire for integration, lest your sense of opportunity turns into extreme opportunism. Here also, the key to success lies in a correct estimate of everyone's chances and possibilities. Although management is one of your forte, and you can adjust your objectives to current realities better than other people, you lack the hindsight which enables you to avoid short-term vagaries and daily fluctuations. If you strive too much to adapt, you run a risk of betraying yourself. This is the other traditional side of the coin with "The Greater Benefic"! Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Taurus symbolic degree "A mature woman fills up many baskets with the grapes she picks. Another woman, concealing her face under a large robe, watches her." ( Janduz version) Success and prosperity are achieved in the second part of life, at the moment when they are most needed. Profits and pleasures are linked to maturity. This degree often indicates that marriage is contracted with an older person for financial reasons. In some cases, it gives a strong interest in mathematics. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Saturn 19ï¿½44' Cancer, in House IV Saturn Aspects Sun conjunction Saturn orb +2ï¿½23' Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb +0ï¿½49' Mars sextile Saturn orb +2ï¿½30' Planets: Saturn Saturn represents concentration, effort, perseverance, time, the hard reality, inevitable consequences. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Capricorn and Aquarius (along with Uranus), is in exaltation in Libra and is in analogy with the bones (skeleton) and the skin. It represents the grandparents, old people, scientists, knowledgeable men, Saturn corresponds to old age; it goes from 70 years old until death. Temperament : Nervous Characterology : Non-Emotive, Active and Secondary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type or sometimes Non-Emotive, non Active and Secondary type; it is a Phlegmatic, a Sentimental or an Empathic type Saturn in Cancer The planet Saturn symbolizes contraction, effort, time, limitation and concentration. Saturn eliminates anything that is not authentic, sooner or later. It is impossible to cheat him as he gives an irresistible desire to form a coherent whole with oneself, in responsible and wise ways. He is the great purifier. He represents our limitations but also our truth. In your natal chart, the house position where Saturn is posited is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Saturn in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Saturn in Cancer decreases your emotionalism. You are less vulnerable as you build a protective carapace, with all the good and the bad consequences that may be implied. You are provident and wise in the family and real estate areas, may be a bit too much. Saturn in House IV In your natal chart, Saturn is in the 4th House. Your attitude is highly selective. You leave no room for hypocrisies and shams, and you impose much rigour on other people as well as on yourself. Not everyone can enter your private spheres. By nature, you doubt people and relations, and you seek a personal world which is devoid of compromise. You do not cheat with intimate issues. You need to build for yourself a small but strong clan, an unfailing family, and a cast-iron cell. Saturn Dominant If Saturn is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Saturnian: you gladly leave to other people the decision to take life as it comes. As far as you are concerned, you prefer to take advantage of your experiences in order to discover, to grow, and to question yourself. Interpretation of the 19ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A man wearing a livery rides a thoroughbred horse." ( Janduz version) Devoted, intelligent, and honest character. Success is more likely to be experienced in ordinary occupations than in prominent jobs. This degree is good for careers in primary education or in priesthood. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Uranus 18ï¿½54' Я Aquarius, in House XII Uranus Aspects Sun inconjunction Uranus orb -1ï¿½33' Uranus sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb -0ï¿½43' Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb +0ï¿½49' Jupiter quintile Uranus orb +1ï¿½10' Planets: Uranus Uranus represents individual freedom, originality, independence, marginality, avant guard inspiration, ultra modernism. Fire is its element, it is dry, and it rules Aquarius, is in exaltation with Scorpio and is in analogy with the brain and the nerves. It represents inventors, odd characters, revolutionaries. Temperament : Nervous to the extreme Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary type; it is a Passionate type. Uranus in Aquarius The planet Uranus symbolizes originality, independence and cerebral energy bursting suddenly. Uranus triggers the irresistible need for freedom that we have in ourselves. Uranus tends to break the constraints that have become unbearable and gives us the courage and the will to get rid of what has become a burden; when he is well aspected, he also indicates genius. In your natal chart, Uranusï¿½ house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Uranus in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Uranus in Aquarius is in his own sign and, according to the Tradition, he is most potent and at his best: you are freedom-oriented and your desire to revolutionize the world in your fields of interest is irresistible. You are attracted by avant-gardist areas such as higher technologies, astrology etcï¿½ Uranus in House XII With Uranus in the 12th House, you set high standards for your ideals. Beyond self-interests and frenzied individualism, you look for a reason for living, for a model, or for a guide. You are open to revelations which may radically change your manner and your life. A clap of thunder out of the blue... Your marks crumble, and new convictions crop up. This is a U-turn! However, you must be wary of all kinds of fanaticism. Uranus Dominant If Uranus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Uranian: personal values are prevailing. Inner certainties fuel an inflexible will and a desire to call attention on yourself as well as to follow your beliefs through. This planet prompts you to behave with determination, to put forward your own truth, and to start your personal revolution. More than other people, you are willing to keep some degree of autonomy in all circumstances, and you often display an individualistic nature. In order to achieve your ideal of freedom and independence, you may act like a despot as you try to convince and to impose your views, whether smoothly or forcefully. Regardless of the flexibility of your comportment, some situations demand an absolute firmness as well as uncompromising, frank and straightforward attitudes. People may criticise you for your intransigence and say that you are a hardliner. Outsider's opinions don't matter! The most important thing is that you act in all conscience and reach your primary objectives. More than anyone else, you know how to use your willpower and to focus your energy on a precise aim, relentlessly, whatever the consequences might be. In the chapter of qualities, let's mention a definite sense of responsibility, an innovative mind open to techniques and modern ideas, as well as a natural self-discipline which overcomes many an obstacle. Therefore, people are well-advised not to hound you into a corner. Interpretation of the 18ï¿½ Aquarius symbolic degree "A man rushes to rescue another man who clings to a wrecked boat sinking into the sea." ( Janduz version) Unconventional, enterprising, and reckless character. Success can be achieved in the world of finance and in careers involving trips and water. All projects need to be carefully selected and prepared because a lack of organisation would put them in jeopardy, even though at the last minute, and as by miracle, unexpected circumstances and providential assistance enable their good completion. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Neptune 1ï¿½49' Leo, in House V Neptune Aspects Jupiter square Neptune orb -0ï¿½16' Moon square Neptune orb +3ï¿½39' Neptune semi-sextile Pluto orb -1ï¿½22' Planets: Neptune Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system. It represents dreamers, mediums, magicians, merchants of illusion, drug addicts. Temperament : rather Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active, Primary or Secondary type; it is a Sentimental, or sometimes Amorphous type. Neptune in Leo The planet Neptune symbolizes extreme receptivity, intense emotional sharpness, impressionability and inspiration; it is the planet of mediums, mystics and religious faith. In an astrological chart, it indicates dilution, vagueness, understanding oneï¿½s environment through emotions and the absence of clear and determined limits and structures. In your natal chart, Neptuneï¿½s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Neptune in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Neptune in Leo endows you with creativity in the fields of arts or literature. Your emotions are noble and idealized. Neptune in House V With Neptune in the 5th House, you tightly associate creation with aspirations, and love with spirituality. It is the innermost part of you, the most elusive one, which you are willing to give. Your sentimental life brings into play the romanticism of passion, and beyond, the quest for a true vocation. Love is not an ordinary adventure, but a sacred mission. It is a necessity which may lead to a total devotion and to a freely accepted self-sacrifice. If this configuration prompts you to establish high standards for your affective life - hence your idealism and unavoidable demands - it also adds to the tastiness and the riches of your amorous comportments. You are romantic and poetic, and you stand up for your idea of passion. Neptune Dominant If Neptune is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Neptunian: your intuition is highly developed. You are of a contemplative nature, and you are particularly receptive to ambiances, places, and people. You gladly cultivate the art of letting-go, and you allow the natural unfolding of events to construct your world. You follow your inspirations, for better or for worse. At times, you display an extraordinary clairvoyance gift. You seem to be able to read your subconscious like a book, and you track down subtle underlying mechanisms, flaws, or open breaches. This innate intuition might explain the strokes of good luck which the Neptunian is sometimes credited with. However, you may also be the victim of illusions and misleading intuitions. You are an idealist, and you let your deepest aspirations prevail over the realities of the moment. Then, you set off in quest of some quixotic objective, living like a Don Quixote who relentlessly pursues an impossible dream. You have a great talent for psychology and the mysteries of the human soul. Since you instinctively perceive people's intents and motivations, as you swim in the complexity of human nature, you feel in your element. The subtlety of your perceptiveness is the source of both special affections and irrevocable rejections. What is the danger of such a dominant? If it is not offset by other influences in your natal chart, you may not have an iron will. Your trump card is your instinct, which may be developed to the extent that it becomes clairvoyance. Interpretation of the 1ï¿½ Leo symbolic degree "Banners flutter in opposite directions on a ship's mast." ( Janduz version) Indecisive, changing, and whimsical character prone to mood swings ranging from unreasonable optimism to extreme despair. Extensive travels across the world play an important role throughout life. One's intelligence is instrumental in achieving brilliant success, provided one sticks to the same objectives. Dangers are related to the sea and water. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Pluto 3ï¿½11' Cancer, in House IV Pluto Aspects Moon trine Pluto orb +2ï¿½17' Mercury conjunction Pluto orb +4ï¿½28' Venus conjunction Pluto orb +4ï¿½38' Jupiter sextile Pluto orb +1ï¿½06' Uranus sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb -0ï¿½43' Neptune semi-sextile Pluto orb -1ï¿½22' Planets: Pluto Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning (like lava in fusion ?), it rules Scorpio, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the sexual organs and excretion. It represents dictators, sadistic people, violent characters, is instinctive and powerful but also mysterious with hidden strengths. Temperament : rather Bilious Characterology : Emotive or non-Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is a Passionate Choleri typec. Pluto in Cancer The planet Pluto symbolizes deep disruptions and upheavals, domination and sexual instincts, and the inner power we have in ourselves. Pluto destroys in order to reconstruct and he provokes painful crises that are needed in metamorphosis. Pluto is our deepest instinctsï¿½ brutal force. It is the hidden and unconscious violence that can explode in us with incredible intensity before being projected in our actions; in itself, the planet is not negative: the might and the intensity of its energy are beyond the conceivable but it can be funnelled. Pluto is the only possibility we have at our disposal to overcome our inner blocks and to eliminate outgrown situations that have become inextricable. Plutoï¿½s energy is valuable because of its usefulness for the irreversible destruction of what constitutes a problem and not because of its negative side and its perversity. Pluto allows to reconstruct and to regenerate parts of our personality or whole stretches of our life, provided that we manage to funnel his wild energy and to step back. It is impossible to tame this energy, given its essence. However, it is possible to take advantage of it for a precise aim, through a temporary identification of some parts of us with this energy. In such a case, the outcome is our final evolution and even, our transformation. In your natal chart, Plutoï¿½s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Pluto is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Pluto in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality and they are not to be really taken into account, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Pluto in Cancer may create troubles in your home because your will to control is too strong or because you are exceedingly sensitive. Pluto in House IV With Pluto in the 4th House, have you really got the feeling that you are part of a clan, or a family? Whether you accept this idea, or whether you struggle to forget it, you feel that there is some sort of distance and difference between your family cell and your secretive, true nature. You hardly feel in perfect agreement and in harmony with the members of your entourage, however close they are. This is your mystery and riches. It is impossible to stick a label on you, and no model can trap you. You feel that you are the bearer of a truth which eludes ordinary people, your parents, and the circles in which you move. When it is well-integrated, this peculiarity may prove a powerful drive for growth. Pluto Dominant If Pluto is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Plutonian: you sometimes feel like a foreigner who does not belong to the world, to its laws, and its concerns. The rules of life in society are not necessarily yours. You are interested in what is unknown and in the subtle laws of a hidden order. So, you take malicious pleasure in ridiculing the patterns you find too simplistic or too rigid. You also revel in underlining the limits of explanations you deem too common. There is something unconventional about the way you are, the way you think, and the way you act. What is your specificity made of? Is it an extraordinary partner? A life off the beaten path? Or do you only distance yourself from conventional morals? In any case, you have the feeling, sometimes quite vague, that you come from nowhere, and that you do not belong to any definite group... In short, it means that you cannot be simplified in order to conform to existing models. The gap between you and ordinary mortals is also an element of your strength. Your deep clear-sightedness, firstly, enables you to put things into perspective and to grant them only the attention they deserve. Your other remarkable asset is your capacity to intervene from behind the scenes, to secretly organise events, and to bring about the desirable outcome without seeming to impose or to dictate anything. However, you must still overcome one of the major difficulties of this dominant, which is to get people to accept your difference and to smoothly fit into your environment. Interpretation of the 3ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "After dinner, leftovers are still on the table, violins are put aside, and guests flirt." ( Janduz version) Materialistic, sensual, and generous character. One is attracted to the beauties and dangers of life. Passionate impulses, probably an adulterous relationship, may disrupt marital ties. This degree favours the career and indicates that one reaches a powerful position, provided that one keeps sensual instincts under control. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. %DYNAMIQUE_22% Asteroids: Chiron Chiron is almost renowned and used everywhere. Most astrologers consider it as a kind of "mediator" between Saturn and outer planets. Consequently, Chiron is of Saturn's nature and at the same time is influenced by Uranus, the first slow-moving planet. Astrologically, it symbolizes wisdom, patience and the faculty to reduce others' sufferings: it is said to be the "great healer" of the zodiac. Like all the secondary bodies, it must be in close conjunction with planets or angles in order to fully express its action. %TEXTES_22% %DYNAMIQUE_23% Asteroids: Ceres Ceres, the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility. She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon... %TEXTES_23% %DYNAMIQUE_24% Asteroids: Pallas Pallas is sometimes used in modern Astrology: she represents intelligence, abstract and global thinking talents. It is usually considered to be a determining element in political strategy. %TEXTES_24% %DYNAMIQUE_25% Asteroids: Juno Juno is the asteroid corresponding to the adaptation to the marital partner and to the defence of individual rights; it is thus used in the field of marriage. %TEXTES_25% Vesta is rarely used and brings the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause. %TEXTES_26% True North Node 29ï¿½02' Я Capricorn, in House XI North Node The North Node (True Node here) represents the goals that must be achieved during life, in the karmic sense according to some traditions. Its position in house indicates in what field an effort is necessary in order to evolve. The North Node is often called the Dragon's head, it is usually considered beneficial, a bit like Jupiter with the planets. The Lunar nodes are fictional points and not actual heavenly bodies: they are the intersections of the Moon with the Ecliptic (the path made by the Sun in its orbit as seen from the Earth). The axis of the Lunar nodes moves 19 degrees each year, namely a bit more than three minutes each day. The South Node is diametrically opposed to the North Node, therefore it faces it (it's not drawn here, it's the same symbol but upside down). It symbolizes what has already been achieved or acquired, in a karmic sense: it's the past from which it's advised to move on in order to progress. The South Node is rather negative, of a Saturnian nature: the experience through suffering. Interpretation of the 29ï¿½ Capricorn symbolic degree "In an aviary, a man plays the flute amid birds and shiny bubbles." ( Janduz version) Superficial, daring, and unpredictable character endowed with strong powers of seduction. One can be successful in animal taming and training, or in prestidigitation. More often than not, wealth is acquired through a nice marriage. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. True Lilith 0ï¿½14' Я Leo, in House V Lilith Lilith or the Dark Moon (True Lilith here) represents the uncrossable threshold, taboos, the individual's provocative and fascinating side, including on a sexual level. She symbolizes violence and "untameability", the radical and deep-seated refusal to submit. The keywords for Lilith can be sterility, sadism, perversity, castration, sadomasochism, eroticism, orgasm, forbidden fantasies, marginality, cruelty; redemption, illumination, rebelliousness... Lilith's opposite point is called Priapus; it is the Lunar perigee, the position where the Moon is closest to the Earth. It symbolizes man's primitive nature, the horror hidden in our deepest self; masochism, extreme sensuality, impulsiveness, irrationality and excess. Physically speaking, the Dark Moon is the focal point unoccupied by the Earth: it is not a concrete body but a mathematical point. Interpretation of the 0ï¿½ Leo symbolic degree "A lion on a rock stares at the sunrise, while a man scornfully brandishes a chopped lion head." ( Janduz version) Generous, benevolent, and dignified character endowed with great leadership capacities. One enjoys people's esteem, even that of one's enemies. If one is involved in seafaring, one may be entrusted with high-ranking positions in government. If the natal chart is very afflicted, vile instincts and shameful ambitions prompt to wield power in a tyrannical manner, in which case the body is over-weighted, and the physical appearance loses the natural majesty which is the attribute of this sign. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. Fortune 18ï¿½23' Sagittarius, in House IX Part of Fortune The Part of Fortune is an ancient concept, used by Ptolemy and other astrologers before him. Firstly, it has nothing to do with fortune! In modern astrology, it is actually used to enhance a planet or angle when in close conjunction with it: it thus amplifies the meaning associated to the point affected by its presence. It is calculated in the following way: Part of Fortune = AS + Moon - Sun (it is the Moons position when the Sun rises) The classical Part of Fortune, of which the calculus method is unchanged whether in a diurnal or nocturnal chart, is usually distinguished from the diurnal/nocturnal Part of Fortune which is calculated by the formula AS + Sun - Moon for a nocturnal chart, and AS + Moon - Sun in a diurnal chart. We currently use the latter formula for our astrological programmes. Interpretation of the 18ï¿½ Sagittarius symbolic degree "As it tries to escape from a burning house, a snake is stopped by a circle of fire." ( Janduz version) Passionate, wily, and spiteful character. Fire plays a major part in life, whether it represents a disaster or a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity with great consequences on destiny. Regardless of the nature of ordeals and opponents, and despite the losses suffered, if one displays courage, this degree indicates that obstacles can be overcome and enemies, defeated. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. Ascendant 6ï¿½30' Aries Ascendant or House I The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others, and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too, and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health. Ascendant in Aries You express your vital energy in a very cut and dried way, you do not resist taking the driverï¿½s seat and you may come across as arrogant. Charging ahead also implies hurting yourself and being suddenly overcome by doubt. As a result, your courage, your honesty, your enthusiasm and your straightforwardness may turn into aggressiveness, rebellion and vulnerability that no one ever suspected. Fortunately, the level of your energy is very high and your instinctive and pugnacious side will not leave you helpless for too long and will set you back on the often perilous road to conquest and glory. With this Ascendant, you come across as courageous, enthusiastic, dynamic, quick, extroverted, direct, warm, impulsive, adventurous, bold, and competitive. But you may also be gullible, dominating, self-centered, impatient, foolish, thoughtless, childish, irascible, reckless, primary, with a foot in mouth disease. Interpretation of the 6ï¿½ Aries symbolic degree "Protected by the shadow of a wall, a fox runs along a quiet path towards the nearby wood." ( Janduz version) Cunning, secretive and vigilant character. One prefers to defend oneself without resorting to violence, and one reaches one's goals using a diplomacy which may border on lie. Since one loathes direct confrontations, one tries to get around problems. In situations of extreme danger, clever tricks or presence of mind are excellent tools to get out of tight spots. In most cases, one manages to get away with it, especially if, in the natal chart, Mercury is strong and rules Mars. Nevertheless, ruin is looming despite efforts to shelter one's wealth from bankruptcy. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. Midheaven 2ï¿½31' Capricorn Midheaven or House X The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant. Midheaven in Capricorn Your destiny is commensurate with your nature made of perseverance and patience. Even though you are slow, at the end of the day, you usually find that your status is higher than that of other people. Since Capricorn is the 10th sign of the Zodiac, it is in analogy with the 10th House, the house of career, professional ambition, and public image. Your day of glory comes late, but it endures throughout your old age, which is the most fruitful and fulfilling period of your life. The following professions are most likely to suit you very well: manager, banker, financier, antiquarian, senior insurance agent, high-level scientist, geologist, speleologist, archaeologist, cultivator, officer, university professor, notary public, solicitor, judge, prison warder, policeman/woman, mechanic, politician, or Minister for Education. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Capricorn symbolic degree "A snake curls up around a three-branch chandelier with lit candles." ( Janduz version) Wise, ambitious, and subtle character endowed with numerous intellectual, physical, and moral qualities. Owing to one's sharp intuition and excellent education, one is capable of achieving success, fame, and wealth in nearly any field, be it diplomacy, science, law, civil service, literature, etc. There are few enemies only, and none of them is able to thwart one's projects. Whatever path one chooses, this degree indicates a brilliant life blessed with good luck and happiness. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. Ascendant 6ï¿½30' Aries House I (AC) The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality as seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health; the Ascendant is as important as the Sun in a natal chart. Interpretation of the 6ï¿½ Aries symbolic degree "Protected by the shadow of a wall, a fox runs along a quiet path towards the nearby wood." ( Janduz version) Cunning, secretive and vigilant character. One prefers to defend oneself without resorting to violence, and one reaches one's goals using a diplomacy which may border on lie. Since one loathes direct confrontations, one tries to get around problems. In situations of extreme danger, clever tricks or presence of mind are excellent tools to get out of tight spots. In most cases, one manages to get away with it, especially if, in the natal chart, Mercury is strong and rules Mars. Nevertheless, ruin is looming despite efforts to shelter one's wealth from bankruptcy. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. House II 21ï¿½14' Taurus House II The Second House is the sphere of material security, the money we earn, our possessions, also in a symbolic meaning (close people etc). It is in analogy with Taurus and Venus. It is a succedent house, quite important. House III 14ï¿½29' Gemini House III The Third House is the sphere of social and intellectual apprenticeship, studies, relationships with close people and surroundings, short trips, light-hearted and quick contacts, correspondences. It is in analogy with Gemini and Mercury. It's a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. House IV 2ï¿½31' Cancer House IV (IC) The Fourth House also called Immum Coeli is the sphere of inner emotions, family, the father, home and roots, but also the home one creates. It's Home Sweet Home, security and cocoon. It is in analogy with Cancer and the Moon. It's an angular and important house. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A woman dressed in black is desperately weeping on a sofa, a bunch of withered flowers in her hand." ( Janduz version) This degree indicates that life is under the influence of persons of the opposite gender. One must display extreme caution in relationships if disgrace is to be avoided. Sexual impulses must go through the sieve of reason and past experiences. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. House V 21ï¿½01' Cancer House V The Fifth House is the sphere of pleasures and love affairs (but not commitment or marriage), creations and entertainments, children, arts and game. It is in analogy with Leo and the Sun. It's a succedent and quite important house. House VI 16ï¿½18' Leo House VI The Sixth House is the sphere of apprenticeship and effort in the work environment, daily life, health on a daily basis and not operations or long-term diseases, relationships with co-workers or subordinates, desire for improvement, analysis and detail. It is in analogy with Virgo and Mercury. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. House VII 6ï¿½30' Libra House VII (DS) The Seventh House also called the Descendant (in front of the Ascendant) is the sphere of partnership, marriage, contracts, relationships with others, the outer world. It is in analogy with Libra and Venus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It is an angular and important house. Interpretation of the 6ï¿½ Libra symbolic degree "A raptor, with blood dripping from its claws, flies in front of a triangle of fire which seems to be hung between heaven and earth." ( Janduz version) Passionate, self-righteous, and determined character. Depending on the natal chart, one is symbolised by the bird of prey or the triangle. The former describes an aggressive and spiteful person who puts his intelligence at the service of base ambitions and does not hesitate to resort to cruel actions in order to defeat his opponents. There are dangers of severe injuries by fire and sword. As for the triangle, it indicates a strong interest in spirituality, religion, or sociology, but also some sort of over-assertiveness which borders on intolerance. In both cases, one must renounce all forms of excess and violence. Then, as one ages, one becomes able to help other people overcome psychological and moral crises. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. House VIII 21ï¿½14' Scorpio House VIII The Eighth House is the sphere of emotional security, the depths of the self, secrets and paranormal, transcendence, sexuality, mysteries, upheavals, surgical operations, others' money (investments, inheritances), crises, transformation after evolution, death. It is in analogy with Scorpio and Pluto, and Mars to a lesser extent. It is a succedent and quite important house. House IX 14ï¿½29' Sagittarius House IX The Ninth House is the sphere of high studies, both physical and mental journeys (philosophy, spirituality), rebelliousness, changes of scenery, desire for dealing with the unknown. It is in analogy with Sagittarius and Jupiter. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. Midheaven 2ï¿½31' Capricorn House X (MC) The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Capricorn symbolic degree "A snake curls up around a three-branch chandelier with lit candles." ( Janduz version) Wise, ambitious, and subtle character endowed with numerous intellectual, physical, and moral qualities. Owing to one's sharp intuition and excellent education, one is capable of achieving success, fame, and wealth in nearly any field, be it diplomacy, science, law, civil service, literature, etc. There are few enemies only, and none of them is able to thwart one's projects. Whatever path one chooses, this degree indicates a brilliant life blessed with good luck and happiness. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. House XI 21ï¿½01' Capricorn House XI The Eleventh House is the sphere of friendship and protection, projects, search for social acceptance and security, collective and humanitarian actions. It is in analogy with Aquarius and Uranus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It's a succedent and quite important house. House XII 16ï¿½18' Aquarius House XII The Twelfth House is the sphere of hidden things, enemies, closed or remote places (hospital, prison, convent etc.), ordeals, secrecy, solitude, long-term illnesses but also sincere devotion and genuine compassion. It is in analogy with Pisces and Neptune. Vertex 2ï¿½13' Libra, in House VI The Vertex The Vertex, sometimes called counter-Ascendant, is a fictitious point which is at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the West of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the West of the chart around the Descendant. It is the chart's fifth angle, so to speak, less important than the other angles. Its interpretation is controversial, because certain astrologers pay no attention to it. The Vertex is sometimes considered to be the second Descendant because, like the latter, it is related to communication and exchanges. It has to do with associations and fated encounters, those that are not chosen, and reveals the type of sensitivity and reactivity we have in our dealings with other people: a refined and tolerant way in Libra, straightforward and spontaneous in Aries, etc. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Libra symbolic degree "A man with chains around his wrists and his ankles is seated on a tree trunk. In the nearby house, a woman is looking through a wired window." ( Janduz version) This degree often indicates lack of freedom both in the affective and moral areas. It may also describe a person who feels isolated among one's peers and unable to mingle with the entourage owing to one's beliefs. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. East Point 2ï¿½59' Aries, in House XII The East Point The East Point is a fictitious point at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the East of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the East of the chart, around the Ascendant. The East Point is sometimes considered to be a second Ascendant, less important, but also related to how one is seen by other people, and to how one expresses one's personality. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Aries symbolic degree "A woman in a Greek dress seems to explain something to a person who is not represented on the image. Her face is ablaze with a welcoming smile. Behind her, a half-naked woman is reclining on a carpet thrown on the floor." ( Janduz version) Fiery, honest, and generous character. One is always prepared to reach out to deprived people in order to alleviate their sufferings. One seeks peace and harmony and attracts many friends who are willing to help. However, if in the natal chart the planets linked to emotions are severely afflicted by hard aspects, this degree may warn against all sorts of sensual excesses, and advises to beware of passions of all sorts. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. %DYNAMIQUE_46% Cupido Cupido is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Cupido, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. On the upside, Cupido is related to socialisation, the arts, and marital life. On the downside, it indicates vanity, addiction to pleasures, and being strongly influenced by groups of people. %TEXTES_46% %DYNAMIQUE_47% Hades Hades is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Hades, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Hades corresponds to intellectual rigour, service rendered to people, the purpose of being useful. On the downside; it leads to carelessness, indifference, apathy, and mess. %TEXTES_47% %DYNAMIQUE_48% Zeus Zeus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Zeus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Zeus is related to creativity, as well as to organisational and leadership capacities. On the downside, it may lead to aggressiveness and to excessive militancy. %TEXTES_48% %DYNAMIQUE_49% Kronos Kronos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Kronos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Kronos is related to authority and cleverness. In tough aspect, it may make the person conceited, presumptuous, or elitist. %TEXTES_49% %DYNAMIQUE_50% Apollon Apollon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Apollon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Apollon is related to the ability to synthesise, as well as to broad-mindedness, and fame. In difficult aspect, it may bring about superficiality or extravagance. %TEXTES_50% %DYNAMIQUE_51% Admetos Admetos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Admetos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Admetos is related to the deepness of the mind, asceticism, simplicity, and analytical mind. In tough aspect, it may make the person nit-picking, inflexible, and narrow-minded. %TEXTES_51% %DYNAMIQUE_52% Vulcanus Vulcanus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Vulcanus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Vulcanus, sometimes said to be the higher octave of Saturn, provides strength to improve collective relations, to structure things, to be efficient, and to get straight to the point. On the downside, he may bring about arrogance and scattered efforts. %TEXTES_52% %DYNAMIQUE_53% Poseidon Poseidon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Poseidon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Poseidon brings about wisdom, a clear mind, and sometimes spirituality. On the downside, it may make the person dogmatic, manipulative, or out of touch with reality. %TEXTES_53% %DYNAMIQUE_54% Proserpina Proserpina, sometimes referred to as Persephone, is a trans-Plutonian hypothetical planet. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Proserpina, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Proserpina is related to mysteries, revival and reconstruction, as well as cycles. She enriches the unconscious, and gives the possibility to combine modern life with spirituality, the East with the West, and mysticism with concrete life. %TEXTES_54% Edward Heath, Esq (9 July 1916ï¿½1992) Lieutenant Colonel Edward Heath (1945) Lieutenant Colonel Edward Heath, MBE (1946) Edward Heath, Esq, MBE (?-23 February 1950) Edward Heath, Esq, MBE, MP (23 February 1950ï¿½1955) The Right Honourable Edward Heath, MBE, MP (1955ï¿½24 April 1992) The Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath, KG, MBE, MP (24 April 1992ï¿½7 June 2001) The Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath, KG, MBE (7 June 2001ï¿½ 17 July 2005) Nicknames Heath was persistently referred to as "The Grocer", or "Grocer Heath" by magazine Private Eye after he negotiated for Britain at a Common Market food prices conference in November 1962. The nickname was used periodically, but became a permanent fixture in the magazine after he fought the 1970 General Election on a promise to reduce the price of groceries. Edward Heath's Government (June 1970 ï¿½ March 1974) Prime Minister: Edward Heath Lord Chancellor: Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons: William Whitelaw Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords: Lord Jellicoe Chancellor of the Exchequer: Iain Macleod Foreign Secretary: Alec Douglas-Home Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: James Prior Secretary of State for Defence: Lord Carrington Secretary of State for Education and Science: Margaret Thatcher Secretary of State for Employment: Robert Carr Minister of Housing and Local Government: Peter Walker Secretary of State for Health and Social Security: Keith Joseph Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Anthony Barber Secretary of State for Scotland: Gordon Campbell Secretary of State for Technology: Geoffrey Rippon President of the Board of Trade: Michael Noble Secretary of State for Wales: Peter Thomas Changes July 1970 ï¿½ Iain Macleod dies, and is succeeded as Chancellor by Anthony Barber. Geoffrey Rippon succeeds Barber as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. John Davies succeeds Rippon as Secretary for Technology. October 1970 ï¿½ The Ministry of Technology and the Board of Trade are merged to become the Department of Trade and Industry. John Davies becomes Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Michael Noble leaves the cabinet. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government is succeeded by the new department of the Environment which was headed by Peter Walker. March 1972 ï¿½ Robert Carr succeeds William Whitelaw as Lord President and Leader of the House of Commons. Maurice Macmillan succeeds Carr as Secretary for Employment. Whitelaw becomes Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. July 1972 ï¿½ Robert Carr succeeds Reginald Maudling as Home Secretary. James Prior succeeds Robert Carr as Lord President and Leader of the House of Commons. Joseph Godber succeeds Prior as Secretary for Agriculture. November 1972 ï¿½ Geoffrey Rippon succeeds Peter Walker as Secretary for the Environment. John Davies succeeds Rippon as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Peter Walker succeeds Davies as Secretary for Trade and Industry. Geoffrey Howe becomes Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs with a seat in the cabinet. June 1973 ï¿½ Lord Windlesham succeeds Lord Jellicoe as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. December 1973 ï¿½ William Whitelaw succeeds Maurice Macmillan as Secretary for Employment. Francis Pym succeeds Whitelaw as Secretary for Northern Ireland. Macmillan becomes Paymaster-General. January 1974 ï¿½ Ian Gilmour succeeds Lord Carrington as Secretary for Defence; Lord Carrington becomes Secretary of State for Energy. Honorary degrees it. University of Calgary 7 June 1991 (LL.D) University of Wales (LL.D) 1998 University of Greenwich (LL.D) 18 July 2001 References Heath, Edward. Sailing: A Course of My Life. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975. Heath, Edward. Music: A Joy for Life. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1976. Heath, Edward. Travels: People and Places in My Life. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1977. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998. Biographies: Ball, Stuart & Seldon, Anthony (editors). The Heath Government: 1970-1974: A Reappraisal. London: Longman, 1996. Campbell, John. Edward Heath: A Biography. London: Jonathan Cape, 1993. Holmes, Martin. The Failure of the Heath Government. Basingstoke: Longman, 1997.	i don't know
Living from 1890 to 1963, what was the more famous name of American born Robert Franklin Stroud?	Robert Stroud \| American criminal and ornithologist \| Britannica.com American criminal and ornithologist Alternative Titles: Birdman of Alcatraz, Robert Franklin Stroud Robert Stroud Richard Speck Robert Stroud, in full Robert Franklin Stroud, byname Birdman of Alcatraz (born 1890, Seattle , Washington , U.S.—died November 21, 1963, Springfield , Missouri ), American criminal, a convicted murderer who became a self-taught ornithologist during his 54 years in prison , 42 of them in solitary confinement, and made notable contributions to the study of birds. Mug shots of Robert Stroud. U.S. Department of Justice At the age of 13 Stroud ran away from home, and by the age of 18 he was in Juneau , Alaska , working as a pimp and living with a dance-hall girl. An argument over the girl led to his fighting and killing a man. Pleading guilty to manslaughter on August 23, 1909, he was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison on McNeil Island in Puget Sound . After stabbing a fellow prisoner and proving generally troublesome, he was transferred to Leavenworth Prison, Kansas (1912), where he continued to be a loner but began to educate himself, taking university extension courses. On March 26, 1916, he stabbed and killed a guard and was tried, convicted, and sentenced to hang; but on April 15, 1920, President Woodrow Wilson commuted his sentence to life imprisonment in solitary confinement. Thereafter, mostly in solitary confinement, he began raising canaries and other birds, collecting laboratory equipment, and studying the diseases of birds and their breeding and care. Some of his research writings were smuggled out of prison and published; his book, Stroud’s Digest on the Diseases of Birds, published in 1943, was an important work in the field. In 1942, however, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz , where he was allowed to continue his research but was denied further right of publication. In 1959 he was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri, where he spent the last four years of his life. Alcatraz Island, in San Francisco Bay, California. © MedioImages/Getty Images	Robert Stroud
Which English author wrote the 1934 novel Goodbye Mr Chips?	Robert Stroud Facebook, Twitter & MySpace on PeekYou 1) Robert Stroud's Phone & Current Address View All Details 2) Social Media Profiles & More - Search Free! View All Details Robert Stroud's Phone #, Address & More View All Details Robert Stroud's Contact Info, Social Profiles & More View All Details Robert Stroud - Get Contact Information Phone Number Robert Stroud - Reverse Phone Search - Get Photos & Online Profiles Instantly! Phone Number View Robert's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, robert**@gmail View Robert's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, robert@yahoo View Robert's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, robert@hotmail View Robert's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, robert@aol View Robert's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, robert**@outlook	i don't know
What nationality was artist Mark Rothko who lived from 1903 to 1970?	Mark Rothko Biography - ArtinthePicture.com Buy MARK ROTHKO'S YOUTH Marcus Rothkowitz was born on September 25, 1903, in Dvinsk, Russia. With his family and him being Jewish, they weren't really accepted into the Russian comunity. In 1913 he left Russia to rejoin his family, who had previously settled in Portland, Oregon. He studied "Liberal Arts" in Yale University from 1921 - 1923, but left without getting a degree. In 1925 Rothko moved to New York, where he started studying at the Art Students League under Max Weber. His first solo exhibition took place at the Portland Art Museum in 1933. ROTHKO'S EARLY YEARS In 1935, Mark Rothko was a founding member of the Ten, a group of artists sympathetic to Abstraction and Expressionism. This style would be visible in Rothko's early paintings which rejected all conventional modes of representation. Instead Rothko wanted to stress en emotional approach to the subject. In the period 1942 - 1947, Mark Rothko embarked upon a surrealist phase, drawing upon Greek mythology, primitive art, Christian tragedy and symbolism by way of contrast to an era dominated by World War II. In his work, there started to emerge traces of what would become his aforementioned 'signature format,' the primordial shapes; the horizontals and experimentation of techniques, leading to the development of a 'luminosity,' used to such great effect in his classic paintings. MARK ROTHKO'S FAMOUS PERIOD By 1947, Rothko had discontinued his use of mythology, at least directly, and all "Figurative associations and references to the natural world disappeared." What emerged were his so-called multi-forms, dabbling in abstraction. Rothko started to talk of his art as actors, performing drama as well as the notion of tragedy and the transcendental. Linear elements were progressively eliminated, as asymmetrically arranged patches of color became the basis of his compositions. At this point Rothko began to paint the edges of his stretched canvases, which he displayed without confining frames. Having abolished the use of frames, Rothko in addition abandoned the entitling of his work, his paintings now unencumbered by any imposed interpretations, pure in the eyes of the viewer. "Silence is so accurate", he said, fearing that words would only paralyse the viewer's mind and imagination. By 1950 Rothko had reduced the number of floating rectangles to two or three, at most four, and in doing so arrived at a format he obviously felt at ease with, for it went unchanged from now on until his death. His move towards larger canvasses still, was, as Rothko stated, because the large scale of these canvases was intended to contain or envelop the viewer - not to be grandiose, but intimate and human. MARK ROTHKO'S DEATH Mark Rothko committed suicide by cutting his wrists on February 25, 1970, in his New York studio. One year later, the Rothko Chapel is Houston was dedicated to his life and works.	Russian (comics)
Which actor played the lead role in the 1986 remake of the horror film The Fly?	Mark Rothko, Artist • Biography & Facts Mark Rothko Artist Mark Rothko (/ˈrɒθkoʊ/; Latvian: Markus Rotkovičs, Russian: Марк Ро́тко; born Ма́ркус Я́ковлевич Ротко́вич, Marcus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent. He is generally identified as an Abstract Expressionist. With Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning , he is one of the most famous postwar American artists. Personal facts	i don't know
Give any year in the life of the notorius English pirate Edward Teach, more famously known as Blackbeard?	List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History - History Lists HISTORY LISTS You are here: History Lists · People · List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History In the Caribbean and beyond, pirates will live in history upon the waves of bravado - whether for renown, misplaced fame, or cruelty. All enjoyed a specific period, usually short-lived, of success in their respective waters. The following is a list of the ten most famous pirates in worldly oceans. William Kidd (Scottish, 1645 - 1701) A stylish Scotsman who had been a leading citizen of New York City, actively involved in the building of Trinity Church, Captain Kidd began his career as a privateer, originally commissioned to rid the seas of pirates. Only reluctantly, did he cross bounds into piracy (having been elected pirate captain by his crew), although his piracy itself may be questionable as his exploits may have been sensationalized. His greatest misfortune was attacking an East India Company vessel. When he learned that he was hunted for that deed, he buried some of his treasure on Gardiners Island, anticipating its usefulness as a bargaining tool. But, captured in Boston along with his wife, William Kidd was eventually sent to England for trial. He was sentenced to death, some said unjustly, and suffered a wretched execution - the noose by which he was hung broke twice, and after he was killed on the third hanging his body was doused in tar and hung by chains along the Thames River. Edward Teach "Blackbeard" (English, 1680- 1718) Though there have been more successful pirates, Blackbeard is one of the best-known and widely-feared of his time. He commanded four ships and had a pirate army of 300 at the height of his career, and defeated the famous warship, HMS “Scarborough” in sea-battle. He was known for barreling into battle clutching two swords, with several knives and pistols at the ready. He captured over forty merchant ships in the Caribbean, and without flinching killed many prisoners. Though he had many unofficial wives, he was “officially” married to a 16 year old girl - whom legend has it he offered as a gift to his crew after she tried to reform him. After a fierce battle in which he made a stand with candle smoke rising from his beard, he was overtaken by the Royal Navy and beheaded. His head was then raised upon a stake as a warning to other pirates near Virginia’s Hampton River. Bartholomew Roberts "Black Bart" (Welsh, 1682 - 1722) Roberts’ crew admired his adventurist courage, calling him “pistol proof” - though he had been forced into piracy, having once been an officer on board a ship that was captured by the pirate Howell Davis. After taking over, Roberts’ navigational skills, charisma, and bravado painted him golden the eyes of his men. He plundered over 400 ships, a grandiose record to be sure, and captained well-armored ships in every endeavor. He died in a vigorous battle against British Captain Chaloner Ogle; his death left many of his faithful followers and admirers reeling. Even the Royal Navy itself was stunned. Henry Every "Long Ben" (English, 1653-unknown) Every began his naval career in the British Royal Navy. He served on various ships before he joined a venture known as the Spanish Expedition Shipping in 1693. He became pirate captain through mutiny, leading to his renown as one of the most feared and successful pirates of the Red Sea. Though he didn’t take many ships, the two that he did capture were among the finest in the Indian Ocean (one of them being India’s treasure ship, bulging with gold and jewels). Upon his great wealth (he was the richest pirate in the world), Every retired - but he continued to be hunted far and wide, and his true whereabouts at the time of his death remain unknown. Anne Bonny (Irish, 1700-1782) Having traveled to the New World with her family, Anne fell in love and married a poor sailor named James Bonny. But when she grew increasingly disappointed by her husband’s lack of valor, she began seeking out the company of many different men in Nassau. Among these men, was “Calico Jack” Rackham, captain of a pirate ship. She joined his crew whilst acting and dressing like a man (including drinking and fighting profusely). Thus, she fought under his command, and along with fellow female pirate Mary Read, she coaxed the crew onto even greater bloodshed and violence and became a formidable pirate herself. However, she was captured with Rackham’s crew and sentenced to death. Both she and Mary Read claimed pregnancy in prison, and their death sentences weren’t carried out (but Mary had the misfortune of dying in prison). No one is sure how the famous female pirate died, though there is speculation that she returned home to her husband or her father. Sir Henry Morgan (Welsh, 1635-1688) Captain Morgan is one of the most famous pirates who terrorized Spain’s Caribbean colonies in the late 1600s. Inconspicuously sanctioned by England, Morgan became the head of the Jamaican fleet and successfully undermined Spanish rule, hampering normalcy in the West Indies. He may have pillaged upwards of four hundred ships throughout his piracy career. His greatest achievement was capturing the very wealthy Panama City with thirty ships and 1,200 men, acquiring his largest plunder yet. It was due to his raid on Panama City that he was arrested and brought back to England, but because battle resumed between England and Spain, King Charles II knighted Morgan and released him as deputy governor of Jamaica. There, he lived a very well respected planter until his death. Francois l'Olonnais (French, 1635-1668) l’Olonnais humbly began as a poor man, working on a plantation in America as an indentured servant. After he turned to piracy, the Frenchman was known for the viciousness he showed to his vanquished, as well as his success in raiding many towns (he was one of the most successful pirates on land attacks) and capturing many ships. Amongst his most successful plunders was the town of Maracaibo, Venezuela, where he ravaged and stole his way into historical infamy, gaining some 200,000 Spanish dollars. His sadistic, bloodthirsty streak was predominant in his career, for he is said to have eaten a Spanish soldier’s heart during one of his many attacks. His own death, however, was equally as gruesome. l’Olonnais and his crew lodged their ship on a sandbar off the coast of Panama and weren’t able to break free. Upon venturing onto land in search of food, they were captured by the local tribe and devoured. Sir Francis Drake (English, 1540-1595) The most celebrated privateer of his time, Captain Drake sacked the Spanish army many times, often on the order of Queen Elizabeth I herself. Spain, his life-long, starkest foe, saw repeated devastation for he relentlessly sacked and plundered Spanish cities off the coast of Florida. He also sailed to North America and claimed new land on the Pacific coast for Queen Elizabeth, becoming the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. He even rescued the unsuccessful English colonists of Roanoke Island off the coast of the Carolinas and gave them passage to England aboard his vessel. After an illustrious career, Drake died off the coast of Panama to something as mundane as dysentery. Cheung Po Tsai (Chinese, early 1800s - mid 1800s) Cheung Po Tsai was a fisherman’s son, captured by a pirate and his wife to later be adopted by them and become a pirate himself. In the height of his “career”, he commanded an army of over 50,000 men and several hundred ships (Caribbean pirates seem to pale in comparison). He terrorized the Guangdong coastline, amassing great treasure, which he hid in a small cave that is today named after him. Eventually the Chinese government managed to catch him, though he struck a deal with them and became enlisted as a captain in the Qing Imperial Navy. He was appointed to the rank of colonel and spent the rest of his life aiding the Chinese government in capturing other pirates. Ching Shih (Chinese, 1785-1844) Also known as Cheng I Sao, Ching Shih is not only the most successful of all female pirates, she is also the most fascinating. She gained equality to her husband, the pirate Cheng and took over his operation upon his demise. She ordained her husband’s second-in-command, her adopted son, Cheung Po Tsai, the captain of her fleet (which equaled that of all the other most successful pirates combined). Beautiful and a former prostitute, Captain Sao controlled more than 1,500 ships with 80,000 men, and robbed and taxed towns, plundering ships along the coast of the South China Sea, all the while enforcing a strict code of conduct upon her men. She also married her adopted son, Chang Pao. When the Chinese government offered her universal pirate amnesty in exchange for peace, she accepted. Her pirates, on the other hand, were able to keep their riches and were given military jobs. She lived out her 69 years in charge of a casino and brothel with her husband.	1680 1718
Which English author wrote the 1925 novel 'The Great Gatsby'?	List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History - History Lists HISTORY LISTS You are here: History Lists · People · List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History List of 10 Most Famous Pirates in World History In the Caribbean and beyond, pirates will live in history upon the waves of bravado - whether for renown, misplaced fame, or cruelty. All enjoyed a specific period, usually short-lived, of success in their respective waters. The following is a list of the ten most famous pirates in worldly oceans. William Kidd (Scottish, 1645 - 1701) A stylish Scotsman who had been a leading citizen of New York City, actively involved in the building of Trinity Church, Captain Kidd began his career as a privateer, originally commissioned to rid the seas of pirates. Only reluctantly, did he cross bounds into piracy (having been elected pirate captain by his crew), although his piracy itself may be questionable as his exploits may have been sensationalized. His greatest misfortune was attacking an East India Company vessel. When he learned that he was hunted for that deed, he buried some of his treasure on Gardiners Island, anticipating its usefulness as a bargaining tool. But, captured in Boston along with his wife, William Kidd was eventually sent to England for trial. He was sentenced to death, some said unjustly, and suffered a wretched execution - the noose by which he was hung broke twice, and after he was killed on the third hanging his body was doused in tar and hung by chains along the Thames River. Edward Teach "Blackbeard" (English, 1680- 1718) Though there have been more successful pirates, Blackbeard is one of the best-known and widely-feared of his time. He commanded four ships and had a pirate army of 300 at the height of his career, and defeated the famous warship, HMS “Scarborough” in sea-battle. He was known for barreling into battle clutching two swords, with several knives and pistols at the ready. He captured over forty merchant ships in the Caribbean, and without flinching killed many prisoners. Though he had many unofficial wives, he was “officially” married to a 16 year old girl - whom legend has it he offered as a gift to his crew after she tried to reform him. After a fierce battle in which he made a stand with candle smoke rising from his beard, he was overtaken by the Royal Navy and beheaded. His head was then raised upon a stake as a warning to other pirates near Virginia’s Hampton River. Bartholomew Roberts "Black Bart" (Welsh, 1682 - 1722) Roberts’ crew admired his adventurist courage, calling him “pistol proof” - though he had been forced into piracy, having once been an officer on board a ship that was captured by the pirate Howell Davis. After taking over, Roberts’ navigational skills, charisma, and bravado painted him golden the eyes of his men. He plundered over 400 ships, a grandiose record to be sure, and captained well-armored ships in every endeavor. He died in a vigorous battle against British Captain Chaloner Ogle; his death left many of his faithful followers and admirers reeling. Even the Royal Navy itself was stunned. Henry Every "Long Ben" (English, 1653-unknown) Every began his naval career in the British Royal Navy. He served on various ships before he joined a venture known as the Spanish Expedition Shipping in 1693. He became pirate captain through mutiny, leading to his renown as one of the most feared and successful pirates of the Red Sea. Though he didn’t take many ships, the two that he did capture were among the finest in the Indian Ocean (one of them being India’s treasure ship, bulging with gold and jewels). Upon his great wealth (he was the richest pirate in the world), Every retired - but he continued to be hunted far and wide, and his true whereabouts at the time of his death remain unknown. Anne Bonny (Irish, 1700-1782) Having traveled to the New World with her family, Anne fell in love and married a poor sailor named James Bonny. But when she grew increasingly disappointed by her husband’s lack of valor, she began seeking out the company of many different men in Nassau. Among these men, was “Calico Jack” Rackham, captain of a pirate ship. She joined his crew whilst acting and dressing like a man (including drinking and fighting profusely). Thus, she fought under his command, and along with fellow female pirate Mary Read, she coaxed the crew onto even greater bloodshed and violence and became a formidable pirate herself. However, she was captured with Rackham’s crew and sentenced to death. Both she and Mary Read claimed pregnancy in prison, and their death sentences weren’t carried out (but Mary had the misfortune of dying in prison). No one is sure how the famous female pirate died, though there is speculation that she returned home to her husband or her father. Sir Henry Morgan (Welsh, 1635-1688) Captain Morgan is one of the most famous pirates who terrorized Spain’s Caribbean colonies in the late 1600s. Inconspicuously sanctioned by England, Morgan became the head of the Jamaican fleet and successfully undermined Spanish rule, hampering normalcy in the West Indies. He may have pillaged upwards of four hundred ships throughout his piracy career. His greatest achievement was capturing the very wealthy Panama City with thirty ships and 1,200 men, acquiring his largest plunder yet. It was due to his raid on Panama City that he was arrested and brought back to England, but because battle resumed between England and Spain, King Charles II knighted Morgan and released him as deputy governor of Jamaica. There, he lived a very well respected planter until his death. Francois l'Olonnais (French, 1635-1668) l’Olonnais humbly began as a poor man, working on a plantation in America as an indentured servant. After he turned to piracy, the Frenchman was known for the viciousness he showed to his vanquished, as well as his success in raiding many towns (he was one of the most successful pirates on land attacks) and capturing many ships. Amongst his most successful plunders was the town of Maracaibo, Venezuela, where he ravaged and stole his way into historical infamy, gaining some 200,000 Spanish dollars. His sadistic, bloodthirsty streak was predominant in his career, for he is said to have eaten a Spanish soldier’s heart during one of his many attacks. His own death, however, was equally as gruesome. l’Olonnais and his crew lodged their ship on a sandbar off the coast of Panama and weren’t able to break free. Upon venturing onto land in search of food, they were captured by the local tribe and devoured. Sir Francis Drake (English, 1540-1595) The most celebrated privateer of his time, Captain Drake sacked the Spanish army many times, often on the order of Queen Elizabeth I herself. Spain, his life-long, starkest foe, saw repeated devastation for he relentlessly sacked and plundered Spanish cities off the coast of Florida. He also sailed to North America and claimed new land on the Pacific coast for Queen Elizabeth, becoming the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. He even rescued the unsuccessful English colonists of Roanoke Island off the coast of the Carolinas and gave them passage to England aboard his vessel. After an illustrious career, Drake died off the coast of Panama to something as mundane as dysentery. Cheung Po Tsai (Chinese, early 1800s - mid 1800s) Cheung Po Tsai was a fisherman’s son, captured by a pirate and his wife to later be adopted by them and become a pirate himself. In the height of his “career”, he commanded an army of over 50,000 men and several hundred ships (Caribbean pirates seem to pale in comparison). He terrorized the Guangdong coastline, amassing great treasure, which he hid in a small cave that is today named after him. Eventually the Chinese government managed to catch him, though he struck a deal with them and became enlisted as a captain in the Qing Imperial Navy. He was appointed to the rank of colonel and spent the rest of his life aiding the Chinese government in capturing other pirates. Ching Shih (Chinese, 1785-1844) Also known as Cheng I Sao, Ching Shih is not only the most successful of all female pirates, she is also the most fascinating. She gained equality to her husband, the pirate Cheng and took over his operation upon his demise. She ordained her husband’s second-in-command, her adopted son, Cheung Po Tsai, the captain of her fleet (which equaled that of all the other most successful pirates combined). Beautiful and a former prostitute, Captain Sao controlled more than 1,500 ships with 80,000 men, and robbed and taxed towns, plundering ships along the coast of the South China Sea, all the while enforcing a strict code of conduct upon her men. She also married her adopted son, Chang Pao. When the Chinese government offered her universal pirate amnesty in exchange for peace, she accepted. Her pirates, on the other hand, were able to keep their riches and were given military jobs. She lived out her 69 years in charge of a casino and brothel with her husband.	i don't know
Living from 1911 to 1995, what is the more famous name of american born Virginia Katherine McMath?	Virginia Katherine McMath (1911 - 1995) - Genealogy Virginia Katherine McMath in Rancho Mirage, Riverside, CA, USA Place of Burial: July 16 1911 - Independence, Jackson Co, Missouri, USA Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, Riverside Co, California, USA Parents: William Eddins McMath, Lela Emogen Rogers Husband: Apr 25 1995 - Riverside, California, USA Father's last name: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri, U.S.A Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.A Parents: William "eddins" Mcmath, Lela Emogene Mcmath (born Owens) Ex-husband: Edward Jackson (Jack) Culpepper (Pepper) Ex-husband: July 16 1911 - Independence, MO Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California Parents: William Eddins McMath, Lela Emogene (Emogen) McMath, (W/Ai 13th cousin 3x removed+) (born Owens) Ex-husband: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri, USA Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California, USA Parents: William Eddins McMath, Lela E McMath (born Owens) Husband: July 16 1911 - Independence Mo. Father: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California Parents: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California, U.S Parents: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California Parents: July 16 1911 - West Virginia Death: July 16 1911 - Independence, Missouri Death: Apr 25 1995 - Rancho Mirage, California, U.S Parents: ex-husband's child About Ginger Rogers American stage and film dancer and actress Ginger Rogers along with Fred Astaire was the most legendary dancing team in film history; she was also a successful dramatic actress, even winning a Best Actress Oscar. Born Virginia Katherine McMath, she began her dancing career in vaudeville and made her Broadway debut in 1929 in Top Speed. After starring in George Gershwin's Girl Crazy, she went to Hollywood and began performing in movies, typecast as a flippant blonde.Her first performance with Fred Astaire occurred in Flying Down to Rio, which was so popular that they continued the partnership in nine other films. Though best known for her dancing, Rogers preferred dramatic acting and in 1940 won an Academy Award for her leading role in Kitty Foyle. She also enjoyed a sure hand in light comedy and starred in such films as Tom, Dick and Harry and The Major and the Minor. Rogers returned to the Broadway stage in 1965 when she took over the role of Dolly Levi in Hello Dolly and followed that in 1969 with a star performance as Mame in London. From the 1950s onwards, Rogers would make occasional appearances on television. In the later years of her career, she made guest appearances in three different series by Aaron Spelling; The Love Boat (1979), Glitter (1984), and Hotel (1987) which would be her final screen appearance as an actress. Rogers had no children. Ginger Rogers was an American actress, dancer, and singer who appeared in films, and on stage, radio, and television throughout much of the 20th century. Movies	Ginger Rogers
Which actor played the role of psychiatrist Sam Loomis in the 1978 horror film Halloween?	Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb Ginger Rogers Biography Showing all 102 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (5) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (52) \| Personal Quotes (36) \| Salary (1) Overview (5) 5' 4½" (1.64 m) Mini Bio (1) Ginger Rogers was born Virginia Katherine McMath in Independence, Missouri on July 16, 1911. Her mother, known as Lelee, went to Independence to have Ginger away from her husband. She had a baby earlier in their marriage and he allowed the doctor to use forceps and the baby died. She was kidnapped by her father several times until her mother took him to court. Ginger's mother left her child in the care of her parents while she went in search of a job as a scriptwriter in Hollywood and later to New York City. Mrs. McMath found herself with an income good enough to where she could send for Ginger. Lelee became a Marine in 1918 and was in the publicity department and Ginger went back to her grandparents in Missiouri. During this time her mother met John Rogers. After leaving the Marines they married in May, 1920 in Liberty, Missouri. He was transferred to Dallas and Ginger (who treated him as a father) went too. Ginger won a Charleston contest in 1925 (age 14) and a 4 week contract on the Interstate circuit. She also appeared in vaudeville acts which she did until she was 17 with her mother by her side to guide her. Now she had discovered true acting. She married in March, 1929, and after several months realized she had made a mistake. She acquired an agent and she did several short films. She went to New York where she appeared in the Broadway production of "Top Speed" which debuted Christmas Day, 1929. Her first film was in 1929 in A Night in a Dormitory (1930). It was a bit part, but it was a start. Later that year, Ginger appeared, briefly in two more films, A Day of a Man of Affairs (1929) and Campus Sweethearts (1930). For awhile she did both movies and theatre. The following year she began to get better parts in films such as Office Blues (1930) and The Tip-Off (1931). But the movie that enamored her to the public was Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933). She did not have top billing but her beauty and voice was enough to have the public want more. One song she popularized in the film was the now famous, "We're in the Money". Also in 1933 she was in 42nd Street (1933). She suggested using a monocle and this also set her apart. In 1934, she starred with Dick Powell in Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934). It was a well received film about the popularity of radio. Ginger's real stardom occurred when she was teamed with Fred Astaire where they were one of the best cinematic couples ever to hit the silver screen. This is where she achieved real stardom. They were first paired in 1933's Flying Down to Rio (1933) and later in 1935's Roberta (1935) and Top Hat (1935). Ginger also appeared in some very good comedies such as Bachelor Mother (1939) and Fifth Avenue Girl (1939) both in 1939. Also that year she appeared with Astaire in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939). The film made money but was not anywhere successful as they had hoped. After that studio executives at RKO wanted Ginger to strike out on her own. She made several dramatic pictures but it was 1940's Kitty Foyle (1940) that allowed her to shine. Playing a young lady from the wrong side of the tracks, she played the lead role well, so well in fact, that she won an Academy Award for her portrayal. Ginger followed that project with the delightful comedy, Tom, Dick and Harry (1941) the following year. It's a story where she has to choose which of three men she wants to marry. Through the rest of the 1940s and early 1950s she continued to make movies but not near the caliber before World War II. After Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957) in 1957, Ginger didn't appear on the silver screen for seven years. By 1965, she had appeared for the last time in Harlow (1965). Afterward, she appeared on Broadway and other stage plays traveling in Europe, the U.S. and Canada. After 1984, she retired and wrote an autobiography in 1991 entitled, "Ginger, My Story" which is a very good book. On April 25, 1995, Ginger died of natural causes in Rancho Mirage, California. She was 83. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Denny Jackson Spouse (5) Was a Christian Scientist. Was given the name "Ginger" by her little cousin who couldn't pronounce "Virginia" correctly. Brought her first cousin Helen Nichols to Hollywood, renamed her Phyllis Fraser, and guided her through a few films. Phyllis Fraser married and then became known as Phyllis Fraser . Interred at Oakwood Memorial Park, Chatsworth, California, USA, the same cemetery as long-time dancing/acting partner Fred Astaire is located. Sort-of cousin of Rita Hayworth . Ginger's aunt married Rita's uncle. She didn't drink: she had her very own ice cream soda fountain Directed her first stage musical, "Babes In Arms", at age 74. Was fashion consultant for the J.C. Penney chain from 1972-1975. A keen artist, Ginger did many paintings, sculptures and sketches in her free time but could never bring herself to sell any of them. Was Hollywood's highest paid star of 1942. Author Graham Greene always said he would have liked Ginger to play the role of Aunt Augusta in the film version of his novel "Travels With My Aunt". When the film Travels with My Aunt (1972) was made in 1972 the role was played by Maggie Smith . The well-known quote often attributed to her--"My first picture was [ Kitty Foyle (1940)]. It was my mother who made all those films with Fred Astaire "--was actually fabricated for a 1966 article in "Films In Review". Always the outdoor sporty type, she was a near-champion tennis player, a topline shot and loved going fishing. She made her final public appearance on 3/18/95 (just five weeks before her death) when she received the Women's International Center (WIC) Living Legacy Award. Was badly affected by illness in her last years after suffering two strokes that had left her wheelchair-bound and visibly overweight, while her voice had become a shrunken rasp. Related to Random House publisher and What's My Line? (1950) panelist Bennett Cerf through marriage, when he married Ginger's cousin Phyllis Fraser . Was asked to replace Judy Garland in both Harlow (1965) and Valley of the Dolls (1967). She turned down "Dolls" because she hated the script; she did, however, accept Harlow (1965). She played Jean Harlow 's mother and, unlike the movie, garnered good reviews. The film was made in only eight days. First cousin, once removed, of Christopher Cerf and Jonathan Cerf . Was a life-long Republican. Turned down lead roles in To Each His Own (1946) and The Snake Pit (1948). Both of these roles went on to be played to great acclaim by Olivia de Havilland . She also turned down Barbara Stanwyck's role in "Ball of Fire.". Her first teaming with Fred Astaire , Flying Down to Rio (1933), was her 20th film appearance but only Astaire's second. In a 1991 TV interview when asked why the Fred Astaire / Rogers union wasn't known as "Ginger & Fred" rather than "Fred & Ginger" (as Ginger had been in films longer), she replied, "It's a man's world". Her tied-to-the-hip relationship with her mother, Lela E. Rogers , proved eternal. They're buried side by side at Oakwood Memorial Park. The grave of Ginger's screen partner, Fred Astaire , is just yards away. Was named #14 Actress on The AFI 50 Greatest Screen Legends Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's song "Vogue" A distant cousin of Lucille Ball , according to Lucie Arnaz . She was of Welsh and Scottish heritage. During the last years of her life she retired in Oregon and bought a ranch in the Medford area because she liked the climate. She donated money to the community and funded the Craterian Ginger Rogers Theater in downtown Medford, which was named after her. In Italy, most of her films were dubbed by either Lidia Simoneschi or Wanda Tettoni . She was occasionally dubbed by Andreina Pagnani ; Dhia Cristiani ; Rosetta Calavetta and Giovanna Scotto . Has a street named after her in Rancho Mirage, California, her final winter home. Ginger Rogers Road is located in the Mission Hills Golf Course. It crosses Bob Hope Drive, between Gerald Ford Drive and Dinah Shore Drive and 2 blocks from Frank Sinatra Drive. She was a conservative Republican, a proud member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, a Christian Scientist and a vocal supporter of the Hollywood blacklist. Salary for 1938, $219,500. One of the celebrities whose picture Anne Frank placed on the wall of her bedroom in the "Secret Annex" while in hiding during the Nazi occupation of Amsterdam, Holland. Her great-great-grandfather was a doctor who discovered quinine, the cure for malaria. For the "Cheek to Cheek" number in Top Hat (1935), she wanted to wear an elaborate blue dress heavily decked out with ostrich feathers. When director Mark Sandrich and Fred Astaire saw the dress, they knew it would be impractical for the dance. Sandrich suggested that Rogers wear the white gown she had worn performing "Night and Day" in The Gay Divorcee (1934). Rogers walked off the set, finally returning when Sandrich agreed to let her wear the offending blue dress. As there was no time for rehearsals, she wore the blue feathered dress for the first time during filming of the "Cheek to Cheek" number, and as Astaire and Sandrich had feared, feathers started coming off the dress. Astaire later claimed it was like "a chicken being attacked by a coyote". In the final film, some stray feathers can be seen drifting off it. To patch up the rift between them, Astaire presented Rogers with a charm of a gold feather to add to her charm bracelet. This was the origin of Rogers' nickname "Feathers". The shedding feathers episode was recreated to hilarious results in a scene from Easter Parade (1948) in which Astaire danced with a clumsy, comical dancer played by Judy Garland . Turned down Donna Reed 's role in It's a Wonderful Life (1946). She first introduced the song "The Continental" in The Gay Divorcee (1934) and it went on to be the first song that won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Replaced Judy Garland in the film The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) after Garland was suspended from MGM due to her tardiness. Was offered the part of Hildy Johnson in His Girl Friday (1940), but she turned it down. As a result Rosalind Russell was cast instead. Inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians in 2009. Was good friends with actress Maureen O'Hara since the late 1930s. When Ginger Rogers received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1992, Robyn Smith , widow of Fred Astaire , withheld all rights to clips of Rogers' scenes with Astaire, demanding payment. The Kennedy Center refused and Rogers received her honor without the retrospective show. Despite being married 5 times, all of her marriages ended under a decade. Her longest marriage was her last, to William Marshall , which lasted 8 years. Rogers holds the record for actresses at New York's prestigious Rdio City Music Hall with 23 films for a total of 55 weeks. According to the 1974 book "Holly-Would" Rogers was taught the Charleston by Eddie Foy Jr. and went on the win the championship of Texas when she was only 15. Was the 16th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Kitty Foyle (1940) at The 13th Academy Awards on February 27, 1941. Fred Astaire confided in Raymond Rohauer, curator of New York Gallery of Modern Art, "Ginger was brilliantly effective. She made everything work fine for her. Actually she made things very fine for both of us and she deserves most of the credit for our success.". Made the cover of Life magazine four times; 8/22/38, 12/9/40, 3/2/42 and 9/5/51. In 1976, when Fred Astaire was asked by British TV interviewer Michael Parkinson on "Parkinson" who his favorite dancing partner was, Astaire answered "Excuse me, I must say Ginger was certainly the one. You know the most effective partner I ever had. Everyone knows. That was a whole other thing what we did...I just want to pay a tribute to Ginger because we did so many pictures together and believe me it was a value to have that girl...she had it. She was just great!". In 1986 Fred Astaire recalled "All the girls I ever danced with thought they couldn't do it. So they always cried. All except Ginger. No, no, Ginger never cried.". Personal Quotes (36) My mother told me I was dancing before I was born. She could feel my toes tapping wildly inside her for months. When two people love each other, they don't look at each other, they look in the same direction. [1983] They're not going to get my money to see the junk that's made today. The only way to enjoy anything in this life is to earn it first. [in the early 1930s] I don't know which I like best. I love the applause on the stage. But pictures are so fascinating - you reach many millions through them. And you make more money, too. When you're happy, you don't count the years. Hollywood is like an empty wastebasket. [on her partnership with Fred Astaire ] After all, it's not as if we were Bud Abbott and Lou Costello . We did have careers apart from each other. The most important thing in anyone's life is to be giving something. The quality I can give is fun, joy and happiness. This is my gift. [on working with Katharine Hepburn ] She is snippy, you know, which is a shame. She was never on my side. [1987] It'd be fun to have a chum around, but it's very hard to have a chum unless you're married to him. And I don't believe in today's concept for living with someone unmarried. Even when one is of a certain age to make one's own decisions, there are many times when it is great to be able to go back and talk it over with the people one loves - one's family. [her explanation for bringing excess luggage to London in 1969 for her year-long stint on stage as "Mame"] I believe in dressing for the occasion. There's a time for sweater, sneakers and Levis and a time for the full-dress jazz. As for the little touches, well, a year is quite a long time and they make one feel at home. [on her screen partnership with Fred Astaire ] We had fun and it shows. True, we were never bosom buddies off the screen; we were different people with different interests. We were only a couple on film. I'm most grateful to have had that joyous time in motion pictures. It really was a Golden Age of Hollywood. Pictures were talking, they were singing, they were coloring. It was beginning to blossom out: bud and blossom were both present. In everything that I do I learn and try to put it to use. I have learned to go through life not into it. It's like a boat. You mustn't let the water in or you're sunk. Of course, I've made mistakes and I have had failures, but I do not dwell on them because people don't care about garbage. When I make a mistake it's like a bad leaf on a lettuce - I throw it out into the wastebasket. I don't care what the critics say. My fabulous mom will give me a good review if nobody else does. You bring out a lot of your own thoughts and attitudes when acting. I think a great deal of it has to do with the inner you. You know, there's nothing damnable about being a strong woman. The world needs strong women. There are a lot of strong women you do not see who are guiding, helping, mothering strong men. They want to remain unseen. It's kind of nice to be able to play a strong woman who is seen. It was tough being a woman in the theatrical business in those days. [speaking in 1975] The were such a pretty time. I know it was a bad time for an awful lot of people, but not for me. I remember the whole atmosphere, the ambiance of the [1930s] with a glow because success was knocking at my door. I got to California in [1932], just in time to do Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933), where I sang "We're In the Money". It was a whole new life for me. I was excited about it. It was happy and beautiful and gay and interesting. I was surrounded by marvelous people, all the top people of our industry. I think the motion pictures talked themselves out of business when they sold their backlogs [to TV networks]. They sold what they thought were old clothes. It turns out some of them had better material in them than their new ones. [on being asked in 1943 what a girl needs to be a movie star] Intelligence, adaptability and talent. And by talent I mean the capacity for hard work. Lots of girls come here with little but good looks. Beauty is a valuable asset, but it is not the whole cheese. Rhythm is born in all of us. To be a desirable dancing partner you don't have to do all the intricate fancy steps that happen to be in vogue. All you have to do is be a good average dancer and anybody who spends the time and effort can accomplish this. I believe in living each day as it comes, to the best of my ability. When it's done, I put it away, remembering that there will be a tomorrow to take it's place. If I have any philosophy, that's it. To me it's not a fatalistic attitude. [on Fred Astaire , 1976] I adore the man. I always have adored him. It was the most fortunate thing that ever happened to me, being teamed with Fred: he was everything a little starry-eyed girl from a small town ever dreamed of. {on Howard Hughes ] Howard was one of the best dancers I ever knew, and fascinating to be with. Terribly bright and intelligent. But he was immersed in his work. I've made thousands of mistakes, but they've all been stepping stones toward a better concept of life. Gossip is hardly uplifting. I won't go to movies with permissiveness, four-letter words, or violence. Show me E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Chariots of Fire (1981) instead. That's entertainment, not exploitation of the human body. You've got to stand for something or you'll fall for anything. Part of the joy of dancing is conversation. Trouble is, some men can't talk and dance at the same time. Looking back at my life's voyage, I can only say that it has been a golden trip. Perhaps I am old-fashioned, but black and white films still hold an affectionate place in my heart; they have an incomparable mystique and mood. There's nothing a man can do, that I can't do better and in heels. There are no small parts. Only small actors. The fun, joy, and humor dry up in a relationship when one of the partners is swimming in gin. To my way of thinking, it is selfishness personified to see life through the bottom of a liquor bottle. Salary (1)	i don't know
Taking their name from the French for 'small oven' which small cake confection usually eaten at the end of a meal are described as small, square cut, frosted and decorated sponge cake?	Baking History - Joyofbaking.com baking history Printer Friendly Page Afternoon Tea - Afternoon Tea did not exist before the 19th century. At that time lunch was eaten quite early in the day and dinner wasn't served until 8 or 9 o'clock at night. But it wasn't until Anna, the seventh Duchess of Bedford, asked for tea and light refreshments in her room one afternoon, around 1830, that the ritual began. The Duchess enjoyed her 'taking of tea' so much that she started inviting her friends to join her. Before long having elegant tea parties was very fashionable. Demand for tea wares grew and soon there were tea services in silver and fine bone china, trays, cake stands, servers, tea caddies, tea strainers, teapots, and tea tables..... More on Afternoon Tea Amaretti Cookies - Pronounced am-ah-REHT-tee. Amaretti is the Italian name for macaroons, which means little bitter things. Crisp and crunchy on the outside and soft inside, these small domed shaped cookies originated in Venice Italy during the Renaissance period. Consisting of almonds or almond paste, sugar, and egg whites that can be flavored with chocolate or liqueurs and two baked cookies can be sandwiched together with ganache, buttercream or even jam. Often served with a sweet dessert wine , liqueurs or ice cream...... More on Amaretti Cookies Angel Food Cake - This cake is also called an Angel Cake, so named as its airy lightness is said to be the "food of the angels". You may be surprised at how many egg whites are in an angel food cake. But it really is not surprising given the liberal use of eggs in all cake recipes around the time of its invention (1870). Waverley Root in "Eating in America A History" tells how in Mrs. J. Chadwick's 1853 "Home Cookery" she calls for 32 egg yolks for just one cake. He also cites Mrs. Horace Mann's "Christianity in the Kitchen" (1861) as calling for 20 eggs in one cake that had to be beaten for about three hours. It is a good thing that at about the same time the angel food cake was invented the rotary egg beater came along which eliminated the long and laborious hand beating of batters. Angel food cakes use their own special pan which Greg Patent in "Baking in America" states was also invented in the late 1800s..... Recipe for Chocolate Angel Food Cake Banana Bread - Banana Bread recipes became very popular in the 1960s when hearty breads were all the rage. It has a thick batter and is a cross between a cake and a bread. It is baked in a rectangular baking pan until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. Banana Bread is classified as a Quick Bread (used since 1918) which is a mainly North American term used to describe a light and moist baked good that is "quick" to make. The dry ingredients and liquid ingredients are mixed together separately, then combined and baked. Leavened using a chemical leavening agent (baking powder/soda not yeast ) that does not require fermentation and involves little or no kneading . Quick breads are made either from a batter ( muffins , coffee cakes, pancakes, popovers, loaves or breads) or a dough (scones and biscuits)..... Recipe for Banana Bread Bee Sting Cake (Bienenstich) - Originally a German yeast cake that is also known as Bee Sting. The story goes that a baker made the cake with a honey topping that attracted a bee which stung the baker. The original cake had a yeast base that was filled with a custard and frosted with honey, butter and almonds. Biscotti is said to have originated during Columbus's time and credited to an Italian baker who originally served them with Tuscan wines. They became so popular that every province developed their own flavored version. Because of their long storage ability they were an ideal food for sailors, soldiers, and fisherman. Traditionally biscotti were almond flavored as almonds were readily available in Italy and nearby countries..... More on Biscotti Boston Cream Pie - The name Boston Cream Pie is believed to be a misnomer as it's really a cake. The "pie" instead of "cake" may be due to the fact that colonists used to bake their cakes in pie tins as they did not own cake pans. The first reference to Boston Cream Pie was when a New York newspaper in 1855 ran a recipe for a 'pudding pie cake'. This recipe, however, had a powdered sugar topping not the chocolate glaze it now has. Then in 1856 a man named Harvey D. Parker opened a restaurant in Boston called the Parker House Restaurant. On the menu was a 'pudding pie cake' but it had a chocolate glaze not the powdered sugar topping of the original recipe. This is the cake we know today and the name 'Boston Cream Pie' is probably a combination of the first 'pudding pie cake' recipe and the fact that Boston is the place where the chocolate glazed version originated. Bread Pudding - Bread Pudding, first known as a "poor man's pudding", is an old fashioned dessert that has been popular in England since the 13th century. Unlike the bread puddings of today where breads are sometimes made specifically for making the puddings, it was once made as a way to use up any stale bread that was hanging about. The stale bread was moistened by soaking the bread in water and then squeezing out the excess water. Sugar, spices and other ingredients were then added. Today, bread puddings are made with either fresh or stale bread (brioche, challah, croissant, panettone, french, Italian) that is soaked in a rich mixture (custard) of milk (or cream), eggs, sugar, vanilla, and spices. Nuts, zests, candied or fresh fruit can also be added..... More on Bread Pudding Br eakfast - Defined as the first meal of the day and literally means, breaking the fast of the night. It was during the 15th century that certain foods were created and served only at breakfast and this tradition continues even today. It was reported back in the mid 1800s that a typical American breakfast consisted of at least six courses; tea, toast, eggs, beef, ham, fish, game, fruits, and breads. About the same time there were the American food reformers who advocated eating less meat and more grains. One such food reformer was John Henry Kellogg who headed the Seventh Day Adventist "Sanatorium" in Michigan for people with medical problems. One belief he had was that eating hard dry foods would keep your teeth healthy and recommended eating zwieback. Unfortunately, zwieback was very hard and brittle and when a patient broke a tooth eating one, Dr. Kellogg set out to invent a new healthy dry cereal. The cereal he produced was similar to a granola (now named Corn Flakes) and it sold very well. So well, in fact, that others began producing dry cereals. The foods eaten at home for breakfast have a lot to do with convenience as people do not have the time to make and eat a leisurely breakfast. Bread-like items are popular breakfast foods during the workweek: bagels, muffins, scones, or cereal, with a cup of tea or coffee. Weekends are when the so-called "big breakfast" or "English breakfast" is served where eggs take center stage as well as bacon, sausages, tomatoes, toast, jams and preserves. ..... More on Breakfast Br ownies - Brownies are classified as a bar cookie that tastes like a rich chocolate cake that has been cut into squares. Toasted and chopped nuts (walnuts, pecans, hazelnuts) can be added or even chunks or chips of white chocolate. The Brownie is definitely America's favorite bar cookie (square) and the name "brownie" refers to its dark brown color. John Mariani in "The Dictionary of American Food and Drink" states that the first recipe appeared in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck and Co. Catalog. ?/font>noise - G?/font> noise is named after its place of origin, Genoa Italy and is a type of light and airy sponge cake. Different from a sponge cake in that melted unsalted butter (sometimes clarified) is added to the batter which makes it a more tender and flavorful cake that is less sweet than a regular sponge cake..... More on Genoise Ganache is a French term referring to a smooth mixture of chopped chocolate and heavy cream. The origins of ganache are debatable but it is believed to have been invented around 1850. Some say it originated in Switzerland where it was used as a base for truffles. Others say it was invented in Paris at the Patisserie Siravdin.... More on Ganache Hot Chocolate - The drinking of chocolate in the New World was first discovered by Columbus in 1502 when he landed in what we now think was either Mexico or Nicaragua. He found the Aztecs drinking a chocolate beverage made with cocoa beans from the tropical tree Theobroma which translates to "Food of the Gods". The Aztec's emperor, Montezuma, loved the drink so much that he would drink upwards of 50 cups a day. To make this drink the Aztecs would first roast and grind the beans to a paste and then add the paste to water, along with chili peppers and vanilla. This produced a beverage that was very bitter tasting which the Spaniards didn't enjoy. Columbus did take some cocoa beans back to Spain but there was little interest in them. It wasn't until Hernando Cortez, around 1520, brought the cocoa beans back to Spain from his trip to the New World that the chocolate beverage became popular. To make this drink more palatable, the Spaniards processed the beans as the Aztecs did but then they added sugar and spices (vanilla, cinnamon, cloves, hazelnuts, almonds, orange flower water) to the chocolate paste. Once the paste was allowed to solidify it was added to water or milk. This drink immediately became popular with the Spaniards. So popular that aristocratic ladies would start each day with a cup and even went so far as having their servants bring them some during Mass. Eventually this chocolate beverage spread throughout Europe but chocolate was still very expensive so it was enjoyed primarily by the upper class. But everything changed in the 1820s when a Dutchman, by the name of Van Houten, came up with a way to remove most of the fat from the cocoa beans to produce what we now call cocoa powder. Almost overnight cocoa powder replaced chocolate in the making of hot chocolate and it lost its appeal with adults. It now became a drink served to children and remains that way to this day.... Recipe for Hot Chocolate Hot Cross Buns - This round, rich, sweet, yeast bun is traditionally served on Good Friday. The passing of a London by-law in the early 1500s forbidding the sale of hot cross buns except on Good Friday, Christmas, and at funerals seems to have permanently influenced when we eat these spiced buns. Made of milk, yeast, sugar, flour, spices (such as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, and cloves), eggs, butter, currants, raisins and/or candied fruit. John Ayto in "An A-Z of Food & Drink" states that the first record of the cross appearing on the top of the buns was in 'Poor Robin's Almanack' (1733) and the 'hot' was added to the name in the early 1800s. The cross (represents cross of Christ and the Crucifixion) on top that can be made by cutting into the dough, by strips of pastry, or with a paste of flour and water. Once baked, they can be iced with confectioners frosting or fondant. Superstition had it that hot cross buns baked on Good Friday never became moldy and one bun used to be kept as a charm until the next year's buns were made. There are various stories as to when they were first made, but the story I like is related to the Anglo Saxons. They are said to have baked the buns in honor of their goddess of Spring, Eostre, from whom the name Easter is derived... More on Hot Cross Buns Ice Cream - The United States is by far the world's largest consumer of ice cream followed by Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Britain. Ice cream is such a big part of our culture that in the 1920s as immigrants arrived in the United States (Ellis Island) they were served ice cream as part of their first meal. Although we may have adopted it as our own ice cream is not an American invention. Paul Dickson tells us in his book 'The Great American Ice Cream Book' that the first record of it being eaten in the United States was in 1742 when ice cream was served at a dinner given by the then Governor of Maryland. But it wasn't until the latter part of the eighteenth century when ice cream houses started to appear in New York and Philadelphia that ice cream was not simply a dessert to be enjoyed by the wealthy . The first ice creams were really "iced cream" as they were made with cream, sugar and flavorings (no eggs) that were simply frozen. They were quite coarse in texture and contained large ice crystals. Although the French started to add eggs or egg yolks to their ice cream recipes around the early 1700s, the British didn't follow suit until the middle of the century. And it wasn't until the 1840s, and the invention of the first ice cream machine, that ice cream began to take on the smooth and creamy texture that we enjoy today.... Recipe for Ice Creams Ice Cream Cone - The ice cream cone turns 100 this year. It made its debut at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair and there are many conflicting stories of who should be given credit for its invention. Paul Dickson in his "The Great American Ice Cream Book" states that the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers (IAICM) has given Ernest A. Hamwi the credit for inventing the cone. Ice cream was very popular at the turn of the last century and so it is not surprising that there were over 50 ice cream vendors selling a total of 5000 gallons of ice cream per day at the Fair. Ernest Hamwi also had a booth at the fair but he was selling a type of waffle (zalabia), not ice cream. One day, the man (Arnold Fornachou) at the booth next to Hamwi ran out of small dishes to serve his ice cream. Hamwi got the idea to roll one of his hot Belgian waffles into a cornucopia and told Fornachou to put a scoop of his ice cream into the cornucopia's mouth. They were an instant hit with Fornachou's customers who lined up to have their ice cream served this new way. In fact, the cones were so popular at the Fair that St. Louis foundries started manufacturing molds for making the cornucopia shaped cones. The cones were first given the name "World's Fair Cornucopia" until about 1909 when they were renamed "ice cream cones". The cone obviously gained popularity across the United States because by 1924 Americans were consuming upwards of 245 million cones per year..... Recipe for Ice Cream Cones Ice Cream Sandwiches - By the end of the 19th century ice cream was firmly entrenched in American society and with its popularity came many new inventions. One of the first inventions to come along was the ice cream cone which made its debut at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. By the 1920s we had the first chocolate-covered ice cream bar (Eskimo Pie), the banana split, ice cream cakes, the first chocolate covered ice cream bar on a stick (the Good Humor Ice Cream Sucker), and the ice cream sandwich. John Mariani in his 'The Dictionary of American Food and Drink' says the first ice cream sandwiches were made with cake like chocolate cookies followed in San Francisco by sandwiches made with oatmeal cookies. In the 1980s the 'Chipwich' became very popular which was made with the chocolate chip cookie.... Recipe for Ice Cream Sandwiches Ladyfingers - You may know them as Ladyfingers but these long finger- or oval-shaped cookies are also known around the world as Boudoir biscuits, sponge biscuits, sponge fingers, Naples biscuits, Savoy biscuits (Savoiardi) and biscuits. The first mention of these cookies was in John Keats' poem 'The Cap and Bells' (1820) "Fetch me that Ottoman, and prithee keep your voice low, said the Emperor; and steep some lady's-fingers nice in Candy wine". Ladyfingers are made from a sponge cake batter where the egg yolks and sugar are beaten together until thick, to which vanilla extract, sifted flour and beaten egg whites are folded in. The batter is then piped into long finger-shaped cookies which are dusted with sugar before baking to give them a crisp sweet crust. The batter contains more flour than most sponge recipes to make it thick enough to pipe. Although these delicate sponge cookies can be eaten on their own as a petit four or as an accompaniment to ice creams, they really shine when soaked in a syrup and used as part of more complex desserts such as Tiramisu , English Trifles , or Charlottes.... Recipe for Ladyfingers Linzertorte - Linzertorte which is one of Austria's most famous desserts. Believed to have originated from the City of Linz, written recipes began to appear in the early 1700s. Traditionally this torte consisted of a crust made with flour, ground nuts (traditionally almonds), sugar, egg yolks, spices and lemon zest that was filled with preserves (traditionally black currant) and then topped with a lattice crust. Linzer Cookies use the same ingredients as the Linzertorte but present them in a different way. Two cookies are sandwiched together with a layer of preserves. The top cookie, dusted with confectioners sugar, has a cutout so the preserves are visible. When cut into a round shape with a round cutout they are known as Linzer "Eyes" (Linzer Augen) as they are said to resemble an eye. Traditionally these cookies are filled with black currant preserves. However, in America as black currant preserves are expensive, we fill them with a variety of different flavored preserves, most notably seedless raspberry preserves. Variations now exist for this cookie using ground hazelnuts, pecans, or even walnuts in place of the traditional ground almonds.... Recipe for Linzer Cookies Madeleines - Dating back to the 18th century in the French town of Commercy, in the region of Lorraine, the story goes that a girl name Madeleine made them for Stanislaw Lezczynski, Duke of Lorraine, who loved them and subsequently gave some to his daughter, Marie, the wife of Louis XV. Their popularity grew after that. Made famous by Marcel Proust in his novel 'Remembrance of Things Past' in which he wrote: "She sent out for one of those short, plump little cakes called 'petites madeleines', which look as though they had been moulded in the fluted scallop of a pilgrim's shell. And soon, mechanically, weary after a dull day with the prospect of a depressing morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of tea in which I had soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid, and the crumbs with it, touched on my palate than a shudder ran through my whole body and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary changes that were taking place. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses...."..... More on Madeleines Meringue Mushrooms - A recipe for Meringue Mushrooms can be found in Fannie Farmer's Original 1896 Boston Cooking School Cookbook. But Maida Heatter is the one who brought them to their level of popularity today. In her 1978 book "Book of Great Chocolate Desserts" she tells the story of entering them in an international cooking Olympics some 20 years before. Since then she says has seen recipes in newspapers and magazines that look just like the ones she made for the Olympics. There are many slightly different versions of this recipe but they all involve making a meringue from egg whites, cream of tartar, and sugar. The meringue is then placed in a pastry bag and piped into shapes of mushroom caps and stems. After baking in a slow oven the stems are attached to the caps in one of two ways. You can save a little meringue and use it as a 'glue' to attach the stems to the caps or you can use a little melted chocolate to 'glue' them together. Either way is delicious. The finishing touch is dusting the tops with a light sprinkling of cocoa powder..... Recipe for Meringue Mushrooms Muffins - The name 'Muffin' either comes from the French word 'moufflet', meaning a soft bread, or from the German word 'muffe' which is the name for a type of cake. There are two types of muffins: English and American. English Muffins are made from a yeast dough that is formed into rounds, cooked on a griddle, toasted, split and buttered. They are relatively flat with a golden-brown top and bottom and a light, spongy interior. Muffins began as a yeast bread but American muffins have evolved to be a cross between a bread and a cake and a chemical leavener (baking powder/soda) is now used instead of yeast. A basic muffin recipe contains flour, sugar, baking powder/soda, eggs, fat, and milk (buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream)... More on Muffins and Recipes Oats - Oats are a cereal grain that are rich and flavorful and come in many forms. The oat flakes (rolled oats) that we are most familiar with were first produced in 1877 by the The Quaker Mill Company. By 1884 they began selling their product, calling it "Quaker Oats", in the now famous cardboard canister with its distinctive red, white and blue label. An interesting fact is that Quaker Oats is said to have been not only the first packaged food in America but also the first product to be mass marketed in the U.S.. Oats were once thought of as a weed and weren't domesticated until after the Christian era began. Besides Northern Europe, Scotland, and Ireland, oats were used as animal feed. In fact, even today, over 90% of our U.S. crop is still used for this purpose. In retrospect you can see why Dr. Johnson in his 1755 'Dictionary of the English Language' defined 'oats' as "a grain which in England is generally given to horses but in Scotland supports the people". Northern Europe, Scotland, and Ireland have long enjoyed oats, mainly as porridge or in oat cakes..... Recipe for Oatmeal Cookies Parfaits - Parfait is French for perfect and is a frozen custard dessert made with eggs, sugar, whipped cream and flavorings such as a puree, liqueur, coffee, or chocolate that is placed in a mold, similar to a bombe. An American parfait has evolved to mean a dessert consisting of ice cream layered with flavored syrups or fruit and whipping cream that is topped with more whipping cream, nuts and a Maraschino cherry. It is served in a tall narrow glass so the layers are clearly visible... Recipe for Berry Parfaits Pavlova - or 'pav' is a meringue cake with a light, delicate, crisp crust and a soft sweet marshmallow center that is produced by folding a little vinegar and cornstarch (cornflour) into stiffly beaten egg whites and sugar. This dessert is served with softly whipped cream and fresh fruit (passion fruit, kiwi, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries or strawberries are favorites). The name for this dessert, Pavlova, was chosen in honor of the Russian ballerina, Anna Pavlova, who toured both New Zealand and Australia in 1926. There is a long standing debate about whether New Zealand or Australia invented this dessert, which has yet to be resolved. New Zealand claims that printed recipes for this meringue began to appear in New Zealand in the late 1920's. Australia tells the story of how, an Australian chef, Herbert Sachse, invented this dessert when a soft meringue cake was requested for an afternoon tea at the hotel where he worked. ... Recipe for Pavlova Recipe for Chocolate Pavlova Peanut Butter Cookies - The peanut butter cookie was invented in America in the 1940s. Peanut Butter Cookies, along with the Chocolate Chip and Oatmeal, are classified as drop cookies. George Washington Carver (1864-1943) tried very hard to get Americans to use peanuts in both cooking and baking. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama and wanted farmers to grow peanuts after the cotton crop was destroyed by the boll weevil in the 1890s. He did accomplish his goal of getting Americans to both grow and eat peanuts, especially peanut butter, but not so much in cooking as in baking cakes, cookies, puddings, pies, and candies. Americans love their peanut butter so much that over half of our peanut crop goes to making peanut butter. John Mariani in 'The Dictionary of American Food & Drink' tells us that peanut butter was invented in the late 19th century by a St. Louis doctor who first promoted it as a health food at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Children are big eaters of peanut butter, especially in their favorite 'Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwiches'. Public schools give children this type of sandwich 'free' when they forget either their boxed lunch, or lunch money, at home.....Recipe for Peanut Butter Cookies Petit Four - What do miniature tuiles, eclairs, fancy cakes, macaroons, glazed or candied fruits, tartlets, ladyfingers, cigarettes, etc. have in common? They all belong to a category of small fancy cookies, pastries, or confections called "petits fours". The name petit four seems to have originated from the name of the ovens (petit four meaning 'small oven') they were baked in. In the 18th century the ovens were made of brick and once the large cakes were baked, small cakes were placed in the ovens as they were cooling down. Petits fours can be eaten in one or two bites and these fancy pastries are further divided into "sec" or "glace". "Sec" meaning "dry" and "glace"; meaning "iced or frosted". Petits fours sec usually refers to small biscuits (cookies) or pastries which have little done to them once baked. Tuiles, macaroons, cigarettes, meringues, and ladyfingers are some examples. Commonly served with afternoon tea or with ice cream, sorbet, or custard. Petits fours glace are pastries that can be filled with cream, chocolate, or jam and then covered, glazed, or dipped and decorated with marzipan, fondant, chocolate, or some other form of glaze or icing. A miniature sponge cake filled with a buttercream and glazed with ganache is one example. The petit four "sec" and "glace"; can be sponge or cake based, biscuit or cookie based, meringue based, marzipan based, fresh fruit or chocolate based. They are traditionally served with afternoon tea or after a fancy meal (particularly petits fours glace accompanied by tea, coffee, liqueurs, or dessert wines). Pound Cake - The pound cake originated several centuries ago in England from yeast leavened bread-like cakes. The name comes from the fact that the original pound cakes contained one pound each of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. No leaveners were used other than the air whipped into the batter. These cakes were rich and dense. By the mid 1800's pound cake recipes began to deviate slightly from the original formula to make a lighter cake. Some recipes even contained a liquid, such as alcohol or rose water. It wasn't until the 20th century that artificial leaveners (baking powder/soda) were added. Today, pound cakes use different proportions of the same ingredients as the original formula to produce a lighter cake.... More on Pound Cake Rice Pudding - In Roman times rice puddings (pottages), softened in milk (almond or cow's), were thought to cure upset stomachs. Eventually recipes for both baked and boiled rice puddings began to appear. Spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon were popular in rice puddings along with raisins and currants. Eggs were sometimes added towards the end of baking and you will still find them used in recipes today. Rice pudding recipes differ in the type of rice (long or short grain white rice, brown, basmati, jasmine), milk (whole milk, coconut milk, cream, evaporated or condensed), spices (nutmeg, cinnamon), flavorings (vanilla extract, orange or lemon zest), amount and type of sugar (white or brown), whether eggs and butter are added, to whether there should or should not be a film of top.... Recipe for Rice Pudding Sable (French Butter Cookie) - The Sable is a classic French cookie originating in Normandy. Sable is French for "sand" and refers to the sandy texture of this delicate and crumbly shortbread-like cookie. A versatile dough that can be flavored with ground nuts or zests and although traditionally round with fluted edges, they can also be cut into other shapes and even sandwiched together with jam or preserves, chocolate or lemon curd.... More on Sabl e Scones - Scones are believed to have originated in Scotland and are closely related to the griddle baked flatbread, known as bannock. They were first made with oats, shaped into a large round, scored into four to six triangles, and cooked on a griddle either over an open fire or on top of the stove. The origin of the name 'scone' is just as unclear as where it came from. Some say the name comes from where the Kings of Scotland were crowned, the Stone (Scone) of Destiny. Others believe the name is derived from the Dutch word "schoonbrot" meaning fine white bread or from the German word "sconbrot" meaning 'fine or beautiful bread'. Still others say it comes from the Gaelic 'sgonn' a shapeless mass or large mouthful..... More on Scones Sherbet and Sorbet - In ancient time, the Sherbet was a non alcoholic sweetened fruit drink sold in the Middle East by street vendors during the summer months. As time went on the Sherbet, known as 'sharab', had alcohol added to it so a new name 'sharbat' was given to the original non alcoholic fruit drink. By the 16th century the sharbat had made its way to Europe where it became very popular. In Italy the fruit drink was called sorbetto (from the verb sorboire meaning 'to sip'), in France it was called sorbet, in Spain it was called sorbete and the English called it sherbet. Over time, and with the advent of making artificial ice, sorbets/sherbets were sometimes frozen and were either served as a drink or eaten with a spoon. In America at the turn of the 19th century, the word sherbet and sorbet were (at still are in some places) used interchangeably. The difference, however, is that sorbets are made using fresh fruit (juices/purees), sugar, water and sometimes lemon/lime juice and come closest to the original Middle Eastern drink. Sherbets, on the other hand, contain fruit juice or puree, sugar, and water but also milk and/or cream, and sometimes eggs to give them a smooth and rich consistency somewhere between an ice cream and a sorbet....Recipe for Lemon Sherbet , Blackberry Sorbet , and Strawberry Sorbet Shortbread - Scottish in origin, this rich, tender and crumbly straw colored biscuit (cookie) was once only served during Christmas and New Year's Eve (Hogmanay). The classic proportions of one part sugar to two parts butter to three parts flour were mixed together and placed in a lightly floured 8 inch (20 cm) round wooden mold carved with a thistle. The dough-filled mold was then inverted onto a baking sheet, released from the mold, and baked in a slow oven. Once baked, the shortbread was cut into wedges that were given the name "petticoat tails". This name was derived because the shape of the shortbread wedges was similar to the bell-hoop petticoats worn by court ladies in the 12th century..... More on Shortbreads Strawberries - The cultivated strawberries we enjoy today began in France with the chance meeting of two American species; one from North America, the other from South America. The first to arrive in France in the early 1600s was the F. Virginiana, the wild scarlet woodland strawberry that was found growing along the Eastern United States. A century would pass before the second American species, F. Chiloensis, would arrive from South America. It seems a French engineer, who was sent to the west coast of South America for a totally different reason, found and brought back to France a large walnut sized strawberry that tasted like a pineapple. At first, although the Chilean strawberry plant thrived, it would not bear any fruit. Then, by chance, the North American strawberry was planted near the South American plant. The two strawberry plants met and crossed naturally to produce a strawberry with the best characteristics of the two species. This new hybrid was the ancestor of the cultivated strawberries that have become one of the most popular fruits in the world today....Recipes for Strawberry Desserts Tiramisu - Pronounced tih-ruh-mee-SOO. Literally translated it means "pick me up" or "carry me up". It is an Italian dessert invented in the 1960's at the El Touga restaurant in Treviso, Italy. Variations exist, but the bottom layer is usually composed of a sponge cake or ladyfingers that are dipped or soaked in a mixture of coffee (espresso) and alcohol (rum or brandy). The next layer is typically a Zabaglione (Zabaione) (pronounced zah-bahl-YOH-nay) or a custard-like variation combined with mascarpone cheese. Zabaglione is a light, airy wine custard made by whipping egg yolks, sugar and sweet Marsala wine over a water bath . (Traditionally served warm or cold in wine goblets. Can also be used in making Tiramisu. Invented by the Italians but the French make their own version called sabayon (pronounced sah-bah-YAWN) and the Marsala wine (see note) is sometimes replaced by Champagne or dry white wine.) Grated chocolate is then sprinkled over the Zabaglione, followed by a layer of softly whipped cream. The layers are often repeated which is why it is oftentimes called an Italian Trifle. Finally, the Tiramisu is garnished with cocoa powder and sometimes a dusting of ground cinnamon.... Recipe for Tiramisu Torte - Torte is German for cake and refers to both a multi-layered cake filled with buttercream, jam, or cream and to a rich, moist, and dense single-layered cake. Trifle - What a stunning dessert the trifle makes with its multiple layers that delight our senses with so many colors, textures and flavors. The English have enjoyed this dessert for over three centuries now. Although the dictionary defines 'trifle' as being something insignificant, this dessert is anything but. Its beginnings were humble as the first trifles simply consisted of a mixture of boiled cream and a few other ingredients. It wasn't until the mid 18th century that the trifle started to evolve into what we have today. This is a trifle recipe by Frederick Bishop from "The Wife's Own Book of Cookery", 1852 (quoted from Elizabeth David's 'An Omelette and a Glass of Wine') 'Cover the bottom of the dish with Naples biscuits, and macaroons broken in halves, wet with brandy and white wine poured over them, cover them with patches of raspberry jam, fill the dish with a good custard, then whip up a syllabub, drain the froth on a sieve, put it on the custard and strew comfits over all.' (Naples biscuits was the name given to sponge fingers at the time.) (Syllabub being a milk or cream that is whipped with sugar, spirits, spices and sometimes egg whites.) (Comfits are sugar-coated coriander or caraway seeds.).... More on Trifles Truffle - The name 'truffle' for this confection comes from the fact that the mis-shaped cocoa powder covered truffle looked like the fungus of the same name.... More on Truffles Tuiles - is French for tile. So named because tuiles copy the shape of roofing tiles once used in France. A very thin, crisp (brittle) cookie that is traditionally made with almonds but can be flavored with vanilla, oranges, or even other types of nuts.... More on Tuiles. Valentine's Day - February 14th is named after the patron saint, St. Valentine, and we celebrate this day with the exchange of candy, flowers, cards, and gifts as a token of affection to our loved ones. The history of this day is very sketchy but it does appear to derive from Christian and Roman traditions. The story I like dates from the third century when Rome was ruled by the Emperor Claudius II. The Emperor outlawed marriages for young men as he felt single men made better soldiers than men who were married. A priest, named St. Valentine, didn't agree with the Emperor and married young lovers in secret. When the Emperor discovered what St. Valentine was doing, he sentenced him to death. The story then goes that while in prison, waiting to be put to death, he met and fell in love with the jailor's daughter. Before he died he sent her a letter and signed it "From your Valentine". This expression is still used today and St. Valentine is now best remembered as being a romantic and heroic figure. Find us on Google+ Use of materials on all pages on the domains Joyofbaking.com , joyofbaking.mobi, the Joyofbaking.com Facebook Page , @joyofbaking on Twitter , the Joyofbaking.com RSS Feed , the Joyofbaking.com email list the Joyofbaking1 YouTube Channel and any emails sent from @joyofbaking.com are entirely at the risk of the user and their owner, iFood Media LLC will not be responsible for any damages directly or indirectly resulting from the use. References cited may include a link to purchase the referenced book on Amazon.com. Joyofbaking.com receives a commission on any purchases resulting from these links. 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What nationality was artist Alphonse Mucha who lived from 1869 to 1939 ?	The Food Timeline: history notes--cookies, crackers & biscuits The book Cookies and Crackers, Time/Life Books, 1982 (page 5) provides a history of cookies that is perfect for elementary gourmets: "The art of making cookies and crackers is that of turning simple ingredients into wonderful things....Like cakes and pastries, cookies and crackers are the descendants of the earliest food cooked by man-- -grain-water-paste baked on hot stones by Neolithic farmers 10,000 years ago. The development of cookies and crackers from these primitive beginnings is a history of refinements inspired by two different impulses--one plan and practical, the other luxurious and pleasure-loving. Savory crackers represent the practical and may well have been the first convenience foods: A flour paste, cooked once, then cooked again to dry it thoroughly, becomes a hard, portable victual with an extraordinarily long storage life--perfect for traveling....For centuries, no ship left port without enough bone-hard, twice-cooked ship's biscuit--the word biscuit comes from the Old French biscoit, meaning twice cooked---to last for months, or even years. While sailors and other travelers chewed their way through unyielding biscuits, cooks of the ancient civilizations of the Middle East explored the culinary possibilities of sweetness and richness. These cooks lightened and enriched the paste mixtures with eggs, butter and cream and sweetened them with fruit, honey and finally--when the food became widely available in the late Middle Ages--with sugar... Luxurious cakes and pastries in large and small versions were well known in the Persian empire of the Seventh Century A.D. With the Muslim invasion of Spain, then the Crusades and the developing spice trade, the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe. There the word cookies, distinguishing small confections, appeared: The word comes from the Dutch Koeptje [koekje], meaning small cake. By the end of the 14th Century, one could buy little filled wafers on the streets of Paris...Renaissance cookbooks were rich in cookie recipes, and by the 17th Century, cookies were common-place." "The term [cookie] first appeared in print as long ago as 1703." ---The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] (page 212). "During the seventeeth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries most cookies were made in home kitchens. They were baked as special treats because the cost of sweeteners and the amount of time and labor required for preparation. The most popular of these early cookies still retain their prize status. Recipes for jumbles, a spiced butter cookie, and for macaroons, based on beaten egg whites and almonds, were common in the earliest American cookbooks...Because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to make, gingergbread was one of the most popular early cookies...As kitchen technology improved in the early 1900s, most notably in the ability to regulate oven temperature, America's repertoire of cookie recipes grew." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 317-8) ---Baking in America: Economic Development, William G. Panschar, Volume 1 [Northwestern University Press:Evanston IL] 1956 (p. 54) "After the Civil War, when the so-called 'traveling' market for biscuits and crackers began to decline, the industry adjusted itself to the new conditions by importing the machinery and methods for making English sweetened biscuits and yeast-raised crackers. In addition, during the late 1890s the National Biscuit Company introduced wrapping and packaging machines for cracker products, which were quickly adopted by other industry members." --ibid (p. 67) ABOUT COMMERCIAL SUGAR WAFERS IN NORTH AMERICA First came UK imports: [1878] "Peek Frean & Co. Sugar Wafers." ---display ad, Fitchburg Sentinel [MA] January 11, 1878 (p. 3) [No price or product description] [1879] "Mssrs. Carr & Co....manufacture between 150 and 200 different classes of cakes and biscuits. The 'arrowroots' are one of the oldest, and in these the business is enormous. For upwards of thirty years, also, the firm have had a reputation for soda biscuits. To mention ...in any kind of detail all the other varieties would be impossible...a glance only at one of their price lists is sufficient...[selected biscuits named including sugar wafers]...Of these latter [sugar biscuits] it may be said that that they are a very luxury in biscuit food; as their names imply, so like wafers that they are, they seem to melt almost the moment they are flavored with vanilla, rose, or lemon, as ma be desired. The manipulation (mechanical, not handwork) required to get these biscuits to perfection is so delicate, ingenious, and 'indescribable.' that it must be seen to be fully appreciated." ---"Carr & Co The Original Biscuit Manufacturers," The British Mail [London]. December 1, 1879 (p. 45-46) [1884] "Homes and Court's celebrated biscuits...Sugar Wafers (assorted flavors), 30 cents a box." ---Newport Mercury [RI], July 26, 1884 (p. 5) Then American companies entered the market: [1890] Advertisement placed in Daily Tribune [Salt Lake City UT] November 19, 1890 offers several wafer biscuits made by the Massachusetts based Kennedy Biscuit Company. Wafer biscuit flavors are: Princess, Vanilla, Lemon, Oatmeal, Graham, Fairy, and Sugar. Kennedy was soon to be absorbed by the National Biscuit Company (aka NBC, Nabisco). Fact this east coast company's products were available in American interior west illustrates both national market penetration and brand recognition. Our survey of historic newspapers confirm Kennedy's ads were placed in local newspapers throughout the country by 1900 (NewspaperArchive.com). If you are doing a "cookies around the world" project ask your librarian to help you find The International Cookie Jar Cookbook, Anita Borghese. Ammonia cookies According to the food history reference books, "Ammonia" cookies are not one specific cookie recipe but a whole host of edible treats employing ammonium bicarbonate, an old-fashioned (probably now hard to get?) leavening agent. Ammonium carbonate is a byproduct of hartshorn, a substance extracted from deer antlers [harts horn]. Hartshorn is most commonly referenced in old cookbooks in jelly recipes. It was also known a source for ammonia, which could be used as a leavener. "Hartshorn...1. The horn or antler of a hart [male deer, esp. Red deer] the substance obtained by rasping, slicing or calcining the horns of harts, formerly the chief sources of ammonia. 2. Spirit of hartshorn, also simply hartshoren; the aqueous solution of ammonia (whether obtained from harts' horns or otherwise). Salt of hartshorn, carbonate of ammonia; smelling salt." ---Oxford English Dictionary Historic English definitions & sources: HARTS-HORN, 205. Shavings of the antlers of a stag or hart were the source of a jelly. Nott (1726) is among the authors who explain how to make it. (Robert May, 1660/1685) HARTS-HORN: deerhorn, used as a source of gelatine. (Sir Kenelm Digby, 1669) HARTSHORN: the shavings of a stag�s antlers were used to set a jelly. In Receipt 194 it is combined with isinglass (see below), a material that eventually superseded hartshorn in most cookery operations. (John Evelyn, Cook, C17) HARTSHORN: See H 22. The receipt is self-explanatory. (John Nott, 1726) HARTSHORN: a hart�s horn or antler, used as a source of gelatin. Pierre Pomet says that many remedies were prepared from hartshorn and mentions that hartshorn jelly was good against fainting and swooning fits, heartburn, convulsions, falling sickness, hysterical fits, and worms. (See volume II, p. 257.) (Richard Bradley, 1736) HARTSHORN, HARTSHORN-JELLY. Hartshorn was formerly the main source of ammonia, and its principal use was in the production of smelling salts. But hartshorn shavings were used, in a different operation, to produce a special and edible jelly. In her recipe for a �Hedge-Hog�, 85, Hannah Glasse assumes that the reader will know how to make this. A full recipe is given by Nott (1726), and earlier authors.(Glasse, 1747) HARTSHORN is deerhorn, used as a source of gelatine. (William Ellis, 1750) "Hartshorn was formerly the main source of ammonia, and its principal use was in the production of smelling salts. But hartshorn shavings were used to produce a special, edible jelly used in English cookery in the 17th and 18th centuries." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] (p. 372) "Ammonium bicarbonate...This leavener is the precursor of today's baking powder and baking soda. It's still called for in some European baking recipes, mainly for cookies. It can be purchased in drugstores but must be ground to a powder before using. Also known as hartshorn, carbonate of ammonia and powdered baking ammonia." ---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd edition [Barrons:New York] 2001 (p. 14) "Ammonia cookies...Any variety of cookies made with a leavening agent called ammonium carbonate, or baking ammonia. They are most commonly found in Scandinavian-American communities In their book Farm Recipes and Food Secrets from the Norske Nook (1993), Helen Myhre and Mona Vold wrote, "Talk about Old Faithful, this was one of those basic stanbys every farm lady made." ---Encyclopedia of American Food & Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 6) "Ammonia, is a gas and its ordinary form of Spirits of Ammonia, or Hartshorn, is water saturated with the gas. Ammonia is sometimes used in Baking Powders, but being extremely volatile must soon lose its strength." ---Grocers' Hand-Book and Directory for 1886, compiled by Artemas Ward, published by The Philadelphia Grocer Publishing Co. (p. 13) The greatest challenge for modern cooks recreating "old fashioned" ammonia cookies is the amount of this item is often expressed in non-traditional terms. Recipes specifying a "lump" or "5 cents worth of ammonia" are not uncommon. Since baking is chemistry and prices fluxuate according to period & place, one needs to research these particular recipes in historic context. [1889] "Cup Cookies Rub to a cream three-quarters of a cup of butter and one cup of sugar; add four eggs, one at a time, and the grated peel of a lemon. Then dissolve a lump of ammonia, about the size of a bean, in a quarter of a pound of lukewarm milk; add this and just enough sifted flour to enable you to roll out on the baking-board. Roll quite thin. Beat up an egg and brush over the cookies, sprinkle with sugar, cinnamon and pounded almonds. These are very nice. Be careful not to add too much flour. Omit the almonds if you are not fond of them." Food historians generally agree the art of crafting small baked goods into fancy shapes began as a Christmas tradition in Medieval Germany. Lebkuchen (gingerbread) was a highly sophisticated art. The legal right to make these products was carefully protected by Guilds. They were sometimes used as Christmas decorations. By the middle of the 19th century the industrial revolution made it possible for biscuits, cookies and crackers to be manufactured in factories. Crisp biscuits (what we Americans now call cookies) baked in fancy shapes were very popular in Victorian England. Some of these biscuits were shaped like animals. "Zoologicals" (animal crackers) were sold at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia [1876]. They were made by Philadelphia baker Walter G. Wilson. According to a recent Washington Post article, in 1889 when P.T. Barnum's circus travelled to England, animal cookies proliferated. Food companies were most likely capitalizing on Barnum's popular entertainment. Animal Crackers manufactured at that time were probably designed as a marketing promotions. Shirley Temple's Animal Crackers in my soup (1935) remains an iconic American song through the 21st century. The earliest mention of animal crackers we have in print is this recipe from 1883: Animals or Menagerie 1 bbl flour, 40 lbs sugar, 16 lard, 12 oz soda, 8 ozs ammonia, 6 3/4 gals milk." ---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J. D. Hounihan [self-published:Staunton VA] April 1, 1883 (p. 96) [NOTE: this is professional cooking text. It does not offer any instructions regarding the shaping of these cookies. The author offers this interesting preface note on p. 89: "The following recipes are from threee of the best workmen in the business. One of them is at New York, another at Philadelphia and the third at Cambridge, Mass. They are all employed in the best bakeries in their respective localities, and I have their sworn affidavit that they are the recipes they are now working with, and the best known to them...I am not at liberty to give the names of the parties I have the recipes from, for reasons best known to myself and the parties"] National Biscuit Company's (now Nabisco) classic Animal Crackers were introduced to the American public in 1902. According to Nabisco sources, the first Animal Crackers were marketed as a seasonal item. The brighly-colored box (not the cookies) was promoted as a Christmas tree ornament, thus explaining the string attached to the top. Although Animal biscuits/crackers are a very simple cookie we find no evidence they were created/promoted as health foods. 19th century cookie-type health products often contained arrowroot and Graham's flour (whole wheat). They were not generally marketed in fancy shapes. This is what the food historians have to say on the subject: "During the 19th century supplies of cheap sugar and flour, plus chemical raising agents such as bicarbonate of soda, led to the development of many sweet biscuit recipes. In Britain several entrepreneurs laid the foundations of the modern biscuit industry. The firms of Carrs, Huntley & Palmer, and Crawfords were all established by 1850. Since the mid 19th century the range of commercially baked biscuits based on creamed and pastry type mixtures has expanded to meet the demand..." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 76) "Animal Crackers are actually a cookie, first produced as Christmas tree ornaments in 1902 by the National Biscuit Company (now Nabisco). They are formed in the shapes of various circus animals and packed in a box decorated like a circus train. Nabisco currently produces about 7 million Animal Cracker cookies per day." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 104) "Animal crackers were created and achieved fame many years before the advent ot NBC (National Biscuit Company). In the beginning they were just called "Animals," They were imported from England when "fancy" baked goods first began to be in demand here. In the latter part of the nineteenth century they were manufactured domestically by Hetfield & Ducker in Brooklyn as well as Vandeveer & Holmes Biscuit Company in New York. Both firms eventually became part of the New York Biscuit Company and "Animals" were one of their staples. When "Animals" were adopted by NBC, their name was changed to "Barnum's Animal Crackers," named after P.T. Barnum, showman and circus owner who was so famous during this era. Barnum's Animal Crackers provided the nation with a new type of animal cracker, produced in a small square box resembling a circus cage with a tape at the top for easy carrying. Barnum's Animals appeared during Christmas season just three years after the Uneeda Biscuit. What was originally a seasonal novelty proved so popular that it became a steady seller. Soon Animal (the 's' was dropped) Crackers became part of the American scene and of almost every American household." ---Out of the Cracker Barrel:From Animal Crackers to ZuZus, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 106-7) "P.T. Barnum, the greatest self-promoter in history, had absolutely nothing to do with the box that bears his name. And never got a cent for it. That's according to our man Fisher of the Barnum Museum. Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus still doesn't get a cut, or a licensing fee. This is what happened: In 1889, Barnum decided to do something truly nutty, a tour of England with his circus. So after his buddy Bailey figured out how, exactly, you get a circus that normally takes up 10 rail cars onto a boat and across an ocean, Barnum's animals made their European debut. The English, meanwhile, had already invented something called animal biscuits. Sensing a marketing moment, several companies started manufacturing animal biscuits with circus packaging and called them Barnum's. Soon the product migrated across the ocean, where Nabisco's forerunner, the National Biscuit Co., put them on U.S. store shelves in 1902. Originally called "Barnum's Animals,'' they became Barnum's "Animal Crackers'' in 1948." --- "Circus food," Jennifer Frey, Washington Post, March 20, 2002 How much did these cost? [1905] 4 cents (no size) [1947] 15 cents (2 packages, no size) [1954] 29 cents (3 packages, no size) [1963] 10 cents (2 oz pkg) [1967] 10 cents (2 oz pkg) [1981] 33 cents (2 oz pkg) [1983] 45 cents (2 oz pkg) Who designed this special package? "Sydney S. Stern, designer of the original Ritz Crackers, Shredded Wheat and Animal Crackers boxes...was trained as an artist, joined the National Biscuit Company in 1923 and spent much of his life desining its cartons and wrappers. His design for Nabisco's Animal Crackers including caged lions, tigers and bears, replaced the original 1902 packaging and has changed only slightly over the years...Mr. Stern, who began painting in water colors as a child, studied at the Art Students League, Columbia University and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He won recognition for his work as a painter, a photographer and a set designer." ---"S.S. Stern, 99; Designed Ritz Crackers Box," [obituary], New York Times, June 15, 1989 (p. D24) [NOTE: We do not know who designed the original 1902 box. Yet.] "Animal Crackers in my Soup" (from the film Curly Top, 1935) Animal crackers in my soup, Monkeys & rabbits, loop da loop Gosh, oh gee, but I have fun, Swallowing animals one by one. In every bowl of soup I see, Lions & tigers watching me. I make 'em jump right through a hoop, Those animal crackers in my soup. When I get hold of the big bad wolf, I just push him under the zebra hoof, Then I bite him in a million bits And I gobble him right down. Temple, Shirley (composer Ray Henderson; lyricists Irving Caesar and Ted Koehler) --- SoupSong.com . Did Shirley Temple really put animal crackers in her soup? "Though she cheerfully sang that song in her 1935 movie 'Curly Top,' Shirley Temple really didn't put animal crackers in her soup. 'Shirley knows the crackers are too sweet for that, She knows the combination would taste terrible,' her father announced at the time. 'Shirley saves the animal crackers for after dinner.' George Temple wasn't doing a commercial. He merely was trying to make good with thousands of parents across the country who had written to him complaining that their kids wanted to pour animal crackers into their soup after seeing 'Curly Top.'" ---"75 Years Later, Cagey Animal Crackers are Still Capturing the Fancy of Children," Joan Zyda, Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1977 (p. B3) [NOTE: We do not have the original source of Ms. Temple's quote.] Nabisco food history sources generally tell us Animal Crackers have been a stable product since they were introduced in 1902. While the product is not overly sweet (compared to Oreos, for example), it does have a sweetish flavor, not particularly suited for pairing with soup. Of course, there are many types of soup, including chilled fruit soups served for the dessert popular in Scandinavian countries. We don't think that was the kind of soup 6 year old "American as apple pie" Shirley Temple as singing about in 1935. Massachusetts Corporations database [1990] Bay View Food Products was registered September 13, 1939, involuntary dissolution December 31, 1990 SOURCE: Massachusetts Corporations database The last registration/listing in the US Patent and Trademark Office was held by the McKesson Corporation. It was canceled May 19, 2001. Both the manufacturer and the brand ended: "Word Mark EDUCATOR Goods and Services (CANCELLED) IC 030. US 046. G & S: CRACKERS, BISCUITS AND COOKIES. FIRST USE: 19630411. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 19630411 Mark Drawing Code (1) TYPED DRAWING Serial Number 73831731 Filing Date October 16, 1989 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Published for Opposition February 13, 1990 Registration Number 1595624 Registration Date May 8, 1990 Owner (REGISTRANT) MCKESSON CORPORATION CORPORATION MARYLAND ONE POST STREET SAN FRANSCISCO CALIFORNIA 94104 (LAST LISTED OWNER) MCKESSON CORPORATION CORPORATION BY CHANGE OF NAME FROM DELAWARE ONE POST STREET SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA 94104 Assignment Recorded ASSIGNMENT RECORDED Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL Affidavit Text SECT 15. SECT 8 (6-YR). Live/Dead Indicator DEAD Cancellation Date May 19, 2001" A selective survey of historic newspaper ads reveals several varieties: 1902 Mrs. Rorer's New Cook Book, Sarah Tyson Rorer [1902] includes "Educators" in one of her menus for "simple dinners." Mrs. Rorer was a well known home economist, cooking teacher, and author who was devoted to healthy meals and proper nutrition. The entire menu includes: clear soup, broiled steak, mushroom sauce, stuffed potatoes, spinach, chicory salad, educators, cream cheese, coffee, almonds and mint wafers. (p. 665) She does not include a recipe or notes for educators. Perhaps this implies her audience would have understood what they were and where to buy them. November 16, 1913 "Johnson's Educator Crackers...reg. 10 cents, sale 8 cents: Toasterettes, Wafers, Luncheon, Graham, Animal, Ginger." May 13, 1917 October 7, 1917 "Educator" choices: Sweet Graham, Butter Thins, Ginger Snaps, Luncheon Biscuits, Kremex, Demitasse. They were selling for .08/pkg or .90/dozen. August 25, 1918 "A sale or Educator Corn Meal Crackers. They are rich in nature's energy producing material. Food experts urge the use of more Corn Meal Products because of their great food value. 10-oz. cartons, this sale, 22c each. Educator Wheatless Crackers, made of the purest ingredients. A good, tasty cracker, not too sweet. Large carton, containing 12 oz., this sale, 29c each." [NOTE: "Wheatless Wednesdays" were declared by Hoover in 1918 to save food for the WWI troops: October 31, 1920 Sugarland, Gingerland, Raisinland, Lassesland, Chocolateland and Coconutland in "big" packages (no count/weight provided) , 35 cents/pkg. " July 24, 1924 "Toasterettes, Fig bars, Butter thins, and Graham crackers. .09/carton or $1.06/dozen. These items were being sold in prominent New York City department stores (Macy's, Bloomingdale's)" June 30, 1938 "Educator Crackers, Crax, .15/lb pkg." December 22, 1953 "Educator Ice Box Cookies, .29/10 oz pkg." August 18, 1965 "Educator Crackers. You've seen the name....you'll taste the quality. 8 3/4 and 9 3/4 ounce boxes from the educator biscuit company...for snacking, entertaining picnics or parties!. Barbecue crax, sesame crax, and flavorful vee-gee crax...introduce tem to your favorite spreads and dips! box 29 cents." (Los Angeles Times, p. 8, includes illustration of sesame crax box) December 29, 1965 "Beer, Cola or Scotch Chasers." March 15, 1973 "Sea Pilot, Cheese 'N Chive, Beer Chasers, Crax" January 31, 1977 "Beer Chaser Crackers, Tavern Crackers, Animal Crackers." October 25, 1985 Biscotti Biscotti date to Ancient times. The term literally means "twice baked." These hard biscuits fueled armies and fed travelers. Flavor variations and culinary techniques evolved according to time and place. English rusk , German zweiback , Jewish mandelbrot , British ship's biscuit, and American hardtack are similar in purpose and method. About biscuits . "Biscuit. A small, dry, flat cake, traditionally with good keeping qualities, eaten as a snack or accompaniment to a drink, and sweet or savory. Sweet biscuits are eaten as an accompaniment to coffee, tea or milk--and mid-morning wine in Italy--and partner desserts of ice cream. They are used to make desserts--charlottes in particular--and macaroon crumbs are often added to custards or creams...In France biscuits are simply regarded as one aspect of petits fours, with their own wide repertoire...Their English and French name comes from the Latin bis meaning twice and coctus meaning cooked, for biscuits should be in theory be cooked twice , which gives them a long storage life...This very hard, barely risen biscuit was for centuries the staple food of soldiers and sailors. Roman legions were familiar with it and Pliny claimed that "Parthian bread" would keep for centuries...Soldiers biscuits or army biscuits were known under Louis XIV as "stone bread." In 1894, army biscuits were replaced by war bread made of starch, sugar, water, nitrogenous matter, ash, and cellulose, but the name "army biscuit" stuck...Biscuits were also a staple item in explorers' provisions. Traveller's biscuits, in the 19th century, were hard pastries or cakes wrapped in tin foil which kept well." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Completely Revised and Updated [Clarkson Potter:New York] 2001 (page 113) "Biscotto. "Twice baked." Dry cookie. Often containing nuts, biscotti are usually slices from a twice-baked flattened cookie loaf. In Tuscany, biscotti or cantucci are almond cookies. In Sicily, biscotti a rombo are diamond-shaped cookies and b. Regina (queen's biscuits) are sesame seed biscuits. B. Tipo pavesini are almond biscuits of Pavia. B. De la bricia are flavoured with fennel seeds, a specialty of La Spezia. B. Aviglianese (Avigliano stype) are made with unleavened bread." ---The Dictionary of Italian Food and Drink, John Mariani [Broadway Books:New York] 1998 (p. 36) "Biscuit, a cereal product that has been baked twice. The result is relatively light (because little water remains), easy to store and transport (therefore a useful food for travellers and soldiers), sometimes hard to eat without adding water or olive oil." ---Food in the Ancient World From A to Z, Andrew Dalby [Routledge:London] 2003 (p. 53) Recipe variations Almonds, hazelnuts, anise, and sesame seeds were well known to ancient cooks. Chocolate was introduced to the "Old World" in the 16th century. It took approximately hundred years before this ingredient was incorporated into European desserts. It wasn't until the 19th century this ingredient found its way into baked goods. Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History (Alberto Capatti & Massimo Montanari) references both biscotti and hazelnuts, although not together in one recipe, as foods relished by the wealthy during the 16th century (p. 128). [1891] 500 grams (about 1 pound) of flour 220 grams (about 7 3/4 ounces) of powdered sugar 120 grams (about 4 1/4 ounces) of whole sweet blanched almonds, mixed with some pine nuts 30 grams (about 1 ounce) of butter a pinch of aniseed 5 eggs a pinch of salt Leave aside the almonds and pine nuts to add later, and blend all the other ingredients with four eggs (you only ned to use the fifth egg if necessary) to make a rather soft dough. Add the almonds and pine nuts, and then make four loaves of dough about as thick as a finger and as long as the palm of your hand; arrange them in a baking pan greased with butter and dusted with flour, and gild with egg yolk. Do not bake the loaves too long, so that you can slice them. This is better done the next day, because the crust has time to soften. Put the slices bakc in the oven and toast lightly on both sides, and there you have your crunchy cookies." ---Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well, Pelligrino Artusi, 1891 edition translated by Murtha Baca and Stephen Saratelli [Marsilio Publishers:New York] 1997 (p. 396) [NOTE: This book also offers recipes for Crunch Cookies II, Biscoitti Teneri (Soft cookies), Biscotti da Famiglia (Family-style cookes), Bisciotti Della Salute (Health Cookies) and Biscotto Alla Sultana (Sultan cake).] [1945] The answer to questions regarding the origin of this recipe depends upon whether you are seeking a culinary history or linguistic study of mandelbrodt. Historians confirm that almonds were known to ancient middle eastern cooks, and were incorprated into many recipes. Biscuits/biscotti , twice-baked hard breads, were popular in Ancient Rome and generally spread with the Romans to other parts of the continent. Back in the day when modern packaging/preservation options didn't exist, this dried bread was a sensible option. The term mandelbrot is of Germanic heritage and this particular food is traditionally associated with Eastern European Jews. Perhaps this suggests (although the recipe may be ancient) the genesis of the food with this name may be linguistically placed in Medieval Eastern Europe. "Mandelbrot, kamishbrot, and biscotti: three twice-baked cookies. One is Italian. The others are Eastern European Jewish. Is there a connection? Perhaps. "We've thought about the connection," said Peter Pastan, chef-owner of Obelisk, a tiny pix fixe Italian restaurant in Washington D.C. "Mandelbrot is all over Eastern Europe and in Italy everybody has a different recipe for biscotti--some with fennel, some are crunchy; the ones around Siena are ugly but good." Mr. Pastan, who comes form an American-Jewish family, studied cooking in Italy before opening his mostly Italian restaurant. With a large Jewish population in Piedmont, Italy may have been the place where Jews first tasted biscotti and later brought them to Eastern Europe where they called the mandelbrot, which means literally almond bread. In the Ukraine, a similar cookies not necessarily with almonds by made at home, thuskamish, was served. In Italy they are often eaten as a dessert dipped into wine or grappa. In Eastern Europe Jews dipped them into a glass of tea, and because they include no butter and are easily kept they became a good Sabbath dessert." ---Jewish Cooking in America, Joan Nathan [Alfred A. Knopf:New York] 1998 (p. 354) Ancient Roman soldiers carried a hard bread known as biscoctus. This literally translates as bis/twice coctus/cooked). Rusks are a similar product. Foods of this type existed in ancient Rome, the name did not. Food historians tell us recipes for foods named rusk began showing up during the reign of Elizabeth I. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first printed record of this word dates to 1595. "Rusks are composed of bread dough incorporating sugar, eggs, and butter. It is shaped into a loaf or cylinder, baked, cooled, and sliced and then dried in low heat until hard. They have a low water content and keep well. Sharing a common origin with the modern biscuit, medieval rusks were known as panis biscoctus (meaning twice-cooked bread') and were used as a for of preserved bread to provision armies and ships at sea...In many countries there are products which resemble rusks in that they are essentially oven-dried bread, whether plain (e.g. bruchetta) or of a sweet kind; but they may incorporate other ingredients such as spices or nuts, and ar given individual names according to the recipe." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 676) "Rusks are a legacy of Elizabethan naval provisions. They were originally smallish lumps of bread rebaked so as to be indestructible enough to last out a long voyage. The earliest known reference to them comes in an account of Drake's voyages written in 1595: The provision...was seven or eight cakes of biscuit or rusk for a man.' The modern, more refined notion of a rusk as a slice of bread crisped by rebaking emerged in the mid-eighteenth century, and already by the end of the century rusks were being recommended as food for very young children (a niche they largely occupy today). The word is an adaptation of Spanish or Portuguese rosca, which originally meant literally twist, coil, and hense twisted piece of bread'." ---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 289) About Rusk in America "This was a particularly popular form of small bread or roll among the Quakers and was usually served at breakfast or at afternoon tea. In flavor, traditional Quaker rusks shoudl be fainly sweet; in color, they should be deep yellow (from the eggs) with dark brown tops. In the country, there were usually eaten fresh, although technically a true rusk should be dry and brittle because it is dried out in a slack oven. The dry rusks were broken up in breakfast coffee or tea. At one time, rusks were a fairly widespread feature of urban Anglo-American cookery, at least on the East Coast. They were introduced from England, where they were popularly served as shipboard fare, as dried rusks soulc be laid down in tins or stored for long periods of time. The name, however, is of foreign origin and may be derived from the Spanish or Portuguese rosca, a twist or roll of bread. Such small breads often served as part of the traveling fare for Spanish or Portuguese sailors." ---A Quaker Woman's Cookbook: The Domestic Cookery of Elizabeth Ellicott Lea, facsimile 1851 edition introduced and historially noted by William Woys Weaver [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] revised edition, 2004 (p. 341) Mrs. Lea's Rusk recipe, circa 1851 "Rusk Take a quart of milk, a tea-cup of cream, half a pound of lard, quarter of a pound of butter, a spoonful of salt, and boil them together; beat well two eggs with a pound of sugar, and pour the boiling milk on them gradually, stirring all the time; when nearly cold, add a tea-cup of yeast, and flour sufficient to make a stiff batter; when quite light, knead it up as bread, and let it lighten again before moulding out; when they are moulded out, wet them over with sugar and cream, and let them rise a few minutes and bake them; grade a little sugar over when they come out of the oven." "Rusk for Drying Boil a quart of milk, and put in it half a pound of butter, and a little salt; when nearly cold, stir in a teacup of yeast, a pound of sugar, and flour to make a batter; when it is light, knead it up with flour, and let it rise again; grease your pans, and make it out in cakes, about the size of a tea-cup, and an inch thick; put two layers in each pan, and bake them three-quarters of an hour; when take them out, break them apart, and put the top ones in other pans, and let them dry slowly in the oven for an hour or more. This rusk will keep for months, and is very useful in sickness, to make panada; it is also good for delicate persons that rich cake disagrees with, or to take on a journey. Nutmeg or made to your taste. If you like it richer, two eggs may be put in." "Bread Rusk Take as much lightened dough, as wopuld make a loaf of bread, spread it open, and put in a tea-cup of sugar, some nutmeg and a piece of butter; work it well, mould it out, and bake it with your bread; wet the top with sugar and cream before it goes into the oven." ---A Quaker Woman's Cookbook/Weaver (p. 124-125) Related foods? Italian Biscotti , Jewish Mandelbrot & German zweiback , British ship's biscuit , and American hardtack are similar in purpose and method. German Zweiback "In German a rusk is a zweiback, i.e. twice baked. It takes the form of a small loaf which can be sold fresh but which ordinarily is sliced before toasting and further baking until dry. It crossed the Atlantic with German emingrants in the 1890s and is common in the USA. The French equivalent, biscotte, is baked as an oblong loaf, sliced, then toasted in a hotter oven than is used to dry English rusks." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2nd edition, 2006 (p. 676) "Zweibach is an American English term which is etymologically, and to some extent semantically, identical with biscuit. it is a sort of rusk made by cutting up a small loaf and toasting or baking the slices slowly until they are dry. Hence they are in effect 'twice cooked'--a notion expressed in French by biscuit and in German by zwieback (from zwie, a variant of zwei, 'twice' and backen, 'bake'). The word seems to have crossed the Atlantic with German emigrants in the 1890s. Zwiebacks are often given to teething babies." ---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 375) Chocolate chip cookies Ruth Wakefield [June 17, 1903-January 10, 1977], Whitman Mass., is credited for inventing chocolate chip cookies at her Toll House Restaurant in the early 1930s. According to the story, Ruth used a Nestle candy bar for her chips. We will probably never know if Ruth was the very first person to put chocolate pieces in cookies, but she is certainly the one who made them famous. Who Was Ruth Wakefield? "Ruth Graves graduated from the Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts in 1924. After graduation, she worked as a dietitian and food lecturer. In 1930, she published a cookbook entitled Ruth Wakefield's Recipes: Tried and True. The book went through thirty-nine printings. The most famous of her original recipes was the Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie, named for the restaurant that she and her husband Ken Wakefield owned, the Toll House Inn. Better known as the chocolate chip cookie, Ruth Wakefield developed this recipe in 1933 by breaking up a Nestle semi-sweet chocolate bar and adding it to a basic brown sugar cookie dough. In the years that followed, the Wakefields enjoyed a pleasant relationship with the Nestle Company, which eventually featured the cookie recipe on the wrapper of its semi-sweet candy bar. When Nestle began the production of chocolate morsels, the recipe, too, was printed on the back of each package where it remains to this day. Ruth's interest in seeking new and innovative recipes to serve at the couple's restaurant led her to amass a collection of cookbooks. In 1969, two years after the Wakefields sold the Toll House Inn, Ruth Graves Wakefield donated her cookbooks to the Special Collections." --- Framingham State University Library (Mrs. Wakefield's cookbooks and archives are housed at this library). Is the Toll House still operating? Sadly, No. It was destroyed by fire in 1985. The caption under the photograph printed by the New York Times (January 2, 1985 I 12:5) describing the fire that destroyed Ruth Wakefield's kitchen the reads "Wreckage of Toll House Restaurant in Whitman, Mass. It was where the chocolate chip cookie was invented." In the July, 1997 Governor Weld signed legislation that declared chocolate chip cookies to be the official cookie of the Commonwealth in honor or Ruth Wakefield (much to the dismay of the Fig Newton faction). The original recipe? Ruth Wakefield's Toll House Tried and True Recipes [M. Barrows & Company:New York] enjoyed 27 printings December 1930--September 1952. Our earliest copy (6th printing 1937) does not offer a recipe for any cookies made with chocolate chips. Massachusetts area newspapers c. 1939 confirm "Toll House Cookies" were sold in bakery departments of local grocery stores. [1940] "Here's a new cookie that everybody loves because it is so delicious, so different and so easy to make. With each crisp bite you taste a delicious bit of Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate and a crunch of rich walnut meat. A perfect combination. Here's a proven recipe that never fails. Try it tomorrow. 1 cup butter 2 Nestle's Semi-Sweet Economy Bars (7 oz. ea.) 1 teaspoon vanilla Important: Cut the Nestle's Semi-Sweet in pieces the size of a pea. Cream butter and add sugars and beaten egg. Dissolve soda in the hot water and mix alternately with the flour sifted with the salt. Lastly add the chopped nuts and the pieces of semisweet chocolate. Flavor with the vanilla and drip half teaspoons on a greased cookie sheet. Bake 10 to 12 minutes in a 375 degree F. oven. Makes 100 cookies. Every one will be surprised and delighted to find that the chocolate does not melt. Insist on Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate in the yellow Wrap, there is no substitute. This unusual recipe and many others can be found in Mrs. Ruth Wakefield's Cook Book--"Toll House Tried and True Recipes," on sale at all book stores." ---display ad, Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1940 (p. 24) [NOTES: (1) Nestle ads promoting these cookies were published in USA papers nationwide. This chocolate was in bars, not tiny morsels. "Nestle's Semi-Sweet Chocolate Bars for making 'Toll House' cookies, 2 Bars for 25 cents," ---display ad, Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1940 (p. 4). (2) The earliest print references we find for morsels appears the following year: "Nestle Morsels, two 7 oz pkgs 25 cents." Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1941 (p. 6)] [1946] "Chocolate Chip Drop Cookies A specially prepared chocolate may be bought for use in cookies. Any semisweet chocolate may be substituted, cut into pea-sized pieces. Use it as you would raisins, nut meats, etc. Follow the proceding recipe for: Drop Cookies. Use only 1/2 cup chopped nts. Add: 1/2 cup chipped chocolate." ---Joy of Cooking, Irma S. Rombauer [Bobbs-Merrill Company:Indianapolis IN] 1946 (p. 595) [1947] "Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookies Cream 1 cup butter, add 3/4 cup brown sugar, 3/4 cup granulated sugar and 2 eggs beaten whole. Dissolve 1 tsp. Soda in 1 tsp. Hot water, and mix alternately with 2 1/4 cups flour sifted with 1 tsp. Salt. Lastly add 1 cup chopped nuts and 2 bars (7-oz.) Nestles yellow label chocolate, semi-sweet, which has been cut in pieces the size of a pea. Flavor with 1 tsp vanilla and drip half teaspoons on a greased cookie sheet. Bake 10 to 12 minutes in 375 degrees F. Oven. Makes 100 cookies." ---Toll House Tried and True Recipes, Ruth Wakefield [M. Barrows:New York] 1947 (p. 216) [1955] The term mignardise, as applied to the culinary world, means an assortment of small, dainty confections. This assortment is generally composed of petits fours in the larger sense: tiny decorated cakes, specialty cookies, bonbons and sugared fruits. In other words, a plate of identical petits fours confections (no matter how ornate) would not be considered a mignardise. A mixed presentation of small, decorated specialty pastries, cookies and candies would qualify as mignardise. General French definitions "Mignardise. Preciousness, ornateness, daintiness, affectation." ---Collins Robert French English/English French Dicitonary, unabridged, Beryl Atkins et al, 4th ed. [HarperCollins:New York]1995 (p. 512) "Mignardise. Daintiness, delicacy." ---Harrap's New Standard French and English Dictionary (p. M:40) Culinary definitions ---Master Dictionary of Food and Cookery, Henry Smith [Philosphical Library:New York] 1950 (p. 153) "Mignardise. (i) Decorative pastry puff, (ii) Small dainty dish." ---International Dictionary of Food & Cooking, Ruth Martin [Hastings House:New York] 1974 (p. 177) "At a sophisticated meal in France, an assortment of petits fours (sometimes known as mignardises) may be served either with or after the dessert." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Jenifer Harvey Lang, editor [Crown:New York] 1988 p. 793) Escoffier (1903/Le Guide Culinaire) does not not have a separate entry for mignardise. Moon pies , Whoopie Pies , Mallomars , Marshmallow Sandwiches , Marshmallow Fluff , s'mores and dozens of other marshmallow-based concoctions were immediate hits. Scooter Pies were "second generation" so to speak. They were "born" in 1959. According to the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , Scooter Pies were introduced December 17, 1959 (Registration #0834843) by Burry's, then a division of Quaker Oats. How much did they cost 40 years ago? Thirty-nine cents for a 14 oz package, according to a Waldbaum's [grocery store] ad that ran in the New York Times September 9, 1964 (p. 39). Like Mallomars, these marshmallow chocolate treats are promoted in the fall. Vintage pictures of the Scooter Pie boxes: Whoopie pies belong to the same culinary family as Scooter Pies , Moon Pies, Devil Dogs, and Marshmallow Sandwich Cookies . Second cousins are Mallomars and S'mores . History notes here: WHOOPIE PIE THEORIES OF ORIGIN: Pennsylvania Dutch or New England/Maine? "Whoopie pie. A Pennsylvania-Dutch confection resembling a cupcake. It is usually made with chocolate batter and a white icing filling, though there are many flavor variations. According to the cookbook author and Pennsylvania restaurateur Betty Groff, whoopie pies may have originated with mothers who used leftover batter from more traditional cakes to make little cakes on cookie sheets for their children. The origin of the name is obscure, perhaps related to the whoop of joy uttered by children on receiving such an unexpected sweet." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 347) "The origin and name of the Whoopie Pie, just one of many Amish desserts, is shrouded in mystery. No one seems to know when someone first decided to smear creamy filling between two chocolate cookies. But we do know this delectable dessert is a characteristic Amish treat." ---"Not Amish? Try whoopie pies anyway," Alison Burke, Christian Science Monitor, April 30, 2003 (p. 17) [NOTE: None of our PA Dutch historic cookbooks offer recipes for Whoopie pies.] Whoopie Pie Festival [PA ] "Cookie expert Nancy Baggett, author of "The All-American Cookie Book," speculates that the whoopie pie was first made commercially at the Berwick Cake Co. in Roxbury's Dudley Square in the mid- 1920s. The words "Whoopee! Pies" are still painted on the side of the aged brick building. Today, the Berwick Research Institute, an experimental art and music venue there, calls itself "the home of the whoopie pie." "Whoopie pies were most likely a commercial product," says Baggett from her home in Ellicott City, Md. "Some bakery probably had leftover cake batter, plopped it onto a pan, and came up with a cake to eat out of hand." Whoopie pies have endured commercially and in the home kitchen, where variations include pumpkin cakes and cream cheese filling. They are perfect for the car and the lunchbox, sugary, squishy, chocolaty fun. Fans of the confection delight in this squish - the right filling is crucial to a whoopie's success." ---"Treat worth cheering for," Leigh Belinger, The Boston Globe, Sept. 17, 2004 (p. C1) [NOTES: (1) Nancy Baggett's contact here: http://www.kitchenlane.com (2)The oldest print reference we find for Berwick's Whoopie Pies was a 1/3 page ad published in the Portland Press Herald [ME], January 28, 1950 (p. 16). This was a contest offering a 1950 Plymouth Sedan 1st prize. Several local Whoopie Pie distributors listed.] "Just over a decade ago, Amy Bouchard drew on her love for baking to create a business in her kitchen making whoopie pies. In those days she would crank out three at a time. Now, Mrs. Bouchard churns out 5,000 to 7,000 of the sweet Wicked Whoopies each day, shipping the cream-filled cak sandwiches nationwide and beyond...Mrs. Bouchard...took a traditional New England treat and ran with it... Her husband acknowledges that the pies are still something of a regional culinary curiosity...'I didn't invent the whoopie pie, but' I like to take something and make it better, then make it great.' Mrs. Bouchard said. New England-style whoopie pies are a cousin to the Moon Pies found in the South, cookie-and-marshmallow sandwiches dipped in chocolate. While Mrs. Bouchard has competitors in her region, she believes her business is the first with a bakery devoted solely to whoopie pies. A big break came in 2003 when Wicked Whoopies were featured on Ms. [Oprah] Winfrey's Web site and TV show." ---"One Bakery Owner's Dream: Taking Whoopies to the World," New York Times, December 26, 2005 (p. A23) [NOTE: This company still in business: http://www.wickedwhoopies.com] Recommended reading & expert: Making Whoopies: The Official Whoopie Pie Book/Nancy Griffin Langue de chat Many food history books mention Langue-de-chat, a small, dry, finger-shaped biscuit whose name translates literally as "cat's tongue," but none provide much in the way of definative history. We can surmise from the ingredients/method of cooking, the earliest cookies of this type might possibly date to the 17th century. At that time refined white sugar and piping bags (capable of extruding shapes) were popular with the wealthy classes of Northern Europe. Shaped sugar cookies and sweet biscuits (gemels, gimmows, sugar cakes etc.) date to Medieval times. Mexican wedding cakes, Russian tea cakes, Spanish polvorones, melindros and biscochos are all related. Our notes on these biscuits here . Our culinary history sources do not credit a specific region of France for creating the first Langues de Chat. Presumably, the recipe evolved in regions rich with butter (north, central, mountains) rather than mediterranean areas featuring oil. Picasso's Still Life With Biscuits may very well have featured langes de chat. The piped ridges might very well have intrigued Picasso's eye. Still Life with Biscuits (langues de chat on plate on right)is currently owned by the Cleveland Art Museum [OH]. Biscuit definitions & evolution: "A langue de chat, literally a 'cat's tongue', is a flat thin finger-shaped sweet biscuit with rounded ends, typically served with desserts and sweet wines. Its name no doubt comes from its shape." ---An A-Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 184) "Langue de chat...In the view of some experts, this biscuit derives its name from its shape--thin, flat and narrow, somewhat like a cat's tongue in appearance. Langes de chat, which are crisp, dry biscuits can be made, or rather flavored, in various ways. Only biscuits made according to the recipe given below, however, can properly be called langues de chat. These biscuits keep for quite a long time and are usually served with certain liqueurs and sparkling wines. They are also served with iced sweets (desserts) and used as an ingredients of various puddings." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Crown Publishers:New York] 1961 (p. 578) The earliest recipe we have for Langue de chat was published in The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book, 1919. The Hotel St. Francis (San Francisco, California) was a leader in early 20th century American cuisine. [1919] "Langue de chat, I. Work a quarter pound of butter with a quarter pound of sugar until creamy. Then add four eggs, one by one, and keep on working until very smooth. Add a few drops of vanilla extract and a quarter pound of flour, and mix lightly. Put into a pastry bag and spread on a buttered pan in the shape of small lady fingers. Bake for a few minutes in a rather hot oven. Langue de chat, II. One-quarter pound of sugar, one-quarter pound of butter, one-quarter pound of flour, the whites of three eggs, and a little vanilla flavor. Mix the sugar and butter until creamy; add the whites of eggs that have been well whipped to snow; add the flour and flavoring, and mix lightly. Dress on buttered pan like lady fingers, but smaller. Bake and remove from pan while hot." ---The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book, Victor Hirtzler [Hotel Monthly Press:Chicago] 1919 (p. 179-180) [1927] "Cats' Tongues, or Finger-Biscuits (Langues-de-Chats Fines) The dough for this kind of cookie varies, but they are always cooked in the same way; it requires the use of thick black steel baking sheets; the cats' tongues will color too much on a thin baking sheet. If possible, it is a good idea to have two baking sheets, so that you can shape the dough on the second while the first is in the oven. Also, you need a pastry bag fitted with a nozzle 1/2 centimeter (3/16 inch) in diameter...If ou do not have one, you can use a large cone of heavy paper, cutting the end to the right diameter. You have to prepare as many cones of paper as the number of times you would need to refill the pastry bag, because these paper cones can be used only once. Time: 1 hour for the preparation. Makes 5 dozen. 125 gram (4 1/2 ounces, 9 tablespoons) of fine butter; 160 grams ( 5 2/3 ounces) of good sifted wheat flour; 140 grams (5 ounces) of confectioners' sugar; 1/2 teaspoon of vanilla powder; 2 egg whites beaten into a snow. Procedure: Once the flour has been strained through a drum sieve or sifted, mix in the confectioners' sugar and the vanilla powder, then sift everything a second time through the drum sieve onto a stiff sheet of paper. Leave it on the table. Have ready the baking sheets, lightly buttered, as well as the pastry bag or the paper cones. In a terrine large enough to be able to mix the whites, work the mixture as directed...The whisk the egg whites into a snow...Add the prepared flour and sugar to the butter made into a pomade by lightly shaking the sheet of paper above the terrine while mixing with the wooden spoon, without working the dough too much. Finally, incorporate the egg whites beaten into a snow with the movement and care required for this mixture...Immediately afterward, fill the pouch of the paper cone. Pipe the dough onto the baking sheet in little sticks about half the length of a pencil. Leave about 3 centimeters (1 1/8 inches) of space between each little stick, because the dough will spread out a great deal when baking. Then immediately put them into an oven at a good medium heat for 7-8 minutes, until only the edge of the cookies has taken on a lightly brown golden tint. Take the baking sheet out of the oven and loosen the cookies from it by passing the flexible blade of a large knife under them." ---La Bonne Cuisine: The Original Companion for French Home Cooking, Madame E. Saint-Ange, translated and with an introduction by Paul Aratow [Ten Speed Press:Berkeley CA] 2005 (p. 717-8) [NOTES: (1) Elipse (...)indicates directions to be found on other pages of this book. (2) We have a copy of the original French book. If you would like to see this recipe from that source let us know. Can scan, mail or fax.] [1938] "Langue de chat (Patisserie).--Ce petit gateau est ainsi nomme, disent certains auteurs culinaries, a cause de sa forme plate et allongee qui est, parait-il, semblable a une langue de chat. A vrai dire, il faut mettre une extreme bonne volonte pour trouver que cette patisserie ressemble a une langue de felin domestique, amis n'ayant pas d'autre etymologie a proposer pour justifier cette appellation, nous l'adoptons sans discuter. Les langues de chat, qui appartiennent a la categorie des gateaux secs, se preparent de diverses facons, ou, du moins, peuvent etre partumees diversement. Mais seulement peuvent etre designes sous ce nom les petits gateaux dont ci-apres nous donnons les recettes. Les langues de chat, qui sone des patisseries d'assez longue conservation, se servent surtout comme accompagnement de certains vins de liqueur ou de vins mousseux. On les sert aussi comme accompagnement des entrements glaces et enfin, on les utilise dans la preparation de divers poudings." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Librarie Larousse:Paris] 1938 (p. 637) [NOTE: This book also offers two recipes for langues de chat: simples and fines.] The term "bar cookies" or "squares" originated in the 20th century. The earliest examples we find in American cookbooks are from the 1930s [Date bars]. A survey of cookbooks suggests these recipes gained popularity as decades progressed. Food historians do not credit a specific person/place with the invention of "bar cookies." Presumably the practice evolved from earlier recipes, most notably brownies and fudge. Enter: lemon bars Lemons are ancient fruits enjoyed in many cultures and cuisines from the beginning of time through present day. The figured prominently in custards, pies, cheesecakes, candies, and baked goods. They were also used to flavor savory dishes (lemon chicken, etc.). Lemon bars (aka Lemon Squares), as we know them today, evolved from Renaissance times. Why? The ingredients provide the answer. This is when shortbread/crust was developed, lemon custard was very popular and sugar was sprinkled on everything. Lemon meringue pie likely served the inspiration. "Buttery lemon bars. The two components of these luscious bars--shortbread and lemon curd--are old English favorites. But layering the two in a bar cookie is, I believe, a twentieth century innovation. My friend and colleague Joanne Hayes, food editor of County Living magazine, remembers lemon bars being tested while she was at McCall's magazine back in the '60s. Yet the McCall's Cook Book (1963) doesn't include them. Nor do other magazine cookbooks of that time. My hunch is that dessert specialist Maida Hatter popularized lemon bars. Two of her books offer variations on the theme. The more classic-Sour Lemon Squares...appears in Maida Heatter's New Book of Great Desserts (1982)." ---American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 499) [1958] 1 tablespoon lemon juice 1/2 cup chopped nuts Cream shortening; gradually add sugar and blend until mixture is light and fluffy. Add egg yolks; mix well. Beat in flour and grated peel. Spread evenly in bottom of ungreased 13 by 9 inch pan. Bake at 350 degrees 10 minutes. Remove from oven and spread with topping. To prepare topping, beat egg whites until stiff, then gradually beat in sugar and lemon juice. Fold in nuts. Bake 25 minutes longer. Cool slightly and cut into squares." ---"Try Barbecued Turkey! It's Delicious and Different," Mary Meade, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 15, 1958 (p. B3) [1962] "Serve these cookies with fresh fruit for dessert or with glasses of cold milk or lemonade for snacks. Lemon Bars If you have to ask "what is a Mallomar?" you didn't grow up in the greater New York area. These chocolate enrobed marshmallow treats are in a class by themselves. According to the record of the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , they were introduced to the American public November 20, 1913 by the National Biscuit Company (registration number 0096171). They have been a fall tradition ever since. Why New York and why fall? Nabisco claims its because the product doesn't travel well and chocolate doesn't sell in the warmer months. Whatever. Those of us who still live around the city know it's fall when the Mallomars come back. Sort of like when the swallows return to Capistrano. This is what the food historians have to say on the subject: "On November 13, 1913, another famous cookie was born. Mallomar was described as "a delightful combination of marshmallow, jelly and layers of cake covered with chocolate icing." For several years before Mallomar, the company made a product called "Marshmallow Cream Sandwich," It was also convered with chocolate by only sold in bulk. When the formula for Mallomars was perfected, it was decided to make them a specialty and to pack them in the In-er-seal package. Later it, too, was made available in bulk." ---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZus, William Cahn (p. 144) [NOTE: this book is about the history of the National Biscuit Company/Nabisco--your librarian can help you find a copy.] The earliest Mallomar advertisment we've found far was published in the 1930s: "Chocolate Mallomars, 2 pkgs, 19 cents," New York Times, November 9, 1934 (p. 15). Our survey of ad placed in historic American newspapers confirms the "seasonality" of this product. Do you remember eating Mallomars in the summer? Today's food writers happily perpetuate the myth of the Mallomar season . It makes good copy. It is true that today's Mallomars are introduced in September/October. Production ceases in March/April. The product lingers in the supermarket for a while then disappears from the shelves altogether. The reason offered by the company is that the chocolate covering is delicate and cannot survive hot summer months. Was it always this way? No. Our research confirms not only were Mallomars sold in the summer, they were sold all over the country. Up until recently. Mallomar nostalgia articles proliferate in the 1980s-1990s. This is about the time we find first print references to this product's seasonality. Coincidence? Case in point: "Visiting day at summer cam is usually the first weekend in July, and camps will soon be sending out the standard instructions: DO NOT BRING FOOD ON VISITING DAY, ALL FOOD PACKAGES WILL BE CONFISCATED...The problem is that kids have an emotional strangle hold on parents when it comes to food packages. The parent writes, 'The camp director says that we cannot bring food.' The child responds, 'So how come Jimmy's mother is bringing up a carton of Mallomars?'...As the last parent leaves camp it's time to divide the loot. Each camper opens his carton...After the opening begins the trading, and here you must remember that you can't trade sunflower seeds for Mallomars. M & M's trade for Mallomars. So do Milky Ways--the small kind." ---"Invasion from Mallomars," Leonard S. Bernstein, New York Times, June 27, 1976 (p. 355) "Mallomars, 15 cents," Anniston Star, Alabama, October 12, 1919 (p. 12) [1921] "Mallomars, 4 pkgs, 50 cents," New Castle News, Pennsylvania, July 27, 1921 (p. 11) [1928] "Mallomars, 3 pkgs, 25 cents," Port Arthur News, Texas, November 9, 1928 (p. 12) [1938] "Mallomars, 2 pkgs, 19 cents," Galveston Daily News, Texas, June 4, 1938 (p. 18) [1948] "Chocolate Mallomars, 4 oz pkg, 16 cents," Lawton Constitution, Oklahoma, January 15, 1948 (p. 8) [1952] ""N.B.C. Chocolate Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 29 cents," Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1952 (p. 10) [1955] "Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 39 cents," Fairbanks Daily News Miner, Alaska, October 19, 1955 (p. 16) [1956] "Chocolate Mallomars, 5 1/2 oz pkg, 25 cents," Middleboro Daily News, Kentucky, March 14, 1956 (p. 9) [1957] "Nabisco Mallomars, 5 1/4 oz pkg, 29 cents," Fort Pierce News-Tribune, Florida, November 10, 1957 (p. 20) [1964] "Chocolate Mallomars, 8 oz box, 33 cents," Galveston Daily News, Texas, March 21 , 1964 (p. 10) [1968] "Nabisco Mallomars, 8 oz twin pack, 29 cents," New York Times, May 1, 1968 (p. 51) [1972] "Mallomars, 8 oz pkg, 49 cents," News Tribune, Ft. Pierce, Florida, December 13, 1972 (p. 36) [1973] Polvorones translated into biscochitos once they settled in Mexico. The traditional Seville orange flavor eventually subsided. "Biscochitos (Spanish cookies) Biscochitos are a "new world" food with "old world" roots. Introduced to Mexico by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, their true origin can be traced to Medieval Arabian cuisine. When the Moors invaded Seville, they brought this recipe with them. Biscochitos (known in many countries/cusines by different names) are traditionally associated with holiday feasts; most notably Christmas. Variations on this recipe are endless. Orange juice/rind is probably one of the oldest...Seville is/was famous for oranges. Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) are "new world" foods. Biscochitos are made from rich pie pastry dough. Add baking powder, 1 tsp. Cleaned anize seed, & sugar to sweeten. Roll on bread board 1/3 inch thick. Cut into long strips about 1 2/3 inches wide, and then across into 2 inch lengths. Cut little narrow strips about an inch long on sides, pull long, and roll back each strip into a curlicue; dip in sugar and bake." ---The Genuine New Mexico Tasty Recipes, Cleofas M. Jaramillo, Unabridged reprint of Seton Village Press edition, 1942 [Ancient City Press: Santa Fe NM] 1981 (p. 23) Did you know? The bizcochito is the official cookie of New Mexico! 12-3-4. J. The bizcochito is adopted as the official cookie of New Mexico. 1989, ch. 154, 1; . Recipe here . MEXICAN WEDDING CAKES The cookie is old, the name is new. Food historians place the first recipes named "Mexican wedding cakes" in the 1950s. Why the name? Our books and databases offer no explanations. Perhaps timing is everything? Culinary evidence confirms Mexican wedding cakes are almost identical to Russian Tea Cakes. During the 1950s and 1960s relations between Russia and the United States were strained. It is possible the Cold War provided the impetus for renaming this popular cookie. Coincidentally? This period saw the mainstreaming of TexMex cuisine into American culture. "Mexican wedding cake. A buttery, melt-in-your-mouth cookie that's usually ball-shaped and generally contains finely chopped almonds, pecans or hazelnuts. It's usually rolled in confectioners' sugar while still hot, then again after the cookie has cooled. Many countries have their own rendition of this rich cookie. Two versions are Russian tea cakes and Spain's polvornes." ---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd edition [Barron:New York] 2001 (p. 385) "Mexican wedding cakes. These cookies masquerade under several names--Butterballs, Russian Tea Cakes, Swedish Tea Cakes, Moldy Mice. "Butterballs" is easy enough to explain--these little balls are buttery--but I have no idea how they came by their other pseudonyms. The are also known sometimes as Pecan Sandies, although true sandies are nearer shortbread. Mexican Wedding Cakes were a community cookbook staple throughout the 50s and 60s..." ---American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Foods of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 481) [NOTE: Ms. Anderson provides a recipe in her book.] "Cookies continue to outnumber all other recipe requests in our reader mail. Most in demand of late is a rich, semi-sweet butter cooky that is made in many countries and has many names and variations. In America it is best known as Nut Butter Balls or Almond Crescents. Mexican Wedding Cakes, Russian Tea Cakes, Danish Almond Cookies and Finnish Butter Strips are other titles for cookies made with the same basic dough. Still other names such as Napolean Hats, Melting Moments and Filbert Jelly Fills come from variation in shaping the cookies." ---"Recipe: How Cooky Is Put Together," Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1964 (p. G21) [1944] 3-4 cup corn oil margarine coconut Sift corn starch, confectioners sugar and flour together into a mixing bowl. Blend in corn oil margarine with spoon, mixing until soft dough forms. Shape into 1-inch balls. Place about 1 1/2 inches apart on ungreased cookie sheet; flatten with slightly floured fork. Sprinkle with coconut. Bake in 300 degrees F. (slow) oven 20 to 25 minutes, until edges are lightly browned. Makes about 2 dozen cookes. CHOCOLATE MELTING MOMENTS: Follow recipe for Melting Moments, sifting 1/54 cup cocoa and 1/4 teaspoon salt with dry ingredients, and placing a nut on top of each cookie before baking." ---"Choose Desserts the Sing 'The Praises of Spring," Chicago Daily Defender, April 16, 1964 (p. 28) A survey of historic American recipes indicates sand tarts, as we know them today, may have descended from simple sugar cookies . Recipes with this name first surface in the the 1880s, without attribution (person/place/company/contest) or comment. They are popular Christmas cookies in the Scandinavian counties: Sandbakkelser (Denmark) and Sandbakelse (Sweden). Food historians do not offer definative information regarding the genesis of the recipe's name. Perhaps it was inspired by the gritty granlated sugar and cinnamon covering the finished product? German/Viennese sand tortes (a sponge-type pound cake) contain somewhat similar ingredients. [1886] 1 pound of granulated sugar Yolks of three eggs Whites of two eggs Flour enough to make a stiff paste Beat the butter and sugar together; add the yolks beaten to a cream, then the whites well beaten; mix all well together, and add the flour. Roll out on a baking-board, cut with a round cutter, and bake in a moderate oven until a light brown." ---Mrs. Rorer's Philadelphia Cook Book, Mrs. S.T. Rorer [Arnold and Company:Philadelphia] 1886 (p. 498) [1896] The typical Russian Tea Cake recipe calls for butter, eggs, flour, salt, vanilla, nuts (walnuts, almonds, pecans, hazelnuts) and confectioner's sugar. This particular combination of ingredients essentially dates back to the Jumbles baked in Medieval Europe (minus the vanilla). Noble Russian cuisine (along with every other facet of noble life) was influenced by prevailing French customs during the 18th century. Tea was first introduced to Russia in 1618, but the Russian tea ceremony of samovars and sweet cakes was a legacy of Francophile Catherine the Great in the 18th century. It is interesting to note that A Gift to Young Housewives, Elena Molokhovet [1870s popular Russian cookbook] contains plenty of recipes for a variety of small baked goods, none specifically entitled Russian tea cakes. There are, however, several recipes which use similar ingredients. If you want to examine these recipes you are in luck. Gift fo a Young Housewife has recently been reprinted [in English with extensive notes provided by Joyce Toomre] by Indiana University Press (1992). Your librarian can borrow a copy for you. If you want to contribute sweet treats for a traditional Russian tea ask your librarian to help you find The Art of Russian Cuisine, Anne Volokh. If you need something right now check out these recipes . Canadian Nanaimo bars descend from no-bakes, popular from the 1930s forward. Economical & delicious; combinations are endless. About No-bakes What are Nanaimo bars? "Nanaimo bar is a baked treat popular all across Canada, often as little cut squares of biscuit alternating with a sweet cream filling and covered with chocolate. They may have been first concocted in the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island. A number of local native bands amagamated in the mid-19th century, calling their union sne-ny-mo, or 'big, strong tribe.' " ---Canadian Food Words, Bill Casselman [MacArthur Company:Toronto ON] 1998 (p. 271) Our survey of historic recipes confirms several variations on the Nanaimo theme. The earliest print recipe we find for this tasty morsel was published in the mid- 1950s. USA newspapers commence reporting Nanaimo bars a decade later. [1954] 2 cups graham wafer crumbs 1 cup coconut 1/2 cup chopped walnuts Place softened butter, sugar, cocoa, vanilla and egg in bowl. Set the bowl in a dish of boiling water. Stir well until butter has melted and mixture remsembles thin custard. Combine graham wafer crumbs, coconut and nuts, blending well. Add in custard mixture. Pack evenly in 9-inch square pan, spread with icing. Icing--Cream 1/4 cup butter, add 2 tablespoons milk which has been combined with 2 tablespoon vanilla custard powder. Blend in 2 cups icing sugar. Spread over chocolate base, and let stand about 15 minutes or so to harden somewhat. Then melt 4 squares semi-sweet chocolate with 1 tablespoon butter and spread over custard icing. When set, cut into bars." ---"The Herald's Daily Recipe," Lethbridge Herald [Alberta CA], January 18, 1954 (p. 11) [1962] "Recipes have a way of becoming lost when not kept in a book or file. We have gathered together some of the most popular misplaced bar-cookie recipes...The Nanaimo Bars are not baked. They have a chocolate base and a white icing with custard powder. Originally the thin chocolate icing was made with semi-sweet chocolate. There is a sweet cooking chocolate on the market now and we tried it as a topping and liked it better than the semi-sweet. However, you may melt one cup semi-sweet chocolate bits with the butter and spread it on. Other names for the bars are Chocolate Slice, Unbaked Chocolate Slice and Custard Brownies but the recipes are all the same. "Nanaimo Bars Oatmeal cookies Oatmeal cookies, as we Americans know them today, descend from ancient bannocks and oatcakes known to peoples of the British Isles. The raisins, nuts, and spices commonly found in today's oatmeal cookies date to the Middle Ages. Oats, and their recipes, were introduced to the New World by European explorers in the 17th century. In 19th century America, oats were considered health foods. They were recommended to invalids and served as hearty breakfast fare (mush/porridge). Culinary evidence confirms the crossover from "health food" to confection occured around the turn of the 20th century. Several other popular American foods made the same leap at this juncture (thanks to corporate America): breakfast cereal and chocolate pudding among them. ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University:Oxford] 1999 (p. 547) "The cereal grass which produces the seeds called oats originated as a weed in wheat and barley fields, which was accidentally harvested with the main crop. In due course it came to be cultivated in its own right in northern Europe, and was introduced to Britain in the Iron Age. The Romans knew of it (their word for it was avena...), but only as a weed, or as a fodder plant--although Pliny, anticipating Dr. Johnson, mentions that the Germanic peoples made porridge with it. The word oat, which is a descendant of Old English ate, is a pure English term, with no known relatives in other languages. The remaining Germanic languaves have interrelated names for the plant...Oatmeal, the term for flour made from oats, was coined in the fifteenth century." ---An A to Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 229) [NOTE: Oatmeal, ground oats mixed with milk/cream, descends from ancient pottage . These econmical, nutritious, belly-filling dishes provided energy needed by hard working people.] "Oatcakes made from oats (in the form of oatmeal), salt, and water, sometimes with a little fat added, were the staple food of the inhabitants of the Pennines and the Lake District in England and of the Scottish Highlands for centuries. In these upland regions oats are the only cereal which will ripen in the cold wet climate. Oatcakes...were also of some importance in Wales and Ireland. They remain popular, and are now generally regarded as a Scottish specialty...Oatcakes had some importance as festive foods, especially at Beltane (1 May, and ancient Celtic festival) and Christmas." ---Oxford Companion to Food (p. 546) "There is evidence that oats were quite qidely grown in Anglo-Saxon England, on athylle (on oat hill) is recorded in 779...The bishop of Worcester's oat land is mentioned in a boundary charter of 984. However, oats do not feature in dues and rents as wheat and barley do...oats may have been used for human consumption: while Pliny was not complimentary about oats he noted they were made into porridge in Germany. Giraldus was perhaps sensationalising matters when he commented that the whole population of Wales lived almost entirely on oats. In times of dearth they may have been utilized quite generally, but they could have been a staple crop in aras with damp, acid soils." ---A Second Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Food and Drink: Production and Distribution, Ann Hagen [Anglo-Saxon Books:Wilton UK] 1995 (p. 23) [NOTE: This book contains much information about oats. Ask your librarian how to obtain a copy.] "Myths of oats have much in common with myths of wheat, barley, rye, corn, and other cereal grains. Grains generally were associated with fertility of the earth and soil, and served as symbols of the earth's renewal." ---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 161) American oats "Oats were introduced to North America by early European explorers including Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, who planted them on Elizabeth Island off the Massachusetts coast. The Dutch grew oats in New Netherlands by 1626, and they were cultivated in Virginia prior to 1648. Oats were generally grown throughout colonial America, mainly for animal feed, but Scottish, Dutch, and other immigrants used them in their traditional porridges, puddings, and baked goods. Hannah Glasse's Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747 and subsequent editions)...includes oats in recipes for haggis, flummery, and hasty and other puddings, as well as for cake. Similar recipes were published in America throught the nineteenth century. Other oat recipes published in the United States included Scotch burgoo, an oatmeal hasty pudding in which the rolled oats were stirred into boiling water until the mixture thickened; gruel, which was a thinner porridge frequently identified as invalid food; and oatmeal blancmange. Baked goods included Scottish and English oaten cakes baked on a griddle, muffins made from cold cooked oatmeal, and bread and biscuits, for which the oatmeal was usually mixed with flour, because on its own, oatmeal or oat flour does not develop enough gluten to support rising bread. By the nineteenth century, grocer stores sold oat products in bulk...In 1877, rolled oats were developed and trademarked by Henry D. Seymour and William Heston, who had established the Quaker Mill Company. The product was baked in cardboard boxes...In 1901, the Quaker Mill Company merged with other mills, and became the Quaker Oats Company. Directions for cooking oatmeal were printed on the outside of the Quaker box. These recipes, in turn, were reprinted in community and other cookbooks, and oatmeal became more popular as a cooking ingredient. During the twentieth century many new oatmeal recipes were published, including ones for soup, cakes, cookies, wafers, drops, maracroons, quick breads and yeast breads, muffins, scones, and pancakes. Oatmeal was also used as a filler and binder in meatloaf..." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 2 (p. 208) "Rolled otats, or Oatflakes were developed in America by the Quaker Oat Company in 1877 and are made by steaming and rolling pinhead oatmeal." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 547) Oats as American health food [1893] Ella Eaton Kellogg's (wife of John Harvey Kellogg of Battle Creek fame) Science in the Kitchen [1893] (page through for additional information) [1911] Oatmeal entry from Artemis Ward's Grocer's Encyclopedia So? Where do oatmeal cookies (as we know them today) fit in? "The first recipe I've found for oatmeal cookies appears in the original Boston Cooking-School Cook Book by Fannie Merritt Farmer (1896). Nineteenth century, to be sure. But just barely (in fact they were barely oatmeal cookies, containing only half a cup). I include oatmeal cookies here because they did not begin routinely appearing in cookbooks until the twentieth century." ---The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 482) Ms. Farmer's 1896 oatmeal cookie recipe . Dani Shaneyfelt, historical interpreter at Stuhr Museum [Grand Island, NE], sent us two additional period recipes. Both employ substantial amounts of oatmeal. [1884] Oreos According to the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office . Oreo brand cookies were introduced to the American public by the National Biscuit Company (now Nabisco) on March 6, 1912. It is registration #0093009. Nabisco is now owned by Kraft Foods. One month later, the product was launched nationally. "Oreo. A trademark name...for a cookie composed of two thin chocolate cookies enclosing a white creme filling. The name...was apparently made up by the company. It has been suggested that the name may derive from the French word for gold "or" because the original package had the product name in gold. Another guess is that the word is from the Greek for 'mountain'...The first Oreos were sold to a grocer named S. C. Thuesen on March 6, 1912...Oreos were not, however, the first cookie of this type: "Hydrox Cookies" had been on the market since January 1, 1910, but Oreos have been far more successful." ---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 225) Product evolution "On April 2, 1912, the company's [National Biscuit Company] operations department announced to its managers and sales agents that it was preparing "to offer to the trade...three entirely new varieties of the highest class biscuit in a new style...The three varieties of biscuit...will be known as the Trio. "The varieties comprising the 'Trio' are as follows, namely: Oreo Biscuit--two beautifully embossed chocolate-flavored wafers with a rich cream filling at 30 cents per pound. Mother Goose Biscuit--a rich, high class biscuit bearing impressions of the Mother Goose legends at 20 cents per pound. Veronese Biscuit--delicious, hard sweet biscuit of beautiful design and high quality at 20 cents per pound. This Trio is an exciting innovation, and we are quite sure it will immediately appeal to public favor... ...two members of the trio most lavishly promoted in the initial announcement have since disappeared. But the third, Oreo, was evidently just the kind of cookie the American consuming public wanted. Somewhat similar to a previous product named "Bouquet," the Oreo consisted of two firm chocolate cookies with rich vanilla frosting in the middle. The first Oreos were slightly larger than today's product, but always round. Within a short time Oreo, which resembled an English biscuit, became a fantastically good seller among NBC sweet goods...The origin of the name is not really known, although one possibility is that it came from the Greek oreo, meaning hill or mountain. Supposedly, either in testing or when the product was first produced, it was shaped like a baseball mound or hill-hence, an oreo. This has a certain validity in view of A.W. Green's [company executive] tendency toward classical names. Oreo was officially registered in 1913 as "Oreo Biscuit." By 1921 it had become "Oreo Sandwich" and by 1948 "Oreo Creme Sandwich." Variations have been tried--a vanilla Oreo, a single-cracker Oreo, and in the 1920s a lemon-filled Oreo was introduced. The size has undergone changes, too. Today's is about midway between the largest and the smallest. Through all shifts in public preferences, Oreo has remained one of the nation's most consistent favorites. As frequently happens with popular products, there are people who fancy that they contributed to is creation. An Oreo admirer once wrote to the company "During the early 1920's you have a contest offering a cash reward for a suitable name for this particular cookie. I entered this contest and submitted the name Oreo. Time passed, I learned or heard nothing concerning the matter, so gave it no further thought until this past Sunday night....If you will kindly check your records concerning the said contest, I am sure that in them you will find I am the one who submitted the trade name, Oreo." The company answered, "We think that you must be confused about the origin of the trademark Oreo. It was not originated as the result of a contest in the early 1920's or at any other time. It was originated by our advertising department, and first used on March 6, 1912." ---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 142-4) About the cookie's design: "The ornamental pattern of the wafer itself...is Oreo's visual signature. Stampled out by brass rollers passing over sheets of chocolate dough, the pattern consists of a series of four-leaf clovers around the word "OREO," which is set within the traditional trademark of Nabisco, its manufacturer--that trademark being a horizontal oval with what looks like a television antenna extending up from it. Around the clovers, a broken line forms a broken circle. Beyond that, the outer edge of the cookie is slighly ridged, serving both as a visual frame for the ornamental center and as a means of grasping the cookie with comparative ease. As a design, it is pleasantly dowdy, like the wallpaper one might find in an old country house, or the wall stenciling that was common in the early years of this century, when the Oreo was created. Although spokesmen for Nabisco say there have been no significant changes in the cookie (except for its size), magazine advertisements from past years show that this has not been the case. In the 1950's, for example, the word "OREO" was set in a circle, which was surrounded by what appears to be a garland of petals. It was a more graceful look a bit closer in appearance to that of the Oreo's erstwhile competitor, the Hydrox brand produced by Sunshine Bakeries. Hydrox is the Pepsi to the Oreo's Coca Cola; it acutally predates Oreo, though it is less popular. The Hydrox's ornamental pattern is at once cruder and more delicate than the Oreo's; the ridges around the edge are longer and deeper, but the center comprises stamped-out flowers, a design more intricate than the Oreo pattern." ---"Machine Imagery, Homey Decoration," Paul Goldberger, New York Times, June 4, 1986 (p. C6) How much have Oreos cost through the years ? Where is "Oreo Way?" "Q. Why is 15th Street at Ninth Avenue now called Oreo Way? A. Because that is the birthplace of America's favorite cookie. IN 1898 several baking companies merged to form the National Biscuit Company, Nabisco, and opened a large industrial bakery on Ninght Avenue between 15th and 16th Streets at the Chelsea Market Building...In 1912, Nabisco had an idea for a new cookie: two chocolate disks with sugar icing in the middle. That year Nabisco sold its first package of Oreos to a store in Hoboken, N.J. Since then Nabisco has made more than 450 billion Oreo cookies. It was the best-selling cookie of the 20th century. Last year Americans dunked, twisted and chomped nearly 12 billion Oreos. Nabisco moved out of the Chelsea Market building in 1958 and now produces Oreos in bakeries around the world." ---"450 Billion Oreos to Go," Ed Boland Jr., New York Times, July 28, 2002 (p. CY2) Recommended reading: "Oreos," Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumables, Janice Jorgensen (editor) [St. James Press:Detroit] 1994 (p. 425-427) Small cakes composed of nuts, dried fruits, and spices were prepared by ancient cooks. These early cakes were very different from what we eat today. They were more bread-like and sweetened with honey. The Romans are usually credited with spreading such recipes throughout Europe. Medieval bakers prefered white sugar and perfected gingerbread, fruitcake and a host of related sweetly spiced recipes, many with nuts. Northern European bakers specialized in cookies. When the Dutch arrived in the New World in the 17th century, they brought their cookie recipes with them. Peanuts are a "New World" food. About peanuts & peanut butter . We checked dozens of early 20th century American cookbooks and found peanut cookies recipes were quite common. These, however, called for crushed/chopped peanuts as an ingredient. It is not until the 1910s that we find peanut butter listed as an ingredient in cookies. The first peanut butter cookies recipes were for rolled cookies. The 1933 edition of Pillsbury's Balanced Recipes contains a recipe for Peanut Butter Balls which instructs the cook to roll the dough into balls and press them down with the tines of a fork. This practice is still common in America today. [1915] "Special Peanut Cookies Put three tablesooons Larkin Peanut Butter, one teaspoon lard, one and one-half cups granulated sugar, and two egs into a mixing bowl. Stir and beat until mixture is quite light. Add two and one-half cups sifted flour and one teaspoon soda dissolved in three tablespoons thick sour milk. Flavor with one teaspoon Larkin Vanilla Extract. Roll and bake in a quick oven. This amount makes fifty cookies. Mrs. G.W. Parkins, Lyons, N.Y." Larkin Housewives' Cook Book, [Larkin Co.:Buffalo NY] 1915 (p. 87) [1917] Related food? peanut butter & jelly sandwiches . Why the classic criss-cross pattern? 1930s recipes instructed cooks to create criss-cross pattern on cookie with the tines of a fork. They did not specify why. Neither do subsequent cookbooks. Craig Claiborne's observations on the subject are quite enlightening: "It has been pointed out, on occasion, that you never can tell what on earth interests readers of this column and to what degree. With tongue in cheek, we stated recently that we had a file of letters marked Unanswered and Unanswerable. We quoted one of those letters, not fictional, in which someone aked if we could explain why peanut butter cookies were creased with a fork before baking. We didn't really expect an answer to that, but replies we got. One reader wrote as follows: The cookies are creased with a fork, she informed us, to make them crisper. "One of my sons," she continued, "once answered this technique and baked one pan of cookies plain, the other with the tradtional fork creases on top. The plain peanut butter cookies did not taste as good and seemed a bit soggy in the center. "Since the peanut butter cookie dough is quite rich, I think the fork creases expose just enough dough to add a bit more crispy crust for better results. Another reader offered this conjecture: "Most cookies dropped by rounded teaspoonsful will flatten in the oven and bake evenly. Is there something in peanut butter cookie dough that prevents it from flattening out by itself? The peanut butter, for example? Pressing the dollop with the tines of a fork would assure the dough flattens properly and, therefore, bakes evenly." But the explanation about pressing those cookies that we like best came from Sylvia Lavietes of New Haven, Conn.: "Your column today contained an inquiry regarding peanut butter cookies. Well, a stupid question calls for a stupid answer. Peanut butter cookies are crisscrossed in order to make it possible to distinguish them from chocolate chip cookies in the cookie jar." ---"The Fork and the Cookie," Craig Claiborne, New York Times, April 2, 1979 (p. A17) Food historians confirm crisp waffle-type cookies have ancient roots. These fancy holiday batter recipes were embraced by many cultures and cuisines: Italian pizzelles, Dutch wafres (waffles), French gaufrettes, Norwegian krumkake, etc. The primary difference between recipes is thickness of the batter and design of product. Who made the first food of this type? We will probably never know. History does not typically record the "invention" of simple foods. We do know, however, that pizzelles and their fancy European cousins were very popular in the Middle Ages and played significant roles in the Christian calendar, most notably Lent. Some of these foods later evolved into street fare. Fancy shapes, different sizes, decorative patterns, and thickness variations are achieved by special cooking apparatus called wafer (waffle, gauffre) irons. About waffles . About pizzelle "Pizzelle. A large round cookie made from a rich batter of eggs, sugar, butter, flour, and vanilla, baked on a specially designed pizzelle iron, which looks like a waffle iron. The intricately carved sufaces of the pizzelle iron imprint designs onto the cookie as it cooks. Pizzelle become crisp as they cool. While still warm, they can be rolled into a cone shape, then filled with whipped cream when cool...The Scandinavian version of pizzelle is krumkake, baed on a similar iron that has the traditional engraved scroll designs." ---The International Dictionary of Desserts, Pastries, and Confections, Carol Bloom [Hearst:New York] 1995 (p. 236) "Pizzelles, a centuries-old specialty of the Tuscan town of Montecatini, are a standard at most Italian-American bakeries and espresso shops." ---"Pizzelles bring Tuscan Elegance to the Cookie Tray," Annette Gouch, Chicago Tribune, December 13, 2000 (p. 9) "One of the many delicacies we continue to enjoy preparing are pizzelle, crisp embossed cookies from Italy that are baked one at a time in a patterned cookie iron. The word pizzelle, a derivative of "pizza," means "small cakes." If your grandmother was Scandinavian or French, you may know this cookie by such names as krumkake or gaufrette. These sweet, lacy cookies are made from a wafflelike batter that is spooned into an iron mold with two long handles. The resulting cookie is similar to waffle ice cream cones before they are rolled into shape. In fact, pizzelle come out of the iron soft and flexible, and you can roll them into decorative cones or cannoli shells. Pizzelle are usually flavored with anise or lemon, but you can add ground cinnammon, orange rind or almond extract. Pizzelle offer a good flavor and textured contrast to fruit sorbets, ice creams and custards. Pizzelle are perfect with afternoon tea or as a light dessert, spread with creamed honey. Although pizzelle are popular all over Italy, in the south, pizzelle irons are traditional wedding gifts from village blacksmiths. They come inscribed with the wedding date and the newlyweds' initials. Subsequent celebrations call for bringing out the pizzelle iron." ---"Italy's Traditional Pizzelle Cookes Get an Update," Jolene Worthington, Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1994 (p. 2) The history of Scottish shortbread is interconnected with the history of dairy farming and butter making in the British Isles during the Medieval Ages: "As Jean-Louis Flandrin points out, butter consumption is a natural development in regions suitable for cattle-breeding. In such places, popular taste and the local economy had gone right over to butter as a cooking fat within 400 years....Flandrin is speaking about the butter-eating areas of Europe in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries..." ---History of Food, Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat [Barnes & Noble Books:New York] 1992 (p. 121) [pages 120-124 present the history of butter, including its symbolism] "Butter was the other principal milk dish [cheese being the other]. The manner of making is had changed little since Pliny's day...In other branches of cookery butter was an enricher, the accompaniment of cheese in herbolaces or with macaroni; of eggs, milk and sugar in the filling for a flathon; of plain or fancy breads in pain perdu or rastons. For short pastry and cakes, it was at first an alternative to fresh cream, but eventually superseded it, for butter had a more highly concentrated fat content, and was more easily stored...Nevertheless butter appeared in a relatively small proportion of the dishes in medieval recipe books, which were written mainly for and by the cooks of the nobility. It was only in Tudor times that an emerging middle class, which did not despise butter as the food of the poor, began to use it liberally in every possible sphere of cookery, setting a trend that was to last for some two hundred years." ---Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century, C. Anne Wilson [Academy Chicago:Chicago] 1991 (p. 161-164)[ask your librarian to help you find this book--it is chock full of interesting information.] This explains why the first shortbread recipes date only back as far as Elizabethan times. This food historian confirms: "Shortbread...a biscuit whose origin lies in the short cakes made in the 16th century...There are many variations. The thick Pitcaithly bannock has peel and almonds in the mixture..." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 721) According to these sources, if you want to make Medieval/Elizabethan type shortbread you might want to add some finely ground oats to your recipe. This makes sense given the fact that oats and butter were staple foods of the poorer classes. "Shortbread...A biscuit (cookie) rich in butter, which is served with tea and its traditionally eaten at Christmas and New Year. Originating from Scotland and traditionally made with oatmeal, it is now made with wheat flour...Shortbread is usually baked in a large round and served cut from the centre into triangles; it is a relic of the ancient New Year cakes that were symbols of the sun." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Jenifer Harvey Lang [Crown Publishers:New York] 1988 (p. 974-5) "Eaten all the year round but especially at Christmas and the New Year, this delicious cake, which is quite unlike any other, is made from only the finest materials...Originally made with fine oatmeal, it is now made with sifted flour, sometimes with a small proportion of rice flour. On festive occasions it can be decorated with fine strips of orange or lemon peel and small sugared almonds. In the Shetland and Orkney Islands it is call the Bride's Bonn, and has a small proportion...of caraway seeds added. The edges are traditionally "notched" by pinching with the finger and thumb, and this is thought to symbolize the sun's rays, from the early days of sun-worship." ---A Taste of Scotland, Theodora FitzGibbon [Avenel Books:New York] 1979 (p. 117) What about the origin of the name "shortbread?" According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Short" (definition 20): Of edible substances: Friable, easily crumbled. This describes the process of making shortbread. This is also where the English term "shortening" comes from. According to John Ayto, the term "shortbread" dates back only as far as the early nineteenth century. [An A-Z of Food and Drink, Oxford University Press:Oxford 2002 (p. 310).] "We all know what short dough is: a rich dough that makes a tender crust, as against the plain dough that turns into sturdy, chewy bread. And then there's shortbread, which always has a lot of butter or other "shortening" in it. So how come there's no such thing as long dough or longbread? Or an ingredient known as lengthening, for that matter? In exactly what sense does shortening "shorten" anything? In this case, "short" doesn't refer to richness but to a fragile, easily crumbled texture. Short doughs bake up crumbly because the fatty shortening coats the flour particles, preventing the formation of gluten when water is stirred in. This is a rather uncommon and specialized sense of the word (in the Oxford English Dictionary, it's No. 21 of the 23 main definitions of "short"). "Short" may have acquired this meaning because it can refer to something that's inadequate--something that falls short, as we say. The idea might have been that short dough was weak, which it is. On the other hand, maybe the metaphor of shortness came from brick-making. Professionally made bricks are fired in kilns at temperatures so high that the clay fuses into something as hard as rock, but anybody can make sun-dried bricks. The thing that gives a sun-dried brick strength is chopped-up straw; without straw mixed in, the bricks are just fragile lumps of dried mud. Of course, the same would be true if the straw were cut too . . . short. It may have seemed to people that short dough behaved as if it contained short fibers." ---"Folklore; The Short Story," The Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1998 (p. 2). Historic shortbread recipe sampler [1694] "Short Cakes Made at ye Bathe. Take a pound of flower & rube into it a half pound of flouwer butter very fine; then put in half a pound of flo sugar & wet it with white wine to a paste; the rowle it very thick & cut it round with ye top of ye Drudger, & knotch it round with a squef [sic]& bake them upon a tin." ---Receipt Book of Mrs. Ann Blencowe, facsimile 1694 edition, with an introduction by George Saintsbury [Polyanthos:Cottonport LA] 1972 (p. 14) [1736] "To make Short Bread Take a Peck of Flour, put three lib. of Butter in among a little Water, and let it melt, pour it in amongst your Flour, put in a Mutchkin of good barm; when it is wrought divide it in 3 Parts, roll out your Cakes longer than broad and gather it on the Sides with your Finger, cut it through the Middle, and job it on the Top, then send it to the Oven." ---Mrs. McLintock's Receipts for Cookery and Pastry-Work, facsimile 1736 edition with an Introduction and Glossary by Iseabail Macleod [Aberdeen University Press:Aberdeen] 1986 (p. 6-7) [NOTES: Scots Measures on p. xxx-xxxi state a "mutchkin" is 2.996 gills or .212 litres; a "lib" is 1 pound 1 ounce drams or 496 grammes.] [1829] "1014. Scotch short-bread.--To the fourth of a peck of flour, take six ounces of sifted sugar and of candied citron and orange peel, and blanched almonds, two ounces each. Cut these in rather large slices, and mix them with the flour. Rub down among the flour a pound of butter in very minute bits, and melt a half-pound more, and with this work up the flour, &c. The less kneading it gets the more short and crisp the cakes will be. Roll out the paste into a large well-shaped oval cake, about an inch and a half thick, and divide this the narrow way, so as to have two cakes somewhat the shape of a Gothic arch. Pinch the cakes neatly at the edges, and mark them on the top with and instrument used for the purpose, or with a fork. Strew caraway-comfits over the top, and a few strips of citron peel. Bake on paper rubbed with flour. The cakes may be squares, or oblong figures.--Obs. Plainer short-bread may be made by using less butter and no candied peel. The whole of the butter may be melted, which makes the process easier. Chopped almonds are used in larger quanitity for very rich short-bread." ---The Cook and Housewife's Manual, Mistress Margaret Dods, facsimile 1829 4th edition revised and enlarged [Rosters Ltd.: London] 1988 (p. 446-447) [NOTE: The author's real name was Mrs. Isobel Christian Johnston (b. Fife 1781, died 1857). "Meg Dods" was a character invented by Sir Walter Scott. According to Theodora Fitzgibbon, Traditional Scottish Cookery c. 1980 (p. 6) Mrs. Johnston was a great friend of Scott.] [1875] Short Bread, Scotch. No. 1. Mix two pounds of flour with four ounces of moist sugar, two ounces of candied citron, chopped small, and two ounces of sweet almonds, blanched and sliced. Rub one pound of butter into the flour, melt another half pound of butter, and with this work up the four to a smooth paste. If a plainer cake is wanted, less butter may be used. Sometimes the whole of the butter is melted, and then the bread is more easily made. Roll out the pastry to the thickness of an inch, and in a large oval shape, pinch the edges evenly, prick the surface with a fork or skewer, and sprinkle large comfits over the top. Cut the oval across, thus making two cakes, and place these upon paper rubbed with flour, and then upon tins. Bake in a moderate oven. When the bread is lightly browned, it is done enough. It should be remembered that the less the bread is kneaded the shorter it will be. No. 2. Rub three-quarters of a pound of fresh unsalted butter into half a pound of flour; add a quarter of a pound of ground rice, four tablespoonfuls of moist sugar, two ounces of candied citron, finely minced, and an ounce of sweet almonds, blanched and chopped small. When these ingredients are thoroughly mixed, work the whole into a smooth paste with the yolks of two small eggs. Roll the pastry out to the thickness of half and inch, divide it into four squares, pinch the edges neatly, prick the surface with a "dabber" or fork, sprinkle comfits and sliced citron on the top, and bake as above. Time to bake the bread, half to three-quarters of an hour." ---Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery with Numerous Illustrations [Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.:London] 1875 (p. 866) [1909] "Shortbread, Scotch. Ingredients.--2 lbs. of flour, 1/4 lb of cornflour, or ground rice, 1 lb. of butter, 1/4 lb. of castor sugar, 1 oz. of sweet almonds, a few strips of candied orange peel. Method.--Beat the butter to a cream, gradually dredge in the clour, and add the sugar and sweet almonds, which should be blanched and cut into small pieces. Work the paste until it is quite smooth, and divide into 6 pieces. Put each cake on a separate piece of paper, roll the paste out square to the thickness of about 1 inch, and pinch it round the edges. Prick it well with a skewer, and ornament with 1 or 2 strips of candied orange-peel. Put the cakes into a moderately-heated oven, and bake from 25 to 30 minutes. Time.--25 to 30 minutes. Average cost, for this quantity, 2s. Sufficient to make 6 cakes. ---Mrs. Beeton's Every-Day Cookery, New Edition [Ward, Lock & Co.:London] 1909 (p. 639) [1956] "Shortbread Good shortbread must be made of the finest ingredients, fresh butter, castor sugar, and white flour. Tradtionally shortbread is decorated with orange or candied peel and almonds. It needs lightness of hand and nice judgement, for if the ingredients are worked too much together the result is tough and chewy, instead of being short and melt-in-the-mouth. Scots Shortbread If you camp, you know s'mores. These warm squishy energy-packed chocolate treats are ubiquitious. This delicious trifecta of ingredients ( graham crackers , marshmallows and chocolate bars) were readily available to the American public by the late 19th century and very popular in the early 20th. The Girl Scouts of America are generally credited for introducing S'mores to hungry campers. Where did the idea come from? Victorian-era cookbooks contain recipes for "sandwich cookies," soft sponge-cakes filled with jam or cream fillings. American cookbooks published in the early decades of the 20th century contain recipes for chocolate sandwiches (cool) and marshmallow sandwiches (warm). American food companies were combining marhsmallows, graham crackers and chocolate in the 1910s. These were wildly popular. About Moon Pies, Scooter pies & Mallomars . The director of the National Historic Preservation Center, Girl Scouts of the USA kindly pointed us in the right direction. She confirmed the recipe first appeared first in GSA's 1927 book Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts. We own a copy of this booklet. Here's the original recipe: "Some More" 8 sticks [for toasting the marshmallows] 16 graham crackers 8 bars plain chocolate (Hershey's or any of the good plain brands, broken in two) 16 marshmallows Toast two marshmallows over the coals to a crisp gooey state and then put them inside a graham cracker and chocolate bar sandwich. The heat of the marshmallow between the halves of chocolate bar will melt the chocolate a bit. Though it tastes like "some more" one is really enough." ---Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts [Girl Scouts, Inc:New York City] 1927 (p. 68-69) [NOTE: This book is full of useful information, including 12 different kinds of campfires (purpose & method), nosebag (hiker) meals & campfire menus. Very happy to share!] The 1940 Girl Scout Handbook has a recipe for one "Some Mores" that calls for "4 squares plain chocolate (thin), 2 graham crackers, and one marshmallow. This recipe may be varied by using slices of apple (cut cross-wise) in place of the graham crackers; by using pineapple slices or peanut butter in place of chocolate." Our 1947 GSA Handbook confirms this recipe adds these instructions: "Some-Mores (serves 1) 4 squares plain chocolate (thin) 2 graham crackers 1 marshmallow Toast marshmallow slowly over the coals until brown. Put chocolate on a graham cracker, put the toasted marshmallow on top, then another graham cracker. Press gently together, and eat. Taste like "some more." This recipe may be varied by using slices of apple (cut cross-wise) in place of the graham crackers; by using pineapple slices or peanut butter in place of chocolate." ---Girl Scout Handbook [Girl Scouts of the United States of America:New York] 1947 (p. 316) We do not really know that the Girl Scouts were the first to make and enjoy S'mores, but we also don't know of any earlier claims to this special treat. We also do not know when the name of this treat got shortened. Recipes for "Some Mores" are in various Girl Scout publications until at least 1971. Is it possible the recipe for snickerdoodles is very old but the name snickerdoodle was invented recently? Perhaps. The word does not show up in the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary of Americanisms, and other word origin books. The U.S. Patent & Trademark Office points us to several products with this name, most notably, Snickerdoodle.com (1989). A popular children's book suggests the word "snicker" may have come from a Dutch word "snekrad," or the German word "Schnecke, " both describing a snail-like shape. This is possible. This book offers no explanation for the "doodle." This is what the the food historians have to say about the snickerdoodles: "Snickerdoodle. A New England cookie made with flour, nuts, and dried fruits. The name is simply a nineteenth-century nonsense word for a quickly made confection." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 299) "Snickerdoodle. Originating in 19th century New England, this whimsically named cookie has a charactaristically crackly surface and can be either crisp or soft...The name appears to have no particular meaning or purpose." ---Food Lover's Companion, Sharon Tyler Herbst, 3rd ed.[Barrons:New York] 2001 (p. 575) "I do not know the origin of the name, but it has been proposed that it is of German origin and derived from the word "schnecken", i.e. sticky buns." ---Craig Claiborne's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia, Craig Claiborne [Times Books:New York] 1985 (p. 412) "Snickerdoodle, a biscuit made from a creamed mixture enlivened with nutmeg, nuts, and raisins. It is a specialty of the Pennsylvania Dutch, a community with many sweet biscuit and cookie recipes." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 77) What makes the history of Snickerdoodles so interesting? 1. You won't find recipes for snickerdoodles in early American American cookbooks. ---You WILL find plenty of recipes for currant (they are like raisins) cakes and jumbles combining sweet spices, nuts and dried fruits 2. Some food historians say snickerdoodles are a New England recipe [English origin]. ---Others say it is from the Pennsylvania Dutch [German origin]. Some authentic recipes [of English heritage] that would make cookies approximating snickerdoodles: Queen cakes , Joe Froggers & Sand Tarts . Plain and simple. Recipes titled "Snickerdoodles" first surfaced in USA print during the 20th century: [1902] "Snickerdoodles Three cups of flour, two cups of sugar, one cup of butter, two eggs, two teaspoons of cream of tartar, one teaspoon of soda. Drop in a pan and sprinkle a little sugar and cinnamon over each. Bake in a quck oven. --Mrs. John Montgomery" ---1902 Cook Book: A Collection of Tried Recipes Contributed by Estherville [Iowa] Housewives, Mrs. A.L. Barnum and Mrs. S. I. Delavan editors, (p. 80) [submitted by Nancy Baggett] [1907] "Snickerdoodles Take one cup granulated sugar and one-half cup butter and lard;add one egg, salt, one cup milk, and two and one-half cups flour, wtih two teaspoons baking powder. Lastly one-half cup currants, dredged with a little flour. Put in square pan. Before baking, sprinkle with cinnamon and sugar. Bake twenty minutes. This will cut into twenty-four square pieces. Mrs. O.Y. Palmer, 1080 Oakwood avenue, Toledo O[hio]." ---"Paste These in Your Scrap Book," Alice Wann, ,i>Chicago Daily Tribune, August 25, 1907 (p. G3) [NOTE: This recipe won a $1.00 prize.] [1920s?] "Snickerdoodles. 1 cup sugar, 1/2 cup butter, 1 egg, 1 cup milk, 1 1/2 cups flour, 2 teaspoons baking powder, 1/2 cup currants. Put into a large square tin and sprinkle with sugar and cinnamon before baking." ---Tried and True Recipes, published for the Benefit of the First Congregational Church, Wilmette, ILL. By the East End Circle Woman's Guild [1920s?--no date on the book] (p. 72) [1939] Crackers, Oyster crackers , Saltines & Vermont common crackers . Food historians tell us small hard biscuits were probably first made by ancient Middle Eastern peoples. These foods were quite practical, as they were filling, easily transported and able withstand adverse weather conditions. This is why cracker-type foods have a long history in military rations. Ancient Roman armies ate biscuits , Nelson's sailors ate Ship's biscuit , and Civil War soldiers ate hardtack . These are all related in method and ingredients to the tasty crackers we buy in today's supermarket. Many cultures and cuisines have developed their own special crackers. Italian biscotti, Jewish mandlebrot, German zwieback and English rusk are some examples. The word "cracker" appears to have originated in North America sometimes in the 18th century. Food historians generally agree that the light, crispy crackers we Americans know today appeared in the 19th century. This concides with the "discovery" of chemical leaveners such as baking soda and powder . "Cracker A name first used in N. America,f rom the mid-18th century onwards, for a plain, unsweetened, dry, hard, bread product; thus corresponding to part of the domain covered by the wider English term "biscuit." When crackers are broken into pieces they make a cracking noise, which accounts for the name. Crackers may be leavened or unleavened. Those of the former sort were formerly baked by a particular method which called for a dough leavened with bicarbonate of soda (hence the term "soda cracker") and left to stand until pockets of carbon dioxide formed in the mixture. When biscuits of this dough were placed in a very hot oven they rose quickly, giving the characteristic texture. Unleavened crackers may be made from flour and water only (as are matzos) or with the addition of a little salt. Some examples of this sort are the small oyster crackers, used on top of seafood chowders, and the crackers know as ship's biscuit...The cracker barrel was an institution in American general stores and groceries which sold crackers loose in bulk. The term was first used in print in the 1870s..." ---The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 222) "Cracker "...Since the eighteenth century Americans have spoken of these wafers by this term, first appearing in print in 1739, but it is still a word rarely used in England, where biscuit is preferred...In the 1830s Americans called the wafers soda crackers, and common crackers or oyster crackers were placed in New England chowders or split and buttered." ---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman Books:New York] (p.104) "Crackers started out as thin, crisp nonsweet, bite-size flatbreads. The making of crackers was among the first food industries in America. During the eighteenth century, cheap, hard crackers called "ship's bread," "ship's biscuits," and later, "hardtack" were widely manufactured for use on ships and for those migrating westward. These large, sturdy crackers, made only of flour and water--no shortening--kept for a very long time. One of the earliest brand-name foods was Bent's water crackers, which were initially manufactured by Josiah Bent, a ship's bread baker in Milton, Massachusetts...Crackers were packed in barrels and sold to grocery stores and restaurants. Recipes for simple crackers appeared in early American cookbooks...By the 1840s three major cracker varieties made with shortening had been introduced: the soda cracker, the butter cracker, and the round sugar biscuit...The era of generic crackers ended in 1898 with the formation of the National Biscuit Company, the forerunner of Nabisco...The new company introduced wrapping and packaging machines for their new brand-name product, Uneeda biscuits...After World War II, the cracker industry expanded along with the rest of the snack food field." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 353) Saltines Like Vermont common and Oyster crackers , modern saltines descend from mid-19th century soda crackers. Nabisco biographer William Cahn attributes the commercial creation to F.L. Sommers Company, St. Louis Missouri. A careful read of his text states the product won a prize in 1876. It does not identify a specific date or credit a specific person for creating this cracker. Some online sources credit Joseph Garneau as the "inventor." "In certain areas of the midwest there was a strong preference for a cracker called "Premium Flake" or "Saltina," which replaced Uneeda in popularity. The Premium Saltine, a soda cracker, had long been a favorite in certain areas of the midwest, particularly in the Missouri area where it was invented. It had won prizes as far back as 1876. [Thomas L.] Green was jealous for his favorite soda cracker, Uneeda Biscuit, and kept the Premium Saltine confined to its home ground. However, in the twenties the Saltine began to be manufactured and distributed in factories throughout the country and was soon in wide demand. The popularity of the Saltine was increased many times over in the years ahead." ------Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 198) "About the time Green and Moore were, as young lawyers, descending upon Chicago, a special type of soda cracker was being produced by the F.L. Sommer Company in its huge bakery in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was called 'Premium Saltine.' At first it was made only in the west. But its popularity spread and soon it was in demand all over the country. The Premium soda cracker was the greatest thing that had happened to the Sommer company since its government contract for half a million pounds of hard bread for distribution to Indian tribes. The Premium soda cracker or saltine was to become--although not without opposition from Green--one of the most valuable assets that NBC inherited." ---ibid (p. 105) Did Joseph Garneau "invent" the saltine? We're finding two references. One is an online condensed version of an article published in Central Magazine , July 1873. The biographical profile confirms Mr. Garneau was a leader in the new commercial cracker industry. The other print reference is a 1917 obituary for Joseph Garneau, of New York City, claiming saltine invention. The first Garneau emigrated to St. Louis in 1832; the second was born in 1855. Possibly a family connection but definately not the same man. "President of the Joseph Garneau Company, Inc., importers, died yesterday at his home in Kingston N.J., in his sixty-second year. He was engaged in the manufacture of biscuits and crackers. He was the inventor of the saltine cracker." ---"Obituary Notes," New York Times, July 4, 1917 (p. 9) [NOTES: (1) Death notice published in the NYT the following day (p. 9) states Mr. Garneau will be buried in St. Louis, MO. (2) According to the New York Times, the Joseph Garneau Company was in the business of importing wine and alcoholic beverages. No mention of a biscuit business. Perhaps this obituary note was referencing an earlier business endeavor or past employment. (3) Burial in St. Louis may indicate a prior connection with the F.L. Sommer biscuit operation. Genealogy research may cement the connection. St. Louis is approximately 300 miles from St. Joseph. (4) Obituary indicates Mr. Garneau was born in 1855, which would make him 21 when the saltine won its award.] Historic evidence [1883] "Soda Biscuit or Cracker [For Small Batch] Can be doubled as you wish. One and one-half barrel flour, twenty-five pounds of lard, two pounds of salt; set you sponge witgh hop yeast or Flesichmann's Compressed yeast; set it in the evening and let it fall about four inches, then make your dough and let it rise well, then work in your saleratus, two pounds; should the dough not have enough saleratus add two ounces more. You may try a pieces of the dough, as this is a certain way, and after a little practice you may be able to tell by the look of the dough; take care to work in the saleratus well; when there is enough saleratus in it the dough will e noticed to have something like stripes in it; this will be observed, if you have some knowledge of cracker making; above all let your dough be broken well before running off; proceed in this way to make your sponge and dough: Take eight quarts hop yeast, or say in proportion to Fleishmann's Compressed Yeast; add twelve quarts of water; regulate the water according to the weather; this will make your sponge. When it has risen and fallen make your dough by adding three pails of water, common size; add twenty-five pounds of lard, two pounds of salt, and work your dough well. A very good way for new beginners is to work half the saleratus in half of the dough; then try, and if not enough add a little more and try; if too much, add some of the dough that has none in, and to that has none in added less than you did in the first half. This is a sure way for beginners. This same dough makes oyster crackers, but if making may you make a separate dough for them, adding only twenty pounds of lard to the one and one-half barrel of flour." ---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J.D. Hounihan [J.D. Hounihan:Staunton VA] 1883 (p. 12) [Professional industry text, no docking] [1901] Trenton crackers , 1848. "Originally the oyster cracker was square, until Dr. E. T. Oakes of the NBC [National Biscuit Company] laboratory, conceived the notion of presenting Oysterette in a hexagonal shape." ---Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 198) [NOTE: According to the records of the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office Oysterettes were introduced to the public in December 1900.] [1883] Oyster Crackers "100 pounds flour, 8 lbs butter, 6 lbs lard, 8 oz soda, 2 oz tartaric acid, 16 qts milk; cut with an oyster cracker cutter." ---Secrets of the Bakers and Confectioners' Trade, J.D. Hounihan [J.D. Hounihan:Staunton VA] 1883 (p. 150) [NOTE: This is a professional baker's text. Recipes for oyster crackers do not show up in our cookbooks published for home cooks.] 2. According to early 19th century New England cookbooks, biscuits/crackers were puffed bread products which were cut in half and served warm with butter. This makes them somewhat different from the saltine-type Vermont common cracker we enjoy today. Yet? Hardtack and other crisp biscuits were certainly known and consumed. What does this tell us? Don't bother looking for recipes for "common crackers" in 19th century cookbooks. You will, however, find references to New England/Middle States crackers and cakes. Think: Boston crackers and New York Cookies. The best you can do is examine the primary evidence for an approximating recipe. This makes tracing the Vermont common cracker a bit more challenging. Is the product we enjoy today the same item our foremothers baked? It's hard to tell. We do we know: The concept of hard crackers (soaked in liquid, as in soup) traces back to Ancient Roman days. Dried bread keeps easily, travels well, and fills the belly. This made it the natural choice of armies, sailors and the like up until recent times. Think hardtack. Colonial-era cookbooks and industrial revolution-era manufacturing/retail literature offer many different types of biscuits and crackers. These vary greatly in size, texture, and purpose.Names for said items range from generic descriptions (souffle biscuits) to place-specific claims (Boston crackers, Westminster crackers, Trenton crackers, etc.) Mid-19th century technological advancements made saltine-type crackers, as we know them today, possible. Some of these traditional recipes were converted to the ligther, more popular method. General notes about oyster crackers & saltines . Vermont common crackers According to the Dictionary of American Regional English (Frederic G. Cassidy editor, Volume 1), the first print reference to the term "common cracker" appeared in 1939. Where? Yankee Cook Book (p. 362): "Common Cracker. A large old-fashioned lightly salted cracker also called Boston cracker." This source also places the first print reference to the Boston cracker to 1818, noting it was a type of biscuit (p. 346). Boston crackers were served split with butter. There is no mention in this source regarding crispness. "Common cracker. Very crisp, hard, thick wheatflour cracker that may be split and grilled with butter or Cheddar cheese, ground into bread crumbs, or eaten in chowders; similar to Boston Cracker. The term first appears in print in 1939. One manufacturer claims common crackers were first baked by Charles Cross about 1830 in his Montpelier, Vermont, bakery, and were called "Cross crackers" or "montpelier crackers." But in the New England Cookbook (1954), Eleanor Early credits the cracker's invention to Artemus Kennedy of Menotomy, Massachusetts, almost two hundred years ago. Early wrote that "Artemus had a large family and it was said that the children learned to retrieve crackers [that Artemus tossed on the floor of a big Dutch oven]...before they could walk. Baking was done three times a week, and Artemus rode about the countryside on his horse selling them from his saddlebags." Whatever their origins, common crackers are no longer easily found, and the news that a Rockingham, Vermont citizen named Vrest Orton had bought the original Charles Cross machinery and begun to sell common crackers again in 1981 was greeted with considerable interest by those who remember the taste of dry, crisp morsels split opened and eaten with good Vermont cheddar." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 92-3) "Two years ago Cross Crackers, the thick white crackers that filled American cracker barrels for over a century, seemed headed for oblivion as surely as beer in a bucket. The Cross Baking Company, which was in business for 151 years in Vermont and later in New Hampshire, went bankrupt, and its machinery was sold at auction. The demise of the cracker, however, turned out to be greatly exaggerated, and this edible bit of Americana is once again baking on the old equipment in a new bakery addition to the Vermont Country Store, a thriving replica of the real thing, in Weston, Vt. It is a mistake to suppose that the old-time country store cracker barrel, surrounded of course by genial, chatting rural types, was filled with something like saltines. Modern crackers are thin, uniform, Johnny-come-latelies compared with Cross Crackers, which were a mouthful - an inch thick, hard, dry, bland and about as large as the rim of a coffee cup. Their keeping qualities guaranteed that those on the bottom of the barrel would be as firm as those on top. In recent years, when the cracker-barrel trade fell off, the crackers, boxed in a distinctive red and black design, were familiar on New England store shelves. These are the New England ''common crackers'' mystifyingly referred to in recipes. For years they were a staple of the region's diet, with many people eating them crumbled in a bowl with milk. Often called Montpelier crackers after their home town, they were first made by Charles Cross in his Vermont bakery in 1830. He was a canny Yankee entrepreneur who mixed and baked crackers three days a week, using his horse on a treadmill to rotate the special oven. On alternate days the horse pulled the delivery wagon. At that time nearly all country or village stores bought crackers by the barrel, and before long business boomed. Mr. Cross is credited with later installing the world's first cracker machines, and when he died at 93 in 1905 he was the oldest baker in New England... The common cracker is solid and filling, meant for eating one at a time. On its own it tends to be dry and tasteless, qualities that recommend it highly for additions. The easily split cracker takes well to cheese or butter on top, which can be toasted as well. Although recipes, including cracker pudding, have been included in New England cookbooks over the years, the favorite was for puffed crackers. ---"Old-time Crackers Bounce Back," Marily Stout, The New York Times, November 4,1981, (Section C; p.13) [NOTE: these sources contain a recipe for "Puffed Montpelier Crackers," reprinted from Louise Amdrews Kent's Mrs. Appleyard's Kitchen (1942).] "Julia Child's focus on the common cracker underlines the importance of serving something crunch to complement and balance the soft texture of chowder. Common crackers, Crown Pilot crackers, or other had crackers should always be offered with chowder, because the toasts are so very dry and crisp that they can be presented in place of crackers...If there has been a constant in the history of chowder, at least for the last two hundred years, it is the common cracker. A perfect companion for chowder, the common cracker has remained unchanged...These round puffed, hollow, very hard crackers have been manufactured in New England for so long that almost no home cook knows how to make them. Even those who do know don't bother, because they take almost two days to make and if you do everything just right, they might turn out as good as the ones you can buy at the store. In and around New England, you can find common crackers in many specialty and seafood markets and sometimes in ordinary supermarkets...At its inception, the common cracker was known as the Boston cracker throughout New England, lending plausibility to the belief that Boston was its place of origin. Ironically, it was Bostonians who coined the name "common crackers," and the name stuck--no one calls them Boston crackers anymore, and no one in Boston manufactures them. The common cracker descended from hardtack, also called ship's biscuit--a very dense, unleavened brick of baked flour. Necessity wrote this recipe, since flour would not keep in the damp and vermin-infested conditions aboard ship. Hardtack was also a staple all along the coast of New England and in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, where villagers faced similar problems with fresh flour...Chowder was a way to make hardtack edible. When the potato became a popular ingredient in the early 1800s, it put hardtack out of the chowder business. Potatoes became the primary thickener in chowders, producing a version that was more brothy and lighter. But the dry cracker didn't go away completely...The new and improved leavened version, the common cracker, was and still is very dry, with a hard exterior and great storage capabilities. But when you split, butter, and toast them, they strike a perfect balance between being crisp enough to crunch, even after sitting in a hot broth for a few minutes, and having a flaky tendernesss..." ---50 Chowders, Jasper White [Scribner:New York] 2000 (p. 203-207) [NOTES: (1) Julia Child's notes & recipe here . (2) Vermont Common Crackers can be purchased online.] Historic evidence The New England Economical Housekeeper and Family Receipt Book, Mrs. E.A. Howland [E.P. Walton and Sons:Montpelier VT] 1845 does not contain a recipe for any kind of crackers. It does, however, contain a few recipes which include crackers as an ingredient. These items are more like bread pudding: 113. Cracker Plum Pudding 135. Bird's Nest Pudding The Improved Housewife, Mrs. A.L. Webster [Stereotyped by Richard H. Hobbs, 5th edition, revised, Hartford CT:1844] includes recipes for hard biscuits and crackers: "317. Crackers Rub six ounces of butter into two pounds of flour; dissolve two teaspoonfuls of salaeratus in a wineglass of milk, and strain it on the flour; add a teaspoonful of salt, and milk sufficient to roll it out. Beat it with a rolling pin for half an hour, pounding it out thin; cut it into cakes with a tumbler; bake them about fifteen minutes, and then take them out of the oven. When the rest of your things are baked enough, take them out, set in the crackers again, and let them remain till baked hard and crispy." ---(p. 131) "367. Hard Biscuit Taker four pounds of flour; rub three pounds and a half of it with a quarter of butter; four well-beaten eggs, and two teaspoonfuls of salt; moisten it with milk, pound it out thin with a rolling pin, and sprinkle a little of the reserved flour lightly over it. Roll it up and pound it out again, and sprinkle on more flour. Continue to repeat this operation till you work in all the reserved flour; then roll it out thin, till you work in all the reserved flour; then roll it out thin, cut into cakes with a tumbler, lay them on flat, buttered tins, and cover them with a damp cloth to prevent their drying. Bake them in a quick oven." ---(p. 130) "Salaeratus Biscuit. Put two teaspoonfuls of salearatus to a pint of sour milk. If you have no sour milk, put a spoonful of vinegar to a pint of sweet milk, and set it in a warm place. As soon as the milk curdles, mix it with the salaeratus, put in two spoonfuls of melted butter, and flour to make stiff enough to roll out. Mould into small biscuit, and bake immediately." ---(p. 130) Today most folks have heard of Vermont Common Crackers , but not Boston Common Crackers (aka Boston Crackers). It helps to know that in the early 20th century the Boston appellation was also unknown to the general reader: "It is doubtful of a large number of people know what the Boston cracker in these days of trade marked brands. It is not found in this part of the country often. It is a round cracker which will split in hales and is agreeable toasted and for some other purposes to which the square crackers do not lend themselves so readily." ---"Economical Housekeeping," Jane Eddington, Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1911 (p. 4) [NOTE: This article offers a recipe for Mock Mince Pie with Boston crackers, "rolled fine." (crushed?)] More recently: "Unsalted crackers, called in New England common or Boston crackers, are still added to chowders by some cooks but most often they are served either split or crumbled in the finished dish." ---"New England's Hearty Chowder," Kay Shaw Nelson, Washington Post, January 17, 1974 (p. D1) Soda and [other types of] crackers have holes in them to help keep the product even in texture, flat in shape and crisp to taste. The process by which the hole are made is called "docking." Holes are spaced evenly to facilitate the evenness of the cracker. Prior to industrialization, crackers were pierced by hand using knives, nails and hand-held tools made of cast iron specially designed for the purpose. Elizabeth David describes a old-fashioned docker as "a dangerous-looking utensil consisting of sharp heavy spikes driven into a bun-shaped piece of wood." English Bread and Yeast Cookery, Elizabeth David [Viking:New York] 1980 (p. 200). Why is this process called docking? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Volume IV (p. 912) the origin of this word as it relates to biscuit-making is unknown. The first use of this term in print is dated 1840. In 1875 "The biscuit was then docked, that is, pierced with holes by an instrument adapted to the purpose...A stamping or docking frame..." Is the a symbolic significance to the number of holes in a cracker? According to the experts at Bent's Cookie Factory, the answer is no. The purpose of the holes is keep the product crisp and even. The number and placement of the holes is determined by the size and shape of the cracker. There is no evidence to support the theory that 13 holes in colonial crackers/ hardtack stood for the thirteen colonies. In fact? There is no evidence that there were 13 holes in these crackers at all! American Biscuits In many English speaking countries, the word "biscuit" refers to a hard cookie or cracker . In the United States biscuits are generally small soft, yeast-based products served with breakfast or dinner. They perform a variety of functions including filling (hungry bellies), topping (eg. pies) and sopping (eg. biscuits & gravy ). Cowboy-style biscuits were rustled up by pioneers and overland travelers in makeshift ovens. Cathead biscuits and beaten biscuits are two popular American regional favorites. Refrigerator biscuits (packed in a tube, ready to bake) debuted in 1931. "Biscuit...The word derives from the Latin words "bis" (twice) plus "coctus" (cooked). In England a biscuit is what Americans usually call a cracker or cookie. The American meaning for biscuit was first noted by John Palmer in his Journal of Travels in the United States of North America, and in Lower Canada, (1818), and by 1828 Webster defined the confection as "a composition of flour and butter, made and baked in private families." In general usage such puffy leavened little breads were called "soda biscuits" or "baking-soda biscuits," in contrast to the unleavened cracker type....Recipes for soda biscuits are found in every nineteenth-century cookbook, especially with reference to the cookery of the South...The South is also the home of the beaten biscuit, which was first mentioned in 1853...In 1930 General Mills began selling a packaged quick biscuit mix called Bisquick that was a great success and spawned many imitators." ---The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (page 29) Huge as a cat's head, served up hot with with Sawmill Gravy . An Appalchian down-home favorite! "There, in the Blackstone kitchen, Berry's grand chefs, Vernie and Floyd Nabors, turned out Sunday morning biscuits that melted in one's mouth. Particularly if you opened one up and added fresh butter along with the generous portion of the Berry-made apple butter...One of my classmates put it for me in hushed tones: "What you see there, Joe, is what we call the Cathead Bsicuit, the gift of an all-knowing and benevolent God." Mountain people, he explained, were particularly partial to the giant-size biscuits, which were destined by the Almighty to go with milk-enhanced sawmill gravy, another mountain favorite...Indeed the "cathead"--an Applachian phenomenon--was the precursor to the even larger size biscuits offered today by chains such as Hardee's and Mrs. Winner's. The big difference between regular-size buttermilk biscuits and the catheads was that with most "cats," the cook pinched off handfuls of dough rather than rolling it out and using a biscuit cutter... Bryson City Cathead Biscuits 3 tablespoon fat (lard or bacon drippings) Approx. 1 cup of milk 1 teaspoon salt 1 tablespoon sugar Sift together dry ingredients, then rub in lard with fingertips, until flaky. Pour about a cupful milk to moisten. Turn out on well floured board and pat about 1/2 inch tricknesss. Cut with biscuit cutter and place in greased dutch oven that has been slightly preheated. Biscuits should be touching but not crowded. Place preheated lid on oven and cover with hot coals. Place on bed of good red coals and let bake about twenty minutes or until brown on top and bottom." --Clair Haight, Hashknife Outfit, Winslow AZ, 1922 (reprinted in: Chuck Wagon Cookin', by Stella Hughes [University of Arizona Press:Tuscon AZ] 1974 (p. 123)) "Mrs. E.'s soda biscuits Biscuits and gravy is traditionally connected to the American South. Althought it can be served at any meal, the most popular meal appears to be breakfast. Historic cookbooks contain many recipes for biscuits but no information with regards to smothering them with gravy. Perhaps it was "understood." Most cookbooks stress serving biscuits HOT from the oven, with butter. We find notes referencing the combination of biscuits and gravy in current southern-American cookbooks. Sadly, they do not impart much in the way of history. This book sums it up best: "Eggs fried in bacon drippings, escorted by country ham, hot biscuits, grits with butter and red-eye gravy, and a cup of coffee so hot that the less acquainted might term it "scalding"--these aren't merely the makings of a Southern breakfast, they're the substance of a Southern lifeblood...Southerners can probably thank the English for their skepticism toward "fancy" food in general and for the notion that breakfast isn't really breakfast unless it contains meat and grains--in quantity. The English colonists brought with them their preference for puddings, porridge, meat pies, beef, mutton, and pork. In fact , the appearance of ham on the breakfast plates of Southeners can probably be traced to the first pigs that were carried from England to Jamestown, Virginia in 1608...Even after the Civil War, when many Southerners were attempting to modify their image and also their food, pork and pone continued to be inextricably bound together on many breakfast tables...The Southern breakfast saw its heyday during the plantation era of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries--when breakfast was the first and most substantial meal of the day. As Southern lore has it, planation owners generally would begin the day with a julep or brandy, then inspect the crops, and sit down to a large breakfast at ten AM..." ---Around the Southern Table, Sarah Belk [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1991 (p. 335-6) [NOTE: This is an excellent book full of history snippets and traditional recipes. Your librarian can help you find a copy.] "Gravy implies a certain excess. And a certain economy. Spread butter or jam on a biscuit and you better it. But ladle sawmill gravy on a biscuit, unitl the crown of that biscuit can barely be seen amid a pool of sausage-pocked gravy, and you transform a quick bread into a feed suited for plow hands...The Southern way with gravies as born of privation...And when folks are poor they make do. Which means folks make gravy." ---The Southern Foodways Alliance Community Cookbook, Sara Roahen & John T. Edge editors [University of Georgia Press: Athens GA] 2010 (p. 15) [NOTE: this book offers recipes for Breakfast shrimp gravy, Butterbean gravy, Creole red gravy, Tomato gravy, Redeye gravy, Mississippi Madras okra gravy, Oyster gravy, Roan Mountain Corn gravy, Sawmill Gravy, & Sopping chocolate (aka Chocolate gravy).] "Red-eye gravy served with ham and grits is arguably the most "Southern" of any Southern breakfast combination. The origin of the name of this gravy, however, is somewhat mythical. According to one theory, Andrew Jackson once asked a cook for gravy as red as the cook's eyes. Another source purports that the appearance of a "red eye" in the middle of a pan of a correctly made ham gravy reduction is what gives this sauce its name. The propular way to make it is perhaps equally contentious...Served on hot toasted cornbread, this makes a delightful breakfast." ---ibid (p. 347) Sawmill gravy is Applachia's version of milk gravy . Why the name? "Although some theorize on how the black pepper and sausage crumbles resemble sawdust, it's more likely that gravies like this got their names in the lumber camps. It's a dishj devined by and perfected for working-class Southerners, the sort of folks who earn their wages muscling logs into planers at sawmills." ---The Southern Foodways Allicance Community Cookbook, Sara Roahen and John T. Edge editors [University of Georgia Press: Athens] 2010 (p. 24) "It is rare to find in any cookbook a recipe for this quite common and popular companion to hot biscuits. Th reasons probably have more to do with the social and economic class than anything else; sawmill gravy is commonly thought of as a subsistence food of the poor, and cookbooks seldom focus on such fare...The barest scraps of meat and a little milk are enough to make a delicious gravy, and in lean times, many a family has gotten by on a combination of meat grease, flour, and water. Even the name suggests poverty. By some accounts, it derives from the fact that sawmill crews often subsisted on little more than coffee, biscuits, and gravy. In some parts of Kentucky, this dish was called poor-do--a little something on which the poor made do. Native Kentuckian Jane Brock Woodall recalls that her grandmother in Casey County made the gravy from sausage or chicken dregs, and when there was not enough food to go around, the men ate first and got whatever meat there was and the women and children got by on poor-do. Elsewhere, people would have shunned anything called poor-do or even sawmill gravy ate essentially the same thing and called it white gravy or cream gravy. By whatever name, it was and is a flavorful and familiar dish on many Southern tables." ---Southern Food: at home,on the road, in history , John Egerton [University of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill] 1993 (p. 194-195) "Sawmill gravy (or Logging gravy). In the years following the turn of the century, logging camps sprang up all over the Smoky Mountains where timber companies had bought up tracts of virgin timber. Lumberjacks and sawmillers by the hundreds came in to snake out the logs to nearby streams, sawmills, and newly built railheads. Entire families moved in with the men to the camps. To feed the multitude was a big challenge. Breakfasts usually consisted of coffee and meat plus flour-based gravies and large "cathead" biscuits. On e day, the story goes, the Tremont camp ran out of flour and had to substitute cornmeal in the gravy. Inquisitive loggers arriving before breakfast asked what kind of gravy was on the menu that day. "This gravy's made out of sawdust!" the cooks replied. The name stuck. The cheap, easy-to-fix cornmeal gravy caught on. While "sawmill gravy" was the popular nickname, some called itn "Logging Gravy." Others named it Poor Do or Life Everlasting, a reference to what many felt was its role in keeping them alive. This recipe adapation comes from Janice Miracle of Middlesboro, Kentucky... "Life Everlasting" Sawmill Gravy 3 heaping tablespoons white cornmeal 1 tablespoon bacon drippings 2 1/4 cups milk A dash of pepper In a frying pan, combine cornmeal, bacon drippings, and salt. Stir until brown. Add milk and let boil until gravy thickens. Stir forcefully to keep gravy from pumping. Add pepper to taste." ---Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread and Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking, Joseph E. Dabney [Cumberland House:Nashville TN] 1998 (p. 207-8) [1839] "White or Drawn Gravy. This kind of gravy, to avoid expense and trouble, should be made of the liquor in which fresh meat, poultry or game has been boiled. Put it away in a covered vessel, and in cold weather it will keep good for several days: then, by adding the different catchups, &c., with a little butter, flour and cream to thicken it, you can have nice gravy in a few minutes' warning; and besides that, it is saving what otherwise might be thrown away." ---The Kentucky Housewife, Mrs. Lettice Bryan (facimile 1839 reprint) [Image Graphics:Paducah KY] (p. 164) These unusual biscuits are generally connected with the mid-Atlantic and southern Appalachian regions. Marlyand Beaten Biscuit recipes are good examples. Food historians trace the practice of "beating" bread to England, possibly as far back as the 16th century. "Recipe for soda biscuits are found in every nineteeth-century cookbook, especially with reference to the cookery of the South, where biscuits with ham remain a specialty. The South is also home of the "beaten biscuit," which was first mentioned in 1853. This curious confection, known in Maryland as a "Maryland biscuit," is rarely made today, but was once common in the South,where the sound of a mallet beating the biscuit dough was a nostalgic morning sound." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 29) Mr. Mariani lists the sources he uses in The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink at the end of his book. The 1853 reference for [Maryland Beaten Biscuits is this: "1853 (1982) Lea, Domestic Cookery 69: MD, Maryland Biscuit. Rub half a pound of lard into three pounds of flour; put in a spoonful of salt, a tea-cup of cream, and water sufficient to make it into a stiff dough; divide it into two parts, and work each well till it will break off short, and is smooth; (some pound it with an iron hammer, or axe;) cut it up into small pieces, and work them into little round cakes." ---Dictionary of American Regional English, Frederic G. Cassidy chief editor, Volume III I-O [Cambridge MA:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press] 1996 (p. 528) "Beaten biscuits are, like grits, very much of a mystery to the uninitiated. They may be the forerunner of the modern raised biscuit, but these chewy, unleavened morsels resmeble more the hard tack produced by early European bakers for armies and navies than anything else served up in the modern South. Pilot bread and sea biscuit are terms for similar breads that reflect their practical use. Country ham was for some time wedded the beaten biscuit in Southern cuisine. At the most traditional fancy parties and weddings, biscuits no bigger than a quarter are invariably served up with baked, cured ham sliced as thin as imaginable sandwiched inside and spiked with mustard. Otherwise, beaten biscuits are rarely seen anymore. They sound harder to make than they are...those who enjoy a physical relationship with their doughs should be in heaven here. There is no getting around the activity. Fifteen minutes of heavy, consistent abuse is the minimum. You can use a rolling pin, a hammer, the side of an axe; whatever, it must be heavy...In the old days, the dough was beaten on a tree stump in the yard. When properly beaten, the dough will blister at each blow. it will develop a strange plastic quality and be smoother than any other bread dough you have ever seen...The biscuits, when done, will be dry throughout, yet soft in the middle." ---Biscuits, Spoonbread, and Sweet Potato Pie, Bill Neal [Alfred A. Knopf:New York] 1996 (p. 39) Culinary evidence confirms beaten biscuits (aka Maryland Beaten Biscuits, Maryland Biscuits, Apoquiniminc Cakes, Hard Biscuits) predate 1853. Early recipes required butter and likely produced specimens similar to plain biscuits (sugarless sugar cookies). Mid-19th century recipes employed lard, an economical alternative. This would have produced a cruder product, a little lighter than hard tack. What an interesting declination of food preparation! Compare these recipes: 6. It was elevated to national iconic status when Jerry Seinfeld waxed philosophically �Look to the cookie.� Origin theories �No one seems to know who invented the Black and White, or where it was first created. George Greenstein, a second-generation Jewish baker who has devoted his retirement to translating the old New York neighborhood bakery recipes into contemporary home recipes�feels they must have been invented at the beginning of the twentieth century by a baker looking for yet another way to use his standard yellow cake. They were clever. They got copied all over town.� ---Arthur Schwartz�s New York City Food, Arthur Schwartz [Steward, Tabori & Chang:New York] 2004 (p. 294) �The black-and-white had been around forever. Herb Glaser, the baker at Glaser Bake Shop on First Avenue near 87th Street, said that as far as he knew, Glaser's has been making them ever since it opened 96 years ago." ---�'Look to the Cookie': An Ode in Black and White,� William Grimes, New York Times, May 13, 1998 (p. F1) ��Glaser�s Bake Shop. Herb Glaser isn�t precisely sure why his baker on 87th and 1st on the Upper East Side is credited as the creator of the black-and-white. He just knows his family has been baking them at the same location since around the time it opened, 1902�Well, he sort of knows. �I wasn�t around then,� he says, but that�s the legend and, so far, no one has debunked it.��Glaser�s has always made two sized of black-and-whites, small ones and not-so-small ones. In the �60s, Herb Glaser used to eat at least two of the smaller cookies a day when he�d walk home from school for lunch.� ---�A Tale of Two Cookies,� Jule Banville, Washington City Paper, June 13, 2008 (p. 40-41) Symbolism & lore �The black-and-white cookie, that trumpy and oversize mainstay of New York City Bakeries and delis, has not endured by dint of its taste. Unlike other edible icons, like New York cheesecake or bagels, there is no such thing as a delicious black-and-white cookie. They are either edible or inedible. Fresh-baked and home-baked are the best. The form persists as an object lesson. There is, of course, divergent opinion as to the message embodied in the cookie. One school holds that the cookie endures as an icon of balance. And on its shiny black-and-white-frosted surface, the cookie displays at least the peaceful coexistence of opposites good and bad, yin and yang, life and death, ebony and ivory��Look to the cookie!� Jerry Seinfeld regaled the crowd waiting in a New York City bakery� He waived the round harlequin above his head like a placard for radical harmony�Balance is not the black-and-white cookie�s only claim on the populace. Some swear it is a metaphor for clarity. In the gray of urban chaos, there is innocence and simplicity, in a black-and-white cookie.� ---�Smart Cookies: Why black-and-whites have assumed deep cultural significance,� Molly O�Neill, New York Times, January 28, 2001 (p. SM29) Consuming psychology " I think of as New York's answer to the Oreo, because there was a ritual to it," said Rochelle Udell, the editor in chief of Self magazine, whose family owned Ratchik's bakery in Brooklyn. "The black-and white always asked the question, which side you start with first? It was graphically appealing, and it allowed you enormous freedom to personalize how you ate it... ---�'Look to the Cookie': An Ode in Black and White,� William Grimes, New York Times, May 13, 1998 (p. F1) �New Yorkers�can measure a man by the tracks of his teeth imprinted in a black-and-white cookie. And burrowed right down the middle, revealing himself as ambivalent, incapable of choice and afraid of commitment. Center-line attack can also appear judicious. It allows you to savor equal parts of black and white. But the effect of the middle-of-the-road approach is devastating: that which connects becomes instantly devoured, leaving disjointed opposites�In the �What�s My Craving?� section of Chowhound.com� black-and-white devotees trade strategies for damage control��You start with one flavor and then go to the next�an approved alternative method�Break the B&W in half, then in quarters. Then eat alternative quarters.�� ---�Smart Cookies: Why black-and- whites have assumed deep cultural significance,� Molly O�Neill, New York Times, January 28, 2001 (p. SM29) [NOTE: Ms. O�Neill states B&W are also called �Half Moons� in Boston and ��Harlequins� in the Midwest.] Seinfield speaks [Episode 77,�The Dinner Party,� aired February 4, 1994]. [The Royal Bakery] ELAINE: Ummm, I love the smell of bakeries. JERRY: Mmm. Oh look Elaine, the black and white cookie. ELAINE: Mmm. JERRY: I love the black and white. Two races of flavor living side by side in harmony. It's a wonderful thing isn't it?... JERRY: � and a black and white cookie, for me. Peace!... (Jerry and Elaine are waiting in line, Jerry takes a bite of his cookie and then speaks) JERRY: Uhm, see the key to eating a Black and White cookie, Elaine, is you want to get some black and some white in each bite. Nothing mixes better than, vanilla and chocolate. And yet still somehow racial harmony eludes us. If people would only Look to the Cookie -- all our problems would be solved. ELAINE: Well your views on race relations are just, fascinating. You really should do an Op-Ed piece for the Times. (Op-Ed stands for Opinions and Editorials) JERRY: Hmm. Look to the cookie Elaine... Look to the cookie. (Jerry sees a black man on the other side of the bakery eating the same cookie -- Jerry raises his cookie up and so does the man -- in a moment of racial harmony & unity to which he just spoke of.)� JERRY: I don�t know, I don't feel so good. ELAINE: What's wrong? JERRY: My stomach, I , think it was that cookie. ELAINE: The black and white? JERRY: Yeah. ELAINE: Not getting� along? JERRY: I think I got David Duke and Farrakhan down there. ELAINE: (mocking - in a dopey voice) �Well if we can't look to the cookie where can we look?� SOURCE: Seinology . The conundrum This native New Yorker finds the ubiquitous iconography unsubstantiated by historic print evidence puzzling. New Yorkers generally pride themselves on proclaiming �firsts� and claiming inventions. This does not jive with the laissez-faire �we don�t know� attitude relayed by contemporary reporters. Crosby Gaige�s New York World�s Fair Cook Book [1939] offers recipes & menus for every state. There are no Black and White cookies in this book. Nor are they addressed in New York City/Jewish/Ethnic cookbooks (Joan Nathan, Lynn Stallworth, Jane Ziegelman, Hasia Diner). Lawton Mackall�s Knife and Fork in New York [1946] profiles several Jewish delicatessens. He mentions Lindy�s cheese cake & Reuben�s sandwiches but no black & whites. We find no recipes in our cookie books (professional/home cooks). No ads or descriptions in the New York Times before the Seinfeld�s episode aired. Like Jerry Seinfield, sitcom premise: It�s a story about nothing. Which makes the Black-and-White cookie even more compelling. Refrigerator biscuits Our sources credit Lively Willoughby of Louisville, Kentucky for inventing refrigerator dough packed in cardboard tubes in 1930. A patent was issued in 1931. This product was acquired by Ballard & Ballard (also of Louisville) which was acquired by Pillsbury Mills (Minneapolis MN) in 1951. See the original patent record dates below. View actual patent via Google patents (type in patent number or keyword: willoughby dough) Patent number: 1811772 Filing date: Mar 10, 1931 Issue date: Jun 1931 Assignee: BALLARD and BALLARD COMPANY Details courtesy of the original company's employee magazine: "...speaking of revolutionary changes! Lately the routine of the housewife...has been completely altered by the placing upon the market of a product of Ballard & Ballard of Louisville, Ky., known as Oven Ready Buttermilk Biscuit. This biscuit is all ready to bake. The busy housewife simply removes the biscuits from a specially prepared container and plots them into an oven which would have a temperature of 500 degrees. In eight or ten minutes the biscuits can be removed, baked to a golden brown and ready for devouring. The dough can be kept on hand for about two weeks, the only requirement being that the biscuits be kept in the refrigerator...A few years ago there lived in Bowling Green, Ky.--a junction point for three of the Old Reliable's divisions, the Louisville, the Nashville and the Memphis Line--a gentleman and incidentally the hero of our story...by the name of L. B. Willoughby. Mr. Willoughby was a master baker there and his chief distinction from other men was the fact that his profession was also his holiday. Generally, Mr. Willoughby was known as 'the experimenter.' At this time he had given to the public, as has been hinted, many choice yum-yums, a seed roll in particular...Being mechanically-minded--an expert with the drawing as well as the bread board--he had invented a flour-sifter for use in bakeries, besides many other gadgets best known to the trade. Mr. Willoughby, like all other bakers, was well aware of the fact that in winter his business went into a considerable tail spin. This, of course, was due to the circumstance that in perspirationless season people were more apt to lover lovingly over their own ovens. He had long had a yen to woo some of this business back into the fold and, for obvious reasons, an oven ready biscuit seemed to him to be just the thing to do this trick. Bakery baked biscuits had never been a howling success because of the fact that a biscuit to deserve three rousing cheers must be served piping hot. But if biscuit dough could be fixed so that it could be kept several days and still used--ak! that was another matter. Mr. Willoughby went to work on the problem. For quite quite a period of time he confined his experimenting in this field. One day his patience was rewarded. A batch of dough that he had specially prepared a week or so before and had since kept refrigerated when cut up into biscuits and placed inb an oven turned into somethign a few minutes later that went very well with butter and honey...He called his discovery the Olde Kentucky Buttermilk Biscuit and placed it on the market. Ten of the biscuits were placed in each container, each biscuit being separated from its neighbors by a piece of foil and oiled paper. On the label adorning the container purchasers were given simple instructions on how to bake... Ballard's took over Mr. Willoughby's brain-child on January 22 of this year...The flour people prepared to capture the country in the name of the Oven Ready Biscuit, city by city. Indianapolis was the first to fall through vigorous advertising via newspapers, billboards and store window displays." ---"L. & N. Takes a New Biscuit to Market," by K.A.H., The L. & N. Employes' Magazine, November 1931 (p. 22-23) This early company ad does an excellent job describing this revolutionary grocery item: "Once in a lifetime, once in a generation, such things happen! Today a revolutionary discovery brings you a thrilling new convenience. Delicious Southern Buttermilk Biscuits. Freshly made, cut out and packaged all ready to bake in your own oven. Today the most thrilling discovery since you have been keeping home is waiting for you at your grocer's. It is a package of ready-to-bake Southern biscuits, the old-fashioned kind, made with pure country buttermilk. We call them OvenReady Biscuits because all the work has been done for you. You only have to bake them. Now you can serve delicious home-baked Southern biscuits, without any of the bother of buying and assembling and mixing ingredients; of getting out and washing and putting away utensils. The sifting, measuring and mixing, the kneading, rolling and cutting have already been done for you. The ingredients we use are the same that are used in the most exacting kitchens, and are as carefully selected. Every proportion and process is accurate to the finest degree. As soon as the dough is cut out, each biscuit is wrapped in foil and they are sealed in an airtight package that guarantees the to be as fresh and wholesome when you open the package as at the moment they are made. Frequent delivery of OvenReady Biscuits to your grocer insures a continuous fresh supply. Take the compact convenient package from your grocer's icebox to your own. When you are ready to serve them, simply open the package with an ordinary kitchen knife, place the biscuits in a pan, run them into the oven, and let them bake themselves while the bacon broils or the table is being set. Think of the time that you or your cook will save in a single day, a week, a month--time that is needed for the countless other details of planning and preparing meals and keeping house. Now, in less time than you need for making toast, you can serve hot biscuits for breakfast, whether you have a cook or not. In ten minutes' time, and with no trouble at all, OvenReady Biscuits can turn your cold luncheon or buffet supper into an important and delicious meal. It's a simple matter, too, to make them into doughnuts, drop dumplings and individual shortcakes, However late you may be kept at an afternoon party or at your office, there's no need for supper to be a hurried, unsatisfactory meal if you have a package of OvenReady Biscuits in your icebox. And every time you serve OvenReady Biscuits you are sure of biscuits equal to your own highest standards. Don't wait to discover this wonderful convenience and goodness. Put OvenReady Biscuits at the top of your marketing and menu lists today. They're at your grocer's. Made by Ballard and Ballard Company, Incorporated, OvenReady Division, Louisville, Kentucky. 10 for 10 cents." ---Dislay ad, Atlanta Constitution, June 25, 1931 (p. 17) How were refrigerator biscuits invented? Food historians trace the path from accidental mess to the Pillsbury Doughboy: "The story of Pillsbury's refrigerator dough begins in 1930 with a baker in Louisville, Kentucky. Lively Willoughboy, as he was called, sliced and stacked unbaked biscuits, wrapped them in foil, and packed them in cardboard tubes before storing them in an icebox. When the compressed dough was removed from the icebox, it exploded, converting the Willoughby kitchen into a shooting gallery. Lively's son had to stand on a ladder to scrape the dough off the ceiling with a putty knife. Consistent efforts by Lively to eliminate the explosive character of his refrigerated dough eventually paid off and he sold his process to the Ballard and Ballard Flour Company. Pillsbury obtained this process in 1952 when it acquired Ballard. Pillsbury launched its crescent rolls in 1965, first approaching Leo Burnett, its ad agency, which came up with the idea of the animated Pillsbury Doughboy. Poppin' Fresh, a revolutionary figure in advertising, laucnhed the crescent rolls in 1965 and went on to symbolize Pillbury's products in a vast number of commercials." ---Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumable Products, Janice Jorgensen editor [St. James Press:Dover] 1994 (p. 454) "In 1951 Pillsbury bought Ballard & Ballard, which owned a process for storing refrigerated dough in cardboard tubes. The process was invented by a Louisville, Kentucky, baker in 1930 and refined over the years. The acquisition of Ballard & Ballard marked Pillsbury's entry into the refrigerated dough market, which became a company mainstay. The launch in 1965 of refrigerated crescent rolls coincided with the debut of the Pillsbury Doughboy, as well as the signature tag line, "Nothing says lovin' like something from the oven,"..." ---Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising, John McDonough ed. [Fitzroy Dearborn:New York] Volume 3, 2003 (p. 1235) "Federal Judge Roy Shelbourne ruled today that any manufacturer is free to use the Ballard and Ballard Company patent for oven-ready biscuits. Shelbourne also held that the Borden Company, a rival in the sale of canned biscuits ready to pop into the oven for baking, was innocent of copying the label and package design of the Ballard product. Ballard and Ballard, now owned by Pillsbury Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, had sued the Borden Company and its west-coast distributer, Ready-to-Bake Foods, Inc. alledging infringement of patent and unfair-trade practices in copying its package. Kraft Foods, Inc., Chicago, had intervened on the Ballard side as its west-coast distributor. On the patent angle, Judge Shelbourne held the original patent, issued in 1931, had expired after seventeen years and a new patent obtained in 1948 did not contain enough additional new ingredients or methods to make it valid..." ---"Patent Infringement Suit Lost," New York Times, August 16, 1952 (p. 23) Pasta Frolla I (page 399) made through chilling 1 or 2 eggs, beaten 4 cups (600 grams) raisin Divide the dough into 2 pieces, one twice as large as the other (two-thirds and one-third). Roll out the large piece into a 17 X 11-inch rectangle on a lightly floured work surface. Toll up the dough onto the rolling pin and then unroll it on a 17 X 11-inch baking sheet lined with parchment or waxed paper. Brush the surface with beaten egg and scatter the raisins evenly on top. Press the raisins firmly into the dough with the rolling pin and brush again with beaten egg. Roll the remaining dough into the same size rectangle. Roll it up onto the rolling pin and then unroll it over the raisins. Don't worry if it rips and tears a bit, for it's easily patched. Trim the dough and brush the surface with beaten egg. Caramel Glaze 1/2 teaspn. salt cold water for stiff dough Mix well together, run through food cutter (with finest knife) 5 or 6 times, roll about 1/8 inch thick, prick with fork, cut into any desired shape, set in cold place for 2 hrs. or longer, bake in moderate oven. Omit sugar for unsweetened crackers. Dough may be kneaded, picking it apart into small pieces, if food cutter is not at hand. Or, crackers are very good made up without any kneading, when rested in cold place." ---Laurel Health Cookery, Evora Bucknum Perkins [Laurel Publishing Company:Melrose MA] 1911 (p. 462) Who was Dr. Sylvester Graham? A New England health advocate with a passion for temperance and fiber. "Sylvester Graham. His name lives on in a nursery cookie, but Sylvester Graham, one of America's earliest and most vocal advocates of dietary reform, left a far larger legacy: the concept that a vegetarian diet of natural and largely raw foods--whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and nuts--can restore and maintain health. Graham campaigned for pure, unadulterated food at a time when baker's bread might contain copper sulfate, plaster, or alum. And in an era predating scientific knowledge of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, he insisted that processing, milling, sifting, and overcooking stripped food of its most important components. Although mocked in his day, Graham's theories foreshadowed much modern nutritional knowledge." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, volume 1 (p. 573) "Graham's recommendations came at a time when America's diet consisted largely of corn, pork, molasses, puddings, and pies, with potatoes cooked in lard...Early in his speaking career Graham seized upon the sorry state of commercial bread that had begun to enter the New England marketplace after the 1830's. In his Treatise on Bread and Bread-Making (1837), Graham advocated homemade brown bread made of unbolted flour and bran instead of light, thin-crusted loaves then being sold which he condemned for being adulterated with unwholesome fillers and additives." ---Culinary Biographies, Alice Arndt editor [Yes Press:Houston TX] 2006 (p. 186) The Nabisco factor Although Nabisco (formerly the National Biscuit company) was not the first and/or only company to manufacture graham crackers, it is often credited with introducing them to the American public for mass-production. The National Biscuit Company was formed at the very end of the 19th century. This passage is from a corporate biography: "Another NBC [National Biscuit Company, later Nabisco] product, the graham cracker, was also popular throughout the country. It had been a favorite since it was created and introduced in the early part of the nineteenth century by Dr. Sylvester Graham, an eccentric but sagacious expert on health foods...The graham cracker had been sold by bakeries for decades. The New York Biscuit Company and its rivals to the west all sold it. However, it remained for the National Biscuit Company to stabilize its production, package it, and give it national promotion." ---Out of the Cracker Barrel: Nabisco History From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's>, William Cahn, [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969 (p. 105) The earliest print reference we find for chocolate-covered graham crackers is from 1929. They were made by the National Biscuit Company [aka Nabisco!] [1929] "Sale of National Biscuit Co. Cookies and Crackers, Chocolate Covered Graham Crackers, per leb, 30 cents. Graham Crackers, 2 lbs, 31 cents." ---display ad, Laurens Sun [IA], October 17, 1929 (p. 4) [1933] "Chocolate Covered Graham Crackers, 2 lbs for 37 cents," ---Chicago Daily Tribune, December 17, 1933 (p. 14)...no brand mentioned [1942] "We were unrolling our bedrolls. We hadn't used them for three nights. We'd been moving too fast for that kind of luxury. I was shaking the sand out of a sour-smelling blanket when Benson let out a yip, and a tin clattered to the floor. It was a long tin, about a foot long, and four inches square. It bore the label of Fortnum and Mason's, Piccadilly, London, and contained--chocolate-covered graham crackers! Benson held it before him, an end in each hand, as you would a football, and let out a yell that competed with the whistle. He tore at the top and couldn't open it, It was stuck all round with gummed paper...He'd got the top of as was rustling the waxed brown paper aside with clumsy fingers when we became conscious of faces peering at us from the other side of the glass doors and panels of the compartment. There were three or four men there, one of them with a bandaged head. Two were Italians and at least one other was a German. before I could stop him, Benson stood up, pulled aside the sliding door and began passing out the crackers, one to each. He went through the car and presently returned with one cracker. He divided it up neatly in two portions and we sat on the edges of our long seats, taking small bites, fighting, each of us, an impulse to gulp, chew and swallow. We sat there for a long time, not talking..." ---"Hospital Train," Frank Gervasi, Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1942 (p. H14) [1949] "New delicacies have been uncovered by the freezer, such as frozen chocolate covered graham crackers. They are delicious in the frozen state." ---"Industry's Aim: Freezing Unit in Every Home," Ann Douglas, Chicago Daily Tribune, September 11, 1949 (p. H4) This was the Navy's answer to hardtack . "...the Royal Navy preferred biscuit to bread. Biscuit would keep for many montys, it came in handy pieces, and because it did not require any form of leaven it dod not need any great skill to make and it could be made in large quantities more quickly than the equivalent weight of soft bread. The method was equally simple: water was added to flour, it was mixed, kneaded until smooth, rolled, cut, stamped with the broad arrow (affectionately known as the 'crow's food') which marked it as Crown property, baked, cooled, and packed. The process required no great degree of knowledge or careful temperature control both of which were essential for the methods of bread-baking used at the time...Some of the biscuit was bought from outside contractors, some was madee by the Victualling Board at its depts in Deptford, Portsmouth and Plymouth, and later in some of its victualling yards abroad. They were made of whole-meal, some of the surviving specimens containing quite large pieces of recognisable wheat grains. The contracts for outside bakers stated that the biscuits should 'weigh not less than five to the pound' (ie at least 3.2 ounces or 91 grams each) and that they should be packed in bags of hundredweight. The shape was not specified and they could be square, round or octagonal, usually pricked with holes and with the broad arrow and a letter designating the bakery stamped in the middle. This compressed dough, making the middle even harder than the rest; eaters tended to leave this hard piece until last, designating them 'pursers' nuts'. It was almost impossible to bite into these biscuits without first soaking them. The normal technique was to break bits off on the edge of a table, or to use a hard object to crush them, having first wrapped them in a piece of cloth to avoid explosive dispersal. These pieces could be sucked and chewed, or added to soup or gravy. Despite their hardness, these biscuits were tasty enough. It was when they became damp that the taste deteriorated and the livestock moved in. The secret of keeping the biscuit dry was to pack it in airtight boxes; the Dutch knew this as early as the seventeenth century. American sailors knew it too, but somehow the message did not get through to the British Admirality until well into the nineteenth century. Captian Basil Hall, writing of his experiences during the War of 1812, remarked on this: American biscuit, he said, was tasty and good quality and he attributed this to their practice of keeping it sealed up until needed, whereas the British practice was to ventilate the bread room in fine weather with the aid of wind-sails which funnelled air down from above. Unfortunately in warm weather this air was warm and moist while the cellar-like bread room was cold; the biscuit absorbed this damp air and the process of deterioration started. When the bread ran short, or had deteriorated beyond the eatable stage, the standard substitute was rice, issued on an equal-weight basis: one pound of uncooked rice was considered by the Victually Board to be equal to one pound of biscuit." ---Feeding Nelson's Navy: The True Story of Food at Sea in the Georgian Era, Janet MacDonald [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] 2004 (p. 16-18) How to make ship's biscuit? "The original method. The biscuit-making process at Deptford victualling yard was on a grand scale, producing almost 25,000 pounds of biscuit a day from twelve ovens, each baking twenty batches a day, and being fed wtih raw biscuits by a team of seven men. To knead the dough they used a device called a horse; this consisted of a circular platform on which a big lump of flour and water dough was placed, and a wide lever mounted on a central pole which a man 'rode' like a hobby horse, jumping it up and down to knead the dough, working his way round the circle as many times as it took to bring the dough to the desired state. It was then passed, in sequence, to a series of men who cut the dough, moulded it into shape, stamped it, split it into two biscuits, arranged it on a peel and 'shot' it into the oven to bake." ---Feeding Nelson's Navy: The True Story of Food at Sea in the Georgian Era, Janet MacDonald [Stackpole Books:Mechanicsburg PA] 2004 (p. 184) [NOTE: This book also offers a modernized version for home cooks.] 2 1/2 cups seeded raisins 1 1/4 cups broken nuts Mix shortening, sugar, and eggs thoroughly. Stir in coffee. Measure flour by dipping method...or by sifting. Stir dry ingredients together; blend into shortening mixture. Mix in raisins and nuts. Chill dough at least 1 hr. Heat oven to 400 degrees F. (mod. hot). Drop rounded teaspoonfuls of dough about 2" apart on lightly greased baking sheet. Bake 8 to 10 min., or until almost no imprint remains when touched in the center. Makes 7 to 8 doz. 2 1/2" cookies." ---Betty Crocker's Cooky Book [General Mills:Minneapolis MN] 1963 (p. 138) Related cookies? Billy goats (aka Billy Goat Date Cake) Joe Froggers Molasses cookies are well documented in colonial New England. There were dozens of variations, with different names. Some were hard, others were soft. Many employed traditional English spices of nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, and cloves. Raisins and nuts were often added for flavor and texture. Molasses replaced refined cane sugar for economic reasons. According to culinary legend, Joe Froggers belong to this venerable confectionery genre. Joe�s secret ingredient was rum. Who was Joe Frogger? No one knows, for sure. This is a prime example of what food historians call "culinary legend," or "fakelore." If a story sounds plausible, and is circulated widely enough, it becomes "truth." �Joe Frogger. A thick New England cookie spiced with ginger, nutmeg, cloves, and other spices. The origins of the name are unknown, though the most often cited story concerns an old man named �Uncle Joe� who lived near a frog pond in Marblehead, Massachusetts. He loved rum and always put it into his cookies, which resembled the frogs in the pond. The cookies are a traditional Sunday-night snack in New England.� ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 172) �A long time ago there was an old Negro who lived in Marblehead. His name was Uncle Joe and he lived on the edge of a frog pond, and the pond was called Uncle Joe�s Frog Pond. Uncle Joe made the best molasses cookies of anyone in town, and people called them Joe Froggers because they were as plump and as dark as the little fat frogs that lived in the pond. Marblehead fishermen would give the old man a jug of rum and he would make them a batch of Froggers. The fishermen liked them because they never got hard, and women packed them in sea chests for the me to take to sea. Uncle Joe said what kept them soft was rum and sea water but he wouldn�t tell how he made them. And when he died, people said, �That�s the end of Joe Froggers.� But there was a woman named Mammy Cressy, who said she was Uncle Joe�s daughter, and Mammy Cressy gave the secret recipe to a fisherman�s wife. Then half the women in Marblehead began making Joe Froggers. With a pitcher of milk, Froggers became the town�s favorite Sunday night supper. They were also sold in a local bake shop. Children bought them, instead of candy, for a penny apiece, and they remained popular for generations. Joe Froggers, 6 inches in diameter, are made almost every day in the old Village Tavern in Sturbridge, and on Sunday nights they are served with a pitcher of milk, in the Publick House. The chef got the recipe from a woman whose ancestors lived in Marblehead in the days of Uncle Joe. The recipe has been in her family for more than a hundred years.� ---New England Cookbook, Eleanor Early [Random House:New York] 1954 (p. 166-7) [NOTE: Early's recipe here .] �Today a private residence, it was once a popular neighborhood tavern run by "Black Joe," a free black man who had fought in the Revolutionary War, and his wife, Aunt Crese. For the half-century following the Revolution, they served rum and homemade root beer to the Marblehead fishermen and their families who climbed the hill to dance to Black Joe's fiddling and to munch on Aunt Crese's Joe Froggers, plate-sized ginger cookies laced with rum.� "A Visit to Breezy Marblehead Is Worth Its Salt," Dorothy Stephens, Los Angeles Times, Apr 7, 1991 pg. 8 How old are Joe Froggers [Floggers] really? The legend is quaint, but print culinary evidence does not support the existence in colonial days. Just like Snickerdoodles . We can confirm similar recipes but not molasses cookies with rum. Of course, the Pilgrim fathers did not approve of alcohol. Neither did the early temperance folks/cookbook authors, like Catharine Beecher. It is quite possible folks snuck the ingredient in long before it was recorded in books. Sandra Oliver, food historian with notable expertise in 19th century New England fare states this: �Joe floggers: The earliest reference I have found to this familiar-sounding item dates from 1852 and speaks of Joe floggers with an �l.� An 1889 citation describes �Joe-Floggers (peculiar pancakes stuffed with plums) for breakfast�--that is, pancakes with raisins in them. Joe-froggers with an �r� simply didn�t exist or were not widespared enough in the nineteenth century to be found in imprint or manuscript sources by that name. They seem to be a twentieth-century phenomenon, possibly derived from fishermen�s �floggers.�� ---Saltwater Foodways: New Englanders and ther Food, at Sea and Ashore, in the Nineteenth Century, Sandra L. Oliver [Mystic Seaport Museum:Mystic CT] 1995 (p. 138) The oldest print evidence (including recipe) we find for Joe Froggers dates to 1954. Both credit Old Sturbridge Village (Sturbridge MA)as the for re-introducing this "old fashioned" cookie to modern American tourists. OSV re-creates an 1830s New England village. Whatever the truth, whoever decided to sell Joe Froggers was brilliant. No better way to experience history than by tasting it. "Old Sturbridge Village is a slice out of yesterday. Nestled there on the banks of the little Quinebaug River in southern Massachusetts, this 200-acre tract of unspoiled countryside is a New England Williamsburg...The Place I loved best was Minor Grant's store-- it drew me in by the nose. Cookies were baking, the old-time favorites: hobnails, lumberjacks... and those bog Joe Froggers." ---"Spice Wheels," Clementine Paddleford, Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1954 (p. L27) In English cookbooks, precursors to sugar cookies were known by many names, most often: jumbal, jumble, jambal, jemelloe, gemmel. Jumbals were hard spiced biscuits. They were baked thick to make them suitable for journeys and could be stored for about a year. They were also typically twisted into knots, presumably to make them a little easier to break and eat. "Jumbles...sometimes called knots, a type of biscuit popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were made from a light mixture of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour, flavoured with rosewater and aniseed or caraway seed. The mixture was made into thin rolls and shaped into rounds or knots before baking; the name derives from gemmel, twin, here referring to a double intertwined finger ring." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 423) "Jumbals existed in Italy as cimbelline and in France as gimblettes, all manifestly related words. The pastry may have originated in Italy, but I believe that Favre is in error when he assigns cimabetta...as the etymology of gimblette... He also gives what he claims to be an ancient recipe from Albi which calls for parboiling the gimblettes afer "pricking the well," then baking them; also some old recipes for echaudes call for ring shapes. The first citing of jumbal in OED [Oxford English Dictionary] is from Markham, 1615, but Dawson gives a recipe in 1585, To make Jombils a hundred...Also, in The Accomplisht Cook, 1671, Robert May gives recipes for Jemelloes and Jamballs, which he directs us to "boil them in fair water like simnels" before baking them. This makes jumbals originally related in technique to other ancient cakes such as cracknells...and to the breads pretzels and bagels, for that matter." ---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York] 1995 (p. 349) Robert May's The Accomplist Cook (London, 5th edition, 1685) contains this recipe, which is probably quite similar to the one that the original Mayflower passengers used: "To make Jambals Take a pint of fine wheat flour, the yolks of three or four new laid eggs, three or four spoonfuls of sweet cream, a few anniseeds, and some cold butter, make it into paste, and roul it into long rouls, as big as a little arrow, make them into divers knots, then boil them in fair water like simnels; bake them, and being baked, box them and keep them in a stove. Thus you may use them, and keep them all year." (p. 275) Compare with Martha Washington's Recipes "To Make Iumbals Take a pound & a halfe of fine flowre & a pound of fine sugar, both searced & dried in an oven, 6 youlks, & 3 whites of eggs, 6 spoonfulls of sweet cream & as much rose water, fresh butter ye quantety of an egg. Mingle these together & make it into stiff paste. Work it a quarter of an hour then break it abroad, & put in as much annyseeds or carraway seeds as you shall think fit, & put in A little muske & ambergreece. roule them into rouls & make them in what forms you please. lay them on pie plates thin buttered, & prick them with holes all over. then bake them as you doe diet bread. If this quantety of eggs will not be enough to wet ye flour & sugar, put in 23 or 4 more, but no more cream, butter, not rosewater." ---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York] 1995 (p. 348) [NOTE: Martha Washington's book also proffered recipes for leamon (lemon), almond, and barberry iumbals (jumbals). Historic recipes are published in this book.] And this twentieth century rendering: "Jumbles (American Recipe) Ingredients.--14 ozs. of flour. 5 ozs. of sugar, 3 ozs. of butter, 1 eg, the finely-grated rind and juice of 1 lemon, 3 teaspoonfuls of milk, 1 teaspoonful of cream of tartar, 1/2 a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda. Method.--Beat the butter and sugar to a cream, add the egg, milk, lemon-juice, and rind. Sieve the flour, cream of tartar, and soda, and miz with the other ingredients. Roll out rather thinly and cut into rounds, or cut into long, narrow strips, which, after being lightly pressed into a round shape with the palm of the hand, should be wound round and round to form small cakes. Bake in a quick oven. Time.--To bake, about 10 minutes...Sufficient for about 1 1/2 lbs. of jumbles. Seasonable at any time." ---Mrs. Beeton's Every-Day Cookery, New Edition [Ward, Lock & Co.:London] 1909 (p. 429) Want to make jumbles at home? Modernized recipe, adapted from Eliza Leslie's 1857 cookbook here: Jumbles 2 teaspoons freshly grated nutmeg 1/2 teaspoon mace 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon additional sugar Preheat Oven to 375 degrees F. Sift flour with spices. Set aside. Cream butter and sugar until very light. Add egg and rose water, blending thoroughly, Add dry ingredients all at once to creamed mixture, blending well. Wrap dough and chill at least 2 hours. On a lightly floured surface, roll out dough to 1/4-inch thickness. Cut out circles with a wine glass or cut into thin shapes and shape into rings...Bake on ungreased cookie sheets 10-12 minutes or until lightly browned around edges. Remove to a rack, sprinkle with sugar, and cool." ---Hearthside Cooking: Early American Southern Cuisine, Nancy Carter Crump [Univeristy of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill] 2nd edition, 2008 (p. 212-213) [NOTE: Hearth cookery instructions also included in this book. Happy to send in you need them.] [1750s?] "To Make Sugar Cakes "Take 3 ale quarts of fine flowre, & put to it a pound of sugar, beaten & searced,; 4 youlks of eggs, strayned thorough a fine cloth with 12 or 13 spoonfulls of good thick cream; & 5 or 6 spoonfulls of rosewater; A pound & a quarter of butter, washt in rose water & broaken in cold, in bits. Knead all these ingredients well together. After, let it ly A while, covered well, to rise. The roule them out & cut them with a glass, & put them on plates (a little buttered) in an oven gently heat. All these kinde of things are best when ye [the] sugar & flower are dryed in an oven before you use ym [them]." ---Martha Washington's Booke of Cookery, transcribed by Karen Hess [Columbia University Press:New York]1981 (p. 309) [NOTES: (1) Ms. Hess adds these observations: "We now come to a section of baked cakes, starting off with what Americans would call cookies. This is an excellent recipe for sugar cookies, really sand tarts. The dough will not actually rise, but even a short period of rest permits a maturing and fermentation that improve texture and flavor...A note on the word flour. It comes from French fleur de farine, flower of meal...Flour and flower were not differentiated until the eighteenth century..."ibid. P. 309-10 (2) this book contains two more recipes for sugar cakes.] [1825] Thumbprint cookies Baked goods topped or filled with fruit preserves feature prominently in many cuisines. Think: Linzertortes & Hammentashen. Thumbprint (aka Thimble) cookies combine these two traditions. It also confirms the "thumbprint" recipe name [at least in the United States] happened sometime in the 1950s. Modern Swedish Hallongrottor and Rosenmutter cookies/cakes may possibly be a Swedish-American twist on this culinary tradition. The earliest recipes we found titled "Thumbprint Cookies" in a USA source ("Favorite Recipe," Hutchinson News Herald [KS], June 20, 1949 (p. 5) does not employ fruit filling. These hardy sugar cookies are covered with chopped nuts and they are marked with a thumbprint halfway through the baking period. [1953]	i don't know
Which ex snooker world champion died on July 24th 2010 aged 61 ?	On This Day 1926: The first greyhound meeting with a mechanical hare took place at Belle Vue, Manchester. 2000: Portugal midfielder Luis Figo, star of Euro 2000, became the world's most expensive footballer when he joined Real Madrid for £37million from Barcelona. 2005: Australia won the first Ashes Test at Lord's by 239 runs. England recovered to win a memorable series 2-1. 2005: Lance Armstrong won a record seventh successive Tour de France - his final Tour before his temporary retirement. He was later stripped of all his titles after evidence of his doping emerged. 2009: England midfielder Steven Gerrard was found not guilty of affray by a jury at Liverpool Crown Court. 2010: Down thrashed Sligo in round four of the SFC qualifiers, winning by 3-20 to 0-10. 2010: Former world snooker champion Alex Higgins died at the age of 61. 2014: Brothers Alastair and Jonny Brownlee finished first and second for England in the Commonwealth Games men's triathlon in Glasgow. Birthdays Zaheer Abbas (cricket) - former Pakistan and Gloucestershire batsman, born 1947. Jim Leighton (soccer) - former Manchester United, Aberdeen and Scotland goalkeeper, born 1958. Barry Bonds (baseball) - controversial former San Francisco Giants star, holder of the all-time record for home runs in Major League, born 1964. Martin Keown (soccer) - former Arsenal and England defender, born 1966. Steven Richardson (golf) - played in 1991 Ryder Cup, born 1966. Dino Baggio (soccer) - former Italy midfielder who had a brief spell on loan at Blackburn in 2003, born 1971. Daniele De Rossi (soccer) - Roma and Italy midfielder, born 1983. Lukas Rosol (tennis) - Czech world number 54, famous for defeating Rafael Nadal at Wimbledon in 2012, born 1985. Quick Quiz Blitz 1 Which three football clubs have won all four English divisional titles? 2 Australia fast bowler Shaun Tait is playing for which county in this summer's NatWest T20 Blast? 3 British number one women's tennis player Johanna Konta was born in which city? 4 Who has been the top jockey at the Cheltenham Festival for eight of the last nine years? 5 Who scored the goal for Tipperary in All-Ireland SFC success over Derry? Sport on TV Today (Sunday, July 24) GAA: The Sunday Game Live - RTE 1 (1.30pm) - Waterford v Wexford (Throw-in 2.00pm) and Galway v Clare (Throw-in 4.00pm); The Sunday Game - RTE 2 - 21.30 SOCCER: International Champions Cup, Inter Milan v Paris St Germain - Sky Sports 1 2200; Euro Under-19s final - Eurosport 1 1905; MLS, New York Red Bulls v New York City FC - Sky Sports 3 1755, Sporting Kansas City v Seattle Sounders - Sky Sports 3 2000; Women's Super League, Notts County v Man City - BT Sport 1 1530. CRICKET: Second Test, England v Pakistan - Sky Sports 2 1030; First Test, West Indies v India - Sky Sports 5 1455. GOLF: PGA Tour, Canadian Open - Sky Sports 4 1800; Senior Open, Carnoustie - Sky Sports 4 1330; LPGA Tour, Scottish Open - Sky Sports 4 1030. CYCLING: Tour de France stage 21 - ITV4 1300, Eurosport 1 1530, ITV4 1200, S4C 1600; Tour de France women's 90km race - Eurosport 1 1330. TENNIS: ATP Tour, Citi Open - Sky Sports 2 2000; WTA Tour - Stanford Classic, BT Sport 1 2200. MOTOR RACING: Formula One, Hungarian Grand Prix race - Channel 4 1200, Sky Sports F1 1230. ATHLETICS: World Junior Championships, Bydgoszcz - Eurosport 2 2115. MOTORCYCLE RACING: British Superbikes - Eurosport 2 1230. DARTS: World Matchplay - Sky Sports 1 1900. SAILING: America's Cup World Series - BT Sport 1 1245. BASEBALL: MLB - BT Sport/ESPN 1800, BT Sport 2 1900, Los Angeles Dodgers v St Louis Cardinals BT Sport/ESPN 0100 (Mon). Tomorrow (Monday, July 25) CRICKET: Fourth day of the second Investec Test from Old Trafford, England v Pakistan - Sky Sports 2 1030; final day of the first Test from North Sound, West Indies v India - Sky Sports 1 1455. SOCCER: Betfred Cup first round, Rangers v Stranraer - BT Sport 1 1915. TENNIS: ATP Tour, Rogers Cup from Toronto - Sky Sports 3 1600; WTA Tour, Rogers Cup from Montreal - BT Sport 2 1730, BT Sport 1 0000 (Tue). CYCLING: Tour de Wallonie stage three - Eurosport 2 1415. SNOOKER: World Open from Yushan - Eurosport 1 0700 and 1230. RACING: From Windsor, Wolverhampton and Galway - Sky Sports 5 1900. BASEBALL: MLB, Boston Red Sox v Detroit Tigers - BT Sport/ESPN (0000 Tue). Answers: 1 Wolves, Burnley and Preston; 2 Glamorgan; 3 Sydney; 4 Ruby Walsh; 5 Kevin O'Halloran. 24 July, 2016 01:00 Sport Related stories	Alex Higgins
What is the name of the female assistant to Sweeney Todd who supplies the pies in the famous story?	Alex 'Hurricaine' Higgins' son rushed to hospital after 'row with fiancée \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share The pair got engaged in March and recently showed off matching tattoos that they got, declaring their love for each other. Jordan was jailed in 2014 for robbing a newsagents in Cheadle, Greater Manchester, and has battled drug and alcohol addictions in the past. Alex Higgins was left penniless after losing his luxury house in Cheshire to the taxman and was eventually stopped from seeing Jordan and Lauren following his divorce with Lynn (pictured together at his christening) But tragically, Higgins snr's career subsequently crumbled under a litany of fines, bans and court-cases Higgins, 31, was high on drink and drugs when he snatched a haul of cigarettes worth £1,500 from a display shelf after he and a masked accomplice burst into the shop in Cheadle, Greater Manchester. During the attack Higgins stormed round the back of the counter and grabbed Steven Gee by the throat and pushed him onto a stool. He then emptied the cigarettes off the shelves into a duvet cover before running off and escaping in a getaway car. He was arrested after his DNA was matched to the crime scene. Higgins (pictured in 2006) was left penniless after losing his luxury house in Cheshire to the taxman and was eventually stopped from seeing Jordan The robbery in January 2013 occurred after Higgins - who has a string of convictions - battled a lengthy drug and alcohol problem during which he was admitted to a rehabilitation clinic at the age of just 14. He was also said to have struggled living in the shadow of his late father who died aged 61 in 2010 after battling throat cancer. Jordan was born a year after his father - who came to be known as 'The People's Champion' - won the World Snooker Championship in 1982 during which the star sobbed as he hugged then-wife Lynne and one-year-old daughter Lauren. The Hurricane had already been World Champion and runner-up in 1976 and 1980. He won the UK Championship in 1983 and the Masters in 1978 and 1981, making him one of nine players to have completed snooker's Triple Crown. He was also World Doubles champion with Jimmy White in 1984, and won the World Cup three times with the All Ireland team. But tragically, Higgins snr's career subsequently crumbled under a litany of fines, bans and court-cases. He was left penniless after losing his luxury house in Cheshire to the taxman and was eventually stopped from seeing Jordan and Lauren following his divorce with Lynn. He was a heavy smoker, struggled with drinking and gambling and admitted to using cocaine and marijuana. Diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, Higgins died of the illness in his Belfast home on 24 July 2010. Jordan was a pallbearer at his father's funeral alongside snooker stars Jimmy White and Ken Doherty. 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Well, it's David, er, Beckham Popular music radio show is broadcast in the UK 'I'm sorry, love': New trailer for Paul Hogan TV biopic focuses on ex-wife Noelene and Crocodile Dundee star's relationship with Linda Kozlowski The Rock and Eddie Murphy support Rush Hour director Brett Ratner as he gets his star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame Donned shades Elizabeth Banks' nefarious Rita Repulsa wreaks havoc in new Power Rangers trailer A new trailer dropped Thursday for Dean Israelite's Power Rangers Uma Thurman's ex-fiancee questioned about his 'addiction to prostitutes' and threats to former supermodel partner Elle Macpherson in latest round of vicious child custody fight 'Best father in the world:' Peta Murgatroyd wishes fiance Maksim a happy birthday by sharing tender image of him holding their son Instagram post Getting ready for Scott? Kourtney Kardashian dashes to a laser hair removal clinic after it's said she's keen to rekindle romance with Disick 'I was mortified... but now I'm a new woman': Mother loses 45 kilos after mix up saw her placed in hospital room for GASTRIC BAND patients Who needs two hands? Doting dad Armie Hammer takes his daughter out in a stroller AND walks the dog with one arm in a sling xXx-rated friends! Ruby Rose takes a kiss on the cheek from Xander Cage co-star Vin Diesel - after revealing they FaceTime 'four to five times a week' Showing Justin what he's missing? Bieber's rumored fling Sahara Ray enjoys TOPLESS body painting with girlfriends Having fun in Bali Kate Gosselin 'pats down her children to make sure they aren't carrying phones and makes them do tons of chores' when Kate Plus 8 isn't filming Weepie and wonderful: Lion is a true story about a lost and adopted little boy searching for his family that could make a statue cry Review The Democrat with a front row seat! Tiffany Trump brings boyfriend Ross Mechanic to Washington, D.C. with her family for the inauguration Celine Dion set to record original tune for live-action Beauty And The Beast 20 years after making My Heart Will Go On a megahit for Titanic She's a hitmaker Flirty friends! Hugh Jackman gets a cheeky smile from Michelle Williams on set of The Greatest Showman on Earth She's a Dawson's Creek alum 'It is definitely a mind fk': Kesha breaks down in tears as she recalls 'devastating' Dr. Luke legal battle During an interview on Viceland's Noisey Israeli intelligence head investigated for corruption after 'attending a Mariah Carey concert as James Packer's guest' Probe underway Charles and Camilla's gifts from rulers soaked in blood: Outrage over the Royals' present haul which includes watches presented by the 'brutal' Bahrain regime Now THAT'S an ice breaker! Sophie Monk puts on a busty display in a tiny black bikini as she hits the hot tub while on Canadian ski trip following sunburn disaster Is that Kim Kar-flashian? Star looks VERY different as she flaunts her famous behind in sizzling unseen shoot Never-before-seen pics She's come well prepared! Maisie Williams swigs from a can of beer as she models a pink satin number at creative magazine launch Melania's former modeling agent throwing inauguration after-party with invites out to Kanye, Jon Voight and Sylvester Stallone Introduced her to Trump Why Alexia is ready to start jammin' with Bob: Actress starts rehearsals as reggae star's wife Rita in musical about his life On the London stage Indie chic! Model Jessica Hart cuts a demure figure in chambray shirt and leather-look leggings as she attends New York art opening Climate change is 'wolf at the door', says Charles: Prince urges world leaders to do more to tackle the issue in foreword of Ladybird book he co-authored A splash of color on the silver screen: World of rainbow-hued school supply brand Lisa Frank to be made into a live-action and animation hybrid film Making them green with envy! Ivanka Trump looks glamorous in an emerald dress as she steps out with husband Jared Kushner and kids ahead of inauguration Melrose Place actress jailed for killing married mother in drunken hit-and-run reveals how she has been cut off by friends and divorced by her husband 'He is using you': Bad Girls Club alum Morgan Osman claims she's having an affair with Britney Spears' new man Posted kissing photo EXCLUSIVE: Knock down that wall! Actress Minnie Driver wins her bitter feud with 75-year-old neighbor who must demolish his wall or go to prison 'There's ONE first lady': Ivanka Trump calls suggestions that she will fill Melania's role 'sexist' while revealing she is still close to Chelsea Clinton Clint Eastwood quietly lists sprawling Spanish mansion in Pebble Beach for $9.75million The property boasts views over Carmel Bay on the California coast 'There's no bad feeling between them:' Louis Tomlinson has split from Danielle Campbell just weeks after his mother's death... as the star is pictured looking pensive in Beverly Hills 'Exceptional First Lady - looking forward to the next chapter in your life': Queen Rania of Jordan posts thoughtful sendoff to Michelle Obama on last day in White House 'It costs a lot of money to look this cheap!' As Dolly Parton celebrates her 71st birthday, FEMAIL details the five style lessons we've learned from the legend Paula Patton is cheerful as she is joined by male pal while taking son to Malibu Farmers' Market amid ferocious custody battle with ex Robin Thicke Getting it right in white! Eva Longoria looks elegant in chic cocktail dress as she picks up award at NATPE ceremony in Miami Actress looked radiant 'You have to keep shaking it up': Marie Osmond talks change in new interview... after being shamed when fans thought she'd sing for Trump Woody Harrelson's plan for live movie streamed to cinemas from London is thrown into chaos by discovery of World War Two bomb Problems while filming Track Palin's ex-girlfriend is granted short-term order of protection 'for domestic violence' just weeks after filing for FULL custody of baby son Battle of the leading ladies! Susan Sarandon and Jessica Lange channel real-life rivals Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as they promote Feud Berry is the new black! As Ruby Rose models a deep wine lip color at the 2017 People's Choice Awards, FEMAIL rounds up similar hues starting at $4 Why so shy? Bella Hadid and Kendall Jenner shield themselves with massive bomber jackets as they descend into Paris on a private jet 'God you guys are personal': A VERY unimpressed Nicole Kidman bites back at radio host as she's quizzed about Keith Urban's alcoholism Mark Zuckerberg sues to force families to sell land passed down for generations and make his $100M Hawaiian home more secluded Facebook founder Awkward! Bella Hadid and ex The Weeknd cross paths at concert for first time since he started dating Selena Gomez In the Big Apple Hats off! As Bella Hadid and Suki Waterhouse step out in cool fiddler caps, FEMAIL rounds up the chicest options for YOU to shop now One of biggest trends Nude lips: Kylie Jenner plugs her makeup line with two new Instagram photos where she models beige lipstick Her raven locks spilled over her shoulders Twice as nice! Brunette bombshell Idina Menzel wears two different looks as she promotes Beaches in NYC Taking on Bette Midler's iconic role 'You're real as fk': Chrissy Teigen is praised by fans after posting snap of stretch marks on her upper thighs Baby nine months ago Leggy lady! Carrie Underwood shows off her assets in a shiny pale pink mini dress as she plugs Almay The 33-year-old looked fab in New York Oopsy daisy! Victoria Silvstedt, 42, nearly suffers a fashion faux pas while wearing a sexy white bikini while in St Barts The Swedish model Overweight and somewhat stinky, the REAL young Queen Victoria: New book claims Lord Melbourne dropped hints about her personal hygiene 'The line-up made me upset': Azealia Banks says she would 'love' to perform at Trump inauguration after A listers shun the event The controversial singer Tony Romo parties at Trump's new hotel in DC ahead of the inauguration after what could be his last football game ever for the Dallas Cowboys Singer of 1989 hit 'Lambada' Loalwa Braz is found burned to death in a charred car in Brazil after two men were spotted running from her house 'Disgusting beyond words': ESPN commentator accused of racism after comparing tennis star Venus Williams to a GORILLA Aaron Rodgers' family doesn't 'trust' Olivia Munn: More details of NFL star's rift with relatives emerge revealing that he 'chose Olivia over them ' Ivanka Trump shares touching picture of herself with mom Ivana which she found while packing as she says goodbye to her company Monica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton's White House-affair will be the focus of new season of Ryan Murphy's hit series American Crime Story Revisiting the scandal Is THAT why she wants him back? Scott Disick shows off his MANLY BULGE as ex Kourtney Kardashian is claimed to want another try at their romance The weird and wonderful gifts received by the Royal Family in 2016 - from a Post-It holder for the Queen to a rattle for Charlotte (and a headdress for Harry!) Caitlyn Jenner jets to DC to attend Trump's inauguration where the future president has been encouraged to dance with the former Olympian So chic! Gwyneth Paltrow looks elegant in winter white and a camel coat as she jets into chilly New York The 44-year-old actress was ready for the cold 'The hottest date here tonight!' Blake Shelton gives girlfriend Gwen Stefani a shout-out as he wins big at People's Choice Awards They're going strong 'She has to answer for everything she says': RHOBH's Erika Girardi dishes new details on THAT 'Pantygate' flashing incident The multi-millionaire 'It means the world to us': Kaley Cuoco stuns in purple gown as she thanks Big Bang Theory fans at People's Choice Awards The 31-year-old actress Five become phwoar! Fifth Harmony whip up the crowd at People's Choice Awards in VERY racy dominatrix gear... as they make stage debut as a quartet Full House (of fashion victims)! Ashley Greene joins the Fuller House cast for worst dressed at the People's Choice Awards Fashion fails! 'You can't have him! He's all mine!' Blake Lively gushes over husband Ryan Reynolds after win at People's Choice Awards Crazy about her man Trump is doing it My Way: President-elect and wife Melania will dance to Frank Sinatra's classic tune at the start of first inaugural ball Anticipation grows 'Here's another photo of my butt': Victoria's Secret model Kelly Gale shares second revealing shower photo as she holidays in Bali At her private villa 'Being your First Lady has been the honor of a lifetime': Michelle Obama shares sweet message as she cuddles up to Barack on White House balcony Bethenny Frankel dons trendy sweats and leather jacket as she braves the cold on school run with daughter Bryn The 46-year-old star Bernie Sanders, fashion muse? The Democratic runner-up inspires menswear in Balenciaga's latest collection to hit the runway Matchy! Twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen wear same sunglasses as they take a cigarette break outside their NYC office The 30-year-old pair Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is caught on camera SWEARING at Kevin Hart as they diss each other during People's Choice acceptance speeches She's still got it! Sharon Stone, 58, looks every inch the siren as she poses in low-cut top for glam photos on the set of her new movie The blonde bombshell Good to see you back ma'am! The Queen is all smiles as she returns to official duties for the first time since recovering from a heavy cold Not headed to the inauguration then Tom? Ford lands at LAX amid spat with president-elect over his insulting comments about Melania Trump 'We have different styles': Nicole Richie doesn't give advice to sister Sofia... who prefers Paris Hilton The siblings who aren't genetically related Prince Harry is announced as patron of a rhino conservation charity in his 'second home' Botswana which he's been visiting for more than 20 years Bringing the glamour! JLo and Blake Lively wow in black frocks while Gwen Stefani stands out in a textured blue dress for the 2017 People's Choice Awards Bruce Springsteen had White House staffers Dancing in the Dark as he played a SECRET 15-song gig in the East Room Concert last week That looks familiar! Justin Bieber continues to roll back the years with his classic haircut as he steps out in spray on skin-tight jeans The Canadian singer Oakland Raiders' Karl Joseph fulfills his 8th grade promise to buy his mom her dream home by splashing out on a new pad Kept his promise Lottie too hottie! Ms Moss displays swallow inkings on her torso as she shows off her model figure in a VERY daring lingerie selfie Kate Moss' kid sister PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Sherlock star Amanda Abbington steps out amid claims she confronted ex Martin Freeman over 'bond' with another woman A teen and his leading lady! Gigi and Bella's younger brother Anwar Hadid, 17, holds hands with Nicola Peltz, 22, during Beverly Hills outing Giddy Paris Jackson looks smitten with boyfriend Michael Snoddy as they enjoy a romantic stroll around Paris Fun in Freench capital 'We haven't spoken in a while...': Liam Payne thanks fans from inside his LA studio as pregnant girlfriend Cheryl remains at home in England 'I'm an emotional eater': Khloe Kardashian reveals she would turn to food for comfort when 'stressed or sad' in preview for her new show Revenge Body Maybe she's born with it! Gigi Hadid looks flawless as she displays her natural beauty in her Maybelline campaign Stunning model and her beau Zayn Malik Demi Lovato and boyfriend Guilherme Vasconcelos emerge from DNCE concert where they saw her ex Joe Jonas perform Enjoyed a night out Kim Zolciak looks unrecognizable in throwback mother-daughter snap The 38-year-old TRHOA alum boasts 5.3M followers DON'T MISS 'I'm glad I didn't make changes earlier in my life': Ruby Rose talks gender identity struggles and says she's excited to become a mother Smooth landing! Make-up free Cara Delevingne cuts a casual figure in stylish joggers as she touches down at LAX following charity trip to Uganda Taylor Swift impersonator Xia Vigor's mom defends 7-year-old daughter's 'sexualized' routine and blasts Piers Morgan for calling it 'creepy' 'I don't want to go to jail!' T-Pain's Australian tour in crisis as he risks being denied entry into the country due to parking ticket he was given 10 years ago Which shoes give you a perky posterior? As fashion bible British Vogue endorses kitten heels, FEMAIL looks for the best footwear to achieve perfect butt lift Kate Moss is back to her glamorous self after wild birthday celebrations as she cozies up to David Beckham at Louis Vuitton show in Paris Drew Barrymore looks effortlessly chic and sophisticated as she attends Madrid photocall for new Netflix zombie show Santa Clarita Diet The 41-year-old actress Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian cheers on his fiancée Serena Williams after at the Australian Open The couple announced engagement last month Buy the Ferrari that Justin Bieber forgot: Car the singer 'lost' in a hotel parking lot for three weeks is now up for auction It won't come cheap Heaven on earth! Eva Longoria shows off toned physique in white leggings during barefoot stroll through Miami The actress, 41, was tuned into her earbuds Strike a posy! Princess Mary receives rose bouquet as she dazzles in a blue blouse at charity event in Copenhagen The Danish royal Life in the style lane! Formula One star Lewis Hamilton shows his sartorial stripes with three different looks at Paris Men's Fashion Week Jada Pinkett Smith cosies up to 'personal favourite' Johnny Depp backstage at the People's Choice... after presenting his Movie Icon Award Hair he is! Solemn Matthew McConaughey looks tired and sports unkempt beard as heads for dinner in London with wife Camila Alves There she blows! Caitlyn Jenner lets her mane down for full bombshell look during coffee run in Malibu The 67-year-old star sported thick locks EXCLUSIVE: 'Sexualized' 'Taylor Swift' schoolgirl, 7, reveals she was paid just $100 for Philippines TV show that made her a global star His very own Khaleesi: Game Of Thrones' Sophie Turner and boyfriend Joe Jonas hold hands as they enjoy a low-key LA date night Very affectionate 'You have trusted me': Emotional Johnny Depp thanks fans for 'standing by him' through Amber Heard divorce drama at People's Choice Awards Tightening her belt? Amber Heard shops at 99 cents store after finalising divorce from Johnny Depp She was used to living the high life Luscious in lemon lace! Jamie Chung looks pretty as a picture in strapless gown slashed to the thigh as she wows at People's Choice Awards Sarah Jessica Parker dazzles in bronze strapless gown as she graciously accepts People's Choice Award Very sexy in the city Orange really Is The New Black! Ruby Rose goes braless at the People's Choice Awards red carpet in a bright tuxedo and wine colored lipstick She dares to bare! Cheryl Burke flashes lean legs thanks to high slit in sheer dress at People's Choice Awards Put her pins on display Her Dark Knight in shining armour! Christian Bale's wife Sibi stares lovingly at star after he treats her to lunch in Beverly Hills Loved up United front! Kim Kardashian takes the plunge as she enjoys lunch date with Kanye West... as couple are said to be 'in a good place' All work and no play! Margot Robbie and producer husband Tom Ackerley are hard at work on set of I, Tonya as actress stars in ice skating biopic Busty Coco Austin shows off her shapely figure in skintight outfit while on a stroll with Ice-T and baby Chanel Spotted with their 13-month-old princess She's furry busy! Mel B puts on a leggy display in sexy thigh-high boots and a lavish fur coat as she steps out in NYC The America's Got Talent judge 41, looked great Legally, she is no longer blonde! Reese Witherspoon dons bright red wig to play Mrs Whatsit in A Wrinkle In Time Dramatically different Toilet paper! Sir Patrick Stewart's surprising new part is revealed as the voice of the 'poop icon' in upcoming The Emoji Movie Are YOU brave enough for 'blorange'? Georgia May Jagger starts new hair trend after dyeing her hair a unique shade of strawberry blonde Luscious locks Katie Holmes goes casual in Calabasas as it emerges her relationship with Tom Cruise and Scientology are NOT the basis for new E! series Woman arrested after accosting Bella Hadid with Palestinian flag as she arrives at sister Gigi's home with Kendall Jenner in New York She is proud of her roots Rock in Peace, Dad: All three of Rick Parfitt's wives and his eldest sons join the Status Quo star's bandmates to say goodbye at funeral after his death at 68 It's all in your head! Ashley Hart shares snaps of herself undergoing acupuncture on her face and chest She took to Instagram to share a snap Elle Fanning shows off her flawless complexion as she goes make-up free for a gym session in Los Angeles Cutting a casual figure in her workout gear Single Bella Hadid ditches the glamour as she flashes her abs on VERY casual night with Kendall Jenner... before sharing seductive clip of her stripping 'It was very sad to close it out': Emma Stone reveals it was emotional to wrap La La Land up as she'd become close to co-star Ryan Gosling Looking shady! Kate Bosworth goes incognito in dark sunglasses and black furry coat as she jets into LAX with husband Michael Polish Remember my name! Alessandra Ambrosio rocks personalized workout gear as she heads to the gym after returning from Brazilian vacation Melissa McCarthy jokes that her tires were slashed by Kristen Bell and Rebel Wilson in hilarious acceptance speech at People's Choice Awards Robert Downey Jr. cuts a slick figure as he collects People's Choice Award for Favourite Action Hero for Captain America: Civil War 'This is a special honor': Tom Hanks talks about his legacy in film as he accepts People's Choice Award The Forrest Gump actor took to the stage 'I still haven't accomplished it!' Blake Lively reveals childhood wish to meet The Spice Girls... as she dedicates People's Choice Award to Girl Power Ivanka's 'quick conversation' with Michelle Obama turned into an hour-long meeting of minds as she prepares for role of de facto first lady Is George Clooney's wife Amal 'pregnant with twins'? Rumors the human rights lawyer, 38, is expecting a boy and a girl as she attends Davos 'It's the concussion talking': Priyanka Chopra jokes about Quantico accident after winning People's Choice Award for favorite dramatic TV actress 'Even with this ridiculous accent!' Sofia Vergara is overcome with emotion as accepts Favorite Comedic TV Actress at People's Choice Awards 'This is amazing!' Ellen DeGeneres makes history with her 20th People's Choice Award as she's supported by glamorous wife Portia de Rossi Pretty in pink! Ruby Rose swaps her edgy style for a softer look as she films in West Hollywood Looking super chic 'I just exposed myself': Kristen Bell mortified after revealing she was using teleprompter during technical glitch while honoring Tyler Perry at People's Choice Gynecologist slams Gwyneth Paltrow's 'vagina eggs' as 'dangerous' advice that could cause infections, painful sex, and deadly toxic shock syndrome EXCLUSIVE: Southern Charm's Jennifer Snowden tells how co-star Kathryn Dennis turned her back on her after she became pregnant Trump sends best wishes to George H.W. Bush and wife Barbara in hospital after the ex- president joked that attending inauguration would kill him Ivanka's first step in Making America Great Again: Assembling the furniture. Thrifty First Daughter furnishes $5.5million Washington home at IKEA 'I love you, and go to bed': Justin Timberlake sends sweet message to son Silas as he accepts two People's Choice Awards Double celebration He's pushing the envelope! Westworld star Luke Hemsworth sports a leather motorcycle jacket with a shirt and tie at People's Choice Awards Silver Bell! Kristen stands out on the People's Choice red carpet in shimmering bandeau jumpsuit Take MC Hammer's pants and add a corset Going for the gold! Victoria Justice dazzles in tiny mini dress as she flashes legs at People's Choice Awards The 23-year-old was in Los Angeles Jennifer Lopez wins first People's Choice Award for Shades Of Blue at 43rd annual ceremony in Los Angeles Awards in LA Simply stunning! Jordana Brewster shows off her slender figure in powder blue gown with peek-a-boo bodice at People's Choice Awards Pretty in pattern! Ali Larter looks incredible in a strapless dress for the People's Choice Awards in LA The 40-year-old wowed on the red carpet EXCLUSIVE: Wynn Las Vegas removes all Tom Ford beauty products and sunglasses from the resort in the wake of designer's comments about Melania Trump Making a statement! Olivia Munn shows off chest in yellow gown as she is seen for first time since beau Aaron Rodgers' family talks strife She's still got it! Jennifer Lopez wears large white bow tie and black miniskirt to NBC Winter Press Tour The 47-year-old actress sizzled That's sure to cause a frenzy! Puma pushing for Kylie Jenner and Zac Efron to promote athletic wear brand Down Under Could the duo be heading Down Under? Renee Zellweger wears minimal makeup as she shows off toned legs in in workout attire for flight out of LA One of most well-toned bodies in Hollywood A bit of all white! Kourtney Kardashian flashes bare midriff in crop top and jeans as she wears Yeezy heels for lunch with Kim and Kanye Make-up free Zoe Saldana cuts a casual figure in sweats while on a stroll with husband Marco Perego She also wore sneakers and a hoodie All that glitters! Kendall Jenner wears gold puffer jacket as she gives adoring fan the swerve in New York She shone on the Big Apple streets Aca-awesome! Rebel Wilson shares behind-the-scenes selfie with 'Bellas' as they rehearse for Pitch Perfect 3... after kicking a stunt trainer's groin in THAT hilarious video Michelle Obama takes a last walk through the White House with the family dogs while workers continue to ready the Obamas' new home Quantico's Priyanka Chopra jets into LA for awards show after returning to work following on set accident The Indian actress Ciara 'settles custody case with ex-fiancé Future as they agree to joint custody over two-year-old son' They were engaged from Oct 2013 to Aug 2014 Vanessa Hudgens wows in off-the-shoulder top and tight leather pants as she promotes new TV show Powerless Former High School Musical star Paris Jackson bears a striking resemblance to pop icon Madonna in her heyday... as she flashes her new nipple piercings for debut high fashion model for Chanel Olga Kurylenko wears bright striped dress to cosy up to Salty co-star Ben Cura at The Fall Magazine launch party She's known as a Bond girl Dining solo? Selena picks up takeaway... before claims her 'beau' The Weeknd was warned by ex Bella Hadid that Gomez is using him Hello from the OUT-side! Adele fans who bought tickets from unauthorised online sellers will be turned away from Australian gig SEBASTIAN SHAKESPEARE: Jagger's girl takes a leaf out of bolshy Bianca's book: Lizzie joins protest in the US to ensure equal rights for women Bella Hadid 'called ex The Weeknd to tell him new girlfriend Selena Gomez was using him and that was her pattern with men' Said to be 'pissed' Khloe Kardashian reveals she was so embarrassed by her former larger figure that she couldn't look people in the eye in teaser for Revenge Body Hot mama! Newly blonde Blac Chyna puts her curves on display in skintight satin two-piece just two months after giving birth to Dream Kardashian 'Imagine people losing their minds when they see Tammin Sursok!' Merrick Watts mocks Pretty Little Liars star after she hits out against 'celebrity obsession' Bare-faced beauty! Gwyneth Paltrow flashes makeup-free face and air-dried hair during morning errands She has an entire site dedicated to clean living Blonde babe! Baywatch alum Pamela Anderson, 49, proves she doesn't age as she looks youthful in grey coat at LAX airport She wrapped up Paul McCartney files lawsuit against Sony over copyrights to Beatles songs once owned by Michael Jackson Hopes to win back copyrights PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Paula Patton and Robin Thicke are spotted leaving same building as it's claimed they are undergoing counseling during custody battle Well-prepared! Elizabeth Olsen flashes a bit of midriff as she shops for household supplies in Los Angeles Elizabeth Olsen cut a casually stylish figure 'I sleep in my tights!' The Biggest Loser's Michelle Bridges is so hooked on her gym clothes that she wears them to bed The 46-year-old As Kim Kardashian and Gigi Hadid replace skinny jeans with cozy joggers, FEMAIL breaks down four stylish, A-list approved ways to wear sweatpants in public Baby boom! Mexican singer Anahi gives birth to her first child, a boy The Mexican beauty today revealed the arrival of her bundle of joy on Instagram Pretty in prints! Nicole Richie flashes her bra in sheer shirt and clashing patterns to promote Great News at NBC event Lionel's daughter Alanis Morissette's former business manager admits stealing $4.8m from her after claiming he invested it in illegal marijuana grows Princess Tessy of Luxembourg announces she is divorcing husband Prince Louis after 10 years of marriage Pair have two kids What's old is new again! Jennifer Lawrence's manicurist reveals how your broken make-up can be used to create a fresh and fun nail look 'She's hot, why not?' Brandi Glanville reveals she had a 'fling for a bit' with My Kitchen Rules co-star Cat Cora Revealed on Watch What Happens Live 'She's touching MY husband!' Seven Year Switch star threatens to 'kill' her spouse's temporary wife after seeing the pair drunkenly flirt EXCLUSIVE: Jennifer Lopez, 47, enjoys one-on-one romantic dinner date with 'beau' Drake, 30, at Catch in LA J.Lo looked stunning as she joined rapper You could have made an effort George! Osborne wears trainers as he joins Westminster's forgotten men to schmooze the Clooneys at Davos 'My kids are into wildlife, it would be great to spend time here with them': Supermodel Cindy Crawford will visit Australia for the first time in 10 years 'She was furious': Amanda Abbington 'was concerned about ex Martin Freeman's relationship with showbiz researcher before their shock split' The new cleavage? As an underboob- baring crop top from Fendi graces its third magazine cover, FEMAIL reveals why the daring look is becoming more mainstream 'I'm a dumba*': Beverly Hills Cop star Judge Reinhold says sorry after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct for his shirtless TSA meltdown On daddy duty! Ashton Kutcher ventures out alone with his daughter Wyatt as wife Mila Kunis and new baby are not seen He's a doting father 1 trend, 3 styles: Try a different approach to the tailored style with one of these tweed jackets Give your office outfit a modern twist with a tweed jacket Politics of Kanye West: Washington University professor teaches class focusing on rap star's 'black genius' Prof Jeffrey McCune (inset) is teaching the class Date night! Chris Brown takes pretty brunette to hotspot Catch LA in flash red Lamborghini as Drake and J-Lo dine inside... but leaves soon after The mane event! Trump's wax figure is unveiled by Madame Tussauds and it took FIVE WEEKS to carefully coif that presidential comb-over strand by strand Designer clothes, they're just like us! Marla Maples' Lanvin threads spotted riding Manhattan crosstown bus A messenger was spotted carrying bags Is Bob Dylan's 'true America' painting really a British seaside's pier? Singer's watercolor of Norfolk, Virginia looks suspicioulsy like the northern resort's pier 'Being a man isn't about how "tough" or "masculine" you are': Maybelline's first ever male spokesmodel fires back at troll who shamed him AND his dad Sssssso pretty! Demi Lovato looks glamorous in plunging pink snakeskin dress for Smurfs: The Lost Village photo call in LA Smurfs photocall Welcome to Bella Hadid's 'humble little apartment'! From the bathroom to the exposed brick, model shows off her spacious Manhattan digs Hollywood superstar making a film about his night of drunken madness... and Woody Harrelson's filming it LIVE in London tonight Cameras are rolling Dance Moms star Maddie Ziegler, 14, sends fans into a tailspin after posting a romantic picture with her rumored Australian boyfriend 'It's full of lies!': Family of late Tejano singer Selena is outraged as it's announced Disney is distributing a TV series about her 1995 murder Beloved star was shot Julianne Hough puts her taut tummy on display in a red-hot sports bra before switching to stylish off-duty outfit after morning workout Twinning! Kylie Jenner and Hailey Baldwin wear matching tracksuits and top knots as they jet back to Los Angeles BFFs kept it super casual Beauty and the Beast's new triptych poster features entire cast... except Dan Stevens' Prince Adam Disney released the fourth poster for film Bella Thorne flaunts her sizzling figure in bikini while clutching a pig... after shocking Twitter by sharing a snap of her ex Gregg Sulkin's 'manhood' TV show Will & Grace will return to NBC with 10 episodes a decade after it was canceled Fans are in for a treat, following months of rumors Bubblegum chic! Blindspot star Jaimie Alexander looks feminine in head-to-toe pink for press tour The 32-year-old donned a frilly fuchsia dress Hippie chic! Make-up free Drew Barrymore swaps glamour for grunge as she jets in to Paris sporting baggy maxi dress and floppy hat Step aside Emma Stone! Ryan Gosling sweeps Ellen DeGeneres off her feet in La La Land behind-the-scenes spoof Hilarious parody Forever young! Renee Zellweger, 47, appears amazingly youthful with minimal makeup as she leaves a workout session in Los Angeles Looked trim in fitted attire Gilding the Lily! Dolly Parton and Jane Fonda to be reunited with 9 To 5 costar Tomlin to give her Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Storied career 'We're surprised she showed up': Kim Kardashian 'shocked production staff by filming cameo in heist film Ocean's 8'... after her own robbery ordeal Mel B flaunts her incredible curves in a micro-mini dress as she steps out in NYC... while the future of Spice Girls off-shoot GEM hangs in the balance So in love! Matthew McConaughey plants a kiss on gorgeous wife Camila Alves at Gold premiere in NYC He's just a big kid at heart Kendall Jenner flaunts her endless legs in skintight leather pants as she shops in NYC with rumored love interest A$AP Rocky The 21-year-old Going for gold! Nicole Richie looks sartorially savvy in metallic blouse and slinky maxi-skirt as she parties at vodka bash Disco fever 'She's happy to be back': Priyanka Chopra returns to Quantico set four days after fall left her with concussion Injured on the ABC show's New York set 'I find it truly sad': New mom Ali Fedotowsky says if her daughter acted like Bachelor villain Corinne she would be 'heartbroken' Speaking out again Did he not read the warning signs? Scott Eastwood 'faces hefty fine over his jump off Sydney cliff rocks'... where a man died on Christmas day 'I have no intention to shame anyone': Alicia Keys defends decision to go make-up free... as she wears a little for the first time in a year for Allure shoot 'Three kids doesn't mean you have to stop feeling pretty': Hilaria Baldwin flashes her new bling after putting belly button ring back in Alec Baldwin's wife 'She's my all-time fave!': Reese Witherspoon kicks off birthday tributes for Golden Girls icon Betty White as she turns 95 Took to social media Aaron Rodgers' chiropractor dad speaks out to confirm he has not spoken to his NFL star son in over TWO YEARS after he started dating Olivia Munn Keeping it comfy! Makeup-free Kate Hudson leaves pal Bradley Cooper's house in slouchy white top and yoga pants Goldie Hawn's daughter Baby steps! Kim Kardashian posts sweet snapshot as Saint West walks in plush navy tracksuit The 13-month-old looked adorable Going for gold! Brazilian bombshell Adriana Lima oozes opulence in silky nude gown as she poses up a storm at luxury watch launch Hairzilla! Kate transforms locks from lank to lustrous...but has she gone too far with her latest transformation? Very bouncy blow dry Margaret's toyboy lover, Snowdon's wild affairs that led to the couple's divorce and why the Queen sided with her brother-in-law Snowdon died last week Score! Adam DeVine plants a kiss on girlfriend Chloe Bridges who shows off her chest in low-cut top at LA basketball game The Pitch Perfect actor EXCLUSIVE - 'It's NOT creepy!' Father of British 'Taylor Swift' schoolgirl who won Philippines talent show insists seven-year-old is not 'sexualized' Can YOU tell who's the real deal? The celebrity doppelgangers that are so similar to their A-list lookalikes you might think you're seeing double Patrick Stewart, 76, looks besotted as glamorous wife Sunny Ozell, 38, rocks a plunging LBD at Swiss watch launch Looked as close as ever	i don't know
Launched in January 1993, which Ford model car won the award for European Car of the Year in 1994?	Ford Motor Company Timeline \| Ford.com 1896 Henry Ford builds the Quadricycle. Henry Ford's first vehicle rode on four bicycle wheels and was powered by a four-horsepower engine. Instead of a steering wheel, the Quadricycle had a tiller. The gearbox had only two forward gears with no reverse. 1899 Henry Ford joins a group that founds the Detroit Automobile Company. Ford leaves company within one year. 1901 Henry Ford defeats the top racecar driver of the era. Ford designed the 26-horsepower Sweepstakes and defeated Alexander Winton's 70-horsepower Bullet in 10 laps around the one-mile oval of the Detroit Driving Club. The victory lead to Henry Ford's second short-lived attempt at auto manufacture, the Henry Ford Company. 1903 The Ford Motor Company is incorporated. With 12 investors and 1,000 shares, the company had spent almost all of its $28,000 cash investment by the time it sold the first Ford Model A on July 23, 1903. But by October 1, 1903 Ford Motor Company had turned a profit of $37,000. 1904 Ford Motor Company of Canada is founded. Ford’s first international plant was built in Walkerville (now Windsor), Ontario, right across the Detroit River from Ford’s existing facilities. The company was a separate organization with its own set of shareholders. It was created to sell vehicles not just in Canada, but also all across the then-current British Empire. 1907 Ford introduces the scripted typeface of its trademark. Childe Harold Wills designed the Ford logo. He used his grandfather’s stencil set, which was based on the style of writing taught in schools when Ford and Wills were children. However, the Ford oval would not be featured on a car until the 1927 Model A. 1908 Ford Introduces the Model T. Henry Ford’s Model T put the world on wheels with a simple, affordable, durable automobile. Ford sold 15 million Model Ts before ceasing production in May 1927, making it one of the best-selling vehicles of all time, and arguably the most famous car in the world. In 1908, there were only about 18,000 miles of paved roads in the US. To deal with the primitive roads, Ford used light and strong vanadium steel alloy for critical parts. At the time, most of the automobiles in existence were luxurious novelties rather than affordable transport. But to appeal to the mass market, Ford’s vehicle also had to be reliable and easy to maintain. Fortunately for millions of new drivers, it was. 1908 Ford opens its first overseas sales branch in Paris. 1913 Ford introduces the integrated moving assembly line to auto production. Ford's innovation eventually reduced the Model T's chassis assembly line from 12.5 to 1.5 hours, and in doing so precipitated a revolution in manufacturing. The accelerating speed with which Ford could produce cars helped him continue to lower the price of the Model T. 1914 Ford institutes the famous "$5 Day". In 1914, $5 per day was double the existing pay rate for factory workers, and on top of that, Ford reduced the workday from nine to eight hours. The day after the “$5 Day” was announced, an estimated 10,000 people lined up outside Ford’s employment office hoping to be hired. Ford’s increased pay greatly improved employee retention since the monotonous and strenuous work of the moving assembly line was causing high turnover. The increased wage had the added effect of allowing many of Ford’s employees to purchase the cars they produced, and the eight hour workday allowed Ford to run 3 shifts a day instead of 2. The increased pay, increased leisure time, and even increased the personal mobility of car ownership were all critical factors in the creation of an American middle class. 1917 Ford begins construction of the River Rouge Complex. It would become the largest integrated factory in the world by the following decade. Throughout its history, the self-contained Rouge Complex has contained a wide array of industries necessary to produce cars, including steel mills, a tire factory, a glass factory, a power plant and a reception depot for coal, iron ore, rubber and lumber. In the 1930s the complex employed over 100,000 workers. Today the River Rouge Complex continues to evolve to meet the needs of modern manufacturing processes. 1917 Ford Motor Company produces its first ever truck. The Ford Model TT was a truck based on the Model T car, but with a reinforced chassis and rear axle. This early pickup was rated at one ton. 1918 Ford’s River Rouge Complex begins manufacturing antisubmarine patrol boats. These 42 Eagle-class boats were the first product manufactured at the Rouge. In its efforts to aid the Allies in WWI, Ford also produced more than 38,000 Model T cars, ambulances, and trucks, 7,000 Fordson tractors, two types of armored tanks, and 4,000 Liberty airplane engines for the Allies. Afterward, Ford hired disabled veterans returning from the war, making the automaker one of the first companies to hire people with disabilities and to adapt work environments to their specific needs. 1919 Edsel Ford succeeds Henry Ford as president of the company. On the same day, Henry Ford put a plan in place to buy out his investors and make himself, Clara Ford, and Edsel the sole owners of the business. Edsel’s interest in aesthetic automotive design brought a new dimension to Ford Motor Company, pushing the company to begin producing cars that were beautiful as well as practical. Edsel was also an extremely important art benefactor in Detroit, and one of the best-known paintings he commissioned was Diego Rivera’s Detroit Industry mural. His aesthetic legacy lives on in the original Lincoln Continental. 1922 Ford acquires the Lincoln Motor Company. Ford purchased Lincoln from Henry Leland, his former business associate from the Detroit Automobile Company. Since then, Lincoln has produced many luxury cars of historical and aesthetic note, including the 1931-1939 K-Series, 1936 Zephyr, Edsel Ford’s original Continental, the ensuing first-generation Lincoln Continental and the classic 1956-1957 Continental Mk. II. 1925 Ford begins production of Ford Tri-Motor airplanes. Ford’s plane was nicknamed the “Tin Goose,” a reference to the Model T’s nickname as the “Tin Lizzie.” The Tin Goose was one of the first airplanes used by America’s early commercial airlines. Combined with Ford’s reputation, application of assembly-line techniques and investment in Ford Airlines, the plane helped spur the creation of the commercial airline industry. And to further accelerate the industry’s development, Ford offered the plane’s 35 patents free of royalties, including his patent for the navigational radio beam. 1927 Ford begins selling the 1928 Model A. While the Model T dominated the auto industry from 1908 to the early 1920s, by the middle of the decade there was fierce competition from other automakers. After the 15 millionth Model T drove off the assembly line on May 26, 1927, Ford closed plants all over the world to spend six months retooling factories and perfecting the design of a new car. Ford called the new car the Model A, commemorating Ford Motor Company’s first car, the 1903 Model A. The car was the first vehicle to sport the iconic Blue Oval logo, and it included innovative features like a Safety Glass windshield. By 1931 Ford had sold over five million Model As despite the difficulties of the Great Depression. 1932 Ford introduces the flathead V8 engine. As with the new Model A, Henry Ford shut down all other production operations to work on this innovative project. At great effort and expense, the company engineered a way to cast the first commercially successful V8 engine. The flathead was a hit. It was affordable, versatile, and introduced just as the American market was becoming fascinated with ever-more powerful engines. It remained in production for over 22 years. To this day the flathead remains extremely popular with hot rodders. 1936 Ford begins selling the Lincoln Zephyr line. Much like the Mercury brand, Lincoln-Zephyr was designed to sell at a price point between the Ford V8 De Luxe and the high-end luxury cars offered by Lincoln. Lincoln-Zephyr’s sleek, aerodynamic shapes helped make the brand a sales success, but when auto production ceased during WWII, the Zephyr name was dropped as well. 1938 Ford unveils the medium-priced Mercury brand. Edsel Ford created Mercury cars to bridge the gap between affordable Fords and luxurious Lincoln cars. The first Mercury was the 1939 Mercury 8, which had a V8 engine and a stylish body characteristic of Edsel Ford's design sense. 1941 Ford begins producing Jeeps for the U.S. military. The vehicles were nicknamed for their "GP," or general-purpose designation. 1941 Ford signs its first contract with the UAW-CIO. After years of struggle between management and labor at Detroit's major automakers, Ford signed a contract guaranteeing better pay, benefits and working conditions for employees. 1942 Ford halts civilian auto production in the United States to produce military equipment. Through its manufacturing expertise, Ford facilities built a staggering number of automobiles, planes, tanks, aircraft engines and other materiel for the war effort. By the end of WWII, Ford had produced more than 8,000 B-24 Liberator bombers. Charles Lindbergh, the famous trans-Atlantic pilot, worked as an advisor for the construction of bombers at Ford’s Willow Run plant. In 1944, Rose Will Monroe was working at Willow Run as a rivet gun operator when she was chosen to appear in a promotional film for war bonds. Rose became the personification of the fictional “Rosie the Riveter” character as depicted in the iconic “We Can Do It!” posters. 1943 Edsel Ford dies. Edsel was the only child of Henry and Clara Ford. After his death, Henry Ford returned to his former position as president of Ford Motor Company. Today, Edsel's legacy lives on in his contributions to the design of Lincoln cars and his generous backing of art in Detroit. 1945 Henry Ford II becomes president of Ford Motor Company. The son of Edsel and the grandson of Henry Ford, Henry Ford II, served as president from 1945 to 1960 and as chairman and CEO from 1960 to 1979. When Henry II took over, the company and its bookkeeping practices were in disarray. With the help of ten former U.S. Army Air Force officers nicknamed the “Whiz Kids,” Henry II transformed the organization into a disciplined company with modern management systems – prepared for the global challenges of the post-war world. 1948 Ford introduces the F-Series line of trucks. With its first postwar truck design, Ford ceased building trucks on car platforms and used a purpose-built truck platform instead. The truck was available in eight sizes and weight ratings, from the ½ ton capacity F-1 to the three-ton capacity F-8. In 1953, Ford replaced the F-1 with the ½ ton F-100, along with the F-250 ¾ ton trucks and the F-350 one-ton trucks. In 1984, the F-100 was replaced by the F-150 line of trucks. Since 1982, F-series has been the best-selling vehicle in the U.S. View slideshow 1948 Ford introduces the 1949 Ford. The 1949 Ford was the first all-new American car design to come out of Detroit after WWII. With its wind tunnel-tested aerodynamic shape, integrated pontoon fenders, airplane-inspired spinner grille and an updated V8, the new car was as radical a change as the 1928 Model A. 1954 Ford introduces the Thunderbird. The T-Bird emphasized comfort and convenience over sportiness. With its performance, design and distinctive porthole windows, the car would become a classic. 1954 Ford begins crash testing its vehicles. In the 60 years since then, Ford has performed more than 31,000 crash tests around the world. In recent years Ford has also used virtual crash testing to maximize the quantity and availability of crash data. In tandem with physical testing, the crash simulations help Ford gather more data than ever before. 1956 Ford becomes a publicly traded company. At the time, Ford's initial public offering (IPO) of common stock shares was the largest IPO in history. 1956 The Continental Division of the Ford Motor Company introduces the Continental Mk II. Under Henry Ford's grandson, William Clay Ford, the 1956 Mk. II was a revival of the 1941 Continental that grew out of a custom car designed for Edsel Ford's private use. Edsel and designer E.T. Gregorie named these stylish and elegant cars for the inspiration they drew from the "continental" cars they saw in Europe. 1957 Ford introduces the Edsel. Introduced as a recession was beginning in the United States, the Edsel was simply the wrong car for the wrong time. However, the car's highly unique styling makes it a valuable collector's car to this day. 1959 Ford Credit is founded. The full name of Ford's financial services arm is Ford Motor Credit Company LLC, and today the company offers loans and leases to car buyers, in addition to loans and lines of credit for Ford and other dealerships. 1964 The Ford Mustang goes on sale. The Mustang came to define the pony car class with its combination of a long hood, short deck, affordable price and customization options. The Mustang was a huge success, and today it remains one of the fastest-selling vehicles in history. With its role in movies like Bullitt and songs like "Mustang Sally," the car quickly became a cultural icon as well. 1965 Ford-Philco engineers unveil the Mission Control Center used to put a man on the moon. Ford owned Philco from 1961 to 1974, during which the company produced consumer electronics, computer systems, and military projects. In addition to designing, building, equipping and staffing Mission Control, Ford’s Philco electronics subsidiary performed support work for NASA’s Apollo and Gemini space programs thanks to Philco’s capabilities in transistors, solid-state devices, and microelectronics. Later, Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation evolved out of Philco. In 1976 the company built seven INTELSAT V satellites for the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. These satellites are still used today to send television transmissions and telephone calls between continents. 1965 Ford Germany and Ford U.K. collaborate to release the Transit in Europe. 1966 Three Ford GT40 Mk. IIs sweep the podium at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ford broke Ferrari's six-year winning streak at Le Mans to become the first American manufacturer to ever win the race. 1966 was the first of four consecutive victories for Ford, which won the 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969 24 Hours of Le Mans with various generations of the GT40. 1970 Ford introduces three-point, self-adjusting and retracting front outboard lap and shoulder belts. 1976 Ford of Europe introduces the Ford Fiesta. The subcompact hatchback became the company’s first internationally successful front-wheel drive model. At $870 million, its development budget was also the largest in Ford’s history. Moreover, Ford built a massive plant in Almusafes, Spain, near Valencia, to manufacture the car. The investments paid off, and the Fiesta broke the one-year sales record of the 1965 Mustang. From 1978 to 1981, Ford also sold the European Fiesta in North America. However, it wasn’t until 2009 that Ford would begin selling the Fiesta in the U.S. again. 1978 Ford introduces the downsized Panther platform. The smaller platform debuted in response to rising oil prices and new fuel economy regulations. 1980 Phillip Caldwell succeeds Henry Ford II. Caldwell was the first non Ford-family member to become chairman and CEO of Ford. 1981 Ford begins selling the fifth-generation Escort world car. When the Ford Escort was first sold in North America, the car was designed to share components with the European Escort. As such, in its first year the North American car featured a badge with the name “Escort” superimposed over a globe instead of a blue oval. The car was one of Ford’s best-selling vehicles in the ‘80s. 1985 Ford revolutionizes automotive design with the Taurus. The Taurus’ aerodynamic “jelly bean” body style broke tradition with the boxy sedan shapes of the time, helping the car become one of Ford’s most popular vehicles ever. The car was an important part of a worldwide shift in automotive design. Within Ford, the car represented a shift toward increased quality standards and front-wheel drive designs. 1986 Ford introduces the modular assembly line at its St. Louis assembly plant. The modular assembly line made use of automated ancillary assembly lines to produce vehicle sub-assemblies. The sub-assemblies were then added into the main assembly line. The trial run at St. Louis was a success, and today most Ford plants use modular assembly lines. 1990 Ford introduces the Explorer. In doing so, Ford helped launch the domestic SUV market. As SUVs became popular substitutes for family sedans, station wagons and vans, the Explorer became one of Ford’s most successful vehicles. The Explorer was a more comfortable and better-handling replacement for the Ford Bronco, which was discontinued in 1996. 1993 Ford introduces the Mondeo as its new global sedan. Though it was first introduced in Europe, the Mondeo was sold as the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique in the United States until 2000. Today the Mondeo is known as the Fusion in the United States. 1996 Ford produces the Ford Ranger Electric Vehicle. With lead acid batteries, regenerative braking, and a 700 lb. payload rating, the Ranger EV was a forerunner to today’s electric vehicles and hybrid energy systems. 1998 The introduction of the Lincoln Navigator spurs rapid growth in the luxury SUV segment. 2001 Ford's board of directors names Bill Ford to replace Jacques Nasser as CEO. The change helped the company return its focus to its core operations -- building cars -- and it realigned the company's values to emphasize its employees and the quality of its products. 2003 Ford celebrates its 100th anniversary. To commemorate the centennial of the company that put the world on wheels, Ford offered limited production centennial editions of five of the vehicles in its lineup at the time. Like the early Model T, the vehicles were offered in “any color so long as it is black.” 2004 Ford introduces the GT as its premium sports car. The mid-engine, 550 horsepower Ford GT was inspired by the legendary GT40 race cars that dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1966 to 1969. 2006 Alan Mullaly becomes Ford's President and CEO. Under Mullaly, Ford didn’t just weather the financial crisis of 2008 as the only American auto manufacturer to avoid receiving a government bailout loan. Instead of waiting out the crisis, Ford continued to aggressively invest in product development so that when the economy recovered Ford products would be some of the best vehicles on the market. A key part of Mullaly’s leadership was the One Ford plan. One Ford envisioned every person in every part of the global enterprise as part of a single team united by a common culture and a shared goal to deliver outstanding products. 2007 Ford begins offering SYNC in vehicles sold as 2008 models. Created from a partnership between Ford and Microsoft, SYNC offers a hands-free, voice-activated connectivity system with mobile phone integration, navigation and voice-activated access to entertainment. Ford has continuously updated SYNC since its introduction in order to help drivers keep their hands on the wheel and their eyes on the road while remaining connected to their technology. 2009 Ford begins offering its turbocharged EcoBoost line of engines. Delivering better fuel economy and more power than a naturally aspirated engine of the same size, Ford’s EcoBoost engines quickly became a popular choice in the U.S. and abroad. 2011	Ford Mondeo
In a standard game of poker, which hand comes immediately lower than a straight flush?	Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History - Feature - Car and Driver Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History Don't tell anyone, but we're not always right. Neither are those other magazines. Jan 2009 TWEET Here and now, in vivid HTML, Car and Driver formally apologizes for naming the Renault Alliance to the 1983 10Best Cars list. For the past 26 years, it’s been gnawing at our collective gut like a shame-induced ulcer. The car was trash. We should have known that back then, and it’s taken us too long to confess our grievous mistake. Let this frank admission be the start of our penance. It’s not the only blemish on our record, and we’re not the only publication to recognize a few stinkers with a high honor. The history of automotive journalism has seen flaming piles of poo named “Car of the Year” even as they attract product liability lawsuits by the acre-foot and hunks of crud honored as “All-Stars” at the very moment buyers are seeking reimbursement under lemon laws. It’s always a risk making judgments based on the initial exposure to a car, and sometimes a vehicle’s ultimate crappiness only reveals itself with the fullness of time. We’re all subject to hype for something that seems new, different, and maybe even better, and in this business, we all feel the crushing pressure to be timely, amusing, and authoritative. Being wrong is always a risk. Still, here are 10 award winners for which somebody needs to apologize. 1983 Renault Alliance: Car and Driver 10Best Cars “If we were some other magazine,” our ancestors wrote, honoring the Renault Alliance as one of 1983’s 10Best Cars, “this would be our car of the year.” The Alliance was misconceived during that period (1982 to 1987) when France’s Renault owned American Motors. The idea was to take the front-drive Renault 9 sedan, redecorate it with American-friendly elements like whitewall tires and a monochrome interior, and assemble the whole shebang in an old Nash factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Although the Alliance rode and handled okay for the time, the standard 1.4-liter engine croaked along with only 60 hp. The Alliance proved that Wisconsin workers could assemble a Renault with the same indifference to quality that was a hallmark of the French automotive industry. By the late ’80s, the sight of rusted Alliances abandoned alongside America’s roads was so common that their resale value had dropped to nearly zero. When Chrysler bought AMC in 1987, its first order of business was the mercy-killing of the Alliance. For the record, that “other magazine,” Motor Trend , did in fact name the Alliance its Car of the Year for 1983. We share the shame. 2002 Ford Thunderbird: Motor Trend Car of the Year Ford’s relaunch of the Thunderbird as a two-seater in 2002 seemed like such a good idea. The styling was gorgeous, the concept car had earned raves at every car show, and nostalgia for the 1955–57 two-seat Birds was at a fever pitch. Unfortunately, Ford went cheap engineering the new T-Bird, grabbing most of the chassis pieces and many interior elements straight out of the lackluster Lincoln LS sedan’s parts bin. The result was an overweight, softly sprung roadster that looked great outside, was agonizingly boring inside, and was dreary to drive. And at about $40,000, it was stupidly expensive. If anyone were to drive this T-Bird, it would be platinum-haired women prone to carrying small dogs wherever they go. It turns out there weren’t that many of those women out there. Only 19,085 Thunderbirds were sold during the 2002 model year, and sales dwindled from there. Mercifully, 2005 was the two-seater’s last year of production. 1971 Chevrolet Vega: Motor Trend Car of the Year The Chevy Vega is on everyone’s short list for Worst Car of All Time. It was so unreliable that it seemed the only time anyone saw a Vega on the road not puking out oily smoke was when it was being towed. That’s not to say the choice of the Vega as 1971 Car of the Year didn’t make sense in context. This was the year Ford and Chevy introduced new small cars, and compared with Ford’s Pinto, the Vega at least seemed better. The Vega handled more precisely, was available in more body styles, and with styling cribbed straight off the Camaro, looked more attractive. The Vega’s aluminum engine block even seemed like a technological leap forward. However, the aluminum block’s unlined cylinder bores scored easily, and the (usually misaligned) iron cylinder head let oil pour into them. Every element of the Vega’s chassis was built about as flimsily as possible, and the unibody structure’s metal was usually attacked by rust mere moments after being exposed to, well, air. It’s been 38 years since the Vega appeared, and the stink still won’t wash off. 1997 Cadillac Catera: Automobile All-Stars By the mid-’90s, Cadillac was sick of being kicked around by European competitors like the BMW 3- and 5-series and Mercedes C- and E-classes. No matter how hard Caddy tried, it always seemed the Germans were cooler. So Cadillac looked at GM’s international portfolio of products, came across the rear-drive Opel Omega MV6 that was then being built in Germany (perfect!), and decided that, with a little bit of redecoration and a name change to Catera, it would make a great Cadillac. Despite an ad campaign that featured both Cindy Crawford and animated versions of the ducks found on the Cadillac crest, there was just no way to hide the fact that the Catera was a snoozer. The styling was generic and gelatinous, the interior bland, and the chassis response lackadaisical, and the 3.0-liter V-6’s 200 hp had to strain against a nearly 3900-pound curb weight. Ads for the Catera said it was the “Caddy that zigs,” but what’s the point of zigging without zagging? About the only thing truly interesting about the Catera was its calamitous reliability record. 1985 Merkur XR4Ti: Car and Driver 10Best Cars In 1985, “Merkur” was such a peculiar name that anyone writing about Ford’s new brand of vehicles imported from Europe had to resort to pronunciation guides. “The Merkur (‘Mare- coor’) XR4Ti is about the slickest thing ever to come out of a Lincoln-Mercury dealer’s showroom,” C/D wrote while enshrining the car as one of that year’s 10Best, “maybe the slickest thing ever to come out of the Ford Motor Company.” To create the XR4Ti, Ford took Europe’s bulbous three-door, rear-drive Sierra, excised its V-6 engine, and replaced it with the turbocharged 2.3-liter four out of the Thunderbird Turbo Coupe and Mustang SVO (albeit without the SVO’s intercooler). The result wasn’t a terrible car, but it sure was odd-looking. With its biplane rear spoiler and slick contours, the XR4Ti was aerodynamically slippery and looked European. The turbo four’s raucous 170 hp managed somewhat sprightly performance, but no matter how giddy C/D ’s editors were back then, buyers found the XR4Ti highly resistible. It was, in sum, peculiar. 1997 Chevrolet Malibu: Motor Trend Car of the Year There hasn’t been a more generic or uninteresting car made in America than the 1997 Chevrolet Malibu. “Chevrolet decided that unlike its cross-town rivals at Ford and Chrysler,” wrote Motor Trend as it assigned the Malibu its highest accolade, “it wasn't interested in pushing the styling envelope with its new sedan.” And push it, General Motors didn’t. At least the 1997 Malibu drove blandly, too. The front-drive chassis was tuned for banality. The two engines offered were a 2.4-liter DOHC four making 150 hp and a 3.1-liter V-6 rated at just 155 horsepower. And both were lashed to a somnambulant four-speed automatic transaxle. Moments after the Malibu went on sale, it became a fixture in fleets; it was the perfect car to buy when you’re buying 600. It became such a staple with rental companies that when the next Malibu was ready for launch during the 2004 model year, Chevrolet simply changed the name of the one introduced in 1997 to “Classic” and restricted sales to fleets. The Classic remained in production through the 2005 model year. It was America’s plain brown wrapper. 1990 Lincoln Town Car: Motor Trend Car of the Year The 1990 Lincoln Town Car was barely more than a reskinned version of its immediate predecessor, a lame tub designed to wring a couple more years of profits out of decades-old technology. Sure, the 1990 Town Car’s wheelbase grew an entire 10th of an inch—from 117.3 to 117.4 inches—and overall length was up 1.2 inches, but virtually every mechanical element was carry-over. That included the float-tuned suspension, the Nimitz-class steering circle, the arthritic 150-hp, 4.9-liter V-8, and the sloughy shifting four-speed automatic transmission. At least the looks were marginally improved, and if you’re going to pass out drunk on the floor of a car, it’s hard to think of a better machine to do it in than a stretched Town Car limo. The Town Car got better in 1991 when Ford’s then-new 190-hp V-8 replaced the old pushrod engine, but after that it remained technologically stagnant until it was once again superficially redesigned for 1998. It didn’t even try to be new. 1980 Chevrolet Citation: Motor Trend Car of the Year When GM’s front-drive compact X-cars--the Chevrolet Citation, the Buick Skylark, the Oldsmobile Omega, and the Pontiac Phoenix—went into production in April 1979, everything seemed foolproof. The X-car was front-drive, the two available engines were old-school pushrod designs, and the interior was Detroit chic with flat seats and plastic door panels. At the time, it seemed like a breakthrough—finally, an American-made Honda Accord. Things started going terribly wrong as soon as the X-car got into the hands of consumers. While staring down 60-month payment books, Citation owners were having trim bits fall off in their hands, hearing their transmissions groan and seize, and finding that if they listened closely enough they could hear their cars rust. At times it seemed the suspension in some X-cars wasn’t even bolted in correctly, as the ride motions grew funkier and funkier while the steering developed an oceanic on-center dead spot. As GM’s first front-drive compacts, the X-cars were significant vehicles: They slaughtered GM’s reputation for a whole generation. 1974 Ford Mustang II: Motor Trend Car of the Year The Mustang II was a direct response to the energy crises brought on by the OPEC oil embargoes of the early ’70s. Looking at the bloated 1973 Mustang, Ford was sure the way to go for ’74 was smaller. So it slapped a new body atop the Pinto to create the Mustang II and skipped V-8 engines altogether. Even as the Mustang II went on sale, purists were crying that it represented a betrayal. Instead of the powerful car the Mustang had been, here was a poseur with wheezing four- and six-cylinder engines under the hood. And except for slightly better fuel economy, there were no compensating virtues. Styling cues from earlier ponies—the “C” indent along the flanks, the three-section taillights, and the corral-shaped front grille—were cartoonish on the misshapen Mustang II. And no other Mustang is quite as despicable as the 1975 Mustang II Ghia notchback coupe with the half-vinyl roof. Ford shoehorned a V-8 into the Mustang II during 1975—a strangled two-barrel 302-cubic-inch rated at a pathetic 129 hp—and that further proved how ludicrously fragile the car’s structure was. Today the Mustang II is the Mustang only the most socially inept enthusiast loves. 1995 Ford Contour/Mercury Mystique: Car and Driver 10Best Cars For three years, from 1995 to 1997, this magazine tried to convince the rest of the world that the front-drive Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique were worthy of 10Best status. It didn’t work. “[T]hese replacements for the Tempo and Topaz are very different than Chrysler’s Cirrus,” we wrote in the 1995 10Best issue. “The Contour is a smaller, tauter car. It has a tighter back seat but more aggressive road manners. In fact, if you didn’t see Ford’s oval logo, you might easily mistake it for a much more expensive European sports sedan.” Hey, compared with the Tempo and Topaz, a wheelbarrow seemed refined. The problem was, as we should have understood back in ’95, that the Contour and Mystique really were too small for their class. Priced alongside the Honda Accord and Toyota Camry, the Americanized versions of Europe’s cramped Mondeo never stood a chance. “For the serious driver who wants a compact, affordable sedan,” we wrote to justify selection of the Contour and Mystique to the 1996 10Best list, “these Ford products deserve a long look.” So buyers gave them a long look and then muttered to themselves, “That thing is just too dinky.”	i don't know
What is the name of the girlfriend of Bill Sykes who he murders in the Dickens novel 'Oliver Twist'?	Bill Sikes: My favourite Charles Dickens character - Telegraph Charles Dickens Bill Sikes: My favourite Charles Dickens character Bill Sikes - from Oliver Twist - is one of Dickens's nastiest characters and is the eighteenth in the Telegraph pick of the best Charles Dickens characters. Image 1 of 4 Drunken Bill Sikes, one of Charles Dickens's meanest villains, kidnaps Oliver Twist. Sikes is accompanied by his dog Bulls Eye in this portrait by Frederick Barnard. Photo: Alamy Image 1 of 4 Kay Walsh (Nancy) is attacked by Bill Sikes (Robert Newton) in the classic 1948 film version of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. KAY WALSH AND ROBERT NEWTON Image 1 of 4 Charles Dickens's books have been published all over the world. This Oliver Twist was, appropriately, one of the Dover Thrift Editions. By Catherine Gee , Writer, TV & Radio 7:00AM GMT 15 Feb 2012 Follow My Favourite Charles Dickens character: Bill Sikes from Oliver Twist (1838) Rarely has a villain come along who is more dark and frightening than Bill Sikes. He’s drunk, brutal, selfishly bullish and possesses a consuming desire for revenge and control that is further blinkered by his inability to be reasoned with – all made all the more fearsome by his realism. Men much like him existed then and men much like him exist now. He is the one man on the streets of London who never showed a scrap of kindness – apparent or otherwise – to young orphan Oliver and remains probably Charles Dickens’s darkest character. He manages his career as a criminal and those who work with him with a harsh iron fist. He beats those closest to him – his girlfriend Nancy and his dog Bulls Eye – without remorse and when he discovers that Nancy plans to return Oliver to his wealthy guardians he murders her in a fit of anger. Oliver Twist has been adapted many times for stage and screen but it is probably Oliver Reed’s portrayal of Sikes in Carol Reed’s 1968 musical film that is best remembered. He became every inch of the drink and rage-filled criminal – no doubt helped along by Reed’s own substantial alcohol problem. The full series of 'My favourite Charles Dickens character' is: Related Articles	Nancy
In a standard game of poker, which hand comes immediately lower than a straight?	Oliver Twist (Literature) - TV Tropes Oliver Twist You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share "Please, sir, I want some more." — Oliver Twist A novel by Charles Dickens , originally published as a serial in Bentley's Miscellany between 1837 and 1839. Oliver Twist is born an orphan and raised to a young age in a cruel workhouse that exploits the poor. Eventually he escapes the workhouse, only to run afoul of the London underworld. He's recruited into a pickpocket gang, but rescued by a kindly gentlemen who discovers Oliver's real identity and finally finds him a happy home. The story is one of Dickens' most famous tales and includes some of his most enduring characters, including the crooked Jewish ringleader Fagin and the sly Artful Dodger. Like many of Dickens' works, the novel contains a great deal of social commentary on the way British society at the time treated its poor. Of particular note is the famous scene in which the starving Oliver begs for more gruel from the workhouse cook and is harshly punished. The story has been adapted many times throughout the years, including: Oliver Twist (1922), featuring Lon Chaney as Fagin Oliver Twist (1948), directed by David Lean and featuring Alec Guinness as Fagin Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist, a Mexican animated adaptation. This book contains examples of: Adorkable : Mr. Brownlow at times seems to give off this vibe. All Girls Want Bad Boys : Played with. Nancy is fiercely loyal to the abusive Sikes, though she has no illusions about what he is. On the other hand, Rose falls for the Incorruptibly Pure Harry. Adults Are Useless : Played straight then later subverted. This includes the magistrate who refuses to give Oliver over to a chimney sweeper (who is obviously going to use him to clean chimneys until he gets stuck in one and can't get out just like every other boy he's adopted) when he sees Oliver is obviously terrified by the man. This is the first time an adult actually shows genuine kindness and concern for Oliver, a poor, sweet little orphan boy. Then there was Mr. Brownlow, who pretty much offers to adopt the young boy, his lovely housekeeper, his grumpy friend Mr. Grimwig, and then of course the Maylie family. Dirty Coward : Monks prefers to get others to do his dirty work for him, and he's shown to be easily intimidated when Mr Brownlow questions him. Noah Claypole is even worse. Fagin and Sikes may be criminals, but at least they're willing to be bold about it. Noah considers stealing the bags from old ladies too dangerous for him, despite acting The Bully whenever he's alone with someone younger and weaker than him. When he's captured, he immediately sells out Fagin to escape prison. Disproportionate Retribution : Oliver asks for a second helping of food and is severely punished for it. (This was intended as a cutting satire on social conditions, of course.) To modern eyes, having a kid deported because you found a stolen snuffbox on him seems a tad harsh. Disney Villain Death : Bill Sikes technically dies by falling off a roof. But he never hits the ground, because he gets a rope tangled around his neck on the way down. Bullseye the dog then gives a straight example. Domestic Abuser : Bill Sikes, to Nancy; Noah Claypole, to Charlotte (to a certain extent, anyway; it's verbal, not physical); Widow Corney, to Mr Bumble; and Mrs Sowerberry, to Mr Sowerberry. The last two probably qualify more as Henpecked Husband , but it's still portrayed as somewhat abusive. Even Evil Has Standards : Charley may be a pickpocket and street urchin, but he's VERY upset when Sikes kills Nancy. Females Are More Innocent : Most of the women are wholesome, decent people (special mention goes to The Ingenue Rose), save for Nancy, who is a Love Martyr for Bill Sikes, someone who is less than pleasant. But Nancy, compared with the other members of Fagin's gang, is still the most moral of them. To be fair with the use of this assumption, male members of Fagin's gang get to live Tom Sawyer's dream, and the females get to be sluts in the eyes of the public. Oliver's father stipulates in his will that Agnes' child, should it be a girl, will get an inheritance unconditionally. If the child was born a boy, he could only claim his inheritance provided that he should not have done anything to publicly dishonor his name during his minority. Which is why Edwin's first son Edward/Monks wants to completely discredit his half-brother Oliver, who is said child. Subverted, somewhat humorously, with the Bumbles. While Mr Bumble is by no means innocent, the fact that his wife would be seen by law as 'acting under his influence', thus less guilty, is shown to be absurd since he's a Henpecked Husband subjected to Domestic Abuse from her. Bumble even lampshades it, stating that the law must be a bachelor and an idiot. Subverted with Mrs Mann, the baby farm keeper. While the farm gets enough money to feed them, she keeps most of it to herself while underfeeding the children to the edge of starvation. Mortality rate due to neglect and starvation is a staggering 85 percent. Even the otherwise neglectful parish is disturbed by the rumors, but nothing is ever proven. Rose Maylie, a virtuous, pure, innocent, beloved seventeen-year-old ingenue to Nancy, a miserable, alcoholic, unloved, hardened prostitute who happens to be seventeen years old. Mr. Brownlow to Fagin. Harry Maylie to Bill Sikes. Oliver to the Artful Dodger. Getting Crap Past the Radar : Charley Bates, who is always going around with his hands and is prone to fits of laughter, is frequently referred to as "Master Bates." This might be interpreted as simply an instance of Have a Gay Old Time , but as the term "masturbate" was already in use when Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, and had the same meaning then as it does today, it seems more likely it was completely intentional. In one scene, Nancy rages at Fagin for corrupting her when she was a child. While Fagin explicitly employs several individuals in different illegal activities (pickpockets, housebreakers, spies), Dickens has separately confirmed that, yes, he's also a pimp, and Nancy (and probably Bet) are prostitutes. Greedy Jew : Dickens indulges in this trope to the hilt with Fagin, however it does not appear that Dickens himself held any grudge against Jews. Creating exaggerated characters out of all walks of life was simply his stock in trade. He also claimed that he only made Fagin Jewish because he legitimately believed that most London "kidsmen" were Jewish. Later in life, Dickens befriended some Jewish people and discovered that they were, rather understandably, offended by the character; by way of apology, he want back and excised many references to Fagin's faith. Perhaps even more offensive than Fagin is Barney, the barman at The Three Cripples, who gets no characterisation beyond that he's Jewish, greedy, ugly, evil, and has a speech impediment. Hard-Drinking Party Girl : Nancy, though she also shows shades of The Alcoholic . Fagin gets all his female wards addicted to alcohol. Though the reason is never given, it's most likely so that they'll be more dependent and/or more pleasant company. Have a Gay Old Time : Charley Bates is frequently called "Master Bates." Unless you view that as a deliberate attempt at Getting Crap Past the Radar , it might be an instance of this trope. The intended humor then lies in the fact that Charley is a street urchin unlikely to deserve such an honorific. After helping kidnap him, Nancy starts to care for Oliver and betrays Fagin in order to protect the child. Note: she does not turn on Sikes, and refuses to leave him. If only he knew that . . . Charley Bates is the only one of Fagin's associates who fully reforms. The eventual outcome of Mr. Bumble's marriage to the Widow Corney. Also Mr. and Mrs. Sowerberry. Heterosexual Life-Partners : The Dodger and Charley Bates, Brownlow and Grimwig, the Doctor and Grimwig (they become this after the events of the book, anyway). If the fact that Bet cried and screamed over Nancy's death to the point where she was sent to a mental institution is any indication of their closeness/friendship, they probably were. Also Brownlow and Oliver's Disappeared Dad Edwin Leeford, to the point of becoming his Secret Keeper . Hooker with a Heart of Gold : Nancy. Charles Dickens stated in a preface written for the full novel that "the girl is a prostitute." Edwin Leefort was on both ends of this. First he married a much older woman (Monks's mother) and theirs was a very unhappy union. After his wife's death he met a much younger girl named Agnes and they hit it off, but he suddenly died and Agnes ran away from her family. And we all know what happened to her . And he, married at about twenty to a thirty-year-old woman, was treated almost like a child sold to some old hag, while him taking interest in a nineteen-year old girl more than ten years later, was perfectly okay in terms of age . Also, Bill Sikes was thirty-five and Nancy was about seventeen. Meaningful Name : Many, as Dickens is known for this. The most obvious include Bumble, Crackit, Grimwig and Fang. Missing Mom : Oliver's mother Agnes dies at the beginning of the novel. Nice Hat : The Artful Dodger is mentioned to wear a hat which (like the rest of his attire) doesn't quite fit, but which stays on his head at all times because he's developed the habit of jerking his head just right to keep it on. One early illustrator decided that the hat should be a slightly-battered top hat, which has since become a beloved icon of the character. No Celebrities Were Harmed : Mr. Fang is based on the hot-tempered magistrate Allan Laing. Obviously Evil : Dickens describes Sikes in these terms. He even says that his legs alone wouldn't look right without manacles on them. Orphanage of Fear : Though it's actually a workhouse, Oliver Twist features probably the most infamous orphanage in literature. And this is AFTER surviving the horrors of the baby farm... The Artful Dodger, Charley Bates and the rest of Fagin's pickpockets, including Oliver. Nancy was this once, as well, before Fagin put her on the street and became her pimp. Strong Family Resemblance : Mr. Brownlow started to have thoughts about Oliver's true identity when he noticed that he looked a LOT like the portrait of Agnes that he kept at his home... The Summation : At the end, Mr. Brownlow assembles everyone in a room to explain the mystery of Monks' relationship to Oliver. This Bed of Rose's : Nancy takes Oliver under her wing and is determined to raise him to be a respectable young man. Too Good for This Sinful Earth : Comes very close to playing this straight with Rose but ultimately subverts it. Trailers Always Spoil : When the completed novel was reprinted in parts, the very first cover gave away Fagin's imprisonment and Bill Sikes' death. Trap Door : Monks meets Mr and Mrs Bumble in his derelict warehouse hideout, and after their conversation reveals that they had been sitting on a trapdoor that he could have used to drop them in the river had he wished. Truth in Television : Charles Dickens wrote the book based on many problems that were prevalent in English society at the time. Fagin was a representative of a type of criminal found in the slums of that day, called a "kidsman." They would train young runaways and "throwaway" children to pick pockets, and pay them for the proceeds, as well as providing a place to sleep. Oliver Twist himself gets used as what was called a "snakesman"—-a young child or very small adult who could insinuate himself into places where an adult could not pass, to open doors and allow older, larger confederates to enter. Villainous Breakdown : Sikes after murdering Nancy; Fagin while awaiting execution. Would Hit a Girl : Sikes, who physically abuses Nancy. This includes the fatal beating of her toward the end of the novel. Wouldn't Hurt a Child : The Maylie family's manservant, Giles, is quite proud of the fact he managed to shoot one of the would be intruders who tried to break into the household. Until he realizes he shot Oliver, at which point he essentially turns white with sheer horror. Tropes unique to the 1922 film: All Part of the Show : Oliver dives under a puppet show booth, only to be immediately caught by the man pursuing him. The audience briefly thinks it's part of the show before the rest of the crowd chasing Oliver shows up. Coordinated Clothes : During his brief time as apprentice to Mr. Sowerberry, Oliver wears a suit that matches Sowerberry's, including a top hat with a long tail. Dream Sequence : Oliver, after going to bed hungry in the workhouse, dreams of a spoon and a plate dancing. Impairment Shot : Everything goes fuzzy before Oliver faints in court. Pragmatic Adaptation : Besides dropping a lot of plot points in order to squeeze the story into a 74-minute movie, the film fixes the egregious Contrived Coincidences from the novel. The film omits the bits about Rose being Oliver's aunt and Mr. Browlow being Oliver's father's friend; they are simply nice people who wind up taking an interest in Oliver. :: Indexes ::	i don't know
Launched in Autumn 1995, which Renault model car won the award for European Car of the Year in 2003 ?	The Renault Cars Have Won Many Awards * Clio II (Supermini with hatchback and sedan body styles, launched 1998) * Clio III (Lutécia III in Japan, launched 2005) * Kangoo (Launched 1998) * Trafic (Launched 2003) Recent "name" models (1980–) Avantime (2001–2003) Clio (1990–) Espace (1984–) Fuego (1980–1987) Kangoo (1999–) Laguna (1993–) Logan (2004–) Mégane (1996–) Medallion (1988-1989) Modus (2004–) Safrane (1992–1998) Scénic (1996–) Twingo (1992–) Vel Satis (2001-) Thalia (1999-) After World War II to 1980 (1945-1980) 4CV (1947-1961) Caravelle (1959-1968) Colorale (1950-1957) Dauphine (1956-1968) Dauphinoise (Break Juvaquatre) (1946-1960) Domaine (1956-) Floride (1959-1962) Frégate (1951-1960) Juvaquatre (1937-1950) Ondine (1961-1962) Prairie (1950-1957) Torino (1966-1980) Producing cars since late 1898, the Renault corporation was founded in 1899 as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault, his brothers Marcel and Fernand, and his friends Thomas Evert and Julian Wyer. Louis was a bright, aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several models before teaming up with his brothers, who had honed their business skills working for their father's textiles firm. While Louis handled design and production, Marcel and Fernand handled company management. The very first of hte Renault cars, the Renault Voiturette 1CV was sold to a friend of Louis' father after giving him a test ride on December 24, 1898. The client was so impressed with the way the tiny car ran and how it climbed the streets that he bought it. The brothers immediately recognised the publicity that could be obtained for their vehicles by participation in motor racing and Renault made itself known through achieving instant success in the first city-to-city races held in Switzerland, resulting in rapid expansion for the company. Both Louis and Marcel Renault raced company vehicles, but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 Paris-Madrid race. Although Louis Renault never raced again, his company remained very involved, including their Renault AK 90CV winning the first ever Grand Prix motor racing event in 1906. Louis was to take full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons. The Renault reputation for innovation of Renault cars was fostered from very early on. In 1899, Renault launched the first production sedan car as well as patenting the first turbocharger.Renault manufactured taxis, buses and commercial cargo vehicles in the pre-war years, and during World War I (1914 - 1918) branched out into ammunition, military airplanes and vehicles such as the revolutionary Renault FT-17 tank. By the end of the war, Renault was the number one private manufacturer in France. Timeline * 1898 - Louis Renault founded Renault * 1903 - Marcel Renault dies in a car accident * 1943 - The Renault factory in Billancourt is attacked by the German army * 1944 - Louis Renault dies * 1961 - The Renault 4 goes on sale to give Renault a practical competitor for the likes of the Citroen 2CV and Volkswagen Beetle . * 1965 - Renault launches the world's first production hatchback - the Renault 16. * 1971 - Renault launches the Renault 15 and Renault 17 two-door coupes, giving it a serious competitor for the Ford Capri. * 1972 - Renault cars enter the new "supermini" market with its R5 hatchback, one of the first such cars in this sector. On its launch, the R5 only has three similar competitors - the Fiat 127, Autobianchi A112 and Peugeot 104. * 1976 - The Renault 5 Alpine is launched, giving the marque its first entrant into the Hot hatch market. Possibly one of the very first hot hatches, going into production in the same year as the Volkswagen Golf GTI. * 1977 - Renault enters the small family hatchback market with the 14, which is one of Europe's first hatchbacks of this size. * 1979 - Renault buys a stake in American Motors, with a view to establishing Renault cars on the American market. * 1980 - Renault launches the 5 Turbo, which is designed as a rally car but does include roadgoing versions. It ditches the front-drive, front-engined layout for a mid-mounted engine (in place of the rear seats) and rear-wheel drive. * 1981 - Renault launches the 9 a four-door saloon, a modern three-box design which is designed to keep the market interest in saloons at a time when hatchbacks are becoming the norm in this sector. It is voted European Car of the Year. * 1983 - Renault launches the 11 - a hatchback version of the R9. It gives Renault its first serious rival to the Volkswagen Golf. * 1984 - Renault enters the executive car market with the large 25 hatchback, aimed directly at the likes of the Ford Granada, Rover SD1 and Opel Rekord. * 1985 - Renault launches the Espace - Europe's first multi-purpose vehicle. It gains praise from all over Europe thanks to its unique practicality and innovation. * 1986 - On April 9 the Government of France ruled against the privatisation of Renault. * 1986 - Renault replaces the 18 with the all-new R21 saloon and Savanna seven-seater estate. * 1987 - Renault sells its stake in American Motors to Chrysler. * 1988 - The 9 and 11 ranges are replaced by a single model, the 19, which is praised for its excellent ride and handling, as well as the frugality and refinement of its diesel engines. * 1990 - Renault launches the Clio supermini, designed as an eventual replacement for the Renault 5. The Clio is the first new model of a generation of Renault cars which will see the numeric models replaced by new cars with traditional nameplates. It sets supermini benchmarks for build quality, comfort and space, and is voted European Car of the Year. * 1991 - The Renault 19 becomes available as a cabriolet, and a mild facelift sees the standard range's exterior styling refreshed. * 1992 - Louis Schweitzer becomes president of Renault group. * 1992 - Renault moves into the city car market with its Twingo, a small hatchback with a "cube" design that maximises interior space, though it is only built with left-hand drive. It re-enters the executive market with the Safrane, an ultramodern large hatchback which replaces the R25. * 1995 - Renault 5 production finishes after nearly a quarter of a century. These Renault cars had been produced in Slovenia since the launch of the Clio in 1990. * 1995 - Renault replaces the Renault 19 with the Megane, a range of hatchbacks, saloons, estates, coupes and cabriolets. * 1996 - Renault enters the new "compact MPV" market with its Megane-based Scenic. It is voted European Car of the Year, fighting off competition from the Ford Ka and Volkswagen Passat. Great compact Renault cars. * 1996 - The company was privatised to create Renault S.A. * 1997 - The all-new Espace goes on sale with a more upmarket image than its predecessor, that served the company for over 10 years. RoadLoans - The Best Way To Find A Better Auto Loan! * 1998 - The second generation Clio is launched, using an all-new body and being one of the most competitively-priced European superminis, though these Renault cars' styling is not to all tastes. * 1999 - Renault purchased a 36.8 percent equity stake in , the almost bankrupt Japanese car maker, by injecting US$3.5 billion to obtain effective control of the company under Japanese law. Renault vice-president, Carlos Ghosn was parachuted in to turn round the ailing firm. Nissan also owns 15% of Renault in turn. * 2000 - Renault launches the Laguna II - the first European family car to feature "keyless" entry and ignition. * 2001 - Renault sold its industrial vehicle subdivision (Renault Véhicules Industriels) to Volvo, which renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. The Clio undergoes a major facelift and the launch of a 1.5 direct-injection diesel engine to keep it competitive in the supermini sector. * 2002 - Benetton Formula One team formally becomes Renault F1, Renault increases its stake in Nissan to 44.4 percent. * 2002 - Renault gains another European Car of the Year success with its second generation Megane, a quirky-looked car which is set to form the basis of Nissan's Almera replacement later in the decade. * 2003 - Renault expands in Megane hatchback range with coupe-cabriolet, estate (SportsTourer) and sedan (SportsSaloon) variants. * 2004 - The Renault factory in Billancourt is demolished. * 2005 - Carlos Ghosn becomes president. * 2005 - The Clio III is elected European Car of the Year 2006 and gains plaudits from all over Europe for these Renault cars' class-leading qualities. The previous generation these Renault cars is set to continue for a while until the Twingo II goes on sale. * 2006 - In February, Carlos Ghosn announced the "Renault Contrat 2009" plan focusing on three main goals : o sell 800 000 more cars than in 2006 o Reach an operating Margin of 6% o Place the new Laguna in terms of quality and service rate. The same year, Renault and Nissan engaged talks with General Motors to study a potential Alliance. This approach was finally abandoned due to the fact that GM asked for money as "entry ticket" from Renault * 2007 - The third generation Laguna is introduced, strengthening Renault's position in the large family car sector. Renault cars have performed well in the European Car of the Year awards. The Clio is the only car since the prize's conception in 1964 to win the award twice. * 1966: Renault 16 * 1982: Renault 9 * 1991: Renault Clio * 1997: Renault Scénic * 2003: Renault Mégane II * 2006: Renault Clio III The Renault 12 (1970), Renault 5 (1972), Renault 20 (1976), Renault 25 (1985) and Renault Laguna (2002) have all achieved runners-up in spot in the competition. Renault cars' most recent models are well known for their safety, all but 4 of the current models have achieved the maximum 5-star rating by the EuroNCAP crash-test assessment programme. Renault has regularly topped the French car sales charts, fighting off fierce competition from Citroën and Peugeot. Wheels magazine has announced its Car of the Year every year since 1963, with the exception of 1972, 1979 and 1986 when no cars were considered worthy of the honour. It is considered Australia's most prestigious automotive award. Wheels Magazine itself contends that its Car of the Year award remains the oldest continuous award of its kind in the world. The inaugural Australian Wheels Car of the Year award was won by the R8 in 1963, and Renault won again in 1970 when the Renault 12 won the prestigious award. Custom Search	Renault Mégane
Which Scottish football team share their name with the Christian name of a famous American criminal who died in 1934 ?	Ford Focus History Ford Focus History Want to buy the car? Contact Us: Ford Focus History Ford Focus The Ford Focus is an automobile made by the Ford Motor Company and sold in most Ford markets worldwide. It was launched in 1998 in Europe, and in 2000 in North America. Since then it has become the most popular car in the United Kingdom, following in the success of the Escort, its predecessor. A new version of the Focus was launched in Europe in January of 2005 while the United States received an updated version of the old model. Unlike previous Fords in the North American market, the Pinto and the Escort, no luxury Mercury version is available. In Australia, New Zealand, Japan and other countries in the region, it replaced the Laser, based on the Mazda 323 (called the Mazda Protege in some markets). Focus Mk I Codenamed CW170 during its development, the original Focus took its name from a Ghia concept car which was shown in 1991. Initial spy photographs of the car seen in 1995 took the world by storm at the design's apparent boldness - further developing Ford's "New Edge" styling philosophy first seen in the Ka and Cougar. The daring styling made it largely unchanged into production metal three years later. Mechanically it drew heavily from other European Ford models, using a sophisticated fully independent multi-link rear suspension (dubbed "Control Blade") derived from the Short-Long Arm system used in the Mondeo station wagon, giving the Focus class leading handling and ride. The engines used are the well-proven Zetec and Zetec-SE units, with the Endura diesel (a development of the old Deutz-designed motor which Ford had been using since the 1980s), although the Duratorq unit replaced this in 2002. The Focus, like the 1st generation Ford Mondeo, was a "world car", which saw Ford co-ordinate and pool its resources from all over the globe. Like the Mondeo, however, most of the design and engineering work took place in Europe. The Focus is arguably the biggest indication of the change in Ford's design and engineering philosophy. After the Ford Escort (European) Mk IV was criticised by the motoring press as being designed by the "bean counters" and for its mediocre ride, handling and quality, Ford decided to take more risks in its replacement. As a result the Focus had bold styling, increased quality and critically-acclaimed handling and refinement. It is produced by factories in Saarlouis, Germany; Valencia, Spain; Hermosillo, Mexico; Pacheco, Argentina; and Wayne, Michigan in the U.S. Knocked down kits are supplied for assembly to Vsevolzhsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 1999 Ford revealed its first version for the World Rally Championship: the Focus WRC. Subsequent variants followed, piloted by such men as Colin McRae, Carlos Sainz, Markko Martin and Francois Duval. The next version of the Focus WRC will hit the special stages on the Rally Australia later this year. Engines 2.0 L CVH (America, sedans only) 2.0 L SPI (America sedans only) 2.0 L Zetec (all markets) 2.0 L Duratec turbo (Euro RS) 2.3 L Duratec (America, new option for 2004) 1.8 L Endura-D diesel: 75PS (56 kW) and 90PS (67 kW) non-common-rail (Europe) (TDi/TDdi) 1.8 L Duratorq diesel: 100PS (75 kW) and 115PS (86 kW) common rail (Europe) (TDci) Bodies (offerings vary by market) 3 door hatchback 5 door hatchback (part of the original line in Europe, added in North America starting in 2002) 4 door sedan/saloon (not available in Japan or New Zealand) 5 door wagon/estate (only available in Europe, Japan and North America) In the USA, the four body styles are coded with a ZXx designation. The US version of the 5 door wagon Focus ZXW achieves 26 mpg City, 35 mpg Highway. (Manual transmission, quoting US gallons.) Transmissions Volkswagen Golf Sales and history In Europe, the hatchback is the biggest selling bodystyle. Ford attempted to market the sedan version in Europe as a mini-executive car by only offering it in the Ghia trim level, something that it had tried before with the Orion of the 1980s. It has since given up on this strategy, and has started selling lower specified versions of the sedan. Despite its radical styling (the hatchback version in particular), and some controversial safety recalls in North America, the car has been a runaway success across the globe, even in the United States, where Ford has traditionally failed to successfully sell its European models. This was the best-selling car in the world in 2000 and 2001. It was elected Car of the Year in 1999. The Focus won the North American Car of the Year award for 2000. In Europe, the original had a very subtle facelift in 2001. Interestingly, unlike the Escort, the Focus was never offered in a panel van body style. Ford was therefore left without a light duty commercial vehicle when the Escort finally went out of production in 2000. The purpose-designed Transit Connect, introduced in 2002 largely served as its replacement. A convertible version was another notable omission, although there is talk of producing a drop-top version of the Mk.II for Europe. Reliability In the US spec models, despite a series of major recalls early in the car's life , reliability has steadily been improving. In fact, there have been no Focus recalls in the United States since 2002 . The Focus now at Ford dealerships has Consumer Reports Best in Class rating for small cars . The car has also received a Consumers Digest Best Buy Rating, an award that takes numerous factors into consideration, including reliability and recall history. The European Focus would also suffer from some recall issues, but in 2002, according to German reports and surveys, the Focus was claimed to be the most reliable car between 1 to 3 years old on the German car market . This was a remarkable feat as the Focus was competing against German prestige manufacturers as well as Japanese manufacturers, all of which have strong reputations for quality and reliability. USA Focus Mk II In North America, a major facelift occurred for the 2005 model year, but on the old CW170 platform. Ford has apparently decided that a completely new car would not be profitable in this heavily price- and incentive-driven market. The US Ford Focus fits smallest into a line of sedans (smallest to largest) by Ford: Ford Focus Ford Crown Victoria European Focus Mk II The Focus Mk II, codenamed C307, uses a new platform called C1 shared with the Volvo S40, Mazda 3 and Focus C-Max. It was launched at the Paris Motor Show on September 23, 2004 as a three and five door hatchback and a station wagon. The four-door sedan version was previewed as a concept developed by Ford Australia at the Beijing Motor Show in mid-2004 and joined the range after the hatchbacks. This new Focus is also built in South Africa for export to Australia and New Zealand. Engines and Chassis The engine line-up for the Mk II is a mixture of old and new, with the Zetec petrol engines of the original having been superseded by the newer Duratec range. The 1.4 L and 1.6L (100bhp and Ti-VCT 115bhp) units, although named "Duratec", are in fact revised versions of the old Zetec-SE units, while the 2.0 L versions are the Mazda-derived Duratec-HE units. The PSA-developed Duratorq Diesel engine in 1.6L 100bhp and 110bhp editions, Ford's own 'Lynx' Duratorq 1.8L 115hp diesel carried over from the previous model and Ford's own "Puma" Duratorq diesel in 2.0 L form rounds off the range. Coming soon, however, is the 2.5 L 5 cylinder Volvo-derived engine for the upcoming Focus ST. Petrol 2.5 L Duratec-HE 5 cyl (Coming soon) Diesel 1.6L (100bhp and 110bhp) Duratorq (PSA type) 1.8 L Duratorq (Ford "Lynx" type) 2.0 L Duratorq (Ford "Puma" type) The basic suspension design has been carried over largely unchanged from the Mk I, although Ford claims that the stiffer bodyshell further improves the Focus' handling. Changes The Focus Mk II is larger than its Mk I predecessor with a 25 mm (1 in) increase in wheelbase, 168 mm (6.6 in) longer, 8 mm (0.3 in) taller and 138 mm (5.4 in) wider. As a result the interior and boot space has increased. The car has a more Italianate feel in its exterior styling. New technologies include a KeyFree system, a solar-reflect windshield, adaptive front lighting, Bluetooth hands-free phones and voice control for audio, telephone and climate control systems. The interior and dashboard are made from far higher quality plastics than before, and the overall feeling of solidity of the car has been increased markedly in a deliberate attempt to emulate the standards set by the VW Golf. It also featured either Durashift 6-speed manual, Durashift 4-speed automatic transmission or the all-new Durashift advanced manual transmission or just the standard manual. Stylistically, the Mk II's bodystyling has been criticised by the motoring press for what some perceive as a lack of flair, originality and boldness of its predecessor. Interestingly the new car uses styling features from the abandoned B-Proposal for the original Focus which were never signed off for production. The interior design has not faced such harsh criticism with many journalists believing it represents a significant improvement through more sober styling and better quality plastics than the ageing first generation design. The new car has gained the best ever Euro NCAP ratings for its class, beating such contenders as the Renault Megane and Volkswagen Golf. Dynamically, the Focus is still held in high regard by the motoring press. Although the latest generation Opel/Vauxhall Astra and Volkswagen Golf have much improved handling (over their respective predecessors), the Focus is still regarded as the class-leader in ride and handling, even over its mechanically similar Mazda3 cousin. There is much talk about a cabiolet version, named the Vignale, designed with Pininfarina and due to be lauched in 2006. The vehicle will have a metal folding roof. Another model to watch out for in 2005 is the Focus ST. It uses the same powerplant from the Volvo S40 T5, a turbocharged 2.5 L engine with 5 cylinder capable of achieving 220 hp DIN (162 kW). Awards Since its launch in 1998 the Mk I Focus has won over 60 awards including 13 Car of the Year awards in both Europe and North America, and more recently the best family car ever (Autocar UK 2003). The Focus was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for five consecutive years (2000 through 2004). In 2005, in a poll by Men & Motors TV channel in the UK, it was placed 19th in the nation's favourite 100 cars of all time. The North American version has been a favorite of Car and Driver magazine, which has elected it to its Ten Best list every year since its introduction in 2000 . Motor Trend magazine has also given the Focus favorable reviews, writing comments like "As entry-level sedans go, few can touch Ford's Focus on the fun-to-drive front" . In 2001 and 2002, Focus was the world's best selling car. Auto Express, in 2005, hailed the European Focus Mk II "Supreme Champion" in its New Car of the Year awards. The Focus also won the subcategory of Best Compact Family Car in the same awards. Ford Focus New and Used Cars For Sale Want to buy the car? Contact Us: [email protected]	i don't know
'The Town of Titipu' is the alternative name for which Gilbert and Sullivan opera?	The Mikado, or, The town of Titipu : an entirely new and original Japanese opera in two acts (Book, 1885) [WorldCat.org] The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. E-mail Message: I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7907449 Title: The Mikado, or, The town of Titipu : an entirely new and original Japanese opera in two acts Author: Arthur Sullivan; W S Gilbert Publisher: New York : W.A. Pond, ©1885. OCLC:7907449 The ReCaptcha terms you entered were incorrect. Please try to match the 2 words shown in the window, or try the audio version.	The Mikado
What type of creatures in Britain have types called Whooper and Berwick?	Harlequin Costume -Theatrical Costume Rentals for Opera, Gilbert & Sullivan and Musical Theatre - About The Mikado Act I * Courtyard of Ko-Ko's Official Residence Gentlemen of the Japanese town of Titipu are gathered ("If you want to know who we are"). A wandering musician, Nanki-Poo, enters and introduces himself ("A wand'ring minstrel, I"). He inquires about his beloved, the maiden Yum-Yum, a ward of Ko-Ko (formerly a cheap tailor). One of the gentlemen, Pish-Tush, explains that when the Mikado decreed that flirting was a capital crime, the Titipu authorities frustrated the decree by appointing Ko-Ko, a prisoner condemned to death for flirting, to the post of Lord High Executioner ("Our great Mikado, virtuous man"). Ko-Ko was "next" to be decapitated, and the Titipu authorities reasoned that he could "not cut off another's head until he cut his own off", and since Ko-Ko was not likely to try to execute himself, no executions could take place. However, all officials but the haughty Pooh-Bah proved too proud to serve under an ex-tailor, and Pooh-Bah now holds all their posts ? and collects all their salaries. Pooh-Bah informs Nanki-Poo that Yum-Yum is scheduled to marry Ko-Ko on that very day ("Young man, despair"). Ko-Ko enters ("Behold the Lord High Executioner"), and asserts himself by reading off a list of people "who would not be missed" if they were executed ("I've got a little list"). Soon, Yum-Yum appears with two of her friends (sometimes referred to as her "sisters"), Peep-Bo and Pitti-Sing ("Comes a train of little ladies," "Three little maids from school"). Ko-Ko encourages a respectful greeting between Pooh-Bah and the young girls, but Pooh-Bah will have none of it ("So please you, sir"). Nanki-Poo arrives on the scene and informs Ko-Ko of his love for Yum-Yum. Ko-Ko sends him away, but Nanki-Poo manages to meet with his beloved and reveals his secret to Yum-Yum - he is the son and heir of the Mikado, but he's traveling in disguise to avoid the amorous advances of Katisha, an elderly lady of his father's court. They lament over what the law forbids them to do ("Were you not to Ko-Ko plighted"). Ko-Ko receives news that the Mikado has decreed that unless an execution is carried out within a month, the town will be reduced to the rank of a village ? which would bring "irretrievable ruin." Pooh-Bah and Pish-Tush point to Ko-Ko himself as the obvious choice for beheading, since he was already under sentence of death ("I am so proud"), but Ko-Ko protests that, firstly, it would be "extremely difficult, not to say dangerous," for him to attempt to execute himself, and secondly, it would be suicide, which is a "capital offence." Fortuitously, Ko-Ko discovers that Nanki-Poo, in despair over losing Yum-Yum, is preparing to commit suicide. After ascertaining that nothing would change Nanki-Poo's mind, Ko-Ko makes a bargain with him: Nanki-Poo may marry Yum-Yum for one month if, at the end of that time, he allows himself to be executed. Ko-Ko would then marry the young widow. Everyone arrives to celebrate Nanki-Poo and Yum-Yum's union ("With aspect stern and gloomy stride"), but the festivities are interrupted by the arrival of Katisha, who has come to claim Nanki-Poo as her husband. However, the townspeople are much more sympathetic to the young couple, and her attempts to reveal Nanki-Poo's secret are drowned out by the shouting of the crowd. Outwitted but not defeated, Katisha makes it clear that she intends to return. Act II * Ko-Ko's Garden. Yum-Yum is being prepared by her friends for her wedding ("Braid the raven hair"), after which she is left to muse on her own beauty ("The sun whose rays"). She is joined by Pitti-Sing and Peep-Bo, who remind her of the limited nature of her impending union. Joined by Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush, they try to keep their spirits up ("Brightly dawns our wedding-day"), but soon Ko-Ko and Pooh-Bah enter to inform them of a twist in the law that states that when a married man is beheaded for flirting (the only crime so punished), his wife must be buried alive ("Here's a how-de-do"). Yum-Yum is unwilling to marry under these circumstances, and so Nanki-Poo challenges Ko-Ko to behead him on the spot. It turns out, however, that Ko-Ko has never executed anyone and cannot execute Nanki-Poo, because the ex-tailor is too soft-hearted. Ko-Ko instead sends Nanki-Poo and Yum-Yum away to be wed (by Pooh-Bah, as Archbishop of Titipu), promising to present to the Mikado a false affidavit in evidence of the fictitious execution. The Mikado and Katisha arrive in Titipu with little notice, but accompanied by a large procession ("A more humane Mikado"). Ko-Ko assumes that he has come to see whether an execution has been carried out. Aided by Pitti-Sing and Pooh-Bah, he gives a graphic description of the supposed execution ("The criminal cried") and hands the Mikado the certificate of death - signed and sworn to by Pooh-Bah as coroner and noting, slyly, that most of the town's important officers (that is, Pooh-Bah) were present at the "ceremony". However, the Mikado has come about an entirely different matter - he is searching for his son. When they hear that the Mikado's son "goes by the name of Nanki-Poo," the three panic, and Ko-Ko says that Nanki-Poo "has gone abroad." Meanwhile, Katisha is reading the death certificate and notes with horror that the person "executed" was Nanki-Poo. The Mikado (though expressing understanding and sympathy) ("See How the Fates") discusses with Katisha the statutory punishment "for compassing the death of the heir apparent" to the Imperial throne - something lingering, "with boiling oil ...or melted lead." With the three conspirators facing painful execution, Ko-Ko pleads with Nanki-Poo to return. Nanki-Poo fears that Katisha will order his execution if she finds he is alive, but notes that if Ko-Ko could persuade Katisha to marry him, then Nanki-Poo could safely "come to life again" ("The flowers that bloom in the spring"). Though Katisha is "something appalling," Ko-Ko has no choice: it is marriage to Katisha, or a painful death for all three. Ko-Ko discovers Katisha mourning her loss ("Alone, and yet alive") and throws himself on her mercy. He begs for her hand in marriage, saying that he has long harboured a passion for her. Katisha initially rebuffs him, but is soon moved by his pleadings ("Tit-willow"). She agrees ("There is beauty in the bellow of the blast") and, once the ceremony is performed (by Pooh-Bah, the Registrar), begs mercy for him and his "accomplices" from the Mikado. Nanki-Poo and Yum-Yum then re-appear, sparking Katisha's fury. The Mikado is astonished that Nanki-Poo is alive, when the account of his execution had been given with such "affecting particulars". Ko-Ko explains that when a royal command for an execution is given, the victim is, legally speaking, as good as dead, "and if he is dead, why not say so?" The Mikado deems that "Nothing could possibly be more satisfactory," and so Titipu celebrates ("For he's gone and married Yum-Yum"). Musical Numbers * Overture (Includes "Mi-ya Sa-ma", "The Sun Whose Rays Are All Ablaze", "There is Beauty in the Bellow of the Blast", "Braid the Raven Hair" and "With Aspect Stern and Gloomy Stride") Act I * 1. "If you want to know who we are" (Nanki-Poo and Men) * 2. "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" (Nanki-Poo and Men) * 3. "Our Great Mikado, virtuous man" (Pish-Tush and Men) * 4. "Young man, despair" (Pooh-Bah, Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush) * 5. "Behold the Lord High Executioner" (Ko-Ko and Men) * 5a. "As some day it may happen" (Ko-Ko and Men) * 6. "Comes a train of little ladies" (Girls) * 7. "Three little maids from school are we" (Yum-Yum, Peep-Bo, Pitti-Sing, and Girls) * 8. "So please you, Sir, we much regret" (Yum-Yum, Peep-Bo, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, and Girls) * 9. "Were you not to Ko-Ko plighted" (Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo) * 10. "I am so proud" (Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Pish-Tush) * 11. Finale Act I (Ensemble) o "With aspect stern and gloomy stride" o "The threatened cloud has passed away" o "Your revels cease!" ... "Oh fool, that fleest my hallowed joys!" o "For he's going to marry Yum-Yum" o "The hour of gladness" ... "O ni! bikkuri shakkuri to!" o "Ye torrents roar!" Act II * 12. "Braid the raven hair" (Pitti-Sing and Girls) * 13. "The sun whose rays are all ablaze" (Yum-Yum) (Originally in Act I, moved to Act II shortly after the opening night) * 14. "Brightly dawns our wedding day" (Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush) * 15. "Here's a how-de-do" (Yum-Yum, Nanki-Poo and Ko-Ko) * 16. "Mi-ya Sa-ma...." "From every kind of man obedience I expect" (Mikado, Katisha, Girls and Men) * 17. "A more humane Mikado" (Mikado, Girls and Men) (This song was nearly cut, but was restored shortly before the first night.) * 18. "The criminal cried as he dropped him down" (Ko-Ko, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, Girls and Men) * 19. "See how the Fates their gifts allot" (Mikado, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Katisha) * 20. "The flowers that bloom in the spring" (Nanki-Poo, Ko-Ko, Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, and Pooh-Bah) * 21. "Alone, and yet alive" (Katisha) * 22. "Willow, tit-willow" ("On a tree by a river") (Ko-Ko) * 23. "There is beauty in the bellow of the blast" (Katisha and Ko-Ko) * 24. "For he's gone and married Yum-Yum" ... "The threatened cloud has passed away" (Ensemble)	i don't know
Which member is missing from the following list of the group The Jackson Five - Michael, Marlin, Jackie and Jermain?	Randy Jackson - Singer - Biography.com Randy Jackson Singer and musician Randy Jackson came to fame as a member of the Jacksons, a hit R&B and pop group of the 1970s and '80s. IN THESE GROUPS Famous People Born in Gary Synopsis Born on October 29, 1961, Randy Jackson sometimes performed with his brothers in The Jackson 5. He became an official member in the mid-1970s, when the group became known as the Jacksons. Jackson and his brothers had several hit records, including Victory in 1984. He released a solo album in 1989. These days, Jackson is better known for his disputes regarding his late brother Michael Jackson's estate, and other arguments with some of his family members, than he is for his music career. Early Life The second-youngest child born into a musical dynasty, Steven Randall Jackson, better known as Randy Jackson, was born in Gary, Indiana on October 29, 1961. Jackson grew up in the shadow of his older brothers: Comprised of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael, The Jackson 5 had become one of the top acts of the 1970s. While he performed with his brothers several times over the years, Jackson didn't become an official member of the group until the mid-1970s. The Jackson 5 renamed themselves the Jacksons after switching from the Motown to the Epic record label. Motown retained the rights to the "Jackson 5" name in the split, and brother Jermaine decided to stay on with Motown. Randy Jackson was brought in to replace Jermaine. Music Career Randy's first album with his brothers, The Jacksons, came out in 1976, which featured the Top 10 pop and R&B hit "Enjoy Yourself." The following year, Goin' Places was released, but it failed to spawn any major hits. The Jackson brothers sought greater creative control of their work and ended up writing the songs for their next album, Destiny (1978). Propelled by such singles as "Blame It on the Boogie" and "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)," Destiny proved to be another hit for the musical supergroup. Triumph, released in 1980, went platinum. Around this time, Randy Jackson was involved in an auto accident. He broke both of his legs in the incident, and he took nearly a year to recover. Jermaine returned to the group, and the six Jackson brothers made another top-selling album, Victory, released in 1984. The group, however, seemed to fracture soon after the album was released: Michael Jackson, the group's frontman, had become the "King of Pop" with his internationally successful album Thriller, and Marlon decided to leave the group after the Victory tour. The Jacksons—now with only Randy, Jackie, Jermaine and Tito—pressed on, releasing their commercially disappointing album, 2300 Jackson Street, named after their address of their childhood home, in 1989. That same year, Randy Jackson went out on his own for the first time. He released Randy & The Gypsies, but his solo career failed to take off. Family Drama While tensions had often ran high in the Jackson family, Randy found himself more at odds with his relatives after Michael's death in 2009. He, along with sister Janet and brother Jermaine, objected to a tribute concert for his late brother—held in Wales in 2011—stating that they thought that the family should have focused their attention instead on the trial of Dr. Conrad Murray for his role in Michael's death. Another family feud erupted in 2012. Randy wanted the executors of his brother Michael's estate to step down, and questioned the validity of Michael's will. He was also accused of being involved in an attempt to keep his mother, Katherine Jackson, away from Michael's three children—Michael Joseph Jackson Jr., Paris Michael Katherine Jackson and Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II—for whom she acted as legal guardian. Some claimed that Katherine was being held against her will in Arizona, at her daughter Rebbie Jackson's home, but she later disputed that accusation. Randy tweeted that "Rebbie, Janet, Jermaine and I would never harm our mother and we are doing our best to protect her." Personal Life Randy Jackson has three children: Genevieve Katherine and Randy Jr., from his relationship with Alejandra Genevieve Oaziaza (who was later married to his brother Jermaine for a time), and Stevanna, from his short-lived marriage to Eliza Shaffe. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	TITO
Which famous term adopted in 1968 was a brief patriotic campaign to boost the British economy which started when five secretaries volunteered to work an extra half hour each day in order to boost productivity and urged others to do the same?	The Jackson 5 : definition of The Jackson 5 and synonyms of The Jackson 5 (English) Randy Jackson The Jackson 5 (also spelled The Jackson Five, The Jackson 5ive, or The Jack5on Five), later known as The Jacksons, is an American popular music family group from Gary, Indiana . Founding group members Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , Marlon and Michael formed the group after performing in an early incarnation called The Jackson Brothers, which originally consisted of a trio of the three older brothers. Active from 1964 to 1989, the Jacksons played from a repertoire of R&B , soul , pop and later disco . During their six and a half-year Motown tenure, The Jackson 5 were one of the biggest pop-music phenomena of the 1970s [1] , and the band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, the latter brother later transforming his early Motown solo fame into greater success as an adult artist. The Jackson 5 were the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles (" I Want You Back ", " ABC ", " The Love You Save ", and " I'll Be There ") reach the top of the American charts . [2] Several later singles, among them " Mama's Pearl ", " Never Can Say Goodbye " and " Dancing Machine ", were Top 5 pop hits and number-one hits on the R&B singles chart . Most of the early hits were written and produced by a specialized songwriting team known as " The Corporation "; later Jackson 5 hits were crafted chiefly by Hal Davis , while early Jacksons hits were compiled by the team of Gamble and Huff before The Jacksons began writing and producing themselves in the late 1970s. Significantly, they were the first black teen idols to appeal equally to white audiences thanks partially to the successful promotional relations skills of Motown Records CEO Berry Gordy . With their departure from Motown to CBS in 1976, The Jacksons were forced to change their name and Jermaine was replaced with younger brother Randy as Jermaine chose to stay at Motown. After two years under the Philadelphia International Records label, they signed with Epic Records and asserted control of their songwriting, production, and image, and their success continued into the 1980s with hits such as " Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) ", " Lovely One ", and " State of Shock ". Their 1989 album 2300 Jackson Street was recorded without Michael and Marlon. Michael and Marlon did appear, however, on the title track. The disappointing sales of the album led to the group being dropped by their record label at the end of the year. The group has never formally broken up, but has been dormant since then, although all five brothers performed together at two Michael Jackson tribute concerts in September 2001. Contents Career Early years Born and raised in Gary, Indiana , the Jackson brothers were guided early in their careers by their father Joseph Jackson , a steel mill crane operator and former musician, and their mother Katherine Jackson , who watched over the boys during the early years. Tito recalled playing around with his father's guitar while he was away working on Gary's steel mills . One night, Joe discovered Tito playing his guitar after he broke a string. Initially upset with his sons playing behind his back, he saw their potential and in 1964, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine formed The Jackson Brothers, including hometown friends Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite on guitar and drums respectively. By the end of the following year, the group's younger brothers Marlon and Michael joined the instrumental band playing tambourine and congas . Showing extraordinary talent at a tender age, young Michael began demonstrating his dance moves and singing ability around mid-1966. Before his eighth birthday, Michael was allowed to perform his song-and-dance routine at a talent contest held at Jackie's Roosevelt High School in Gary, helping his brothers win the competition. It was at that point that Tito's junior high school orchestra teacher Shirley Cartman began mentoring the group. She suggested replacing Jones and Hite with talented musicians Johnny Jackson (no relation) on drums and Ronnie Rancifer on keyboards. Tito moved up to lead guitar while Jermaine played bass guitar after several years as a rhythm guitarist . Evelyn Lahaie, a local talent agent suggested to Joe to rename the group the Jackson 5 when they performed in her Tiny Tots Jamboree in Gary. [3] After the contest win, the group began playing professional gigs in Indiana , Chicago and across the U.S. Many of these performances were in a string of black clubs and venues collectively known as the " chitlin' circuit ". The group also found themselves performing at strip joints to earn money. Cartman got the Jackson 5 a record deal with Gordon Keith's local Steeltown label, and the group began making their first recordings in October 1967. Their first single, " Big Boy ", was released in January 1968 and became a regional hit. This was followed by a second single, "We Don't Have to Be Over 21 (To Fall in Love)". [4] A third, "Let Me Carry Your School Books", features Michael Jackson singing with backing provided by The Ripples and Waves. [5] The Jackson 5 had a number of admirers in their early days, including Sam & Dave , who helped the group secure a spot in the famous Amateur Night competition at the Apollo Theater in Harlem . The group won the August 13, 1967, competition during the Amateur Night showdown at the Apollo, impressing Motown Records artist Gladys Knight . Knight recommended the group to Motown chief Berry Gordy , but Gordy, who already had teenager Stevie Wonder on his roster, was hesitant to take on another child act because of the child labor laws and other problems involved. The Jackson 5's sound was influenced by many of the biggest stars of the 1960s, including the self-contained funk bands Sly & the Family Stone and The Isley Brothers , Motown group The Temptations , soul legend Marvin Gaye , rock 'n' roll kid group The Teenagers and soul shouters like Wilson Pickett , Jackie Wilson , Stevie Wonder , Joe Tex and James Brown . [6] At the time of their early success, R&B stars, especially coming from Motown Records, were among the most popular musicians; Motown had launched the careers of dozens of the decade's biggest stars, most notably The Supremes , The Miracles , Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, the Four Tops and the Temptations. Joining Motown By 1968, the Jackson 5 were a headlining act for the All Star Floor Show at Chicago's The Guys' and Gals' Cocktail Lounge and Restaurant. From August 12–27, 1968, the Jackson 5 opened for Motown acts Gladys Knight & The Pips and Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers at Chicago's Regal Theater . The brothers caught Knight's attention, whereby she tried to get Motown brass to come to Chicago to see the boys. Taylor was also very impressed with the boys, and he decided to make the commitment to bring them to Detroit and Motown. Joseph and The Jackson Five stayed on the floor of Bobby Taylor's Detroit apartment the night of July 22, while Taylor and Motown executive Suzanne de Passe arranged for the Jackson 5 to audition for the label. On July 23, the Jackson 5 had their Motown audition, for which they performed James Brown’s then current hit " I Got the Feelin' ". Berry Gordy was not in attendance, but the audition was videotaped and sent to him in Los Angeles . Gordy's initial reluctance to sign the group disappeared when he finally saw the boys perform. Gordy decided to sign the Jackson 5 to Motown, and hosted a party at his Detroit mansion on November 25, 1968 to introduce them to the Motown staff and stars. Motown began negotiations to buy out the Jackson 5's Steeltown contract, completing the deal in March 1969. By the summer, Bobby Taylor began producing the group's first recordings at Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. recording studio in Detroit . The early Taylor-produced Jackson 5 records were all covers of both contemporary hits and Motown-standards, including Sly & the Family Stone's " Stand! " and their famous rendition of The Miracles ' " Who's Lovin' You ", written by Smokey Robinson . Gordy moved the Jackson 5 and Joseph to California, and he and Suzanne de Passe began the process of grooming them as the label's next big act, while the rest of the family remained in Gary. While looking for a house in California, Joseph, Jermaine, Tito, and Jackie lived with Berry Gordy, Marlon and Michael lived with Diana Ross in her California home. Motown's marketing team prepared press kits and other promotional material to begin The Jackson 5's entrance into the mainstream music industry. Motown publicity significantly altered the group's history, publicizing the ages of most of its band mates as younger than they were — Michael's age changed from eleven to eight to make him appear cuter — and identifying unrelated band musicians Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer as cousins of the Jacksons. In a major marketing coup, Gordy and Motown decided to attach the group to an established star to increase public curiosity. Thus, it was decided that Motown star Diana Ross would "discover" the group as was explained in all early press kits. [7] According to their official Motown biography, referenced in several early interviews and liner notes, Diana Ross (and, in some versions of the story, Berry Gordy alongside her) was introduced to the Jackson 5 by Gary, Indiana's mayor, Richard G. Hatcher , at a benefit concert that the Jackson 5 were described as having played for the mayor in 1969. Impressed, Ross (and Gordy) had the act signed. Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 practiced and rehearsed continuously during the late summer and early fall of 1969. Diana Ross formally introduced The Jackson 5 to the public on August 11, 1969, at a Beverly Hills, California club called "The Daisy." Towards the end of August, The Jackson 5 made their first television appearance, singing The Isley Brothers' " It's Your Thing " at the Miss Black America Pageant in Madison Square Garden , New York City . The Jackson 5's first single, " I Want You Back ", was written and produced by four Motown songwriters and producers — Berry Gordy, Alphonzo Mizell , Deke Richards , and Freddie Perren — who were collectively billed as " The Corporation ". "I Want You Back" was released as a single for The Jackson 5, as Motown decided to officially bill the group, on October 7. The group performed "I Want You Back", Sly & the Family Stone's " Sing a Simple Song ", The Delfonics ' "Can You Remember", and James Brown 's "There Was a Time" as part of their appearance on The Hollywood Palace as special guests of Diana Ross & the Supremes. "I Want You Back" was the only single from The Jackson 5's first album, Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 , which was released in December 1969. The song reached number one in January, 1970. When it did, Michael Jackson became the first person born during the "Hot 100" era, established by Billboard Magazine , to reach the number one position on the Hot 100 pop singles chart. Popularization and franchise expansion Most of the early Jackson 5 singles were written and produced by The Corporation, who crafted for The Jackson 5 a sound that mixed the traditional " Motown Sound " with teenage-honed lyrics that they termed "bubblegum soul". The Jackson 5 became an instant sensation, with "I Want You Back" and its 1970 follow-ups " ABC ", " The Love You Save ," and " I'll Be There " all going to #1 on both the Billboard Pop Singles chart and the Billboard Soul Singles (R&B) chart. Other early Top 5 hits included " Mama's Pearl " and " Never Can Say Goodbye ." Now successful, Joseph was finally able to arrange to move Katherine and the rest of the family out to California in 1970. First moving into a two-story residence at 1616 Queens Road in Los Angeles, the Jackson family moved to a gated mansion they called "Hayvenhurst", which was purchased by Joseph in March 1971. "Jacksonmania" swept the nation, and within a year of their debut The Jackson 5 were among the biggest names in popular music. The group essentially replaced The Supremes as Motown's main marketing focus, and, capitalizing upon the youth-oriented appeal of the Jackson brothers, Motown licensed dozens of Jackson 5-related juvenile products, including the now famous J5 Heart logo which appears on Johnny Jacksons drum kit and many of The Jackson 5's album covers, stickers , sewable patches, posters, and coloring books . A new teen magazine aimed at African-American youth, Right On! , began publication in 1971, and focused heavily on The Jackson 5; at least one Jackson adorned the cover of every issue published between January 1972 and April 1974. Animation producers Rankin/Bass produced The Jackson 5ive , a Saturday morning cartoon that debuted on September 11, 1971 and ran for two seasons on ABC . The Jackson 5 starred in two of their own television specials , Goin' Back to Indiana (aired September 16, 1971) and The Jackson 5 Show (aired November 5, 1972). A scene from Rankin-Bass 's The Jackson 5ive Saturday morning cartoon . In 1971, Motown began a spin-off solo career for Michael, whose first single, "Got to Be There," was a Top 5 hit. Michael also sang the title track for the 1972 motion picture Ben . His other successful solo singles included "Rockin' Robin" and "I Wanna Be Where You Are" (both 1972). Jermaine started a solo career of his own in 1972, and had a Top Ten hit with his Shep and the Limelites cover "Daddy's Home". Jackie also recorded a solo album, but his releases failed to chart. Despite fan rumors that all three Jacksons might leave the group as they released solo work, the solo careers of Michael, Jermaine, and Jackie co-existed alongside that of the group as a whole, allowing Motown to expand the success and sales of Jackson 5-related releases. Decline After the year 1972, The Jackson 5's releases were not as successful, but they still did very well. Later top-20 hits, mostly written and produced by Hal Davis included "Lookin' Through the Windows" (1972) and the disco-styled " Dancing Machine " (1974), which popularized the " Robot " dance routine. Jackson 5 albums declined somewhat in critical acclaim and financial success during the latter part of their Motown tenure, although LPs such as Lookin' Through the Windows (1972) and G.I.T.: Get It Together (1973) frequently included successful album tracks, including their version of " Hum Along and Dance ", a popular number in their live act. Critics, The Jackson 5, and Joseph Jackson agreed that the main reasonfor the group's declining success was Motown's refusal to update theirimage. Although they played their own instruments on stage and hadbegun writing and producing songs in their own home recording studio,The Jacksons later said that Motown wouldn't allow them to record their own compositions nor play instruments in their studio recordings. The group's studio recordings were first handled by Motown's famed in-house studio band The Funk Brothers during their brief recording tenure at Hitsville and later instrumentation was played by many of the members of The Wrecking Crew , which formed Motown's Hitsville West studio band. Feeling that The Jackson 5 could bemore of a success without Motown, which was by this time declining insuccess and popularity, Joseph began shopping for a new record dealfor his sons. The move to CBS Records The cover to the 1978 album Destiny . In 1975, Joseph negotiated a new recording contract with CBS Records , who offered a royalty rate of 20% per record, compared to Motown's standard 2.8%; and would allow the Jackson brothers to write and produce their own records and play their own instruments. After unsuccessfully attempting to talk the group into staying on the label, Motown sued for breach of contract. Although Motown eventually let the group go, The Jackson 5 were forced to change their name to The Jacksons, because Motown retained the "Jackson 5" trademark during the settlement of the lawsuit. The Jacksons also replaced Jermaine with their brother, fourteen year old Randy , since Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and his father-in-law Berry Gordy (In 1973, Jermaine married Gordy's daughter Hazel). Randy had been an unofficial member of The Jackson 5 since 1972, playing congas onstage as part of their live act. After losing The Jacksons, Motown would not have another success of their caliber for the duration of Berry Gordy's ownership of the label. Gordy often said of The Jackson 5 that they were, coming after the label's most famous acts, "the last big stars to come rolling off the [Motown] assembly line." [8] In summer 1976, CBS television signed the Jackson family (including Michael, Marlon, Tito, Jackie, Randy, Rebbie , LaToya , and Janet ) to appear in their own variety show , The Jacksons , to compete with ABC 's Donny & Marie . The Jacksons debuted on June 16, 1976, and ran on CBS until its cancellation the following March. The show was the first variety show hosted by an African American family. First as part of CBS's Philadelphia International Records division, and later moving over to Epic Records , The Jacksons continued releasing popular singles such as " Enjoy Yourself " (1976), produced by Philadelphia International's Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff . After two LPs produced by Gamble and Huff, The Jacksons wanted artistic control, and produced their next LP, 1978's Destiny , on their own. The album included The Jacksons' biggest post-Motown single, " Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) ", which charted at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number three on the Billboard R&B Singles chart. "Shake Your Body", written by Michael and Randy, sold over two million copies, attaining double-platinum status. Destiny also went platinum, and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard 200 album chart and number three on the R&B album charts. In 1979, The Jacksons received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 1978, Michael starred alongside Diana Ross in the Motown/ Universal Pictures motion picture The Wiz , an adaptation of the Broadway musical based upon L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Quincy Jones was the producer of the film's songs, and he and Michael began work on Michael’s first Epic solo album, Off the Wall , the next year. Off the Wall, released in 1979, sold 20 million copies worldwide and featured four Top 10 hit singles and two number-one singles, causing some speculation about whether Michael would leave The Jacksons though Michael told several reporters at the time that such speculation was untrue. 1980-1989 In 1980 the group released the Triumph album, which featured the hits " This Place Hotel " and " Can You Feel It ", as well as the dance club hit "Walk Right Now". The following year's The Jacksons Live! used recordings from the group's Triumph Tour, which in 1988 was described by Rolling Stone magazine as one of the best 25 tours from 1967 to 1987. The group's success was outperformed, however, by Michael's 1982 LP Thriller . Thriller went on to become the most successful album ever in the United States, and to date stands as the world's best-selling album of all time. The cover to the 1984 album Victory . The Motown 25 television special, broadcast on NBC on May 16, 1983, featured a reunion performance between Jermaine and the other brothers. Outside of one 1979 appearance on the TV show Midnight Special this was the original Jackson 5's first performance in nearly seven years. The Motown 25 Jackson 5 reunion was overshadowed, however, by Michael's landmark performance of " Billie Jean " on the same program, which introduced his trademark " moonwalk " dance. The Jacksons released the album Victory in 1984, featuring the hit single " State of Shock " with guest star Mick Jagger , and supported the album with the Victory Tour of the United States and Canada. The Victory album and tour marked the official return of Jermaine to the group's lineup, making them a sextet . Shortly after the Victory Tour, Michael left The Jacksons, as his solo career had led to the success of Thriller and its singles. His name recognition as a solo act had also grown, despite touring as part of a group. Marlon followed Michael out of the group a year later during a group meeting. The other brothers eventually drifted apart to take on solo projects (although most of them appeared with Michael on the U.S. For Africa single " We Are the World " in 1985). The Jacksons reunited for one last album, 2300 Jackson Street in 1989. While every Jackson sibling except for LaToya appeared on the title track, a #9 R&B hit single, most of the album featured Jermaine, Jackie, Tito, and Randy as the line up. Michael Jackson's fame as a solo act as well as the growing fame of the group's youngest sister, Janet Jackson , had overshadowed the group entirely. A CD compilation of hits from the CBS/Epic years, The Essential Jacksons , was released in 2004, as was a separate compilation assembled by Universal/Hip-O, The Jacksons Story . 2009-Present In 2009, following the death of brother Michael, the remaining performing Jacksons re-united in a studio to record background vocals for a previously unreleased song, " This Is It " (the theme for the movie of the same name ), which had originally been a demo. The single was released in October of that same year. The surviving members of the Jacksons are planning a reunion tour for 2010 as well as a new album and are appearing in an A&E Network reality show called The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty , which documents their return. Legacy Tito Jackson, like his father before him, organized his three sons into a musical group called 3T , who had a #2 UK hit, titled " Why ", as well as a big US hit with "Anything", both in 1996 ("Why" featured a guest appearance from Michael Jackson). Soon afterwards, Tito began a low-key career as a blues musician. Randy Jackson was involved for some time with a group known as Randy and the Gypsies, who enjoyed minor success. In 2004, Randy was also the webmaster for Michael's last official website, MJJ Source, which was closed in 2005. Jackie Jackson's son, Siggy, is a successful rapper and DJ under the stage name DealZ. Marlon would eventually pursue a career as a real estate agent. The Jackson 5 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. In addition, two of their songs (" ABC " and " I Want You Back ") are among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . In 1999, " I Want You Back " was also inducted in Grammy Hall of Fame . [9] In 1992, Suzanne de Passe and Jermaine Jackson worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons: An American Dream , a five-hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of The Jacksons in two parts on ABC. The first installment of the miniseries covered the decades from Katherine and Joseph Jackson's first meeting in the late-1940s up until the first Jackson 5 releases on Motown in 1969, while the second part covered the years from 1970 to 1984, and the effects of The Jackson 5's phenomenal success on the family. The miniseries was the highest rated show of the week, won an Emmy Award and was nominated for three more, and won two Young Artist Awards . In 2001, the Jacksons reunited to celebrate 30 years of Michael Jackson as a solo artist. Personnel "I Want You Back" (1969) (help·info) "The Love You Save" (1970) (help·info) "Never Can Say Goodbye" (1971) (help·info) "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" (1978) (help·info) "Can You Feel It" (1980) (help·info) Bierbaum, Tom (November 18, 1992). Week's Nielsen win easy as ABC . Variety. Cadman, Chris and Craig Halstead. Michael Jackson: the Early Years. Authors Online. ISBN 0-7552-0064-0 Green, Dave (producer/director). (January 29, 2005). VH1 News Presents: Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood [television broadcast]. New York, NY: MTV Networks. (2005). J5-Collector.com. Retrieved from http://www.j5-collector.com on August 20, 2005. Site no longer online, available from the Wayback Machine from this link . Manning, Steve. The Jacksons. Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill. 1976. Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown : Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50062-6. Ward, Ed, Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker (1986). Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll. Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-671-54438-1. Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4. Neely, Tim (2000). Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1950-1975 2nd Ed.. Iola, WI: Krause. ISBN 0-87341-934-0. External links	i don't know
Three British towns were awarded city status in 2012. Perth and Chelmsford were two, which was the other one?	Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee - BBC News BBC News Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee 14 March 2012 Close share panel Image caption St Asaph's Cathedral building dates to the 13th Century Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph are to gain 'city status' to mark this year's Diamond Jubilee. The towns beat off competition from 22 others across the UK to win the "civic honours" accolade. The awards were granted by The Queen under the royal prerogative, following advice from ministers. Events to mark The Queen's 60 years on the throne began last month and come to a head with four days of celebration in the first weekend of June. The grant of city status is purely honorific and confers no additional powers, functions or funding. Local authorities were invited last year to submit bids for their towns to take on city status in a process overseen by the deputy prime minister's office. The winners are Chelmsford in Essex, Perth in Perthshire and St Asaph in Denbighshire. 'High quality' Only one title was expected to be awarded but the government said the awards to towns in England, Scotland and Wales were made "in recognition of the significance of every part of the UK" in Jubilee year, as well as the "high quality" of the bids submitted. Chelmsford, home to Essex County cricket team and Anglia Ruskin University, is one of the fast-growing towns in the south-east of England. The leader of Chelmsford Council, Roy Whitehead, said he was delighted with the announcement, which he called a "tremendous honour". I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister Perth, on the banks of the River Tay, is one of Scotland's largest towns and will become the country's seventh city. Pete Wishart, the SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire, said the award was "fantastic news". St Asaph, which has a population of about 3,500, will become one of the smallest cities in the UK. It is one of the few towns in the UK with a cathedral never to have had city status and it also played an important role in the history of the Welsh language. The priest who translated the bible into Welsh, William Morgan, later became the bishop of St Asaph. In recent times, it is more popularly known as the birthplace of Liverpool striker Ian Rush. The current Bishop of St Asaph, Rt Rev Dr Gregory Cameron, said he was pleased "these decisions are made not on the size of the population but on the quality of community life". St Asaph was chosen ahead of Wrexham, a much larger town in north Wales. The other unsuccessful towns which entered the 2012 contest were: Bolton, Bournemouth, Colchester, Coleraine, Corby, Craigavon, Croydon, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dudley, Gateshead, Goole, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Reading, Southend, St Austell, Stockport and Tower Hamlets. 'Civic pride' Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said the three towns had won out from an "exceptional" field of entrants. "I have been moved by the pride and passion which people have shown in putting their nominations forward," he said. "The standard of application was very high and those who missed out should not be downhearted. I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride, of collective ownership and community spirit." There are currently 66 cities in the UK. City status is rarely granted, with only 14 new cities created during the 20th century. In the last contest - held in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee - Preston, Newry, Lisburn and Newport were among the winners. In 2000, Brighton and Hove, Inverness and Wolverhampton were given the status to mark the new millennium. The government also announced on Wednesday that the right to use the title of Lord Mayor will be bestowed on the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. It was chosen ahead of 11 other cities.	St Asaph
What 'M' was the name of the farm in the George Orwell book 'Animal Farm'?	Why do towns want to become cities? - BBC News BBC News Why do towns want to become cities? By Caroline McClatchey BBC News Magazine 22 June 2011 Read more about sharing. Close share panel More than 20 towns across the UK have applied to become a "city", a status that confers no official benefits. So why would anywhere bother applying? It would make a great pub quiz question. Which of these places is not a city - Dudley, Dundee or St Davids? The answer is Dudley town, with a population of 195,000. Dundee, with 143,000 residents, became a city in 1889. And St Davids is the UK's smallest city with 1,600 inhabitants, having earned its honour in 1995. Most people think they know what a city is - a large, densely-populated, distinct urban area. And a lovely old cathedral is a must. But when it comes to the UK's official city status, the cathedral requirement is long defunct, ending in the 19th Century. And size does not matter. The bounds of city status throw up a plethora of quirks. There aren't too many people who would deny that London was a city but in the UK it is not an official one, although it contains two of them - the City of London and City of Westminster. Ipswich City sounds stupid Tim Edwards, Ipswich Town Football Club fan A place can also stop being a city overnight. Rochester lost its city status in 1998 due to a technical oversight when the local government structure was reorganised. It took four years for them to realise they had lost it. The definition of a city in the UK is a place which has been granted city status by the monarch. There are 66 cities in the UK - 50 in England, five in Wales, six in Scotland and five in Northern Ireland. A new city will be created next year for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and 25 towns across the UK have thrown their hat into the ring. The contestants come in a range of shape and sizes, from the Greater Manchester towns of Bolton and Stockport and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, to the new town of Craigavon in Northern Ireland and the small Welsh cathedral town of St Asaph. Although the 2012 contenders were instructed to keep costs down in these budget-conscious times, a lot of effort still goes into the bid, with each local authority submitting 25 pages of information and 25 pages of photographs. When the winner is announced early next year, what can the newest city in the UK expect in return? City status Applications must come from the local authority City status can be granted to areas such as Brighton & Hove in 2000 They certainly won't get any tax breaks or extra powers or a pretty new square. Prof John Beckett, who has written a book on the subject, says it has always been a "status thing". "There never has been any privileges. It's always been a status thing, nothing more. There's nothing to stop places declaring themselves a city - Dunfermline did it." He says the whole system "makes no sense" and it just "gives a bit of patronage to government". But Dr Steve Musson, from the University of Reading, has been researching the economic impact of city status on the UK's eight newest cities. Preston, Newport, Stirling, Lisburn and Newry were made cities in 2002, while Brighton & Hove, Wolverhampton and Inverness gained the status in 2000. Although the whole of the UK was enjoying an economic boom, the new cities, with the exception of Wolverhampton, outperformed their regional counterparts in terms of increasing investment and reducing unemployment. "The other advantages, less easy to quantify, are the international exposure and the buzz created. There is an element of pride about becoming a city." Selling point Stephen Parkinson led Preston's £30,000 bid in 2002 and he says it put Preston "on the map". He says Preston is now one of the top five areas in the country for private sector growth. "We have been able to do it, not though city status alone, but because of a wide range of factors. We have good transport links and a skilled workforce. CITY CONTENDERS 2012 'Naive' city status bid defended "It was a unique selling point when talking to developers and investors. We were the 50th city in England and we have joined an elite club. You are recognised internationally and nationally as a place that means business." Dr Musson says the average bid for the 2012 competition will have cost about £10,000 and for some it will be their third or fourth attempt. Swindon was one of the local authorities to pull out, saying it was better to tackle other issues and not chase titles in the current economic climate. Ipswich has tried and failed three times to become a city and it also chose not risk it again, much to the relief of Ipswich Town Football Club. The Town, as the team is known, had been an issue during the previous city status bids. "Ipswich City sounds stupid," says Ipswich fan Tim Edwards. "ICFC is horrible. It sounds like a DIY store." He says he wouldn't want city status, even if it meant catching up with their biggest rivals Norwich City. "Norwich has four things they can lord over us - a cathedral, an airport, it's a city and they are in the Premier League. We are only bothered about the Premier League and we are confident that won't last for long." Jealously guarded While some people really don't care if they wake up each morning in a town or city, others feel there is a principle at stake and are bitterly aggrieved if their city is downgraded in a newspaper or television report. Like many of the 2012 contenders, Perth believes it is already a city. The town has an ancient history and was the capital of Scotland up until 1437. Perth and Kinross Provost Dr John Hulbert, who led the bid, says Perth has always been a city to its people and "they guard it jealously". Image caption Rochester Cathedral in 1949, when it was still a city "But it's important that we have this official cache," he adds. He says aside from civic pride, it was important for the local authority to have city status because the Scottish government is developing a range of new initiatives around the country's cities. Dr Hulbert hopes the Queen's love of Scotland may work in Perth's favour. But Prof Beckett, author of City Status in the British Isles 1830-2002, says the Queen's role is to rubber-stamp a ministerial decision. He says British cities have always need some kind of Royal approval and, from before the time of the Norman Invasion, a place had to have a cathedral. The "logic was starting to look a bit fragile" when Truro and St Albans were cities but big industrial places like Belfast and Birmingham were not. Population was a big factor in the decision to award city status from the 1900s and the unofficial figure was 300,000, he says, but the rule would be broken if a place had a link with the Royal family, a major event or a political ambition. The bookies favourite for the 2012 contest is Reading. It boasts good royal connections - Windsor is just down the road and Catherine, the newest member of the Royal Family, was born in Berkshire. Oh, and it has 213,000 people. But no cathedral.	i don't know
Found in Venezuela, what is the name of the world's highest uninterupted waterfall?	Angel Falls - The world's highest uninterrupted waterfall - YouTube Angel Falls - The world's highest uninterrupted waterfall Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 30, 2013 Angel Falls is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 m (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyantepui mountain in the Canaima National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure 979 m (3,212 ft) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 m (0.25 mi) of sloped cascades and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre (98 ft) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids. The waterfall has been known as the "Angel Falls" since the mid twentieth century; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls. Angel's ashes were scattered over the falls on July 2, 1960. The common Spanish name "Salto Ángel" derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ("Kerepakupai Vená", meaning "waterfall of the deepest place"), on the grounds that the nation's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name. Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, "This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there... this is indigenous property."However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená. Angel Falls is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for the wooden curiaras used by the Pemon guides. During the dry season (December to March) there is less water seen than in the other months Music: Highlight Reel by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a CC Attribution 3.0. Category	Angel Falls
Whic male member i missing from the following list of the group 'The Osmonds' - Donny, Jimmy, Alan, wayne and Jay?	Angel Falls Angel Falls Venezuela Venezuela Highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world at 2600 feet (3200 feet total) Highest uninterrupted waterfall. - ppt download Download Presentation is loading. Please wait. Angel Falls Angel Falls Venezuela Venezuela Highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world at 2600 feet (3200 feet total) Highest uninterrupted waterfall. Published by Devin Nelson Modified over 2 years ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "Angel Falls Angel Falls Venezuela Venezuela Highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world at 2600 feet (3200 feet total) Highest uninterrupted waterfall."— Presentation transcript: 1 Angel Falls Angel Falls Venezuela Venezuela Highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world at 2600 feet (3200 feet total) Highest uninterrupted waterfall in the world at 2600 feet (3200 feet total) 2 3 Amazon River Amazon River Second Longest River in the World at 4000 miles Second Longest River in the World at 4000 miles The river has thousands of Tributaries throughout Brazil The river has thousands of Tributaries throughout Brazil 4 5 Amazon Rainforest Amazon Rainforest Occupies 1/3 of Brazils territory Occupies 1/3 of Brazils territory Annual rainfall is approximately 80 inches Annual rainfall is approximately 80 inches Loses 15,000 sq/miles a year to clear cutting Loses 15,000 sq/miles a year to clear cutting 6	i don't know
Greater Horseshoe, Brandt's and Natterer's are all species of which type of creatures that are found in Britain?	UK Bats - Bat Conservation Trust Bat Conservation Trust Bats and disease UK Bats We are lucky enough to have 18 species of bat in the UK, 17 of which are known to be breeding here - that's almost a quarter of our mammal species. Vagrant species and occasional visitors Every summer, thousands of people venture out to experience the wonder of bats in their natural environment . Sadly, bat populations have suffered severe declines during the past century, but the Bat Conservation Trust and more than 100 local bat groups are working hard to help our bats hang on. Learn more about where to see bats ! Resident bat species Myotis alcathoe Listen to an Alcathoe bat Alcathoe bat The latest addition to the UK bat family, only being confirmed as a resident species in 2010 due to its similarity to the whiskered and Brandt's bat species.	BATS
Found in Chile, what is the name of the world's driest desert?	Full text of "Nature in Avon" See other formats NATURE IN AVON PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS' SOCIETY, 1996 NATURE IN AVON THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS' SOCIETY VOLUME 56 (for 1996) EDITED BY A. F. HOLLOWELL ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE © Bristol Naturalists' Society 1999 Printed for the Society by Healey's, Ipswich ISSN 0068-1040 PAST-PRESIDENTS WILLIAM SANDERS 1862 HENRY E. FRIPP r 1876 GEORGE FORSTER BURDER 1880 JOHN BEDDOE . 1883 Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY 1884 Rev. THOMAS HINCKS 1887 Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN 1890 Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER 1893 Professor SYDNEY YOUNG 1894 S. H. SWAYNE 1897 Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN 1899 ARTHUR B. PROWSE 1901 C. K. RUDGE 1904 JAMES W. WHITE 1907 G. MUNRO SMITH 1910 Miss I. M. ROPER 1913 G. C. GRIFFITHS 1917 ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) COOK 1919 H. WOMERSLEY 1922 Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE 1924 JAMES RAFTER 1927 A. L.FLEMMING ..^.-^^ - 1930 J. W. TUTCHER 1931 F. S. WALLIS 1933 Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE 1934 G. E. J. McMURTRIE 1935 Professor MACGREGOR SKENE 1938 H. TETLEY 1942 Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR 1945 F. W. EVENS 1948 H. H. DAVIS 1950 Professor W. F. WHITTARD 1952 J. H. SAVORY 1954 R. BASSINDALE 1956 Miss M. H. ROGERS 1958 F. COLES PHILLIPS 1960 H. H.DAVIS 1962 R. J . G. SAVAGE 1963 A. F . DEVONSHIRE 1965 F. R. STERNE 1966 R. BRADSHAW 1968 S. M.TAYLOR 1970 Mrs A. F. HOLLOWELL 1972 D. H. PEREGRINE 1974 D. HAMILTON ^ 1976 J. F. W. McOMIE 1978 J. W. COWIE , " 1980 J. G. PRINCE 1982 V. D. DENNISON 1983 R. M. PAYNE 1985 T. E.THOMPSON 1987 MissR. C. LEE 1989 R. G. SYMES 1991 D. A. WILSON 1993 ii VOLUME 56 CONTENTS GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS Past-Presidents ii Council, 1996 iv Report of Council, 1996 1 General Meetings and General Field Meetings, 1 996 2 Report of the Botanical Section, 1996 3 Report of the Geological Section, 1996 4 Report of the Ornithological Section, 1 996 5 Report of the Invertebrate Group, 1 996 6 Report of the Mammal Group, 1996 7 Report of the Library Committee, 1 996 7 Report of the Publications Committee, 1996 8 Obituary: I. F. Gravestock, 1908 - 1996 9 Accounts for 1996 ^ 11 Instructions for Authors ' 14 BRISTOL BIOTA Avon & District Invertebrate Report, 1996 by R. J. Bamett 15 Avon Mammal Report, 1996, by D. P. C. Trump 25 Bristol Botany in 1 996, by A. J. Willis 41 ORIGINAL PAPERS The definition of the Severn Estuary, by K. R. Dyer 53 Recent changes in intertidal and near sub-tidal morphology in Bridgwater Bay, by P. H. Lee 67 CUMULATIVE INDEX Cross-referenced index to the Proceedings, 1 97 1 - 1 995 8 1 ERRATA and ADDENDA to the Proceedings, Vol. 55 for 1 995 1 09 and Special Issue No. 4, The Mendip Hills. FRONT COVER Sunset over the Severn Estuary, from the Second Severn Crossing. Photograph by Professor D. H. Peregrine. iii PAST-PRESIDENTS COUNCIL, 1996 President: Mr R. J. Bamett, M.Sc, F.R.E.S, A.M.A Past Presidents: Miss M.H. Rogers, M.A. Prof. R.J.G. Savage, B.Sc, Ph.D., F.L.S. R. Bradshaw, M.Sc, Ph.D. Mr S.M.Taylor, B.Sc, C.Eng. Mrs A.F. Hollowell, M.A., A.M.A. Prof. D.H. Peregrine, B.A., Ph.D. D. Hamilton, BA, MSc, PhD, Vice-Presidents: Mr D. P. C. Trump Hon. Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: Hon. Membership Secretary: Hon. Editor, Bulletin: Hon. Circulation Secretary: Hon. Editor {Proceedings): Hon. Publicity Secretary: Chairman, Field Committee: Hon. Secretary, Field Committee: Hon. Conservation Liaison Officer Hon. Librarian: Officers of Sections and Groups: J.F.W. McOmie, M.A., D.Phil., D.Sc Mr V. D. Dennison, B.Sc Mr J.G. Prince Mr R.M. Payne, F.R.E.S, F.L.S. Miss R C. Lee Mr R.G. Symes, B.Sc, C.Biol., M.I.Biol. F.R.E.S. Mr S. C. Carpenter Mrs S. P. Kelly Mr S. M. Taylor Mrs A. M. Wookey Mr R. G. Symes Mr D. W. B. Frost Mrs A. F. Hollowell Vacant Miss S. M. Garden Miss R. C. Lee W. E. Dixon, Ph. D. Vacant Botanical Section Geological Section Ornithological Section Mammal Group Invertebrate Group President: Hon. Secretary & Treasurer: President: Hon. Secretary& Treasurer: Hon. Field Secretary: President: Hon. Secretary & Treasurer: Convener: Convener: Mr AC. Titchen Mr C. W. Hurflirt Mr D. W. Cope Mr J. Radley Mr S. C. Carpenter Mr R. L. Bland Mr R G. L. Holmes Mr D. P. C. Trump Mr A. G. Smith Other Members of Council: Mr J. A. Evans, Mr B. M. J. Gray, Miss S. E. Hallett, Dr M. H. Martin, Mr G. Poole, Mr A. Robinson, Dr H. E. Rose, Mr A. G. Smith Hon. Auditor (not a member of Council): Mr T. B. Silcocks iv GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1 996 Membership of the Society stands at 626, including Honorary and Life members and 13 juniors; 102 new members have joined during 1996. During the year the Society and its sections held 83 meetings. Two section meetings with wider appeal formed part of the general lecture programme. The mammal & invertebrate groups thrive: each has arranged lectures & surveys. The 1996/97 lecture programme was included in the widely disseminated calendar of local events in science, engineering and technology produced by The Exploratory. Members have received ten monthly Bulletins, the 1994 Proceedings published in September, the 1995 Avon Bird Report also in September & a current members' list in November. Council records thanks to the many volunteers who distribute these items to members. Work on the 1995 Proceedings, a theme issue on the Mendips in collaboration with the Mendip Society, was well advanced by the year end. It was announced during the year that British Birds magazine had awarded the prestigious title of Best Bird Report to the 1994 Avon Bird Report. Congratulations are due to all who helped produce this volume. Council supported the following projects during 1995: from the Hector Hockey Fund, a study on the Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary Butterfly (£175 - Mr J. Board); geological information boards on the Bristol-Bath railway path and on Avon Ring Road cycle-path (£175 - Mr S. Carpenter); papers in the Society's Proceedings for 1995 (£300): Dormouse nest boxes in Midger Wood Nature Reserve (£100 to Mrs P. Woodbridge); and from the Conservation Appeal, £150 towards the cost of a hut to be used by amateur groups making long-term studies in the Gordano Valley National Nature Reserve. Our late member Mrs I. C. I. Milton, who died in 1980, had left the Society a share of her estate subject to certain life interests which came to an end in 1995. The Society has received, including accrued interest, a total of £18,028.57. Of this, £4,000 was added to the capital of the Hector Hockey Memorial Fund, and the remainder to our Memorial Fund which holds legacies and gifts in memory of former members. Some members of Council continued to be responsible for managing the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust's Wetmoor Nature Reserve, part of the Lower Woods near Wickwar. During the year, in lieu of death duties on the estate of the late Duke of Beaufort, the whole of the Lower Woods became a nature reserve under the care of the Trust and we were formally represented at its dedication by our President and by Council Members, two of whom are members of the new management committee. We are represented on Leigh Woods Management Committee by our President and continue liaison with the Avon Wildlife Trust on the common ground of conservation. Many of our members belong to this Trust and play active roles there. During the year our long-time member Mr F. G. Quinney retired after 10 years as an honorary Reserve Warden. Others contributed to the successful Peregrine Watch organised by Bristol Ornithological Club, which featured in the television programme 'Fear of the Falcon'. Two members of 1 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS Council were featured in Wild Site, the newsletter for Leigh Woods. The President and member Mr N. Wray appeared on the HTV programme ' Westwatch.' In the spring of this year cleaning work on the Suspension Bridge caused serious pollution of important botanical sites in the Avon Gorge; BNS members alerted the authorities and advised on palliative action. Council has also responded to proposals for development on Brean Down and at the Congresbury watercress beds. Preparations have been made for a special series of walks as part of the Cabot 500 celebrations during 1997. Council records with regret the death during 1996 of the following members: Mr J Bignell, Mr V. D. Dennison, Miss I. F. Gravestock, Mrs E. I. Jones, Mrs E. Vaughan Davies, Miss M. V. Westcott and Dr T. Wilton. Mr Dennison joined in 1955 and was President in 1983/84. He was active in the Geological Section and was its current Treasurer. As a member of our Council and Honorary Treasurer of the Mendip Society he proposed and facilitated the Mendips issue of the Proceedings now being prepared. Miss Gravestock was active in the Botanical Section and also for many years was deeply involved in the work of our Conservation Committee. After the formation of the Avon Wildlife Trust she liaised with it on our behalf. SYLVIA R KELLY, Honorary Secretary GENERAL MEETINGS, 1996 27 Jan. Annual General Meeting & Presidential Address- "Bugs and Beasties" by Mr R. J. Bamett 1 0 Feb. "Arctic ecology", by Dr N. R. Webb. . 9 Mar "Natural history at the Bristol City Museum", by Mr R. J. Bamett. 1 0 Oct. "Environmental impact of management of the wet grassland in the Somerset Levels and Moors", by Mr D. Glaves. 13 Nov. "Wildlife of Zambia - mammals and birds", by Mr M. Mockler (Joint meeting with the Ornithological Section). 7 Dec. "Hedgehogs", by Dr P. A. Morris (Joint meeting with the Mammal Group). GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS, 1996 These meetings were organised by the Field Committee, whose members were: Chairman - Miss S. M. Garden, Hon. Secretary - Miss R. C. Lee, Committee members - Miss S. M. McCarthy and Miss M. B. Morris. The following meetings were held under the leadership of those indicated: 23 Mar. Miss S. M. Garden: the Holford area, Quantock Hills. 2 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING A walk up on to Longstone Common, with many signs of spring in evidence. There were a few woodland birds and a few members saw a Dartford Warbler. 5 Apr. Miss S. McCarthy: Lady Hill Wood, Usk. A walk through fields and woods on a glorious spring day. We saw some woodland birds and a few early spring flowers, especially Wood Anemones. 18 May Miss R. C. Lee: Wylye Valley, near Warminster. The weather was poor but the bluebell woods were magnificent. We heard woodland birds and found some of the large Roman Snails. 8 Jun Mr S. R. Howe: Neath Valley. A walk up Afon Nellte to Porth-yr-Ogof and back, on a glorious surmy day. The leader very ably described the birds, flowers and geology of the area. 6 Jul. Miss M. B. Morris: The River Otter, Devon. A walk from Otterton to Budleigh Salterton, during which we heard many birds and and saw many plants along the river. This was followed by a wet afternoon walk over Aylesbeare Common, a property in the care of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 1 Sep. Mr D. A. C. Cullen: Keyhaven and Pennington Marshes, Dorset. A walk along the sea wall, with excellent views of birds, identified by the leader, on both the seaward and the landward sides of the path. 26 Oct. Miss S. M. Garden: Dinsmore Manor Garden & Queenswood Arboretum, Herefordshire. On a sunny autumn day, the Acers in both garden and arboretum were magnificent. A number of fungi were found. 23 Nov. Mr S. R. Howe: The National Museum of Wales. By prior arrangement, we were taken behind the scenes in three depart- ments. After lunch we visited some of the public galleries. This was a very popular visit. RACHEL LEE, Hon. Secretary REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION, 1 996 At the Annual General Meeting, held on 23 January 1996, Officers and Committee members were elected as follows: President - Mr A. C. Titchen, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer - Mr C. Hurftirt; Committee members - Miss I. F. Gravestock, Ms S. Hallett, Ms L. Houston, Mr M. A. Kitchen, Mrs C. Kitchen, Dr N. Malcolm, Mrs P. M. Millman, Mr A. G. Smith, Mr L. J. Taylor, Mrs H. E. Titchen and Mrs M. A. 3 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS Webster. Mr A. G. Smith, having stepped down from the posts of Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, was thanked for the work he had done in that capacity. The following indoor meetings were held: 23 Jan. Annual General Meeting, followed by members' exhibits. 20 Feb. "The History of the Apple", by Mr G. Gilbert. 19 Mar. "William Turner, the Father of English Botany", by Mr A. G Smith. 21 Oct. "Fragile Icelandic ecosystems", by Dr K. Crabtree. 9 Nov. The herbarium at the Bristol City Museum, led by Ms S. Hallett. 17 Dec. "Walks and wanderings in the Mendips", by Dr K. C. Allen. The following field meetings and visits were held, under the leadership of those shown: 6 Apr. Gagea lutea and Tulipa sylvestris in South Gloucestershire, Mr A. C. Titchen. 21 Apr. Asham Wood, near Frome, Mr. W. Corns of English Nature. 8 May. Bithams Wood, near Winford, Mrs M. A. Webster. 1 3 Jun. Frenchay Hospital grounds, Mr L. Taylor. 16 Jun Pewsey Downs, Mrs M. A. Webster & Mr A. C. Smith. 3 Jul. Durdham Down, Mr A. C. Titchen. 1 5 Jul. Tree Watch walk round Clifton, Mr A. C. Titchen. 7 Aug. Hengrove Park, Mr C. W. Hurfiirt. 10 Aug. Pill Wharf, Mrs P. M. Millman & Mrs H. E. Titchen. 3 1 Aug. Avon Ring Road Stage II, Mr C. W. Hurfiirt. 1 5 Sep. Wye Valley woodlands by Mr & Mrs M. A. Kitchen. 3 Nov. Fungus foray in Great Breach Wood, Mr J. G. Keylock. We carmot end this report without mentioning with regret the death in December of Florence Gravestock, who gave long service as our Hon. Secretary and as a Committee member and led many outdoor meetings. She will be much missed. An obituary appears elsewhere in this issue. CHRISTOPHER HURFURT, Hon. Secretary. REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION, 1 996 The year commenced with the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 1 7 January, at which Mr D. W. Cope was re-elected as President, Dr M. Simms as Hon. Secretary and Mr S.C. Carpenter as Hon. Field Secretary. Members elected to the Committee were: Mrs M. E. Poolman, Dr M.J. Simms and Mr D. A. Wilson. 4 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING However, in late Spring, Dr Simms left Bristol to take up a post at the National Museum of Ulster, Belfast and the duties of Hon. Secretary were taken over by Mr Jon Radley. Thanks are due to Dr Simms for his work while holding that post. Of the indoor meetings, that held in November on insects in amber, was particularly popular, attracting an audience of 34. During the year the Section, through Mr Carpenter, made successful applications to the Hector Hockey Fund, the Geologists' Association's Curry Fund, the South Gloucestershire Council, the Bath & N. E. Somerset Council and SUSTRANS, for funding for the production of two information boards about the Pennant Sandstone outcrop along the Bristol to Bath Railway Path and the Avon Ring Road Cycle Path. The following indoor meetings were held: 17 Jan. Annual General Meeting, followed by the Presidential Address, "A geologist in the mires". 2 1 Feb. "Early history of Planet Earth" by Dr Hugh Rollinson. 20 Mar. "A geologist trekking across the Atlas Mountains" by Dr M. J. Simms. 16 Oct. "Lower Cretaceous dinosaur remains in a Romanian bauxite mine", by Dr Elizabeth Cook. 20 Nov. "Fossil insect remains in amber deposits" by Mr Andrew Ross. 18 Dec. Annual Members' Evening with a demonstration by Mr S. C. Carpenter of recent finds of vertebrate fossils. The following field meetings were held under the leadership of those shown, with meetings held jointly with Bath Geological Society being indicated by * : 28 Apr. "Callovian delights of the south Cotswolds", Mr Neville HoUingworth.* 12 May "Wick Quarry, Avon", Mr Alan Bentley. 14 Jun. "The building stones of Clifton", Professor R. J. G. Savage. 14 Jul. "The new Aust section at Manor Farm", Mr S. C. Carpenter and Mr J. Radley.* 22 Sep. "Silurian Rocks of the Tortworth Inlier", Mr Charles Hiscock.* 2 Nov. "Geologists' Association Annual Reunion, London".* JON RADLEY, Hon. Secretary REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION, 1996 The 72nd Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th January 1996 . Mr R. L. Bland was elected as President in succession to Mr T. G. Evans, who wished to retire. Mr R. G. L. Holmes was re-elected as Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer. Mr P. J. Chadwick was elected to the Committee and the remaining Committee members were Mrs J. Fowles, Mrs J. M. Lance, Mr J. G. Prince, Mrs 5 GENERAL «fe SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS S. E. Prince and Mr B. M. J. Gray, the latter a previously co-opted member. Mr T. B. Silcocks was appointed as Honorary Auditor. The indoor meetings were as follows. 17 Jan. Annual General Meeting with a video presentation on "Migration", by the President, followed by a discussion. 14 Feb. "Birds and other wildlife of Nepal", by Mr D. Cottridge. 1 5 Mar. "Birds and other wildlife of North Africa", by Mr P. Basterfield. 9 Oct. "Reflections of a wildlife artist", by Mr M. Ridley. 13 Nov. "Wildlife of Zambia - mammals and birds", by Mr M. Mockler. 1 1 Dec. "Birding on the Pearl River estuary. Hong Kong", by Dr H. E. Rose. There were 20 field meetings. Guided by attendance figures in recent years, the Committee decided to include fewer long-range trips in the summer programme and to offer a midweek, local evening walk, each week throughout the breeding season, which provided some first-rate birding. During the year, members again supported long-term national enquiries organised by the British Trust for Ornithology, including the Common Bird Census scheme. Heronry counts, the Birds of Estuaries Enquiry and the Wetland Bird Survey. The Section organised the BTO's National Rook Census locally and undertook a small trial of the fieldwork proposed for a national Skylark survey. Members continued to support the national and local Breeding Bird Surveys and this year over 100 one-km squares were covered. A number of members also carried out winter counts, in the same squares, as part of a survey of winter populations. Work continued on two long-term local enquiries, into birds using gardens in winter and into over-wintering warblers. In addition, a full survey was carried out, for the second year running, of all the rookeries in the area of the former county of Avon; it revealed an unexpected 10% increase. A survey of Song Thrushes continued. RICHARD HOLMES, Hon. Secretary REPORT OF THE INVERTEBRATE GROUP, 1 996 Mr A. G. Smith kindly agreed to act as convener for the fledgling (larval?) Group, before the formation of a full Section. Consequently a varied programme of mOOOOeetings was arranged for summer and winter. In addition, the Society's A.G.M. on 27 January included a Presidential address with an invertebrate theme when Ray Bamett spoke on "Bugs and Beasties", an examination of the Hemiptera. The following indoor meetings were held: 1 Oct. "Plant Galls" by Janet Boyd 6 Nov. "First catch your mini-beasf by Pat Hill-Cottingham The following field meetings were held, under the leadership of those shown: 6 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING East Dundry - Tony Smith. Kenn Moor - Simon Randolph. Lords Wood - Justin Evans. Weston Big Wood - Bill Dixon. Folly Farm - joint meeting with Bristol & District Moth Group. A.G.SMITH, Convener REPORT OF THE MAMMAL GROUP 1996 During the year, the Group arranged a series of talks and field meetings in association with the Avon Bat Group and the Mammal Society. Mammal records continue to be collected and are summarised in the Avon Mammal Report in this issue. The following indoor meetings were held: 26 Mar. "How bats sense the world" by Dr Gareth Jones. 7 Dec. "Hedgehogs" by Dr Pat Morris - joint General/Mammal Group meeting The following outdoor meetings were held: 21-28 Apr. S.mall Mammal Trapping in the Gordano Valley National Nature Reserve (part of the Nlammal Society's National Vole Survey). 9 Jun. Bat Box checking around Chew Valley and Blagdon Reservoirs. 8 Sep. Bat Box checking around Chew Valley and Blagdon Reservoirs - a joint meeting with Avon Bat Group. 3 -10 Nov. Small Mammal Trapping in the Gordano Valley National Nature Reserve (part of the Mammal Society's National Vole Survey). DAVID TRUMP, Z^fl^/^r REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE, 1996 Mrs. A.F. Hollowell was elected as Honorary Librarian. The Library Committee was chaired for 1996 by Roger Symes and met on five occasions, with two working parties being held. Members of the Committee continued to staff the Library from 12.30 to 1.30 p.m. on Wednesdays, and from 10.15 am to 12.00 noon on Saturdays. During the year 42 members made 274 visits and borrowed 261 items. In addition there were 44 visits by Museum staff. These were all very welcome increases on 1995. Sixteen books were purchased. Twelve donated books were accepted into the library stock and over 200 issues of journals, reports and memoirs were given. 11 May 23 June 30 June 13 July 10 Aug. 7 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS together with offprints, newspaper cuttings of local interest and one video. For all these we are indebted to Avon Butterfly Project, Dr. R. Bradshaw, Bristol and District Moth Group, Bristol Environmental Records Centre, Mr. and Mrs. J. Cleeves, Mrs. A. F. HoUowell, Dr. E. L. Jervis (in memory of Miss Margaret E. Jervis), Dr. M. H. Martin, P J. M. Nethercott, F. M. Peddle, J. Radley, R. W. Rowe, R. B. J. Smith, R. G. Symes, S. G. Thomas, D. P. C. Trump, E. C. Trump; University of Bristol and Dr. L.C. Frost; Professor A .J. Willis and D. A. Wilson. . Special name plates are added to books given to the collection by members. Twenty-five journals were purchased by subscription, 41 were received by exchange and 8 were gifts or free. Three volumes were bound during the year. Whilst it is normal practice that most books and journals received as gifts are retained in the Library collection, some little-used library books and journals were sold in 1996 and the proceeds will be used for library purposes. The Society thanks Mr. Stephen Price, Head of Museum and Leisure Services, Bristol City Council for the continued use of the Library room and for the assistance given to members during the year by Museum staff. The Committee welcomes the increased use being made of the Library by members and by Museum staff. ROGER SYMES, Chairman, Library Committee REPORT OF THE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE, 1996 The Proceedings for 1994 (Vol. 54) were published just before Easter. A different printer was used, who was able to use Perfect Binding instead of stitching. This saved some £300, which made it feasible to include some colour plates. The issue was well-produced and the colour plates, which were produced from colour transparencies of rare moths, were particularly pleasing. With Volume 54, the opportunity was taken to change the spine labelling so that it reads downwards, in conformity with British Standard 6738: 1938 (ISO 6357-1985). This should be an advantage to booksellers displaying the Proceedings for sale. Committee members were deeply saddened to hear of the death of V. D. (Vic) Dennison in April of this year. Mr Dennison, lately President of The Mendip Society and also a Past President of The Bristol Naturalists' Society, took a leading part in planning the Proceedings for 1995 (Vol. 55), the Special Issue devoted to The Mendips. That volume contains an Obituary and is dedicated to his memory. The Publications Committee met three times during the year. A list of the Society's members was completed and circulated to those members in duplicated form, for their exclusive use only. The credit for the production of this list goes to Mr S. M. Taylor who, as a Committee member, has also been working on an index to the Proceedings, covering 25 years and which appears in this issue. Thanks must be expressed to Dr C. Little who stood down at the end of 1996, having been a member of the Committee since 1979. In conclusion, the Editor 8 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING would like to express her appreciation of the support provided during the year, by the Chairman and members of the Committee. ANNE F. HOLLO WELL, Hon. Editor, Proceedings OBITUARY IVY FLORENCE GRAVESTOCK, 1908 -1 996 Members were saddened to learn of the death of Florence Gravestock on 9 December 1996 at the age of 88. That she attended a meeting of the Friends of Bristol Art Gallery on that day shows how she had remained active up to the very end of her life. Florence was bom in London on 8 August 1908. She went to school there and then in Surrey, She also came to know and love Upper Teesdale and the Pennines and her lifelong interest in botany began very early, when she was only seven years old. In 1927, she went up to Somerville College, Oxford, where she obtained an Honours degree in Classics. Subsequently, she went on to obtain a Teacher's diploma at Leeds University in 1934. She then worked for the Unemployment Assistance Board until 1938, when she moved to live near Bristol. Later, from 1 948, she worked as an Executive Inspection Officer for the Ministry of National Insurance, until she retired in 1969. Retirement gave Florence more time to pursue her special interests, not only botany but also music and painting. Florence was accomplished on the piano and she played in many public concerts until arthritis eventually forced her to give up. After she retired, she continued to paint and was successful in selling several paintings. Florence joined the Bristol Naturalists' Society in 1949 and was first elected to the Society's Council in 1958. She was Vice-President of the Society in 1978 and also in 1979, the year when she was made an Honorary Member. Her greatest contribution to the Society, however, was her work for the Botanical Section. From 1962 to 1978, she was a most assiduous and efficient Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the Section. She also led one field meeting, sometimes two, nearly every year, amounting to 30 in all! In the early years, she was especially interested in the eastern Mendips and she continued to study Cheddar plants but, in later years, she usually led meetings near to her home which was now in Bristol; these meetings were often in Stoke Bishop or Shirehampton. Florence also retained her interest in the flora of Upper Teesdale and gave several talks to the Section on the flowers of that area. Florence made many important contributions to plant recording. From 1965, she was a member of a team led by Miss M. H. Rogers, studying the Cheddar Gorge; Florence was responsible for identifying the species of flowering plants involved. The team's 'Cheddar Gorge' was published, under joint authorship, in the Society's Proceedings for 1969 and, for this, Florence wrote the Section on the botany of the Gorge. 9 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS Early in the 1960s, which saw the beginnings of many conservation groups, Florence became a founder member of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation. She later joined the Somerset, Yorkshire and Avon Trusts. In 1966 she was elected to the BNS Conservation Committee and worked with other members, particularly Mr K. T. Batty, to survey and report on sites in the Bristol District. She assisted with the bid by the Somerset Trust to get Windsor Hill Marsh, near Shepton Mallett, declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest and this was successful in 1970. The Society's Conservation Committee devised two nature trails which have continued in use for many years. One, through Ashton Court Park, opened in 1970 and the other, along the Frome Valley, in 1976. The trail guides included drawings of plants by Florence, who also contributed to the texts of the booklets. These trails were mounted in conjunction with Bristol City Council, which published the guides. Florence wrote two papers for the Society's Proceedings. The first was 'Avonmouth, the vanishing habitat' which appeared in the issue for 1974 (Vol. 34 pp. 105-11). The Conservation Committee came to the end of its very active life in 1978 and, by then, Florence, with other members of the Committee, had begun to work with the fledgling Avon Wildlife Trust. Eventually, Florence was elected to the newly- created post of BNS Conservation Liaison Officer, to maintain a link with the Wildlife Trust and other active groups and to provide Council with regular reports on local conservation activities. Her second paper for the Proceedings, on 'Nature conservation in the Bristol region: an account of the work of the Society's Conservation Committee', appeared in the issue for 1986 (Vol. 46, pp 25-32). Over the years, many botanical records in the Proceedings have borne the initials 'IFG'. Of particular note was her find in 1977 of the uncommon coastal halophyte, A triplex longipes Dreger, the Long-stalked Orache, at Lamplighters, Shirehampton. This was the first authentic record of this species for Vice County 34; it was determined by P. M. Taschereau. In the following year, Florence also found the hybrid Atriplex longipes Dreger x prostata Boucher ex DC, in the same place. This find, also, was authenticated by Taschereau, who visited the site. Further afield, Florence maintained her interest in the flora of Upper Teesdale, and, in 1979 she was elected to the Conservation Committee of the Botanical Society of the British Isles, and helped with work by the BSBI to map the plants of Upper Teesdale when that area was threatened by developments. Later, when the BSBI held a field meeting in Bristol in August 1983, Florence, with other members of the BNS Botanical Section, contributed to the success of the weekend. The 1980s saw Florence very active on the Steering Committee of the Avon Flora Project, which was based on the Bristol City Museum's Bristol Regional Environ- mental Records Centre, with which she worked from 1985. Nearer to home, now in Stoke Bishop, she devised the still popular Stoke Bishop Nature Trail, completed in 1985 for the Stoke Bishop Community Association. In her later years, Florence moved to live in a residential home on Stoke Hill and developed an interest in trees. She was particularly thrilled to find, in the grounds 10 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING of the home, a superb specimen of the Red Seed-winged Sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus f. erythrocarpus. She also joined the writer on some of his Tree Gazing' trips. The genus Hedera became of great interest to her, and on walks around the lanes of Stoke Bishop she pointed out many different species and varieties. When someone dies, it is sad and there are always questions that have been left unasked. Florence was a close friend of myself and my wife Helen, but why did we always call her Florence, not Ivy? We shall never know the answer to that but at least we can now see how appropriate was her interest in the genus Hederal Many Society members attended her funeral and it was nice to join with her close relative in saying goodbye to such an active and kind lady, who made bequests to several local organisations concerned with conservation, including our own A.. C.TITCHEN Note: The author and the Hon. Editor are grateful to Professor A. J. Willis and to Mr P. J. M. Nethercott for additional information and advice. THE SOCIETY'S ACCOUNTS FOR 1996 These are on the next two pages. The Hon. Treasurer for 1996, Mr S. M., Taylor, is grateful to Mr R. G. Symes and Mr T. B. Silcocks for completing their prepar- ation when he was unable to do so through indisposition. Our Charitable Funds have been re-organized in preparation for the much fuller Accounts which will be needed in future years under provisions of the new Charities Act. NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1996 1) The accounts do not show balances held by Section Treasurers nor the Ornithological Section's Special Fund. 2) Council merged the former Williams and Harry Savory Funds, together with the Milton and other bequests, to form a new Memorial Fund. 3) Grants made from the Memorial Fund were: printing membership cards (£117) and Library Rules (£20); Library book in memory of Mrs V. J. Kenney (£50); donation to Museum Staff Fund (£25). 4) The Hector Hockey Memorial Fund is represented by the Income Bonds and National Savings Account. £1,000 of income which had been wrongly converted to capital was replaced following Charity Commission guidance. 5) A £1,000 income bond, previously assigned to the Hockey Fund, was added to and formed the Milton Fund, intended to further support the aims of the Hockey Fund. 6) The Library Fund represents the yield of special sales made in 1995, which Council agreed might be devoted to Library expenditure. 11 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS oo'»root~-or^ o ro T- in to o ■<- fO ai CO CO O CM CD (N csi ' o o r>- ■«- o o r~- o CO W OQ OQ X E LL " o 5 to E B "5 ^ P O) = 5 0) -= o Q 9- a> CO S § CD 3: q: ;2 :«5 a: (J) ^ o 5 O O £ (Tj nj (D z z o 0 0)0) o n O) O CM CO CD T- •,- o o> o 00 ■r- Tf CO CO tt o •r- Ti- T- cn r- CM CO O) CD LD TJ- un CD CM T- CM T- m m CO 00 o o c:) o CM o T- t- o T- O i -J ^ i O 2 ' Q) Uj C § Q) o ,« ^ O =2 II C .E E -o w o O to x> ro 3 O O) Q. _1 U- m CO H 0) 0) XI 0) 2 ro 3 O O □ 2 Q. CQ CO E E? to o <o UJ 0 ^ „ >^ 3 ^ s I M .1 S ^ 1 -5. Q. " •2 "5 J ^ 3 3 O CO CO H to (/) O) CO ^ CO CO o) m CM T- CO m ^ 1^ O) CM CD CM <3) o) CO m <D m to ^ 12 GENERAL AND SECTIONAL PROCEEDING SPECIAL FUNDS (FORMERLY CALLED BENEFACTORS' FUNDS) 1 995 RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS DURING THE YEAR 1 996 Memorial Fund Amalgamates Williams and Savory Funds, Milton Bequest, and new monies 342 Incorporation of R.G. Williams Fund at 31 Dec 1995 342 68 Incorporation of Harry Savory Illustrations Fund at 31 Dec 1995 68 10000 Incorporation of Mrs. I. CI. Milton's Bequest as at 31 Dec 1995 10000 0 Further I.C.I Milton Bequest received in 1996 8029 0 Memorial Fund Donations received in 1996 200 0 Less transfer to National Savings Account as Hockey Fund Income -1000 0 Less transfer to Income Bonds as Milton Fund -4000 0_Less Memorial Fund Grants taken up in 1996 -262 10410 Memorial Fund balance at 31 Dec 1996 13377 Conservation Appeal 325 Balance at end of 1995 236 237 Donations received in year 24 -325 LESS Grant taken up in 1996 (Gordano Valley Ringing Hut) -150 237 Conservation Appeal balance at 31 Dec 1996 110 Hector Hockey Memorial Fund 5041 Endowment capital (Income Bonds and £40.63 Nat. Savings) 5041 1 776 Balance of income at end of 1 995 71 1 422 Investment Bond Income 1996 324 National Savings Bank Income 1996 24 0 Replacement of income 1000 -487 LESS Grant taken up (Midger Wood ) -100 6752 Hockey Fund balance at 31 st Dec 1 996 7001 Hockey Fund Income c/f to 1 997 1 960 Milton Fund 0 Capital (Unrestricted) (Income Bond) at end of 1995 1000 0 Balance of income at end of 1995 0 0 Transfer from Memorial Fund ( Income Bonds - Capital) 4000 0 Investment Bond income 1996 65 0 National Savings Bank income 1996 5 0 Milton Fund balance at 31st Dec. 1996 5070 0 Milton Fund Income c/f to 1997 70 Library Fund 3300 Proceeds of sale of surplus material in 1 995 3300 0_ Expenditure from Library Fund in 1996 -414 3300 Library Fund balance c/f to 1997 2886 Signed: ' R. G. Symes, Hon. Treasurer, 28/4/99. T. B. Silcocks, Hon. Auditor, 28/4/99. 13 GENERAL & SECTIONAL PROCEEDINGS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS The editor welcomes original papers on the natural history of Avon and surrounding areas for consideration for publication in the Proceedings. Inexperienced authors may obtain advice from members of the Publications Committee. Authors should bear in mind that their readers will not usually be specialists in the particular subject, and that unnecessarily technical language can be a barrier to understanding. All PAPERS for considerartion should reach the editor by the end of Augustin each year. If there is likely to be a problem with this target date please contact the editor in advance. All SOCIETY REPORTS etc should reach the Editor by the end of February in the next year. Manuscripts should be double-spaced, with wide margins, and on one side of the paper only. The author should retain a copy. The wording should follow the style and format of the Proceedings. Abbreviations should not normally be used, especially in references. An abstract should be supplied. The text should be broken up by appropriate headings and sub-headings and accompanied by relevant illus-trations. Captions to illustrations should be given separately at the end of the text. Originals, not copies, of photographs, slides, line drawings, diagrams and maps should be submitted - returnable on request. Drawings and other diagrams should not be more than twice final size, and made in black medium. Photographs and slides may be submitted as prints, positives or negatives, preferably monochrome. Graphs, charts and simple diagrams may most readily be produced by computer graphics; advice and help with this are available. References should be listed at the end of the text in alphabetical order of the first author's name, and should take the following form. Book: AUTHOR (DATE). Title. Place of publication. Publisher. E.g., RACKHAM, O. (1986). The history of the countryside. London, J. M. Dent. Paper: AUTHOR (DATE). Title. Journal name, volume, (part), page nos. E.g., ROSS, S. M. & HEATHWAITE, A. L. (1986). West Sedgemoor: its peat stratigraphy and peat chemistry. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society, 44, 19-25 It is helpful if the text can also be submitted on a 3-5 inch floppy disk readable under MS-DOS (any version) or Windows, either as an ASCII ("text" or "print" file) or as a formatted file produced by any well-known word processing software. A formatted version is especially valuable where many scientific names are involved. The copyright of all published material will belong to Bristol Naturalists' Society, whose Council may authorise reproduction. Twenty-five free reprints, without covers, are provided (to be shared by mulfiple authors). More may be ordered, at 25 pence each, at the time of submission. 14 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1 996), 56: 1 5-24. BRISTOL & DISTRICT INVERTEBRATE REPORT, 1996 Compiled by R. J. BARNETT City Museum 8c Art Gallery, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1 RL INTRODUCTION The cool conditions of May, see Weather Synopsis below, led to a comment in the July/ August Bulletin by John Weeks that the spring was very similar to that of 1983 when there had been a massive immigration of the Clouded Yellow butterfly. These were prophetic words indeed for, by the time they appeared in print, the whole of southern England was awash with immigrant butterflies, moths and dragonflies. However it was not the Clouded Yellow that caught the eye, although there were plenty of them, but the Painted Lady. The immigration of this butterfly was vast and subsequently there were enormous numbers of larvae reported in the summer. Migrant moths also had a superb year, a walk on Bristol Downs on an afternoon in mid- June, for example, disturbed Rush Veneer moths at almost every step. The Silver Y was also very abundant and in evidence by day. The most spectacular individual was probably the Striped Hawk-moth found by Richard Holmes at Leigh Woods. All the activity with migrants. Bordered Straw, Vestal, Gem, Udea ferrugalis, Ni Moth and so on, kept members of the Bristol & District Moth Group busy. In addition this group continued to hold winter meetings (Tony Davis of the national Pyralid & Plume Recording Scheme on 17th February and a members' evening on 1 1th November) and monthly field meetings from March to September. One of the latter, at Folly Farm on 9th August was a joint meeting with this Society. Interesting records of resident species were received such as the Royal Mantle near Bath, the Red-belted Clearwing in Bishopston, Redland and Long Ashton, the Shore Wainscot in Whitchurch and Ruddy Carpet, Salebriopis albicilla, Mecyna asinalis and Morophaga choragella for example, in Leigh Woods. The Avon Butterfly Project also continued to attract considerable numbers of records including Monarchs on Dundry and at Bristol Zoo, and confirmation that the Duke of Burgundy still clings on at one site in the Avon area. The Essex Skipper still appears to be increasing and there were a few sightings of the Pearl-bordered Fritillary in addition to those of the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. As well as the masses of Painted Lady sightings, over 1,000 records of Clouded Yellow were reported to the project. 15 R. J. BARNETT With regard to diptera, it was encouraging to organise a Gordano Valley Invertebrate Group meeting with one aim being to establish whether the soldier fly Stratiomys potamida was still present and for B.N.S. member Simon Randolph to be able to do just that. The Gordano Valley N.N.R. also produced a record of the splendid Musk Beetle, its only "known locality around Bristol. The Rose Chafer population in the city continued to appear as adults over a very long time span, from mid-April through to mid-September. (Omitted from the 1995 report, but worth mentioning here, is that in 1995 the ground beetle Cyminidis axilaris (Fabr.) was found by Tony Prince at Goblin Combe, the first record outside south-east England since 1917.) As reported last year, a small colony of the Keeled Skimmer dragonfly has been discovered in the district and although present in very small numbers at the site, continued to hold its own. The British Arachnological Society held their A.G.M. in Bristol in March, hosted by the Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre. I am, as always, very grateful to those recorders who have submitted their sightings to me, and to the Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre and their recorders. In particular, my thanks to John Weeks for submitting his annual weather synopsis and to Ted and Dave Levy for their hoverfly report and also Robert Cropper for his extensive lists and accompanying orthoptera report. Species listed below are by neccesity chosen subjectively but are hopefully of interest. HOVERFLY REPORT (Ted and Dave Levy) Reasonably good records this year, 1 1 1 species were recorded for vice-county 6 and the south Bristol area. The more interesting species have been selected and are listed in the species reports. ORTHOPTERA REPORT (Robert Cropper) Work has continued on the Somerset Orthoptera Atlas. Of special note is the continued spread of the Long-winged Cone-head Conocephalus discolor (Thunb.) and the discovery of a substantial population of Roesel's Bush-cricket Metrioptera roeselii (Hagen.) in vice-county 5 (South Somerset). Although beyond the limits of the district, it is likely that both will arrive in the area in the next year or two. Since crossing the border from Dorset, C. discolor has proceeded in a NW direction and may reach the district next season. ^-.^ It is sad to record that we may have lost the Large Marsh Grasshopper Stethophyma grossum (L.) from the Levels, as no specimens could be found in 1996. It is also worth mentioning that the House Cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) would seem to have declined, and there have been no sightings in Somerset or the Bristol area this decade. Any records of this species would be most welcome. The species lists contain the records of most significance this year. Recorders mentioned in the species list were as follows: 16 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT John Aldrich (JA), Rick Andrews (RA), A. Aston (AA), Mike Bailey (MB), Dr Baldwin (DrB), Ray Bamett (RB), Jerry Board (JBo), Alan Bone (AB), Des Bowring (DB), Janet Boyd (JB), Bristol & District Moth Group (BDMG), I & J Burfield (I & JB), Robert Cropper (RC), "Dixie" Dean (EAD), Judy Dickinson (JD), Roger Edmondson (RE), Martin Evans (ME), Gordano Ringing Group (GRG), Sam Hallett (SH), Dr K. Hewitt (KH), Rupert Higgins (RH), Richard Holmes (RHo), M. Hughes (MH), Carolyn Lamb (CL), Ted & Dave Levy (E & DL), Bob Lewis (RL), John Martin (JM), Cyril Matthews (CM), Nigel Milboume (NM), Tony Moulin (TM), June Nash (JN), R. Palmer (RP), Andy Pym (AP), Simon Randolph (SR), R. & F. Skinner (R & FS), Brian Slade (BS), G. Smith (GS), Brian Trebilcock (BT), Nigel Tucker (NT), A. Wake (AW), David Warden (DWa), Darrel Watts (DW), Mr Watts (W), Jack Wimott (JW), Chris Wiltshire (CW). Scientific nomenclature follows the checklists of Agassiz (1987), Bradley et al. (1972), Bradley & Fletcher (1979), Duff (1993), Fitton (1978), Kemey (1976), Pope (1977), Potts (1964), and Smith (1976). WEATHER SYNOPSIS (by John Weeks, Yatton) The mean temperature in 1996, 10T°C, was the lowest since 1987, thus ending the upward trend noticed in recent years. There were negative anomalies in seven of the monthly mean temperatures from January to December, and in six of the mean maxima. The table overleaf shows that winter and spring were cold and, with the exception of February, deficient in sunshine. Overall, the six months period was rather wet. Thereafter, the summer and early autumn were warm, mostly dry and agreeably sunny - indeed, records at this station show that there were only two completely sunless days during the entire summer (one in June, one in July and none in August). Again, the general picture of rainfall over the area was distorted by a few spectacular thunderstorms, notably those on 7th June and 5th July, and another thundery spell in late August. January ended with a cold snap which included the hardest frost of the winter, when the air minimum was -4-8° and grass minimum -10-4° on 27th. February brought more frosts (15 air, 20 ground), lowest minima -4-0° (air) on 29th and -8-0° (grass) on 4th. March continued a high incidence of frost (17 ground) and a really cold snap at the month-end (-7-2° grass, on 30th). However day-time temperature crept above 15-5° C (60° F) for the first time in the year on 23rd. April was unremarkable. May fell into two distinct halves - first cool and then less cool (although not yet hot, except for 30th when the maximum was 23-9°C ). The month entered the record books as the coolest May since records began at this station (1979). Spring overall was the second coolest with a mean temperature of 8-3°C (it was 8-0°C in 1986). Temperatures in June rose "into the 80s" (°F) on three days and in July a hot spell commencing on 14th included five such days. Summer ended with an August which included not only the hottest days of the year, when 29°C was reached on 18th and 19th, but also the wettest day (28-9mm on 26th). After this deluge, autumn started with persistent high pressure over or near the British Isles, 17 R. J. BARNETT which resulted in a long dry spell lasting from 26 August to 23 September - twenty- nine days with no significant rainfall. TABLE 1. Monthly and seasonal trends in climate during 1996 Monthly differences Seasonal differences Max. T°C % Rain %Sun Max. T°C % Rain Dec. '95 -3-6 102 86 Jan. '96 -0-9 60 37 Feb. -1-6 127 148 -2-1 91 March -2-2 112 80 April +0-4 103 79 May -3-2 155 87 -10 121 June +10 42 123 July +0-6 82 113 Aug. +0-5 169 108 +0-7 102 Sept. +0-7 52 106 Oct. +1-7 107 73 Nov. -0-8 150 124 +0-3 116 October was pleasantly mild, if a little damp; its most memorable feature was the gale which tore through the area on 28th. November started mild, but rapidly changed to end up as the coldest since 1993, with some particularly low minima near month- end and the highest incidence of frost in this month since 1988. SPECIES OF NOTE IN 1 996 ODONATA (dragonflies) Ruddy Darter Sympetrum sanguineum (Mull.) Chew Valley Lake ST55, 15 July (DWa); Weston Moor ST445734, 20 July and 3 August (DB); Lord's Wood ST6363, 24 July (DB). Scarce Chaser Libellula fulva Mull. Pipley Bottom, Upton Cheyney ST7069, 19 June (female) (AP); Midford Valley ST7460, 16 July (female) (AP). 18 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT Banded Demoiselle Calopteryx splendens Chew Valley Lake ST55, 14 July (DWa); River Avon ST7963, 23 July (DB); Stoke Park ST618769, 27 July (DB). Beautiful Demoiselle Calopteryx virgo (L.) Chew Valley Lake ST55, June and August (DWa). Variable Damselfly Coenagrion pulchellum (Van Lind.) Nailsea Moor ST442696, 15 June and 30 July (DB); Tealham Moor ST4045, 10 June (RC). ORTHOPTERA (grasshoppers and crickets) Grey Bush-cricket Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze) Brean Down ST25, 21 July (RC). Stripe-winged Grasshopper Stenobothrus lineatus (Panz.) Compton Dundon ST4732, 31 August (RC). Lesser Marsh Grasshopper Chorthippus albomarginatus (DeG.) South Moor, Glastonbury ST5036 & 5037, 25 July (RC); Common Moor ST5041, 14 September (RC); Polsham ST5042 14 September (RC). Rufous Grasshopper Gomphocerippus rufus (L.) Ebbor Gorge N.N.R. ST5248, 10 August (RC, 1st found here 12 August 1995, AW); Easton, Wells ST5147 & 5148, 17 August (RC). DICTYOPTERA (cockroaches) Australian Cockroach Periplaneta australasiae (Fabr.) Bumham-on-Sea ST3049, 20 February (BS, single found in supermarket, 1st Somerset record). DERMAPTERA (earwigs) Lesser Earwig Labia minor (L.) Brent Knoll ST3052, 25 August (RC); Backwell Common ST4970, 7 September (RC); Rolstone ST3962, 8 September (RC); Buckland Dinham ST7652, 6 October (RC); Yarberry ST3858, 1 December (RC). Lesne's Earwig Forficula lesnei Finot. Felton Common ST5165, 7 September (RC). HEMIPTERA (true bugs) Legnotus limbosus (Geoff.) The Gully, Bristol Downs ST562749, 7 June (RB). Eurygaster testudinaria (Geoff.) Westhay Moor ST5444, 3 August (RC). Taphropeltus contractus (Herr.- Sch.) Meare Heath ST442402, 30 March (JB). Coranus subapterus (DeG.) Shapwick Heath ST44, October (JB). Nabis ericetorum Scholtz Mascall's Wood ST469536, 10 August (JB). Heterocordylus tibialis (Hahn) Trooper's Hill, Bristol ST6273, 26 May (RB). Lygus maritimus Wagner Ashcott Heath ST441392, 6 April (JB). Megacoelum infusum (Herr.- Sch.) Failand ST5072, 22 September (RC). 19 R. J. BARNETT LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies) Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) Ubley Warren ST500554, 17 July (KH); Hinton Charterhouse ST767585, 24 July (JM); Draycott Sleights ST483516, (I & JB); Horsecombe Vale & Priory Wood ST7561, 31 July (GS). Duke of Burgundy Fritillary Hamearis lucina (L.) near Bath ST75, 16 June (JBo). Pearl-bordered Fritillary Boloria euphrosyne (L.) Priddy ST5451, 5 July (ME, RE); Chew Valley Lake ST5 79608, 16 June (RH); Mendip Lodge Wood ST469587, 17 June (AA). Marsh Fritillary Eurodryas aurinia (Rott.) Priddy ST5451, 17 June (RP). Monarch Danaus plexippus (L.) Dundry ST57, 20 July (Dr. B); Bristol Zoo ST568740, 14 September (JD). LEPIDOPTERA (macro-moths) Currant Clearwing Synanthedon tipuliformis (CI.) Bishopston, Bristol ST589755, no date (RH). Red-belted Clearwing Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkh.) Redland, Bristol ST5874, 11 July (RE); Bishopston, Bristol ST589755, June (RH); Long Ashton Research Station ST535699, 1 August (CW). The Vestal Rhodometra sacraria (L.) Bishopston, Bristol ST589755, June (RE); Stancombe, Glos. ST739977, 22 August (ME,CL). The Gem Orthonama obstipata (Fabr.) Oldland Common ST670718, no date (JN, JW); Timsbury ST659587, no date (MB); Bath ST738647, no date (MB); Keynsham ST658694, October (AB); Whitchurch ST606676, July (RA); Newton St. Loe ST696642, no date (DW); Yatton ST429653, no date (TM); Keynsham ST652683, 9 October (J A), Filton ST6179, no date (AP); Clevedon ST390707, 1 1 June (RH, JM); Sand Point ST38658, 7 August (RH, JM); Redland ST581744, June and August (JM); Leigh Woods ST5573, 26 July (RB, AP). Royal Mantle Catarhoe cuculata (Hufn.) Newton St. Loe ST696639, 15 July (DW). Convolvulus Hawk-moth Agrius convolvuli (L.) Bishopston, Bristol ST5 89749, 27 July (NT). Striped Hawk-moth Hyles lineata livornica (Esp.) Leigh Woods ST5573, 12 June (RHo). Shore Wainscot Mythimna litoralis (Curt.) Whitchurch ST607676, July (RA). Small Mottled Willow Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Keynsham ST658694, September (AB); Timsbury ST659587, no date (MB); Bath ST738647, no date (MB); Blagdon ST500588, no date (NM); Stancombe, Glos. ST739977, 17 August (ME); Whitchurch ST607676, August (RA); Bishopston, Bristol ST589755, no date (RH); Sand Point ST328658, 7 August (RH, JM); Clevedon ST3970, 31 July (JM, RA); Folly Farm ST605594, 15 June (JM, RH). 20 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera ([D. & S.]) Timsbury ST659587, no date (MB); Blagdon ST500588, no date (NM); Timsbury ST670587, no date (CM); Whitchurch ST607676, June (RA); Yatton ST429653, no date (TM); Keynsham ST652683, 9 June (JA); Fihon ST6179, no date (AP); Bishopston, ST589755, June (RH); Clevedon ST390707, 11 June (RH, JM); Avonmouth ST503782, no date (RH); Redland ST581744, June and August (JM); Sand Point ST3265, 14 June (JM). Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) Timsbury ST670587, 22 October (CM); Timsbury ST659587, no date (MB); Whitchurch ST607676, October (RA); Weston-super-Mare ST318614, 8 June (MH, per AES Bulletin); Yatton ST429653, no date (TM). LEPIDOPTERA (micro-moths) Nemophora scabiosella (Scop.) Hinton Chailerhouse ST768585, 24 July (JM); Radstock ST65, 1 August (AP). Morophaga choragella (ZqW.) Leigh Woods ST5573, 26 July (RB, AP). Caloptilia rufipennella (Hb.) Redland, Bristol ST581744, 28 July (JM). Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.) Filton ST6179, 25 April (AP). Mompha divisella H. - S. Clifton, Bristol ST577739, 15 April (ME); Bishopston, Bristol ST594755, 21 April (RE); Redland, Bristol ST581774, May (JM). Epinotia demarniania (F.v.R.) Leigh Woods ST559742, 24 June (ME, JM, RH, CL, RA, RE, AP). Aethesfrancillana (Fabr.) Filton ST6179, 26 July (AP). Cochylis roseana (Haw.) Folly Farm ST608608, 9 August (MB, AB, ME, SH, CL, BT, W); Weston Moor ST446734, 19 August (JM, RH, RA, ME). Cochylis flavicilana (Westw.) Filton ST6179, 25 July (AP). Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.) Lords Wood ST63 1 632, 19 July (BDMG). Cydia compositella (Fabr.) Northwhich Wharf ST5486, 5 August (AP). Calamatropha paludella (Hb.) Keynsham ST658694, 2 August (AB). Sitochroa palealis ([D. & S.]) Folly Farm ST608608, 9 August (BDMG); Oldbury Power Station ST69, 1 1 August (JM); Portbury ST57, 12 August (RH). Sitochroa verticalis (L.) Filton ST6179, no date (AP); Royate Hill ST6 17748, 17 June (JM); Whitchurch ST607676, July (RA); Bishopston, Bristol ST589755, June (RH); Eastville, Bristol ST60275 1 , 4 July (RH). Mecyna asinalis (Hb.) Leigh Woods ST559742, 27 June (ME, JM, RH, CL, RA, RE, AP); Clifton Down, Bristol ST57, 22 July (ME); Leigh Woods ST5574, 14 July (RL); Worlebury Iron Age Fort ST3 16625, 7 August (R&FS). Salebriopsisalbicilla{U.-S.) Leigh Woods ST553740, 27 June (EAD). . Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) Clevedon ST390705, 31 July (RA, AP, JM,RE); Portbury Dock ST503782, 12 August (RH). 21 R. J. BARNETT Platyptilia ochrodactyla ([D. & S.]) Filton ST6179, 22 July (AP). COLEOPTERA (beetles) Onthophagus similis (Scriba) Bishopston, Bristol ST594755, no date (RE). Rose Chafer Cetonia aurata (L.) Victoria Rooms, Bristol ST55773, 16 April (det. RB); Westbury-on-Trym ST57, 18 September (det. RB). Oncomera femorata (Fabr.) Weston Big Wood ST4575, 15 May (ME). Prosternon tessel latum (L.) Trooper's Hill ST6273, 26 May (RB). Musk Beetle Aromia moschata (L.) Gordano Valley N.N.R. ST4372, 4 August (GRG). Cryptocephalus aureolus Suff. Trooper's Hill, Bristol ST6273, 26 May (RB). Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis (L.) Charterhouse ST505560, 5 July (ME, RE). Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bonsd.) Charterhouse ST505560, 5 July (ME, RE). HYMENOPTERA (bees, wasps & ants) Uroceras gigas (L.) Park Row, Bristol ST57, 31 May males emerging from timber (AP). Pompilus cinereus (Fabr.) Berrow Dunes ST2852, 28 September (RC). Arachnospila anceps (Wes.) Berrow Dunes ST2852, 28 September (RC). Ancistrostocerus ovivenths (Wes.) Bumham-on-Sea ST3149, 6 June (RC). Symmorphus mutinensis (Bald.) Catcott Heath ST4041, 6 July (RC). Trypoxylon clavicerum Lep. Bumham-on-Sea ST3149, 18 June (RC). Ectemnius continuus (Fabr.) Catcott Heath ST4041, 6 July (RC). Ammophila sabulosa (L.) Berrow Dunes ST2852, 28 September (RC). DIPTERA (flies) Stratiomys potamida (Meig.) Gordano Valley N.N.R. ST4372, 14 July (SR). Philonicus albiceps (Meig.) Brean Down ST2858, 21 July (RC). Bombylius canescens Mik. Dolebury Warren SR4558, 23 June (RC). Platycheirus tarsalis (Sch.) Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL); Cleaves Wood ST758578, 25 May (E & DL). Platycheirus ambiguus (Fall.) Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL); Stantonbury Hill ST677637, 14 May (E & DL). Epistrophe diaphana (Zett.) Loxley Wood ST408377, 22 June (E & DL); Shapwick Heath ST428408, 7 July (E & DL); Westhay Moor ST4 15423, 4 July (E & DL). Epistrophe nitidicollis (Meig.) Kingsdon Wood ST5 18275, 15 May (E & DL). 22 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT Metasyrphus latilunulatus (Collin) Westhay Moor ST4 15423, 4 July (E & DL). Megasyrphus annulipes (Zett.) Lord Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL) Cockroad Wood ST748315, 30 July (E & DL). Parasyrphus malinellus (Collin) Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL); Stantonbury Hill ST677637, 14 May (E & DL). Scaeva selenitica (Meig.) Shapwick Heath ST428408, 6 July (E & DL). Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (DeG.) Kingsdon Wood ST5 18275, 15 May (E & DL). Lejogaster splendida (Meig.) Shapwick Heath ST428408, 7 July (E & DL). Myolepta luteola (Gmel.) Loxley Wood ST408377, 18 June (E & DL). Sphegina verecunda Collin Ebbor Gorge ST523485, 28 August (E & DL). Heringia heringi (Zett.) Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL). Neocnemodon pubescens Del. & Psch. Kingsdon Wood ST5 18275, 27 April (E & DL). Pipiza bimaculata Meig. Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E &DL); Kingsdon Wood ST5 18275, 15 May(E&DL). Criorhina ranunculi (Panz.) Lords Wood ST635633, 8 May (E & DL); Ashton Court ST555720, 2 May (E & DL); Kingsdon Wood ST5 18275, 30 April (E & DL). Volucella zonaha (Poda) Filton ST6179, 28 August (AP). Xylota tarda Meig. Cleaves Wood ST758578, 27 May (E & DL). Nycteribia kolenatii Theo. & Mosc. Banwell Bone Cave ST3858, 1 January many on male Daubenton's Bat (RC). MOLLUSCA (slugs and snails) Segmentina complanata (L.) Edithmead ST3249, 25 August (RC). Valvata piscinalis (Mull.) Cross ST4054 & 4154, 18 June (RC). Zenobiella subrufescens (Mill.) Long Wood ST487553, 1 1 August (RC). REFERENCES AGASSIZ, D.J.L. (1987). Addenda and corrigenda to: a recorder 's log book or label list of British butterflies and moths. Colchester, Harley Books. BRADLEY, J.D. et al. (1972). Kloet & Hincks, a checklist of British insects, Part 2. Lepidoptera. London, Royal Entomological Society. BRADLEY, J.D. & FLETCHER, D.S. (1979). A recorder's log book or label lit of British butterflies and moths. London, Curwen Books. 23 R. J. BARNETT DUFF, A. (1993). Beetles of Somerset. Somerset Archaeological & Natural History Society, Taunton. FITTON, M.G. et al. (1978). Kloet & Hincks, a checklist of British insects, Part 4. Hymenoptera (2nd edition, revised). London, Royal Entomological Society. KERNEY, M.P. (1976). Atlas of the non-marine mollusca of the British Isles. Monks Wood, Biological Records Centre. POPE, R.D. (1977). Kloet & Hincks, a checklist of British insects. Part 3. Coleoptera and Strepsiptera (2nd edition, revised). London, Royal Entomological Society. POTTS, W.H. (1964). Kloet & Hincks, a checklist of British insects. Part 1. Small Orders and Hemiptera (2nd edition, revised). London, Royal Entomological Society. SMITH, K.G.V. (1976). Kloet & Hincks, a checklist of British insects. Part 5. Dipt era and Siphonaptera (2nd edition, revised). London, Royal Entomological Society. 24 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1996), 56:25-40 AVON MAMMAL REPORT, 1996 Compiled by DAVID P C TRUMP, BNS Mammal Recorder FRCA, Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol and 27 West Park, Clifton, Bristol INTRODUCTION This is the eighth recent mammal report for the former county of Avon (now the Districts of Bristol, South Gloucestershire, North Somerset, and Bath and North East Somerset). Its intention is to be a wide-ranging review of the records and studies of mammals in and around 'Avon' in 1996. The numbers of record cards received for each species and the number of one-km squares in which those species were recorded are given in brackets after the scientific name. Where no figures appear after the species name, no BNS record cards were received (however, there may have been records of that species from other sources). In cases where the records are of a sensitive nature, the four-figure grid references are omitted. At some stage it is intended to produce a Mammal Atlas for 'Avon' and so all records of mammals are being collected. It is likely that the atlas will be based on 1-km square records (i.e. a four-figure grid reference) but records with six-figure references are preferred. REPORTS ON MAMMALS INSECTIVORA (hedgehogs, shrews and moles) Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus (28, 23) Records from the following one-km squares; (all ST) 4565, 5072, 5374, 5671, 5672, 5770, 5771, 5775, 5777, 5868, 5970, 6081, 6183, 6258, 6274, 6282, 6358, 6668, 6675, 7065, 7183, 7263, 7362. As in previous years the great majority of records were of road casualties. Of the 28 records, most were in April (5) and May (8) as they emerged from hibernation and began courtship. As expected, there were none ft-om January to March, but it is interesting that there were three records in November and one in December, when most hedgehogs should be hibernating. This fact was also noted by Pat Morris, who, between 1960 and 1992, recorded that 6% of hedgehog road casualties occurred in the last ten weeks of the year (Morris, 1995). (Records from PJC, NL, JM, MJM, RGS, DPCT, LW). 25 R. J. BARNETT Mole Talpa europea (32, 4\) There was a dramatic leap in the number of record cards received for moles as well as the number of one-km squares in which they have been recorded. Records (all of mole hills) from the following one-km squares: (all ST) 4372, 4373, 4665, 4764, 5578, 5272, 5376, 5476, 5477, 5577, 5578, 5579, 5673, 6276, 6376, 6461, 7172, 7270,7271, 7370, 7371, 7372, 7373, 7375, 7472, 7473, 7474, 7475, 7479, 7570, 7572, 7574, 7577, 7575, 7776, 7687, 7685, 7789, 7988, 8081. The concentration of records from 10-km square ST77 is the result of P. J. Chadwick's noting down all mammal records whilst surveying the birdlife of this square. (Records from RLB, PJC, DPCT) Common Shrew Sorex araneus (3, 3) A very under-recorded but widespread species with just three records this year from ST4372, 5658 and 6170. (Records from RMcD, RE and PF) Pygmy Shrew Sorex minutus (5,6) Individual pygmy shrews were recorded from three dormouse boxes in Kings Wood and a 'family', a female with about four babies, in a bat box at Blagdon. Other records included up to eight fighting in a hedge at Chew Valley and one dead in the road near Beach. Records from ST4564, 4565, 4664, 5259, 5658, 7070. (Records from DC, PJC, RE, RH, AR, DPCT) CHIROPTERA (bats) Greater Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (5, 6) North-west hibemacula: 18 on 20 Jan, eight on 6 April, 13 on 21 Oct (RDR). Ten at spring fattening-up site on 3 May and 82 adults at maternity roost on 30 June, including 4 babies (GJ). One female at Black Rock Quarry ST4574, one (active) at Burwalls ST5672, and 11 at 'Stable block' ST4766 all on 1 Nov (DC). Fifteen in ochre mine hibemacula ST4564 (6 ringed) on 20 Jan (DC, AR, AFJ, DPCT). Kirsty Park, a research student at Bristol University began a project to monitor body temperature and arousal frequencies of hibernating bats in the Mendips to investigate how frequently bats wake up in winter and whether they travel far to feeding sites. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is one of the nine species of mammal for which an action plan has been drawn up under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1995). Lesser Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hipposideros North-west hibemacula: 19 on 20 Jan, 26 on 6 Apr, six on 21 Oct (RDR). Seen feeding along river at Iford on 15 May (GJ). One at Black Rock Quarry, one at Brockley Coombe ST4766, three at Ashton Hill Plantation ST5270 and one at Burwalls, all on 1 Nov (DC). Ten at ochre mine hibemation site on 20 Jan (DC, AFJ, DPCT, AR); 32 at Compton Martin ochre mine on 1 Jan, 20 at Shute Shelve Cavem on 28 Jan, 1 1 at Dolebury Levy on 28 Jan and up to four seen in church porch at Brent Knoll in the summer (all RSC). 14 outside mine shaft at Brown's Folly Nature Reserve ST7966 on 15 May (AvonWildlife Tmst). 26 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus At least eight seen leaving maternity roost at Compton Greenfield on 25 June (GJ). Whiskered/Brandts Bat M. mystacinus/brandti One in north-west hibemacula on 20 Jan (RDR). Daubenton's Bat Myotis daubentonii Male seen at Banwell Bone Cave on 1 Jan (RSC). The Avon Bat Group (ABG) organised a survey of 12 lakes and ponds in Avon specifically to look for Daubenton's bats. The sites were visited during the summer of 1996 and Daubenton's bats were seen at six, these being Herriot's Pool ST5758, Litton/Coley Reservoirs ST5955, Eastville Park Lake ST6175, Duchess Pool ST6176 and Yate Rocks ST7185. Three lakes/pools did not have Daubenton's bats (Portbury ST4977, Motorway ST6282 and Heron's Green ST7185) and a further three proved to be inaccessible (Avonmouth ST5379, Leyhill ST6992 and Dodington ST7580). With the exception of Eastville Park Lake, all the positive observations were of very small numbers of bats. The survey continues in 1997 (Avon Bat Group Newsletter No. 11 Dec. 1996). Noctule Nyctalus noctula Several bats seen and heard on detectors at Willsbridge Valley ST6670 on 27 July and Yatton ST4265 on 7 July (both DPCT). One on bat detector at Wick St Lawrence on 7 Aug (RSC). Several seen over Folly Farm ST6060 on 7 May (JPM). Two flying over Eastville Park Lake on 1 1 May (ABG and the Avon Wildlife Trust). At least four flying over woodland at Folly Farm on 9 May (PH and JF). Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus Dead bat at Radford Mill (ST6757) on 3 June, and 20 seen leaving roost at Blagdon on 27 June (both GJ). One in dormouse box at King's Wood on 28 Aug (DC). Female in Banwell Stalactite Cave on 1 Jan and two females in Sandford Levy on 28 Jan (both RSC). One in old stable block at Folly Farm, ST6160 on 19 Sept (JF). Serotine Eptesicus serotinus 87 left maternity roost at Blagdon on 27 June (GJ). Natterer's Bat Myotis nattereri Male in small cave at East Harptree Coombe on 1 Jan, male in flues at Priddy on 7 Jan, one in deep crevice in Browne's hole on 7 Jan and one in Tommie's hole on 3 Nov (all RSC). Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus 55 kHz. Maternity roost counts: 202 at Chew Magna on 1 1 July, 232 at Wick on 17 July, 82 at Congresbury on 18 July and 83 at Bathampton on 23 July (all GJ). ? kHz. Detector records from Willsbridge Valley on 27 July and Yatton on 7 July (both DPCT); 268 emerging from the Midland Bank at Chew Magna on 17 July (PH and JF). At least three bats at Eastville Park Lake on 1 1 June (ABG and the Avon Wildlife Trust). Single bats in bat boxes at Chew Valley ST5760 and Blagdon ST5160 in June (both DPCT). 27 R. J. BARNETT The Pipistrelle is one of the nine species of mammal for which an action plan has been drawn up under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1995). Nathusius' Pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii One male in 'song flight' at Blagdon on 10 Sept and one probable bat echo -locating at Chew Valley Lake (KEB, GJ). No other bats at the song flighting areas of last year (Barlow & Jones 1996). Bat Boxes at Chew Valley and Blagdon Reservoirs The bat boxes at Chew Valley and Blagdon were checked twice during the year, in June and again in September. In June, the 73 usable boxes were checked revealing two with bats (a single pipistrelle in a box on a larch at Chew Valley Lake, ST5760, and a single pipistrelle in a box on an ash at Blagdon Lake, ST5160 - this second bat flew from this box to another a few metres away ). Three boxes contained bat droppings and a further 1 1 held mammal (pygmy shrew) or bird nests (blue tit and treecreeper). (DPCT, RH and GL). In September, for the first time since May 1992, when the boxes were erected, no bats were found in any of the 74 habitable boxes. Two boxes had a few bat droppings in them and 14 contained bird or mammal nests. Two had single eggs on the floor of the box with no nesting material - perhaps laid by blue tits that had been "taken short" on their way to their real nests? One of the boxes had three dead, nearly fully fledged, blue tits in it - it appears that they had managed to block the exit slit with nesting material and couldn't get out. As before, a number of the boxes were full of earwigs and spiders making emptying them an interesting experience! One group of boxes at Blagdon, which has never attracted any bats, was taken down and relocated in two groups which have been more successful in the past (DPCT, RH and TC). Bat box use by bats at Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes to date has been limited, with between 3% and 14% being used each year (Table 1). There is some evidence that once bats have found a box, they will use it repeatedly. In the four years the boxes have been in place, 1 9 have been used by bats. Two boxes have been used in all four years, two in three of the four years, two in two of the four years and twelve in only one year. Between 10% and 19% of the boxes are used as nest sites by birds and 'other mammals', a habit likely to deprive bats of potential roost sites. There was however, one occasion when fresh bat droppings were found on top of a bird's nest! A similar bat box project in a suburban woodland in Hertfordshire had a box usage rate of between 2.5% and 10% over a period of five years. As with the Chew Valley and Blagdon sites, all the bats recorded were pipistrelles (Herbert 1992). Bat Studies at University of Bristol A study by Nancy Vaughan, Gareth Jones and Stephen Harris and a number of volun- teers showed how the activities of different species of bats are affected by outputs from sewage treatment works (Vaughan et al, 1996). The study involved assessing bat activity ('bat passes') and attempted prey captures ('feeding buzzes') upstream and downstream of 1 9 treated sewage outflows into rivers and streams in Avon, West Wiltshire and North Somerset. 28 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT TABLE 1. Bat box use by bats, other mammals and birds at Chew Valley and Blagdon Reservoirs, 1992-1996. All bats found to date have been Pipistrelles P. pipistrellus. nr - not recorded; only 44 boxes checked owing to wet weather Date No. of usable boxes No. with bats present No. of bats found No. with bat drop- pings only Overall /o OJ boxes used by bats No. (%) with bird/ mammal nests spring iwz 11 ID Cnrino 1 QQ'^ opring 1 yyj 79 9 9 nr -^J /o 7 ( 1 1 \i\J /O) Autumn 1993 71 2 4 8 14% 8(11%) Spring 1994 67 1 1 4 7% 13(19%) Autumn 1994 76 2 11 1 4% 12(16%) Spring 1995 75 1 1 4 7% 14(19%) Autumn 1995* 11 3 9 2 6% 9(12%) Spring 1996 11> 2 2 3 7% 11 (15%) Autumn 1996 74 0 0 2 3% 14(19%) Over 5000 'bat passes' were recorded, 9.7% by Nyctalis species (serotines etc.), 47% by Myotis species (mainly Daubenton's bats), and 43.3% by pipistrelles (36.5% by 45 kHz bats, 62.6% by 55 kHz bats and 0.9% by unknown kHz bats). Overall bat activity and foraging activity were significantly reduced downstream of sewage outflows (by 11% in 'bat passes' and 28% in 'feeding buzzes'). Both phonic types of pipistrelle were less active at downstream sites than at upstream sites. The 45 kHz bats were shown to concentrate their efforts at upstream sites, whilst Myotis bats (Daubenton's) were found to forage at higher rates downstream of outflows. It was concluded that the maintenance of high standards of water quality may be important for the conservation of Pipistrelles. Myotis bats may, however, be able to benefit from eutrophication. Allyson Walsh and Stephen Harris reported on the national survey of bats and their habitats carried out over three consecutive summers from 1990 to 1992 (Walsh & Harris 1996). Over 1,000 randomly selected 1- km squares (stratified to cover all 32 land classes defined by their geology, altitude, climate and land use) were visited by volunteer bat group members armed with bat detectors tuned to 45 kHz on four occasions each year. All bat passes (bats flying past and feeding 'buzzes') picked up on the detectors, together with details of the weather and habitat/vegetation type were recorded on large-scale maps. Detailed analyses of the data showed that habitats associated with broad-leaved woodland and water were most preferred, whilst arable land, moorland and improved grassland were strongly avoided. Linear features such as hedgerows, ditches, tree lines etc. were selected in all landscape types. It was concluded that management 29 R. J. BARNETT policies for bats in Britain should aim at preserving and enhancing the availability of woodland, water margins and linear corridor habitats. LAGOMORPHA (Rabbits and Hares) Brown Hare Lepus europaeus (10, 10) Records from Walton Common, ST4272 (RGS), Gordano Valley NNR, ST4372 (DPCT, RMcD), Wilmington, ST6862, Marksbury Vale, ST6662 and Tucking Mill ST6664 (all PF), Hinton ST7276, West Littleton area ST7574, ST7577 and ST7675 and Marshfield ST7875 (all PJC). Other records from Jo Ferns of the Avon Wildlife Trust from the following areas: Blake's Pools ST3766 (one in April and for past three years), Cadbury Farm ST4264 (two in March and one in June), Kenn Moor ST4367 (five in May), Kingston Seymour ST4068 (one in Sept.), Walborough ST3157 (date unknown), Dowlings Wood ST6160 (one seen on several occasions over last four years), Oldbury Power Station ST6094 (date unknown), Weston Big Wood ST4575 (2 in the spring of 1990-91), Portishead Down ST4575 (one possibly in early August), Sheepway ST4976 (four-five in summer), ICI Sevemside ST5483?, and Locking Moor Road (two in September). Ruth Temple of the University of Bristol, researching into the conservation of brown hares, used records gathered by members of Bristol Naturalists' Society, the Avon Wildlife Trust and other mammal recorders throughout the South-west to attempt to establish current population trends. Brovm hare numbers have declined to about 20% of those present at the beginning of the century, and therefore this is one of the nine species of mammal for which an action plan has been included in the report of the UK Biodiversity Steering Group (1995) (pers. comm., Ruth Temple). The report on the National Brown Hare survey, carried out in the winters of 1991/92 and 1992/93, was published in 1996 (Hutchings & Harris 1996). The survey concluded that the current British brown hare population was estimated to be 817,520 +/- 37,251 adults in mid- January, compared to an estimated mid-winter population of 4 million hares in 1880. There was a definite east/west divide in hare distribution, with 60.3% of the population in arable areas, 23.5% in pastoral areas, 10.8% in marginal upland areas and 5.4% in upland areas. Nearly 20% of the hares were found in just three counties (Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk), which constitute only 5% of the land area of Britain. Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (24,48) Records from the following 1 km squares: (all ST) 3869, 4271, 4372, 4373, 4374, 4472, 4473, 4673, 5175, 5276, 5578, 5861, 6261, 7067, 7070, 7071, 7077, 7171, 7263, 7270, 7271, 7272, 7370, 7371, 7372, 7373, 7471, 7472, 7474, 7475, 7478, 7479, 7560, 7561, 7570, 7572, 7577, 7670, 7672, 7679, 7687, 7757, 7770, 7776, 7778, 7879, 7970, 7973, 7974, 8081, (records from DPCT, PJC, S and JGP, RGS, HER, JFB, RMcD and RLB) Rabbits with myxomatosis were seen in the Gordano Valley ST4374 in April (RGS). In March 1 996 the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) proposed the removal of statutory controls on Viral Haemorrhagic Disease (VHD) of rabbits. These controls, which were brought in in 1991, required anyone who had in their 30 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT possession a diseased or suspected diseased rabbit or carcass to notify the Ministry. The County Wildlife Trusts and the Mammal Society were critical of MAFF's proposals to end the status of VHD as a notifiable disease as there would no longer be any means of recording its spread. They estimated that VHD will kill about 50% of this country's rabbits, with unknown consequences for predators such as buzzards, polecats and red kites and for habitats which are dependant on rabbit grazing ('Ministries pass the buck over rabbits', Natural World, Autumn 1996 and 'Rabbit T>'\SQdiSQ\ Mammal News, 106). RODENTIA (rats, mice voles and squirrels) Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus (7, 7) and House Mouse Mus domesticus Richard Bevan of Bristol City Council Pest Control Services reported {pers. comm.) increases in notifications of both brown rats and house mice in 1996. Compared to 1995, rat notifications increased by 23% to 1,176 and mouse notifications increased by 4% to 1,876. No problems with resistance to rodenticides were reported. Brown rat records from ST5377, 5384, 5777, 6071, 6170 and 6463 (records from RE, PF, DC, MJM, SP). Susan Prince reported seeing two adults, one carrying a baby in its mouth, at Severn Beach in July - perhaps they were moving house? Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis (45,45) There appears to have been a dramatic leap in the number of squirrel records for 1996. Records from the following 1 km squares (all ST) 4172, 4372, 4459, 4465, 4564, 4666, 4758, 4858, 4877, 5159, 5160, 5269, 5476, 5477, 5560, 5562, 5571, 5572, 5574, 5575, 5577, 5578, 5664, 5672, 5673, 5677, 5678, 5771, 5775, 5776, 5777, 5778, 5869, 5873, 5876, 6075, 6165, 6170, 6377, 6664, 6670, 7164, 7660, 7862, 7863 (records from PJC, JFB, RGS, DPCT, RE, RH, MJM, SP, PF, RLB). John Burton reported a reduced number of grey squirrels in the Sheep Wood area of Westbury-on-Trym after a 'cull' by the local authority. Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius Regular dormouse surveys continued at King's Wood (DC), Leigh Woods (AR) and Dowling's Wood (Avon Wildlife Trust) during 1996. 'Dormoused' hazel nuts were found at Burrington Ham ST4858 in May (JPM). Dormice even managed to hit the local newspaper headlines: 'Trees felled to help dormice' {Bristol Evening Post,\2 November) - an item about the reintroduction of coppicing to Leigh Woods/Avon Gorge National Nature Reserve. The results of the 1993-4 'Great Nut Hunt', part of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme, were published in 1996 (Bright et al, 1996). Nationally nearly 6,500 people participated, sending in 13,171 hazel Corylus avellana nuts. Of these 1,352 (10.3%) were confirmed as having been opened by dormice, 1190 (9%) by woodmice, 1091 (8.3%) by bank voles, 8323 (63.2%) by squirrels and a ftirther 1215 (9.2%) could not be determined. A total of 334 sites with dormice were identified in England and Wales. In Avon, 34 sites were visited and a total of 2,833 opened hazel nuts submitted for examination. Of these only 12 nuts were confirmed as having been opened by dormice, these coming from four sites, in the Kings Wood/Cleeve 31 R. J. BARNETT and Lower Woods (Hawkesbury) areas. Table 2 summarises the data for the counties surrounding 'Avon'. TABLE 2. Hazel nuts and Dormice in Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire County Sites visited Sites with dormice No. of hazel nuts submitted No. of dor- mouse ' nuts Gloucs. 54 7 4,520 18 Somerset 73 30 5,877 143 Wiltshire 56 14 4,039 60 The Gloucestershire records were concentrated in the Forest of Dean and Dursley areas, the Wiltshire sites in the Great Ridge/Grovelly Wood, Ludgershall, Savemake and North Wraxall areas and the Somerset sites in the Cheddar, Exmoor, Stapleford Fitzpaine and Hardington areas. The dormouse is one of nine species of mammal for which an action plan has been drawn up under the Report of the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan Steering Group (c.1995). Water Vole Arvicola terrestris (2, 2) Only two records for 1996, at Avonmouth Rugby Club ST5377 where three were seen on 24 July (DC) and at Lawrence Weston ST5379 (PF). Rob Strachan of the Wildlife and Conservation Research Unit at the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford (WildCRU), in association with county Wildlife Trusts and mammal recorders, began a detailed national survey of water voles, the aim being to estimate their present distribution and to find evidence for their recent dramatic decline ('Water Vole Sanctuaries', Wildfowl and Wetlands no.l 16, Summer 1996). David Macdonald reported on a study carried out in 1995 by WildCRU, involving revisiting 130 sites on the River Thames catchment which had been surveyed in 1990. 73% of the sites were occupied by water voles in 1990 but this had declined alarmingly to only 23% by 1995. Mink presence had increased from 24% to 46% of the sites in the same period. Of the 60 sites where mink were seen there was no trace of water voles. However, water voles had begun to decline before the arrival of the mink. Other factors identified in the decline of 'ratty' included the degradation of areas of marshy reed-beds alongside rivers into fragmented ribbons of habitat, increased fiooding, increased cattle grazing of river banks, pollution and competition from brown rats ('Ratty on a tight-rope', BBC Wildlife 14 (2) Feb.. 1996 ). The water vole is one of nine species of mammal for which an action plan has been drawn up under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Harvest Mouse Micromys minutus Rachel Parker, Andrew Cadwallader and John Martin of the Avon Wildlife Trust took part in a national survey of harvest mice co-ordinated by the Mammal Society. 32 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT The survey used modified tennis balls as a monitoring technique. Each ball had a hole 16 mm in diameter cut into the side, and was filled with hay and bird-seed. The balls were then attached to bamboo canes at a height of between 30 and 60 cm above the ground and placed in suitable habitats in early June. A total of 50 balls were placed at each of two sites, Weston Moor ST4473 (reed bed) and Chew Valley Lake ST5758 (the inter- face between rank grassland/tall herbs and reed bed). The balls were then checked in late August for the presence of harvest mice (signs of use would include nests, droppings, chewed/nibbled seed etc.). At the Chew Valley site 39 balls were relocated, of which 18 showed signs of use by harvest mice. A grass nest was also found near one of the tennis balls.. The results from Weston Moor were less conclusive with possibly two or three balls showing signs of use (John Martin, pers. comm.). In the autumn of 1996, as a follow-up to the 'tennis ball' survey, and as part of the 'Look out for Mammals' initiative, the Mammal Society began a re-survey of a number of sites where harvest mice were known to have been present in the mid 1970s. Between 1960 and 1974 the species was recorded from 39 one-km squares in North Somerset (Vice-county 6) and from 28 one-km squares (all records gathered between September 1973 and December 1974) in West Gloucestershire (Vice- county 34). The species was said to be 'common, particularly on the peat moors of the Somerset Levels where suitable habitat abounds'. Several records were from the southern scarp and plateau of the Mendips up to an altitude of 260 m, amongst the highest colonies then known in the British Isles. Harvest mice were found to be fairly common in the southern part of West Gloucestershire, with most records from hedgerows bordering arable fields or from roadside verges, including two records from the embankments of the M4 (Harris & Symes, 1975). Initial indications are that nationally, there has been a dramatic decline in harvest mouse numbers. Nearly 250 sites throughout England and Wales were re-visited and harvest mouse nests were found at only 28%. There has also been a worrying loss of 'suitable habitat' at 24% of the sites (Gillie Sargent and Shirley Pottie, Mammal News No. 109). Eleven sites in the West Littleton/Dyrham area were re-surveyed in December and no evidence of harvest mice was found (DPCT). A probable harvest mouse nest was found in a Molinia grass tussock in the Gordano Valley NNR ST4373 during the autumn small mammal trapping session. The Mammal Society National Field Vole Survey continued during 1996. The Gordano Valley National Nature Reserve site ST4373 was trapped using Longworth live-capture traps in the spring and the autumn. The 1996 results, together with those from previous years, are summarised in Table 3. Bank voles appear to be making somewhat of a recovery from their population crash in the spring of 1995. Field voles continue to be present although at a relatively low density. Woodmice continue to thrive, with their spring numbers being particularly high. This contrasts with the trapping data from a hedge studied in north Avon which consistently had high numbers of woodmice in the autumn and low numbers in the spring (a total of 105 animals were caught between autumn 1984 and autumn 1989, compared to a total of only 22 animals in the spring) (Trump 1991). Shrews appear to have become locally extinct or have become very 'trap-shy'. They have however been seen and heard regularly in the vicinity (Robbie McDonald, pers. comm.). Nationally, 10 other sites were surveyed in the spring and eight in the autumn with varying degrees of success (Michael Woods, per^. comm.). 33 R. J. BARNETT TABLE 3. Small Mammal Trapping in the Gordano Valley NNR, 1994 to 1996 Field Vole Microtus agrestis Bank Vole Clethrionomys glare olus Woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus Common Shrew Sorex araneus Season Male Female Male Female Male Female Both sexes Autumn 1994 3 1 26 0 11 0 5 Spring 1995 3 0 8 0 6 0 1 Autumn 1995 3 0 2 3 16 21 0 Spring 1996 7 0 2 0 24 7 0 Autumn 1996 2 2 14 8 19 25 0 Apart from those during the Field Vole survey, the following 'small mammal' records were received in 1996: Yellow-necked Mouse Apodemus flavicollis (1, 1) A male weighing 42g found in a dormouse box in Kings Wood on 20 Oct (DC). Bank Vole Clethrionomys glareolus (2, 2) A record of one at Ashton Court ST5471 (RE). Longworth trap records from the Gordano Valley ST4373 (see above). Short-tailed Field Vole Microtus agrestis (4, 4) Burrows and tunnels in rough 'set-aside' grassland at Chelwood ST6461 (DPCT), Royal Portbury Dock ST4877 (nest under plank of wood on 4 Oct) (RE) and a group of four seen in allotments at Brislington ST6170 on 30 May (PF). Longworth trap records from the Gordano Valley ST4373 (see above). Woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus (8, 5) Single male in a dormouse box on 23 Mar and three in dormouse boxes (c. 1.0 - 1.3 metres up trees) on 20 Oct all at Kings Wood (DC). One caught in new-style small- mammal trap (Long Meadow) in the MAFF carpark in Westbury-on-Trym ST5778 on 25 Oct (JP/DPCT). One brought in by cat ST5777 on 21 Jun (SP/JGP). One seen running from under bird feeder to greenhouse at Clevedon ST4172 on 14 April (RGS). Longworth trap records from the Gordano Valley ST4373 (see above). CETACEA (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and PINNIPEDIA (seals) A dead Common Porpoise Phocoena phocoena was found washed up on the beach near Oldbury Power Station ST5994 in May (DB). A Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops truncatus was seen jumping almost totally clear of the water on 3 March at Sand Point (JPM). 34 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT An unidentified dolphin was regularly seen near the second Severn crossing (RM). Grey seals Halichoerus grypus continue to be spotted in the Severn estuary off the coast of Avon, with sightings off Wain's Hill, Clevedon on 14 April (HER) and further off shore on 16 July (RM). Following the discovery in 1994 of previously unrecorded Brucella organisms in seals, dolphins and porpoises in waters around Scotland, MAFF issued a reminder to those 'professionals' dealing with seals and small cetaceans of the need to take necessary precautions, and for the public not to handle any marine mammals, to prevent risk of infection (MAFF News Release 186/96 June 1996). At the 48th International Whaling Conference in Aberdeen in June, the UK Government continued to oppose any moves to end the current moratorium on commercial whaling (MAFF News Releases 159/96 and 219/96 June 1996). CARNIVORA (carnivores) American Mink Mustela vison (2, 3) Records from Blagdon Lake ST5358 (WGB), Backwell Lake ST4769 (GA) and the Gordano Valley area ST4372 (RMcD). Stoat Mustela ermina (3,3) Seen on several occasions in the Gordano Valley NNR ST4372 (RMcD). Other records from the Walton-in-Gordano area ST4273 and 4172 (both RGS). Weasel Mustela nivalis (4, 4) A single animal seen running across the road south of Puxton ST4062 (JB); others seen near Horton ST7784 (PJC), Filton ST6179 and Lawrence Weston ST5379 (both RE). Robbie McDonald of the University of Bristol continues with his PhD studies of the changes in stoat and weasel numbers locally and nationally. Otter Lutra lutra The report on the Third Otter Survey of England, 1991-94 was published in 1996 (Strachan & Jefferies 1996). The recovery of the English otter populations suggested by the 1984-86 survey was confirmed by the new survey with 'highly significant' increases in site occupancy in seven of the ten National Rivers Authority (NRA) regions, including Severn Trent. The increase in the Wessex region was 'probably significant' and the Thames area showed a 'small but non-significant upward change'. The nearest wild otters to 'Avon' in the 1991-94 survey were shown to be on the R. Frome, below Stroud and on the Cam, near Slimbridge in Gloucestershire, and on the Brue, Parrett and Tone in Somerset. In July 1990, a pair were released by the Otter Trust on the By Brook, a tributary of the middle reaches of the Bristol Avon. Signs were still being found close to the release site in 1992. According to the survey, otter numbers in Devon have increased by 50% since the mid 1980s, whereas mink numbers have halved. The likely explanation of the decline in mink numbers is 'lethal fighting and predation by otters' according to Dr. Jefferies, one of the report's co-authors. It is unlikely that mink will be eradicated by otters, the likeliest scenario being that the two species will eventually co-exist with 35 R. J. BARNETT mink numbers much reduced ('Tarka's Revenge' BBC Wildlife Magazine, 14 (7) July 1996). This could offer a life-line to the beleagured water vole? Badger Meles meles (23,30) Records from the following 1 km squares : (all ST) 4172, 4272, 4373, 4472, 4664, 4761, 5472, 5561, 5571, 5574, 5578, 5675, 5662, 5671, 6477, 6790, 7071, 7177, 7775*, 7863, 7077, 7573, 7476, 7673, 7675, 7474, 7476, 7972, 8081, (* = road traffic casualty record) (Records from PJC, RGS, DPCT, RH, AR, DC, JMM, RE, PB, SC, RMcD). There appear to be two main periods in the year when badgers are prone to being run- over, April/May and September/October (Figure 1). The spring peak coincides with the peak in territoriality (early spring) and mating season (from February/May) and the early autumn peak is likely to coincide with the dispersal of cubs from the territories and setts in which they were bom (Corbet & Harris, 1991). Number of Badgers Run Over on the Roads of Avon in 1996 FIGURE 1. Numbers of Badger Road Casualties in Avon, 1996 It is widely believed by farmers and landowners in the south west that the badger population has continued to increase from the UK population estimate of 250,000 adult badgers in the mid 1980's. In October 1995 the National Farmers Union published a report calling for a change in the law to allow farmers to resume badger culling to reduce 'excessive environmental and agricultural damage'. If the reported rise in badger numbers is correct it may demonstrate that persecution had an even greater impact on badger numbers than conservationists appreciated ('Wet Blankets spoil badgers' big comeback' BBC Wildlife Magazine 14 (1) Jan. 1996.) The badgers and bovine TB debate continued unabated, ('Badgers linked to TB time- bomb'. Farmers' Weekly; 'Badger TB enquiry "Cop-out", says angry SW, Farmers' Weekly, 26 July, 'The Farmer, the Dairy Herd and Mr Brock' Country Living, March). The Agriculture Departments announced a third independent review into the government's policy on bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers, under the chair- manship of Professor John Krebs, Chief Executive of the Natural Environment 36 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT Research Council. The report is due in early summer 1997 (MAFF News Release 269/96 23 July). TB levels in the south-west of Britain are increasing at an alarming rate. In 1995, 316 new cattle herds in the south-west were confirmed as having TB and 2,431 cattle were slaughtered. It is expected that around 350 new herds will have been infected by the end of 1996. The 'live TB test' which could only detect about half the infected badgers has been abandoned in favour of the previous non-selective slaughter strategy. The Labour Party announced that they would introduce a moratorium on badger culling if they were to be elected at the general election ('MAFF intensifies TB Muddle', BBC Wildlife Magazine, 14 (12) Dec.1996). Fox Vulpes vulpes (27,24) Records from the following 1 km squares : (all ST) 4373, 4767, 5068, 5371, 5675(a), 5776(b), 5778(c), 5861, 5876(d i-iv), 6165, 6286, 6579, 6588, 6791, 6877, 6977, 7183, 7472, 7572, 7673, 7774, 7859, 7864, 7974 (records from DPCT, RE, RGS, PB, A and SK, PJC, PF, S and JGP, MJM, RMcD, JM, CB, JPM). February 1996 marked the end of an era in Bristol with the death of 'Friendly', the last of the 49 foxes being intensively studied by Phil Baker, Stephen Harris and Stephan Funk at Bristol University. Ironically, Friendly did not die from mange but was run over. Mange arrived in Bristol in June 1994 and within 18 months had wiped out almost all of the city's world-famous urban foxes. In the five years preceding the arrival of mange, fox group size had been rising steadily from just over two adults per group in 1991 to six in 1994 with up to three generations present in each social group. Territory sizes were amongst the smallest ever recorded. The small territory size resulted from the availability of vast amounts of food available (10% of households put out food for foxes, the hand-outs forming just over half the foxes' diet). With the demise of whole groups of foxes, the survivors expanded their territories by as much as six-fold in the space of a few months. These increases in territory size meant that foxes were crossing more unfamiliar roads, hence Friendly' s unfortunate demise ('Foxy come home', BBC Wildlife Magazine 14 (7) July 1996). Despite the devastation, foxes are survivors, rapidly recolonising suitable areas, and it is unlikely that we have seen the last of 'our' famous foxes. Fox records from within the city boundary in 1996 include the following: (a) one by St Mary's Church, Sneyd Park ST5675 in April (PB), (b) a 'scruffy' fox with a collar, in January in Henleaze Park Drive ST5776 (A & SK), (c) one seen on three occasions in Westacre Close ST5778 during the year (CB), (d) (i) 'scruffy' fox being mobbed by crows and gulls near the YMCA ST5876 in February (A & SK), (d) (ii) one seen in Hill Bum, Henleaze ST5876 in October (SK), (d) (iii) one seen near Claremont School ST5876 in October (SK), (d) (iv) one seen in The Crescent, Henleaze in November (SK). 37 R. J. BARNETT Other unconfirmed sightings at the end of the year from Bishopston and Redland (JPM). ARTIODACTYLA (deer) Red Deer Cervus elaphus (1,1) An linconfirmed record of a red deer swimming across the river Avon in the Avon Gorge ST5674 in March/ April (seen by the peregrine observers). It is likely that this was an escapee from a nearby deer farm (see 1 995 Avon Mammal Report). Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus (25,21) Records from the following areas: Gordano Valley ST4372 and 4373, Kings Wood ST4564, 4565, 4664 and 4665, Leigh Woods ST5574, Avon Gorge ST5674 (swimming across the river), Hursley Hill ST6165, Chelwood ST6461, Lansdown ST7169, Cold Ashton ST7372, Dyrham Wood ST7373, Dodington/West Littleton ST7477, 7575, 7578, 7675, 7679, and 7776, Marshfield ST7872 and 7974 and Tormarton ST7978 (records from DPCT, PF, RE, AR, DC, RH, PJC, RJW, RMcD and the Peregrine observers). A blue tit nest made out of roe deer frir was found in one of the Kings Wood dormouse boxes. Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi A possible 1995 record of a Muntjac. "Oh Deer! Did you see it?" (Bristol Observer, 14 July 1995). A resident of Canberra Grove, Filton ST6079 saw a small deer 'the size of a dog' in their garden at around midnight on 4 July. Deer Parks There are several deer parks and farms in the Bristol area, some of which are open to the public: TABLE 4. Deer parks and farms in the Bristol area. Name GridRef. Species Brockley ST4767 ?Red Ashton Court ST5571 Fallow and Red WhitcliffPark ST6797 Fallow and Red Dyrham Park ST7475 Fallow Claverton ST7864 Fallow LEGISLATION The Wild Mammals (Protection) Act, 1996 became law in February. The act makes it an offence for any person to mutilate, kick, beat, nail or otherwise impale, stab, 38 BRISTOL INVERTEBRATE REPORT bum, stone, crush, drown, drag or asphyxiate any wild mammal with intent to inflict unnecessary suffering. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to all those who have provided records and information for the 1996 report: Geoff Ashman (GA), Avon Bat Group (ABG), Kate Barlow (KEB), W. G. Bigger (WGB), Richard Bland (RLB), Peter Boyce (PB), John Burton (JFB), Christine Butcher (CB), Simon Carpenter (SC), Paul Chadwick (PJC), David Clarke (DC), Tony Court (TC), Bob Cropper (RSC), Richard Bevan, David Bird (DB), Roger Edmondson (RE), Paul Farmer (PF), Jo Ferns (JF), Paul Hackman (PH), Royston Hoddinnott (RH), Jim Jayne (AFJ), Gareth Jones (GJ), Alan Kelly (AK), Sylvia Kelly (SK), Nicky Lopeman (NL), Gene Lowson (GL), Rob Macklin (RM), Robbie McDonald (RMcD), Joan Marsh (JMM), Mary Marsh (MJM), John Martin (JPM), Joyce Morgan (JM), James Packer (JP), John Prince (JGP), Susan Prince (SP), Roger Ransome (RDR), Tony Robinson (AR), Harvey Rose (HER), Roger Symes (RGS), Ruth Temple, David Trump (DPCT), R. J. Warlock (RJW), Michael Woods, Len Wyatt (LW). REFERENCES BARLOW, K. E. & JONES, G. (1996). Pipistrellus nathusii (Chiroptera: Vespertil- ionidae) in Britain in the mating season. Journal of Zoology, London 240, 767-773. BRIGHT, P. W., MORRIS, P. A. & MITCHELL- JONES, A. J. (1996). A new survey of the Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius in Britain, 1993-4. Mammal Review 26,(4), 189-195. CORBET, G. B. & HARRIS, S. (eds.), (1991). The Handbook of British Mammals 3rd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. HARRIS, S. & SYMES, R. G., (1975). The Harvest Mouse Micromys minutus in the Bristol Area. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society 34, 63-72. HERBERT, C. (1992). Notes on the occupancy of a suburban bat box project at Oakhill Woods Nature Reserve 1986 to 1991. Transactions of the Hertford- shire Natural History Society 31,1 80-1 84. HUTCHINGS, M. R. & HARRIS, S. (1996). The current status of the brown hare {Lepus europaeus) in Britain. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peter- borough. MORRIS, P. (1995). Speedy hedgehogs and media myths. New Scientist 1960,44. STRACHAN, R. & JEFFERIES, D. J. (1996). Otter Survey of England, 1991 - 1994. A report on the decline and recovery of the otter in England and on its distribution, status and conservation in 1991 - 1994. The Vincent Wildlife Trust. 39 R. J. BARNETT TRUMP, D. P. C. (1991). Small Mammals in a species-rich hedgerow in Avon. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society, 49, 43-54. U. K. STEERING GROUP (1995). Biodiversity. The UK Steering Group Report Voume 2: Action Plans. London, .HMSO. VAUGHAN, v., JONES, G. & HARRIS, S. (1996). Effects of sewage effluent on the activity of bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) foraging along rivers. Biological Conservation 78, 337-343. WALSH, A. L. & HARRIS, S. (1996). Foraging habitat preferences of vespertilionid bats in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 508-518. 40 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1996), 56:41-5 1 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 by A. J. WILLIS Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University, Sheffield, SIO 2TN A notable feature of the weather of 1996 was the very low rainfall. Although more than 0-2 mm of rain fell on 164 days of the year, the total rainfall was only 781 mm, 89-1% of the long-term (1961-1990) average. This was the lowest annual rainfall since 1978 (which was only slightly drier), being a little lower than the very warm 1990. Distinctly dry months were January, June, July, September and December, these five months overall having rather less than half the average rainfall; in contrast, notably wet months were October and November. Temperatures for the year were close to normal, especially the mean minimum temperature, but the mean maximum temperature of 13-0°C was 0-7°C lower than average (all meteorological records relate to Long Ashton Research Station). February, March, May and December were cold months, but July and August warmer than average. Unlike 1994, when there were no ground frosts at all in November, there were 8 in that month in 1 996, with a total of 52 for the year. The vernal flora was good but, contrasting the situation in many recent years, was rather late. Helleborus foetidus on Churchill Batch and in Goblin Combe did not come into flower until about mid-February and snowdrops were still in bud at about this time in Compton Martin Wood, a north-facing site. Primula vulgaris and Ranunculus ficaria were first seen in bloom in Cheddar Wood in early March. Helleborus viridis on Failand Hill was starting to flower on 9 March, but was still in bud in its Mendip localities. At this time there was a fine display of Hornungia petraea in Leigh Woods, but it was very late on Mendip. As in 1995, there was striking flowering of Gagea lutea at Stoke St. Michael, but it was nearly a month later than in 1995 (all records RSC). On 8 August 1996, MARK, CK, LH and ACT celebrated the 150^ birthday of J. W. White — whose Flora of Bristol, published in 1912, was a landmark in its time and has been an extremely valuable source of reference ever since — by a field day. White's grave in Canford Cemetery was easily found, but appeared rather neglected. Besides looking at Tilia platyphyllos in the Gorge, the party saw this tree also near Shirehampton; on the return journey of the group a cluster of several trees of Sorbus domestica was found on a riverside cliff, this being a second record for vice-county 34, there being also other notable finds. The considerable success of this foray has prompted a repeat of a celebratory 'White's Day'. An account of Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers., the Service Tree of Fontainebleau, by PJMN, who identified a sapling of this at a meeting of the Montgomeryshire Field Society in 1995 at Llanymynech Rocks (a third record for Montgomeryshire), is 41 A. J.WILLIS given in the Montgomeryshire Field Society's Annual Report and Notes 1995, pp. 19-20, published in 1996. An illustration of the type specimen, held in Paris, is included. This tree has regenerated on both sides of the Avon, being bird-sown from gardens. After the workshop on the status of Sorbus in the UK held at Wakehurst Place in April 1996 (report not yet published), the Gully of the Avon Gorge was surveyed for Sorbi in the autumn, leading to the report in September 1996 by T. C. G. Rich and L. Houston, entitled 'The Sorbus Survey of the Gully, Avon Gorge'. During the year much cleaning of the Gorge from the toxic abrasive grit used in shot-blasting the Clifton Suspension Bridge in 1 995 was undertaken. The hazardous and difficult removal of the metallic slag deposit (high in copper and zinc) involved workers being lowered on ropes in the most precipitous parts, and the use of trowels, brushes and low-pressure air hoses. The work was almost complete by the end of the year. Not surprisingly, bare areas result; careful documentation of the restocking and the hoped-for recolonisation of these areas is desirable. An article on the plant rescue was published in the Bristol Evening Post of 4 July 1996. As in previous years, many records show further localities for less common species, new occurrences of hybrids and fresh establishment of alien species, including several garden escapes (e.g. Rosa glauca) which have not previously been reported in the Bristol area. Of considerable note is the first record of Euphorbia paralias for v.c. 34 and the second record of Sorbus domestica, as already mentioned. The re- occurrence or long persistence of species in localities from which they had not been reported for many years is well exemplified by the record of Ophrys insectifera on the City side of the Avon Gorge, and of Bupleurum tenuissimum in the saltmarsh at Sea Mills (both unrecorded for much more than a century). In contrast, it seems that the hybrid Ophrys insectifera x O. apifera has been lost from Leigh Woods. An interesting assemblage of plants by the New Pill Gout, in the Sevemside Works area, G, has been examined by PJMN. The Red Rhine runs its last 200m deeply through the riverside grassland and then out to the mudflats of the Severn. Within and beyond the rhine are many decaying timber uprights 1 to 4m high, being part of an abandoned fishing structure. To landward, where the adjacent banks give shelter, some of these timbers, especially their upper parts, support a sparse halophyte flora of Aster tripolium L., Cochlearia anglica L., Plantago maritima L., Puccinellia maritima (Hudson) Pari., Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) Koch and Salicornia. The tidal waters of the Severn regularly reach the timbers, bringing water and silt to the plants. Published in October 1996 was the 'Revised List of Scarce Plants of the Avon Gorge and Environs' by L.C. Frost, being the University of Bristol Avon Gorge Project Report No. 20. This report discusses and gives details of seventeen native plants known from 1 970 onwards and of the native species lost before 1 970 as well as of casuals and garden escapes and of species in the not-so-scarce category. Issued early in 1 996 was a facsimile reprint of the text and woodcuts of Parts II and III of A New Herball by William Turner, originally published in 1562 and 1568 respectively. This reprint, with additional matter, edited by G. T. L. Chapman and others, was published by the Cambridge University Press. The reprint of Part I of 42 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 1551 was published by The Mid Northumberland Arts Group and Carcanet Press in 1989. Turner, 'The Father of English Botany', was Dean of Wells from 1551 until his death in 1568 but was in exile during the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), returning in 1561. Part I of the Herball notes Rustyback Fern at Bristol and Meadow Saffron at Bath; Parts II and III give many more plant records from Somerset, some localised to particular towns and villages. Turner interestingly refers to Myrica gale as a 'Fen shrub or bush called Gall ... in Somersetshire Goul or Golle Unfortunately, the famous Bristol record of honewort {Trinia glauca) in Turner, starting in title 'Of the herb called Peucedanum' and in the main text 'I hear say that it groweth also in England, and I found a root of it at Saynt Vincentis rock, a little from Bristow. But it was nothing so great as it of Germany.' is given incorrectly in the new text as Peucedanum officinale (Hog's Fennel), a much taller rare plant, in Britain restricted to Essex, Kent and Suffolk. The Society mourns the loss of Miss Florence Gravestock who died on 9 December 1996, aged 88. She joined the BNS in 1949 and the BSBI in 1959. She had a long record of service to the BNS, being botanical secretary from 1961 to 1978; she was elected to honorary membership in 1979. Miss Gravestock was much involved in conservation in the Bristol area and was a regular contributor to 'Bristol Botany \ especially of plants around the Stoke Bishop area (notably Sea Mills and Shirehampton) and on Mendip, her last record in September 1996 being a hybrid thistle on Durdham Down. She maintained a long interest in the genus Hedera (her first Christian name was Ivy!) and she made the first authentic record of Atriplex longipes for Bristol, although well down-river from the Avon Gorge, at Shirehampton (Bristol Botany in 1977, p. 20). An obituary is given on pp. 9 - 1 1 . Names of contributors associated with several records, or with the determination of specimens, are abbreviated thus: SHB S. H. Bishop CK Mrs C. Kitchen PJC P. J. Chadwick MARK M. A. R. Kitchen EJC E. J. Clement JPM J. P. Martin CJC C. J. ComeU DM Mrs D. Maxwell RSC R. S. Cropper PJMN P. J. M. Nethercott IPG I. P. Green EGMN E. G. M.Niblett PRG P. R. Green ACT A. C. Titchen CSG C. S. Greenway MJT M. J. Trotman LH Ms L. Houston The area covered by this report is essentially that defined by J. W. White for his Flora of Bristol (1912). The eastern boundary is taken as the old boundary of Wiltshire where it meets the old boundaries of both Gloucestershire and Somerset. The southern limit is taken as approximately the course of the River Brue along some of its length. The area comprises the northern part of the Watsonian vice- county of North Somerset (v.c. 6) and the southern part of West Gloucestershire (v.c. 34). In the following records these parts are designated S and G respectively. 43 A. J.WILLIS Plant names are in accordance with C. Stace New Flora of the British Isles, 1991 . Ranunculus penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab. Several flowering patches along the Cheddar Yeo, Cross, S, RSC. Ceratophyllum submersum L. In good quantity but fruiting very sparingly, pool, east of railway, Edithmead, S, RSC. Ceratocapnos claviculata (L.) Liden Clutton, S, D. French. Viola odorata L. x V. hirta L. (F. x scabra F. Braun) Walton Moor, Walton-in- Gordano, S, CSG. A few flowers in the clumps white with purple flashes and scent- less. V. canina L. Several patches along heathy ride. Stock Hill, Priddy, and in rough grassland near road, Priddy, S, RSC. V. tricolor L. ssp. tricolor On disused railway line, Lyde Green, Pucklechurch, G, and a few plants in rough field incorporated into churchyard. Upper Cam, G, MARK &CK. Hypericum androsaemum L. One plant near footpath by River Frome, Bromley Heath, G, MJT. H. montanum L. Above the Avon in Crabtree Slip Wood, Shirehampton, G, MARK, CK, LH&ACT. Cerastium pumilum Curtis With C. semidecandrum L., in thin turf, Wain's Hill, Clevedon, S, Walton Moor, Walton-in-Gordano S, and Uphill, S, CSG. Montia fontana L. ssp. amporitana Sennen Wet flush in meadow, coastal path, Clevedon, S, CSG. Atriplex littoralis L. One patch with about half-a-dozen plants setting seed, on sands by car park. Sand Point, S, CSG. Nearby were Teucrium chamaedrys L. and Geranium versicolor L. A. portulacoides L. A good patch on saltmarsh below Crabtree Slip Wood, Shirehampton, G, MARK, CK et al. This site is about 1 km further up the river than previously recorded. Malva neglecta Wallr. One flowering plant, Stert Point, S, RSC. Geranium rotundifolium L. Black Rock Quarry, Weston-in-Gordano, S, and Wain's Hill, Clevedon, S, CSG. Er odium moschatum (L.) L'Her. One plant, with Cerastium pumilum Curtis and Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Miller, on rocky area of Pum Hill, S, PRG. A few strong plants, with E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. and Geranium pusillum L., on stony banks by footbridge over the M5, Clevedon Court Woods, S, CSG. Nearby was Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. and a few Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich, perhaps imported with the soil. Trifolium ornithopodioides L. A few plants in lawn turfs, Weston-super-Mare, S, RSC. T. striatum L. On Carboniferous limestone at Church Hill, Clevedon, S; also at 'Cadbury Camp', between Yatton and Congresbury, S, CSG. On rock outcrop, with Cerastium pumilum Curtis and C. diffusum Pers., Burrington Combe, S, RSC. 44 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 T. scabrum L. Plentiful, Wain's Hill, Clevedon, S, and Weston Lodge, Weston-in- Gordano, S, CSG. T. subterraneum L. In thin turf, with sparse T. micranthum Viv., Weston Lodge, Weston- in-Gordano, S, CSG. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Flowering well on grassy verge, Hinton Hill, G, and near Tormarton, G, PJC. Vicia sylvatica L. On fences, West Park Wood, Clapton-in Gordano, S, CSG. Also in the wood Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. var. bracteata Druce with green bracts 7-10 cm long, resembling small leaves, CSG. V. bithynica (L.) L. A strong population, additional to that reported in Bristol Botany in 1994, p. 42, on road cutting, Shirehampton, G, MARK & CK. Lathyrus nissolia L. With Genista tinctoria L., railway bank near Charlton Common, Filton, G, PJMN. Also on clay banks near Cribbs Causeway, G, CSG. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Several plants in stony grassland above quarry. The Perch, Shipham, S, RSC. Potentilla x mixta Nolte ex Reichb. Plentiful in one area on disused railway, Paulton, S, IPG. Rosa rubiginosa L. Three large old bushes, south of Sevem Beach, G, PJMN. J.W. White Flora of Bristol, 1912, p. 293, records two small bushes, some distance apart, on the shingly Sevem beach below New Passage. These sites are probably not the same as, but near to, the new site. One bush, Walton-in-Gordano, S, CSG, conf Rev. A.L. Primavesi. R. micrantha Borrer ex Smith A few shrubs, King's Wood, Axbridge, woodland bordering Cross Plain, S, PJMN. One good bush in rough grassland. The Perch, Shipham, S, RSC. Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC. Roadside hedges, Kingswood, near Wotton-under- Edge, G,MARK. Sorbus domestica L. Several trees, cliffs west of Bristol, by the River Avon, G, MARK, CK, LH & ACT. The True Service Tree has only recently been recognised as native to Britain and is of extremely restricted distribution. This most interesting record is the second for v.c. 34. A third site was subsequently found in v.c. 34 but outside the area considered in this report. S. eminens E. Warb. One large tree fruiting well and several smaller ones, cliffs west of Bristol, by River Avon, G, MARK, CK, LH & ACT, det. T.C.G. Rich, conf. PJMN. This site has been known by PJMN since 1961. One shrub, probably bird- sown, East Wood, Portishead, S, PJMN. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Cross, S, RSC. Viscum album L. On eight lime trees bordering drive to church, Dyrham, G, PJC. Bupleurum tenuissimum L. A few fruiting plants in Elytrigia atherica - Festuca rubra sward, saltmarsh, Sea Mills, G, CK, MARK & SHB. Recorded for the bank of the Avon below Cook's Folly in 1863 (J.W. White Flora of Bristol, 1912, p. 337); the present locality seems to be T.B. Flower's site 'between Sea Mills and the Powder House' {Ibid., p. 337). Persisting on the sea bank. Wick St. Lawrence, S, and also persisting in good quantity on the bank of the Avon near Pill, S, RSC. 45 A. J. WILLIS Petroselinum segetum (L.) Koch Abundant on landward side of sea bank. Wick St. Lawrence, S, RSC. Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. One plant in rough grassland, market garden, Bromley Heath, G, MJT. O. lachenalii C. Gmelin In marsh, east of Chewton Wood, Ston Easton, S, J. Poingdestre. Euphorbia serrulata Thuill. Fruiting, in rough field, part of parish churchyard, Upper Cam, G, MARK & CK. Also along footpath nearby, apparently as a garden escape. E. exigua L. With Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort., stony fields, skirting Weston Big Wood, Weston-in-Gordano, S, CSG. E. paralias L. A flowering plant, and another immature, on a shingle beach (see H.J. Riddelsdell et al. Flora of Gloucestershire, 1948, p. xlviii) along the shore, Sevem Beach, G, PJMN. This is a first record for v.c. 34, a successful arrival from much lower down the Sevem Estuary. Rumex pulcher L. Two fruiting plants in grassland. The Perch, Shipham, S, RSC. Also present were Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC, plentiful Hypericum pulchrum L., Rubia peregrina L. and one plant of Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hudson, RSC. Populus nigra L. ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) W. Wettst. Six pollards and one maiden tree, in addition to the tree reported in Bristol Botany in 1992, p. 29, at Frome Bridge, Old Sodbury, G, D.E. Green. This poplar has long been known in the area (H.J. Riddelsdell et al. Flora of Gloucestershire, 1948, p. 441, gives Old Sodbury, near Dodington, E. Milne- Redhead). Also one pollard, Lower Kingrove Farm, Sodbury, and eight pollards, Kingrove Common, Sodbury, G, D.E. Green. Echium vulgare L. With Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv., Cynoglossum officinale L. and Geranium pusillum L., stony pasture, Tickenham Hill Fort, S, CSG. Verbascum nigrum L. One plant at edge of car park, Sidcot, S, DM. Veronica agrestis L. One plant, below Tickenham Hill Fort, S, CSG. This formerly common weed of cultivated and waste ground appears to be now scarce in parts of N. Somerset. Orobanche hederae Duby On stream bank, by track, Cheddar, S, PRG. Also in car park, WookeyHole, S,DM. Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Samp. One plant near old quarry, also Erigeron acer L., Felton Common, S, RSC. Lamium amplexicaule L. The Sidelands, Wraxall, S; reservoir, Cheddar, S; and Uphill, S, CSG. Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Bromley Heath, G, MJT. Galium x pomeranicum Retz. In grassland, in Nature Reserve, Charterhouse, Mendip, S, and Cross Plain, near Axbridge, S, PJMN. Lonicera xylosteum L. One small bush, near road, Lascot Hill, Wedmore, S, IPG. Single bush on edge of scrub, Church Hill, West End, Nailsea, S, PRG. Valerianella carinata Lois. Two plants, banks of lay-by, Black Rock Quarry, Weston-in Gordano, S, CSG. 46 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 Senecio vulgaris L. var. denticulatus (Mueller) N. Hylander Two plants of the ligulate woolly variety, Uphill, S, CSG. Anthemis arvensis L. Abundant alongside new road, Shortwood, G, MARK & CK. Carduus x dubius Balbis (C. chspiis L. x C nutans L.) On plateau, Durdham Down, Bristol, G, the late Miss I.F. Gravestock, det. A. J. Willis. Cirsium x forsteri (Smith) Loudon (C. dissectum (L.) Hill x C. palustre (L.) Scop.) One plant, with both parents, Max Bog, Winscombe, S, RSC. Centaurea cyanus L. Abundant on verge of new road, Shortwood, G, MARK & CK. Lactuca virosa L. A few plants, with more frequent L. serriola L., lane by Golf Course, Cadbury Camp, Tickenham, S, CSG. Butomus umbellatus L. One clump, bank of River Avon, Saltford, S, EGMN. Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. Scarce, in rhines, Walton-in-Gordano, S, CSG; this pondweed is probably decreasing in N. Somerset. Persisting in this vicinity, but not in great quantity, are Eleogiton fluitans (L.) Link, Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes and / setacea (L.) R. Br.; also here, on banks of the rhines, Hydrocotyle vulgaris L., Hypericum humifusum L. and Stellaria uliginosa Murray, CSG. Ornithogalum angustifolium Boreau A few flowering plants. West Littleton, G, PJC. Several patches on road verge, Edingworth, S, PRG. O. pyrenaicum L. One plant in field. Chestnut Farm, Wedmore, S, Mrs A. Badley. Paris quadrifolia L. Wood between Valley Road and Middle Ground, above Weston-in- Gordano, S, EGMN. Allium oleraceum L. In good quantity, alongside road cutting, Shirehampton Park, Shirehampton, G, MARK & CK. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. Beneath hazel, Burrington Ham, S, RSC. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. Weston Big Wood, Weston-in-Gordano, S, CSG, where also Primula vulgaris Hudson, forma caulescens (Koch) Schinz 8l Thell., with flowers in an umbel on a scape, CSG. A few Greater Butterfly Orchids at the margin of Cheddar Wood, S,RSC. Ophrys apifera Hudson Only three inflorescences seen. Cold Harbour, G, PJC. O. insectifera L. A single flowering plant, Clifton side of the Avon Gorge, Bristol, G, PJMN. This is a welcome retum to the City side of the Gorge, from which this orchid has not been reported since the time of E.H. Swete's Flora Bristoliensis (1854, p. 76). O. insectifera L. x O. apifera Hudson {O. x pietzschii Kiimpel nom. inval.) First reported under the name O. muscifera Huds. (O. insectifera L.) from Leigh Woods, Bristol, S {Bristol Botany in 1968, p. 489, Plates XI and XII), this orchid was later found to be a hybrid of the Fly and Bee orchids {Bristol Botany in 1976, pp. 24-25). Photographs of the plant in situ were shown by R.J. Pankhurst at the Annual Exhibition Meeting of the Botanical Society of the British Isles in November 1976 (see Watsonia, 1977, Vol. 1 1, Pt. 4, p. 430). A full account of this hybrid (the Leigh Woods plant being its first recorded natural population in the worid) is given in the article entitled Ophrys apifera Huds. x O. insectifera L., a natural hybrid in Britain, by A.J. Willis {Watsonia, 1980, Vol. 13, Pt. 2, pp. 97-102). In 1968 four specimens were seen, and for the next decade an average of some 5 47 A. J.WILLIS or 6 annually; more recently numbers have fallen and this plant is now believed extinct. It is feared that one or more plants may have been dug up, the last sighting being in 1992 or 1993. Orchis morio L. One plant, scrubby grassland, adjoining Cheddar Wood, S, RSC. Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. Seven plants, derelict chemical site, south of Severn Beach, G, PJMN. This orchid is known elsewhere on chemical waste, e.g. Merseyside, but less plentifully than Gymnadenia conopsea. Flowering well, Battlefields, G, and on road embankment, Dodington Ash, G, PJC. Two plants, Crook Peak, S, RSC. Typha angustifolia L. A patch with about 20 inflorescences, rhine. Wick St. Lawrence, S, RSC. Carex distans L. On sea-wall, Kingston Seymour, S, RSC. C. externa Gooden. With Asparagus officinalis L., in grassland, the Estuaiy, Clevedon, S, CSG. C. pallescens L. Fruiting, with fiiiiting C. pilulifera L., in damp meadow, Holcombe, S, RSC. Also Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soo and D. maculata (L.) Soo. C. muricata L. A few plants in Nature Reserve, Charterhouse, S, PRG. C. pulicaris L. Fruiting in good quantity, with Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC, on rough grassy slope, Burrington Combe, S, RSC. Also patches of Aira praecox L. on rock outcrop here, RSC. Lolium perenne L. var. cristatum Pers. Several plants of this cristate form in old pasture, Kingswood, near Wotton-under-Edge, G, MJT, det. R.M. Payne. Puccinellia rupestris (With.) Fem. & Weath. In crevices of flagstones, where known also in 1986, on waterfi-ont. Pill, S, RSC. This grass was reported to be seen 'very sparingly at Pill' in the article J.L Knapp's 'Gramina Britannica' - its local interest by P.J.M. Nethercott (these Proceedings for 1976, Vol. 36, p. 116). Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. A small flowering patch, Stert Island, S, RSC. Recorded here in 1975. ALIENS Nigella damascena L. Well established on grassy bank in road cutting, Shirehampton Park, Shirehampton, G, MARK & CK. Eschscholzia californica Cham. A good patch in rough grassland recenfly incorporated into parish churchyard, Upper Cam, G, MARK & CK. Viola odorata L. var. subcarnea (Jord.) Pari. One patch, growing completely wild, in shady bank of ditch, Weston Lodge, Weston-in-Gordano, G, CSG. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Plentiful, market garden, Bromley Heath, G, MJT. Single plant on road verge, Westhay, S, PRG. Chenopodium hybridum L. Three plants on verge of new road, Wells, S, IPG. The last record of this plant in N. Somerset is as long ago as 1896, from Corston, near Bath (J.W. White, Flora of Bristol, 1912, p. 507). 48 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 Staphylea pinnata L. Two large shrubs by path adjoining Mells stream. Great Elm, S, CJC. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. On road bank amongst elm trees, Compton Bishop, S, DM. Galega officinalis L. With white flowers, well established in grassy area, Hengrove Park, Bristol, G, PJMN. Rubiis cockburnianus Hemsley One patch, near Mells stream. Great Elm, S, PRG. Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. muricata (Gremli) Briq. Plentiful, with Rapistrum rugosum (L.) Bergeret and Salvia verbenaca L., on bypass around Glastonbury, S, IPG. Rosa glauca Pourret non Villars ex Lois. (R rubhfolia Villars nom. illegit.) One fine shrub, presumably bird-sown, Hengrove Park (the old Whitchurch airport), Bristol, S, PJMN. This garden rose has not been previously recorded in the Bristol area. Cotoneaster divaricatiis Rehder & E. Wilson Several bushes on old wall, Great Elm, S, IPG, det. Mrs J. Fryer. Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. One shrub, probably bird-sown, abandoned part of Sea Mills station, G, PJMN. A small tree in scrub on grassy bank of road cutting and one small seedling nearby, Shirehampton Park, Shirehampton, G, MARK, CK & SHB, conf. PJMN. S. pinnatifida Ehrh. The cultivated tree in front of Buckingham Chapel, Queen's Road, Clifton, Bristol, G, mentioned under this name in The Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles Report for 1937, Vol. XI, Pt. VI, submitted by H.S. Thompson to A.J. Wilmott (BM[NH]) is now dead, only part of the trunk remaining. Wilmott considered it 'as one of several forms to which the name is often applied, but both the botany and the nomenclature of them need further investigation'. It remains uncertainly named, appearing to be a cultivated form probably arising by hybridity between S. aria and S. aucuparia or as a closely related taxon of one of these, PJMN. Sedum dasyphyllum L Well established on stone walls, near Naish House, Clapton-in- Gordano. S, CSG. Deutzia scabra Thunb. One large bush by path. Great Ehn, S, Miss G.A. Crouch, conf. EJC. Aralia elata (Miq.) Seemann By path at edge of trees, Great Ehn, S, CJC, conf EJC. Cucumis melo L. Several plants, Sewage Works, Avonmouth, G, JPM. Plentiftil, with fruits forming on several plants, verge of new road. Wells, S, IPG. Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene x F. sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Ronse Decraene {F. x bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J. Bailey) Adjoining car park, Annstrong Hall, Thombury, G, JPM. Previous records for v.c. 34 are for Shirehampton - Avonmouth {Bristol Botany in 1986, p. 69) and Observatory Hill, Clifton (Bristol Botany in 1988, p. xxx). This hybrid is also known in v.c. 6 at Rownham and Behnont Hill (Bristol Botany in 1987, p. xxx). Symphytum 'Hidcote Blue' (S. grandiflorum DC. x7 S. x uplandicum Nyman) One patch near hedge by footpath, Wedmore, S, IPG. S. orientale L. Several clumps on road verge, West End, Nailsea, S, IPG & PRG. 49 A. J. WILLIS Pulmonaria officinalis L. A large patch under trees in hedge adjoining road, Charter- house, S, DM. Calystegia pulchra Brummitt & Heyw. On hedge by road, Bumham-on-Sea, S, PRC Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner One plant with ripe fruit, and several plants of Helianthiis annuus L., Sewage Works, Avonmouth, G, JPM. Physalis philadelphica Lam. Two flowering plants of this rare casual. Sewage Works, Avonmouth, G, JPM. Also P. peruviana L. known here by JPM for several years. Datura stramonium L. Plentifiil in flower and fiiiit; also one flowering plant of D. stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torrey, Sewage Works, Avonmouth, G, JPM. Verbascum blattaria L. One plant, setting abundant seed, with plentiful Senecio viscosus L., Black Rock Quarry, Weston-in-Gordano, S, CSG. Single plant, road verge, Westhay, S, IPG. Mimulus moschatus Douglas ex Lindley Plentiful under wall, near church, Wedmore, S, IPG. Campanula portenschlagiana Schultes Walls near parish church, Chipping Sodbury, G, MARK&CK. Bidens aurea (Alton) Sherff Several plants in pavement cracks. Church Street, Wedmore, S,IPG. Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz Lopez & Pavon Market garden, Bromley Heath, G, MJT. Senecio x albescens Burb. & Colgan One plant, with Petroselinum crispum (Miller) Nyman ex A.W. Hill, in disused quarry, Pum, S, PRG. Chrysanthemum segetum L. One plant on sand heap at edge of car park, Wedmore, S, IPG. Lilium martagon L. One flowering plant in cleared woodland, previously ahnost impenetrable, Old Down Estates, Old Down, near Tockington, G, Mrs S.M. Wilton. The plant was not seen in the Old Down House garden and must have long persisted in this woodland, as it has in Leigh Woods, Bristol (Bristol Botany in 1992, p. 34). Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker With M neglectum Guss. ex Ten., roadside verge, Kingswood, near Wotton-under-Edge, G, MJT. A single clump on disused quarry face, Pum, S, PRG. Allium carinatum L. Abundant on road verge, Mells, S, IPG. A. roseum L. A small colony in the 'Fairyland' area of Clifton Down, Bristol, G, PJMN. Recorded from St. Vincent's Rocks since 1904. Hermodactylus tuberosus (L.) Miller In road hedge by gateway to dunes, Berrow, S, A. Vowles. This is a different site from the one reported in Bristol Botany in 1993, p. 46. Crocus vernus (L.) Hill A few plants on road verge, Edingworth, S, DM, conf. IPG. Also a few plants here of Cflavus Weston x C. angustifolius Weston, DM, conf. IPG. Crocosmia paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt Two clumps in rough grass near pond on dunes, Berrow, S, W.G. Last, conf. PRG. 50 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1996 Arum italicum Miller ssp. italicum Abundant in rough area with trees, Mells, S, DM. Several clumps, bank of Kennet and Avon canal, Monkton Combe, S, PRO. Lemna minuta Kunth Pond, Avon Wildlife Trust's wildlife centre, Willsbridge, G, Dr J.S. Rees. This is a first record for v.c. 34; it is not known how this tiny duckweed has been introduced here. Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski Several populations, cliffs by River Avon, Crabtree Slip Wood, Shirehampton, G, MARK, CK, LH & ACT. In good quantity in several places by road cutting, Shirehampton Park, G, MARK & CK. Plentiful on banks of bridge, Edithmead, S, IPG. Panicum miliaceum L. In road gutter, Wotton-under-Edge, G, MJT. Known here by MARK for several years. MUSCI Zygodon baumgartneri Malta In 1 995, on tree trunk near stream, Ozleworth Bottom, east of Wotton-under-Edge, G, P. Martin & G. Brown. Thuidium abietinum (Hedw.) Br. Eur. ssp. hystricosum (Mitt.) Kindb. In 1995, in unimproved limestone grassland, Westbuiy-sub-Mendip, S, T. Smith. FUNGI Morchella esculenta St. Amans Two morels in late April by old hedge adjoining path, Bishop Sutton, S, D. Warden. This infrequent edible fungus has not previously been reported here. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank everyone who has supplied records and helped with these, especially Mr I. P. Green, Mr M. A. R. Kitchen and Mr P. J. M. Nethercott who also provided details of Turner's Herball. I am indebted to Mr D. J. Lovell at Long Ashton Research Station for meteorological records. 51 52 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1996), 56: 53-66 THE DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY by K. R. DYER Institute of Marine Studies, University of Plymouth ABSTRACT The mouth or the outer limit of an estuary can be defined in terms of several criteria. The most usual is by reference to the dilution of salinity by the freshwater discharged by the river. Furthermore the form of the coast, the presence of banks and shoals, the patterns of sediment movement, and the changing tides within the estuary define the outer limit. Normally these factors are interconnected. In the Severn Estuary the distribution of salinity shows wide variation depending on the tidal range and river discharge. The limit of the area where the sea water is affected by dilution by fresh water, when defined by a salinity less than 95% of that of sea water for 95% of the time, lies between Barry and Minehead. The outer limit of the estuary is, therefore, seaward of the narrows located at the position of the Holm Islands. Consideration of the form of the coast, and the underwater banks and channels of the Severn, suggests that the line of the Holm Islands presents features that would normally be associated with an estuary mouth. Inwards of this line, the tidal range, the shape of the tidal curve and the relative strengths of the flood and ebb currents also show rapid change due to the increasing shallowing and narrowing of the estuary. The residence time for fresh water within the estuary eastwards of the Holm Islands is 60-150 days, and within this area there are elevated concentrations of nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, which are derived from run-off from the land and from effluent inputs. However, algal blooms are suppressed because the very high concentrations of suspended sediment reduce light penetration and limit the amount of photosynthesis. Nevertheless, blooms occur further west where the concentrations are lower, but where nutrients are still present. Algal blooms are potentially possible in shallower water within the estuary at times when the water is clearer. It is concluded that the outer limit of the Severn Estuary is defmed seaward of the Holm Islands, on the grounds of salinity distribution, and of characteristics dependent on the topography. 53 K. R. DYER INTRODUCTION There are over 40 different definitions of estuaries, but they all depend to some extent on either defining the limit of the area affected by the dilution of sea water with fresh water discharged by a river, or on features related to the topography. FIGURE 1 . Location plan of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel Dashed contour: low water mark; thin full contour: 5m depth A satisfactory general definition that has recently been stated is: 'An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has free connection to the open sea, extending into the river as far as the limit of tidal influence, and within which sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage.' Consequently, the application of this definition to particular examples requires specification of the distribution of salinity, and of the degree of dilution. The topography of estuaries depends on the rise in sea level between about 18,000 and 5,000 years before present, from a depth of about 100m, which drowned the lower valleys of rivers. Coastal erosion during the rise released sediment. This is transported along the beaches by waves to the estuary mouth and there it is sorted by the tidal currents. The sand and gravel fractions form spits and headlands which narrow the mouth, restrict the free flow of sea water, and create sand banks and shoals in a zone close to the mouth. The fine sediment fraction is carried in suspension towards the head of the estuary where it is trapped, forms mudflats and where the suspended particles make the water turbid, thereby reducing light penetration. 54 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY The narrowing and shallowing in the estuary upstream of the mouth can amplify the tidal range at the head of the estuary and distorts the tidal flows, making the flood currents progressively stronger than the ebb currents. This flood tide enhancement helps the residual currents to trap the fine sediment at the head of the estuary near the limit of salinity intrusion, where it forms water more turbid than that in the coastal waters, or in the river; a feature known as a turbidity maximum. Most sediment trapped in this way comes from the sea rather than from the river. Consequently, the mouth of the estuary is marked by a change in the tidal characteristics, and in the sediment distribution. The reduction in light penetration due to the turbidity limits the amount of photosynthesis that can occur, and the growth of algae. Photosynthesis requires light-energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide. Excess of nutrients would produce algal blooms, were it not for the limited light. In the clearer coastal waters availability of nutrients, rather than light, is the limitation on photosynthesis and on blooms. When the magnitude of the algal blooms is great enough to limit oxygen transfer from the atmosphere, a dramatic reduction in dissolved oxygen occurs, producing an effect known as eutrophication. To avoid this, effluent discharges into estuaries have to be controlled. For the purposes of the Urban Waste Water Regulations 1 994, the United Kingdom has adopted two alternative definitions of estuaries. These are: an area receiving freshwater inputs where the waters on a depth-averaged basis have a salinity of less than 95% of the adjacent local offshore seawater for 95% of the time. an inlet of the sea bounded by a line between such topographical features as define the seaward boundary of the estuary. Application of these criteria to the outer limits of the Severn Estuary has been controversial, and led to a Judicial Review. This paper considers the scientific evidence for definition of the outer limits of the Severn Estuary. There is general agreement that the inner limit of the estuary is at Maisemore Weir. EXISTING DEFINITIONS OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY The term estuary has only been in serious use over the last two centuries, and ancient maps refer to the area between Aust and Cardiff as Sabrina Fluvius (Severn River). The outer limit of the Severn Estuary has been variously defined on topographic terms, but all definitions include the water body east of the line of the Holm Islands; Flat Holm and Steep Holm (Figure 1). After re-organization of the water industry in 1974, the Severn-Trent, Wessex, South West and Welsh Water Authorities defined the limits of the Severn Estuary as extending from Maisemore Weir on the River Severn to a line joining a point just east of Worm's Head (Gower, Wales) to Hartland Point (N. Devon). This outer line is to the west of the area shown in Figure 1 . The Admiralty Hydrographic Office in the Bristol Channel Pilot define the Severn River as ending at a line between Sudbrook Point and Cross Hands (close to the new M4 Road Bridge). The Severn Estuary is from that line to a line between Lavemock Point and Sand Point, and the Bristol Channel extends from there to a line between Hartland Point and St. Govan's Head (to the west of the area shown in Figure 1). 55 K. R. DYER All of the studies carried out for the Severn Barrage Study used the definition of a line between Lavemock Point and a point just south of Brean Down (Figure 1, Line A) as the outer limit. The Lavemock Point-Brean Down line was also defined in a scientific review by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, 1972). The Water Resources Act (1991) defined the limit of the estuary as from Lavemock Point to Hinkley Point, and this has been used by the National River Authority (Figure \, Line B). However, at one time the consensus opinion of the Sevem Estuary Strategy Project Team, formed to progress a Catchment Management for the Sevem Estuary, was for the lower limit to be the line between Nash Point, South Glamorgan, and Foreland Point near Lynton (Figure 1 , Line C). Consequently, there are a number of conflicting definitions of the outer limit of the Sevem Estuary, though there is general agreement that the inner limit is at Maisemore Weir, where the penetration of the tide normally stops. DEFINITION BASED ON SALINITY DISTRIBUTION Definition of the estuary in terms of salinity, based on the outer limit of the estuary having a salinity of 95% of the adjacent seawater for 95% of the time, requires specification of the salinity of the undiluted seawater and measurement of the variation with time of the salinity levels within the area. An increase in river discharge causes the saline water to be forced downstream, and a decrease allows it to creep landwards. There are also significant variations between neap and spring tides, and due to wind and barometric pressure. These aspects will be considered using published data. an outer estuary where the salinity rises more gradually towards that of sea water. The general form of the depth-averaged salinity distribution along an estuary has three segments: • an inner estuary which is dominated by riverine processes where the salinity increases slowly downstream; • a middle estuary where there is active mixing and the salinity rises rapidly; • an outer estuary where the salinity rises more gradually towards that of sea water The 95% limit would be reached within the outer estuary. Since the whole salinity stmcture moves within the estuary, depending on changes in river flow, tidal range, and the rate of change of cross sectional area, the limits alter drastically with time. Because of the strong tidal currents, the Sevem Estuary and Bristol Channel are well mixed vertically, and the surface salinity is a good measure of the depth-mean salinity, though there are significant differences across the channel. Open sea water in the Atlantic has a salinity generally about 35.5 ppt (parts per thousand). Extensive measurements within the Bristol Channel (Figure 2) have shown that there is a considerable reduction in the salinity throughout the whole region, though 35 ppt is present sometimes near Lundy Island. The salinities on the N. Devon coast are 1-2 ppt higher than those on the Welsh coast due to the lower discharge of water from the former, and there is a zone of high gradient of salinity in the area between the Holm Islands and Minehead. The outer limit of the high gradient zone has a salinity of about 32 - 33 ppt, and this can be considered to be the inner limit of coastal water and the outer limit of the dilution caused by the rivers entering the Sevem Estuary 56 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY K. R. DYER Observations of the longitudinal salinity distribution within the estuary shows that waters as far as Minehead are affected by changes of salinity caused by variation of river discharge. The results of Bassindale (1943) shown in Figure 3 indicate that sea water unaffected by the discharge of the Severn and its tributaries has a salinity of at least 32 ppt. From this data the position where salinity is 95% of sea salinity is found seaward of Hinkley Point. Very similar data have been shown by more recent studies, such as Uncles & Radford (1980) and the Severn Barrage Report (1989). Bassindale (1943) showed that the high- water salinity in Cardiff Roads and at Weston varies annually between about 22-28 ppt. The average salinity at Aust during low-flow summer conditions is about 25 ppt (78% of the sea water value) and this varies little between neap and spring tides. During the winter high river-flow, the maximum salinity at Aust is about 15 ppt (47%), but with very large variation, reaching virtually fresh water at times. Using salinity as the definition of the estuary emphasises that the reduced salinity in the Severn Estuary is the combined result of the outflows of the rivers Severn, Wye, Usk, Avon, Taff and Parrett, together with numerous small rivers and streams. The mouths of those sub-estuaries are located within the larger system, and it is inevitable that their waters will interact and influence each other. Within the area of reduced salinity and large salinity variation there are changes in the flora and fauna (Bassindale 1943, Little & Smith 1980, Smith & Little 1980). Thus the location where the salinity is greater than 95% of sea water for 95% of the time is difficult to define precisely because of the fluctuating nature of the river discharge, but it is likely to be at the western end of the zone of high salinity gradient shown on Figure 3, i.e. between Barry and Minehead. DEFINITION IN TERMS OF TOPOGRAPHY Two topographical features are used as the definition of an estuary mouth. They are: • the coastline form, and • the underwater topography, or morphology, together with the associated sediment distribution. In terms of coastline form, a mouth width of about 10km separates estuaries into narrow and wide categories (Harris 1988). The former will often have one, or a pair of sand or gravel spits which narrow or constrict the estuary entrance. The spits are formed by sediment arising from coast erosion being transported by waves along the beach towards the estuary. The spits build out until there is a balance between the rate at which sand is transported to the tip of the spit by waves, and the rate at which it is swept away by the tidal currents flowing in and out of the estuary. The narrowing causes locally stronger current velocities and restricts free exchange with the coastal waters. The underwater morphology of a narrow estuary consists of a pattern of sand banks, and shoals, and a distribution of sediment that results from the deposition of the sediment carried into the estuary on the flood tide, and out of the estuary on the ebb tide. The sediment accumulates to form banks and shoals, inside and outside the mouth around which sand tends to circulate, and which are known as 'flood and ebb' deltas, respectively. Additionally, the stronger currents at the mouth produce erosion and local holes or pits that are deeper than areas away from the mouth 58 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY Distance from Maisemore Weir in km 113 97 80 64 48 32 Severn Estuary W 10 ' 1 1 Mine- Head Weston Porlock Blue Kilve Wier Anchor Aust Epney Sharpness Portishead Sheperdine Arlingham Gloucester Distance from Maisemore Weir in km 97 80 64 48 32 1 Mine- head Weston \ 1 Aust \ ^ ' Sharpness ■ t • Epney Elmore Porlock Blue Kilve Wier Anchor Portishead Sheperdine Arlingham Gloucester FIGURE 3 Upper: Longitudinal salinity distributions in 1940 for various conditions. The thick vertical lines show additional measurements. Lower: The salinity variations. A, summer, Al whole month, A2 neap tides, A3 spring tides. B, winter, Bl whole month, B2 neap tides, B3 spring tides. C, during the whole of 1939-40. D, including all records. After Bassindale (1943) For a wide estuary, the outer part, dominated by tidal energy, has strong tidal currents, while the inner part is dominated by river currents. In this situation the mouth of the estuary is defined as the outer limit of a series of tidal sand banks aligned with the tidal flow direction (Dalrymple et al., 1992). 59 K. R. DYER Together the coastHne shape and the underwater morphology affect the tidal charac- teristics of an estuary. A narrowing and shallowing of the estuary increases friction, slowing down the tidal wave, but tending to increase its height. The duration of the flood tide becomes relatively shorter and the currents faster than the ebb tide. These changes occur significantly at the mouth. The three above factors - the coastline shape, the underwater topography and the tidal changes - generally define the same location for the estuary mouth. They will be considered in turn. Coastline form of the Severn Estuary The Severn Estuary has been created by the drowning of the valley of the Severn River and its tributaries by the sea level rise. Because of the hard rock strata there has not been extensive coast erosion nor the release of sediment for the formation of spits, despite the exposure to storm waves from the west. However, there is a constriction at the line between Lavemock Point and Brean Down caused by a limestone outcrop, which encompasses the islands of Flat Holm and Steep Holm. There is a local maximum in current strength on that line, and it is the location where many tidal characteristics start to change rapidly in response to the changing hydrodynamics of the system (Uncles, 1981). This constriction acts similarly to the mouth of the estuary. Since the width is about 10km, features of both narrow and wide estuaries may occur. Underwater morphology of the Severn The direction of sediment movement of sand and gravel depends on the direction of the average of the frictional force on the bed taken over the tidal cycle. Where there is sediment moving in opposite directions away fi-om a zone of erosion, such as an estuary mouth, a feature known as a 'bed load parting' is formed. In narrow estuaries it forms an essential feature of the ebb and flood delta sand bank system associated with the estuary mouth. A 'bed load parting' had been predicted fi*om sonar studies of the sea bed in the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary (Stride, 1963), and mathematical modelling has shown that its location is likely to be between Minehead and the Holm Islands (Uncles, 1981). On the Lavemock Point-Brean Down line there is an over-deepened area, with extensive bare rock, and sand banks to the west and the east form components of what can be considered as a flood and ebb delta system (Figure 4). However, the system is complicated by the presence of the Holm Islands which divide the channel into three. Culver Sand and Holm Sand could be considered as part of the ebb delta, and Cardiff Grounds part of the flood delta. There is circulation of the sand around the banks in a pattern that would be expected for flood and ebb deltas. The circulation is shown by the postulated overall sand transport patterns in Figure 4. In terms of a wide estuary the tidal sand banks would be Culver Sand and Holm Sand, and the mouth of the estuary would be at their outer, westward, limit. Thus the topographic form and underwater morphology of the Severn Estuary suggest that the mouth should be defined either at the line of the Holm Islands, or to the west at the limit of the sand banks. 60 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY FIGURE. 4. Schematized sand transport paths. Arrows denote direction of residual movement. From Parker & Kirby (1972). Tides in the Severn Estuary The Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary is funnel shaped, and this has the effect of amplifying the tide so that it is one of the highest in the worid. The narrowing compresses the tidal wave into a smaller width as it progresses into the estuary so that its range increases. However, the shallower water creates friction which tends to decrease the tidal range, and causes asymmetry in the tide resulting in flood currents being stronger in magnitude, but shorter in duration, than the ebb currents. The balance between these two effects changes along the estuary. The importance of friction is apparent in the amplitudes and phases of the shorter period harmonics of the tidal elevations and currents, as these reflect the asymmetry. Uncles (1981) has analysed the distribution of these tidal constituents, and shows that major changes occur in the vicinity of the Holm Islands.. Further rapid changes occur landward of Aust where increased friction exceeds the effect of narrowing, and the tidal range decreases rapidly. The charted water depths show that at Aust at spring tide the low- water level intersects the estuary bed as it shallows landwards, so that all of the water filling the estuary landwards of that point at high water is flushed out at low water, apart from a residual drainage from the river, streams and marshes. This situation is 61 K. R. DYER normally considered to occur at the seaward limit of the riverine, or inner, section of an estuary. Thus the rapid change in the tidal response of the Severn landward of the Holm Islands supports the conclusion that the limit of the estuary should also be defined as occurring at that location. DISCUSSION As tides rise and fall the water mass moves up and down the estuary, but the fresh water slowly moves towards the sea, mixing with the sea water as it goes. A measure of the mixing or dispersion in an estuarine water mass is the time taken for a tidal increment of the river discharge to escape to the sea. This is known as the residence, or flushing time. It can be calculated from the salinity distribution and, for the Severn Estuary as defined by the salinity criterion, it is 60-150 days, depending on river discharge. The residence time for water at Aust varies from 8-20 days. Consequently, the water does not pass through the estuary very rapidly, only moving about 1 km per day, despite the fact that the tidal oscillation of the water is 12 to 25 km. This net velocity is similar to that in other estuaries, but is much less than that expected in coastal waters. There are several other features of estuaries that occur as a consequence of the reduced salinity and of the tidal effects, and that are also characteristic of estuaries. WATER MOVEMENTS Averaging out the water movements due to the tide reveals that there is a general residual inflow of water along the N. Devon coast which switches over to continue along the Welsh coast past Barry and Cardiff (Parker & Kirby, 1982). There, salinity is higher than on the English side, the reverse of that present further seawards. There is also evidence supported by remote sensing, that in the shallower water on the English side there is trapping of water in eddies within Sand Bay, Weston Bay and Bridgwater Bay. The eastern side of the estuary consequently has an ebb directed residual, and the Welsh side a flood directed residual. Between these two zones there is a line, a Tront', which extends from the region of Hinkley Point and up the centre of the estuary where the residual currents change direction. This has implications for effluent dispersal. ALGAL BLOOMS Large quantities of nutrients from run-off and effluents are available for algal growth if there is sufficient light available to cause photosynthesis (Owen 1984). Under normal circumstances the algae produced by this primary productivity (also known as phytoplankton; 'the grass of the sea') would be grazed by zooplanikton. Too much nutrient provides the potential for massive growth of algae where sufficient light is available, causing blooms. In the Severn Estuary, its highly turbid nature restricts growth, as shown by relatively low concentrations of chlorophyll-a, which is the accepted measure of the abundance of planktonic algae. However in some years, towards the west where the turbidity decreases, the primary productivity increases and there are occasional blooms of Phaeocystis (Joint, 1984). 62 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY 10 Distance Below Maisemore Weir (l<m) FIGURE 5 The turbidity maximum and the suspended sediment distribution for spring and neap tides. From Severn Barrage Report (1989). Comparison with the turbidity distribution shows that the area of the blooms is clearly limited by suspended sediment. Phaeocystis is not normally grazed and is considered to be a nuisance alga. The levels of chorophyll-a within the bloom area exceeded the 63 K. R. DYER Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive Guideline levels of 10 mgm and the waters would be classified as eutrophic. In shallow water, at times when turbidity is reduced, there is the possibility that algal blooms and eutrophication could appear, and this has occasionally happened in the Lower Bristol Avon. The important limitation on the primary productivity is thus the distribution of suspended sediment. SUSPENDED SEDIMENT In all estuaries there is a turbidity maximum located near the head of the salinity intrusion. This is generated by a combination of the residual currents created by the mixing of saline and fresh water, the asymmetry of the tidal currents, and the settling and re-suspension of the sediment during the tide. In the Severn it is the two latter processes that dominate. The magnitudes of the concentrations depend on there being mud available, together with currents high enough to regularly entrain the particles into suspension. The concentrations of suspended sediment in the Severn are amongst the highest in the world, and Figure 5 shows the longitudinal dis-tribution of tidally- and depth-averaged concentration. The peak concentrations occur in the vicinity of the M4 Road Bridge, but concentrations are still of the order of 100 parts per million (mg per litre) at the Holms, and remote sensing has demonstrated appreciable concentrations as far as Nash Point in South Wales (Collins, 1983). The highest concentrations of suspended sediment above Bridgwater Bay occur on the English side of the estuary (Kirby & Parker, 1983). There is considerable movement of sediment through the cross section of the Holm Islands, and from a study of the timing of observed suspension peaks it has been suggested that the sediment passing Steep Holm in suspension was derived from erosion from the bed at positions off Sand Point on the ebb tide, and Bridgwater Bay on the flood tide (HR, 1981). The circulation pattern of fine sediment postulated by Parker & Kirby (1982) shows that the high gradient zone acting as the western limit to the area of highest concentrations coincides with the front described above, suggesting that there is a hydrodynamic limit to the dispersion of the suspended sediment, and to the area of maximum inhibition of the light penetration. Thus the limit of suspended sediment, the light inhibition, and the consequent pattern in occurrence of algal blooms, are also indicators of the outer limit of the estuary being seaward of the Holm Islands. CONCLUSIONS The outer limit of the estuary should be considered as: • located to the west of the Holm Islands, when defined as the position where salinity is less than 95% of the adjacent offshore seawater for 95% of the time. • at, or to the west of the Holm Islands, when defined on topographic considerations. This limit is also the extent of the turbidity maximum, which is characteristic of high tidal range estuaries. The turbidity has a strong control over the light penetration and the growth of phytoplankton, and is important in water quality. 64 DEFINITION OF THE SEVERN ESTUARY A line connecting Lavemock Point, through the Holm Islands to Howe Rock on Brean Down has now been accepted as the seaward limit of the Severn Estuary for the purposes of the European Community's Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Similarly, the seaward limit of the Parrett Estuary is a line joining Howe Rock to Hinkley Point. The implications are that effluent discharges in those estuaries should require secondary treatment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper is based on evidence prepared for the Bristol City Council and Woodspring District Council in the successful judicial review against the decision of the Secretary of State for the Environment to designate the Severn Estuary west of the M48 Severn Bridge as 'coastal waters'. Their permission for publication is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES BASSINDALE, R. 1943. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. XI. The physical environment and intertidal fauna of the southern shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Journal of Ecology. 3. 1-29. COLLINS, M. 1983. Supply, distribution, and transport of suspended sediment in a macro-tidal environment: Bristol Channel, U. K. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40. Suppl.l. 44-59. DALRYMPLE, R. W., ZAITLIN, B. A. & BOYD, R. 1992. Estuarine facies models: conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 62, 1130-1146. HARRIS, P. T. 1988. Large-scale bedforms as indicators of mutually evasive sand transport and the sequential infilling of wide-mouthed estuaries. Sedimentary Geology, 57, 273-298. HR 1981. The Severn estuary. Silt monitoring, April 1980-March 1981. Report No EX 995. August, 1981. Severn Tidal Power - Report No. STP 77. Wallingford: Hydraulics Research Station. JOINT, I. R. 1984. The microbial ecology of the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 15. 62-66. KIRBY, R. & PARKER, W. R. 1983. Distribution and behaviour of fine sediment in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel, U.K. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (1). 83-95. LITTLE. C. & SMITH, L. P. 1980. Vertical zonation on rocky shores in the Severn Estuary. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 11. 651-669. NERC 1972. The Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel: an assessment of present knowledge. Natural Environment Research Council Publication, Series C 9. 19pp. OWEN, M. 1984. Severn Estuary - an appraisal of water quality. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 15.41-47 PARKER, W. R. & KIRBY, R. 1982. Sources and transport patterns of sediment in the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. In 'Severn Barrage' - proceedings of a 65 K. R. DYER symposium organised by The Institution of Civil Engineers, 8-9 October 1981. London, Thomas Telford. ppl81-194. SEVERN BARRAGE REPORT 1989. Severn Barrage Project, Detailed Report, Vol. 1 - Tidal, hydrodynamics, sediments, water quality, land drainage and sea defences. Harwell: Energy Technology Support Unit of the Atomic Energy Research Authority. ETSU TID 4060-Pl. SMITH, L. P. & LITTLE, C. 1980. Intertidal communities on rocky shores in the Severn Estuary. Proc. Bristol Naturalist's Society. 38. 61-67. STRIDE, A. H. 1963. Current-swept sea floors near the southern half of Great Britain. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 119. 175-199. UNCLES, R. J. 1981. A note on tidal asymmetry in the Severn Estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 13. 419-432. UNCLES, R. J. 1984. Hydrodynamics of the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 15. 47-57. UNCLES, R. J. & RADFORD, P. J. 1980. Seasonal and spring-neap tidal dependence of axial dispersion coefficients in the Severn - a wide, vertically mixed estuary. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 98. 703-726. 1 66 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1996), 56:67-79 RECENT CHANGES IN INTER-TIDAL AND NEAR SUB-TIDAL MORPHOLOGY IN BRIDGWATER BAY. by P. H. LEE Harbour Master, Port of Bridgwater, Sedgemoor District Council, 1 Grove Road, Bumham-on-Sea, Somerset TA8 2HF ABSTRACT Major channel changes have taken place in south Bridgwater Bay since the mid 1980s. This account compares recent and historical hydrographic surveys, briefly reviews the hydrodynamics, sediment transport and geomorphology of the Bay based on published and unpublished literature, and considers possible causes for the intertidal and near sub-tidal topographical changes. Possible explanations include changes in wave energy patterns because of variation of size and position of the offshore Culver Sands, alterations in sediment supply, and modifications of land drainage patterns. The Culver Sands are estimated to have decreased in volume by approximately 30 million cubic metres between 1961 and 1989 and to have changed shape and elevation, making Bridgwater Bay more exposed to wave energy. Improved land drainage and a trend towards wetter winters and drier summers over the period of the changes may have forced a new channel to deep water. Inter-tidal erosion may have assisted the change, with insufficient sand in the system to allow rapid replacement of sediment in the newly eroded channel. Contaminants in the sediments and increased turbidity may have decreased biological binding and made channel erosion easier. INTRODUCTION Significant changes in the inter-tidal and near sub-tidal topography of south Bridgwater Bay first came to notice because of their effect on navigational approaches to Bumham-on-Sea and the River Parrett. The Gore Sands moved south into the previously marked approach charmel, requiring shipping to enter on a more southerly track. Also a more northerly, previously minor channel which existed only when the tide was above mean level, has deepened (see Figures 1 and 2). The flow from the Parrett Estuary at low water is now through the more northerly channel, which is deep but comparatively narrow. The former main channel dries in places at low water spring tides. i 67 p. H. LEE HISTORICAL RECORD From examination of historical Admiralty surveys and other information, it would appear that the changes taking place are the largest since the eighteenth century, an approximate equilibrium having existed for in excess of two hundred years. Old maps and charts of Bridgwater Bay from the eighteenth century show the Parrett channels at low water as at least bifurcated, and a chart by Cope (1723) shows possibly three channels. Kendall (1937) notes that in 1739 a channel to the north-east of Gore Sands was dammed by an accumulation of ice, then mud, and became permanently blocked. However a plan of Stert Fisheries in 1776 shown by Kendal (1939) clearly indicates two low-water channels from the Parrett entrance across the Bay. 68 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY FIGURE 2. Bridgwater Bay in the 1990s, showing the new deep channel formed in the 1980s. The first accurate hydrographic survey of Bridgwater Bay was undertaken by Denham in 1831, for the Hydrographer of the Navy. Subsequently the Admiralty surveyed at approximately thirty-year intervals until the 1960s when the port approach surveys became the responsibility of the harbour authority. Examination of charts indicates that the channel shown in all the surveys from 1831 to the 1961/65 survey is very similar throughout, indicating an approximate equilibrium. There is sometimes indication of a more northerly channel, but this is only very minor. Of course, with thirty-year survey intervals there may have been major changes in the intervening 69 p. H. LEE periods, but examinations of buoy positions in corrected charts published between surveys suggest that this is not the case. Similarly, the surveys between 1993 and 1995 show only minor variations, and it could be that a new equilibrium has developed. The major changes to the channels took place in the late 1980s (personal observation) over a period of a year or two. IMPORTANCE OF THE CHANGES In addition to the obvious implication for navigation, any major changes in the morphology of the area warrant monitoring for two other reasons. First, the profile of the inter-tidal has a major influence on wave energy reaching the coast. North of Bumham-on-Sea sand dunes act as the defence against flooding of large amounts of adjacent land which lies below high water spring tide level. Any increases in wave energy impacting the dunes during storm conditions combined with rising sea levels could have implications for flood defence. Secondly, Bridgwater Bay contains a National Nature Reserve and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area under the European Union's Birds Directive (1979), a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention and is a part of the possible Severn Estuary Special Area of Conservation under the Habitats Directive (1992). Major topographical changes in the Bay may affect its capacity to carry wildlife and alter the important habitats that led to these designations. The aim of this paper is to consider possible causes for the channel changes in the late 1980s, and to do this requires investigation of the physical systems of the area. Bridgwater Bay may be thought of as an extension of the Bristol Channel at high water and an extension of the Somerset Levels at low water, so the physical systems of the Bristol Channel and the formation of the Somerset Levels are briefly considered before looking at the detail of Bridgwater Bay. THE BRISTOL CHANNEL HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENTS The hydrodynamics of the Bristol Channel are dominated by the effects of tides, the second largest in the world due to the length of the channel relative to that of the tidal wave (Fong & Heaps, 1978). As the predominantly semi-diurnal tidal wave of the North Atlantic passes up the Bristol Channel from the Celtic Sea it is additionally amplified by energy propagating into a converging cross section (Prandle & Rahman, 1979). The range of mean spring tides off Bumham-on Sea is 1 1.0 m, rising to 12.2 m at Avonmouth. The Bristol Channel is exposed to the long wave fetch from the west where frequent strong winds cause a high average value of wave energy. There are long periods when wave-induced velocities near the bed are small, but exceptional velocities in excess of 2 m/s have been estimated as possible in parts of Bridgwater Bay (Severn Tidal Power Group, 1993). When superimposed on the high tidal currents these storms can have major effects on sediment transport. Their effect will vary according to wind speed, direction and duration, and also according to the relationship between the time of a storm and the diurnal and monthly tidal cycles. 70 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY The water circulation in the Channel is complicated by density effects; more from suspended sediment than from salinity variations (Wolf, 1987), and far more by transverse gradients than horizontal gradients. This circulation is important in the transport and deposition of suspended sediment. The sea bed sediments in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary vary from clay to gravel and boulders. Most fine sediment seems to originate from rivers (Allen, 1991) and from erosion from the coastal margins (Kirby, 1 994), whilst there appears to be no major modem source for sand (Dyer, 1984). The strong tidal currents, over 1.5m/s on spring tides, mean that sediment up to sand size can be moved by tidal effects alone. The Severn Estuary now contains relatively little sediment compared with most estuaries, and the Bristol Channel is similarly starved, though the strong tidal currents mean that a large portion of that sediment is in motion, particularly at spring tides, and the water is noted for its turbidity. THE SOMERSET LEVELS AND THE RIVER PARRETT Merging into Bridgwater Bay, and a potential source for sediment, the Somerset Levels are largely ancient tidal flats and lagoons. Peats cover the lowland, overlain with freshwater alluvial deposits and a coastal belt of marine clay. Between the coastal clay belt and the tidal flats of Bridgwater Bay, are blown sand deposits, mainly built over at Bumham-on-Sea, but forming dunes at Berrow and Brean. The processes which laid down the Quaternary deposits of the Somerset Levels and intertidal Bridgwater Bay have been described by Kidson & Heyworth (1976). The main solid geology morphological features are thought to have been established by the late Tertiary or early Quaternary (c. 2 Ma BP). During the Devensian (70,000 to 10,000 BP), the last glacial stage in Britain, sea level was as much as 120m below OD (Hawkins, 1971). During the Holocene sea level rise, sufficient sediments were avai- able for the valleys to be infilled with alluvium, with peat formed when conditions were suitable. Borehole information has shown the Holocene stratigraphy to have a depth of up to 30m and to comprise thick estuarine clays with laminations of sand and silt, and brackish or freshwater peat layers up to 2m thickness (Kidson & Heyworth, 1976). The height of the alluvial flats is similar to high water spring tides, with the inland peat moors having a lower level than the coastal belt. Until the thirteenth century the levels were an area of swamp and marsh. Reclamation was started in the middle ages. Since 1945 in particular, flooding has been controlled by the improvement of banks, sluices, drains and sea walls, improved pumping systems and the provisions of relief channels. By the late 1980s it was possible to discharge winter flood water more quickly than ever before, and this increased 'flashiness' may have significance for channels in Bridgwater Bay. The River Parrett and its tributaries have a catchment of some 1500 km^ . The lower Parrett is extremely estuarial in nature with a low-water volume only a few per cent of that at high water. About 100,000 tonnes of mud move in and out of the Parrett estuary at Stert Point during spring tides (Hydraulics Research, 1981), but although 71 p. H. LEE there are seasonal and spring/neap variations, channel cross-sections in the estuary remain in approximate equilibrium. There is a tendency for siltation to occur in the summer, with flushing by winter rains when biological binding of the sediments is reduced. BRIDGWATER BAY Bridgwater Bay is shaped in the mirror image of the letter L, with solid geology on the south-west shore, but from Stolford to the mouth of the Parrett and from Bumham-on- Sea to Brean Down the intertidal soft sediments are contiguous with the alluvium of the Levels. The Nature Conservancy Council has classed Bridgwater Bay as an embayment-type estuary. The sub-estuary of the River Parrett forms a separate bar- built estuary within the bay (Severn Tidal Power Group, 1993). A feature of bar-built estuaries is the availability of sediment to be reworked by tidal hydrodynamics and waves. Being open to the west, the Bay is more exposed to wave action than are many estuaries. Significant wave heights (the average height of the highest one-third of waves) are in the region of 3m, and are caused mainly by storms from the west or north west. Westerly storms are around ten times more frequent than those from other directions (Kirby, 1996). The combination of this wave energy with tidal currents exceeding 1.5 m/s at the bar and a tidal excursion of over 15 km at spring tides make Bridgwater Bay a very dynamic environment. It has been estimated from Admiralty Hydrographic surveys that between 1961 and 1989, the Culver Sands decreased in volume by approximately 30,000,000 m^ , stopped drying, moved considerably and altered in shape from a NE/SW bank to a circular area of shallow water (Severn Tidal Power Group, 1993). The changes in the Culver, which are shown in Figure 4 below, have made Bridgwater Bay much more exposed to wave action, and modelling of wave patterns (Severn Tidal Power Group, op. cit.) shows focusing of energy in the area of the new deep channel. Surface sediments in Bridgwater Bay vary from fluid mud to shingle (Figure 3). Triassic rocks are evident off Hinkley Point, some shingle between Hinkley Point and Steart and some bedrock of mainly Carboniferous limestone off Brean Down. In most places, however, the bed is formed of soft deposits of Holocene clays, silts, sand and peat. The Holocene deposits are frequently overlain by mobile sand, shingle and mud. Near Bridgwater Bar, up to 3 m of the sediment thickness is thought to have been in motion in the previous 50 years (Mantz & Wakeling, 1981). A maximum of 3 cm depth would be transported by spring tidal currents alone, so the greater depths were attributed to storm events. In the course of an archaeological assessment of parts of the Gore Sands and Stert Flats, McDonnell (1995) confirmed this mobility. However, significant changes of height and distribution of sand were noted over as little as three or four tides, especially in the mid to lower inter-tidal area. The sand appeared to be the most dynamically mobile deposit and could completely obscure the remains of a large fish weir over a matter of only a few days. Soft mud to about 0.7 m thickness 72 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY was noted as overlying the firmer deposits in the upper to mid inter-tidal on parts of Stert Flats, but in the lower inter-tidal the thickness was greater than this. FIGURE 3. Bridgwater Bay bed sediments (after British Geological Survey). In 1996, Coastline Surveys Ltd modelled seabed elevation changes over an area of approximately 14.6 km^ based on four hydrographic surveys of the approach channels between 1993 and 1995. Estimated volume changes are shown in Table 1. Seasonal variations with erosion during the winter and accretion during the summer were in the order of 5M m^ and no long term pattern could be identified. Instability was noted in the outside bend of the River Parrett offshore of north Bumham. The eastern edge of the inter-tidal banks between the north and south channels oscillated north and south, 73 p. H. LEE and the beds of both channels showed instabihty which was considered to be the natural migration of bedforms along the seabed. Kirby & Parker (1980), calculated subtidal mud deposits of at least 270 million tonnes. Stable areas and areas of erosion and deposition were identified, with net accretion. It is of some importance that the area off the south channel was identified as depositional, that off the new deep channel as erosional. Bridgwater Bay was shown to act as both a source and a sink for fine sediment in the Bristol Channel and, by irhplication, for the Parrett Estuary. The thickness of settled mud was found to be extremely variable across the area.. Kirby (1996) considers that this mud accum- ulation is the result of the loss of depositional areas by the construction of sea walls and river banks. TABLE 1. Volume Analysis from Hydrographic Surveys of part of south Bridgwater Bay Original surface Final Surface Net Change - M July 1993 March 1994 5.1 erosion March 1994 July/September 1995 5.6 accretion July/September 1995 November 1995 4.2 erosion July 1993 November 1995 3.6 erosion Kirby &Parker (op. cit.) identified the intertidal area between Hinkley Point and Brean Down as erosional and this erosion, particularly off Brean and Steart is thought to be breaking down older Holocene sediments to produce fine sediment and sand (Sevem Tidal Power Group, 1993). MacLaren et al. (1993) using statistical analysis of sediment grain sizes collected by grab samples, considered that net sand erosion occurs on the beach and near-shore sand of east Bridgwater Bay. Kirby (1992) measured height/area relationships at Stert and Berrow Flats where the hypsographic (area/height) curve was found to be markedly concave. A concave profile is indicative of an eroding muddy foreshore, thus confirming the other work. The profile at Cardiff Bay, which occupies a similar down-estuary location on the opposite bank, shows double-convexity, which indicates long term accretion. The contrast in curves is probably accounted for by Bridgwater Bay being far more exposed than Cardiff Bay. The first work on sediment transport direction in Bridgwater Bay involved detailed longshore drift experiments with marked pebbles, fi-om Lilstock to Stert Point between 1955 and 1964 (Kidson & Carr, I960;, Kidson, 1960; Carr, 1965). Average easterly movement occurred both of materials (e.g. 767 m/yr at Hinkley Point) and ridges (e.g. 188m at Catsford Common and 18m at Wall Common between 1957 and 1964). Kidson & Manton (1973) confirmed continuing movement of shingle ridges around Catsford and Wall Commons, using photogrammetric techniques. 74 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY Small waves and wind move sand-sized particles up to the beach and dunes at Brean, Berrow and Bumham. Sand eroded from the beach and near-shore are considered to exhibit exceptionally strong trends indicating down-estuary transport (McLaren et al., 1993). The sand is then thought to move towards the Parrett channel where some is swept out to the Gore Sands and Bridgwater Bar (see Figure 4). The origin of the beach sand, then, appears to be from inter-tidal erosion and erosion of the dunes at Brean and north Berrow. Figure 4. Sediment processesin Bridgwater Bay (after Severn Tidal Power Group (1993)) Fine sediment transport is more complicated than sand transport. With mud and clay, the link between sediment movement and the physical forces on the sediment grains is not straightforward. In fine sediment, cohesion occurs because of electrostatic 75 p. H. LEE attraction between grains and because of biological films surrounding the grains. McLaren et al. (1993) postulated mud transport from the Parrett Estuary, with dynamic equilibrium in south Bridgwater Bay and net erosion in north Bridgwater Bay. These findings differed from some earlier studies. For example Imienwarin (1988) indicated south-easterly directed transport at the time of deposition, relating to the flow of the main estuary rather than the flow from the Parrett. These discrepancies were considered to result from either differences in time scale of the different methods used, or disci;epancies caused by time lags between water movement and the movement of sediment. Mud may also move to the low inter-tidal and near sub-tidal areas by down-slope drainage, particularly during heavy rain at low water spring tides. To summarise from previous work: 1. Changes in the Culver Sands since 1961 must have altered wave energy reaching Bridgwater Bay. 2. Fine sediments have zones of accretion and erosion in the near subtidal, with net accretion. Accretion has been identified off the south channel, erosion off the new north channel. Transport directions of fine sediments are uncertain. 3. The intertidal Holocene deposits are eroding, in particular off Steart and Brean, with ephemeral shingle, sand and mud overlying Holocene clay and peat. There are considerable seasonal variations in the sediment cover. 4. The supply of sand to the beach and upper intertidal has not been conclusively identified but is probably fi"om inter-tidal erosion and/or erosion of the dunes at Brean. Figure 4 shows a conceptual plan of the sediment system in Bridgwater Bay. POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THE CHANNEL CHANGES 1. Changes to the Culver Sands shown in Figure 4 must have a major influence on the wave energy reaching intertidal Bridgwater Bay, and modelling shows a focusing of energy in the area of the new deep channel. The late 1980s had several major winter storms and these storm events alone, combined with the decreased protection from the Culver Sands may have been sufficient to erode the soft deposits in the new channel area. 2. Land drainage was significantly altered by the 1980s, and several summer droughts followed by heavy winter rains took place during that period. The National Rivers Authority's 'Somerset Moors and Levels Studies' (Tatem, K. W, 1995), shows data that suggest a trend towards wetter winters and drier summers between 1960 and 1995. Sand bars build up on the bed of the Parrett Estuary during dry periods. Rapid flushing during the winter because of heavy rains may have moved some of this sand deposit across the existing main channel and forced a new channel to deep water in the more northerly position. 76 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY 3. The change may have been assisted by the general intertidal erosion, and there may be insufficient sand in the system to permit rapid infiUing of the channel and reversion to the previous situation. 4. Contaminants in the sediments (Little & Smith, 1994), and increased turbidity over recent years because of the loss of inshore deposits (Kirby, 1996), may have decreased biological binding of sediments and made erosion by storm events or fresh water runoff easier, or it is possible that the change was caused by a combination of all four of the reasons postulated above. - CONCLUDING REMARKS The chaimel changes identified in south Bridgwater Bay, combined with known intertidal erosion off Steart and Brean give rise to several concerns. The new channel may allow greater wave energy to impact the dunes in north Bumham-on-Sea, and there were indications of this happening during the winter of 1996/97 when lateral dune erosion of one or two metres occurred in places. The effect of the chaimel changes on sediment circulation is not known, but it is possible that the existing intertidal erosion will be accelerated. Changes in the intertidal Bridgwater Bay may have significance for the general ecology of the area.. The channel changes and intertidal erosion could affect wildlife carrying capacity, since the intertidal mudflats are important as they support large numbers of invertebrates, making them good feeding areas for waders and wildfowl. The coastal processes within Bridgwater Bay are not yet fully understood; for example the source of sand supply of the beach has not been conclusively established. It is encouraging that study of the coastline evolution has been identified as an essential part of the Shoreline Management Plan being formulated by the Somerset and North Devon Coastal Group, as it is essential for future good management in the Bay that knowledge of the physical systems is improved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Particular thanks are due to Professor K R Dyer, Institute of Marine Studies, University of Plymouth, for his helpful comments and suggestions during early drafts of this paper. Dr R Kirby, Ravensrodd Consultants Ltd, is thanked for the loan of unpublished documents and helpful advice as is Mr M Smith of Sedgemoor Graphics for producing the figures.. This paper is a part of ongoing work for M Phil studies at the Institute of Marine Studies, University of Plymouth. 77 p. H. LEE REFERENCES ALLEN, J. R. L. (1991). Fine sediment and its sources, Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel, southwest Britain. Sedimentary Geology, 75. 57-65. BIRDS DIRECTIVE (1979) Council directive 1979/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds - Official Journal of the European Communities No. LI 03, 25/4/1979, pp 1-18, and subsequent amendments. CARR, A.. P. (1965). Coastal changes at Bridgwater Bay: 1956-64. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society, 31. Part 1, 91-100. COASTLINE SURVEYS LTD (1996). Port of Bridgwater, approaches to Burnham- on-Sea. Digital Modelling of Seabed Changes, 1993 to 1995. Unpublished document. Report No 609/02. COPE (1723) For the improvement of the navigation of the River Parrett, in the County of Somerset, to the Port of Bridgwater. Chart. Copy held at Somerset Record Office, Taunton - reference number D/RA 9/9. DYER, K. R. (1984). Sedimentary processes in the Bristol Channel / Severn Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15, 53-57. FONG, W. W. & HEAPS, N. S. (1978;. Note on quarter-wave tidal resonance in the Bristol Channel. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Report no. 63 (Unpub- lished), 1 1 pp. HABITATS DIRECTIVE (1992) Council directive 1992/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Joumal of the European Communities No. L 206, 22/7/1992, pp 7-50. HAWKINS, A. B. (1971). Sea level changes around south-west England. Proceedings of the Colston Research Society, 23, 67-88. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH, WALLINGFORD (1981). River Parrett tidal barrage; effects of the barrage on the water quality of the estuary. Unpublished document. Report EX 970. IMIENWARIN, A. (1988). Palaeomagnetism and Magnetic Fabric of Recent Sediments from the Severn Estuary System. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Oceanography, University of Southampton, 42 1 pp. KENDALL, O. D. (1937). The coast of Somerset 1. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society, 8, Part 2, 186-208. KENDALL, O. D. (1939). The coast of Somerset 2. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Society, 8, Pt 4, 497-506. KIDSON, C. (1960). The shingle complexes of Bridgwater Bay. Transactions of the Institute of British Geology, 28, 75-87. KIDSON, C. & CARR, A. P. (I960). Beach drift experiments at Bridgwater Bay, Somerset. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society, 30, No 2, 163-180. KIDSON, C. & HEYWORTH, A. (1976). The Quaternary deposits of the Somerset Levels. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 9, 217-235. 78 CHANGES IN BRIDGWATER BAY KIDSON, C. & MANTON, M. M. M. (1973). Assessment of coastal change with the aid of photographic and computer-aided techniques. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 1, 271-283. KIRBY, R. (1992). Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins, pp 313-334 In Prandle D (Editor) 'Dynamics and Exchanges in Estuaries and the Coastal Zone. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC. KIRBY, R. (1994). The evolution of the fme sediment regime of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 37-44. KIRBY, R. (1996). Hartland Point to Brean Down: Summary of existing knowledge of coastal trends and stability. Unpublished document for North Devon, Somerset and South Avon Coastal Group. KIRBY, R. & PARKER, W. R. (1980). Settled mud deposits in Bridgwater Bay, Bristol Charmel. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Report, 107, 65 pp. LITTLE, D. I. & SMITH, J. (1994). Appraisal of contaminants in sediments of the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 55-69. MANTZ, P. A. & WAKELING, H. L. (1981). Aspects of sediment movement near to Bridgwater Bar, Bristol Channel. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 2, 71, Dec, 1-23. McLaren, p., COLLINS, M. B., GAO, S., & POWYS, R. I. L. (I993). sediment dynamics of the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Chaimel. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 589-603. McDonnell, R. (I995). Bridgwater Bay: a summary of its geomorphology, tidal characteristics and intertidal cultural resource, pp 87-114 In Bell M (Editor) Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 1994. Annual Report of the Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee. PRANDLE, D. & RAHMAN, M. (1979). Tidal responses in estuaries. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 1552-1573. SEVERN TIDAL POWER GROUP (1993). Sediment studies in Bridgwater Bay. In STPG Severn Barrage Project , Further Environmental and Energy Capture Studies, ETSU TID 4099, 2/1-2/48. TATEM, K. (1995). 'Somerset Moors and Levels Studies'. Unpublished document for the National Rivers Authority. WOOLF, J. (1987). A 3-D model of the Severn Estuary. Pp 609 - 624 in NICHOL, J. C. J. & JAMART, B. M., (Eds), Three Dimensional Models of Marine and Estuarine Dynamics. Conference Proceedings. Oxford: Elsevier Science. 79 80 Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists ' Society (1996), 56: 8 1 - 1 08 A CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS, 1971-1995 There follows a cross-referenced index to the Society's Proceedings for the twenty- five years 1971-1995, that is, for Vol. 32 part 2 to Vol. 55. A volume formerly covered five years, but changes in production methods meant that Vol. 32 part 2 for 1972 was followed by Vol. 33 for 1973, and since then each volume has contained a single year's issue, the volume number being 1940 less than the year. The titles of all Proceedings papers are included, as are many subjects mentioned which are not in the titles, also important records from our annual reports on local plants, invertebrates, birds and mammals. The botanical references are mainly to new or rediscovered long-absent forms for Watsonian Vice-counties 6 & 34 (southern part) - that is. North Somerset and South Gloucestershire respectively. The index includes obituaries, indexed both by subject and (where known) by author, and all Presidents, with their terms of office. Besides their individual entries, items relating to certain topics are also grouped, e.g. AVON GORGE gives all references to the Gorge, and FORMS NEW TO DISTRICT collects references to the first occurrence in the area of the 3 1 species or varieties first recorded during the period covered. It was not feasible to include all species mentioned in the Proceedings, but specialists have selected those records of the greatest significance, whether because of rarity or for some other reason. For invertebrates, the systematic name (and common name, if any, in parentheses) is followed by the order and then, in square brackets [], by indications of rarity according to the scheme explained in Volume 54, pages 49-50: Red Data Book categories RDBl - endangered; RDB2 - vulnerable; RbB3 - rare; and RDBK - believed to be rare but category uncertain through lack of data; and Nationally Notable categories Na - known from 16 to 50 ten-km grid squares nationally and Nb - known from 51 to 100 ten-km grid squares nationally. In consecutive entries from the same genus, the generic name and order are not repeated. In other entries, dashes — or — — indicate repetition of the first one or two sig- nificant words in the preceding line. The items included were selected by R. J. Bamett (invertebrates), Dr R. Bradshaw, (geology), Dr M. H. Martin (botany), S. M. Taylor (ornithology and general items) and D. P. C. Trump (mammals), to whom we are grateful for their labours. Since 1983 the annual Avon Bird Report has been published separately from the Proceedings. The index includes articles of general interest from the Report and the most important records - mainly of forms new to the area or of great rarities. These are indexed in the form B95:100, meaning "page 100 of the 1995 Avon Bird Report" 81 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 c/ca/e... (Large Chrysalis Snail), Mollusca [Nb] 54:24 Acicula fusca (Point Snail), MoUusca [Nb] 55:xxvi Acidota cruentata, ColQoptera [Nb] 51:19 Actebia praecox (Portland Moth), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:22; 54:54 Adelphocoris seticornis, Hemiptera, new to Somerset [Na] 42:97 Adonia variegata, ColeoptersL [Nb] 49:15 Adscita geryon (Cistus Forester), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(3):254; 54:52; 54:55 stances (Forester), [Nb] 35:66; 38:53; 54:55 Afon Clwedog water storage scheme 46:12 Agonum nigrum, Coleoptera [Nb] 43:60 Agriculture on Mendip Hills, see R. D. Russell, 55:79-86 Agrotis cinerea, Lepidoptera (Light Feathered Rustic) [Nb] 32(3):53; 51:17; 54:55 ripae (Sand Dart) [Nb] 33:33; 44:49; 54:52; 54:56,57 /rwx (Crescent Dart) [Nb] 34:61; 40:87 Alabaster, C. J., Melanotekite from the Bristol district 45:1 1-16 — , Plattnerite from the Bristol district 45: 17-22 — , — from East Mendip 34:76-104 — & Wilson, D., Volcanic c lasts in the basal inferior oolite of East Mendip 34:73-75 Alcis jubata (Dotted Carpet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Aleucis distincta (Sloe Carpet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Algal blooms at Chew Valley Lake 46:15 Algae, intertidal communities of, on rocky shores of Severn Estuary. See Smith, L. P., 38:61-67 Alien plants at Avonmouth Docks 47:xxxi Allen, J. R. L., Post-glacial geology and geoarchaeology of the Avon wetlands 50:28-46 Allen, K. C, Botanical walks and wanderings in the Mendip Hills 55:3-18 — , Building stones of the Chew Valley area 35:99 Allium ampeloprasum, conservation of, on Steep Holm 39:50 Alluvial fan at Burrington Combe, Mendip, morphology and development. See Pounder, E. J. & Macklin, M. G. 45:29 Amara nit ida, Cohoptera. [Na] 38:54 Anaglyptus mysticus,Co\QoptQTa. [Nb] 43:60,61; 51:19 Ancient ponds and farm water supplies. See Stanton, W. L, 55:19-26 Andromeda polifolia (Bog-rosemary), extinct on Somerset Levels and Mendips 49:36 Anticollix sparsata (Dentated Pug), Lepidoptera [Na] 36:92; 40:89; 54:54 Apamea oblonga (Crescent Striped), Lepidoptera [Nb] 44:49; 54:56 ^/7a/wra /m (Purple Emperor), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(2):135; 38:50 Aphodius plagiatus, Coleoptera [Nb] 44:53 Appleyard, Mrs J., noted bryologist, obituary note by A. J. Willis 49:32 Archanara sparganii (Webb's Wainscot), Lepidoptera [Nb] 37:77; 54:54; 55:xxv Archiearis notha (Light Orange Underwing), Lepidoptera [Na] 42:89; 52:16; 54:18; 54:53 Argynnis adippe (High Brown Fritillary), Lepidoptera [RDB2] 34:58; 36:87; 41:68; 42:85 43:49,51; 44:46; 45:42; 47:vi; 51:15; 52:13; 53:13; 55:xx Armadillium pictum, Isopoda [RDB3] 36:95 Aromia moschata, Coleoptera fNb] 54:23 Aruncus dioicus (Buck's-beard), alien plant, new to v.c.34 47:xxx Asilus crabroniformis, Diptera [N] 44:56 82 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Atolmis rubricolUs (Red-necked Footman), Lepidoptera [Nb] 39:77; 40:6; 43:54; 44:49; 45:45; 54:22; 54:52, 55 Atriplex longipes (Long-stalked Orache) plant new to v.c. 34 37:20 longipes x prostrata {= A.\ gustafssoniand) (Kattegat Orache), new to area 38:36 Aust Cliff, Playa cycles in Mercia mudstone 42: 13 Avena ludoviciana {A.sterilis ssp ludoviciand) (Winter Wild-oat), introduced grass new to area 36:29 Avery, R. A., Reptiles and Amphibians on Mendip^ 55:55-61 AVON butterfly project 51:15 coast, geology of. See Hawkins, A. B., 50:3-27 — , history of Spartina on. See Martin, M. H. , 50:47-56 Dormouse Group founded 50:xxiv Moth Group founded 51:15 wetlands, post-glacial geology and geomorphology. See Allen, J. R. L., 50:28-45 River, Bristol's sewage and birdlife on. See Gray, B. M. J., 46:19-24 — , development of pollution in, 46:19 — , use as source by first Bristol Water Company, 1696 46: 1 1 AVON GORGE: alien and introduced plants. See Grenfell, A. L., 47:33 birds. See Rose, H. E., 47:85 effects of mineral nutrient additions on vegetation. See Willis, A. J., 49:55-68 entomology. See Weeks, A. H. & Poole, K. H. 47:93 Gas iridium ventricosum, rare grass, in, 41:82 geology and evolution of. See Bradshaw, R. & Frey, A. E., 47:45 Leigh Woods, historical ecology of. See Lovatt, C. M., 47:3-20 morphology. See Hawkins, A. B., 32(2): 167 national nature reserve 52:50 nature's place in. See Micklewright, S. D. 47:27 origin 32(2):81 planting up of the gallery roof. 42:39-44 rock slope stability. See Hawkins, A. B., 47:65 Rubiof. See Lovatt, CM., 40:13-21 species of Sorbus in, 46:64 Avonmouth docks, alien plants at 47:xxxi Avonmouth: the vanishing habitat 34: 105-1 1 1 Badger setts, number of, in Bristol 48: 18 — — , potential for structural damage to buildings 48:58 Badgers and bovine tuberculosis 50:xxvi; — — , points for and against further control 55:xxxv — as predators on Hedgehogs 55:xxix — , commercial and other pressures on, 32(3):261 — with tuberculosis found in south Glos. (north Avon), 1972 - first UK record 32(3):261 Barbilophozia attenuata, Bryophyte, 2nd record for v.c. 6 38:47 83 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Barnett, R. J., Records of Ladybirds in the Bristol region in the 1980s 49:14-18 BAT Brandt's - species new to Avon, 1972 38:x Greater Horseshoe, feeding habitats studied by radio tracking, 54:30; 55:xxx; — — , on southern slopes of Mendip 55:69 Noctule, study of seasonal diet 55:xxxii Pipistrelle, cryptic species found by frequency analysis, 53:25-26 — , Nathusius's, mating roost at Chew Valley Lake - first found in Britain, 55:xxxi- XXX ii Bates, J. W. see Brown, D. H. i . Bath stone 48:96 - — Bats in Avon ... in relation to the urban environment 48:3 1 — on Mendip 55:68-69 Batty, K. T. F. M., obituary by I. F. Gravestock 46:9 Beckett, C. L., see Martin, M. H. Beltella, Early Ordovician trilobite from Tortworth, redescribed 49:69 Bembecia scopigera {S\x-hQ\\.Qd C\Q^v^\ng) [Nb] 54:53 Bembidion pallidipenne, Coleoptera [Nb] 38:54 Beris clavipes, Diptera [N] 43:59 Billett, A. E. Obituary note B89:7 Bird communities at Black Down and Charterhouse, Mendip 55:76-77 BIRD SPECIES: Blackcap, winter study in a suburban Bristol garden 894:103-108 Black-throated Thrush, see Thrush, Black-throated Black-winged Pratincole, see Pratincole, Black-winged Bunting, Cirl Emberiza cirlus, breeding record 36:77 — , —, Status of, in Avon & N. Mendips B83:49-53 — , Corn Miliaria calandra, a history of, in Avon and on Mendip. See Bland, R. L., B92:97-99 — , Little Emberiza pusilla, first recorded in area 36:33 Buzzard, Honey Pernis apivorus, over Chew Valley Lake, 1970; first Somerset record since 1917 32(2):117 Caspian Tern, see Tern, Caspian Corncrake Crex crex, killed by dog at Flax Bourton 38:12 Crow, Carrion Corvus c. corone, breeding census of, in Bristol 48:78 Dove, Collared Streptopelia decaocto, arrival in Bristol and spread westwards 48:77 — , Turtle S. turtur, decline in numbers 55:72 Duck, Ruddy Oxyura Jamaicensis, breeding at Chew Valley Lake 32(2): 11 5 Dunlin Calidris alpina wintering in Avon, origins and migration routes. See Clark, N. A., B90:81-85 Firecrest Regulus ignicapillus in Bristol, 34:53 — on Steep Holm, 36:75; 40:77 Flycatcher, Pied Ficedula hypoleuca, at Henbury, Bristol 35:62 Gull, Black-headed Larus ridibundus, numbers roosting at Chew Valley Lake and Sand Bay 35:57 84 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 — , Franklin's Larus pipixcan, new species for Avon B84:42 — , Herring and Lesser Black-backed, numbers breeding on rooftops 48:70 — , — , numbers breeding on Steep Holm. See Ferns, P. F. & Mudge, G. P., 35:85- 94 — , Herring Zarw5 argentatus, breeding at Church Hill, Clevedon 53:56 — , Lesser Black-backed L.fuscus, first report of rooftop breeding in Bath 33:56 — , Ring-billed L. delawarensis, new to area 40:70; 41:58; 42:70 — , various species, breeding on Steep Holm, 1980 40:22 — , — monthly counts on R. Avon, 1949-50 and 1979-80 40:49 — , — , numbers roosting at Chew Valley Lake. 40:72; B83:28-29; B93: 117-118 Hoopoe Upupa e. epops, bred in area 37:59 House Sparrow Passer domesticus as an urbanised species, see Bland, R. L. & Taylor, S. M., 48:76 Kestrels Falco tinnunculus in Bristol, see Bland, R. L., 39:42-43 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus, American plover new to area 36:55 Kite, Black Milvus migrans in Gordano Valley, 1983; new for Avon B83:15; second record, 1994 B94:35 Magpie Pica pica, breeding census, in Bristol 48: Martin, Sand Riparia riparia, breeding in Bristol on R. Frome 37:60; 38:27 Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus ,breeding on Mendip 55:75 — at Sneyd Park, Bristol 35:59 — , status in Avon and the Mendips, See Kemp, M. S., B82:49-66 Owl, Long-eared yi^/o otus, breeding on Mendip 55:74 Pipit, Tawny Anthus campestris, first recorded in area 42:74 — , Tree Anthus trivialis, breeding status on Mendip 55:74 — , — , last remaining breeding sites in Avon 55:75 Pratincole, Black-winged Glareola nordmanni, 2"'^ for Avon (first since 1964) B88:22 Redpoll Carduelis flammea, breeding on Durdham Down and in Leigh Woods, 1914 32(3):229 — breeding on Mendip 55:72 — return as breeding species 37:37 Redstart, Ehrenberg's Phoenicurus p. samamiscus, race new to Avon B89:56 Roller Coracias garrulus on Kenn Moor - new bird for Avon 36:7 1 Rookery census in Avon 40:77 in W. Mendip by H. J. Boyd, 1946 and 1996 55:76 Rooks Corvus frugilegus, breeding in Bristol 48:66 Sandpiper, Curlew Calidris ferruginea, status of See Thomas, R. G., B82:47-48 — , Marsh Tringa stagnatilis, first record in area 42:68 — , Terek Xenus cinereus, first Avon record B86:46 Shrike, Lesser Grey Lanius minor, first record in area 42:77 — , Red-backed Lanius collurio, last Mendip record, 1962 55:72 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos, decline of B93: 110-114 Starling Sturnus vulgaris, urban roosting 48:57; B93: 101-107 Stint, Little Calidris minuta, status of See Thomas, R. G., 683:47-48 Stork, Black Ciconia nigra at Chew Valley Lake, first Avon record B88: 1 1 Storks, White C. ciconia, from Denmark 32(2): 107,1 12 Tern, Caspian Sterna caspia,, first for Avon B88:36 85 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Thrush, Black-throated Turdus ruficollis atrogularis, at Victoria Park, Bristol; first Avon record B96: 123-4 Warbler, Cetti's Cettia cetti, ringed at Chew Valley Lake - first records in area 35:61; 42:76 — , — , first bred in Somerset in 1982, 55:72 — , Dartford Sylvia undata, breeding on Mendip since 1993 55:75 — , Savi's Locus tella luscinioides, new in area 40:76 — , Yellow-browed Phylloscopus inornatus, new for Avon (5 records, 1986) B86:46-47. Wagtail, Citrine Motacilla citreola, at Chew Valley Lake, first for Avon B96: 124-6 Warbler, Pallas's Phylloscopus proregulus at Wain's Hill, Clevedon; first for Avon B96: 127-8 Woodlark Lullula arborea at Sand Bay 38:52 Wren Troglodytes troglodytes from Steep Holm killed by cat near Paris 42:74 Wryneck Jynx torquilla at Westbury-on-Trym 41:60 — on Steep Holm - first for island 40:70 Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella - map of breeding distribution in Avon 40:79 BIRDS: average arrival dates for summer migrants, 1972-1995 B96:6 breeding in Blaise Woods 48:71 breeding in Bristol woodlands 48:71 effects of 1981-1982 cold spell on, 42:51-52 of Bristol. See Bland, R. L. & Taylor, S. M., 48:63-83 of Chew Valley Lake 46:16 of the Bristol Downs, 1900-1988. See Bland, R. L., 47:79 of the River Avon 46:19 ofVictoria Park, Bristol B96:ll rare and unusual in Avon, 1945 - 1995 395:103-108 seabirds in the Upper Severn Estuary B89:57-65 use of gardens by, in cold weather 42:51; 48:73 using Bristol City Docks in cold winters 48:73 visiting a Redland, Bristol garden, 1987-1996 B96: 115-122 wading, status of, on Sevemside 39:44-48 Black Down, Mendip. Recent vegetation history & pollen diagram 55:87-94 Black rat, Rattus rattus, see Rat, Black Blagdon Lake (Yeo Reservoir), natural history 46:15 — SSSI status 46:15 Blaise Woods, results of breeding bird census 48:71 Bland, R. L., A history of the Corn Bunting in Avon and on Mendip B92:97-99 — Birds of the Bristol Downs, 1900-1988 47:79-84 — , Decline of the Song Thrush B93: 108-1 14 — , Kestrels in the City of Bristol B79:42-43 — , Over-wintering warblers in Avon, 1978-9 to 1985-6 B86:49 — , The Avon Tetrad Survey of Breeding Birds B87:43-63 — & Taylor, S. M., Birdlife of Bristol 48:63 i 86 I CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 see also Taylor, S. M. Boiling Spring, historic water source, Ashley Vale, Bristol 46:1 1,12 Boloria euphrosyne (Pearl-bordered Fritillary), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(2): 134; 32(3):251; 33:31; 34:58; 36:87; 37:74; 38:51; 39:75; 40:83; 41:68,69; 42:85; 43:51; 44:44,46; 45:42; 46:52; 47:xvii,xviii; 48:xviii; 50:xvii; 52:13; 53:13; 55:xx; 55:xxiv Bombilius discolor, Dipiera [N] 39:84; 40:93 Bond, T. E. T., Bupleurum lancifolium Homem. and Bupleurum rotund ifo Hum L.(Umbelliferae) in Bristol and elsewhere 32(3):285-290 — , Polytrichum spp. at Long Ashton 35:69 Boreholes as water sources for Bristol 46: 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4 Botanic Gardens of University of Bristol, one hundred years of See Gledhill, D., 41:21-24 Boyd, H. J., Rookery census in W. Mendip, 1946 and 1996 55: 76 — , Janet, Plant galls of Mascall 's Wood and the western Mendips 55:27-38 — , J. M., Dragonflies on Mendip 55:39-44 Brachytron pratense (Hairy dragonfly), Odonata [Nb] 32(3):254; 37:78; 39:82; 40:92; 41:75; 42:92; 43:56;44:52; 45:46; 46:57; 55:39; 55:40 Bradford, R., English Nature and its conservation work in Avon 52:47-61 Bradshaw, R. & Prey, A. E. ,Geology and evolution of the Avon Gorge 47:45-64 see also Butler, M. Brandon Hill nature park, Bristol 52:46 Breadstone shales, Tortworth: trilobite Beltella re-described from 49:69 Breeding densities of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls on Steep Holm 35:85 Breeding waders of wet meadows. See Rose, H. E., 42:45-48 or B82:45-48 Briggs, D. J., Gilbertson D. D. & Hawkins, A. B., Raised beach & sub-beach deposits at Swallow Cliff Middle Hope 51:63-71 BRISTOL: Badgers Meles meles in. See Harris, S. & Cresswell, W. J., 48: 17 City, growth of 48:65 Downs, birds of, 1900-1988. See Bland, R. L., 47:79 — , historical land use as common of pasture. See Micklewright, S. D. & Frost, L. C, 47:21-26 Foxes Vulpes vulpes in. See Harris, S. & Wollard, T., 48:3 Sewage and birdlife of the tidal Avon. See Gray, B. M. J., 45: 19-24 water supply, history of. See Taylor, S. M., 46:1 1-18 Waterworks Company, first, 1696-1782 46:12 Waterworks Company, 1845 to date 46:12 Brown, D. H., Lichen flora of the lead mines at Charterhouse, Mendip hills 32(3):267-274 — & Bates, J. W. Distribution of some common lichens... 43;29-46 — , House, K. L. & David, J. C, On the identity of a Cryptogam Herbarium in Bath Geological Museum 46:43-49 Brown's Folly, downland nature reserve. See Smith, R. B. J., 52:40 — — , geological trail at, 54:57-66 Bryophytes of Steep Holm see 41:90 Bryum caespiticium var imbricatum Bryophyte new to N. Somerset 40: 1 10 Creberrimum, first Somerset record 43:72 rufifolium, new to v.c.34 37:32 87 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 BUILDING STONES: Bath Stone (Great Oolite) 48:96 Blue Lias limestone 48:95 Brandon Hill Grit 48:92 Butcombe Sandstone 45:103 Carboniferous Limestone 45: 100; 48:91 Dolomitic Conglomerate 32(3):375; 35:103; 48:94 Draycott stone and marble 32(3):275 Keuper sandstones 35:103 Old Red Sandstone 48:90 - " - . ofthe Chew Valley 35:99 ofCIifton 48:84 Pennant Sandstone 35:100; 48:93 Slate 48:99 White Lias limestone 35:107 Buddleia alternifolia, alien new to Bristol area 39:62 Bunting, Cirl, status of, in Avon & N. Mendips. See Kemp, M. S. B83:49-53 — , Com, history of, in Avon and on Mendip See Bland, R. L., B92:97-99 — , Little, Bird species new to Avon 36:33 Burrington Combe, study of an alluvial fan at. See Pounder, E. J. & Macklin, M. G., 45:29- 38 Butler, M., Shale transition at Portishead, Somerset 32(2): 15 1-1 56 — , Williams, B. P. J. & Bradshaw, R. New exposure of Old Red Sandstone - Lower Limestone Butterfly, Monarch, invasion in autumn 1981 42:84 Byfield, A. J., Ames, M. D. & Frost, L. C, Planting-up of the gallery roof in the Avon Gorge, Bristol 42:39-44 Caesalpinia spinosa, adventive legume new to Britain 41:88 Calocoris alpestris, Heteroptera first report since 1957 42:97 Campbell, A.M.G., obituary by G. E. Sweet 32(3): 196 Campanula pyramidalis (Chimney Bellflower). Alien, Bromley Heath, new for v.c. 34 55:xlvi Candelariella medians f. steepholmensis, lichen, form new to science 40:22 Cannabis sativa (Hemp) at Cumberland Basin, Bristol 43:70 Cantharisfusca, ColeoptQra [RDB3] 50:xix; 51:20; 54:23 Carboniferous era, Bristol trilobites of. 54:80,81. Carex depauperata (Starved wood sedge) in Leigh Woods, history of 42:33 Carter, R. W. G., Development and morphology of the Spartina marshes of North Somerset (South Avon) 33:79-90 Catarhoe rubidata (Ruddy Carpet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 52:16; 53:17; 54:55 Celyphawoodiana,\.Qp'\dopiQX2i [RDB2] 47:19 Centaurium capitatum (= C. erythraea var. capitatum), 2"'' record for Bristol area 33:23 Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn), Lepidoptera [Nb] 34:62; 39:78; 41:73; 46:54; 50:xviii; 51:17; 54:55 Ceriagrion tenellum (Small Red Damselfly), Odonata [Nb] 32(3):254; 46:56,57 88 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Charophytes (Stoneworts) from Bristol area 49:42 Chase, B. J., Spider fauna of Steep Holm, Addendum 32(2): 161-162 Cheddar Gorge, planning problems. See Gravestock, I. F. 46:30 CHEW VALLEY LAKE: Caspian Tern, first for Avon B88:36 census of gull roost in 983: 40:72; in 1993: B93:117 diatoms in 46: 15 importance of, for moulting waterfowl 46:16 Muntjac deer at, 46: 1 5 natural history and conservation at 46:15; 52:44-46 nature reserve at 46:16; 52:44 recreational use of, 46:17 reedbeds at 46:16 Roe deer at 46:15 SSSI status 46:16 - Chidlaw, N., High-density faults in inferior oolite, .Cotswold scarp above Wotton-u-Edge 45:23-28 Chilodes maritimus (Silky Wainscot), Lepidoptera [Nb] 37:77; 38:52; 52:17; 54:22; 54:56; 55:xxv Chipping Sodbury, mineralization at 40:36 Chrysolina violacea Coleoptera [Nb] 40:89; 42:91; 54:23 Chyliza extenuatum Diptera [RDB3] 32(2): 159 Cicerbita bourgaei alien plant new to area, 34:21; second record, 37:31 Cicindela maritima Coleoptera [Nb] 44:53; 51:18 Cirl Bunting. See Bunting, Cirl Citrullus lanatus alien plant new to area 38:44 Clark, N., Origins and migration routes of Dunlin which winter in Avon B90:8 1-85 Cleome spinosa, alien plant new to area 38:42 Clevedon Court Woods nature reserve 52:42 Clouded Yellow migrant butterfly, large invasion by 43:50 Coccinella magnifica, Co\QoptQra. [Na] 49:15 quinquepunctata, [KDB3] 49:15 Cochlearia danica (Early scurvy-grass), salt-tolerant, spreading along M5. 45:54 X officinalis first N. Somerset record for this hybrid Scurvy Grass 45:54 Coenagrion pulchellum (Variable Damselfly), Odonata [Nb] 32(2): 140; 32(3):254; 41:74,75; 42:92; 43:55; 44:55; 46:57 Colbome, G.J. et al. Temporary drift exposures on the Failand Ridge 33:91-97 Cold weather, urban gardens as bird refuge in 48:73 Cold winter, 1981-82, botanical effects..42:99 , effects on birdlife 42:51 , effects on lepidoptera 42: 83 Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto, arrival in Bristol and westward spread 48:77 Colobanthus quitensis. Alien, S. S. Great Britain 32(2):216 Colon brunneum, Coleoptera [Nb] 38:54 Colura calyptrifolia, liverwort new to v.c 6 46:71 89 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Colutea media (Orange Bladder-senna) Croscombe; alien, first record for Somerset 55:xlv Communities, intertidal, on rocky shores in Severn Estuary, see Little, C. & Smith, L. P., 38:61-67 Conistra rubiginea (DoUed Chestnut), Lepidoptera [Na] 33:33; 51:17; 53:18; 54:22; 54:56 Conservation Committee of the Society., history of 46:25 Coombs, C. F. B., see Symes, R. G. Copper... minerals from Merehead Quarry, east Mendip 34:76 Coppice, ancient, Leigh Woods 47:xxiv Coppicing in oak woodland, impact of 42:23 Cordulia aenea (Downy Emerald), Odonata [Nb] 53: 16; 54:20; 55:40 Corncrake Crex crex, killed by dog at Flax Bourton 38:12 Cosmia dijfinis (White-spotted Pinion), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 40:88; 54:51, 55 Co55W5 (Goat Moth), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(2): 139 Coughtrey, P. J., See Martin, M.H. Cowie, J. W., President, 1980-1981 Coypu, seen by River Trym, Bristol 38:xvi Crabtree, K., Recent vegetation history of Black Down 55:87-94 Crambus pratella, Lepidoptera 53:19 Crataegus pentagyna Alien hawthorn, Durdham Down - only British record 55:xlv — X prunifolia Alien hybrid Hawthorn; first record in area 47:xxx Crepis tectorum, alien plant new to Bristol area 45:60 Crow, Carrion - breeding survey of, in Bristol 48:78 Cryptocephalus aureolus, Lepidoptera [Nb] 55:xxvi CMCw///a a^5/>7//7// (The Wormwood), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Curculio rubidus, Coleoptera [Nb] 45:48 Curran, P., Peatlands of central Somerset and their utilization 37:85 Curtis, M. T., Goethite in quartz at Yate 33:73 — Mineralization of Southfields Quarry, Chipping Sodbury 40:36 — Minerals from Upper Evaporite horizon of Keuper Marl at Yate 33:73-78 — Playa cycles in the Mercia Muds tone (Keuper Marl) ofAust Cliff, Avon 42: 13 — Rhaetic-Carboniferous limestone unconformity, Southfields Quarry 40:30 Cyclophora annulata (The Mocha), Lepidoptera. [Nb] Distribution in district, 54:front cover; 51:17; 54:52, 55, 58 Cyperus flavus - Caribbean sedge new to Britain 41:82, 90 fuscus (Brown Galingale), rare sedge, in Gordano Valley 47:23 Damselflies See Dragonflies Dan-y-graig quarry, Risca, native sulphur in 43:13 Davis, A. H. & Duckworth, J. W. , Ehrenberg's Redstart in Avon B89:56 Davis, H. H., obituary by S. M. Taylor 34:14 — Mrs M. L., obituary by P. J. M. Nethercott 38:viii DEER: parks in area 38:xiii Chinese Water, 32(2): 146; 32(3):262 Fallow, 34:26; 35:43; 36:83; 37:69; 38:xiv — buck in Clifton, Bristol 35:43; 90 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Muntjac, at Chew Valley Lake 46:15 — pair introduced to Steep Holm 38:xiv numbers culled by Forestry Commission in West of England, 1990 51:27 Red :51; 34:26; 35:42; 36:83; 37:69; 38:xiv Roe 32(2):146; 33(1):67; 35:29; 36:83; 37:69; 36:83; 37:69; 38:xiv; 39:70; 46:15; 51:26 Sika, no records for Avon 51:26 Dennison, V. D., President, 1983-1984 — , obituary by R. Bradshaw 55:xi-xii — , The Mendips papers dedicated to 55:1 Deroceras agreste {Agriolimax agresiis},Mo\\usca. [Nb] 36:95 Devonshire, A. F., obituary by P. J. M. Nethercott 43:10 Diatoms in Chew Valley Lake 46: 1 5 — , epipelic, in R Avon. See Paterson, D. M. & Underwood, G .J. C. 50:74-82 Digitaria ciliaris, alien grass - first record for area 38:46 Diplocoelusfagi, Co\QoptQTa. [Nb] 53:19 Dirhagus pygmaeus, Coleoptera [RDB3] 50:xv,xx Discoloxia blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 34:61; 41:71,72; 42:88,89; 47:xix,96; 50:xviii; 52:13; 54:52, 55, 57 Ditrichum plumbicola, Bryophyte new to Somerset 40:1 10 Dolichovespula /?7e<i/a, Hymenoptera [Na] 53:13; 54:18 saxonica [RDBK] 54:18 Donacia clavipes,Co\QOTpXQr2i [Nb] 42:90 Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius 34:26; 35:29; 36:84; ^1:10; 38:xiv; 39:71 — radio-transmitter studies 54:31,32 — signs of, in Leigh Woods, Bristol - first for 10km square ST57 38:xiv Downs, Bristol, birds of the, 1900-1988. See Bland, R. L., 47:79-64 — , historical land use as common of pasture. See Micklewright, S. D. & Frost, L. C, 47:21-26 Dragonflies and damselflies, summary of status in area. See Randolph, S., 43:54 — , distribution of, in Gloucestershire. See Nicholls, S. P., 37:105=1 15 — on Mendip. See Boyd, J. M., 55:39-43 Draycott stone and marble 32(3):275 Drepanocladus exannulatus var rotae, Priddy Pools. Bryophyte variety new to v.c.6 , 40: 1 1 1 — revolvens var. intermedius - second record for v.c.6 33:30 Duckworth, J. W. See Davis, A. H. Dutch elm disease Bristol Botany in 1971 32(2):97 — and rookery sites 40:176 — and White Letter Hairstreak butterfly 40:82 Dytiscus circumflexus,Co\QOTi)XQr2L [Nb] 40:91 Earias clorana (Cream-bordered Green Pea), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:51, 55; 55:xxv • Egira compicillaris (Silver Cloud], Lepidoptera [Na] 54:54 Eilema sororcula (Orange Footman), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:55 Elaphrus uliginosus, Coleoptera [Nb] 38:54; 47:xx Eleocharis uniglumis,{^\QndQr Spike-rush) new site in N. Somerset 32(2):215, 222; 2nd record for v.c. 34 33:27 91 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Empetrum rubrum. Alien, S.S. Gt Britain 32(2):216 Emus hirtus,Co\eoptQreL [RDBl] 41:73; 44:53 Ena montana (Mountain Bullin Snail), Mollusca [RDB3] 54:24 Enargia paleacea (Angle-striped Sallow), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Endromis versicolora (Kentish Glory), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 47:95 English Nature, conservation work, in Avon. See Bradford, R., 52:47-61 Enicmus brevicornis, Coleoptera [N] 51:19 Epilobium brunnescens (New Zealand Willowherb), alien, Rowberrow Warren, New in v.c.6 55:xlv Epipactis purpurata (Violet Helleborine), orchid new to Somerset 42:104 Epistrophe diaphana, Diptera [N] 45:50 Equisetum ramosissimum (Branched Horsetail), Alien new to v.c. 6, 2nd British locality 46:69 Eragrostis cilianensis. Alien grass new to v.c. 6 38:46 neomexicana. Alien grass new to area 38:46 Eriogaster lanestris (Small Eggar), Lepidoptera [Nb] 38:52; 45:45; 51:17; 52:16; 53:17; 54:52,55, 57; 55:xxi Eriophorum latifolium (Broad-leaved Cottongrass), last reported in 1919 35:20 Essex Skipper {Thymelicus lineold), butterfly new to district, 1980 40:82 Ethmia dodecea, Lepidoptera [Nb] 53:18 Eucosmmorpha albersana, Lepidoptera [Nb], Churchill - new to Somerset? 47:xix Eulamprotes wilkella, Lepidoptera [Nb] 48:xix Eumerus ornatus, Diptera [N] 44:57 Euphyia ov/rgawrea/a (Go Idenrod Pug), Lepidoptera [Nb] 44:50 biangulata {Cloaked Carpet), [Nb] 38:53; 54:54 denotata {Campanula Pug), [Na] 33:34; 39:78; 42:90; 54:54 egenaria (Pauper Pug), [RDB3] 54:18 expallidata {Bleached Vug) [Nb] 32(2), 139; 41:72; 54:54 insigniata (Pinion-spotted Pug) [Nb] 54:54 iriguata (Marbled Pug) [Nb] 54:22; 54:54 pimpinellata (Pimpinel Pug) [Nb] 54:54 valerianata (Valerian Pug), [Nb] 33:34; 44:50; 54:55; 55:xxiv Euplectus duponti, Coleoptera [N] 51:19 Eurodryas aurinia (Marsh Fritillary), Lepidoptera [Nb] 52:13; 53:13, 17; 54:21; 55:xx, xxiv Euxoa obelisca (Square-spot Dart), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:55 Euzophera cinerosella, Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:32; 55:xxvi Evens, F. W., obituary by A. F. Devonshire 34:13 Farrant, A. R. & Smith, P. L., The geomorphic evolution of the Mendip Hills. 55: 135-158 Ferns, P. N. & Mudge, G. P. Breeding densities of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls on Steep Holm 35:85-94 Festuca rubra ssp. rubra x Vulpia myuros, hybrid grass new to v.c. 34 43:69 Festulolium braunii Bromley Heath. New in v.c 34 55:xliv Field Vole (Short-tailed Field Vole), Microtus agrestis, survey in Gordano Valley 54:33; 55:xxxiii Flies as indicators of primary woodland 45:50 Fontinalis antipyretica var cymbifolia. First record of this Bryophyte for v.c. 6 35:23 92 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Food web of invertebrates in Sevemside marshes 50:90-91 — — of invertebrates on Mendip mine spoil sites 55:105 Forficula lesnei (Lesne's Earwig), Dermaptera [Nb] 53:16; 54:20 Formica sangumea,WyYnQno^XQVdL [Nb] 36:107 FORMS NEW TO DISTRICT: Bat, Bechstein's, new to Avon 1992 51:22 — , Brandt's, new to Avon, 1972 38:x — , Nathusius's Pipistrelle, new to Avon (15th British record) 51:22 Bunting, Little 36:33 Caesalpinia spinosa, adventive legume new to Britain 41:88 Candelariella medians f. steepholmensis, lichen form new to science 40:22 Cyperus JJavus, sedge new to Britain 41:82 Essex Skipper butterfly, first confirmed record 40:82 Gull, Franklin's species new to Avon B84:42-43 — , Ring-billed 40:70; 41:58 Orchis purpurea (Lady Orchid), new to South-west England 50:xxxii Orthetrum coerulescens (Keeled Skimmer dragonfly), new to Avon 40:91 Pipit, Tawny 42:74 Plover, American Golden, new to Avon B94: 109-1 12 — , Killdeer , new to Avon 36:33 Roller, new bird to Avon 36:71 Sandpiper, Marsh, new to Avon 42:68: — , Semipalmated B90:77-80 — , Spotted, new to Avon 42:68 — , Terek B86:48 Sand Plover, Greater B79: Shearwater, Balearic, first for Avon B88:52 Shrike, Lesser Grey 42:77 Spergularia rupicola (Rock Sea-spurrey) new to v.c. 6 46:63 Spilosoma urticae (Water Ermine), Lepidoptera [Nb] 36:91 Stork, Black B88:10; B91:13 Tern, Caspian B88:36 Warbler, Great Reed B92:101-102 — ,Savi's, 1980 40:76 — , Yellow-browed; N. American bird new to Avon B86:46-47 — , Yellow-rumped; N. American bird new to Avon (2nd for British mainland) B94:112-114 Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. The Ordovician trilobite Beltella redescribed 49:69 Fox Vulpes vulpes, interaction of family groups and possibility of control of a rabies outbreak 54:34. Foxes, density of, in Bristol 39:65 — in Bristol 48:3 — , sarcoptic mange in 54:34. Franklin 's Gull at Severn Beach - a new species for Avon B84:42-43 Frey, A. E., see Bradshaw, R. Friary Wood, Freshford - indicators of primary woodland 45:50,51 93 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Frost, L. C, see Byfield, A. J. — , see Micklewright, S. D. Fumaria genus in Avon 44:15 Furcula bicuspis (Alder Kitten), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Galium fleurotii population at Cheddar [Stace regards this as G. pumilum] 37:23 Gardens, importance as bird habitat in winter 48:73 Gasterophilus intestinalis, Diptera [N] 42:96 Geoarchaeology and geology, post-glacial, Avon wetlands 50:28 Gilbertson, D. D. see Briggs, D. J. — see Colbome, G. J. e/ a/. 33:91 Gledhill, D., 100 years of the University Botanic Gardens 41:21-24 — , Plant remains from Mummy H7386 40:23 Glyphipteryx linneella, Lepidoptera [Na] 50:xix ; 55:xxv Gnaphalium undulatum (Cape Cudweed) Alien new to area 42:106 Gomphocerripus rufus (Rufous Grasshopper), Orthoptera [Nb] 52:18; 53:16; 54:20 GORGES: Avon (Clifton) 32(2): 167; 32(2): 181; 47:45 EastClevedon 32(2): 173 Frenchay 32(2): 170 i Hanham 32(2): 170 Henbury 32(2): 170 Keynsham 32(2): 177 , Rickford 32(2): 177 Tickenham Hill Valley 32(2): 1 74 Whatley 32(2): 177 Goethite in quartz at Yate 33:73 Gomphocerippus rufus (Rufous Grasshopper), Orthoptera [Nb] 37:79; 44:55 Gordano Valley, conservation problems. See Gravestock, I. F., 46:29 — National Nature Reserve 47:xxiii; 52:50 — , site in Mammal Society's National Field Vole Survey 54:37 Gorges of the Bristol District. See Hawkins, A. B., 32(2): 167 Grassland, rough, important for small mammals and Bam Owls 51:24 Gravestock, I. F., Avonmouth, the vanishing habitat 34: 105-1 1 1 — Nature conservation in the Bristol region: an account of the Work of the Society's Conservation Committee 46:25 Gray, B. M. J., Bristol's sewage and birdlife of the tidal River Avon 46: 19-24 Grenfell, A. L., obituary by A. C. Titchen 51:10 — Review of the alien and introduced plants of the Avon Gorge 47:33-44 — see Smith, P. L. — see Titchen, A. C. Grey Seal in R. Avon 36:83 — offClevedon 54: 33 — off Littleton Warth 54:33 Grimmia trochophylla var. subsquarrosa, moss new to Somerset 43:71 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa {Mo\q CrkkQt), OrthoptQra [RDBl] 42:94 94 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Guinea-pigs free-living near Langport, Somerset 55:xxxiii Gull community on Steep Holm, survey of 40:22 — , Franklin's, species new to Avon B84:42-43 — , Ring-billed, species new to Avon 40:70; 41:58 Gulls, census of Chew Valley Lake roost 40:72; B83:28-29; B93:I17-118 — nesting increasingly on urban rooftops 36:38 — , nesting on roofs, Bath & Bristol 36:66 — on tidal River Avon - counts in 1949-50 cf. 1979-80, 40:49 — , numbers breeding in Avon, 40:72 — , — on Steep Holm in 1980 40:22 Gymnostomum recurvirostrum, Bryophyte new to v.c.6 50:xl Habitats, types and extents of, in Bristol 48:69 Haematapota bigoti, Diptera [RDB2] 41:77; 43:59 Hamearis lucina (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary), Lepidoptera [Nb] 37:74,75; 39:76; 40:82:84; 41:70; 42:84, 86; 43:52; 44:47; 45:43; 46:53; 47:xviii; 48:xvii; 53:13 Hamilton, D., President 1976-1977 Hammacott, H. R. Obituaries by S. M. Taylor B95:9, 55:xii — , Swifts in a Bristol roof B85:45 — , Thirty years of Nest Records B86:52-54 Hancock, P. L., Shear zones and veins in Carboniferous Limestone near the Observatory, Clifton 32(3):297-305 Hare, Brown Lepus europaeus, decline of 54:30 — , mortality not linked to herbicide Gramoxone 50:xxiii Harris, S. & Cresswell, W. J, Bristol's Badgers 48:17-30 — & Symes, R. G. Harvest Mouse, Micromys minutus, in the Bristol area 34:63 — &Wollard, 1 Bristol's Foxes 48:3-15 Harvest Mouse in the Bristol area 34:63 Hawkins, A. B., Geology of the Avon coast 50:3-27 — , Rock slope stability in the Avon Gorge 47:65-78 — , Some Gorges of the Bristol District 32(2): 1 67-1 85 — , see Briggs, D. J. — , see Colbome, G. J. Hazel coppice woodland and Brown Long-eared Bat 55:69 Heathwaite, A. L., see Ross, S. M. Heavy metals, impact of, on Mendip 55:95-1 12 Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus, predation by Badgers Meles meles 55:xxix Helochares lividus, Coleoptera [Nb] 45:48 Hemaris fuciformis (Broad-bordered Bee-Hawkmoth), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:51,54 tityus (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawkmoth), Lepidoptera [Na] 34:61; 54:18; 54:55 Hendry, G. A. F., see Patrick, C. — , Hendry, K. & Houghton, J. Juvenile Ash Stands... 46:37 Herniaria glabra (Smooth Rupturewort) at Weston-super-Mare 43:66 Heteroptera at Long Ashton Research Station 32(3):255 Hieracium diaphanum, first confirmed record for N. Somerset 36:23 rigens, first record for v. c 6 40:104 vagum, plant new to v.c.6 (introduced) 37:24 95 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Higher Pitts Farm, mineral assemblages at 42:76; 45:17 Hill-Cottingham, M. P., Preliminary survey of the littoral fauna of the Bristol Channel 32(3):28 1-284 Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, Coleoptera [RDBK] 49:14,15 Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-buckthorn) first record for v.c. 34 44:65 Hockey, H. G., obituary by S. M. Taylor 46:9 Holloweli, Mrs A. F. Hon. Editor 55:iv, 1 — , President, 1972-1973 Hookeria lucens, Bryophyte, rediscovered in Leigh Woods 37:32 Hot spell, June 23 - July 7, 1976 36:35 Houghton, J., see Brown, D. H. — , see Hendry, G. A. F. House, K.L., see Brown, D. H. Hydaticus seminiger, ColQoptcra. [Nb] 52:19 transversal is, ColeoptQTa. [RDB3] 52:19 //Vd/re/za 5>'/va/a (Waved Carpet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Hydrochara caraboides, ColQoptQra. [RDBl] 52:19 Hydroglyphus geminus, Coleoptera [Nb] 54:23 Hydrophilus piceus,Co\QoptQra. [RDB3] 43:61; 50:xv, xix; 52:19 Hypena rostralis (Buttoned Snout), Lepidoptera [Nb] 43:54; 54:55 //>^/7e«oi/e5 /7w/w/t/a//5 (Marsh Oblique-barred), Lepidoptera [Nb] 33:33; 54:51,55 Idaea dilutaria (Silky Wave), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 36:91; 50:xv,xviii; 53:17; 54:18,21; 54:50, 53, 58; 55:xx sylvestraria (Dotted-border Wave), [Nb] 54:53 Ilyobates subopacus, ColeoptQra. [N] 51:19 Intertidal Communities on rocky shores... see Communities, intertidal Iron ore, occurrence at Yate See Curtis, M. T. 32(2): 163 ^ Isatis tinctoria (Woad), first record for Somerset since 1906 49:39 Ischonomera sanguinicollis (ColQoptQTcL) [Nb] 53:19 Jayne, A. F., Development of the "Flap" trap for live-catching small mammals 32(3):291- 296 Johnson, Thomas, 17th century botanist 44:62 Jones, G. Studies of Pipistrelle bats 53:25-26 Juncus acutus (Sharp Rush) first record for v.c. 6 48:xxviii maritimus (Sea Rush) first record east of Severn in v.c. 34 since 1869 51: 36 Kemp, M. S., Status of the Cirl Bunting in Avon and Northern Mendips B83:49-53 Kestrel, breeding sites in Bristol 48:70 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus, American plover new to area 36:55 King, B. Obituary note B87:5 Koeleria cristata x K. vallesiana First British record 34: 18 Lacy, N. T., obituary by B. Lancastle B94:9 Ladybird species in the Bristol region in the 1980s 49:14-18 Lampropteryx otregiata (Devon Carpet), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(2): 139; 33:33; 42:89; 54:54 Lancastle, B., Franklin 's Gull at Severn Beach - a new species for Avon B84:42 — , obituary of N. T. Lacy B94:9 96 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 — , Seabirds in the Upper Severn Estuary B89:57-65 Lance, H. R. H. Obituary note B89:7 Large Yellow Underwing moth, distribution map 54:49 Lasiocampa trifolii (Grass Eggar), Lepidoptera [Na} 54:53 Lasius brimneus (Brown Tree Ant), Hymenoptera [Na] 36:107; 53:20 Lathrobium pallidum, ColQoptera [RBK] 51:19 Leach, A. C, obituary by P. J. M. Nethercott 34:10 Lead and zinc in lichens. Charterhouse. See Brown, D. H., 32(3):267-274 .See also Martin, M. H. & Fawcett, K., 55:102 Lead minerals from Merehead Quarry, East Mendip 34:76 Lee, Miss R. C. President, 1989-1990 Leese, C. E., obituary 40:10 Leigh Woods, ancient character confirmed 47:xxiii — , ancient lime coppice in, 47:xxiv — , conservation management 47:29 — , historical ecology of, 47:3 — , old record of Starved Wood Sedge Carex depauperata in 42:33 — , species of Sorbus in, see Sorbus Lemna minuscula (L. minuta) (Least Duckweed) first record in S.W. Britain 48:xxxl Lenton, Elizabeth J., obituary by R. G. Symes 47:xiv — , — , posthumously awarded Mammal Society's silver medal 47:xiv Leptidea sinapis (Wood White), Lepidoptera [Nb] 32(2): 136; 32(3):252; 34:59; 35:65; 42:84; 43:50; 46:52; 47:xvi; 53:17; 55:xxiii Lewis, T. W. G., Siskins in a Nailsea garden, 1995/4 and 1994/5 B95: 1 09- 1 1 0 Libellulafulva (Scarce Chaser), Odonata [RDB3] 46:56,58; 55:xxiii Lichen Candelariella medians f steepholmensis, form new to science 40:22 — ecology on Steep Holm 44:27 — flora of lead mine soil. Charterhouse. See Brown, D. H., 32(3):267-274 Lichens, common, in Bristol area 43: 29 — of Steep Holm see 41:90 Licinus depressus, ColQoptera. [Nb] 44:53 Lime coppice, ancient, Leigh Woods 47:xxiv LIMESTONE, CARBONIFEROUS: as building stone 35: 100; 48: 91 Old Red Sandstone transition to, at Portishead 32(2): 151 Shear zones and veins in, near Observatory, Clifton 32(3): 297 Unconformity with Rhaetic at Chipping Sodbury 40: 30 Limosella aquatica (Mudwort) on shore of Chew Valley Lake 55:xxxix & xlii. Linaria supina. Alien toadflax new to Bristol region 42: 106 — X dominii (L. purpurea x L. repens) hybrid toadflax new to area 40: 103 Line of Works aqueduct 46:12 Little, C, Animals of Severn Estuary salt marshes 50:83-94 — , Review of Nature in Wales 46:60 — & Grenfell, A., Obituary of T. E. Thompson 49:10 Lolium rigidum (Mediterranean Rye-grass), Alien grass new to v.c.6 38:45 Longitarsus nigerrimus, Coleoptera [RDBl] 47:xx 97 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Lovatt, C. M., Historical ecology of Leigh Woods, Bristol 47:3-20 — , Starved Woods edge in Avon Gorge 42:33 — , The Rubi of the Avon Gorge 40: 1 3 Lower Woods, history of 53:52-54 — , orchids in. see Penistan, M. J., 46:33 — juvenile Ash stands in. See Hendry, G. A. F. et al., 46:37 Lysandya bellargus (Adonis Blue), Lepidoptera [Nb] 36:89; 43:49,53; 44:45,48; 53:13,17; 55:xx; 55:47 Macklin, M. G. see Pounder, E. J. Magpies in Bristol, breeding survey 48:78 Malope trifida, malvaceous alien plant, new to Bristol area 49:39 Mammal survey, report on 32:141 Manganese minerals from Merehead Quarry, East Mendip 34:76 Martin, M. H., A history ofSpartina on the Avon coast 50:47-56 — & Beckett, C. L., Heavy metal pollution in the Severn Estuary 50:105-1 12 — & Fawcett, K. M. Biological implications of heavy metals in the Mendips 55:95- 1 12 — & Martin, R. M. Effects of coppicing on the vegetation of the field and ground layers of an ancient woodland, Lower Wetmoor Wood 53:73-84 — & Taylor, S. M., Lower Wetmoor Wood, an introduction 53:47-58 — , Coughtry P. & Ward, P., Historical aspects of heavy metal pollution in the Gordano Valley 37:91 Martin, Sand, breeding in Bristol 37:60; 38:27 McOmie, J., President, 1978-1979 Mecyna asinalis, Lepidoptera [Nb] 36:92 fluvialis, Lepidoptera [RDB2] 54:23 Meganola strigula (Small Black Arches) [Na] 54:54 Melandrya caraboides, ColQoptQrsL [Nb] 54:23; 55:xxvi Melanotekite, mineral new to Britain, at E. Mendip & Westbury-on-Trym 45:1 1 Melitaea cinxia (Glanville Fritillary), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 50:xvii; 54:18 Meloe violaceus, Coleoptera [Nb] 39:80 MENDIP HILLS agriculture on. See Williams, R., 55:79-86 birdlife of, see Taylor, S. M. & Bland, R. L., 55:71-78 Bog-rosemary extinct on, 49:36 botanical walks on, see Allen, K. C, 55:3-18 caves, formation and geomorphology, see Farrant, A. R. & Smith, P. L., 55: 140-148 Girl Bunting, decline of, see Kemp, M. S., B83:49-53 creatures under logs and stones, see Williams, R., 55:45-54 damselflies and dragonflies on, see Boyd, J. M., 55:39-44 geological history, see Simms, M. J., 55: 1 13-134 geology, simple outline, see Martin, M. H. & Fawcett, K.M., 55:95-97 geomorphology, see Farrant, A. R. & Smith, P. L., 55:135-158 heavy metals in soils, biological implications of, see Martin, M. H. & Fawcett, K.M., 55:95-112 lead-zinc-silica mineralization in, see Stanton, W. I., 41:25 Longwood, near Cheddar, site in Mammal Society's Small Rodent Survey 54:33 98 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 plant galls, see Boyd, Janet, 55:27-38 vegetation history, see Crabtree, K., 55:87-96 Merehead Quarry, copper, lead and manganese from, see Alabaster, C. Merritt, A., Avon Wildlife Trust and its nature reserves 52:37-46 — . Balearic Shearwater in Avon B88:9, 52 — , The changing face of Avon in the 1980s - effects of a decade of development B90:89- 91 — , See sequel: Martin, J. P. The changing face of Avon - an update B94: 1 1 8 Metal tolerance in higher plants, mechanisms of, see Martin, M. H. & Fawcett, K.M., 55:95- 112 Metallophyte plants on Mendip mining sites, see Martin, M. H. & Fawcett, K.M., 55:95- 112 Metasyrphus latilunulatus, Diptera [N] 44:57 Metrioptera brachyptera (Bog Bush-cnckQt),OnhopteTa. [Nb] 37:79; 42:94 Mettam, C. Stratification in the Severn Estuary: photographic evidence 37:99 Micklewright, S. D., Nature's place in the Avon Gorge 47:27-32 — & L. C. Frost, Historical land use of the Bristol Downs as common of pasture 47:21- 26 Micromys minutus (Harvest Mouse) 34:63 MINERALIZATION: Barytes 44:13 Copper - lead - manganese 34:76 Iron - manganese 34:76; 45:1 1; 45:17 Lead - zinc - barium 35:73 Lead - zinc - silica 41:25 Sphalerite - galena - barite - pyrite 40:36 at Chipping Sodbury 40:36 MINERALS: Goethite in quartz at Yate 33:73 Melanotekite, new to UK 45: 1 1 Native sulphur 43:13 Phosgenite at Clevedon 44:13 Plattnerite, new to Bristol district 45: 1 7 Mink Zw/reo/a /wrreo/a, number killed in Avon, 1991 51:26 — , recent records of 32(2): 144; 39:69 Minoa murinata (Drab Looper), Lepidoptera [Nb] 52:16; 54:54 Minuartia verna (Spring Sandwort) on Mendip mining sites 55:11 & 101-103. Mistletoe, growth & establishment of See Smith, P. L., 41:15-20 Mole-cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa reported, Westbury-on-Trym 42:94 Mouse, House, thought to be cause of fire at Eastville Stadium, Bristol 54:3 1 Mudge, G. P., see Ferns, P. N. Mudstone, Mercia, at Aust Cliff: Playa cycles in 42:13 Munro Smith, D., obituary of, 32(2): 149 99 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Muntjac deer 32(2): 1 46; 38:xiv; 52:22 Mutilla europaea (Velvet Ant), Hymenoptera [Nb] 53:20; 55:47 Myrmica schencki, Hymenoptera [Nb] 55:47 Mythimna litoralis (Shore Wainscot), Lepidoptera [Nb] 52:17; 54:22; 54:56 NATURE RESERVES: - Avon Gorge NNR 52:50 Blackmoor, Mendip 55:11 Black Rock and Black Rock Drove, Mendip 55:9 Brandon Hill, Bristol 52:46 Brown's Folly 52:40 " - ■ Chew Valley Lake 46: 1 6; 52:44 Clevedon Court Woods 52:42 -.-^ . " . Dolebury Warren 52:39 Draycott Sleights, Mendip 55:10 Stockwood Open Space, Bristol 52:40 Ubley Warren, Mendip 55:1 1 Weston Moor 52:43 Wetmoor, Lower Woods, Wickwar 42:23 Nature trail in Ashton Park, Bristol . See Gravestock, I. F., 46:26 at Brown's Folly, Bath . See Smith, R. B. J., 54:57-64 , Frome Valley, Bristol. See Gravestock, L F., 46:26 Nebria complanata, CohoptQva. [Na] 38:54; 43:60; 50:xix Nethercott, P. J. M., J. L. Knapp's 'Gramina Britannica' - its local interest 36:1 13-1 17 — , obituary of A. C. Leach 34:10 — , obituary of A. F. Devonshire 43:10 — , obituary of D. D. Munro Smith 32(2): 149 — , obituary of Mrs M. L. Davis 38:vii — , Proceedings of the Society, first series, 1862 - 1865 33:99-103 Neville, A. C, book review: 41: 35 Nicholls, S. P., A survey of the dragonflies of Gloucestershire, with notes on th eir distribution and habits 37: 1 05 Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus, nesting at Abbots Leigh, 1972 - first breeding record for 20 years 32(3):247 , photograph (by J. H. Savory) of one on nest. Abbots Leigh, 1930 32(3): facing 229 Noctua orbona (Lunar Yellow Underwing), Lepidoptera [Na] 51:17; 52:17; 54:56 pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing), Lepidoptera. Distribution map 54:49. Nomada hirtipes, Hymenoptera [RDB3] 47:xxii Nymphalis polychloros (Large Tortoiseshell), Lepidoptera [RDBl] 41: 68,69; 42:84,85; 43:49,51; 44:45,46; 45:41; 46:52; 54:18 OBITUARIES: Appleyard, Mrs J., note by A. J. Willis 49:32 Batty, K. T. F. M., by I. F. Gravestock 46:9-10 Billett, A. E.. Note by S. M. Taylor B89:7 Campbell, A. M. G., by G. E. Sweet 32(3): 196 Davis, H.H., by S.M.Taylor 33:14 100 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Davis, Mrs M. L., by P. J. M. Nethercott 38:vii Dennison, V. D., by R. Bradshaw 55:x-xi. Devonshire, A. F., by P. J. M. Nethercott 43:10 Evens, F. W., by A. F. Devonshire 33:13 Grenfell, A. L., by A. C. Titchen 51:10 Hammacott, H. R. by S. M. Taylor 55:9-10 Hockey, H. G., by S. M. Taylor 44:1 1 Lacy, N. T., by B. Lancastle B94:9 Ladhams, D., by R. J. Prytherch B95:10 Lance, H. R. H. Note by S. M. Taylor B89:7 Leach, A. C, by P. J. M. Nethercott 34:10 Leese, C. E., 40:10 Lenton, Elizabeth J., by R. G. Symes 47:xiv Munro Smith, D. D, by P. J. M. Nethercott 32(2): 149 Phillips, F. Coles, 42:11 Ross, F. Stenhouse, by C. E. Leese 35:13 Salter, C. B., by M. L. K. Curtis 32(2): 150 Scott, Sir Peter. Note by S. M. Taylor B89:7 Skene, Macgregor, by A. J. Willis 33:1 1 Smith, D. D. Munro, see Munro Smith, D. D. Thompson, T. E., by C. Little & A. L. Grenfell 49:10 Tucker, Laurel A. Note. B86:6 Turner, H.W., 42:13 Wallis, F. S., by R. J. G. Savage 39:xii Ochropleura praecox (Portland Moth), Lepidoptera [Nb] 44:49 Old Red Sandstone, boundary with Carboniferous 32(2): 151 Omalophia ruricola, Coleoptera [Nb] 55:xxvi Omocestus rufipes (Woodland Grasshopper), Orthoptera [Nb] 45:49; 51:18; 53:16; 54:20 Oncomerafemorata,Co\QoptQT2L [Nb] 50:xix; 53:19; 54:23 Opatrum sabulosum, Co\QoptQT2L [Nb] 51:19; 54:23 Oolite, post inferior, mineralization of, at Whatley Quarry 35:73 Ophrys sphegodes (Early Spider-orchid) first record for v.c. 34 35:19 X pietzschii {O. apifera x O. insectiferd) determination of orchid hybrid recorded Bristol Botany in \96% 36:24 Orchis purpurea (Lady Orchid), Avon Gorge - first record for S.W England 50:xxxvii Or/a /?7M5cw/c»5a (Brighton Wainscot), Lepdioptera [Na] 36:91 Ornithological recording, new arrangements in south Avon 38: 4 Orthonevra geniculata, DiptQra. [N] 44:57 Orthotrichum cupulatum var. nudum, Bryophyte - first record, v.c. 6 34:14, 22 Otters, evidence for recovery in numbers 50:xxvi — , evidence of, in area 36:82; 37:69; 39:70 Owens, R. M., The trilobites of the Bristol district 54:67-84 — , See Fortey, R. A. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse Chestnut Moth), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Pammene fasciana, Lepidoptera [Nb] 55:xxv Panagaeus bipustulatus, Coleoptera [Nb] 53.19 101 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Pancal ia leuwenhoekella , Lepidoptera [Nb] 52:17 P anicum dichotomiflorum, alien grass new to Bristol area 39:64 Paraclusia tigrina, Diptera [RDB2] 38:58 Pareulype berberata (Barberry Carpet), Lepidoptera [RDBl] 54:54 Parsons, A. J., Notes on some invertebrates on Steep Holm 36:93-111 — , Steep Holm, 1980 40:22 Paterson, D. M. & Underwood, G. C, The mudflat ecosystem and epipelic diatoms 50:74-82 Patrick, C. & Hendry, G. A. F., Impact of coppicing on ..woodland 42:23 Payne, R. M., President, 1985-1986 Peat profile. Black Down, Mendip. See Crabtree, K., 55:89-92 , Gordano Valley. See Martin, M. H. et al., 37:94 Peat stratigraphy and chemistry. West Sedgemoor See Ross, S. M. & Heathwaite, A. L., 44:19-26 Peatlands of Central Somerset. See Curran, P., 37:85-90 Pechipogo strigulata (Common Fan-foot), Lepidoptera [Na] 54:55 Pediasia aridella (Lepidoptera) [Nb] 55:xxv Penistan, M. J., A watch on orchids in the Lower Woods 46:33-36 Pennant Sandstone of Portishead. See Stead, J. T. G. & Williams, B. P.J., 32(3):307-314 Perconia strigillaria (Grass Wave), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:55 Peregrine, D. H. President, 1974-1975 Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Pests, wildlife, in urban Avon See Symes, R. G. & Coombs, C. F. B., 48:53-62 Petasites Japonicus, alien plant new to v.c. 34 34: 13, 2 1 Phalaris aquatica (Bulbous Canary-grass) alien grass new to v.c. 6 40: 109 Pherbellia dorsata,D\ptera [N] 43:60 grisescens, [N] 43:60 Phibalapteryx virgata (Oblique-striped), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:55; 55:xxiv Phillips, F. Coles, obituary 42:11 Phosgenite at Clevedon 44:13 ~ \ Phytoecia cylindrica, Coleoptera [Nb] 54:23 Pipit, Red-throated Anthus cervinus, bird new to Somerset (and Avon) in 1973 33:62; 41:61 — , Tawny Anthus campestris, bird new to Avon 42:74 Pipizella virens, Diptera [N] 44:57 Plagiochila killarniensis, Bryophyte new to v.c. 6 37:3 1 Plant galls on Mendip. See Boyd, Janet, 55:27-38 Plattnerite, mineral 45:17 Platycleis albopunctata (Grey Bush-cricket), Orthoptera [Nb] 37:79 Platycnemus pennipes (White-legged Damselfly), Odonata [Nb} 53:16; 54:20 Platyeumaris braccata, Coleoptera [Na] 54:23 Platygyrium repens, rare Bryophyte, new to Somerset 38:48 Platyrrhinus resinosus, Coleoptera [Nb] 44:54 Playa cycles at Aust Cliff 42: 1 3 Plebejus argus, Lepidoptera (Silver-studded Blue) [Nb] 42:87; 43: 49,52 Plegaderus dissectus, ColQoptQra [Nb] 51:18 Plover, Killdeer, bird new to Avon 36:55 Pollen diagram. East Twin Brook, Mendip 55:90-91 Polytrichum nanum, BryophytQ, second record for w.c. 6 32(3):224 Polytrichum spp. in an apple orchard on herbicide-treated soil 35:69-72 102 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Porpoise Phocena phocena off Brean Down, 32(2): 148 — corpse in Bridgwater Bay 36:84 Portishead, Old Red Sandstone to Carboniferous transition at, 32(2): 151 — , Pennant Sandstone of 32(3):307; 39:83; 40:93; 47:xxi; 50:xix Post inferior oolite mineralization at Whatley Quarry, east Mendip 35:73-84 Pottia crinita, Bryophyte new to v.c. 6 37:32 Pounder, E. J. & M. G. Macklin, The alluvial fan at Burrington Combe... Morphology and Development 45: 29 Pratincole, Black-winged Glareola nordmanni, 2"'' for Avon B89:22 Primary woodland, indicators of - see Friary Wood, 45:50-51 Prince, J. G., President, 1982 Prionichus ater, Co\QoptQTa [Nb] 44:54 Proceedings of the Society, First Series, 1862 - 1865 33:98 Pseudocistela ceramboides, Coleoptera pMb] 50:xx; 54:23 Pisidium pseudosphaerium (False Orb Pea Mussel), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 53:21 P. pulchellum (Iridescent Pea Mussel) pMb] 54:25 Psycoides filicivora, Lepidoptera [Nb] 50:xviii; 55:xxv Pterostichus anthricinus, Coleoptera [Nb] 38:54 Ptinomorphus imperialis, Coleoptera [Nb] 44:54 Puccinellia fasciculata (Borrer's Saltmarsh-grass) first record for v.c. 6 41:88 Pyrochroa coccinea, Coleoptera [Nb] 55:xxvi QUARRIES: Avon Gorge 47:45; 47:65 Bryscombe, Draycott 32(3):275 Coombe Farm, Westbury-on-Trym 45: 1 1 Dan-y-graig, Risca, S. Wales 43:13 Lulsgate 41:5 Merehead, East Mendip 34:73,76; 45:11,17 Southfields, Chipping Sodbury 40:30,36 Stancombe, Flax Bourton 43:13 Sutton Hill, Bishop Sutton 35:99 Temple Cloud 35:99 Whatley 34:73; 35:73 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Viral haemorrhagic disease in 54:30. Raised beach and ... deposits at Swallow Cliff, Middle Hope 51:63 Rat, Black (Ship Rat) Rattus rattus, close to extinction 50:xxiv — , — , in Bristol, 32: 36:84 — , — , Lundy I. has nearest colony to Bristol 51:24 Recurvaria leucatella, Lepidoptera [Nb] 55:xxv Redpoll Carduelis flammea, breeding, Durdham Down and in Leigh Woods, Bristol, 1914 32(3):229 — , breeding on Mendips 55:72 — , return as breeding bird 37:37 Redstart, Ehrenberg's, race new to Avon B99:56 Reedbeds at Chew Valley Lake 46: 1 6 Reptiles and amphibians on Mendip 55:55-62 103 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Reservoirs serving Bristol 46:15 REVIEWS: " Avery, R. A., of Field and Moor by J. Burton 35:31 Avery, R. A., of Limestones and Caves of the Mendip Hills, by D. I. Smith et al., 34:56 Boyce, P. S. H., of Exmoor Handbook and Gazetteer by N. V. Allen 33:98 Cowie, J. W., of Exmoor Handbook and Gazetteer by N. V. Allen 32(2): 1 56 Bradshaw, R., of Snow and Storm on Exmoor by J. Hurley 32(3):306 Little, C, of journal Nature in Wales 46:60 Neville, A. C, of The Oxford Book of Insects by J. Burton et al. 41:35 Taylor, S. M., of The trees of Britain and Northern Europe by A. Mitchell & J. Wilkinson 51:62 Rhaetic - Carboniferous Limestone unconformity, Southfields Quarry 40:30 Rhantus grapii, Coleoptera. [Nb] 43:61 Rhantus suturalis, Coleoptera [Nb] 38:54 Rheumaptera hastata (Argent and Sable), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:54 Rhynchites cavifrons,Co\QO'()iQr2i [Nb] 51:19 Rhyparachromus pini,HQm'iptera [Nb] 44:54 Riolus subviolaceus, Coleoptera [Nb] 52:19 Rock,?., Roof-nesting gulls in Central Bristol B83:42-43 Roller, new bird to Avon 36:71 Rook, breeding census in Avon 35:38; 40:77; B95: 11 5-1 16 — , history of breeding in City of Bristol 48:66 Rorippa austriaca alien plant, new to Bristol district 34:13, 19 Rosa canina x R. afzeliana hybrid rose new to area 47:xxvii rubiginosa x R. stylosa hybrid rose, second British record 48:xxv Rose, H. E., Avon's rare and unusual birds, 1945 to 1995 695:103-108 — , Birds of the Avon Gorge 47:85-91 — , Birds of the Avon shore 50:95- 1 04 — , Breeding waders of wet meadows survey, \9^2 42:45-48 — , Numbers of gulls on tidal R. Avon, 1949-50 and 1979-80, 40:49 & B80:6 — , Unusual bird records for Avon, 1945 to 1985 B85:47-50 Ross, F. Stenhouse, obituary by C. E. Leese 35:13 Ross, S. M. & Heathwaite, A., West Sedgemoor - its peat stratigraphy and peat chemistry 43:19-25 Rubi of the Avon Gorge 40: 1 3 Rubus villicauliformis, first record for this bramble outside Devon & Cornwall 42: 102 Rumex conglomeratus x R. obtusifolius new to v.c. 34 41:86 knafii at Meare Heath, new for Somerset 55:xlii lousleyi at Sand Bay, first record for v.c. 6 55:xlii Russell, R. D., Agriculture on the Mendips 55:79-86 Sabra harpagula (Scarce Hook-tip), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 47:95; 54: 18 Salebriopis albicilla , Lepidoptera [RDB3 ] 54: 1 8; Salicornia obscura (Glaucous Glasswort) new to v.c. 6 and v.c. 34 51:32 Salt marsh, Berrow, Somerset 50:57-73 104 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 — marshes of Severn Estuary, animals of 50:83 Salter, C. B., obituary by M. L. K. Curtis 32(2): 150 Sand Martin, see Martin, Sand Sandpiper, Marsh, bird new to Avon 42:68 — , Spotted, bird new to Avon 42:68 Saprinus cuspidatus, Coleoptera [Nb] 45:48 Savage, R. J. G., Building stones of Clifton 48:84-104 — , obituary of F. S. Wallace 39:ii Schoenobius gigantella , Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:22 5c/2ra«A:/t7/aema//5 (White-lined Snout), [Nb] 54:22; 54:55 Sciocoris cursitans, Hemiptera [Nb] 38:59; 39:86; 54:21; 55:xxiii Scirpus (= Schoenoplectus) tabernaemontani (Grey Club-rush) - 2nd record for v.c. 34 34:18 Scirtes orbicularis, Coleoptera [Na] 54:23 Scopula emutaria (Rosy Wave), Lepidoptera [Nb] 39:77, IS Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet), [Nb] 51:17; 52:16; 53:17; 54:22; 54:55 Scott, Sir Peter. Obituary note B89:7 Seal, Grey at Sea Mills, R. Avon 36:83 — , (?) off Littleton Warth 54:33 — , off Oldbury Power Station 39:70 Sedge, Starved Wood Carex depauperata, old record in Leigh Woods 42:33 Senecio x londinensis (S. squalidus x S. vise osus), hybrid new to area 42: 103 Sepedophilus marshami, Coleoptera [N] ^e/ar/a/a^m, alien grass new to v.c. 34 43:71 Sewage disposal schemes in Bristol 46:19,20 via Rivers Avon and Frome - history 46:19 Shearwater, Balearic, in Avon B88:9,52 Sheep, Soay, in Cheddar Gorge 55:67 Shipham, Cadmium in soil at, 55:107-8 Shiplate Slait, survey by Society, 1965-67 See Gravestock, I. F., 46:25 Ship rat, see Rat, Black Shrike, Lesser Grey, bird new to Avon 42:77 — , Red-backed, now rare vagrant; one at Frampton Cotterell B89:48 Sideritis albicolon (White Colon), Lepidoptera [Nb] 41:72; 45:45; 54:56 Silene uniflora (Sea Campion) on Mendip mining sites 55:1 1 & 101-103 Silis ruficollis, Coleoptera [Nb] 45:48; 54:23 Simms, M. J,, Geological history of the Mendip Hills and their margins, 55: 1 13-134 Skene, Macgregor, obituary by A. J. Willis 34: 1 1 Small mammals in farm hedgerows, survey of, see Trump, 1991. — rodents in woodland, survey of 54:32. Smart, P. L., see Farrant, A. R. Smith, K. G. v.. The Diptera (Insecta) of Steep Holm 32(2): 157- 160 Smith, L. P, ...Inter-tidal rocky shore algae in the Severn Estuary 36:69 — & Little, C, Inter-tidal communities on rocky shores in Severn Estuary 38:61 Smith, P. L., Growth and establishment of Mistletoe 42: 1 5 — & A. L. Grenfell, The genus Fumaria in Avon 44: 1 5 — , R. B. J., The Brown 's Folly geological Trail, a geological conservation project in the Bath area, 54:57-66 105 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Snail holes in Mendip limestone 44:15 Solanum americanum, alien Nightshade new to Bristol area 44:70 Solarium melonga (Aubergine), alien new to area 44:70 Solidago canadensis x S. virgaurea (S. niederederi) plant new to area, possibly 2"'^ British record 40:104 Song Thrush, decline of, 393:108-114 Sorbus.croceocarpa, new name for whitebeam taxon in Avon Gorge and Sneyd Park, Bristol (sQQ S. devoniensis) 49:35 devoniensis in Avon Gorge 46:64. See also S. croceocarpa latifolia (sensu stricto), in Avon Gorge 38:38 X confusa confirmation of record in Weston Big Wood 38:37 — , species of, in area, 43:64,67; 44:65; 46:64 Southfields Quarry, Chipping Sodbury, mineralization at 40:36 — , unconformity at 40:30 Spartina anglica (Common Cord-grass) 37:26 — — on the Avon coast. See Martin, M. H., 50:47 Spergulaha rupicola (Rock Sea-spurrey) plant new to v.c. 6 46:63 5/7//o5oma wr//cae (Water Ermine), Lepidoptera [Nb] 36:91; 54:54 Squirrel, Grey Sciurus carol inensis: damage to conifers by, and contraceptive vaccine for, 54:31. Stancombe Quarry, native sulphur in 43:13 Stanton, W. I., Ancient ponds and farm water supplies 55:19-26 — , Further field evidence of the age and origin of the lead-zinc-silica mineralization of the Mendip region 41:25-34 — , Snail holes in Mendip limestone 44: 15 Starkey, R. E., Phosgenite from Clevedon, Avon 44:13 Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, indications of decline in numbers B89:6 — roosts in City of Bristol, winter 1992-93 B93: 101-109 Starved Wood Sedge Carex depauperata, old record for Leigh Woods 42:33 Stead, J. T. G. & Williams, B. P. J., Pennant Sandstone of Portishead 32(3):307-3 14 STEEP HOLM: first record of Wryneck /■or^w///a 40:74 introduction of Muntjac deer 38:xiv lichen form new to science on 40:22 survey of gull colony 40:22 Diptera (Insecta) 32(2): 157 Stenostola dubia, Coleoptera [Nb] 50:xx Stethophyma grossum (Large Marsh Grasshopper), Orthoptera [RDB2] 37:79; Stockwood Open Space, grassland nature reserve 52:40 Stork, Black, first for Avon, B88:10 ; second, B92:13 Stratiomys chamaeleon,DipiQr?L [RDBl] 42:95 potamida, [N] 43:59 Street trees in Bristol, introduction to, see Grenfell, A. G. & Titchen, A. C. 51:41 Strong, L., Extensive damage to Mummy H7386 by dermestid beetles 40:27 Sulphur, native, at Flax Bourton and Risca, S. Wales 43:13 Sweet, G. E., obituary of A. M. G. Campbell 32(3): 196 106 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Swift, Common - history of a colony in a Bristol roof B85:45 Symes, R. G., obituary of Elizabeth J. Lenton 47:xiv — , . See Harris, S. — , President, 1991-1992 — &. Coombs, C. F. B, Wildlife as pests in urban Avon 48:53 Sympetrum sanguineum (Ruddy Darter), Odonata [Nb] 52: 1 8; 53: 1 6; 55:4 1 Synanthedon andrenaeformis (Orange-tailed Clearwing), Lepidoptera [Nb] 54:53 formicaeformis (Red-tipped Clearwing) [Nb] 54:53 myopaeformis (Red-belted Clearwing) [Na] 39:77,79 r//7w///brm/5 (Currant Clearwing) [Nb] 53: 17; 54:21; 54:53; 55:xxiv Tabanus bromius, Diptera [RDBK] 39:84 Taraxacum atactum. Dandelion new to v.c. 6 44:67 pseudohamatum. Dandelion new to v.c. 34 44:67 stenacrum. Dandelion new to v.c. 34 44:67 Taylor, S. M., Bristol's water supply - history and environmental aspects 46: 11-1 8 — . obituary of H. G. Hockey 46:9 — , obituary of H. H. Davis 34:14 — , President, 1970-1971 — , Requiem for a small marsh B86:6 — , review of Trees of Britain and Northern Europe by A. Mitchell & J. Wilkinson 51:62 — & Bland, R. L., Notes on Mendip Birdlife 55:7 1 -78 — , & Taylor, M. V. G. , The oaks of Lower Wetmoor Wood, I 53:59-72 — , see Bland, R. L. Telephila schmidtiella, Lepidoptera [Nb] 53: 1 8; 54: 1 2 Tern, Caspian, first for Avon, B88:36 Tethea or (Poplar Lutestring), Lepidoptera [Nb] 44:49 Tetheella fluctuosa (Satin Lutestring), [Nb] 46:54; 47:xix,95; 54:21; 54:53 Tetrix subulata (Slender Groundhopper), Orthoptera. [Nb] 39:84; 50:xix r/jec/a (Brown Hairstreak), Lepidoptera [Nb] 37:74; 38:50; 39:74,76; 40:81,84; 41:70; 42:86; 43:50; 45:43; 46:53; 48:xvi Thera juniperata (Juniper Carpet), moth rare in district but common nationally, 54:5 1,58. Thlaspi caerulescens (Alpine Penny-cress) on Mendip mining sites 55: 1 1 & 101-103 Thomas, R. G., Status of waders on Severnside 39:44-48 Thompson, T. E., obituary by C. Little &. A. L. Grenfell ,49:10 — , President, 1987 - 1988 Tilia platyphyllos (Large-leaved Lime), Leigh Woods, first record for area 33: 1 8, 20-2 1 Titchen, A. C. & the late A. L. Grenfell, Introduction to street trees in Bristol 51:41 Tortella inflexa, Bryophyte new to v.c. 34 38:47 Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped), Lepidoptera [Na] 47:95 Trifolium suffocatum (Suffocated Clover) at Weston-super-Mare 43:66 Tr inodes hirtus, ColQoptQra [RDB3] 53:19 Trout fishing at Bristol reservoirs 46: 1 7 Trump, D. P. C, Small mammals in a species-rich hedgerow in Avon 49:43-54 Tucker, Laurel A. Obituary note. B86:6 Tully, J. F., Starling roosts in the City of Bristol, September 1992 to April J 993 B93:101- 103 Turner, H. W., obituary by R. J. G. Savage 41:13 107 CROSS-REFERENCED INDEX, 1971-1995 Tyta luctuosa (Four Spotted ), Lepidoptera [RDB3] 54:51, 55 Underwood, G. C, see Paterson, D. M. University of Bristol Botanic Gardens, a hundred years of. See Gledhill, D., 41:21 Urophora solstitialis,Diptera [RDB3] 44:58 Violet Helleborine, orchid new to Somerset, 1981 42:104 Volucella inflata, Diptera [N] 38:57; 40:94; 41:78; 42:96; 43:59; 44:57; 45:50 zonaria [N] 37:82; 38:58; 42:96; 44:57; 45:50 Waders breeding in wet meadows - survey of 42:45 Waders on Sevemside, status of, 39:44 Wallis, F. S., Draycott stone and marble, Somerset 32(3):275-280 — , obituary by R. J. G. Savage 39:ii Warbler, Great Reed, new to Avon B92: 101-102 — , Savi's, new to Avon 40:76 — , Yellow-browed, new for Avon. B86:46-47 — . Yellow-rumped, new for Avon, 2"^^ for British mainland B94: 112-114 Ward, P., see Martin, M. H. Water Vole, Arvicola terrestris, decline in numbers 49:27; 54:32 Weeks, A. H. & Poole, K. H., Notes on entomology of Avon Gorge 47:93 Weissia levieri, Bryophyte, first record in Britain, Brean Down 32(2):216 Weston Moor nature reserve. See Merritt, A. 52:43-44 West Sedgemoor, peat stratigraphy and chemistry. See Ross, S. M. & Heathwaite, A. L., 44:19-26 Wetmoor woodland nature reserve. Lower Woods, Hawkesbury, history of, 53:47 — , effects of coppicing on field and ground layers 53:73 — , impact of coppicing on, 42:23 — , juvenile ash stands in, 46:37 — , oaks of, 53:59-72. Whale, Lesser Rorqual, stranded at Beachley, 1971 38:x Whitebeam, see Sorbus Wightman, J. A., Heteroptera taken at Long Ashton Research Station 32(3):255 Wildlife as pests in Urban Avon. See Symes, R. G. & Coombs, C. F. B., 48:53-62 Williams, B. P. J., see Butler, M. Williams, Robin, Creatures under logs and stones [on Mendip], 55:45-54 Willis, A. J. Bristol Botany, Annual reports in Proceedings. — , Development and vegetational history of Berrow salt marsh 50:57-73 — , Effects of the addition of mineral nutrients on the vegetation of the Avon Gorge 49:55- 68 Winter, flocks of waterfowl at reservoirs in, 46: 16 — , use of urban gardens by birds in, 48:73 Woodpigeon, distribution of, in Bristol, 48:79 Woods, M., Mammals on Mendip 95:63-70 Wright, M. A., obituary note B87:5 Wryneck, first record for Steep Holm, 40:70 — in Bristol, 41:60 Xestia rhomboidea (Square-spotted Clay), Lepidoptera [Nb] 41:72; 42:90 rhomboidea (Square-spotted Clay), [Nb] 54:54 Xylota coeruleiventris, Diptera [N] 43:59 Yellowhammer, breeding distribution in Avon, 1975-1980 (map) 40:79 108 ERRATA and ADDENDA NA TURE IN A VON , the PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NA TURALISTS' SOCIETY, Vol. 55 for 1995 and Special Issue No. 4, 'THE MENDIP HILLS' (reprinted from Vol. 55) P. 1 The words 'economic pressure' should be added to the last line on the page. Pp. 4-8 The author's name, K. C. Allen, should have appeared in the headers to the left-hand pages. Pp. 42 & 45. In each case the end of the last line of the first paragraph was inadvertently detached and moved down. P. 45 second paragraph: delete 'night' from second line. P. 47 third paragraph. The last two lines should read the exotic Velvet Ant, Mutilla europaea, which parasitises bumblebees; the females are wingless and ... (Note: M. europaea is not an ant)'. P. 52 End of third paragraph, after '...with Chinery's 1993 GUIDE', add 'Richmond Publishing maintain their high standard with ANIMALS UNDER LOGS AND STONES by C. P. Wheater and H. T. Read, 1996, Naturalists' Hand- book No. 22, Slough: Richmond Publishing, a must for this branch of study'. P. 62 Add to first line: 'All these species grow in the Priddy Mineries area - see Dr Allen's paper on Botanical Walks, especially pp 12-13' P. 86 Bibliography to 'Agriculture on the Mendips' by R D Russell: add the following entries: FINDLAY, D. C. (1965) The soils of the Mendip District of Somerset, Memoir of the Soil Survey of Great Britain, England and Wales. Harpenden: Agricultural Research Council. TREVELYAN, G. M. (1979), British history in the nineteenth century and after (1782 - 1919), 2nd ed., London: Longmans. P. 127 Figure 6 was omitted . It is reproduced overleaf P. 13 1 Figure 7 was omitted. It is reproduced overleaf Pp. 1 36- 1 58 The second author's name in the left-hand page headers should read • P. L. Smart'. NA TURE IN A VON, the PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NA TURALISTS' SOCIETY,Wol55fov\995 P. ii Past Presidents:- J. W. Tutcher took office in 193L The President who took office in 1945 was Sir LevWs L.Fermor. Pp. xx-xxv The pages between pages xx and xxv were printed in the wrong sequence. They should be read in the order of the printed page numbers. 109 ERRATA and ADDENDA NATURE IN AVON , the PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS' 50C/£7y,Vol. 55for 1995 and Special Issue No. 4, 'THE MENDIP HILLS' (reprinted from Vol. 55) The geological history of the Mendip Hills and their margins, by M. J. Simms. Figures 6 and 7, referred to respectively on page 127 and page 131, were inadvertently omitted. They are reproduced below. FIGURE 6 Horizontal Upper Inferior Oolite (Middle Jurassic) limestones unconformably overlying steeply-dipping Vallis Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) in tlie classic quarry section at Vallis Vale, near Frome. FIGURE 7. Pull-apart' Neptunean dyke in Carbon- iferous Limestone filled with Lower Lias silts. Offest of the dyke along a bedding plane can beseen clearly to the left of the hammer. Cloford Quarry, near Frome. 110 SMrrHSONIAN INSTfTUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01308 9164 BRISTOL NATURALISTS' SOCIETY Registered Charity No. 235494 Anyone interested in natural history or geology may apply to join. The cost for 1999 is £10 for a full member, £7 if living outside a radius of 32 km from Bristol city centre, and £3 if a member of a full member's household at the same address. For details write to: Hon. Membership Secretary, Bristol Naturalists' Society, c/o City Museum & Art Gallery, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 IRL. Besides many general indoor and outdoor meetings and excursions, others are specially devoted to geology, plants, birds, mammals and invertebrates. Members may use the Society's large Library. Many past Proceedings issues can be bought; details are available from the Honorary Librarian, Bristol Naturalists' Society, at the above address. Proceedings of the Society, Volume 56, for 1996. Besides the annual reports on botany, invertebrates and mammals in the Bristol District, this issue contains original papers on the Severn Estuary - what it is (its legal definition has been a matter for controversy, as it determines the area within which sewage discharges have to be treated), and the nature of changes that have occurred in and around the Estuary of the River Parrett. Printed for the Society by Healeys Printers Ltd, Ipswich ISSN 0068-1040	i don't know
Which British town was awarded city status in 1969 so affecting the name of its football league team?	Swansea, Wales \| Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks \| Read eBooks online Swansea ( / ˈ s w ɒ n z i / ; Welsh : Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ] , "mouth of the Tawe "), officially known as the City and County of Swansea, is a coastal city and county in Wales . It is Wales' second largest city. Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan . Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. The City and County of Swansea had a population of 239,000 in 2011, [1] making it the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . During its 19th-century industrial heyday, Swansea was a key centre of the copper industry, [2] earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'. [3] Contents Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula , and include items from the Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Iron Age . The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings . Swansea is thought to have developed as a Viking trading post. Its name may be derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or an area of raised ground in marshes. [4] An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. [5] The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. [6] The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy". [7] The earliest known form of the modern name is Sweynesse, which was used in the first charter granted sometime between 1158 and 1184 by William de Newburgh, 3rd Earl of Warwick . The charter gave Swansea the status of a borough , granting the townsmen, called burgesses certain rights to develop the area. A second charter was granted in 1215 by King John. In this charter, the name appears as Sweyneshe. The town seal which is believed to date from this period names the town as Sweyse. [7] [8] Following the Norman Conquest , a marcher lordship was created under the title of Gower. It included land around Swansea Bay as far as the River Tawe, the manor of Kilvey beyond the Tawe, and the peninsula itself. Swansea was designated chief town of the lordship and received a borough charter some time between 1158 and 1184 (and a more elaborate one in 1304). [9] Industrial Revolution The port of Swansea initially traded in wine, hides, wool, cloth and later in coal . [9] As the Industrial Revolution reached Wales, the combination of port, local coal, and trading links with the West Country , Cornwall and Devon , meant that Swansea was the logical place to site copper smelting works. Smelters were operating by 1720 and proliferated. Following this, more coal mines (everywhere from north-east Gower to Clyne and Llangyfelach ) were opened and smelters (mostly along the Tawe valley) were opened and flourished. Over the next century and a half, works were established to process arsenic , zinc and tin and to create tinplate and pottery . The city expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was termed "Copperopolis". [9] From the late 17th century to 1801, Swansea's population grew by 500% — the first official census (in 1841) indicated that, with 6,099 inhabitants, Swansea had become significantly larger than Glamorgan's county town, Cardiff , and was the second most populous town in Wales behind Merthyr Tydfil (which had a population of 7,705). However, the census understated Swansea's true size, as much of the built-up area lay outside the contemporary boundaries of the borough ; the total population was actually 10,117. Swansea's population was later overtaken by Merthyr in 1821 and by Cardiff in 1881, although in the latter year Swansea once again surpassed Merthyr. [9] Much of Swansea's growth was due to migration from within and beyond Wales — in 1881, more than a third of the borough's population had been born outside Swansea and Glamorgan, and just under a quarter outside Wales. [10] 20th century Through the 20th century, heavy industries in the town declined, leaving the Lower Swansea Valley filled with derelict works and mounds of waste products from them. The Lower Swansea Valley Scheme (which still continues) reclaimed much of the land. The present Enterprise Zone was the result and, of the many original docks, only those outside the city continue to work as docks; North Dock is now Parc Tawe and South Dock became the Marina . Little city-centre evidence, beyond parts of the road layout, remains from medieval Swansea; its industrial importance made it the target of bombing, known as the Blitz in World War II , and the centre was flattened completely. The city has three Grade One listed buildings, these being the Guildhall , Swansea Castle and the Morriston Tabernacle . [11] Whilst the city itself has a long history, many of the city centre buildings are post-war as much of the original centre was destroyed by World War II bombing on the 19th, 20th and 21 February 1941 (the 'Three Nights Blitz'). [12] Within the city centre are the ruins of the castle , the Marina, the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery , Swansea Museum , the Dylan Thomas Centre , the Environment Centre, and the Market , which is the largest covered market in Wales. [13] It backs onto the Quadrant Shopping Centre which opened in 1978 and the adjoining St David's Centre opened in 1982. Other notable modern buildings are the BT Tower (formerly the GPO tower) built around 1970, Alexandra House opened in 1976, County Hall opened in July 1982. Swansea Leisure Centre opened in 1977; it has undergone extensive refurbishment which retained elements of the original structure and re-opened in March 2008. Swansea was granted city status in 1969, [14] to mark Prince Charles 's investiture as the Prince of Wales . The announcement was made by the prince on 3 July 1969, during a tour of Wales. [15] It obtained the further right to have a lord mayor in 1982. [16] Governance Main article: City and County of Swansea council In 1887, Swansea was a township at the mouth of the river Tawe, covering 4,562 acres (1,846 ha) in the county of Glamorgan . [17] There were three major extensions to the boundaries of the borough, first in 1835, when Morriston , St Thomas , Landore , St John-juxta-Swansea, and part of Llansamlet parish were added, and again in 1889 when areas around Cwmbwrla and Trewyddfa were included, and in 1918 when the borough was enlarged to include the whole of the ancient parish of Swansea, the southern part of Llangyfelach parish, all of Llansamlet parish, Oystermouth Urban District and Brynau parish. [18] [19] In 1889, Swansea attained county borough status, [20] and it was granted city status in 1969, which was inherited by the Swansea district when it was formed by the merger of the borough and Gower Rural District in 1974. [21] In 1996, Swansea became one of 22 unitary authorities with the addition of part of the former Lliw Valley Borough . The new authority received the name 'City and County of Swansea' ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe). [22] Swansea was once a staunch stronghold of the Labour Party which, until 2004, had overall control of the council for 24 years. [23] The Liberal Democrats were the largest group in the administration that took control of Swansea Council in the 2004 local elections until the 2012 council elections saw the council return to Labour control. For 2009/2010, the Lord Mayor of Swansea was Councillor Alan Lloyd, and in 2010/2011 Richard Lewis was the Lord Mayor. The Lord Mayor changes in May each year. Welsh politics It also has a friendship link with Nantong , China. [28] Geography Boundaries The "City and County of Swansea" local authority area is bordered by unitary authorities of Carmarthenshire to the north, and Neath Port Talbot to the east. Swansea is bounded by Swansea Bay and the Bristol Channel to the south. Physical description The local government area is 378 square kilometres (146 sq mi) in size, about 2% of the area of Wales. It includes a large amount of open countryside and a central urban and suburban belt. [29] Swansea can be roughly divided into four physical areas. To the north are the Lliw uplands which are mainly open moorland, reaching the foothills of the Black Mountain . To the west is the Gower Peninsula with its rural landscape dotted with small villages. To the east is the coastal strip around Swansea Bay . Cutting though the middle from the south-east to the north-west is the urban and suburban zone stretching from the Swansea city centre to the towns of Gorseinon and Pontarddulais . [29] The most populated areas of Swansea are Morriston , Sketty and the city centre . The chief urbanised area radiates from the city centre towards the north, south and west; along the coast of Swansea Bay to Mumbles ; up the Swansea Valley past Landore and Morriston to Clydach ; over Townhill to Cwmbwrla , Penlan , Treboeth and Fforestfach ; through Uplands , Sketty , Killay to Dunvant ; and east of the river from St. Thomas to Bonymaen , Llansamlet and Birchgrove . A second urbanised area is focused on a triangle defined by Gowerton , Gorseinon and Loughor along with the satellite communities of Penllergaer and Pontarddulais . [29] About three quarters of Swansea is bordered by the sea—the Loughor Estuary , Swansea Bay and the Bristol Channel . The two largest rivers in the region are the Tawe which passes the city centre and the Loughor which flows on the northern border with Carmarthenshire. [29] In the local authority area, the geology is complex, providing diverse scenery. The Gower Peninsula was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Excluding the urbanised area in the south-eastern corner, the whole of the Gower Peninsula is part of an AONB. [30] Swansea has numerous urban and country parklands. [31] The region has featured regularly in the Wales in Bloom awards. [32] The geology of the Gower Peninsula ranges from Carboniferous Limestone cliffs along its southern edge from Mumbles to Worm's Head and the salt-marshes and dune systems of the Loughor estuary to the north. The eastern, southern and western coasts of the peninsula are lined with numerous sandy beaches both wide and small, separated by steep cliffs. The South Wales Coalfield reaches the coast in the Swansea area. This had a great bearing on the development of the city of Swansea and other nearby towns such as Morriston. The inland area is covered by large swathes of grassland common overlooked by sandstone heath ridges including the prominent Cefn Bryn . The traditional agricultural landscape consists in a patchwork of fields characterised by walls, stone-faced banks and hedgerows. Valleys cut through the peninsula and contain rich deciduous woodland . [30] Much of the local authority's area is hilly with the main area of upland being located in the council ward of Mawr . Areas of high land up to 185 metres (607 ft) range across the central section and form the hills of Kilvey , Townhill and Llwynmawr, separating the centre of Swansea from its northern suburbs. Cefn Bryn , a ridge of high land, forms the backbone of the Gower Peninsula. Rhossili Down, Hardings Down and Llanmadoc Hill form land features up to 193 metres (633 ft) high. The highest point is located at Penlle'r Castell at 374 metres (1,227 ft) on the northern border with Carmarthenshire . [29] Error creating thumbnail: Invalid thumbnail parameters or image file with more than 12.5 million pixels Swansea Bay as seen from the Mumbles. Climate Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Typical of the west of Britain, Swansea has a temperate oceanic climate . As part of a coastal region, it experiences a milder climate than the mountains and valleys inland. This same location, though, leaves Swansea exposed to rain-bearing winds from the Atlantic : figures from the Met Office make Swansea the wettest city in Britain. [33] In midsummer, Swansea's temperatures can reach into the high twenties Celsius. [34] Demography The population of the Swansea built-up area within the unitary authority boundaries in 2011 was about 179,485, and the council population was 238,700. The other built-up areas within the unitary authority are centred on Gorseinon and Pontarddulais. In 2011, the Gorseinon built-up area had a population of 20,581 and the Pontarddulais built-up area had a population of 9,073. [35] However, the wider urban area including most of Swansea Bay has a total population of 300,352 (making it the 24th largest urban area in England and Wales ). [36] Over 218,000 individuals are white ; 1,106 are of mixed race ; 2,215 are Asian – mainly Bangladeshi (1,015); 300 are black ; and 1,195 belong to other ethnic groups . [37] The Office for National Statistics 2010 mid-year population estimate for the City & County of Swansea is 232,500. [38] Around 82% of the population were born in Wales and 13% born in England; [39] 13.4% were Welsh speakers. [40] From 1804 until the 1920s, Swansea experienced continuous population growth. The 1930s and 1940s was a period of slight decline. In the 1950s and 1960s the population grew and then fell in the 1970s. The population grew again in the 1980s only to fall again in the 1990s. In the 2000s, so far, Swansea is experiencing a small amount of population growth; the local authority area had an estimated population of 228,100 in 2007. [41] Culture The Royal Institution of South Wales was founded in 1835 as the Swansea Literary and Philosophical Society . Performing arts The Grand Theatre in the centre of the city is a Victorian theatre which celebrated its centenary in 1997 and which has a capacity of a little over a thousand people. It was opened by the celebrated opera singer Adelina Patti and was refurbished from 1983 to 1987. The annual programme ranges from pantomime and drama to opera and ballet. Fluellen Theatre Company is a professional theatre company based in Swansea performing regularly at the Grand Theatre. The company also presents Lunchtime Theatre on the last Saturday of every month. The Taliesin building on the university campus has a theatre, opened in 1984. Other theatres include the Dylan Thomas Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) near the marina, and one in Penyrheol Leisure Centre near Gorseinon . In the summer, outdoor Shakespeare performances are a regular feature at Oystermouth Castle , and Singleton Park is the venue for a number of parties and concerts, from dance music to outdoor Proms . Outside the city, Pontardawe hosts an annual folk festival. Another folk festival is held on Gower. [42] Standing near Victoria Park on the coast road is the Patti Pavilion ; this was the Winter Garden from Adelina Patti's Craig-y-Nos estate in the upper Swansea valley, which she donated to the town in 1918. It is used as a venue for music shows and fairs. The Brangwyn Hall is a multi-use venue with events such as the graduation ceremonies for Swansea University . Every autumn, Swansea hosts a Festival of Music and the Arts, when international orchestras and soloists visit the Brangwyn Hall. The Brangwyn Hall is praised for its acoustics for recitals, orchestral pieces and chamber music alike. [43] Festivals Swansea hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1863, 1891, 1907, 1926, 1964, 1982 and 2006. The 2006 event occupied the site of the former Felindre tinplate works to the north of the city and featured a strikingly pink main tent. The international BeyondTv film festival has been hosted in Swansea since 2000 by Swansea based media charity Undercurrents . In 2009 Swansea Council launched Wales only week long St David's Week festival in venues throughout the city. Welsh language There are many Daniel James Community School. This arrangement was a subject of considerable controversy in the period leading up to Bryn Tawe's inauguration. 45% of the rural council ward Mawr speak Welsh , as do 38% of the ward of Pontarddulais . Clydach , Kingsbridge and Upper Loughor all have levels of more than 20%. By contrast, the urban St. Thomas has one of the lowest figures in Wales, at 6.4%, a figure only barely lower than Penderry and Townhill wards. [45] Food Local produce includes cockles and laverbread which are sourced from the Loughor estuary . Local Gower salt marsh lamb is produced from sheep which are raised in the salt marshes of the Loughor estuary. [46] Notable people See also Category:People from Swansea and List of people from Swansea . People from Swansea are known locally as Swansea Jacks, or just Jacks. The source of this nickname is not clear. Some attribute it to Swansea Jack , the life-saving dog. [47] [48] Swansea's most famous daughter is Hollywood actress Catherine Zeta-Jones who still owns a home in Mumbles. Swansea is also the home town of 2013 ITU Triathlon World Champion Non Stanford [49] On the literary stage, the poet Dylan Thomas is perhaps the best-known. He was born in the town and grew up at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive, Uplands. There is a memorial to him in the nearby Cwmdonkin Park ; his take on Swansea was that it was an "ugly lovely town". In the 1930s Thomas was a member of a group of local artists, writers and musicians known as The Kardomah Gang , as they frequently met in the Kardomah Café in Swansea city centre. [50] Sport Strong local rivalries exist between Swansea City A.F.C. and Cardiff City F.C. in football , Swansea RFC and Llanelli and the Ospreys and Scarlets in Rugby Union . Swansea City A.F.C. moved from the Vetch Field to the new Liberty Stadium at the start of the 2005–2006 season, winning promotion to League One in their final year at their old stadium. The team presently play in the Premier League , after being promoted during the 2010/11 season. The Football Association of Wales has decided that for the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign, Wales would play all of their home ties at either the Cardiff City Stadium or the Liberty Stadium, Swansea has three clubs that play in the Welsh Football League : Garden Village , South Gower and West End . In 2003, Swansea RFC merged with Neath RFC to form the Neath-Swansea Ospreys rugby club. Swansea RFC remained at St Helen's in semi-professional form, but the Ospreys moved into the Liberty Stadium in Landore for the start of the 2005–2006 season. Neath-Swansea rugby games used to be hotly contested matches, such that there was some debate about whether a team incorporating both areas was possible. The team came fifth in the Celtic League in their first year of existence and topped that league in their second year. By 2012 they had won the league a record four times. St Helens Rugby and Cricket Ground is the home of Swansea RFC and Glamorgan County Cricket Club have previously played matches there. [51] In this ground, Sir Garfield Sobers hit six sixes in one over; the first time this was achieved in a game of first-class cricket . The final ball landed on the ground past the Cricketers' pub just outside the ground. [52] It is also the home of the tallest floodlight stand in Europe. [53] Swansea's rugby league side plays 13 miles (21 km) from Swansea in the small town of Ystalyfera . They are known as the Swansea Valley Miners but were formed as the Swansea Bulls in 2002. The Swansea Bowls Stadium opened in early 2008. The stadium hosted the World Indoor Singles and Mixed Pairs Championship in April 2008 and the Gravelles Welsh International Open Bowls Championships in 2009. Religion In 2001, 158,457 people in the local authority area (71 per cent) stated their religion as Christian , 44,286 (20 per cent) no religion , 16,800 (7.5 per cent) did not state a religion and 2,167 were Muslim . [54] There are small communities of other religions, each making up a little under 1 per cent of the total population. [54] Swansea is part of the Anglican Diocese of Swansea and Brecon and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Menevia . The Catholic see is based in Swansea at St. Joseph's Cathedral in the Greenhill area. The city is home to 10 per cent of the total Welsh Muslim population; [55] Swansea's Muslim community is raising money to open a new central mosque and community centre in the former St Andrews United Reform Church . This would be replace the existing central Mosque on St Helens Road and in addition to the other three existing mosques (Swansea University Mosque, Hafod Mosque, Imam Khoei Mosque). [56] Swansea is represented in Buddhism with the Dharmavajra Kadampa Buddhist Centre, Pulpung Changchub Dargyeling (Kagyu Tradition) and a branch of the international Dzogchen Community (Nyingma Tradition). Swansea Synagogue and Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Hall are both located in the Uplands area. Swansea, like Wales in general, has seen many non-conformist religious revivals. In 1904, Evan Roberts , a miner from Loughor (Llwchwr), just outside Swansea, was the leader of what has been called one of the world's greatest Protestant religious revivals. Within a few months about 100,000 people were converted. This revival in particular had a profound effect on Welsh society. Plans Swansea City Centre is undergoing a £1 billion transformation scheme. A large area of the city is earmarked for redevelopment. A new city-centre retail precinct is planned involving demolition of the dilapidated St. David's Shopping Centre which has three or four traders, about 13% of the retail space in the centre and the Quadrant Shopping Centre . Including relocation of the Tesco Superstore near to the city's Sainsbury's store in Parc Tawe , the new retail precinct will be almost four times the size of the Quadrant Centre. The city centre is also being brightened up with street art and new walkways, along with the first phase of the David Evans – Castle Street development. New green spaces will be provided in conjunction with the proposed Quadrant Square and Grand Theatre Square. Redevelopment of the Oxford Street car park and Lower Oxford Street arcades are also planned. [57] At the sea front, The Tower, Meridian Quay is now Wales' tallest building at a height of over 80 metres (260 ft); upon completion in 2009 it was planned to be 107 metres (351 ft) in height with a restaurant on the top (29th) floor. However, it was under construction adjacent Swansea Marina until 2010. [58] The height of the building and the facilities of the restaurant had to be scaled down to save costs, because the building was being constructed during an economic recession. Economy Main article: Economy of Swansea Swansea originally developed as centre for metals and mining , especially the copper industry, from the beginning of the 18th century. The industry reached its apogee in the 1880s, when 60% of the copper ores imported to Britain were smelted in the Lower Swansea valley . [59] However, by the end of the Second World War these heavy industries were in decline, and over the post-war decades Swansea shared in the general trend towards a post-industrial , service sector economy. Of the 105,900 people estimated to work within the City and County of Swansea, over 90% are employed in the service sectors, with relatively high shares (compared to the Welsh and UK averages) in public administration, education & health and banking, finance & insurance, [60] and correspondingly high proportions of employment in occupations associated with the service sector, including professional, administrative/secretarial and sales/customer service occupations. The local authority believes this pattern reflects Swansea's role as a service centre for South West Wales. [60] Economic activity and employment rates in Swansea were slightly above the Welsh average in October 2008, but lower than the UK average. [60] In 2005, GVA per head in Swansea was £14,302 – nearly 4% above the Welsh average but 20% below the UK average. [60] Median full-time earnings in Swansea were £21,577 in 2007, almost identical to the Welsh average. [60] Swansea is home to the DVLA headquarters based in Morriston which employs around 6,000 people in the city. Other major employers in the city are Admiral Group , HSBC , Virgin Media , Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board , BT and Amazon.co.uk . Education Further and higher education Swansea University has a campus in Singleton Park overlooking Swansea Bay. Its engineering department is recognised as a centre of excellence with pioneering work on computational techniques for solving engineering design problems. [61] The Department of Physics is renowned for its research achievements at the frontiers of Theoretical Physics, particularly in the areas of Elementary Particle Physics and String Theory. And many other departments such as History , Computer Science and German were awarded an "Excellent" in the last inspection. The university was awarded the Times Higher Education Supplement Award for the UK's "best student experience" in 2005. [62] Other establishments for further and higher education in the city include Swansea Metropolitan University and Gower College Swansea . Swansea Metropolitan University (formerly Swansea Institute of Higher Education) is particularly well known for its Architectural Glass department; stained glass being a long time speciality. Schools In the local authority area, there is one nursery school; six infant schools and five junior schools. There are 77 primary schools, nine of which are Welsh-Medium, and six of which are voluntary aided. There are 15 comprehensive schools under the remit of the local education authority, of which two are Welsh- medium . In addition, there are six special schools. [63] The oldest school in Swansea is Bishop Gore School . The largest comprehensive school in Swansea is Olchfa School . There is one Roman Catholic comprehensive school in the city – Bishop Vaughan Catholic Comprehensive School . The Welsh medium schools are Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Gŵyr and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Bryn Tawe . Other schools in Swansea include Birchgrove Comprehensive School, Cefn Hengoed Community School, Dylan Thomas School, Daniel James Community School , Pentrehafod Comprehensive School, Morriston Comprehensive School and Gowerton School. Some primary schools in Swansea are: Cwm Glas Primary School Sketty Primary School St. Thomas Primary School There are also a few Roman Catholic primary schools, one of them being St. Joseph's Primary School. Independent schools in Swansea include Ffynone House School , Oakleigh House School and Craig-y-Nos School. Local media The local newspaper is the Swansea edition of the South Wales Evening Post . The Swansea Herald of Wales is a free newspaper which is distributed every week to residential addresses. [64] The Cardiff edition of the free daily paper Metro is distributed throughout the city. The Council also produces a free monthly newspaper called the Swansea Leader. Swansea Life is a monthly lifestyle magazine published and distributed in Swansea. Swansea is served by three local radio stations, 96.4 The Wave on FM and DAB , its sister station Swansea Sound on 1170MW and DAB and lastly Nation Hits on 102.1FM and DAB. The city also has a community radio station, Radio Tircoed. The patients and staff at Singleton Hospital can listen to the hospital radio station, Radio City 1386AM and Swansea University also runs its own radio station, Xtreme Radio, on 1431 AM. Providing the DAB service, the local multiplex called Swansea SW Wales is broadcast from Kilvey Hill. This transmitter also provides digital terrestrial television in the Swansea area. As well as Kilvey Hill the city is in the catchment areas of the Wenvoe transmitter (in the Vale of Glamorgan ) and the Carmel transmitter in Carmarthenshire . Since 1924, the BBC has maintained a studio in the city; [9] Dylan Thomas worked here in the interwar years, when the studio was used for the BBC Regional Programme . [65] Currently it has facilities to broadcast live radio and television and is listed as a BBC regional studio. [66] In mid-2008, the BBC included Swansea in its "Big Screen" project, and a large live permanent television screen has been sited in Castle Square. [67] Independent filmmakers Swansea Telly, an internet based video channel for Swansea, launched to showcase videos made by local people. Representation in the media Swansea has been used as a location for films such as Only Two Can Play , [68] Submarine and Twin Town , the TV series Mine All Mine and in episodes of Doctor Who . [69] Swansea was the first city in Wales to feature in its own version of the board game Monopoly . The Swansea edition of Monopoly features 33 local landmarks, including the Mumbles Pier and the National Waterfront Museum ; the game has been produced in both English and Welsh. [70] Swansea was also featured in a television documentary titled Swansea Love Story as part of the Rule Britannia series on VBS.tv . The film is of a rather graphic nature and features heroin users as well as community members affected by the epidemic while trying to provide some explanation for the increase in use. [71] Swansea was featured in several Yes, Minister series as an undesirable civil service posting, in particular the vehicle licencing centre. Public services Ambulance services are provided by the Wales Ambulance Service , and fire services by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service . Swansea Airport is one of the country's three Wales Air Ambulance bases, the others being Welshpool and Caernarfon . [72] Local public healthcare services are operated by Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board , who operate two hospitals in Swansea, Singleton Hospital and Morriston Hospital ; the latter provides Accident and Emergency services. Singleton Hospital has one of Wales' three radiotherapy departments. Waste management services are coordinated by the local council, which deals with refuse collection and recycling and operates five civic amenity sites . Welsh Water provides drinking water supply and wastewater services to Swansea. There is a water treatment works at Crymlyn Burrows . Reservoirs which supply Swansea include the Cray reservoir and the Lliw Reservoirs, which are operated by Welsh Water. The Local Gas Distribution company is Wales and West Utilities. Public order There was a high rate of car crime during the 1990s. The BBC has described Swansea as a "black spot for car crime", [73] for example. However, over the past few years, there seems to have been a decline in car crime. . Car crime is a central theme in the film Twin Town , which was set in and around Swansea and Port Talbot. The football violence that Swansea experienced during the 1970s–1990s has considerably reduced, the only major clashes occurring between Swansea City supporters and Cardiff City supporters. Many matches between these sides have ended in violence in both Swansea and Cardiff. These two clubs have a long history of intense rivalry, [74] being described in the media as tribal. Transport The M4 motorway crosses though Swansea (junctions 44 to 47 inclusive). The A48 , formerly a trunk road, passes through the north of the city centre, through Llansamlet and past Morriston. The A48 and the M4 connect Swansea with other towns and cities including Port Talbot , Bridgend , Cardiff , Bristol and London to the east and Llanelli and Cross Hands to the west. The A483 passes though the city centre, providing a link to the Heads of Valleys Road to the west. On departing to the north, the A483 continues through mid-Wales via towns like Ammanford , Builth Wells and Newtown and terminates at Chester . The A4067 (Swansea Valley Road) links Swansea with settlements in the Swansea Valley and continues towards Brecon . Park and Ride services are operated from car parks at Landore , Fabian Way and Fforestfach . [75] During busy periods of the year, additional Park and Ride services are operated from the Brynmill recreation ground. Bus routes within Swansea are operated predominately by First Cymru and Veolia Transport Cymru, originating from Swansea bus station . First operates the Swansea Metro , a road-based FTR bus rapid transit route, introduced between Morriston Hospital and Singleton Hospital in 2009, [76] and a shuttle bus (Service 100) to Cardiff Central bus station calling at Bridgend Designer Outlet . Veolia operates the rural services around the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw Valley branded Gower Explorer and Lliw Link respectively. National Express serves Swansea operating eastbound to Heathrow Airport , Gatwick Airport , London , Birmingham , Cardiff and Bristol , and westbound to Llanelli , Carmarthen and Haverfordwest . There are four dedicated cycle routes in the local authority's area: Adjacent to the Fabian Way : Forming part of National Cycle Network, Route 4 and extending as the Celtic Trail to Chepstow and (eventually) London . City cruiser pedal vehicles are being introduced to the city centre in a joint venture between the council and Swansea Business Improvement District . [77] [78] In November 2007 a new bridge was completed over the Fabian Way which provides a one way park and ride bus lane and a shared-use pedestrian and NCN route 4 cycle way. The leaf-shaped bridge was shortlisted for the 2008 Structural Steel Design Awards. [79] Swansea railway station is located 10 minutes from Swansea bus station by foot. Services calling at Swansea operate to Llanelli , Carmarthen , Milford Haven and Haverfordwest to the west, Shrewsbury to the north, and Cardiff Central (for connections to England and beyond), Newport and London Paddington to the east. There are also suburban stations in Gowerton , Llansamlet and in Pontarddulais which are served by Arriva Trains Wales . Swansea Airport is a minor aerodrome situated in the Gower providing recreational flights only. Further development of the airport is strongly resisted by the local communities and environmental groups. [80] Swansea is served by Cardiff Airport , 44 miles (71 km) east, in the Vale of Glamorgan , which provides scheduled domestic and international flights. It is approximately 40 minutes away by road or 70 minutes by rail. Pembrey Airport , 17 miles (27 km) to the west offers charter flights to a few European destinations. Swansea Marina to the south of the city centre has berths for 410 leisure boats. [81] An addition 200 berths for leisure boats are located near the mouth of the River Tawe. [82] Further leisure boating berths are being constructed at the Prince of Wales Dock in the Swansea Docks complex. The Swansea Docks complex is owned and operated by Associated British Ports and is used to handle a range of cargo ranging from agribulks and coal to timber and steel. [83] Swansea Docks consists of three floating docks and a ferry terminal. Fastnet Line operated a Swansea Cork Ferry roll-on/roll-off service until November 2011, when the service was ended. [84] A new catamaran-based passenger ferry service from Ilfracombe to Swansea was scheduled to begin in Easter 2010 with two return trips a day taking around 50 minutes each way, it would also have had facilities to carry cycles. [85] However, as of Spring 2013, the service was yet to launch. Mumbles railway and tram The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was built in 1804 to move limestone from the quarries of Mumbles and coal from the Clyne valley to Swansea and to the markets beyond. It carried the world's first fare-paying rail passengers on the day the British Parliament abolished the transportation of slaves from Africa. It later moved from horse power to steam locomotion, and finally converting to electric trams, before closing in January 1960, in favour of motor buses. [2] At the time of the railway's decommissioning, it had been the world's longest serving railway and it still holds the record for the highest number of forms of traction of any railway in the world – horse-drawn, sail power, steam power, electric power, diesel and petrol. Leisure and tourism A number of beaches around Swansea Bay are promoted to visitors. [86] Surfing is possible at Langland Bay , Caswell Bay and Llangennith , with the latter winning accolades from two national newspapers for the quality of its waves. [87] The five-mile promenade from the Marina to Mumbles offers views across Swansea Bay. [88] The seaside village of Mumbles has a Victorian pier , small, independent shops and boutiques, restaurants and cafes. [89] The south coast of Gower is the chief magnet for walkers, with a path stretching from Mumbles Head across the cliff tops, beaches and coastal woodland to Rhossili . [90] Attractions On the Waterfront, Swansea Bay has a five-mile (8 km) sweep of coastline [91] which features a beach, promenade, children's lido, leisure pool, marina and maritime quarter featuring the museums the National Waterfront Museum and Swansea Museum , the oldest museum in Wales. [92] Also situated in the maritime quarter is the Dylan Thomas Centre which celebrates the life and work of the author with its permanent exhibition 'Dylan Thomas – Man and Myth' [93] and Mission Gallery a unique art gallery also in the heart of the Maritime Quarter, the gallery hosts a range of exhibitions from various art disciplines, it also host a craft space, with ranging works from local and international artists. [94] The Dylan Thomas Centre is the focal point for the annual Dylan Thomas Festival (27 October – 9 November). The SA1 Waterfront area is the latest development for living, dining and leisure. [95] Swansea Bay, Mumbles and Gower are home to various parks and gardens and almost 20 nature reserves. [96] Clyne Gardens is home to a collection of plants set in parkland and host to 'Clyne in Bloom' in May. Singleton Park has acres of parkland, a botanical garden, a boating lake with pedal boats, and crazy golf. Plantasia is a tropical hothouse pyramid featuring three climatic zones, housing a variety of unusual plants, including several species which are extinct in the wild, and monkeys, reptiles, fish and a butterfly house. Other parks include Cwmdonkin Park , where Dylan Thomas played as a child, and Victoria Park which is close to the promenade on the seafront. [97] Activities Swansea has a range of activities including sailing , water skiing , surfing , and other watersports , [98] walking [99] and cycling . [100] Part of the Celtic Trail and the National Cycle Network , Swansea Bay provides a range of traffic-free cycle routes including along the seafront and through Clyne Valley Country Park . [101] The Cycling Touring Club CTC has a local group in the area. [102] Swansea Bay, Mumbles and Gower have a selection of golf courses . [103] Prior to closure in 2003, Swansea Leisure Centre was one of the top ten visitor attractions in the UK; it has been redeveloped as an indoor waterpark, rebranded the 'LC', [104] and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 March 2008. [105] The Wales National Pool is based in Swansea. [106] Nightlife Swansea has a range of public houses, bars , clubs , restaurants and two casinos . [107] [108] The majority of city centre bars are situated on Wind Street , with various chains represented including Revolution , Varsity , Yates's and Walkabout . Most clubs, including Oceana , are located on the Kingsway. [109] Some venues feature live music. [110] The Mumbles Mile, described by the BBC as "one of Wales' best-known pub crawls " has declined in recent years with a number of local pubs being converted into flats or restaurants. [111] Beaches Oxwich Bay on the Gower Peninsula was named the most beautiful beach in Britain by travel writers who visited more than 1,000 around the world in search of the perfect sands (2007). The Travel Magazine praised Oxwich for "magnificent and unspoilt" scenery and as a "great place for adults and children to explore". [112] It boasts over three miles (5 km) of soft, golden sands, making it the ideal family getaway. Not surprisingly, The Guardian named it one of Britain's blue-riband top 10 category beaches (2007). [113] The Independent newspaper hailed Rhossili Bay as "the British supermodel of beaches" (2006) and the best beach in Britain for breathtaking cliffs (2007), [114] whilst The Sunday Times listed it as one of the 25 best beaches in the world (2006). [115] Thanks to its clear air and lovely golden sand, this romantic stretch of sand was voted the best place in the UK to watch the sun set ( Country Living magazine 2005) [115] and one the top romantic spots in the country (The Guardian 2007). [116] Nearby Llangennith Beach , with its soft sands, consistent beach break and great facilities, was listed as the best place to learn how to surf in Britain by The Observer (2006) [117] and one of the 10 'classic surfing beaches by The Guardian (2007). [118] Gower also claims Britain's Best Beach, Three Cliffs Bay . The Gower landmark topped the BBC Holiday Hit Squad nationwide competition (2006) [119] and was voted Britain's best camping beach by The Independent thanks to its superb setting and quiet location (2007). [120] Three Cliffs Bay also made the final of the ITV series Britain's Favourite View – the only nomination in Wales and backed by singer Katherine Jenkins . [121] Nearby Brandy Cove came sixth in an online poll to find the UK's top beach for the baby boomer generation (2006). [122] Beaches which won 2006 Blue Flag Beach Awards are: Bracelet Bay , Caswell Bay , Langland Bay , Port Eynon Bay and Swansea Marina (one of the few Blue Flag Marinas in Wales). All of these beaches also won a Seaside Award 2006. Limeslade was awarded the Rural Seaside Award and the Green Coast Award. Other Green Coast Awards went to Pwll Du, Rhossili Bay and Tor Bay . References Commons has media related to Swansea . has a travel guide for Swansea. City and County of Swansea: DMOZ Sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia™ licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 Help to improve this article, make contributions at the Citational Source This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Apart from Stanley Matthews in 1963, who is the only Stoke City player to win the award for Football Writer's Player of the Year, doing so in 1972?	Swansea, Wales \| Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks \| Read eBooks online Swansea ( / ˈ s w ɒ n z i / ; Welsh : Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ] , "mouth of the Tawe "), officially known as the City and County of Swansea, is a coastal city and county in Wales . It is Wales' second largest city. Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan . Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. The City and County of Swansea had a population of 239,000 in 2011, [1] making it the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . During its 19th-century industrial heyday, Swansea was a key centre of the copper industry, [2] earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'. [3] Contents Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula , and include items from the Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Iron Age . The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings . Swansea is thought to have developed as a Viking trading post. Its name may be derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or an area of raised ground in marshes. [4] An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. [5] The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. [6] The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy". [7] The earliest known form of the modern name is Sweynesse, which was used in the first charter granted sometime between 1158 and 1184 by William de Newburgh, 3rd Earl of Warwick . The charter gave Swansea the status of a borough , granting the townsmen, called burgesses certain rights to develop the area. A second charter was granted in 1215 by King John. In this charter, the name appears as Sweyneshe. The town seal which is believed to date from this period names the town as Sweyse. [7] [8] Following the Norman Conquest , a marcher lordship was created under the title of Gower. It included land around Swansea Bay as far as the River Tawe, the manor of Kilvey beyond the Tawe, and the peninsula itself. Swansea was designated chief town of the lordship and received a borough charter some time between 1158 and 1184 (and a more elaborate one in 1304). [9] Industrial Revolution The port of Swansea initially traded in wine, hides, wool, cloth and later in coal . [9] As the Industrial Revolution reached Wales, the combination of port, local coal, and trading links with the West Country , Cornwall and Devon , meant that Swansea was the logical place to site copper smelting works. Smelters were operating by 1720 and proliferated. Following this, more coal mines (everywhere from north-east Gower to Clyne and Llangyfelach ) were opened and smelters (mostly along the Tawe valley) were opened and flourished. Over the next century and a half, works were established to process arsenic , zinc and tin and to create tinplate and pottery . The city expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was termed "Copperopolis". [9] From the late 17th century to 1801, Swansea's population grew by 500% — the first official census (in 1841) indicated that, with 6,099 inhabitants, Swansea had become significantly larger than Glamorgan's county town, Cardiff , and was the second most populous town in Wales behind Merthyr Tydfil (which had a population of 7,705). However, the census understated Swansea's true size, as much of the built-up area lay outside the contemporary boundaries of the borough ; the total population was actually 10,117. Swansea's population was later overtaken by Merthyr in 1821 and by Cardiff in 1881, although in the latter year Swansea once again surpassed Merthyr. [9] Much of Swansea's growth was due to migration from within and beyond Wales — in 1881, more than a third of the borough's population had been born outside Swansea and Glamorgan, and just under a quarter outside Wales. [10] 20th century Through the 20th century, heavy industries in the town declined, leaving the Lower Swansea Valley filled with derelict works and mounds of waste products from them. The Lower Swansea Valley Scheme (which still continues) reclaimed much of the land. The present Enterprise Zone was the result and, of the many original docks, only those outside the city continue to work as docks; North Dock is now Parc Tawe and South Dock became the Marina . Little city-centre evidence, beyond parts of the road layout, remains from medieval Swansea; its industrial importance made it the target of bombing, known as the Blitz in World War II , and the centre was flattened completely. The city has three Grade One listed buildings, these being the Guildhall , Swansea Castle and the Morriston Tabernacle . [11] Whilst the city itself has a long history, many of the city centre buildings are post-war as much of the original centre was destroyed by World War II bombing on the 19th, 20th and 21 February 1941 (the 'Three Nights Blitz'). [12] Within the city centre are the ruins of the castle , the Marina, the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery , Swansea Museum , the Dylan Thomas Centre , the Environment Centre, and the Market , which is the largest covered market in Wales. [13] It backs onto the Quadrant Shopping Centre which opened in 1978 and the adjoining St David's Centre opened in 1982. Other notable modern buildings are the BT Tower (formerly the GPO tower) built around 1970, Alexandra House opened in 1976, County Hall opened in July 1982. Swansea Leisure Centre opened in 1977; it has undergone extensive refurbishment which retained elements of the original structure and re-opened in March 2008. Swansea was granted city status in 1969, [14] to mark Prince Charles 's investiture as the Prince of Wales . The announcement was made by the prince on 3 July 1969, during a tour of Wales. [15] It obtained the further right to have a lord mayor in 1982. [16] Governance Main article: City and County of Swansea council In 1887, Swansea was a township at the mouth of the river Tawe, covering 4,562 acres (1,846 ha) in the county of Glamorgan . [17] There were three major extensions to the boundaries of the borough, first in 1835, when Morriston , St Thomas , Landore , St John-juxta-Swansea, and part of Llansamlet parish were added, and again in 1889 when areas around Cwmbwrla and Trewyddfa were included, and in 1918 when the borough was enlarged to include the whole of the ancient parish of Swansea, the southern part of Llangyfelach parish, all of Llansamlet parish, Oystermouth Urban District and Brynau parish. [18] [19] In 1889, Swansea attained county borough status, [20] and it was granted city status in 1969, which was inherited by the Swansea district when it was formed by the merger of the borough and Gower Rural District in 1974. [21] In 1996, Swansea became one of 22 unitary authorities with the addition of part of the former Lliw Valley Borough . The new authority received the name 'City and County of Swansea' ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe). [22] Swansea was once a staunch stronghold of the Labour Party which, until 2004, had overall control of the council for 24 years. [23] The Liberal Democrats were the largest group in the administration that took control of Swansea Council in the 2004 local elections until the 2012 council elections saw the council return to Labour control. For 2009/2010, the Lord Mayor of Swansea was Councillor Alan Lloyd, and in 2010/2011 Richard Lewis was the Lord Mayor. The Lord Mayor changes in May each year. Welsh politics It also has a friendship link with Nantong , China. [28] Geography Boundaries The "City and County of Swansea" local authority area is bordered by unitary authorities of Carmarthenshire to the north, and Neath Port Talbot to the east. Swansea is bounded by Swansea Bay and the Bristol Channel to the south. Physical description The local government area is 378 square kilometres (146 sq mi) in size, about 2% of the area of Wales. It includes a large amount of open countryside and a central urban and suburban belt. [29] Swansea can be roughly divided into four physical areas. To the north are the Lliw uplands which are mainly open moorland, reaching the foothills of the Black Mountain . To the west is the Gower Peninsula with its rural landscape dotted with small villages. To the east is the coastal strip around Swansea Bay . Cutting though the middle from the south-east to the north-west is the urban and suburban zone stretching from the Swansea city centre to the towns of Gorseinon and Pontarddulais . [29] The most populated areas of Swansea are Morriston , Sketty and the city centre . The chief urbanised area radiates from the city centre towards the north, south and west; along the coast of Swansea Bay to Mumbles ; up the Swansea Valley past Landore and Morriston to Clydach ; over Townhill to Cwmbwrla , Penlan , Treboeth and Fforestfach ; through Uplands , Sketty , Killay to Dunvant ; and east of the river from St. Thomas to Bonymaen , Llansamlet and Birchgrove . A second urbanised area is focused on a triangle defined by Gowerton , Gorseinon and Loughor along with the satellite communities of Penllergaer and Pontarddulais . [29] About three quarters of Swansea is bordered by the sea—the Loughor Estuary , Swansea Bay and the Bristol Channel . The two largest rivers in the region are the Tawe which passes the city centre and the Loughor which flows on the northern border with Carmarthenshire. [29] In the local authority area, the geology is complex, providing diverse scenery. The Gower Peninsula was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Excluding the urbanised area in the south-eastern corner, the whole of the Gower Peninsula is part of an AONB. [30] Swansea has numerous urban and country parklands. [31] The region has featured regularly in the Wales in Bloom awards. [32] The geology of the Gower Peninsula ranges from Carboniferous Limestone cliffs along its southern edge from Mumbles to Worm's Head and the salt-marshes and dune systems of the Loughor estuary to the north. The eastern, southern and western coasts of the peninsula are lined with numerous sandy beaches both wide and small, separated by steep cliffs. The South Wales Coalfield reaches the coast in the Swansea area. This had a great bearing on the development of the city of Swansea and other nearby towns such as Morriston. The inland area is covered by large swathes of grassland common overlooked by sandstone heath ridges including the prominent Cefn Bryn . The traditional agricultural landscape consists in a patchwork of fields characterised by walls, stone-faced banks and hedgerows. Valleys cut through the peninsula and contain rich deciduous woodland . [30] Much of the local authority's area is hilly with the main area of upland being located in the council ward of Mawr . Areas of high land up to 185 metres (607 ft) range across the central section and form the hills of Kilvey , Townhill and Llwynmawr, separating the centre of Swansea from its northern suburbs. Cefn Bryn , a ridge of high land, forms the backbone of the Gower Peninsula. Rhossili Down, Hardings Down and Llanmadoc Hill form land features up to 193 metres (633 ft) high. The highest point is located at Penlle'r Castell at 374 metres (1,227 ft) on the northern border with Carmarthenshire . [29] Error creating thumbnail: Invalid thumbnail parameters or image file with more than 12.5 million pixels Swansea Bay as seen from the Mumbles. Climate Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Typical of the west of Britain, Swansea has a temperate oceanic climate . As part of a coastal region, it experiences a milder climate than the mountains and valleys inland. This same location, though, leaves Swansea exposed to rain-bearing winds from the Atlantic : figures from the Met Office make Swansea the wettest city in Britain. [33] In midsummer, Swansea's temperatures can reach into the high twenties Celsius. [34] Demography The population of the Swansea built-up area within the unitary authority boundaries in 2011 was about 179,485, and the council population was 238,700. The other built-up areas within the unitary authority are centred on Gorseinon and Pontarddulais. In 2011, the Gorseinon built-up area had a population of 20,581 and the Pontarddulais built-up area had a population of 9,073. [35] However, the wider urban area including most of Swansea Bay has a total population of 300,352 (making it the 24th largest urban area in England and Wales ). [36] Over 218,000 individuals are white ; 1,106 are of mixed race ; 2,215 are Asian – mainly Bangladeshi (1,015); 300 are black ; and 1,195 belong to other ethnic groups . [37] The Office for National Statistics 2010 mid-year population estimate for the City & County of Swansea is 232,500. [38] Around 82% of the population were born in Wales and 13% born in England; [39] 13.4% were Welsh speakers. [40] From 1804 until the 1920s, Swansea experienced continuous population growth. The 1930s and 1940s was a period of slight decline. In the 1950s and 1960s the population grew and then fell in the 1970s. The population grew again in the 1980s only to fall again in the 1990s. In the 2000s, so far, Swansea is experiencing a small amount of population growth; the local authority area had an estimated population of 228,100 in 2007. [41] Culture The Royal Institution of South Wales was founded in 1835 as the Swansea Literary and Philosophical Society . Performing arts The Grand Theatre in the centre of the city is a Victorian theatre which celebrated its centenary in 1997 and which has a capacity of a little over a thousand people. It was opened by the celebrated opera singer Adelina Patti and was refurbished from 1983 to 1987. The annual programme ranges from pantomime and drama to opera and ballet. Fluellen Theatre Company is a professional theatre company based in Swansea performing regularly at the Grand Theatre. The company also presents Lunchtime Theatre on the last Saturday of every month. The Taliesin building on the university campus has a theatre, opened in 1984. Other theatres include the Dylan Thomas Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) near the marina, and one in Penyrheol Leisure Centre near Gorseinon . In the summer, outdoor Shakespeare performances are a regular feature at Oystermouth Castle , and Singleton Park is the venue for a number of parties and concerts, from dance music to outdoor Proms . Outside the city, Pontardawe hosts an annual folk festival. Another folk festival is held on Gower. [42] Standing near Victoria Park on the coast road is the Patti Pavilion ; this was the Winter Garden from Adelina Patti's Craig-y-Nos estate in the upper Swansea valley, which she donated to the town in 1918. It is used as a venue for music shows and fairs. The Brangwyn Hall is a multi-use venue with events such as the graduation ceremonies for Swansea University . Every autumn, Swansea hosts a Festival of Music and the Arts, when international orchestras and soloists visit the Brangwyn Hall. The Brangwyn Hall is praised for its acoustics for recitals, orchestral pieces and chamber music alike. [43] Festivals Swansea hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1863, 1891, 1907, 1926, 1964, 1982 and 2006. The 2006 event occupied the site of the former Felindre tinplate works to the north of the city and featured a strikingly pink main tent. The international BeyondTv film festival has been hosted in Swansea since 2000 by Swansea based media charity Undercurrents . In 2009 Swansea Council launched Wales only week long St David's Week festival in venues throughout the city. Welsh language There are many Daniel James Community School. This arrangement was a subject of considerable controversy in the period leading up to Bryn Tawe's inauguration. 45% of the rural council ward Mawr speak Welsh , as do 38% of the ward of Pontarddulais . Clydach , Kingsbridge and Upper Loughor all have levels of more than 20%. By contrast, the urban St. Thomas has one of the lowest figures in Wales, at 6.4%, a figure only barely lower than Penderry and Townhill wards. [45] Food Local produce includes cockles and laverbread which are sourced from the Loughor estuary . Local Gower salt marsh lamb is produced from sheep which are raised in the salt marshes of the Loughor estuary. [46] Notable people See also Category:People from Swansea and List of people from Swansea . People from Swansea are known locally as Swansea Jacks, or just Jacks. The source of this nickname is not clear. Some attribute it to Swansea Jack , the life-saving dog. [47] [48] Swansea's most famous daughter is Hollywood actress Catherine Zeta-Jones who still owns a home in Mumbles. Swansea is also the home town of 2013 ITU Triathlon World Champion Non Stanford [49] On the literary stage, the poet Dylan Thomas is perhaps the best-known. He was born in the town and grew up at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive, Uplands. There is a memorial to him in the nearby Cwmdonkin Park ; his take on Swansea was that it was an "ugly lovely town". In the 1930s Thomas was a member of a group of local artists, writers and musicians known as The Kardomah Gang , as they frequently met in the Kardomah Café in Swansea city centre. [50] Sport Strong local rivalries exist between Swansea City A.F.C. and Cardiff City F.C. in football , Swansea RFC and Llanelli and the Ospreys and Scarlets in Rugby Union . Swansea City A.F.C. moved from the Vetch Field to the new Liberty Stadium at the start of the 2005–2006 season, winning promotion to League One in their final year at their old stadium. The team presently play in the Premier League , after being promoted during the 2010/11 season. The Football Association of Wales has decided that for the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign, Wales would play all of their home ties at either the Cardiff City Stadium or the Liberty Stadium, Swansea has three clubs that play in the Welsh Football League : Garden Village , South Gower and West End . In 2003, Swansea RFC merged with Neath RFC to form the Neath-Swansea Ospreys rugby club. Swansea RFC remained at St Helen's in semi-professional form, but the Ospreys moved into the Liberty Stadium in Landore for the start of the 2005–2006 season. Neath-Swansea rugby games used to be hotly contested matches, such that there was some debate about whether a team incorporating both areas was possible. The team came fifth in the Celtic League in their first year of existence and topped that league in their second year. By 2012 they had won the league a record four times. St Helens Rugby and Cricket Ground is the home of Swansea RFC and Glamorgan County Cricket Club have previously played matches there. [51] In this ground, Sir Garfield Sobers hit six sixes in one over; the first time this was achieved in a game of first-class cricket . The final ball landed on the ground past the Cricketers' pub just outside the ground. [52] It is also the home of the tallest floodlight stand in Europe. [53] Swansea's rugby league side plays 13 miles (21 km) from Swansea in the small town of Ystalyfera . They are known as the Swansea Valley Miners but were formed as the Swansea Bulls in 2002. The Swansea Bowls Stadium opened in early 2008. The stadium hosted the World Indoor Singles and Mixed Pairs Championship in April 2008 and the Gravelles Welsh International Open Bowls Championships in 2009. Religion In 2001, 158,457 people in the local authority area (71 per cent) stated their religion as Christian , 44,286 (20 per cent) no religion , 16,800 (7.5 per cent) did not state a religion and 2,167 were Muslim . [54] There are small communities of other religions, each making up a little under 1 per cent of the total population. [54] Swansea is part of the Anglican Diocese of Swansea and Brecon and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Menevia . The Catholic see is based in Swansea at St. Joseph's Cathedral in the Greenhill area. The city is home to 10 per cent of the total Welsh Muslim population; [55] Swansea's Muslim community is raising money to open a new central mosque and community centre in the former St Andrews United Reform Church . This would be replace the existing central Mosque on St Helens Road and in addition to the other three existing mosques (Swansea University Mosque, Hafod Mosque, Imam Khoei Mosque). [56] Swansea is represented in Buddhism with the Dharmavajra Kadampa Buddhist Centre, Pulpung Changchub Dargyeling (Kagyu Tradition) and a branch of the international Dzogchen Community (Nyingma Tradition). Swansea Synagogue and Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Hall are both located in the Uplands area. Swansea, like Wales in general, has seen many non-conformist religious revivals. In 1904, Evan Roberts , a miner from Loughor (Llwchwr), just outside Swansea, was the leader of what has been called one of the world's greatest Protestant religious revivals. Within a few months about 100,000 people were converted. This revival in particular had a profound effect on Welsh society. Plans Swansea City Centre is undergoing a £1 billion transformation scheme. A large area of the city is earmarked for redevelopment. A new city-centre retail precinct is planned involving demolition of the dilapidated St. David's Shopping Centre which has three or four traders, about 13% of the retail space in the centre and the Quadrant Shopping Centre . Including relocation of the Tesco Superstore near to the city's Sainsbury's store in Parc Tawe , the new retail precinct will be almost four times the size of the Quadrant Centre. The city centre is also being brightened up with street art and new walkways, along with the first phase of the David Evans – Castle Street development. New green spaces will be provided in conjunction with the proposed Quadrant Square and Grand Theatre Square. Redevelopment of the Oxford Street car park and Lower Oxford Street arcades are also planned. [57] At the sea front, The Tower, Meridian Quay is now Wales' tallest building at a height of over 80 metres (260 ft); upon completion in 2009 it was planned to be 107 metres (351 ft) in height with a restaurant on the top (29th) floor. However, it was under construction adjacent Swansea Marina until 2010. [58] The height of the building and the facilities of the restaurant had to be scaled down to save costs, because the building was being constructed during an economic recession. Economy Main article: Economy of Swansea Swansea originally developed as centre for metals and mining , especially the copper industry, from the beginning of the 18th century. The industry reached its apogee in the 1880s, when 60% of the copper ores imported to Britain were smelted in the Lower Swansea valley . [59] However, by the end of the Second World War these heavy industries were in decline, and over the post-war decades Swansea shared in the general trend towards a post-industrial , service sector economy. Of the 105,900 people estimated to work within the City and County of Swansea, over 90% are employed in the service sectors, with relatively high shares (compared to the Welsh and UK averages) in public administration, education & health and banking, finance & insurance, [60] and correspondingly high proportions of employment in occupations associated with the service sector, including professional, administrative/secretarial and sales/customer service occupations. The local authority believes this pattern reflects Swansea's role as a service centre for South West Wales. [60] Economic activity and employment rates in Swansea were slightly above the Welsh average in October 2008, but lower than the UK average. [60] In 2005, GVA per head in Swansea was £14,302 – nearly 4% above the Welsh average but 20% below the UK average. [60] Median full-time earnings in Swansea were £21,577 in 2007, almost identical to the Welsh average. [60] Swansea is home to the DVLA headquarters based in Morriston which employs around 6,000 people in the city. Other major employers in the city are Admiral Group , HSBC , Virgin Media , Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board , BT and Amazon.co.uk . Education Further and higher education Swansea University has a campus in Singleton Park overlooking Swansea Bay. Its engineering department is recognised as a centre of excellence with pioneering work on computational techniques for solving engineering design problems. [61] The Department of Physics is renowned for its research achievements at the frontiers of Theoretical Physics, particularly in the areas of Elementary Particle Physics and String Theory. And many other departments such as History , Computer Science and German were awarded an "Excellent" in the last inspection. The university was awarded the Times Higher Education Supplement Award for the UK's "best student experience" in 2005. [62] Other establishments for further and higher education in the city include Swansea Metropolitan University and Gower College Swansea . Swansea Metropolitan University (formerly Swansea Institute of Higher Education) is particularly well known for its Architectural Glass department; stained glass being a long time speciality. Schools In the local authority area, there is one nursery school; six infant schools and five junior schools. There are 77 primary schools, nine of which are Welsh-Medium, and six of which are voluntary aided. There are 15 comprehensive schools under the remit of the local education authority, of which two are Welsh- medium . In addition, there are six special schools. [63] The oldest school in Swansea is Bishop Gore School . The largest comprehensive school in Swansea is Olchfa School . There is one Roman Catholic comprehensive school in the city – Bishop Vaughan Catholic Comprehensive School . The Welsh medium schools are Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Gŵyr and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Bryn Tawe . Other schools in Swansea include Birchgrove Comprehensive School, Cefn Hengoed Community School, Dylan Thomas School, Daniel James Community School , Pentrehafod Comprehensive School, Morriston Comprehensive School and Gowerton School. Some primary schools in Swansea are: Cwm Glas Primary School Sketty Primary School St. Thomas Primary School There are also a few Roman Catholic primary schools, one of them being St. Joseph's Primary School. Independent schools in Swansea include Ffynone House School , Oakleigh House School and Craig-y-Nos School. Local media The local newspaper is the Swansea edition of the South Wales Evening Post . The Swansea Herald of Wales is a free newspaper which is distributed every week to residential addresses. [64] The Cardiff edition of the free daily paper Metro is distributed throughout the city. The Council also produces a free monthly newspaper called the Swansea Leader. Swansea Life is a monthly lifestyle magazine published and distributed in Swansea. Swansea is served by three local radio stations, 96.4 The Wave on FM and DAB , its sister station Swansea Sound on 1170MW and DAB and lastly Nation Hits on 102.1FM and DAB. The city also has a community radio station, Radio Tircoed. The patients and staff at Singleton Hospital can listen to the hospital radio station, Radio City 1386AM and Swansea University also runs its own radio station, Xtreme Radio, on 1431 AM. Providing the DAB service, the local multiplex called Swansea SW Wales is broadcast from Kilvey Hill. This transmitter also provides digital terrestrial television in the Swansea area. As well as Kilvey Hill the city is in the catchment areas of the Wenvoe transmitter (in the Vale of Glamorgan ) and the Carmel transmitter in Carmarthenshire . Since 1924, the BBC has maintained a studio in the city; [9] Dylan Thomas worked here in the interwar years, when the studio was used for the BBC Regional Programme . [65] Currently it has facilities to broadcast live radio and television and is listed as a BBC regional studio. [66] In mid-2008, the BBC included Swansea in its "Big Screen" project, and a large live permanent television screen has been sited in Castle Square. [67] Independent filmmakers Swansea Telly, an internet based video channel for Swansea, launched to showcase videos made by local people. Representation in the media Swansea has been used as a location for films such as Only Two Can Play , [68] Submarine and Twin Town , the TV series Mine All Mine and in episodes of Doctor Who . [69] Swansea was the first city in Wales to feature in its own version of the board game Monopoly . The Swansea edition of Monopoly features 33 local landmarks, including the Mumbles Pier and the National Waterfront Museum ; the game has been produced in both English and Welsh. [70] Swansea was also featured in a television documentary titled Swansea Love Story as part of the Rule Britannia series on VBS.tv . The film is of a rather graphic nature and features heroin users as well as community members affected by the epidemic while trying to provide some explanation for the increase in use. [71] Swansea was featured in several Yes, Minister series as an undesirable civil service posting, in particular the vehicle licencing centre. Public services Ambulance services are provided by the Wales Ambulance Service , and fire services by the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service . Swansea Airport is one of the country's three Wales Air Ambulance bases, the others being Welshpool and Caernarfon . [72] Local public healthcare services are operated by Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board , who operate two hospitals in Swansea, Singleton Hospital and Morriston Hospital ; the latter provides Accident and Emergency services. Singleton Hospital has one of Wales' three radiotherapy departments. Waste management services are coordinated by the local council, which deals with refuse collection and recycling and operates five civic amenity sites . Welsh Water provides drinking water supply and wastewater services to Swansea. There is a water treatment works at Crymlyn Burrows . Reservoirs which supply Swansea include the Cray reservoir and the Lliw Reservoirs, which are operated by Welsh Water. The Local Gas Distribution company is Wales and West Utilities. Public order There was a high rate of car crime during the 1990s. The BBC has described Swansea as a "black spot for car crime", [73] for example. However, over the past few years, there seems to have been a decline in car crime. . Car crime is a central theme in the film Twin Town , which was set in and around Swansea and Port Talbot. The football violence that Swansea experienced during the 1970s–1990s has considerably reduced, the only major clashes occurring between Swansea City supporters and Cardiff City supporters. Many matches between these sides have ended in violence in both Swansea and Cardiff. These two clubs have a long history of intense rivalry, [74] being described in the media as tribal. Transport The M4 motorway crosses though Swansea (junctions 44 to 47 inclusive). The A48 , formerly a trunk road, passes through the north of the city centre, through Llansamlet and past Morriston. The A48 and the M4 connect Swansea with other towns and cities including Port Talbot , Bridgend , Cardiff , Bristol and London to the east and Llanelli and Cross Hands to the west. The A483 passes though the city centre, providing a link to the Heads of Valleys Road to the west. On departing to the north, the A483 continues through mid-Wales via towns like Ammanford , Builth Wells and Newtown and terminates at Chester . The A4067 (Swansea Valley Road) links Swansea with settlements in the Swansea Valley and continues towards Brecon . Park and Ride services are operated from car parks at Landore , Fabian Way and Fforestfach . [75] During busy periods of the year, additional Park and Ride services are operated from the Brynmill recreation ground. Bus routes within Swansea are operated predominately by First Cymru and Veolia Transport Cymru, originating from Swansea bus station . First operates the Swansea Metro , a road-based FTR bus rapid transit route, introduced between Morriston Hospital and Singleton Hospital in 2009, [76] and a shuttle bus (Service 100) to Cardiff Central bus station calling at Bridgend Designer Outlet . Veolia operates the rural services around the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw Valley branded Gower Explorer and Lliw Link respectively. National Express serves Swansea operating eastbound to Heathrow Airport , Gatwick Airport , London , Birmingham , Cardiff and Bristol , and westbound to Llanelli , Carmarthen and Haverfordwest . There are four dedicated cycle routes in the local authority's area: Adjacent to the Fabian Way : Forming part of National Cycle Network, Route 4 and extending as the Celtic Trail to Chepstow and (eventually) London . City cruiser pedal vehicles are being introduced to the city centre in a joint venture between the council and Swansea Business Improvement District . [77] [78] In November 2007 a new bridge was completed over the Fabian Way which provides a one way park and ride bus lane and a shared-use pedestrian and NCN route 4 cycle way. The leaf-shaped bridge was shortlisted for the 2008 Structural Steel Design Awards. [79] Swansea railway station is located 10 minutes from Swansea bus station by foot. Services calling at Swansea operate to Llanelli , Carmarthen , Milford Haven and Haverfordwest to the west, Shrewsbury to the north, and Cardiff Central (for connections to England and beyond), Newport and London Paddington to the east. There are also suburban stations in Gowerton , Llansamlet and in Pontarddulais which are served by Arriva Trains Wales . Swansea Airport is a minor aerodrome situated in the Gower providing recreational flights only. Further development of the airport is strongly resisted by the local communities and environmental groups. [80] Swansea is served by Cardiff Airport , 44 miles (71 km) east, in the Vale of Glamorgan , which provides scheduled domestic and international flights. It is approximately 40 minutes away by road or 70 minutes by rail. Pembrey Airport , 17 miles (27 km) to the west offers charter flights to a few European destinations. Swansea Marina to the south of the city centre has berths for 410 leisure boats. [81] An addition 200 berths for leisure boats are located near the mouth of the River Tawe. [82] Further leisure boating berths are being constructed at the Prince of Wales Dock in the Swansea Docks complex. The Swansea Docks complex is owned and operated by Associated British Ports and is used to handle a range of cargo ranging from agribulks and coal to timber and steel. [83] Swansea Docks consists of three floating docks and a ferry terminal. Fastnet Line operated a Swansea Cork Ferry roll-on/roll-off service until November 2011, when the service was ended. [84] A new catamaran-based passenger ferry service from Ilfracombe to Swansea was scheduled to begin in Easter 2010 with two return trips a day taking around 50 minutes each way, it would also have had facilities to carry cycles. [85] However, as of Spring 2013, the service was yet to launch. Mumbles railway and tram The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was built in 1804 to move limestone from the quarries of Mumbles and coal from the Clyne valley to Swansea and to the markets beyond. It carried the world's first fare-paying rail passengers on the day the British Parliament abolished the transportation of slaves from Africa. It later moved from horse power to steam locomotion, and finally converting to electric trams, before closing in January 1960, in favour of motor buses. [2] At the time of the railway's decommissioning, it had been the world's longest serving railway and it still holds the record for the highest number of forms of traction of any railway in the world – horse-drawn, sail power, steam power, electric power, diesel and petrol. Leisure and tourism A number of beaches around Swansea Bay are promoted to visitors. [86] Surfing is possible at Langland Bay , Caswell Bay and Llangennith , with the latter winning accolades from two national newspapers for the quality of its waves. [87] The five-mile promenade from the Marina to Mumbles offers views across Swansea Bay. [88] The seaside village of Mumbles has a Victorian pier , small, independent shops and boutiques, restaurants and cafes. [89] The south coast of Gower is the chief magnet for walkers, with a path stretching from Mumbles Head across the cliff tops, beaches and coastal woodland to Rhossili . [90] Attractions On the Waterfront, Swansea Bay has a five-mile (8 km) sweep of coastline [91] which features a beach, promenade, children's lido, leisure pool, marina and maritime quarter featuring the museums the National Waterfront Museum and Swansea Museum , the oldest museum in Wales. [92] Also situated in the maritime quarter is the Dylan Thomas Centre which celebrates the life and work of the author with its permanent exhibition 'Dylan Thomas – Man and Myth' [93] and Mission Gallery a unique art gallery also in the heart of the Maritime Quarter, the gallery hosts a range of exhibitions from various art disciplines, it also host a craft space, with ranging works from local and international artists. [94] The Dylan Thomas Centre is the focal point for the annual Dylan Thomas Festival (27 October – 9 November). The SA1 Waterfront area is the latest development for living, dining and leisure. [95] Swansea Bay, Mumbles and Gower are home to various parks and gardens and almost 20 nature reserves. [96] Clyne Gardens is home to a collection of plants set in parkland and host to 'Clyne in Bloom' in May. Singleton Park has acres of parkland, a botanical garden, a boating lake with pedal boats, and crazy golf. Plantasia is a tropical hothouse pyramid featuring three climatic zones, housing a variety of unusual plants, including several species which are extinct in the wild, and monkeys, reptiles, fish and a butterfly house. Other parks include Cwmdonkin Park , where Dylan Thomas played as a child, and Victoria Park which is close to the promenade on the seafront. [97] Activities Swansea has a range of activities including sailing , water skiing , surfing , and other watersports , [98] walking [99] and cycling . [100] Part of the Celtic Trail and the National Cycle Network , Swansea Bay provides a range of traffic-free cycle routes including along the seafront and through Clyne Valley Country Park . [101] The Cycling Touring Club CTC has a local group in the area. [102] Swansea Bay, Mumbles and Gower have a selection of golf courses . [103] Prior to closure in 2003, Swansea Leisure Centre was one of the top ten visitor attractions in the UK; it has been redeveloped as an indoor waterpark, rebranded the 'LC', [104] and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 March 2008. [105] The Wales National Pool is based in Swansea. [106] Nightlife Swansea has a range of public houses, bars , clubs , restaurants and two casinos . [107] [108] The majority of city centre bars are situated on Wind Street , with various chains represented including Revolution , Varsity , Yates's and Walkabout . Most clubs, including Oceana , are located on the Kingsway. [109] Some venues feature live music. [110] The Mumbles Mile, described by the BBC as "one of Wales' best-known pub crawls " has declined in recent years with a number of local pubs being converted into flats or restaurants. [111] Beaches Oxwich Bay on the Gower Peninsula was named the most beautiful beach in Britain by travel writers who visited more than 1,000 around the world in search of the perfect sands (2007). The Travel Magazine praised Oxwich for "magnificent and unspoilt" scenery and as a "great place for adults and children to explore". [112] It boasts over three miles (5 km) of soft, golden sands, making it the ideal family getaway. Not surprisingly, The Guardian named it one of Britain's blue-riband top 10 category beaches (2007). [113] The Independent newspaper hailed Rhossili Bay as "the British supermodel of beaches" (2006) and the best beach in Britain for breathtaking cliffs (2007), [114] whilst The Sunday Times listed it as one of the 25 best beaches in the world (2006). [115] Thanks to its clear air and lovely golden sand, this romantic stretch of sand was voted the best place in the UK to watch the sun set ( Country Living magazine 2005) [115] and one the top romantic spots in the country (The Guardian 2007). [116] Nearby Llangennith Beach , with its soft sands, consistent beach break and great facilities, was listed as the best place to learn how to surf in Britain by The Observer (2006) [117] and one of the 10 'classic surfing beaches by The Guardian (2007). [118] Gower also claims Britain's Best Beach, Three Cliffs Bay . The Gower landmark topped the BBC Holiday Hit Squad nationwide competition (2006) [119] and was voted Britain's best camping beach by The Independent thanks to its superb setting and quiet location (2007). [120] Three Cliffs Bay also made the final of the ITV series Britain's Favourite View – the only nomination in Wales and backed by singer Katherine Jenkins . [121] Nearby Brandy Cove came sixth in an online poll to find the UK's top beach for the baby boomer generation (2006). [122] Beaches which won 2006 Blue Flag Beach Awards are: Bracelet Bay , Caswell Bay , Langland Bay , Port Eynon Bay and Swansea Marina (one of the few Blue Flag Marinas in Wales). All of these beaches also won a Seaside Award 2006. Limeslade was awarded the Rural Seaside Award and the Green Coast Award. Other Green Coast Awards went to Pwll Du, Rhossili Bay and Tor Bay . References Commons has media related to Swansea . has a travel guide for Swansea. City and County of Swansea: DMOZ Sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia™ licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 Help to improve this article, make contributions at the Citational Source This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Now aged 57, which British scientist is widely accepted as being the inventor of the World Wide Web?	Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World - Listverse Top 10 British Inventions That Changed the World Phil Bateman July 10, 2012 Great Britain produced many of the most influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors in modern history. With influential people, come influential ideas, theories and inventions, some of which have the potential to change the world forever. This list will look at my pick for the top 10 British inventions which did just that. Note that although a couple of these inventions have been disputed, they are all legally recognized as British inventions. 10 United States of America Let’s open with a little controversy. The United States of America (USA) is a country occupying roughly half the continent of North America, mostly the southern half. As the sole current global superpower (by definition), The USA has been, and continues to be, one of the most influential countries in the world, especially in industry, culture and military power. The USA was formed when British colonies in North America declared independence after continued and growing disputes with the Kingdom of Great Britain (as it was then known) over taxation of the colonies without representation in British parliament. The Revolutionary War lasted 8 years from 1775 to 1783, resulting in victory and independence for the USA with decisive assistance from the French, Spanish and Dutch during the war. However, the fact remains that the colonists were British subjects until the point of victory in 1783, at which time they became independent Americans. By that reasoning, The USA was, at its inception, a British invention. 9 Nearly Every Modern Sport Most popular sports in the modern world trace their history to Britain, at least in terms of standardization of the rulesets and widespread competitive play. The most notable being Football, Cricket, Rugby and Tennis. Many other modern sports trace their history to variations on British sports, such as American Football (derived from Rugby) and Baseball (derived from Rounders). Of course, the British weren’t the first to think of kicking a ball around in a field, but the British standardized the structure and rules of most modern competitive sports as we know them today. 8 Newton’s Laws Isaac Newton was a British physicist and mathematician. Born in 1642, Newton discovered and documented for the first time three laws of motion in regard to physics. Newton’s Laws are as follows – 1st Law: An object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force and an object in uniform motion tends to remain in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. 2nd Law: An applied force on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum. 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Newton was also the first person to document the mechanics of universal gravitation. Newton’s work is some of the most influential in the history of modern science, many regarding him to be one of the most important scientists in human history. 7 Programmable Computer The first programmable computer was invented by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although he is recognized as the inventor of the programmable computer, Babbage did not live to see the machine completed. Babbage began work on a mechanical computer he called the Difference Engine in 1822, working for more than ten years with government funding. The project was eventually abandoned after losing funding after the British government lost faith in the project after prolonged delays. The machine was built for the first time from Babbage’s original designs over 150 years later in 1989. After his work on the difference engine, Babbage went on to invent the Analytical Engine, a far more complex machine than the Difference Engine, it could be programmed using punched cards. The Analytical Engine, although not built in full until 2011 by British researchers, was the first ever working programmable computer, and was the first step in the history of computing as we know it. 6 World Wide Web Not to be confused with the Internet (a global system of networked computers invented in the USA), the World Wide Web, invented by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, is the system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The World Wide Web is most commonly experienced as the system behind the concept of web pages and websites. Berners-Lee first proposed the concept of the World Wide Web in March 1989, later pitching it at CERN along with Belgian scientist Robert Cailliau. CERN then publicly introduced the project in December of 1990. The first website, info.cern.ch, went live at CERN on 6th August 1991. Interestingly, Berners-Lee, although realizing the potential for immense personal profit from his invention, chose instead to gift the idea to the world, requesting no payment. 5 Television The world’s first publicly demonstrated television was invented by British inventor John Logie Baird in 1925. Logie Baird is also credited with the invention of the first fully electric color television tube. The first public demonstration of Logie Baird’s television was performed before members of the Royal Institution on 26th January 1926. He also later demonstrated the first color television on 3rd July 1928. Logie Baird’s television displayed a 30 line vertically scanned image at 5 frames per second, with later models improving the frame rate to 12.5 frames per second by the time of its first demonstration. Logie Baird’s invention paved the way for what is now nearly a century of work on the development of television technology, which remains one of the most influential inventions in history, allowing people all over the world to communicate via moving images. 4 Steam Locomotive The first steam locomotive was invented by Richard Trevithick, a British inventor and mining engineer. Trevithick’s steam locomotive was built in 1804 in Pen-y-Darren in South Wales to carrying cargo. Trevithick sold the patents to the steam locomotive to Samuel Homfray. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully carried an impressive load of 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men 9.75 miles between Penydarren and Abercynon in 4 hours and 5 minutes. Trevithick continued to work with steam locomotives for many more years until his death in April 1833. A full-scale working replica of his first steam locomotive was built in 1981 for the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum, later moving to the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea. The locomotive is run several times a year along a short length of rail outside the museum. 3 Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin was a British naturalist born in 1809. Darwin was the first person to propose the now popular theories of evolution, natural selection and common descent. After a 5 year voyage around the globe aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin returned to Britain finding himself a celebrity in scientific circles following distribution of his letters to various scientists at home while he had been away studying geology aboard the Beagle. Darwin went on to be elected to the Council of the Geological Society, later moving to London to continue his work and join a circle of scientists which included Charles Babbage. Darwin formed his theory of evolution over much of his life, only publishing it in his later years in his book “On The Origin of Species” for fear of how the public would respond to what was, at the time, a highly controversial theory, since it proposed a means by which life developed on Earth without a God. Charles Darwin continued, despite controversy (and in some cases ridicule), his work until his death on 19th April 1882 from heart disease, likely brought on from years of illness, overwork and stress. 2 Telephone The telephone was invented by British inventor Alexander Graham Bell and patented in 1876. Bell left school at age 15, but maintained a keen interest in science and biology. Moving to London to live with his grandfather, Bell developed a love for learning and spent hours each day in study. Aged 16, he went to teach elocution and music at Weston House Academy in Moray, Scotland. A year later, Bell attended the University of Edinburgh, later being accepted into the University of London. His early experiments with sound began when he was taken to see a “speaking” automaton designed by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen and built by Sir Charles Wheatstone. Fascinated by the machine, Bell purchased a copy of a book written in German by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen and built a similar automaton with his Brother. Many years later, while working at Boston University School of Oratory, Bell became interested in technology to transmit sound. Leaving his job a the university, he made the decision to pursue his personal research on the subject. In 1875, Bell created an acoustic telegraph which he patented in March 1876 following a close race with American inventor Elisha Gray, whom accused Graham Bell of stealing the invention from him. The patent office ultimately ruled in Bell’s favor and he was granted the patent for the world’s first telephone. 1 English Language English is the second most widely spoken language in the world behind Mandarin. However, it is the official language of more countries worldwide than any other, and the most common second language globally. English is generally used as the intermediary language of choice at global events and international summits. The English language is also the most far reaching language in the world, with native speakers as far spread as Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and, of course, Great Britain, where the language was born. Every great speech in the long history of the English speaking world, every theory, paper, proposal and design too, share one common thing: the English language. That is why it must be Britain’s most influential invention. More Great Lists	Tim Berners-Lee
Living from 1891 to 1958 which Dane is credited with being the inventor of the toy Lego?	Founders Forum - 10 years by Founders Forum - issuu p136 Gaming On the Shoulders of Giants p148 Corporate Transition This is a Radical Transformation p140 Key Events 2012 p151 Key Events 2013 p75 In Pictures From London to New York, Rio to Mumbai, Los Angeles to Singapore, Istanbul to New Delhi p141 Hiroshi Mikitani p152 Arkady Volozh The Global Ambitions of Russia’s Google p142 Alexander Ljung In Love With Sound p155 Dr Mike Lynch p144 Martha Lane Fox p145 Sir Tim Berners-Lee p109 Rising Stars Founders Forum hand-picks a selection of the most disruptive technology companies to present at its events p203 In Names A selection of the hundreds of entrepreneurs, business leaders, politicians, and others who have attended Founders Forum events over the last ten years 2014 p158 Artificial Intelligence Making Machines Smarter p172 IP and Innovation Disruption, Disintermediation, Reinvention p185 The View From Elsewhere Essays from Silicon Valley and Europe’s finest p161 Key Events 2014 p162 Sean Parker p163 Rohan Silva p163 Alexander Asseily p164 Alex Chesterman Mobile has Changed Everything p166 Pete Flint p166 Sebastian Siemiatkowski p167 Nikesh Arora The Global Local Hero p176 Key Events 2015 p177 Natalie Massenet Putting Fashion Retailing on the Digital Runway p180 Stefan von Holtzbrinck Technology, There’s No Downside p182 Eben Upton p182 Frédéric Mazzella p183 Michael Birch p183 Andrew Thompson p186 Five Traits of an Entrepreneur Travis Kalanick, Uber p190 Look Beyond the Clouds Matt Brittin, Google p192 An Engine of Innovation David Marcus, Facebook p194 From Start-Up to Scale-Up Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn p196 E is for Estonia Andrus Ansip, European Commission p198 A Purpose Beyond Profit Matthew Freud, freuds p200 The Founders Forum Journey Henry Lane Fox, Founders Forum Founders Forum 10 Years Introduction My internet adventures have allowed me to mix a love of gadgets with a love of entrepreneurship. My father, an engineer by profession, fuelled the former He’d buy me early Apple II computers, Dick Tracy-style watches (featuring infrared buttons to control power sockets) and radio transmitters that allowed me to become the controller of Eton’s first pirate radio station. The entrepreneurship came from my grandfather, who turned his uncle’s single South African clothes shop into a 650-store chain – Truworths. → As a South African, Americanophile immigrant in the UK at the end of the last century, I naturally turned to the internet. At the time, European digital entrepreneurship was in its infancy. The company I co-founded, lastminute.com, became a protagonist in the dot-com drama that unfolded. We experimented very early with many technologies we take for granted today: voice recognition, locationbased mobile services and personalisation. We experimented, too, with a number of forward-looking online services, not just travel but food delivery, spa bookings, local deals, dynamic packaging, theatres and cinemas. Much of what was niche then is now mainstream. European entrepreneurship has come a long way since 1998. It is no longer exceptional to find two ex-consultants under the age of 30 with a 30-page plan able to raise $1m. Now, we have hundreds of them each year, many with the potential to turn their ideas into the next billion-dollar start-up, the so-called unicorns. European entrepreneurship societies flourish at schools and universities. Role models abound. And powerful alumni networks are springing up across the continent. Think of Skype alumni spawning Atomico, TransferWise and Rdio. Consider the former lastminute.com employees going on to create Trulia, Wahanda, Voyage Privé, Qype and MADE.com. Similarly, think of King, Rocket, ARM, Iliad, Carphone Warehouse and Booking.com. Many founders, post-exit, nurture the next generation, encouraged by tax breaks but more importantly stimulated by a desire to stay relevant and an enthusiasm to give back to upcoming entrepreneurs. lastminute.com was sold in 2005, ten years ago. Jonnie Goodwin, Marc Samwer, Matthew Freud and I launched Founders Forum shortly thereafter. Career timeline 1998: Co-founder/CEO of lastminute.com 2000: lastminute.com floated in March 2005: lastminute.com acquired by Travelocity Europe for $1.1bn 2006: Co-founder/ Chairman of Founders Forum 2009: Appointed to The Business Council for Britain 2010: Co-founder/ Chairman of MADE.com 2015: Co-founder of Founders Factory Currently the Prime Minister’s business trade ambassador Like many businesses, the timing of Founders Forum was a combination of smart thinking and luck. From that first event, which featured 80 top players, we now struggle to keep numbers below 400. We host seasoned entrepreneurs, leading investors, corporate CEOs and rising tech stars. This mix of talent is designed to inject energy, drive and inspiration and to encourage return visits. Founders Forum has moved beyond its role as a networking anchor with the launch of Founders Keepers, Founders Intelligence, Founders Pledge and Founders Factory. As this book makes clear, Europe still has much to prove. Nevertheless, the continent’s entrepreneurs can hold their heads up high as they battle the complexities of a not-yet-single digital market, multiple languages and regulatory hurdles. By conquering these barriers they prove themselves to be world class. Unlike in 1998, Europe’s politicians are listening to the digital community and are locked in a virtuous arms race to see who can create the best environment for today’s generation of entrepreneurs. While a few technology sectors may mature, others are just emerging: robotics, artificial intelligence, health, e-government, finance, IoT (Internet of Things) and automotive among them. I hope that in ten years’ time, Founders Forum is still going strong and we’ll look back to today as a time when all of us laid the foundations – the skills, regulatory framework, attitudes to failure, a single digital market, bolder aspirations and much more – that led to an even stronger wave of European revolutionaries._ Founders Forum 10 Years Introduction Founders Forum was born with a pretty simple thought in mind – to create an event that would provide the perfect collaborative environment A simple thought to create a series of intimate gatherings that would bring together the leading entrepreneurs of today and the rising stars of tomorrow. No keynotes, just serious brainstorming for seriously smart people. → Ten years on and Founders Forum has staged events in London, New York, Los Angeles, Mumbai, New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai, Qingdao, Singapore and Istanbul. I came away from each of those gatherings more inspired and better informed than when I arrived. That is the joy of Founders Forum. Very busy people join us time and time again because they know they will learn something new and useful and along the way experience the satisfaction of sharing their insights with new people. I continue to be humbled and excited by many of the remarkable stories and achievements I’ve witnessed. To have a ringside seat over the last ten years has been a privilege. During that time, we have seen an unprecedented increase in the levels of venture capital, private equity and M&A activity in this sector. Europe has emerged as a credible part of the tech/digital ecosystem. At the heart of Founders Forum is the belief that we should all do good as we do well. To that end we created the Founders Pledge, a mechanism whereby entrepreneurs commit to donate at least 2 per cent of their personal proceeds from an exit to a social cause of their choice. One hundred and fifteen pledges have already been committed to the project across more than 160 companies, creating a total estimated fund worth almost $100m. It has been an amazing ten years and I’m enormously proud to have been a part of what is a truly unique network. I’ve no doubt the next decade of Founders Forum will be even more inspiring._ Career timeline 2000: Co-founded LongAcre Partners 2006: Co-founded Founders Forum 2007: LongAcre acquired for approximately £40m by Jefferies 2011: Founded Lepe Partners Currently President of the British Fashion Council Investment Pillar and Treasurer of the Centre for Policy Studies On the advisory board for the Tech City Future Fifty, the board of Ten Alps, Masabi and Chairman of the NSPCC Digital Task Force “No keynotes, just serious brainstorming for seriously smart people” Founders Forum GB Rightmove DEU Rocket Internet GB Markit Group RUS Yandex THE BIL LION-DOL L A R SECTORS 4bn+ 12 GB PokerStars SWE King Digital GB Betfair Group GB JUST EAT GB ASOS 01 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 08 02 06 Retail Enterprise Apps Financial Services Gaming Social & Communications Travel & Transportation Content Food & Drink Adtech Classified Directories Consumer Software Apps Other 03 3bn+ GB Playtech DEU CTS Eventim DEU Global Fashion Group GB Ocado DEU Delivery Hero FIN Supercell FRA vente-privee 2bn+ THE COUNTRIES: COMBINED UNICORN WORTH (US $ BN) DEU HelloFresh ITA YOOX GB Powa Technologies SWE Mojang RUS Vkontakte FRA Criteo RUS Avito NLD Adyen SWE Klarna IRE Fleetmatics Group 50 – 55 05 04 GB Ve Interactive DNK Zendesk GB Zoopla FRA BlaBlaCar ISR Conduit ISR IronSource ISR Waze DEU SoundCloud GB Skrill RUS Qiwi DEU XING GB lastminute.com* 45 – 50 40 – 45 35 – 40 30 – 35 25 – 30 20 – 25 1b n DEU Auto1 Group GB Funding Circle ISR Mobli GB TransferWise GB Fanduel DEU Home24 GB Farfetch GB Wonga ISR Trusteer GB Skyscanner GB Shazam GB AO World GB Blippar 15 – 20 10 – 15 9 – 9.9 8 – 8.9 7 – 7.9 6 – 6.9 5 – 5.9 4 – 4.9 3 – 3.9 2 – 2.9 GB Country: DEU Unicorns: 11 Country: RUS Unicorns: 05 Country: FRA Unicorns: 03 Country: ITA Unicorns: 01 Country: ISR Unicorns: 05 Dataset: Data restricted to companies founded in 1999 or later and founded in Europe. Internet and software companies only, including ecommerce. Public and private companies currently valued at $1bn or higher: valuation based on publicly confirmed private market transaction or acquisition, or via its latest public market valuation. Data collated by Founders Forum and Atomico. Sources: Atomico, GP Bullhound Report, CB Insights, Wall Street Journal, Capital IQ 2006 ← 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum Europe A CONTINENT COMES OF AGE 2006 was another country, another era. In ten years, Europe’s tech start-up scene has been transformed. The progress – in the words of Hermann Hauser – has been “spectacular” → Broadband had only just overtaken dial-up as the most popular means of accessing the internet. Personal computers remained the dominant computing device for both work and play. Mass-market smartphones – soon to make anytime, anywhere net access possible and transform almost every industry sector, from retail to logistics – were still a year away. Social networks, as a communications tool and a platform on which to build services, were at an early stage (Twitter was created in March 2006, while Facebook opened itself up beyond college dorms in September). Streaming video for the masses was still a novelty. The global internet population in 2006 was 1.2 billion. By the middle of 2015, the number stood at 3.2 billion. Much has changed in the ten-year time span from 2006 to 2015, not least within Europe’s tech start-up scene. By mid-2015, according to research by the investment banking firm GP Bullhound, there were 40 European start-ups with valuations of $1bn or over: the so-called unicorns. These firms come from ten different countries across the continent and have an average capitalisation of $3bn. Has Europe finally arrived? “Ten years ago, there was so little infrastructure and such a small ecosystem that the likelihood of being able to create a globally relevant company was extremely limited,” observes Danny Rimer, partner at Index Ventures. “You didn’t really have the resources at hand from a recruiting side, from a legal side, from a financing side: it was all pretty limited. And you didn’t really have an ecosystem made up of other founders, other entrepreneurs who knew what you were going through, to learn from and share war stories. And I think that has changed.” His conclusion: “Europe has gone from being irrelevant to being somewhat relevant.” If “somewhat relevant” sounds a little underwhelming, others offer context. “There still is a huge difference between Europe and Silicon Valley,” says Hermann Hauser, the Austrian-born technology entrepreneur, “but let’s not forget that there is a huge difference between Silicon Valley and the rest of America. Sometimes we beat ourselves up too much about this, because if you compare pretty much anything else with Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley always comes out on top. A better way to think about this is to compare ourselves with where we were ten years ago and there the progress is spectacular. We’re actually doing exceptionally well.” Featuring Samir Desai Hermann Hauser Henry Lane Fox Ilkka Paananen Danny Rimer Marc Samwer Ed Wray In 1997, Hauser co-founded Amadeus Capital Partners, an early European venture capital firm, and promoted the nascent researchbased technology scene in Cambridge, dubbed “Silicon Fen”. The Financial Times asked him how long he thought it would take for Silicon Fen to produce its first billion-dollar company. Hauser crossed his fingers behind his back and said that it would take another ten years. “We actually have 14 today,” he notes. “There is now credibility that means you can attract people to Cambridge. Or to London, or a number of other European technology centres.” 10 Years Year/2006 “Ten years ago there was too little infrastructure in Europe” Danny Rimer Partner, Index Ventures Pan-European players Italian-born Riccardo Zacconi ran the German division of Swedish web portal Spray before setting up Anglo-Swedish games company King in the UK Estonian Taavet Hinrikus was an early employee at Skype, the company founded by a Swede and a Dane. Hinrikus went on to co-found Londonbased FinTech TransferWise Hauser sees parallels with the early days in California. “If you look at the success of Silicon Valley and you look at the first 20 years that it took them to build up their ecosystem, their progress wasn’t particularly impressive. But then, after 20 years, it grew exponentially. And we’ve just had 20 years here and the building blocks are now in place for Europe to have the same spectacular growth.” So was it just a case of being patient? “We were impatient for it but also we didn’t have the quality of the management,” he says, pointing to how, in the early days of Amadeus, just 17 per cent of deals involved serial entrepreneurs. Today, 70 per cent of deals do: “We now have much better management.” Access to capital has marked a big shift, too. This has meant not only private equity and seed activity but also more late-stage money. As a result of the latter, start-ups can delay going public. “That tends to give people the time to build more successful, more substantial businesses,” notes Founders Forum’s Henry Lane Fox. “Spotify [the Swedish music streaming service] is a good example of a business that has got to scale, operating internationally. It’s in a situation where it could start making some interesting acquisitions on an international basis.” Success begets success. Entrepreneurs beget entrepreneurs. The Skype co-founder Niklas Zennström, who has also set up the technology investment firm Atomico, is today part mentor, part investor, part cheerleader and part inspiration for a new era of European tech entrepreneurs. Ilkka Paananen, the Finnish co-founder and CEO of the games maker Supercell, says that this kind of active role model creates a “positive feedback loop”. Across Europe, the start-up scene is thriving. Helsinki and Stockholm lead Scandinavia’s gaming charge. Amsterdam is trading on its central location, competitive tax regime and talent. London is drawing on its favourable time zones, the UK’s production line of science and engineering graduates and the capital’s financial heritage to establish itself as a FinTech centre. Paris is building on the successes of Jacques-Antoine Granjon, Marc Simoncini and Xavier Niel. And Berlin, according to Rocket Internet’s Marc Samwer, combines “cheap living space, cheap living costs [and] big old factory buildings where you can rent huge spaces for little money” with a free spirit upon which hundreds of innovations are being commercialised. Meanwhile, many of Europe’s tech totems straddle national borders and are symbols of pan-European success. For example the Italian-born Riccardo Zacconi ran the German division of the Swedish web portal Spray before arriving in London and setting up the Anglo-Swedish games company King. Two Estonian friends, Taavet Hinrikus and Kristo Käärmann, are behind TransferWise. Hinrikus had been director of strategy at Skype, a company founded by a Swede and a Dane and based on software created in Estonia. ↳ Founders Forum If Europe has established a foothold in most technology sectors, there is one area in which performance has been underwhelming: social networking. Where Europe has created successful marketplaces and peer-to-peer networks – such as TransferWise, Funding Circle and BlaBlaCar, to name but three – a successful social network that has been able to compete at scale has eluded the continent. Even XING, the German-originated business network, has existed in the shadows of LinkedIn. Meanwhile, Silicon Valley’s Facebook and, to a lesser extent, Twitter have overshadowed every other consumer network. p16/17 1.2 billion 2006 “I’d turn it around and ask: how many successful social networks have there been?” says Ed Wray, co-founder of Betfair. “Because of the nature of networks – where the number one is always ten times bigger than the number two, which is ten times bigger than the number three – there’s only ever going to be a handful of winners.” Wray draws a distinction between businesses that have disrupted the old order (in finance, betting and commerce, for example) with digital businesses that invented something completely new, such as social networking. Europe has been successful in the former category, in which the regulatory framework has largely played to its advantage. By contrast, the US has been successful at developing the latter, where scale and critical mass are the business imperatives. “The advantage they have is 330 million people who predominantly talk the same language.” Despite its imperfections, Silicon Valley is still used as a shorthand for tech success. But for how much longer? Samir Desai, co-founder and CEO of Funding Circle, thinks that we may be looking the wrong way already. “In a mobile-first world, the countries where mobile is the only way of doing things – such as India and China – are the places we should be looking,” he says. Desai points to the Chinese ride-hailing start-up Didi Kuaidi, which raised $2bn of fresh funding in July 2015 and threatens to put the likes of Uber in the shade. He points out, too, that Alibaba is far bigger than Amazon and eBay combined and that WeChat is a more sophisticated messaging app than WhatsApp. Moreover, venture capital has become increasingly global and Bangalore is now the sixth biggest VC market in the world. “The capital doesn’t care,” Desai says. Meanwhile, Europe – with its 40 unicorns, its established infrastructure, its access to capital and its stream of talent – will want to play its part over the next ten years. To borrow Danny Rimer’s words, it will want to move from being somewhat relevant to being absolutely relevant._ 2015 10 Years Year/2006 â€œCompare ourselves to where we were ten years ago and the progress is spectacularâ€? Hermann Hauser KBE Co-Founder and partner, Amadeus Capital Partners Founders Forum 2006 Several European newspapers reprint controversial cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad, sparking outrage and rioting Jan David Yu named CEO of Betfair Feb Martín Varsavsky launches Fon Mar David Buttress joins JUST EAT to launch JUST EAT UK Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales launches Wikia Fabrice Grinda and Alec Oxenford launch OLX Jun Niklas Zennström launches Atomico Founders Forum launches, co-hosted with Matthew Freud and Marc Samwer Pluto is downgraded from a planet to a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union Aug Pavel Durov launches social networking site VK Frédéric Mazzella creates BlaBlaCar in France Oct Google purchases YouTube for $1.65bn Dec Pieter van der Does launches Adyen Lars Hinrichs’s XING floats with most successful tech IPO in Germany Jawbone Bluetooth headset launches Individuals featured in this chapter 10 Years Niklas Zennström EUROPE CAN CREATE TECH GIANTS There has never been a better time to be a European tech entrepreneur, according to Niklas Zennström, the Swedish founder of Skype – but much greater access to growth capital is needed ↳ Year/2006 p20/21 What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? With several successful tech start-ups behind him, Niklas Zennström believes that great software companies and entrepreneurs can come from anywhere. There are many who still think that most successful tech companies are born in California’s Silicon Valley; Zennström says that though it remains one of the most remarkable places on earth, he is convinced that European entrepreneurs are well placed to create the next generation of tech giants. “Europe has come a long way in the last decade and is really flourishing as an entrepreneur-friendly continent, particularly in the technology sector. The challenge is to continue to build on what has been achieved and ensure support for entrepreneurs, who will drive growth by building new companies or redesigning existing ones.” – Niklas Zennström And he has the data to back this argument up. Of the 182 internet and software companies founded in the last decade that have reached a billion-dollar valuation, almost two-thirds were built outside Silicon Valley. While the Valley remains the largest single location with 63 companies, Asia has 54 companies in this elite group and there are 29 from Europe – and the gap is widening.1 “European cities such as Stockholm, London, Berlin and Helsinki have become magnets for talent and capital,” says Zennström. “My generation of successful tech entrepreneurs is investing in the next generation and I believe that we will see Europe developing real breakout companies over the next decade to rival giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent and Alibaba.” Europe has several advantages that will give it this edge, he argues. One is – paradoxically – the small size of many of its countries in comparison to the US market. “Our research shows that entrepreneurs from smaller countries go international earlier in their growth, in less than half the time it takes in larger countries. The domestic markets for countries such as Sweden, Finland and Israel are so small that international expansion is the only way to grow.” A second advantage is the growth of the internet, with more than three billion people online worldwide and almost two billion using smartphones. The next billion smartphones will be in emerging markets, says Zennström, and the market for hyper-growth companies is expanding fast. Innovations such as mobile internet, big data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things are changing the software industry. And the pace of change will accelerate with combinations of technologies, increases in processing power, smarter algorithms and easier ways to distribute software (such as app stores). “Silicon Valley was the origin of the internet and the silicon chip and they needed to be done in one place to make them happen. But its success means that entrepreneurs can now communicate and share insights all around the world, which is why 15 billion-dollar companies have emerged from smaller nations since 2013.” 1. Billion-Dollar Data Research, January 2015 www.atomico.com/ explore-d3 All of this is a long way from the 1990s, when Zennström began his career working for Tele2, one of the first European companies to compete with national telephone monopolies and their internet services. As the dot-com boom took off, he ran the group’s internet access portal but he wanted to launch his own business. He and his colleague Janus Friis left Tele2 at the end of 1999 and spent some time thinking about what to do. They came up with the peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing program Kazaa and recruited Estonian programmers to write the software. Kazaa, launched in 2001, showed them the power of viral marketing to build networks and attract more content, the potential to expand across 10 Years Year/2006 Tech companies valued at $1bn borders and the importance of ease of use. However, it also brought them up against powerful media companies that considered P2P file-sharing companies a threat to their businesses and launched lawsuits against them. 182 tech companies founded in the last decade1 After the sale of Kazaa, the team created Joltid, which developed and marketed P2P solutions, followed by Altnet, the world’s first secure P2P network. But it was Skype that was the team’s most successful launch. It was conceived when Zennström was travelling around Europe on business – frustrated with roaming charges for calls from abroad that far exceeded their cost. 36 Other 54 Asian tech companies 29 European tech companies “We licensed Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) software, which didn’t really work – firewalls blocked calls. But we realised that our P2P technologies could connect people behind firewalls, which solved the problem. “It took a year to raise the seed money, because no one wanted to invest in an unknown technology. We used a ‘freemium’ model: people made calls for free but could pay in advance for additional services, such as dialling foreign phones, and this made us cash-positive.” Skype was bought by eBay in 2005 for $3bn and Zennström stood down as chief executive in 2007. By then, it was the global leader in internet voice communications, having attracted more than 300 million users within five years of its launch. In 2006, Zennström launched Atomico, a London-based firm that focuses on tech investment opportunities – primarily growth-stage companies outside Silicon Valley. “We look for companies that have the potential to be the global leader in their category, with strong teams who can build the business.” Atomico’s latest fund, its third, closed at $476m and the company now has $800m under management. It has made over 50 investments in Europe, Asia and North and South America, which include Rovio, the Finnish games company that created Angry Birds. Its most successful exit was from Supercell. Atomico sold its stake in the Finnish mobile games company to SoftBank in two transactions in 2013 and 2015 that valued it as a multi-billion-dollar business. Zennström says that when he started his first companies, entrepreneurs were few and far between. But today, there are so many more: people who have worked for start-ups are launching businesses and students are choosing to start their own companies rather than work for banks. He had to sell his companies to raise capital but with the right financing, the new generation of entrepreneurs will grow and consolidate their companies, creating multi-billiondollar businesses. “However, we in Europe need to be there to support them. There’s 14 times more growth capital in the US than in Europe, which needs to become self-sustaining – otherwise European entrepreneurs will go to the US. European institutions need to play a bigger role in investing and helping to build the next generation of global tech giants equal in stature to IKEA, BMW and Louis Vuitton, ensuring that European investors capture and reinvest as much of this value as possible.” “If we get this right, the achievements of the past 15 years will pale in comparison.”_ p22/23 Jimmy Wales “ YOU KNOW, THE WIKIPEDIA GUY ” The Wikipedia and Wikia founder shares his thoughts on changing the world ↓ In a tweet, describe what you do. You know, the Wikipedia and Wikia guy. Now executive chair of TPO.com. Founders Forum What was your biggest break? My uncle started a computer store in Alabama selling Commodore PET computers. He taught me the first few things I ever knew about using computers. How would you describe your leadership style? Collaborative. I’m not a top-down, command-andcontrol kind of person. Who had the biggest influence in your career? One among many is Reid Hoffman of LinkedIn. When I was first raising money from venture capitalists for Wikia, Reid really went out of his way to help me with wise guidance and advice. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? The Wikipedia community has built one of the most popular and influential websites in the world and it is changing it for the better. What’s the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? When the dot-com crash happened, I had a small web company with 18 employees. I plunged forward for a year after our revenues collapsed, trying to make it work, trying not to have to lay anyone off. In the end, I had to do this awful “Black Friday”, in which I laid off all but four of us, bringing the company to a near standstill. Can we have five words of advice for the next generation of digital and technology entrepreneurs? Mobile, mobile, mobile, mobile, mobile. Which digital technology or trend has been the most disruptive over the past ten years? I would have to say the mobile internet – both apps and web. And it isn’t over yet. A lot is still changing very quickly, especially in the developing world. Elon Musk says that artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? I agree. But it’s also inevitable and our biggest existential hope. It’s really important that we get it right. How much money is too much money? Any amount that made you miserable while you were getting it. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? I love Europe but I guess the strangest thing is that employees seem significantly less interested in equity compensation and more interested in cash compensation. That’s unfortunate both for entrepreneurs and for people who work at growing companies. From networks such as Twitter and Facebook to wikis such as Wikipedia, the US is the dominant force in social media. Why has Europe largely failed to make its mark? Haha, because I didn’t live here. What’s the most overrated technology or technology trend? Every time I think something is overrated or overhyped, it ends up being massive. So I’m keeping my mouth shut this time. Android or iOS? Android. CD or MP3? MP3. I don’t think I own a device that can play a CD any more. Printed book or ebook? Both. I love a paper book but ebooks are much more portable and I travel too much. What was the last book you read for pleasure? The Martian by Andy Weir. What was the last album you downloaded? Compton by Dr Dre. What was your favourite video game growing up? I was pretty obsessed with Tetris. What is your favourite European city? London, of course! They’re making the biopic: who would play you? Dominic West. Sure, why not? When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? I’m really, really good at sleeping. Year/2006 “I’m not a top-down, command-and-control kind of person” 10 Years Founders Forum Pieter van der Does Co-founder: Adyen Serving businesses including Airbnb, Yelp, Groupon and Spotify to name but a few, the online payment company Adyen processes 187 different currencies and boasts a presence on six continents. Van der Does co-founded Adyen in 2006, drawing on his 15 years of experience in the industry, including his time at Bibit, a payment processing company acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland. Adyen’s mission is “to deliver innovation to the payment industry”. This innovation has resulted in single-click payment processing, as well as in-depth research into consumer behaviour, facilitating systems that help businesses encourage conversion, the holy grail of online shopping. What excites you most about Europe? “Europe is really made out of many different cultures, traditions and languages. When it comes to building an international start-up, we have a huge advantage because we are used to dealing with the complexity.” p24/25 10 Years Year/2006 Pavel Durov Founder: VK and Telegram In a world after Edward Snowden’s NSA information leak, privacy of personal data and online messaging is no longer taken for granted. The Russian-born Durov’s Telegram messaging app aims to counteract the ability of governments and hackers to access online information easily. Focusing on speed and security, Telegram’s features include heavy encryption and even messages that can self-destruct. After launching VK in 2006 – Russia’s top social network, with 50 million unique visitors daily – Durov found himself on the wrong side of the Russian government, following his refusal to hand over requested data. Co-founding Telegram with his brother Nikolai in 2013, Durov left Russia in 2014, telling TechCrunch: “The country is incompatible with internet business at the moment.” What excites you most about Europe? “I think that technology is the key weapon for the new to fight the old in every industry and every country. Services like Uber and Airbnb help circumvent middlemen and overregulation while social networks and messaging apps allow for truth to spread and lies to be exposed.” (Dazed, 2015) David Buttress Group CEO: JUST EAT JUST EAT floated on the London Stock Exchange in April 2014, valued at £1.47bn. Buttress had been appointed group chief executive officer the previous year. Founded by Jesper Buch in Denmark in 2000, JUST EAT relocated to London in 2006 with Buttress joining to start the UK business. This relocation marked the beginning of the company’s international expansion. JUST EAT now owns operations in the Netherlands, Ireland, India, Switzerland, Italy, Brazil, France, Canada, Mexico and Australia. Buttress’s extensive experience in the food industry includes an eight-year stint at Coca-Cola. On the company website, Buttress explained why he joined JUST EAT: “Great concept, great people and a great place to see how exciting the internet can be in the next few years.” What excites you most about Europe? “Europe, in particular London and Berlin, has a vibrant start-up scene where an ecosystem of investors, entrepreneurs and talent is coming together. The concentration of these key ingredients is what created the Silicon Valley we see today in San Francisco. The best is yet to come!” 2006 2007 ← 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum THE FIFTH WAVE OF COMPUTING ↓ The smartphone not only made the mobile internet easy to master but it ushered in an app economy allowing anyone to build products and services with the promise of enormous reach. Europe’s tech start-ups took up the challenge In telling the story of European tech entrepreneurship over the past ten years, it is necessary to concede that the trail of innovation occasionally begins thousands of miles beyond the continent’s borders. In the case of the internet-enabled mobile smartphone and the vibrant software service industry that it spawned, that trail starts in San Francisco, California, on 9 January 2007. On the Macworld stage, the Apple co-founder Steve Jobs is showing off the iPhone. It will go on general release in the US that summer and in Europe that autumn. The Apple iPhone marked the beginning of what the technology entrepreneur Hermann Hauser calls the fifth wave of computing. The internet-enabled smartphone is arguably the most significant technology trend of the past decade, vastly changing business and consumer consumption habits and proving a boon to hundreds of European tech start-ups. Apple’s was not the first phone to offer internet connectivity – far from it. WAP (wireless application protocol) phones had begun to appear in the late 1990s but the iPhone offered two things that the earlier incarnations had not. First, it made internet access easy to master. Second, it introduced an app economy, allowing anyone to build products and services on Apple’s platform, approval pending. Google responded to the model a year later, releasing the first version of its own mobile operating system, Android, opening it up to handset manufacturers and software developers. The Rocket Internet co-founder Marc Samwer describes the smartphone as the world’s “most significant mega trend”, while Jacques-Antoine Granjon, the founder of the French online retailer vente-privee, calls it “the magic wand of ecommerce”, liberating the consumer and extending the retailer’s reach. Over 60 per cent of vente-privee’s traffic and as much as half of its turnover today comes through mobile channels, figures reflected elsewhere. Speaking to a conference audience in London in November 2014, Riccardo Zacconi, co-founder of the games maker King, observed: “We built our business on the shoulders of giants.” Benedict Evans, partner at the venture capitalist firm Andreessen Horowitz, argues that the smartphone is now “the sun” around which all other technology and technology trends orbit. In an influential blog post written in May 2015, Evans maintained that mobile is the first tech product in history to enjoy near-ubiquitous ownership. Featuring Hermann Hauser Taavet Hinrikus Marc Samwer Riccardo Zacconi He pointed to a global market of 1.5 billion personal computers – half of which are in corporate environments – which are replaced every five years. Compare that to the 3.5 to 4.5 billion mobile phones out of a global adult population of five billion– replaced every two years. The trend from feature phone to smartphone continues at pace. 10 Years Year/2007 Five waves of computing One of the implications of a smartphone-centric world is the growing importance of the supply chain, wrote Evans. All of the components of the mobile are available in commodity form to be used in other devices – drones, smart meters, wearables, connected cars and the Internet of Things. Hermann Hauser defines five stages of postwar technology evolution: 01 Mainframe 05 Smartphones and the cloud One of those commodity components, the ARM processor, was initially built for the Acorn computer before it was spun out into a separate business in 1990. As a co-founder of Acorn, Hermann Hauser was intimately involved in the development of both computer company and chip. ARM sold nine billion units in 2012 and is now, in dollar terms, a more important architecture than Intel, indicative of the mobile-first era. (And a case of Europe 1, United States 0, perhaps? “Sadly the scoring system doesn’t quite work that way,” Hauser says.) Taking the long view, Hauser has charted five waves of postwar technology evolution: mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, personal computers and, today, smartphones and the cloud. “The reason the smartphone is as popular and useful as it is, is not just down to the device itself but the access the device gives to all the information in the cloud,” says Hauser. Did Europe see it coming? “In a way, that’s the saddest part of the story because the beginning of the smartphone was the Nokia smartphone. Nokia did have the vision and produced quite acceptable smartphones. They were a bit clunky but had many of the features that then made the iPhone such a success – it did have apps, it did have services. “The huge success of the iPhone was to make this available in a package that was both very attractive to the end user in terms of the interface but also very attractive to the app writers, to the software developers.” If Nokia missed the true significance of the app, the European tech start-ups that followed did not. Many have built their businesses within the app economy, taking advantage of unprecedented distribution and reach. ↳ “We are all carrying a supercomputer in our pockets” Taavet Hinrikus Co-founder, TransferWise Founders Forum p30/31 To bring home the transformation over the past decade, consider these research figures from the UK communications regulator Ofcom. In February 2007, a third of UK adults said they had an internet-enabled mobile phone but only half used their phone to go online, primarily citing a lack of interest and cost as prohibiting factors. By 2014, two-thirds of UK adults had a smartphone, each spending nearly two hours a day online. This trend is replicated across Europe. “Sometimes in Europe, there’s a tendency – especially in the media – to see the platforms as a threat,” says the King founder, Riccardo Zacconi. “I see them very much as a great enabler for European companies that start as small developers to become global players. Not only do they create lots of jobs but large revenues, too.” Taavet Hinrikus of TransferWise believes the full impact of the smartphone has still to play out. Holding up his iPhone 6, he says, “I think this is still the biggest change – the fact that we are all carrying a supercomputer in our pockets. Especially in the US and Europe, I’m not sure we’ve truly seen what this means. It’s probably more visible in developing countries, where people haven’t had a computer – and they will never have a computer.”_ PC versus mobile 1.5bn global market of personal computers 4.5bn global market of mobile phones 10 Years “The smartphone is the magic wand of ecommerce” Jacques-Antoine Granjon Founder, vente-privee Founders Forum Key Events 2007 Jan Steve Jobs unveils first Apple iPhone at Macworld, San Francisco Germany’s Samwer brothers launch Rocket Internet in Berlin World stock markets plummet after China and Europe release worse-than-expected growth reports BNP Paribas blocks withdrawals from three hedge funds. Panic ensues, pre-empting 2007-08 financial crisis Individuals featured in this chapter Feb Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Media rebrand announced following merger May Sean Parker co-founds Causes, an app that allows people to support charities via Facebook Jun OLX partners with Yandex to expand into Russian market Jul Summit Partners acquires 20 per cent stake in vente-privee, valuing the French retailer at $1bn Aug Alexander Ljung and Eric Wahlforss co-found SoundCloud Sep Fon and BT join forces to launch BT FON Community Nov Google unveils its Android operating system 10 Years Martín Varsavsky Year/2007 T HE ENTREPRENEUR WHO ANTICIPATES TECH TRENDS With only one patent to his name, Martín Varsavsky says that his skill lies in identifying technology innovations invented by others that will become commonplace in the future and then developing businesses around them ↳ Founders Forum “I have sometimes been wrong on financing, but not on technology” Martín Varsavsky Founder, Fon p34/35 Martín Varsavsky has founded seven companies in the United States and Europe over the past 25 years, all of which were based on new technologies that he identified in their infancy and helped popularise and grow. But unlike many other tech entrepreneurs, he is not an inventor. His only patent is for Fon, the company he currently chairs that has developed the world’s largest Wi-Fi network with more than 15 million hotspots. “Otherwise, I am just a first mover,” he says. ‘The common thread in the companies I have founded is that they were early technological innovations that have now become commonplace: fibre-optic networks, the internet, Wi-Fi, cloud computing and the like. “There is always a risk of moving too early,” he adds. “My only business that failed was Einsteinet, one of the first European cloud computing companies, which I founded in 2000. The technology was the right one but, unfortunately, it was too far ahead of the cloud computing boom and it was sold in 2003. I lost $15m of my own money.” Varsavsky, who was born in 1960 and grew up in Buenos Aires, seemed destined for an academic career. When he was 16, after the “disappearance” of a cousin, his family was forced to flee to the US, where he graduated in philosophy at New York University and did a Masters in international affairs at Columbia University. He had planned to do a PhD at Oxford University but, after the death of his father when he was 22, he took an MBA at Columbia Business School instead. “I learned how to write a business plan and I started my first business while still studying – developing loft apartments in New York. After completing my MBA, I co-founded Medicorp Sciences together with Professor César Milstein, who won the Nobel Prize in medicine for his work on monoclonal antibodies. It was a biotech company, which developed one of the first diagnostic tests for AIDS.” Varsavsky then switched to telecommunications and the internet, launching Viatel, the first pan-European fibre-optic network, which linked London, Frankfurt and other big cities. He invested $200,000 when he founded the company, listed it on NASDAQ in 1994 and sold his 20 per cent of the shares in 1998, when it was worth $1.2bn. Next came Jazztel, a fibre-optic network in Spain, where he had moved in 1995. It became the country’s second-largest publicly traded telecom company and was worth $770m when he left it. Career facts 1960: Born in in Argentina 1995: Moved to Spain Founded seven companies in the last 25 years 2006: Founded Fon, now the biggest Wi-Fi network with 15 million hotspots In May 1999, he founded Ya.com Internet Factory, the second-largest internet portal in Spanish, with an investment of $28m. It was sold 17 months later to Deutsche Telekom for $500m. And in 2005, he co-founded Eolia, which has become one of Spain’s largest renewable energy companies. The creation of Fon in 2005 brought a peer-to-peer approach to Wi-Fi: members who share a bit of their home Wi-Fi get free access to millions of other similar Fon hotspots worldwide. Customers become members by buying a Fon router but may also be able to use Fon if their internet service provider is a Fon partner, such as BT, KPN or T-Mobile. Investors were sceptical about Wi-Fi, which they saw as a fad that would be overtaken by 3G or 4G. But Varsavsky believed that Wi-Fi would soon be everywhere and it now accounts for 80 per cent of cellular and mobile traffic on the iPhone 6. 10 Years Year/2007 What’s next for the European tech scene? “I have sometimes been wrong on financing but not on technology. Finance operates in a manic-depressive environment unrelated to tech trends, which continue to develop even when funding is scarce. It dried up in 2001 after the dot-com bust and in 2008 – 09 during the financial crisis but now you can finance anything – even terrible projects. Entrepreneurs know that finance is like the weather: you have to raise money when you can.” “MedTech. Europe is extremely well positioned to compete in MedTech with a larger and healthier population than in the United States. Europe has some of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world who can buy MedTech start-ups: something that is not true in traditional tech. Europe has a large share of the patents and discoveries in the medical field and can compete globally. In the field that my new company Prelude Fertility works in, Europe is much more advanced than the United States. In the US, four million babies are born each year and they do 170,000 IVFs, while in Europe, five million babies are born a year but with 600,000 IVFs.” – Martín Varsavsky He also has an investment fund that has supported many earlystage companies. They include Tumblr, which was worth $2m when he invested and was sold for $1.2bn, the genetic testing company 23andMe and Aura Biosciences, whose new ocular melanoma treatment is seeking approval in the US. He says that he only invests in things that he has special knowledge about, or products he would like to make if he wasn’t so busy with Fon. “The team behind the idea is also very important. There were many competitors of Facebook and Google, because the ideas were not unique, but it was the entrepreneurs that made the difference. When I’m judging an entrepreneur, I look for someone I would hang out with for a coffee – there has to be some personal chemistry.” Do the different cultures in European countries make it harder to succeed in social media than in the US? Varsavsky says that the success of American companies may reflect ignorance: unlike Europeans, with their awareness of their historical divisions, Americans are unaware of cultural differences that may not in reality be important when going global. “The most successful companies are oblivious to differences,” he says. One big difference, however, is in attitudes to finance. Europe lacks the aggressive financing that is available in the US, where they are more willing to lose money. That is why he often raises finance in the US. “Americans exceed in the extremes and Europeans are in the middle. And companies have more power in the United States – there is no European telecom operator that has the power of Verizon in the States. The winner takes it all there, which is why it has some of the richest companies in the world.” Despite the advantages of doing business in the US, he says that he loves the cultural diversity and lifestyle in Europe, which is why he has chosen to build global businesses such as Fon from Spain. He also likes that Europe is a fairer continent – he would rather live in a country with the richest poor people, which makes the rest better off as a result. “Ideally, I would work in the United States and live in Europe. But unfortunately, we do not yet have a one-hour flight to commute on. So I divide my time between the States and Europe.”_ Founders Forum Sir Richard Branson Founder: Virgin Group Virgin is a leading international investment group and one of the world’s most recognised and respected brands. Conceived in 1970 by Branson, the Virgin Group has gone on to grow successful businesses in sectors including mobile telephony, travel and transportation, financial services, leisure and entertainment and health and wellness. It all began with Virgin Records. (The name Virgin, Branson explained in his autobiography, reflects that the founders were “virgins” in the industry.) Branson is now worth $5bn, according to Forbes. As one of Britain’s wealthiest entrepreneurs, he uses his visibility to promote philanthropy. In 2004, Branson established Virgin Unite, the non-profit foundation of the Virgin Group, which unites people and entrepreneurial ideas to create opportunities for a better world. Most of his time is now spent building businesses that will make a positive difference in the world and working with Virgin Unite and the organisations it has incubated, such as the Elders, the Carbon War Room, the B Team, Ocean Unite and the Branson Centre of Entrepreneurship. Why would you invest in Europe now? “There are hubs of innovation springing up all over Europe, resulting in forward-thinking companies that can rival any other continent. You only have to look at the number of FinTech and sharing economy start-ups to have emerged in the last couple years. Europe is not just holding its own, it’s leading the field in many sectors, while the way it has embraced crowd-funding shows you that there are an awful lot of people ready to back these new companies with their own money.” p36/37 10 Years Year/2007 Fabrice Grinda Co-founder and former CEO: OLX Now a prolific angel investor reportedly making a new investment every 15 days, Grinda’s portfolio includes BlaBlaCar, Delivery Hero, Airbnb and Lending Club. No stranger to the intricacies involved in entrepreneurship, Grinda has three successful businesses under his belt. After he co-founded Aucland in 1999, the company grew to become the second-biggest auction website in France, with Grinda selling his stake in 2000. He then founded Zingy, a US mobile product service that he sold for $80m in 2004. Following these two exits, Grinda co-founded the free classified ad website OLX in 2006. Selling OLX in 2010, Grinda remained on as CEO until 2013, helping it grow to become the largest classifieds site in six countries, including India and Brazil. What excites you most about Europe? “Europe has infinite potential. Some people look at Europe and see highly fragmented and regulated labour and product markets with large, inefficient states. That’s true but it also means that technology can unleash a globally unprecedented productivity revolution in Europe that will transform economies and lives for the better.” John Borthwick Founder and CEO: betaworks Described by TechCrunch as “the start-up studio to rule them all”, Borthwick’s betaworks breaks the mould of a traditional venture capital investment company. With a combination of in-house and third-party products and services, its portfolio ranges from the microblogging site Tumblr – sold to Yahoo! for $1.2bn in 2013 – to Dots, a mobile gaming studio. While others struggle to define betaworks, Borthwick simply says, “At betaworks, we aim to build apps that people love.” With a prolific production line – it announced the launch of six new products in 2013 alone – Borthwick is quick to point out that the company is not afraid to close down products that aren’t working, estimating that 20 projects have been shuttered since betaworks launched in 2007. What excites you most about Europe? “The diversity of people, talent, ideas and culture that exists in Europe. We live in a time when builders, makers, creators of all types have the opportunity, the obligation, to shape and reshape the world around them and bring to it a European perspective, a humanised perspective, of technology.” 2006 2007 2008 ← 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum THE PERFECT STORM ↓ Inefficiency, emerging internetenabled technologies and a loss of trust in banks made financial services ripe for disruption. In the telling of the history of FinTech, 2008 looms large The London headquarters of TransferWise has all the hallmarks of start-up chic and few of the signs of the financial sector to which it belongs. From the red-brick reception to the glass-and-steel open-plan office space and the values statements that emblazon every spare wall, it screams 21st-century entrepreneurship. “No Drama. Good Karma” is painted on one wall; “This isn’t just a job, it’s a revolution” on another. This is not traditional financial services. This is FinTech. Appropriately, the TransferWise office is within striking distance of the City of London (Fin) and the Silicon Roundabout (Tech) in what might be dubbed London’s “Square Mile and a half ”. TransferWise was founded by two Estonian friends, Taavet Hinrikus and Kristo Käärmann. Both based in the UK in the mid-2000s, Hinrikus needed to transfer money from his account in Estonia while Käärmann needed to send money home. Frustrated by the punitive rates that banks were charging, they agreed to keep their money where it was and privately match each other’s expenses. It was their “a-ha moment”. TransferWise was founded in 2010 and launched a year later. If that was the big idea, the opportunity to make it happen was wrapped in three interlocking trends – an inefficient financial services sector ripe for disruption; internet-enabled technologies that promised a cheaper, more efficient and networked alternative; and a chronic loss of trust in the banking system that followed the global financial crisis. When historians come to carbon-date the emergence of the FinTech sector, 15 September 2008 will feature prominently. It was the day that Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection. The collapse of one of Wall Street’s biggest names helped precipitate – and came to characterise – the financial crisis. “The trust thing is very important and the banks lost a lot of it during the crisis,” says Hinrikus. “Without the banking crisis, I don’t think FinTech would be as far along as it is.” Around the same time, Samir Desai was working for the private equity firm Olivant. He was asked to look at a potential purchase of Northern Rock, where funding problems had led to the first run on a British bank in a century. Desai saw for himself the inefficiencies of the small business lending market. And, like Hinrikus, he saw an opportunity. Sitting seven years later in the offices of Funding Circle, the company he co-founded, Desai considers the impact of the financial crisis. Featuring Ana Botín Samir Desai Taavet Hinrikus Ed Wray “Would I have quit my job if it hadn’t happened? I don’t know. But the crisis was definitely a catalyst within the financial services sector,” he says. “Before the crisis, although no one had really liked banks, people trusted banks. And the financial crisis meant they stopped trusting them. 10 Years Year/2008 The amount Funding Circle investors have lent between 2010 – 2014 “Banks massively overstretched themselves and required government help. Banks are much more risk averse and much more regulated, so that sucked capital out of the market. It was a perfect storm.” Funding Circle, a marketplace that connects borrowers and lenders, and TransferWise, which matches foreign transfer flows, are just two examples of FinTech firms that have prospered in Europe post-2008. $1.2bn $1.2bn Coupled with the financial crisis, technologies such as mobile and the cloud helped remove the economic barriers and allowed start-ups to challenge incumbent providers. The fall in costs was dramatic. Hinrikus notes: “Ten or 20 years ago, you would need $5m and you’d use it to buy some servers and a big, fat database licence. Now, you don’t need to do that. You’d do it all in the cloud.” Reflecting a similar truth, Ed Wray, non-executive director at Funding Circle and co-founder of Betfair, recalls spending $1m on a storage array system in 2001 that had the capacity of just 850 gigabytes. “Today, storage is almost free,” he says. The amount Funding Circle investors now lend annually Desai describes the internet as the enabler but the real power is the network effect. “We have thousands of businesses borrowing and thousands of individuals lending. We are able to accumulate vast quantities of data to get better and better at acquiring businesses which want to borrow and investors that want to lend. “The true beauty of a marketplace is that you should be able to lend to more businesses than a bank, quicker and eventually cheaper, with better levels of services.” Since launch, investors at Funding Circle have lent $1.2bn to over 10,000 businesses in the UK and US and is now processing more than $1.2bn annually. What is the future for banks? Hinrikus isn’t convinced they have one. “Are banks going to be around in ten years time? There’s no need for them. You can get a loan through Funding Circle; you can do payments with TransferWise.” What about cash? “There will be no need for cash. You will pay with your phone.” Funding Circle Founded in 2010 A business marketplace that connects borrowers with lenders Since launch, Funding Circle investors have lent over $1.2bn to more than 10,000 businesses in UK and US TransferWise’s relationship with traditional banks is confrontational. It rallied an army of underwear-clad demonstrators for its “Nothing to hide” campaign and runs poster adverts that use currency symbols to barely disguise the expletive-ridden copy used to express, by proxy, consumer frustration with transfer rates. This is more than marketing, says Hinrikus. Asked if he really believes the banks are ripping people off, he answers simply, “Absolutely.” On the marketing stunts, he says: “You need to give people a little shock to overcome inertia.” Funding Circle once ran advertising copy that read, “No thanks, banks”, but its approach is now more consensual. While Desai believes that banks will become less relevant, he says: ↳ Founders Forum “If I manage it properly, I can create a FinTech start-up within Santander” Ana Botín Executive chairman, Santander p42/43 “There’s always going to be a place for banks, just in the same way that there’s always a place for offline stores.” Funding Circle has relationships with more established institutions. For example, in 2014, it announced a “signposting agreement” with Santander. The partnership was a significant moment for the retail banking world – a major bank substantiated the peer-to-peer industry. Ana Botín, Santander’s executive chairman, admires FinTech firms such as Funding Circle for their “shared mission to help businesses prosper and their ability to apply new tools and technologies and harness data”. However, she prefers to be in her position – a model that combines “personal interaction with technology” at scale. “We are in ten major markets with 107 million customers that know us,” she says. “In the UK, we went from zero to a million mobile customers in four years.” She believes that the combination of being able to reach customers physically and locally – Santander has 40,000 branches across Europe and the Americas – as well as at any time and anywhere via the smartphone is a potent mix. TransferWise A peer-to-peer marketplace that matches foreign transfer flows Founded in 2010 and launched in 2011 by Taavet Hinrikus and Kristo Käärmann Backed by those behind Virgin, PayPal, Skype, Betfair, Simple.com and others Santander 2014 “signposting agreement” with Funding Circle 40,000 branches and 107 million customers in ten major markets Zero to a million UK mobile customers in four years “If I manage it properly, our bank and FinTech can work together as partners. We’re already inviting FinTech start-ups inside to help reinvent our core infrastructure and processes to better service our customers.” Hinrikus acknowledges that these are early days for FinTech, estimating that TransferWise has between 2–4 per cent of the UK money transfer market. “Globally, our share is zero,” he concedes. He thinks that it will take perhaps five more years for FinTech to reach 10 per cent of the finance market. Desai agrees that FinTech is a nascent area (“We are very, very early”) and says that the opportunity to grow is enormous. “The market for lending to small business is worth £7bn each month in the UK and $40bn per month in the US. That’s more than enough if you take 20–30 per cent of the market,” he says. “Because the size of the markets are so big, there’s no constraint on growth.” Back in TransferWise’s well-appointed offices, it’s easy to see why London has emerged as a centre for FinTech innovation. Hinrikus describes his company as “European, headquartered in London with a very strong Estonian heritage”, and contrasts “the coming together of a big finance centre and quite a big tech centre” in London with the US – where the finance hub, New York, is on one coast, while the tech hub, Silicon Valley, is on the other. While Desai agrees that London is “particularly strong in FinTech”, he notes that Lending Club, the biggest lending marketplace in the world, is a product of Silicon Valley. He believes that London’s FinTech success is indicative of a wider trend. “You can now build a business anywhere in the world. It doesn’t have to be in Silicon Valley.”_ 10 Years Worldwide stock market slide on “Black Monday” Jan Sun Microsystems pays $1bn for Swedish open source software venture MySQL Alex Chesterman launches property website Zoopla Mar Bebo sold to AOL for $850m Apr Mind Candy launches Moshi Monsters May Carphone Warehouse and Best Buy launch Best Buy Europe Jul The Shazam app for iPhone launches China hosts the Summer Olympics Aug Ben Medlock and Jon Reynolds found SwiftKey Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy protection, becoming first major bank to collapse since start of financial crisis Sep Google announces the first mobile phone with its mobile operating system, Android Oct Spotify launches music streaming service Usain Bolt breaks the 100m world record, completing it in 9.72 seconds José Neves launches Farfetch Rocket Internet acquires German fashion retailer Zalando.de SoundCloud platform launches Barack Obama wins US presidential election Individuals featured in this chapter Nov p44/45 Daniel Ek “ HARDER, BETTER, FASTER, STRONGER ” Spotify’s founder on transforming the music industry and being proudly Swedish ↓ Founders Forum In a tweet, describe what you do. I’m the founder and CEO of Spotify, the music streaming service that aims to bring music to everyone in the world and connects artists and fans. What was your biggest break? Starting Spotify was a perfect storm. I’d grown up with Napster, Kazaa and Limewire and it was so obvious that music fans wanted to consume music online. But the industry was fighting this change hard, as there wasn’t a clear way of monetisation. To me, the solution was simple. We couldn’t reverse piracy but we could do something that was better for music fans, artists and the industry alike. How would you describe your leadership style? Spotify has a very open, collaborative, flat structure, which I think is quite Swedish. My motto in work is: harder, better, faster, stronger. Who had the biggest influence in your career? I have been highly influenced by the Swedish entrepreneur Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, I speak frequently to Mark Zuckerberg and I very much respect the business philosophy of Howard Schultz of Starbucks. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? Becoming a father. Can we have five words of advice for the next generation of digital and technology entrepreneurs? Spend time building the team. If there was no internet, what would you have done? I’ve loved music ever since I got my first guitar at the age of four, so I like to think that I would have always found a career in music in some capacity. Which digital technology or trend has been the most disruptive over the past ten years? Smartphones utterly changed the way in which humans communicate, interact with each other, spend their time and access information. Android or iOS? I’m into tech, so I use all platforms and usually more than one at any given point. Elon Musk says that artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? Every generation has found itself challenged by the future of technology – the splitting of the atom, the printing press. The question is not: “Should we be scared of the future?” It’s how we should control it to benefit mankind. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? It’s mind-boggling that Europe doesn’t have it’s own Google or Microsoft. I think it’s time to show the world that we can build long-term, solid and big-scale corporations that pave the way forward. CD or MP3? It’s all about streaming now, any time and anywhere. Printed book or ebook? I love holding a printed book but it’s undeniable that an ebook is hugely convenient. Both please! Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? I had to look it up. It’s short and sweet. Not fully accurate, though, I would say. I may need to look at that. And ask them to change the photo! What was the last CD you bought/track you downloaded? Haha, I don’t understand the question. Sorry. What is your favourite European city? I’m very proud to be from Stockholm. Sweden is a small country that’s been able to create an incredible amount. If you look at the Billboard chart, 25 per cent of the songs are written or produced by Swedes. When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? I travel a lot, so jet lag can be an issue. However, I have now got a travel guitar, which I take with me everywhere. It’s really cool – you can fold it, plug headphones into it. Then I can play wherever I am and whatever time of night it is. Year/2008 “It’s all about streaming now, any time and anywhere” 10 Years LEADER OF TWO REVOLUTIONS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 10 Years Year/2008 “In those days, you couldn’t raise lots of money to start a business and recruit people, so it was fairly hand-to-mouth stuff” Sir Charles Dunstone Founder and chairman, Carphone Warehouse Group Sir Charles Dunstone started Carphone Warehouse in 1989, selling mobile phones from a London flat. In 2003, he founded TalkTalk, now one of the UK’s largest broadband and voice telephony providers. Today, he is the chairman of Dixons Carphone, a FTSE 100 company selling connected technology in nine European countries → In the late 1980s, mobile phones were a new product: their handsets were the size of bricks and mainly large companies such as Shell and Xerox bought them. But Sir Charles Dunstone, who was working for the mobile-manufacturer NEC, was convinced that mobile phones could appeal to many more customers. So, with just £6,000 of savings, he and a partner began selling them in 1989, from a flat on London’s Marylebone Road. “I could see that the people who would benefit most from mobile phones were the self-employed and those running very small businesses, because they could get more work done while they were at work. But they lacked the infrastructure of a big company to support their use, so we founded Carphone Warehouse to provide that support,” he recalls. It was the UK’s first mobile retailer, selling the products of all four manufacturers of handsets and connecting them to either of the two networks. As more manufacturers and networks sprang up, Carphone Warehouse grew rapidly. Dunstone brought in people he had worked with or had met in the mobile industry to build the team. “In those days, you couldn’t raise lots of money to start a business and recruit people, so it was fairly hand-to-mouth stuff. There were few angel investors or venture capital funds and we never borrowed money. So, when we floated the company in 2000, we had no debt and no outside investors. “The availability of funding today means that entrepreneurs can give away too much equity at the start and find themselves with a minority stake when they go public. That gives the outside investors a free ride. They didn’t put the effort into it that the founders did. With no outside funding, we were able to control the company after the IPO,” he says. Career facts Founded Carphone Warehouse in 1989 Launched TalkTalk in 2003 Carphone Warehouse sold a 50 per cent share of its retail business to Best Buy in 2008, launching Best Buy Europe As ordinary consumers joined the mobile revolution, Carphone Warehouse expanded fast, eventually opening more than 2,400 stores across Europe. But it was only after three years that Dunstone felt sure that the company would survive. “Like most entrepreneurs, I learned that running a business is more about cash flow than profitability. There are plenty of profitable businesses that go bankrupt because they can’t support the cash flow.” Another technical development led to the foundation of a second business with the launch in 2003 of TalkTalk. Deregulation of fixedline telephony allowed customers to sign up for BT’s competitors and use its wholesale network by dialling a code at the start of a telephone number. Carphone Warehouse had already bought Opal Telecom, which had a switching network, and TalkTalk was launched with a guarantee that its calls would be cheaper than BT’s. “We attracted three and half million fixed-line customers, 12 per cent of the market. But with the arrival of broadband, it became clear ↳ Founders Forum p48/49 What do you think Europe needs to change to be more competitive? that customers would also want that from their fixed-line provider. So either we had to provide broadband to them, or sell the business. And, as more of a go-forward than a go-backwards business, we got into selling broadband as well. “Europe needs to look forwards, not backwards. Unfortunately, Europe is trapped by an inability to embrace technology and blames Silicon Valley for all its woes. Things have changed and will simply never be the same. Many of the politicians and business leaders look like King Canute trying to turn back the tide.” – Sir Charles Dunstone “We completely repriced the broadband market, launching at a very aggressive price that created more demand than we could deal with. Our call centres were unable to cope, because we hadn’t anticipated how attractive our proposition was. Having bought AOL UK and Tiscali, we had to merge three different systems in a fast-moving market. We just had to grind through it and although we eventually built a large customer base, it was one of the worst moments of my career.” TalkTalk and Carphone Warehouse split in 2010, with Dunstone as chairman of both. Since then, TalkTalk has become a “quadruple play” service provider, offering customers fixed and mobile telephony, broadband and pay television. Meanwhile, in 2008, Carphone Warehouse had sold a 50 per cent share of its retail business to Best Buy in the US to launch the Best Buy Europe joint venture. It also set up mobile outlets in 1,000 Best Buy stores in the US, as well as 350 of its own stores. Eventually, the two companies bought back their businesses, making a $2.5bn profit for Carphone Warehouse in what Dunstone calls the best deal he ever did. His latest deal, completed in August 2014, was a merger with Dixons Retail to create Europe’s leading specialist electrical and telecommunications retailer and services company, with more than 40,000 employees. In addition to operating over 3,000 stores in nine European countries, it provides business-to-business services through Connected World Services. “By putting Carphone Warehouse into PC World and Currys stores, we can produce a huge amount of additional and profitable business. PC World and Currys have more space for products such as tablets and computers than we do and we have the ability to connect them to networks and service them,” says Dunstone. Outside the two companies he has founded, he has a private office that invests in early-stage businesses such as the UK branch of Five Guys, the US burger restaurant chain, and the Boxpark pop-up malls housed in shipping containers. He also has a charitable foundation, which sponsors an academy school in Lancashire and supports other causes. He has just stood down as chairman of the Prince’s Trust, where in 2009 he founded the Enterprise Fellowship to support young entrepreneurs. And as a keen sailor, he is the chairman of Ben Ainslie Racing, which is backing Sir Ben’s bid to win the America’s Cup. As an entrepreneur who has gone from selling mobiles from a flat to chairing a FTSE 100 company, Dunstone says that he has learned the skills as his career developed. “I often didn’t know what I was doing. But sometimes you have to do something that feels really daunting and you deal with it. And you think, ‘I got away with that.’ The more you meet people at the top of big organisations, the more you realise that they’re human and fallible – and they’re not sure what they’re doing, either. “But I enjoy working with a team of people for a common purpose,” he adds. “It’s fun to make something happen and to overcome the friction that’s holding it back.”_ 10 Years Year/2008 Michael Acton Smith Founder: Mind Candy The Guardian once called Moshi Monsters “the fastestgrowing children’s gaming site in the world”. Mind Candy was founded by Acton Smith in 2004, with Moshi Monsters, Mind Candy’s most successful release to date, launched in 2007. Acton Smith credits the success of Moshi Monsters – conceived as an online world where children create and look after a pet “monster” while solving puzzles and completing activities – with the introduction of social capabilities that allow game players to interact with one another. Acton Smith explained to TechCrunch, “If we could create the safe place online, we could create Facebook for kids.” And that is exactly what Mind Candy has done. Expanding beyond its online presence, which in 2011 included half of all children in the UK, the Moshi Monsters brand includes soft toys, trading cards and Moshi Monsters Magazine. What excites you most about Europe? “I’m excited by Europe because it’s a melting pot of a wide range of different industries – fashion, gaming, media, finance, advertising, music, and so on. The experienced talent and diversity are creating some fantastic new companies.” Ben Medlock Co-founder and CTO: SwiftKey Featured on over 250 million devices around the world, SwiftKey was the result of a frustration with touchscreen typing that Medlock shared with its co-founder Jon Reynolds. With a PhD in computer science from Cambridge, Medlock used his knowledge in natural language processing and machine learning to create a keyboard that learns from each user, adapting to their individual use of language. SwiftKey was released for Android in 2010, featuring in both Google’s and Apple’s top apps of 2014. Since its launch, the app has won multiple awards, including most innovative mobile app at the 2012 Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) Awards. It is now available in more than 100 languages. What excites you most about Europe? “Europe has such a great heritage in technology innovation, particularly in exciting growth areas such as artificial intelligence. I’m looking forward to seeing us combine this with increasing influence in hi-tech industries and a growing entrepreneurial drive.” 2006 2007 2008 2009 ← 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum LET EUROPE FUNCTION ↓ Does traditional regulation still have a role in an era of digital disruption? Even Europe’s former competition commissioner has her doubts In late 2009, Neelie Kroes was being considered for a second five-year term as an EU commissioner. Coming to the end of her stint heading Europe’s competition watchdog – where her no-nonsense style had earned her the nickname “Steelie Neelie” – Kroes knew that the then European Commission president, José Manuel Barroso, was an admirer of her work. However, she thought a second term highly unlikely, not least because she was now an opposition politician in her native Netherlands. In the event, she was invited to head up Europe's digital agenda, with particular oversight of IT and telecoms. Some observers painted it as a downgrade on her former role. Nevertheless, when her appointment was confirmed on 24 November 2009, the Dutch prime minister, Jan Peter Balkenende, declared: “She will have a portfolio that’s important for the future of Europe; she will be dealing with ecommerce, digitalisation, mobile telephony, brand, all kinds of things that have to do with the new technological reality.” For her part, Kroes describes the role as “the best pick ever”, a policy portfolio that put her at the heart of the “disruptive economies with consequences for sectors such as health, education and environment”. Many of the battles that she started – and those she joined – are still ongoing. The issue of mobile phone roaming charges is one area that leaves her incredulous, inflated call charges running at odds with “a single market without boundaries”. She blames the slow progress on telecoms companies “lobbying like hell”. Policy making and regulation in “the new technological reality” remains complex and incomplete. Voices elsewhere in this book express frustration with regulators who they implore to get out of the way and allow entrepreneurialism to flower. Others, with an air of fatalism, suggest that attempting to regulate such a fast-moving arena as digital is an impossible task. “People are starting to ask themselves what is the role of top-down regulation,” says Rachel Botsman, an author and commentator who specialises in collaborative consumption and the sharing economy. “Does traditional regulation still have a role? And how can regulators protect consumer safety but also protect providers, too, in order to let innovation thrive?” Featuring The regulatory response to ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft is a case in point. Opponents of these services suggest, among other complaints, that the vetting of drivers is too lax. But, says Botsman, “the process to become a taxi driver is less rigorous than the process to become a Lyft or Uber driver… In many parts of the US, you can have a criminal record and still become a taxi driver. Rachel Botsman Taavet Hinrikus Neelie Kroes Ed Wray “I laugh when people say, ‘Uber is going to have to shut down because the regulator won’t allow it,’” says Ed Wray, co-founder of Betfair and non-executive director of Funding Circle. 10 Years Year/2009 “I laugh when people say Uber will shut down because the regulator won’t allow it” Ed Wray Co-founder, Betfair Neelie Kroes EC competition commissioner, 2004 – 2010 EC commissioner for Digital Agenda, 2010 – 2014 Named in Forbes magazine’s “The World’s 100 Most Powerful Women” five times “The regulator might say that anyone who wants to carry a paying passenger might have to ensure their car is safe. That’s fine but they won’t shut down Uber.” Wray has had regulatory battles of his own. As the world’s largest betting exchange, Betfair was accused of “driving a coach and horses through regulation” both in Europe and elsewhere, most notably in Australia. “It’s nonsense. We were presenting things in a different way and the regulator eventually realised that.” Kroes also believes that the case against Uber is overplayed and that opponents need to appreciate the technological “facts of life”. The smartphone is changing everything, she says. “People are used to the reality that there are no travel agents on the corner of the street any more. People are booking holidays through their computers. The same with banking – they are doing it for themselves. “If you are looking for a taxi, you want it right away, an efficient and safe service.” And to those who say parts of the sharing economy are undermining workers’ rights, she says: “Travel agents – they found new models, they offered new jobs. Or else people moved on to another job. If you want to remain in yesterday, that’s fine but it’s not the best place to be.” Both Botsman and Wray believe that it is now a case of constant catch-up for regulators. “By the time policymakers solve the current issue, these companies are going to innovate again,” says Botsman, while Wray adds: “Like everyone else, regulators will have to iterate their solutions.” “Some regulators need to get out of the mentality of thinking about yesterday,” says Kroes of her erstwhile peers. Others are more forgiving. Taavet Hinrikus, co-founder of the London-based FinTech start-up TransferWise, says with particular reference to financial services: “Regulation in Europe is in better shape than regulation in the US. In the US, it is state-by-state regulation that makes it very complicated. In Europe, you have something called ‘passporting’, so you get a licence in one country and then you ‘passport’ to every other country. It makes things a lot easier.” Indeed, FinTech start-ups often escape the red tape imposed on more established financial services rivals because they act as marketplaces or peer-to-peer networks that do not need to hold vast amounts of capital. But not all of Europe’s entrepreneurial ventures benefit from a light touch. Entrepreneurs and regulators alike are now putting their faith in the digital single market initiative championed by the current EC President, Jean-Claude Juncker, and designed to address the disjointed ecommerce and services landscape throughout Europe. As a result of differing consumption tax regimes across the European Union’s 28 member states, coupled with examples of bias towards ↳ Founders Forum p54/55 Digital single market domestic providers and varying protections of personal data, even in 2015 just 15 per cent of European consumers buy their goods online from another EU nation. Moreover, as the commission’s figures show, fewer than one in ten small and medium-sized businesses sell cross-border. Only 15 per cent of consumers buy goods online from another country Fewer than one in ten small businesses sell cross-border A digital single market could increase European GDP by €415bn a year The commission believes that the digital single market could increase European GDP by €415bn a year and, in a rhetorical flourish, it promised in May 2015 to “tear down regulatory walls and finally move from 28 national markets to a single one”. Among the 16 key functions that underpin the digital single market are harmonised EU rules on contracts and consumer rights, an end to “unjustified” geo-blocking, an overhaul of European copyright rules and a commitment to create incentives for investments in high-speed broadband. Although no longer directly involved in the works of the commission, Neelie Kroes believes that a digital single market is essential. “If the crown jewel of Europe is a single market – the biggest economic market on earth – then let it function.”_ “If the crown jewel of Europe is a single market, it’s time to let it function” Neelie Kroes Former European commissioner 10 Years Naspers purchases 91 per cent stake in Buscapé for $342m Oct Farfetch expands to the US through a joint venture Nov Kristian Segerstrale sells Playfish to Electronic Arts Sir Tim Berners-Lee co-founds the Open Data Institute, London UN holds climate change summit Individuals featured in this chapter Dec Rovio Entertainment releases Angry Birds Founders Forum p56/57 Jan Koum Co-founder and CEO: WhatsApp WhatsApp has over 900 million users, with Forbes crediting it as “the world's biggest mobile messaging service”. Koum co-founded the service with Brian Acton in 2009, two years after they both resigned from Yahoo!. Born in Ukraine, Koum moved to the United States when he was 16, and in a classic rags-to-riches tale went from working odd jobs as a teenager to an estimated net worth of $7.9bn. WhatsApp was originally conceived as an app that allowed people to update their status, indicating to others in their address book if they were unavailable. It soon morphed into an instant messaging service when people began asking questions and replying to status updates. Koum sold WhatsApp to Facebook for $19bn in 2014. It was Facebook’s largest acquisition. In an ironic twist, Koum now sits on the board of Facebook after being turned down for a position at the company in 2007. What excites you most about Europe? “Our goal in creating WhatsApp was to empower people through technology and communication, no matter who they are, or where they live. We wanted to improve people’s lives in some small way.” (WhatsApp blog, 2013) Romero Rodrigues Co-founder and former CEO: Buscapé In 1998, Rodrigues and a friend were browsing online, looking for a new printer. Struggling to compare prices and technical specifications of different brands, they soon realised what was lacking – a one-stop price comparison and shopping website. Buscapé was the result, soon expanding from its native Brazil to 15 countries in South America, as well as the US and Spain. Today, it boasts 30 million visits a month. Its growth was facilitated by various acquisitions over ten years, including Bondfaro, Lomadee, e-bit, QueBarato! and Bcash. In 2009, Rodrigues sold Buscapé for $374m. Staying on as CEO for six years, he stepped down in September 2015 to be replaced by the head of Buscapé’s Brazilian operations, Rodrigo Borer. What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “I believe the European tech scene would benefit from having more tech hubs. Although London and Berlin are definitely strong hubs, the cultural diversity of Europe and all of its innovation potential cannot be unleashed without more tech scenes spread in different countries and cities. It’s the same thing here in Brazil and Latin America in general, where I’m an active investor.” 10 Years Year/2009 Marc Simoncini Founder: Meetic Simoncini founded iFrance, one of the first online hosting platforms in France, in 1996. Six years later, he founded the online dating site Meetic. After growing the company for nine years until it became one of the most prominent online dating communities for singles in Europe, with more than 20 million members, Simoncini sold a controlling stake in the company to Match.com in 2011. A vocal proponent of the importance of entrepreneurship, he then launched the Ecole Européenne des Métiers de l’Internet in 2011 with fellow French tech entrepreneurs Xavier Niel and Jacques-Antoine Granjon, designed to train the next generation of internet start-up pioneers. What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “The internet is a global business. We are all running the same race. But our competitors are in shorts and running shoes while I’m running in big boots and a rucksack. It is a disaster if you want to move fast.” (The Financial Times, 2007) Peter Arvai Co-founder: Prezi Arvai, Péter Halácsy and Ádám Somlai-Fischer co-founded Prezi in 2009 with one fundamental goal: ideas-sharing. Prezi reinvented the presentation, a tool that many use to exchange their ideas with others. With a seemingly simple feature of its software – the ability to zoom in – Prezi designed the presentation around the way people actually think, adding context and illustrating relationships between details and the bigger picture. As Arvai explains on the Prezi website, it “helps you organise your thoughts and deliver them in a clearer way that really makes an impact on your audience”. Based in Budapest and San Francisco, today Prezi has more than 60 million users around the world. What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “We need to embrace the creative mindset of finding your intrinsic motivation, making yourself vulnerable and challenging basic assumptions.” p58/59 “ FOCUS ON THE BIG IDEAS ” Year/2009 “If you tell people you’ll change the world, Europeans think you’re crazy” The Farfetch founder on the importance of passion and being a geeky shoe designer ↓ In a tweet, describe what you do. I am a tech/fashion revolutionary, currently CEO of Farfetch. What was your biggest break? Launching Farfetch. How would you describe your leadership style? I focus on the big ideas and then let my people deliver on them whichever way they prefer. What’s the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? There were so many. But I have noticed that I always failed spectacularly when the rationale for action was purely financial, with no passion behind it. Can we have five (okay six) words of advice for the next generation of entrepreneurs? Be passionate about what you do. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? Europe’s mindset. If you tell people you’ll change the world, Europeans think you’re crazy or a snake-oil salesman. If you tell them you will run a decent small business in a cautious way, they think you’re virtuous. In the US or China, it’s the opposite. How much money is too much money? Money is just a temporary token. If the token is passed to you, this is the world telling you that you have the responsibility to do something with it. What’s your favourite app? ASAP54. Being a fashion as well as a tech guy, this app is the perfect digital snack. Android or iOS? iOS. CD or MP3? Streaming. If there was no internet, what would you have done? I’d probably be a geeky shoe designer. Printed book or ebook? Both. Which digital technology or trend has been the most disruptive over the past ten years? The merger of digital technologies with the physical; taking businesses that are gigantic, like transportation, which can only be delivered in a physical place and time, and using mobile and digital to transform them. These industries are worth trillions apiece! When did you last google yourself? I can’t remember. I do check every few months if I am on Wikipedia’s radar. Sadly, not yet. And which will be the most disruptive over the next ten years? As the data points coming from billions of connected devices grow exponentially, we will be able to leverage AI and big data to do incredible things that will change the way the economy works. What was the last book you read for pleasure? The Master and His Emissary by Iain McGilchrist. What was the make and model of the first mobile phone you owned? An Ericsson car phone that weighed half a stone. It had beautiful chunky rubber keys. What was your favourite video game growing up? Age of Empires. Is there such a thing as a work-life balance? There is. But there’s no such thing as having your cake and eating it. You have to make choices. They’re making the biopic: who would play you? Kit Harington, who plays Jon Snow in Game of Thrones. My name in Portuguese translates to “Joe Snow”. What’s the most overrated technology or technology trend? Wearables. Is there a God? Yes, or this question would not have been formulated. As Pessoa said, “Not to have a God is already a God.” 10 Years Which is the achievement you are most proud of? Building Farfetch to become a platform for businesses in 30 countries, with customers in 120, and ten offices around the world – while keeping a strong culture and making it a great place to work. What’s the biggest downside to technology? It disconnects us from reality. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ← 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum Human Networks TALENT MIGRATES AROUND TALENT Trust, focus and a desire for a “no politics, no bullshit” ethos drive many start-up entrepreneurs into the arms of friends, family and ex-colleagues → In many ways, May 2010 was the month that typified Marc, Oliver and Alexander Samwer’s business style. The previous December, the German brothers launched and invested in a service called CityDeal through their incubator Rocket Internet. CityDeal, a collective coupon-buying platform, was modelled on the market leader, Groupon. When Groupon came looking for a way to break into the European market, it chose CityDeal. To go from launch to sale in less than six months is how the Samwer brothers like it – fast, efficient and effective. Through Rocket Internet, they have launched over 75 different companies. They put their success down to hard work, business acumen, entrepreneurialism and brotherhood. It is that final characteristic that fascinates. If sibling networks are relatively rare, other kinds of human networks – the start-up alumni, friends and the ex-colleagues – are more common. The origin story of companies such as TransferWise and King feature peers working together, while lastminute.com – the retail success story of the UK’s late 1990s dot-com boom – has a lengthy list of alumni who have left their mark. “Our brotherhood and our family comes above everything else,” says Marc Samwer, the eldest of the three. Oliver is two years his junior, Alexander another two years younger. They knew from an early age that they wanted to go into business together. “Our parents would say to us, ‘Alone you are strong but together you are invincible.’” After a stint in San Francisco, the family returned to Germany and the brothers set up an online auction site in 1999. Soon after, they sold it to eBay. Other ventures followed before the creation of Rocket Internet in 2007. When the company floated in 2014, its valuation exceeded €6bn. Marc Samwer is in no doubt about the roots of the success. “If you talk to venture capitalists, they will tell you why up to 50 per cent of the start-ups they fund don’t work out. It’s not necessarily because the idea was bad or that the market wasn’t there. It’s because the team didn’t work out. “There’s nothing more distracting than internal disputes. A start-up has to be all about focus.” That is why a partnership of brothers works so well, he says. Yes, they argue, but the arguments are never personal and a consensus is always found. “For us, as brothers, there’s a ‘no politics, no bullshit’ ethos,” Samwer says. “Being brothers takes a lot of friction out of the founding team.” Featuring Taavet Hinrikus Henry Lane Fox Marc Samwer Riccardo Zacconi There are no other Samwer siblings hidden away – “There’s no black sheep in our family” – but if there was a fourth, he or she would have been forced to study computer science, says Samwer, “because although we are building tech companies, none of us knows how to code”. 10 Years Year/2010 Rocket Internet Henry Lane Fox falls into several human network camps: sibling, alumni and ex-colleague. First, his elder sister, Martha, invited him to become employee number three at lastminute.com. “Family relationships got me into it by accident, I guess,” he says. That was in 1998. He left there following the company’s 2001 flotation, took a break and returned to set up and advise a series of dot-coms (“some of which were successful, some less so”). More recently, in 2012, his former lastminute.com mentor, Brent Hoberman, asked him to run the day-to-day operations of Founders Forum. Founded by Marc, Oliver and Alexander Samwer Launched over 75 different companies Valuation was more than €6bn when the company floated in 2014 “Being brothers takes a lot of friction out of the founding team” Marc Samwer Lane Fox cites Pete Flint, founder of the residential real estate service Trulia, and Lopo Champalimaud, founder of Wahanda, the Londonbased online beauty marketplace, as just two of the lastminute.com alumni who have gone on to big things. ↳ Rocket Internet shareholder structure (as of March 2015) 01 04 03 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. Global Founders Kinnevik United Internet Baillie Gifford Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company Access Industries Holtzbrinck Ventures Further Cornerstone Investors Free Float Founders Forum p64/65 lastminute.com alumni “Talent migrates around talent,” explains Lane Fox. “People got a flavour of success and understood what it took to start something and take it to the next level. People were confident enough in their own abilities, having done it once, to believe they could do it again.” Pete Flint founded Trulia, the residential real estate service Stephen Uhrenbacher founded social networking and reviews site Qype Brent Hoberman went on to co-found MADE.com and PROfounders Capital Lopo Champalimaud founded beauty marketplace Wahanda “People got a flavour of success and understood what it took to start something” Henry Lane Fox For Lane Fox, this is one of the most important lessons from the Silicon Valley success story. Alumni networks that have emerged from the likes of Google and PayPal in the last two decades “form incredibly robust ecosystems on the ground”. It’s something Europe is only now starting to copy. Elsewhere, the peer-to-peer money transfer site TransferWise owes its beginnings to its two Estonian co-founders who had become frustrated by the cost of international money transfer. Kristo Käärmann, a financial consultant, was paid in pounds but needed euros to service his mortgage, while Taavet Hinrikus, director of strategy at Skype, was paid in euros but needed sterling. They came to a private arrangement. The idea turned into TransferWise. Hinrikus is clear why the human network matters, comparing creating a start-up to going to war. “It’s fast and intense. Because things are moving so fast, you never have perfect information, you always have to make assumptions and trust your gut feeling. And you have to trust other people to do the right things, because you don’t have the time to communicate every little detail. That builds close ties.” Riccardo Zacconi, co-founder of gaming company King adds: “When entrepreneurs sell up and start again, they want to start with all the best people from the previous company.” Prior to King, Zacconi had worked for the German arm of the Swedish web portal Spray and the dating site uDate. Backers of the latter, including Toby Rowland and Melvyn Morris, as well as ex-colleagues of the former, were persuaded to join Zacconi in his new venture. “You reduce your risk. You don’t start with many people so you want to make sure you start with the best.” Perhaps the downside of these human networks is that they close down opportunities for those on the outside. Instead of a meritocracy, the same elites prosper. Hinrikus doesn’t agree. “You always need more people,” he says. “As we get bigger, our ability to hire people straight from university is also greater, as we’re able to train them up.” “The success of TransferWise will be judged by where the people who work for it go next.”_ “Our brotherhood and family comes above everything else” Marc Samwer Co-founder, Rocket Internet 10 Years Neelie Kroes becomes European Union’s digital agenda commissioner Feb Natalia Vodianova hosts fundraising event “The Love Ball” in London Mar Xavier Niel and Jérémie Berrebi co-found Kima Ventures Brent Hoberman launches MADE.com with Ning Li UN holds climate change summit Apr ICQ, originally backed by Yossi Vardi, is bought by Mail.ru Swiss luxury goods maker Richemont acquires a majority of Net-a-Porter, valued at £350m May Groupon acquires Rocket-backed CityDeal in share deal Rachel Botsman delivers her talk “The Case for Collaborative Consumption” at TEDx Sydney Jun Rakuten lands in France with PriceMinister acquisition Lars Hinrichs launches HackFwd Ilkka Paananen co-founds Finnish games maker Supercell WikiLeaks releases confidential documents relating to US involvement in the Afghanistan war Jul Ocado floats on the London Stock Exchange Aug Funding Circle launches in the UK Nick Halstead founds DataSift Oct ASOS expands to launch US, German and French websites Betfair floats in London, valued at £1.4bn Individuals featured in this chapter Nov Yuri Milner’s Mail.ru Group floats for $5.6bn Dec Shazam announces its milestone of 100m users Founders Forum GEEKS MAKE THE BEST TECH ENTREPRENEURS 10 Years Year/2010 Working with developers and coders is what Lars Hinrichs most enjoys. The founder of one of Europe’s most successful social media websites says that geeks are more willing to challenge the status quo and try things that nobody else has done before Lars Hinrichs believes that the secret of success for tech entrepreneurs is to be a geek: successful tech companies such as Google and Facebook are run by developers. Companies such as Yahoo! and Myspace have not been so successful, he says, because they are run by media guys who are clueless when it comes to digital businesses. When things go wrong, they bring in consultants who know even less. → “In Europe, unlike in the US, most start-ups are founded by the businessmen, not the builders. This has never made sense to me, especially because it’s far easier to teach a geek about business than teach an MBA to code. The coders I know are brimming with great ideas – the key is to figure out the best way to help them unleash their potential.” Hinrichs, born in Hamburg, Germany, first became an internet geek in 1989. Aged 13, he acquired an acoustic coupler, which connected users online by converting electrical signals from a telephone line to sound and back again. This primitive system has long since given way to 600,000-times faster connections but it allowed him to experiment with the internet before it became cool. While still at school, he set up a consultancy to advise companies on how to get on the web. During his ten months of national service, he brought the German army online. “I was the first webmaster of the Bundeswehr and I saved them hundreds of thousands of euros. They were being completely ripped off by consultancies that charged them €3,500 to be listed on search engines, which takes just five minutes. I had really good fun and I even got a medal for it!” One day into his university studies in 1998, he set up a website on politics. “Political campaigning on the internet had begun in the 1996 US presidential election and I had always been fascinated by politics. So I launched politik-digital.de and I still own it today – an online magazine and a consultancy for politics and the media which it has never paid a dividend.” Career facts 2000: Founded Cinco Capital 2003: Founded XING 2010: Founded HackFwd 2015: Founded Apartimentum In 2003, he founded XING, a website on which people, students and job-seekers could manage their contacts. The Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell had just published The Tipping Point, which identified people who use their contacts to make things change as “connectors”. Hinrichs wanted to find out who his second-degree contacts were and XING quickly became the largest business network in Germany and Austria. The company was taken public in 2006 in the most successful tech IPO in Germany and is now a unicorn (a start-up company whose valuation exceeds $1bn). But bored with management meetings, Hinrichs sold his XING stake in late 2009 to seek new challenges. ↳ Founders Forum p68/69 What’s next for the European tech scene? “I missed interacting with the geeks. After eight years of 24/7 social networking, I didn’t know what was next, so I set off on a five-month round-the-world tour with my family.” “More growth, new unicorns and the fourth generation of entrepreneurs keeping the global competition alive. Exciting times ahead!” – Lars Hinrichs After his return, he switched from managing to mentoring, with the launch in 2010 of HackFwd, a pre-seed investment company to support the geeks he loved to work with. At the time, there were hardly any accelerators and he could also offer his large network of connections. He received over 3,000 applications, accepted just 16 and invested around €8m. Yet three years after opening for business, he announced that HackFwd was not accepting new start-ups. “I lost eight companies, sold two and two are stars – Infogr.am, which creates interactive graphics, and YieldKit, which helps websites earn money for their owners. But accelerators have been popping up all over and not even wanting equity, so the business is no longer sustainable. I am still in contact with most of the teams and it has been relatively successful compared to other accelerators.” His other investment arm is Cinco Capital, started in 2000 to take stakes in technology, financial services, telecommunications and media companies in Europe and North America. He says that there are five real successes in the portfolio. One is an occupational pensions specialist that works with large German insurers, while another is the biotech company Q-Milk which makes fabric out of milk. “When I started Cinco,” says Hinrichs, “I was running companies and I thought the grass looked greener sitting on boards. But it’s like taking a shower without getting wet, and I have inevitably become more involved with those five.” His latest project is Apartimentum, a Hamburg property development that will target mobile expats by renting out high-quality, well-equipped flats with optional hotel-style services. The first 20 apartments will be ready by December 2015 and the rest during 2016. “It is an attempt to reinvent the residential rental market which is largely unchanged in 70 years. What I’ve come up with is effectively a high-end part of the shared economy!” A perhaps unexpected role for an active entrepreneur is his membership of the supervisory board of Deutsche Telekom, one of Germany’s three largest companies. But Hinrichs says that he really enjoys it. “As the youngest board member in the entire German dax, I can see that the company is super-innovative. It’s the only European telecom which is growing, with an all-IP strategy that is creating a next-generation network.” “What I’ve come up with is effectively a high-end part of the shared economy” Lars Hinrichs Founder, Cinco Capital He has also played his part in trying to make Europe’s digital environment more competitive, as one of a team of entrepreneurs advising Neelie Kroes, vice-president of the European Commission. It drafted a start-up manifesto – which was signed by several founders at Founders Forum – covering finance, regulation, data privacy, data protection, skills and cross-border issues designed to support innovation. “If the European Commission would adopt everything we have suggested,” he says, “Europe would become a fantastic place for tech entrepreneurs.”_ 10 Years Year/2010 Yossi Vardi Internet Entrepreneur Vardi was the first investor in Mirabilis, the Israeli start-up that developed ICQ, the world’s first internetwide instant messaging service. ICQ was bought by AOL for $400m in 1998, less than two years after it was founded. Vardi’s entrepreneurial beginnings date back to 1969, when he co-founded TEKEM Advanced Technology, Israel’s largest software company. With more than 85 angel investments to his name, Vardi is not your conventional angel investor. As he told the BBC: “I’m mainly looking for talent… I don’t look for an idea, because ideas alone are overrated, and anyhow I won’t understand it. It’s from a demographic that I don’t belong to – I’m a digital immigrant and they are the natives.” Vardi’s success can be credited to this personal approach to investing, although he is quick to acknowledge his failed, as much as his successful, exits. What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “More power to the creative generation, more European role models, more tolerance of failure, more cultivation of the ecosystem, more founders-turnedangels seeding new start-ups. Less formality, hierarchy and authority in the hi-tech sector.” Natalia Vodianova Co-founder: Elbi Vodianova’s philanthropic ventures are rooted in her difficult childhood and a desire to ensure that other families do not have to go through the same hardships. Vodianova, who grew up in Russia with her mother and disabled sister, wrote in the Huffington Post that “disability and poverty often go hand in hand and I clearly felt it.” Now a successful supermodel, Vodianova uses her visibility to create awareness around issues of inequality and disability in Russia. She founded the Naked Heart Foundation in 2004 with a vision to provide safe spaces for disadvantaged children to play and to support families raising children with special needs. Since 2006, the foundation has built more than 140 play parks across Russia. Vodianova launched Elbi in 2015, a global platform and app that brings the power of social and digital worlds to charities and connects them with people around the world. With Elbi, everyone can do small actions that make a big difference. How can technology make a positive impact on people’s lives? “Most charities haven’t caught up with mobile habits – the percentage of charities with no mobile strategy equals the percentage of millennials that own a smartphone, according to the Give as You Live survey 2014. That being said, it is incredible that 83 per cent of millennials own a smartphone today, yet the tools and connectivity that we are benefiting from in our everyday lives are so underused in the charitable sector. We need a platform that will bring the power of social and digital worlds to charities, connecting them with people around the world – Elbi is a micro-philanthropy platform/app that makes doing good a part of your daily digital life.” Founders Forum p70/71 Xavier Niel Founder: Iliad After starting his entrepreneurial career as the founder of an adult services site on Minitel, a precursor to the web popular in France, Niel’s break came when he invested in World-NET in 1995. France’s first consumer-focused internet service provider, it was sold for €40m in 2000. Niel went on to launch another ISP in 1999. Called Free, it was a subsidiary of Iliad – which he founded in 1990 – and it changed the French market by offering significantly cheaper packages than its competitors. In 2000, it became the first provider in France to offer broadband, phone and TV. Niel is also the founder of Kima Ventures, an early-stage investment company that invests in up to ten start-ups a month. How can technology make a positive impact on people’s lives? “‘My greatest point of pride is that last year we gave the French €2bn in purchasing power. Each French person, I gave €40 through my work’ – now it’s €7bn.” Andrew Fisher Executive chairman: Shazam Fisher, who joined Shazam in 2005, is credited with taking the company from a struggling start-up to the successful business it is today, with more than 750 million users. Initially marketed as a music identification app, Shazam has become a content platform, with its audiences now able to “Shazam” everything from print and television to advertising collateral – including Shazamable content inside this book. After a challenging start, Shazam built its audience in North America and Europe before expanding across the globe. The company is valued today at over £650m. In recognition of Fisher’s central role in the European tech scene, the British Interactive Media Association inducted him into its Hall of Fame in 2015, putting him in the company of other pioneers such as Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Martha Lane Fox. What excites you most about Europe? “Europe is exploding with entrepreneurial talent and those experiencing success are increasingly investing their financial and intellectual capital to support others. This is helping Europe rapidly mature and develop as an epicentre for entrepreneurs who are now building disruptive global businesses at a far greater pace than we have ever seen before.” 10 Years Year/2010 Nick Robertson Founder and former CEO: ASOS Originally conceived by co-founder Nick Robertson as an online platform for users to purchase items seen on their favourite TV shows, AsSeenOnScreen evolved to become ASOS, a fully fledged online fashion outlet, expanding in 2004 to include its own label. Robertson still has ambitions for the UK-based fashion giant, which ships to 240 countries around the world and now has international offices in Australia, the US, France and Germany. He told the Business of Fashion, “We want to be as synonymous to fashion for twentysomethings as Google is to search and Facebook is to social media.” Stepping down as CEO in September 2015, Robertson remained on as non-executive chairman. What excites you most about Europe? “Some European countries have real style and much fashion is driven from Europe. For ASOS, Europe is a relatively untapped market. We have had huge success in France and Germany, demonstrating that online works in those countries, and in time others across Europe will develop. So what excites me is the opportunity we have.” Pierre Kosciusko-Morizet Founder and former president: PriceMinister While working in the US for the online credit card company Finance Capital One, Kosciusko-Morizet saw a gap in France’s ecommerce market. France had no internet companies that provided a link between buyers and sellers in the early 2000s, unlike the US. Kosciusko-Morizet left Finance Capital One, moved back to France and launched PriceMinister in 2001. PriceMinister grew over the next nine years to become the leading ecommerce company in France. In 2010, it was bought by Rakuten – Japan’s biggest ecommerce site – for $250m. After the sale, Kosciusko-Morizet stayed on as president of PriceMinister and CEO of Rakuten Europe until 2014. What excites you most about Europe? “It is at the beginning of a great era. It used to suffer from specific ‘country by country’ rules that prevented European businesses from scaling quickly. But start-ups are more and more directly global, so you now have more and more entrepreneurs building global successful start-ups, from Europe.” p72/73 “ DREAM BIG AND STAY FOCUSED ” Year/2010 “My first mobile phone was a Motorola. It was small enough to fit into a suitcase” The founder of Mail.ru Group and DST Global on investing in big ideas ↓ In 2012 Yuri and Julia Milner, together with Sergey Brin and Anne Wojcicki, Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, and Jack Ma and Cathy Zhang launched the Breakthrough Prizes – the largest scientific awards in the world, honouring achievements in fundamental physics, life sciences and mathematics. In a tweet, describe what you do. I try to invest in big ideas and people with the talent to pursue them. Who had the biggest influence in your career? Albert Einstein. Elon Musk says artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? Disagree. Not only is it not the biggest existential threat, but it’s no threat at all. Is there such a thing as a work-life balance? No. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? Operating only in Europe. What’s your favourite app? SETI@home – it leverages the power of distributed computing to analyse astronomical data for evidence of extraterrestrial intelligent life. Printed book or ebook? ebook. Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? Factual, the last time I checked it. What is the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? Early in my career, I did not dream big enough. What was the last book you read for pleasure? Deep Future: The Next 100,000 Years of Life on Earth, by Curt Stager. Can we have five words of advice for the next generation of digital and technology entrepreneurs? Dream big and stay focused. What was the make and model of the first mobile phone you owned? Motorola. It was small enough to fit in a suitcase. If there was no internet, what would you have done? Asked my friends at Cern to invent it. What was your favourite video game growing up? Chess. Which digital technology/digital trend has been the most disruptive over the past ten years? Mobile. When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? Read. And which will be the most disruptive over the next ten years? Big data. 10 Years About Yuri Milner Yuri Milner founded Mail.ru Group in 1999 and under his leadership it became one of Europe’s foremost internet companies. He took it public in 2010 and founded DST Global to focus on global internet investments. DST Global boasts a portfolio that includes some of the world's most prominent tech giants: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Snapchat, Airbnb, Spotify, Alibaba and others. 10 Years IN PICTURES Since its launch in 2006, Founders Forum has become the pre-eminent network of digital innovators, hosting events from London to New York, Rio to Mumbai, Los Angeles to Singapore, Istanbul to New Delhi. At each forum, the worldâ€™s most ambitious digital entrepreneurs brainstorm and network with inspiring CEOs, influential investors and industry thought leaders Shazam here for video content Founders Forum p76/77 ↵ Welcome Dinner at The Painted Hall, Old Royal Naval College, Greenwich, Founders Forum, London 2014 ↑ Mohammad Al-Ubaydli: Patients Know Best, Daniel Kraft: Singularity University/ Exponential Medicine, Andrew Thompson: Proteus Digital Health, Rt Hon Jeremy Hunt MP: Secretary of State for Health, Founders Forum London 2013 ← Esther Perel: Psychotherapist and author, Founders Forum New York 2014 → Eric Schmidt: Google, Founders Forum London 2014 10 Years p78/79 10 Years ↑ Internet of Things panel, Hermann Hauser KBE: Amadeus Capital Partners, Stan Boland: Neul, Martín Varsavsky: Fon, Joep van Beurden: CSR, Olaf Swantee: EE, Vittorio Colao: Vodafone, Demis Hassabis: Google DeepMind, Founders Forum London 2014 ← Ana Botín: Santander, CEO Breakfast, Founders Forum London 2015 → Martha Lane Fox: Go On UK, Sherry Coutu: Founders4Schools/ investor, Rosemary Leith: Web Foundation, Windsor Castle Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2014 In Pictures Founders Forum â†‘ Dr Mike Lynch: Autonomy/Invoke Capital, Founders Forum For Good, Big Data for Big Impact Oxford 2013 p80/81 â†‘ Leila Janah: Sama Group, Founders Forum London 2013 In Pictures Founders Forum p82/83 Only at Founders Forum During a competitive brainstorm at Founders Forum London 2012, attendees were asked to devise a video to promote Code Club, the free after school activity that teaches children to code. The winning pitch was filmed and uploaded on the same day. Featuring Sir Tim Berners-Lee, YouTube founder Chad Hurley, Prince Andrew and others. It generated nearly half a million views in 24 hours and encouraged 300 volunteers and 50 schools to sign up 10 Years ← Ed Wray: Betfair, with Code Club, Founders Forum London 2012 ↙ Future of TV panel, Neeraj Roy: Hungama, Tim Davie: BBC Worldwide, Shahrzad Rafati: BroadbandTV, Dr Mike Lynch: Invoke, Andrew Fisher: Shazam, Chad Hurley: YouTube, Founders Forum London 2014 → Jamie Kantrowitz: Gobbler, TIFIN-LA 2013 ↳ Rand Hindi: Snips (NASDAQ Founders Forum New York Rising Star 2015 winner), with Founders Forum team and guests. Closing Bell ceremony hosted by NASDAQ In Pictures Founders Forum p86/87 ← Winfield House Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2015 → Brent Hoberman: Founders Forum, Jonathan Goodwin: Founders Forum, Arianna Huffington: Huffington Post, Founders Forum New York City 2012 ↙ Lily Cole: Impossible, Sir Jonathan Ive: Apple, Founders Forum/GREAT’s co-hosted Creative Industries Party during the London Summer Olympics 2012 ↘ Emeli Sandé: singer, Lucian Grainge’s home, TIFIN- LA 2013 10 Years Only at Founders Forum On the morningâ€¨ of Founders Forum 2012, Poppy makes Brent and Jonnie go horse riding, jog in suits and fluorescent sweat bands, ride a tandem and pedalo on the Serpentine. Why? To record the introduction to the Founders Forum For Good film to be shown the following evening, of course In Pictures Founders Forum p88/89 ← Matthew Barzun: US Ambassador to the UK, Sir Howard Stringer: Ex-Sony, Founders Forum London 2014 → Aeromobil flying car demo, Founders Forum London 2015 ↓ Founders Forum/ Pictet Ski Trip, St Moritz 2015 Only at Founders Forum John Hunt wins the slalom ski challenge and Hermann Hauser hosts an impromptu 'After' After Party thanks to Pictet’s generous ski trip in January 2015 10 Years In Pictures Only at Founders Forum Shot in a day and a half and shown on the main evening of Founders Forum London 2013, the “And Me” Founders Forum For Good film features around seventy entrepreneurs and corporates including Sir Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Thomas Heatherwick and Ashton Kutcher ↑ Founders Forum For Good panel, Peter Gabriel: Real World, Martha Lane Fox: Go On UK, Sir Richard Branson: Virgin Group, Strive Masiyiwa: Econet Wireless, Founders Forum London 2013 ← Royal Marines Band Service, Windsor Castle Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2013 → Dr Charles Robert Saumarez Smith CBE: Royal Academy of Arts, Her Royal Highness Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Jonathan Goodwin: Founders Forum, Rt Hon David Cameron MP, Creative Industries Party, London 2012 Founders Forum p92/93 Founders Forum at Ten Years â€“ The Journey So Far, by Natalka Design, 2015 10 Years In Pictures Founders Forum p94/95 ← Welcome Dinner, Santa Teresa Hotel, Founders Forum Rio 2013 → José Neves: Farfetch, Brent Hoberman: Founders Forum, Founders Forum Rio 2013 ← Sir Charles Dunstone: Carphone Warehouse Group, CEO Breakfast, Founders Forum London 2015 → Artist as Entrepreneur brainstorm, Liev Schreiber: Van’s General Store/actor/ producer/director, Vikram Gandhi: Vice/ producer/director, Chase Jarvis: CreativeLive, Founders Forum New York 2015 10 Years Only at Founders Forum Rio’s worst thunder storm in 20 years threatens to wash out Founders Forum Rio 2013 – but Founders Forum triumphs Only at Founders Forum Group brainstorm at Founders Forum New York 2015: develop a brand or product for a well-known personality. The winning idea: “Kanye Eats” – social media platform following what Kanye West has for breakfast, because (and we quote the pitcher) “breakfast hasn't been disrupted yet”... In Pictures Founders Forum p96/97 Only at Founders Forum Group brainstorm at Founders Forum London 2013: to create a cult. The session is led by Vikram Gandhi, director and star of the awardwinning documentary â€œKumareâ€? in which he plays a wise but fake guru, and by Reverend Nicky Gumbel, Anglican priest, author and creator of the Alpha course, a basic introduction to Christianity 10 Years ↖ Future of Media panel, John Johnson: Buzzfeed/ Harmony Institute, Mark Thompson: The New York Times, Sir Howard Stringer: Ex-Sony, Founders Forum New York 2014 ← John Donahoe: eBay, Founders Forum New York 2013 ↗ Future of Smart Cities brainstorm, Founders Forum London 2014 → Efe Cakarel: Mubi, Ashton Kutcher: A-Grade Investments/ actor, Rob Hersov. Founders Forum London 2013 In Pictures p98/99 10 Years ← Jonathan Goodwin: Founders Forum, His Royal Highness The Duke of York KG, Windsor Castle Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2013 → Dina Radenkovic: Watch Out Diabetes, F Factor: Founders Forum London 2015 ← Jeffrey Katzenberg: DreamWorks Animation, John Landgraf: FX Networks, Michael Lynton: Sony Entertainment Inc, Ari Emanuel: WME, Lucian Grainge CBE: Universal Music Group, TIFIN–LA 2013 → Group Brainstorm, Founders Forum Rio 2013 In Pictures â†‘ Nick Rhodes: Levels Beyond/ Duran Duran, Demo Room, Founders Forum London 2013 p100/101 10 Years â†‘ Rosemary Leith: Web Foundation, Sir Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web/ Web Foundation, Hermann Hauser KBE: Amadeus Capital Partners, Warner Bros Studios, Harry Potter Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2012 In Pictures Founders Forum p102/103 Shazam here for video content World Wide What? Created to celebrate ten years of Founders Forum. Filmed in six cities across the world supported by YouTube and King. Created and produced by Poppy Gaye, Adam Townsend (freuds), Declan Masterson and Andrew Trace, June 2015 On Her Founder's Secret Service Featuring Jason Gissing as 007, Dame Tessa Jowell as ‘M’ and Jimmy Wales as the CIA Assassin. Filmed in secret on the day of Founders Forum, edited and shown that same evening. Created and produced by Poppy Gaye and Magma Pictures, June 2011 And Me Introduction to the Founders Forum for Good Foundation. Filmed on the day of Founders Forum, edited and shown that same evening. Over 70 guests featured, including Peter Gabriel harmonising with Yonca Brunini, Nick Hungerford and Marc Samwer. Created and produced by Poppy Gaye and Mother London, June 2013 Code Club: The Interview Viral pitch idea brainstormed by Founders Forum guests, filmed on the same day and uploaded that evening. Created and produced by Founders Forum guests and Albion, June 2012 10 Years ↑ Digital Media Panel, Jason Kilar: Hulu, Jason Titus: Shazam, Jared Leto: actor/investor, Rob Wells: Universal Music Group, Daniel Ek: Spotify, TIFIN–LA 2013 → Reid Hoffman: LinkedIn, CEO Breakfast, Founders Forum London 2015 ← A selection of videos produced for Founders Forum In Pictures 10 Years In Pictures â†? Katherine Ryder: Maven, Alexandra Chong: Lulu, Leila Janah: Sama Group, Founders Forum New York City 2014 Founders Forum p106/107 ↑ Closing dinner, ACME, Founders Forum New York 2014 ← Navneet Singh and Aadhar Agarwal: Chhotu.in, Founders Forum Mumbai 2012 ↙ Founders Forum Rio hosts. Brent Hoberman: Founders Forum, Romero Rodrigues: Buscapé, Alec Oxenford: OLX, Founders Forum Rio 2013 ↗ Brent Hoberman: Founders Forum New York 2014 10 Years Only at Founders Forum The day before a Founders Forum dinner at Windsor Castle, Brent asks the FF team to make a change to the menu â€“ instead of new potatoes he wants Five Guys chips for 400 guests. Suffice to say, new potatoes prevailed In Pictures 10 Years of RISING STARS Founders Forum hand-picks a selection of the most disruptive technology companies to present at its events: businesses with the potential to re-invent sectors and become the next global success stories. Here are some of the companies we have chosen as Rising Stars since the inaugural group was featured in 2009 Shazam here for video content Founders Forum Academia.edu Presented by Richard Price Founder and CEO Babylon Health Presented by Dr Ali Parsa Founder and CEO Beleza Natural Presented by Leila Velez Co-founder and CEO A platform for academics to share research papers, with a mission to accelerate the world’s research An integrated digital healthcare system combining the latest advances in technology with modern medicine A progressive hair treatment used to mildly relax curls, with a product line and factory to produce products Over 26 million academics have signed up to Academia.edu, adding nearly seven million papers and two million research interests Academia.edu attracts over 36 million unique visitors a month Presented at Founders Forum London 2013 ↓ Richard Price Academia.edu “Set to revolutionise healthcare and eradicate waiting lists for subscribers.” – The Telegraph Based in London, founded in 2013 Presented at Founders Forum London 2013 Founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Twenty nine salons in five Brazilian states, including a factory of its own. In 2013 sold 33 per cent to GP Investments for $32m Presented at Founders Forum Rio 2012 and Founders Forum London 2012 ↓ Dr Ali Parsa Babylon Health 10 Years Boxee Presented by Avner Ronen Co-founder and CEO CallVU Presented by Ziv Orr Co-founder ClassPass Presented by Payal Kadakia Co-founder and CEO A cross-platform freeware HTPC software application with social networking features, designed for the living-room TV A developer of a visual solution for call centres A membership programme for fitness classes across multiple gyms and studios Founded in Tel Aviv in 2008 Acquired by Samsung for $30m in 2013 Presented at Founders Forum London 2010 The winner of several awards including innovation awards from Citibank and MasterCard in 2013 and Credit-Suisse FinTech award in 2014 Granted US patent in 2015 entitling it to exclusive rights as pioneer of Visual IVR technologies Presented at Founders Forum New York 2014 â†“ Leila Velez Beleza Natural â†“ Payal Kadakia ClassPass Since launch in 2013, ClassPass has facilitated over 1,500,000 reservations at different classes in over 20 markets around the US Raised $54m from investors including General Catalyst, Thrive Capital, Fritz Lanman and Hank Vigil Presented at Founders Forum New York 2015 Founders Forum DeepMind Presented by Demis Hassabis Co-founder and CEO Dubsmash Presented by Roland Grenke Co-founder Dynamo Magician An artificial intelligence company The pitch: Say it with video! Choose your favourite sound, record yourself on Dubsmash and send it to your friends An English magician, best known for his show “Dynamo: Magician Impossible” Founded in London in 2011 Acquired in January 2014 by Google for a reported $500m Presented at Founders Forum New York 2013 while still in stealth mode Raised $5.9m from investors including Index Ventures, Hasso Plattner Ventures, Riccardo Zacconi and Lowercase Capital The app has been downloaded more than 50 million times across iOS and Android Presented at Founders Forum London 2015 Born Steven Frayne, he was bullied as a child so one of his first tricks was to make it seem as if he was very heavy, to prevent other children from throwing him around He has appeared in ads for Adidas, Nokia and Pepsi and on the catwalk for Naomi Campbell’s Fashion for Relief and on TV (including on ESPN, Comic Relief and The Apprentice) Presented at TIFIN-LA 2013 10 Years Funding Circle Presented by Samir Desai Co-founder and CEO Improbable.io Presented by Herman Narula Founder and CEO InMobi Presented by Naveen Tewari Co-founder and CEO The world’s leading online marketplace for business loans, matching businesses who want to borrow with investors A developer of operating environments that make building simulated worlds possible A mobile-first platform allowing brands, developers and publishers to engage consumers through mobile advertising Founded in London in 2010 Raised $273m from investors including BlackRock, DST Global, Temasek Holdings, Accel Partners, Index Ventures, Ribbit Capital and Union Square Ventures Presented at Founders Forum London 2014 Raised $221m in 2015 from Andreessen Horowitz Founded in 2012 by hyperkinetic computer scientists Herman Narula and Rob Whitehead while at the University of Cambridge Presented at Founders Forum London 2015 Raised $221m from investors including SoftBank and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Valuation of $2.5bn Five acquisitions: Sprout, Appstores.com, MMTG Labs, Metaflow Solutions and Overlay Media Presented at Founders Forum New Delhi 2011 Founders Forum Juicero Presented by Doug Evans Founder and CEO Masabi Presented by Ben Whitaker Co-founder and CEO OMsignal Presented by Stephane Marceau Co-founder and CEO Founded in San Francisco A developer of mobile ticketing technology for the transport sector, enabling passengers to buy and display tickets on mobile phones A manufacturer of bio-sensing clothing that connects to iPhones and iPads in real time $89.9m raised from investors including Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Thrive Capital Won the NASDAQ Rising Star 2015 Award at Founders Forum London Presented at Founders Forum London 2015 while still in stealth mode ↓ Doug Evans Juicero Raised $8.8m from investors m8 Capital, MMC Ventures and Frontinalis Partners Raised $14.5m from investors including Bessemer Venture Partners, David Cohen, Golden Venture Partners and Mistral Venture Partners Announced global partnership with MasterCard in January 2015, integrating MasterPass, MasterCard’s secure digital payment service, into Masabi’s JustRide Met David Lauren (CMO, Ralph Lauren) after presenting at Founders Forum New York and subsequently launched Ralph Lauren’s first wearable tech product – the PoloTechTM Shirt Presented at Founders Forum London 2010 Presented at Founders Forum New York 2013 ↓ Stephane Marceau OMsignal Onefootball Presented by Lucas von Cranach Founder Paperless Post Presented by Alexa Hirschfeld Co-founder PillPack Presented by TJ Parker Co-founder and CEO The leading global online football community An ecommerce company selling personalised online and printed cards, invitations, and announcements A service that fills, sorts, and delivers all your medication in personalised packets Connects over 20 million football fans in over 200 countries in 16 languages Raised $20m from investors including Early Bird Venture Capital and Union Square Ventures Raised $32m from investors including August Capital, Drape Associates, SV Angel, RRE Ventures, Ram Shriram and Mousse Partners Founded in New York in 2009 Presented at Founders Forum London 2013 ↓ Alexa Hirschfeld Paperless Post Presented at Founders Forum New York City 2012 and Founders Forum London 2012 ↓ TJ Parker PillPack Raised $63m to date from investors including Atlas Ventures, Founder Collective, Accel Partners, CRV, Menlo Ventures and Sherpa Capital Parker, the son of a pharmacist, was featured in 2015’s Forbes 30 Under 30 list of young innovators Presented at Founders Forum New York 2014 Founders Forum Playfish Presented by Kristian Segerstrale Co-founder and CEO Premise Presented by David Soloff Co-founder Proteus Digital Health Presented by Andrew Thompson Co-founder and CEO Developer of free-to-play social games over platforms including Facebook and MySpace Indexes and analyses millions of observations captured daily by their global network of contributors, unearthing connections that impact global decisions A digital medicines company that focuses on developing products, services and data systems based on integrating medicines with ingestible, wearable, mobile and cloud computing Founded in 2007 Acquired by Electronic Arts for $300m in 2009 Presented at Founders Forum London 2009 Founded in 2013 by David Soloff and Joe Reisinger In September 2015, announced $50m funding round led by SpaceX and Tesla investor Valor Equity Partners. Previous investor Social+Capital is also participating in the round, bringing Premise’s total funding to $67m Presented at Founders Forum Singapore 2015 and Founders Forum London 2015 Raised $309m from investors including Asset Management Ventures, Yuan Capital, Silicon Valley Bank and Oxford Finance Corporation Thompson demonstrated the company’s technology by swallowing a pill onstage and showing his live internal data on-screen Presented at Founders Forum London 2013 10 Years ↑ Evan Davis and Andrew Thompson BBC/Newsnight and Proteus Digital Health Rovio Entertainment Presented by Mikael Hed Chairman Animation Studios SecondMarket Presented by Barry Silbert Founder Shazam Presented by Andrew Fisher Then CEO (now executive chairman) An entertainment media company that develops, publishes and distributes video games, including Angry Birds Enabling private companies and investment funds to customise, control and seamlessly execute primary and secondary transactions A music and TV recognition and discovery app Raised $76m from investors including Accel Partners, Atomico, Felicis Ventures and European Investment Bank Over $2.5bn in transactions closed since 2013 Launched 12 games under the Angry Birds brand and following success in mobile gaming, Angry Birds has expanded rapidly to become an international brand Raised $34m from investors including FirstMark Capital, The Social+Capital Partnership, Li Ka-shing Foundation, Temasek Holdings, New Enterprise Associates and Silicon Valley Bank. Acquired by NASDAQ in October 2015 Presented at Founders Forum London 2011 Presented at Founders Forum London 2010 Raised $15m from investors Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, DN Capital and Institutional Venture Partners By 2015, Shazam had over 120 million monthly unique users, 500 million users and 12 billion tags Presented at Founders Forum London 2009 Founders Forum Snips Presented by Dr Rand Hindi Founder and CEO Supercell Presented by Ilkka Paananen Co-founder and CEO TweetDeck Presented by Iain Dodsworth Founder and CEO The pitch: making technology disappear. Snips sets to achieve this by embedding an artificial intelligence in every connected device. Whether it is a smartphone or a home appliance, they will one day be able to anticipate their owner’s intentions A mobile games developer for tablets and smartphones A real-time tracking, organising and engagement platform for Twitter Raised $6.3m in a seed round in June 2015, led by The Hive, with participation from Eniac Ventures, 500 startups, Brent Hoberman, Xavier Niel and Bpifrance Founded in Paris in 2013 Presented at Founders Forum New York 2015, where he won the NASDAQ Rising Star of Year, New York edition ↓ Dr Rand Hindi Snips Raised $142m from investors including Accel Partners and London Venture Partners Raised $3.5m from investors including betaworks and PROfounders Capital SoftBank and GungHo acquired a 51 per cent stake in October 2013 for $1.53bn Acquired by Twitter for $40m in 2011 Presented at Founders Forum London 2013 Presented at Founders Forum London 2009 10 Years uBeam Presented by Meredith Perry Founder and CEO Viki Presented by Razmig Hovaghimian Co-founder and CEO A wireless power start-up that transmits power over the air to charge electronic devices A global TV site powered by fans that streams premium content translated in over 200 languages Raised $13m from investors including Upfront Ventures, Andreessen Horowitz, Founders Fund, CrunchFund, Ellen Levy, Ludlow Ventures, Marissa Mayer, Mark Cuban, Shawn Fanning, Three Six Zero Group, Tony Hsieh and Troy Carter Mark Cuban calls it a “zillion-dollar idea”. He invested without ever seeing a prototype Presented at Founders Forum London 2013* *p109 Meredith Perry, uBeam ↓ Ilkka Paananen and Brent Hoberman Supercell and Founders Forum Founded in 2007, its headquarters are now in San Francisco Acquired by Rakuten for $200m in 2013 Presented at Founders Forum New Delhi in 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ← 2012 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum Sharing Economy THE PRODUCTIVITY OF IDLING A generational shift in attitudes to ownership is driving growth in collaborative consumption. Pioneers are creating value from underused assets and transforming old business models → “Welcome to BlaBlaCar!” read the press release that landed in the inboxes of UK business and technology journalists in May 2011. Few in Britain had heard of BlaBlaCar back then, not least because it still operated in its native France under the name Covoiturage (translation: carpooling). Originally launched in 2006 by Frédéric Mazzella with Nicolas Brusson and Francis Nappez, the company had a simple, if wordy, consumer proposition: “Connecting people who need to travel with drivers who have empty seats.” BlaBlaCar now has 20 million members in 19 countries and promotes over two million future trips at any one time. It claims an aggregate CO2 emissions saving of one million tonnes as a result of carpooling. The average occupancy of a BlaBlaCar is 2.8 people, compared with a general average of 1.6. In September 2015 the company announced it had raised $200m in an investment round led by Insight and Venture Partners. It brought the company’s valuation up to £1.5bn and marked out BlaBlaCar as one of the most significant emerging tech companies in Europe. The year before BlaBlaCar’s UK debut, Rachel Botsman took to the stage at the TEDx conference in Sydney, Australia, to make the case for “collaborative consumption”. Together with a book she co-wrote – What’s Mine Is Yours: How Collaborative Consumption Is Changing the Way We Live – it was an attempt to articulate a noticeable shift away from firms and institutions to marketplaces and networks of individuals. The sharing economy is a subset of Botsman’s collaborative consumption. She cited the likes of Love Home Swap, Hassle.com and JustPark as examples of the form. JustPark, a London-based platform matching drivers with parking spaces, has more recently partnered with BMW to integrate its app into car dashboards. Initially, Botsman says, collaborative consumption was framed by the press as a reaction to the financial crisis, a way to make and save money. No one was looking at it as a transformational business model. “People were missing the fact that these companies were thinking about the value of assets and people in a completely different way.” There is, she says, a generational shift in attitudes to ownership, in which millennials don’t need to hoard books, CDs and DVDs. “They see the smartphone as their remote control to the physical world.” Featuring Rachel Botsman Danny Rimer What then are the key ingredients of the sharing economy? “You have to take an underused asset that has ‘idling capacity’,” explains Botsman. “The asset can be anything from space to skills to stuff to capital. You then make it available within a network or marketplace in a way that matches a need with a have.” In her TEDx talk, she pointed out that a power drill will be used for just 12 to 13 minutes in its entire lifespan, while a car costs AUS$8,000 a year to run but sits unused for 23 hours a day. 10 Years Year/2011 “We have a more transient relationship with the things that were a fixed part of our parents’ lives” Rachel Botsman Author and consultant Caring is sharing The sharing economy makes use of an underused asset A power drill is used for just 12 to 13 minutes in its entire lifespan A car sits unused 23 hours a day Sharers make an average €2,500 a year in supplementary income BlaBlaCar fits the sharing economy model well. “We know that 80 per cent of journeys taken in urban areas are solo rides. The spare seats are packed with idling capacity,” she says. It’s about the driver offsetting the cost of the journey rather than making a profit. It’s also about the social experience of the journey itself. “People talk about feeding the social self, the side that seeks connection and belonging.” Index Ventures’ Danny Rimer agrees. “The drivers and the passengers are very committed to making BlaBlaCar a vibrant community. And that’s unusual.” Rimer believes such an idea – quintessentially European, perhaps – wouldn’t work in the United States. “America is way too spread out,” he says. By contrast, mainland Europe not only has an excellent road network, many Europeans are already conditioned to travelling long distances by car. Today the sharing economy is thriving. Research by ING, carried out in 2015, suggests that sharers make an average of €2,500 a year to supplement their incomes while 150 million consumers across Europe will soon be pooling property and possessions. PwC splits the sharing economy into five sectors – peer-to-peer lending and crowd-funding; online staffing; peer-to-peer accommodation; car sharing; and music and video streaming – and estimates that together they generate $15bn globally today and $335bn by 2025. Two US-originated sharing services – Uber and Airbnb – have become lightening conductors for controversy more recently, attacked for unfairly undermining incumbent businesses and failing to protect employee rights. On the campaign trail in July 2015, American presidential hopeful Hillary Clinton said that the “gig economy… raises hard questions about work protections.” Botsman believes these types of concerns are overplayed. Regulation has its place – to ensure that those who work for these services earn the living wage, for example – but believes critics are guilty of “trying to fit new behaviours into old paradigms”. It’s not about conventional jobs, she argues, but about the micro entrepreneur “empowered to make money from an asset they have”. She says 10,000 Airbnb hosts have used their rental income to start a business. “I hate these arguments that it’s bad for jobs and it’s bad for the worker. It’s just not that binary. Many providers on the platforms don’t want or can’t be in traditional employment contracts.” Returning to terminology she says its understandable some services are “getting beaten up in the press because the behaviour often isn’t sharing… it’s buying, it’s renting, it’s leasing. It’s oldfashioned selling.” Back in France, another sharing economy start-up is showing signs of success. The Food Assembly matches farmers and growers with ↳ Founders Forum p124/125 communities of buyers. The former promote available produce to the latter through a “leader” who co-ordinates the logistics. It’s a pre-order service that bypasses the supermarkets, guaranteeing revenues for the farmers and fresh produce for the buyers. Food Assembly services now operate in Belgium, Germany, Spain and the UK, as well as France. Botsman is a fan, noting how the service reimagines the connection between farmers and consumers and makes use of underused collection points. The opportunities for would-be sharing economy entrepreneurs may be finite, but the list of things people are willing to share is surprisingly long. In an effort to test the boundaries of the market, Botsman said she was amazed to discover the pet sharing service BorrowMyDoggy. “The speed at which we form relationships and trust means we have a far more transient relationship to the things that were a very fixed part of our parents’ lives.”_ Projected revenue growth for the sharing economy vs traditional rental sectors Sharing economy sectors $15bn 10 Years Year/2011 â€œMembers are very committed to making BlaBlaCar a vibrant communityâ€? Danny Rimer Partner, Index Ventures Founders Forum p126/127 Key Events 2011 Oil prices rise by 20 per cent in two weeks due to instability in Libya Jan Taavet Hinrikus co-founds TransferWise with Kristo Käärmann Feb Founders Forum launches its first international event in New Delhi, India Mar AOL acquires the Huffington Post for $315m May Niklas Östberg founds Delivery Hero Mumsnet founder Justine Roberts launches Gransnet Yandex raises $1.3bn with IPO on the US NASDAQ Microsoft acquires Skype for $8.5bn Jun Frédéric Mazzella launches BlaBlaCar in the UK Worldwide stock exchanges suffer heavy losses due to the Eurozone crisis Aug US company InterActiveCorp acquires 78 per cent stake in Meetic Occupy Wall Street protests begin in the US Sep Azmat Yusuf founds Citymapper Hewlett-Packard buys Autonomy for $11.7bn Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory rover, is launched Individuals featured in this chapter Nov Nick Halstead’s DataSift goes live Dec Steve Case launches $450m Revolution Growth fund with co-founders 10 Years Year/2011 Niklas Östberg Co-founder: Delivery Hero Co-founded by Östberg in Berlin in 2011, Delivery Hero is now the biggest global food network, boasting more than 200,000 participating restaurants and ten million orders a month. Östberg credits much of Delivery Hero’s success to its focus on mobile. As he told Wired, “When we started we were quite far behind our competitors, but they weren’t adapting fast enough to mobile… They still haven’t.” Valued in June 2015 at $3.1bn, Östberg plans to continue the expansion of Delivery Hero with “considered” acquisition, a strategy that has helped the company expand into 34 countries so far. Why would you invest in Europe now? “There are some amazing European companies that are about to transform their industries. Just look at the Berlin-based ones: SoundCloud, ResearchGate, Zalando or Delivery Hero. The last one is obviously my personal favourite as we constantly push boundaries to dramatically change and improve an inefficient industry. On average people spend about three years of their lives cooking and cleaning up afterwards, and yet only 20 per cent call this ‘quality’ time. As we are now enabling 29 minute delivery of good-quality food via our Foodora brand, we have taken a big step towards drastic industry transformation. How could anyone not be hungry for investing in Europe?” Azmat Yusuf Founder and CEO: Citymapper Citymapper has a mission: to “make cities easier to use.” It began when Yusuf moved to London and was left bewildered by the city’s complex transport system. Using real-time data available from transport companies, Citymapper is able to accurately predict the time it will take to travel from A to B, suggesting a variety of different options and including updates such as delays and cancellations. Users appear to love its utility. “Reliable, quick, accurate and easy to use” and “Absolute gold… The developers deserve a knighthood for this” are just two examples of the gushing reviews. The app was also one of the first to be available on Apple Watch and Android Wear, ushering in the wearable era. Investors love it because it’s an app users return to daily. “Unlike the vast majority of apps, Citymapper is an app that people use every day and have on their ‘home’ screen,” Robin Klein of Index Ventures told Techworld. What excites you most about Europe? “We [at Citymapper] care about cities, not continents. Mobile and the internet transcend political boundaries. It’s great that we can build global tech companies anywhere.” Founders Forum p128/129 Steve Case THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA OF DIGITAL DISRUPTION The internet is on the brink of a third wave that will revolutionise some of the world’s largest industries, says Steve Case, co-founder of America Online (AOL) – broadening the digital economy to new cities and regions in the US and abroad → Steve Case divides the history of the internet into three waves. The first began three decades ago when companies like AOL built the infrastructure, connections and awareness that created a connected world. The second wave was built on top of the internet, with small teams creating new ways such as apps to access information and communicate with other people through companies like Facebook and Twitter. The third wave will integrate the internet into everyday life in industries such as healthcare, education, transport, food and energy, disrupting sectors that represent more than half the economy in developed countries. Although there will still be new apps and lean start-ups, the third wave will bring different challenges to the next generation of entrepreneurs. “Partnerships will become more important: innovators will need to work with existing organisations (such as hospitals for health start-ups) to make the necessary breakthroughs. There will be tough policy problems to solve – most of the sectors are regulated and will continue to be so. And perseverance will be needed to achieve results, unlike in the second wave when successes could sometimes occur virtually overnight. “These challenges are remarkably similar to those we experienced in the first wave. AOL had to partner with other companies to build the internet. We had to work with government to change policies so that telecom networks could be opened up for the internet. And we needed perseverance: it took ten years to build AOL, compared with just ten months to build Facebook.” Case knew that he wanted to work in the digital industries while still a student, after reading The Third Wave, Alvin Toffler’s seminal book about the Information Age. When he graduated in 1980, there were no companies in that sector, so he worked for two Fortune 500 companies to develop his business skills. His break came in 1983 when he joined a company that had a product for Atari games machines. The company was unsuccessful but with the contacts he had made, he started what became AOL in 1985. When it was eventually launched, its arrival came out of the blue to many people. “I used to joke that we were a ten-year overnight success,” he says. AOL also made a bet that the internet was for creating communities of users – anticipating social media by more than a decade. “We also had connectivity, content and commerce, but we felt that the soul of the medium was community. So we created instant messaging, chat rooms and message boards – tools that allowed people to connect with others who shared their interests.” In the 1990s, over half of US internet traffic went through AOL, and half of AOL’s traffic was spent in the community functions. 10 Years “We wanted to invest in people and ideas that could change the world” Steve Case Co-founder, AOL Year/2011 The merger in 2000 between AOL and Time Warner – the largest in business history – had the potential to lead the second wave by distributing media through the internet. But it failed on execution, says Case, and new leaders emerged such as Google, Apple, Amazon and Facebook. In 2003, he stood down as chairman, resigning from the board in 2005 to devote himself to Revolution, an investment fund he had co-founded earlier that year. “We wanted to invest in people and ideas that could change the world by giving consumers more control, convenience and value, and by creating new business models that would disrupt important sectors of the economy. We now make eight to ten new investments a year worth around $200m: our Ventures fund makes five or six Series A investments of up to $5m; our Growth fund makes three or four investments of $30-50m.” ↳ Breakdown of Revolution’s three main funds Revolution Investment Fund: 8 – 10 annual new investment worth approx $200m Revolution Ventures Fund: 5 – 6 annual investment Series A worth approx $5m Revolution Growth Fund: 3 – 4 annual investment Series A worth approx $40m Founders Forum p130/131 Why invest in Europe now? Among the dozens of companies Revolution has invested in is Zipcar, the car-sharing company that has created a new sector. “We thought that young people in cities no longer saw the need to own cars. We were the largest shareholder and took it public in 2012. It was the first sharing economy company, before Airbnb and Uber.” “One of the mega trends in the next decade will be the rise of hotbeds of innovation. We’ve seen a number of pockets of that within the United States. Now we’re starting to see it in Europe – in cities like London, Helsinki, Berlin, Stockholm and others. They’re really emerging as very strong entrepreneurial communities. There’s more talent there in the start-up world, there’s more capital beginning to look at opportunities there, and it’s slowly going to accelerate. It’s not going to happen evenly all across Europe, just as it doesn’t happen evenly across the United States. But there is reason to be optimistic that some cities are really breaking out and emerging as thriving start-up communities.” – Steve Case Another success was Revolution Money, an internet-based payments platform launched in 2007, which could process payments more cheaply than traditional card companies. Sold to American Express in 2010 for around $300m, it is now a billion-dollar business. As the third internet wave gathers pace, Case has observed another trend: the “Rise of the Rest” – cities and regions across the US that are becoming centres for innovation. “California, Massachusetts and New York will continue to be important, but we’ll see a broadening of the digital economy. Three-quarters of venture capital in the US has been invested in those three centres, which isn’t sustainable if we want a balanced economy. “Large industries located in the middle of the US are now becoming attractive to entrepreneurs and investors as they are being disrupted in the third wave. Pittsburgh is a centre for robotics start-ups, attracted by its manufacturing capabilities and Carnegie Mellon University, which is at the forefront of robotics research. Nashville is a big healthcare city where entrepreneurs are developing healthcare IT businesses. Cincinnati, home of Procter & Gamble, is generating third-wave consumer products start-ups.” Examples of successful innovative companies in the “Rise of the Rest” regions include Under Armour, a $20bn technology-based athletic clothing company in Baltimore. Groupon, a leader in social commerce, is based in Chicago. ExactTarget in Indianapolis has developed digital marketing services. And Denver is home to Chipotle, which has built an innovative fast dining business over the last decade. “This is what has happened throughout US history,” says Case. “Detroit was the Silicon Valley for autos 75 years ago. Pittsburgh was the Silicon Valley for steel 150 years ago. And 50 years ago, Silicon Valley was just apple orchards. We have seen how different technologies spread from such centres across the US and around the world. “Regions with the right talent, vision and local support will rise, attracting more talent and finance. Others will stagnate or decline. That dynamic has been seen through the centuries and there’s no reason to believe it won’t continue into the future.”_ Career facts 1985: Launched AOL 2000: Oversaw merger between AOL and Time Warner Co-founded Revolution Investment Fund 2007: Launched Revolution Money, an internet-based payments platform 10 Years Year/2011 Nick Halstead Founder and CEO: DataSift It’s difficult to imagine Twitter without the ability to “retweet”, and thanks to DataSift, we don’t need to. Founded by Halstead in 2007, DataSift has gone through a few iterations to become what it is today. Originally conceived as fav.or.it, Halstead built the technology to rank the popularity of human-generated content. TweetMeme came out of a partnership between fav.or.it’s technology and Twitter’s content, leading to the creation of the now ubiquitous Retweet button, installed on more than half a million websites globally. This led to the formation of DataSift, describing itself as “the ultimate engine for programmatically understanding what is being said within social data streams.” What excites you most about Europe? “At the moment, it’s the rapid growth we’re seeing in the digital, media and tech sectors. Beyond London and the UK, there are numerous other European countries that have become hotbeds for innovation in the tech sector. In 2014, €500m was invested into Dutch start-ups, Helsinki continues to have a vibrant start-up scene and a study by VC Atomico revealed that ‘on a per-capita basis, Stockholm is the second most prolific tech hub globally, with 6.3 billion‑dollar companies per million people compared to Silicon Valley with 6.9.’ For a long time, I think Europe has been seen as sitting in the shadow of the US when it comes to tech innovation and success, but we’re now seeing a lot of trailblazers stepping forward.” Justine Roberts Founder and CEO: Mumsnet With over 14 million visits per month, Mumsnet distinguishes itself as “the UK’s biggest network for parents.” Roberts founded the site in 2000 after a “disastrous family holiday”, realising that if she needed a place to get advice, other parents probably did, too. With a conscious effort to counteract the airbrushed and unrealistic images of motherhood in the media and advertising, Roberts positioned Mumsnet as a place that embraced the reality of motherhood, where women can talk openly to each other about the problems they are facing and offer personal advice. In 2011, Roberts launched Gransnet, a social networking site aimed at grandparents, which the Telegraph states has now become “the country’s biggest social network for older people”. What excites you most about Europe? “For me, Europe’s democratic process is its best feature… and the food!” p132/133 “ DON’T FORGET TO UNPLUG REGULARLY ” Year/2011 “My favourite video game growing up? You flatter me” The Huffington Post founder on leadership, entrepreneurship and redefining success ↓ In a tweet, describe what you do. To quote my own Twitter bio: “Mother, sister, flat shoe advocate, sleep evangelist. Author of THRIVE.” What was your biggest break? When I joined the Cambridge Union debating society and eventually became its president. It was a Union debate that brought me to the attention of Reg Davis-Poynter, the British publisher who offered me a contract and set me on the path to becoming a writer. How would you describe your leadership style? I try to stay open to new things while staying true to the core DNA of what the Huffington Post was about in the first place. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? The Huffington Post. What’s the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? For many years I subscribed to a very flawed definition of success, buying into the delusion that burnout is the necessary price we must pay for success. Then, in 2007, I had a painful wake-up call: I fainted from exhaustion, hit my head on my desk, and broke my cheekbone. How much money is too much money? When money obscures the things that really make our lives worth living – our loved ones, what we give, how we connect, lifelong passions, the things that make us laugh – that’s too much money. What’s your favourite app? One of my current favourites is Headspace. Former Buddhist monk Andy Puddicombe created it as a way to make mindfulness meditation easily available. We’ve also made it available free to all HuffPost employees. Android or iOS? iOS. CD or MP3? iPod. ebook or printed book? Both. Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? A mixture. What was the last book you read for pleasure? Unfinished Business by Anne-Marie Slaughter. Five words of advice for the next generation entrepreneur. Don’t forget to unplug regularly. What was your favourite video game growing up? Video game growing up? You flatter me. Which digital technology/trend has been the most disruptive over the last ten years? The rise of blogging. The online world is now a global conversation, with millions of new people pulling up a seat at the table every day. What is your favourite European city? Paris. When I was 11 my father took me and my sister Agapi there – our first trip outside of Greece. And which will be the most disruptive over the next ten years? We’ve only just scratched the surface on the potential of wearable technology. What’s the biggest downside to technology? Our hyper-connectedness is the snake lurking in our digital Garden of Eden. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? Jet lag. They’re making the biopic: who would play you? Nasim Pedrad. She does the accent better than I do! When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? I always keep a book on my bedside table, so if I can’t sleep, I’ll read a little. Is there a God? Yes. Though to borrow from a recent president, it depends on what the definition of God is. 10 Years Who had the biggest influence in your career? My mother, even though she never held a traditional job. She gave me a sense of unconditional loving. I knew that if I failed (and I did, many times) she wouldn’t love me any less. And that made me less afraid to fail. Is there such thing as work-life balance? There certainly can be, but it’s not easy. But it’s more a matter of prioritising than balance, which implies you can “have it all,” a phrase we need to banish! 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ← 2013 2014 2015 Founders Forum p136/137 Gaming ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS Casual games are easy to learn but hard to master, perfect for “bite-sized moments” says King’s Riccardo Zacconi. For King and fellow European start-up Supercell, 2012 proved a pivotal year → Riccardo Zacconi bet the future success of his company on other people’s platforms and in 2012 it became clear that the bet was about to pay off. Spectacularly. Zacconi’s company – the Anglo-Swedish games developer King – released Candy Crush on Facebook in April 2012, and in November launched a mobile app version for the Apple iPhone and devices running Google’s Android operating system. Within the first month of its release on iOS and Android, Candy Crush was downloaded ten million times. By 2013 it had become the most successful game on Facebook, with 46 million average monthly users, surpassing FarmVille from US developer Zynga. Candy Crush is categorised as a “casual game”, a genre that is easy to learn but hard to master. These characteristics mean games can be picked up and played in short bursts – what Zacconi calls “bite-sized moments” – making them perfectly suited for mobile. King, in Zacconi’s words, built its business on the shoulders of giants. “The platforms – Facebook, Google and Apple – have allowed a new economy to develop,” says Zacconi. “Smaller games and app developers are able to thrive and build a worldwide offer for hundreds of millions of users.” When King started out in 2003, online gamers gravitated towards large portals such as Yahoo! However, the terms of any revenue share, which Zacconi describes as “aggressive”, made growth and profitability difficult. That’s why the emergence of Facebook, opened up beyond college students from September 2006, and the smartphone, from the release of the first iPhone in 2007, proved a turning point. These social and mobile platforms transformed reach, accessibility and distribution. Moreover, they made it easier for the user to install, play and pay for the games. Although a variation of Candy Crush was first released on King’s own website in 2011 it was the platform-led approach that guaranteed take-off. When King was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 2014 it represented the largest market debut of any British technology firm in history. King turned over $2.3bn in 2014, boasts 501 million active users per month (as of Q2 2015) and 142 million active users per day. Featuring Riccardo Zacconi Ilkka Paananen Danny Rimer Another poster-child of Europe’s platform gaming successes is Supercell, the Finnish developer co-founded by Ilkka Paananen in 2010. Its flagship property, the strategy game Clash of Clans, also debuted in 2012. Like Candy Crush, Clash of Clans has gone on to enjoy impressive, international success. According to June 2015 figures from App Annie, it was the highest-grossing iPad game in 149 territories. Two further games have followed – Hay Day and Boom Beach – and they have enjoyed similar global reach. Like Zacconi, Paananen is in no doubt about the role platforms played in his company’s success. 10 Years Year/2012 “The platforms – Facebook, Google and Apple – have created a new economy” Riccardo Zacconi Founder, King King Creator of over 200 casual games including Candy Crush, Farm Heroes and Pet Rescue 2003: Founded by Riccardo Zaconni Turned over $2.3bn in 2014 2015: US computer game company Activision Blizzard, which produces World of Warcraft and Call of Duty, announced they are buying King Digital Entertainment on 3 Nov, in a deal worth $5.9bn (£3.8bn) Supercell Finnish developer of games 2010: Co-founded by Ilkka Paananen 2015: Clash of Clans was the highestgrossing iPad game in 149 territories around the world 10 per cent of Supercell’s gamers are prepared to pay each month “The app ecosystem has completely democratised distribution,” Paananen says. “For the first time in the history of gaming it is possible to build a truly global games company that has a key game both in the west but also in the big three eastern markets.” Supercell’s top five markets are the United States, Europe, China, Japan and Korea. In addition to the consumer-facing platforms, Paananen cites the emergence of cloud computing as a key to Supercell’s success. “When I first started my career as an entrepreneur 15 years ago, in order to run a multiplayer game on whatever platform meant a huge investment in server hardware and infrastructure,” he explains. “Most people couldn’t afford it. But these days if you have a credit card, it’s very easy to open an account with Amazon Web Services and get your servers up and running in no time.” The process of games development has changed, too. The observable metrics of game playing at scale can be fed into the creative workflow. Danny Rimer, a partner at Index Ventures – an investor in both Supercell and King – explains: “These games companies are very sophisticated in terms of launching a pilot in a particular geography, seeing whether they are getting the characteristics of game play they are looking for in order to have a hit on their hands. If they don’t, they shut it down very quickly.” Zacconi describes King’s formula as “repeatable and scalable”, a “multi-phased approach”. First, one level of game play is developed at “relatively high frequency and low expense. And when we see that one of these games works, we take the core game play and develop many, many more levels.” Fine-tuning happens at the soft launch phase when the game is launched across a limited number of countries. King’s business intelligence team looks at a number of metrics including retention and monetisation, as well as difficulty and satisfaction per game level. “This means the core game play is very robust and strong,” Zacconi says. “After the launch is when the work really starts. We add new levels, functionality and features.” For example, Candy Crush, which started with 80 levels, now has over 1,000. Newer features include night and live modes. Metrics matter to Supercell, too, although its approach is slightly different. For the first five years, Supercell only launched three games and uses data metrics as a secondary device to challenge or validate assumptions about game play and likely popularity. “We don’t believe that by following the data you can get to the truth,” says Paananen. Games are a form of art, not science, he says, and as such it is incredibly difficult to design new games, despite past experience. “Like music, movies and books, it’s really hard to predict success.” Both Supercell and King rely on a freemium business model. This means gameplay is free while optional add-ons come at a cost. ↳ Founders Forum p138/139 Freemium is not a new model. It emerged at the beginning of the last century – think Gillette, its cheap razors and its relatively expensive replaceable blades. The transition to digital has only made the model more viable. As former Wired editor Chris Anderson noted in his 2009 book, Free: the Future of a Radical Price, “21st century free is different from 20th century free. Somewhere in the transition from atoms to bits, a phenomenon that we thought we understood was transformed. ‘Free’ became free.” And it is this that underpins the success of King and Supercell. According to the company’s 2014 annual report, King has 9.8 million paying customers each month. Meanwhile, 10 per cent of Supercell gamers are prepared to pay. Despite this, Zacconi insists, “It is very important for us that all of our games can be played to the finish entirely free.” King and Supercell are not Europe’s only gaming successes. Finland’s Rovio, Germany’s Wooga and Stockholm-based Mojang – the maker of Minecraft, acquired by Microsoft in November 2014 – have prospered in the last decade or more. Paananen believes there has always been a thriving games industry in Europe with a strong developer base and an even stronger fan base. But because the creative work of developers from Sweden and Finland, for example, went through international publishers who would then take all the credit, it went unnoticed. Now thanks in part to platforms built by giant, largely US-based tech companies, European companies are getting noticed and making money._ King’s gamers 501m Active users per month 142m Active users per day 10 Years Year/2012 â€œThe app ecosystem has completely democratised distributionâ€? Ilkka Paananen Co-founder and CEO, Supercell Founders Forum 2012 Jan Xavier Niel launches Free Mobile in France Wikipedia protests against proposed antipiracy laws in the US, with campaign championing free knowledge Mar Founders Forum launches in Mumbai, India Founders Forum launches in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, co-hosted with Romero Rodrigues, José Marin and Alec Oxenford Apr London hosts the Summer Olympics Jul Martha Lane Fox founds and chairs Go ON UK, the national digital skills alliance Hiroshi Mikitani launches “Englishnization” across Rakuten and “shakes up Japan” Sir Tim Berners-Lee honoured at the Oylmpic Games opening ceremony Proteus Digital Health receives FDA approval for its ingestible sensor Founders Forum and GREAT host the red carpet Creative Industries Party at the Royal Academy, London Felix Baumgartner breaks the sound barrier in a 1,342 km/h unassisted dive Aug Supercell launches Clash of Clans Oct Founders Forum launches in New York, US, co-hosting with Reid Hoffman and Edgar Bronfman Jr Nov Sir Tim Berners-Lee launches the World Wide Web Foundation King releases Candy Crush Saga on iOS and Android Dec Individuals featured in this chapter SoundCloud releases new version of its service focusing on mobile devices 10 Years Hiroshi Mikitani Chairman and CEO: Rakuten Mikitani’s Rakuten pioneered ecommerce in Japan, and continues to lead the market. Rakuten prides itself on being the ideal partner for merchants that sell on its platform, where each seller has a dedicated consultant helping them to up their online game. As Mikitani told Wired, “We are about empowering the merchant.” Founded in 1997 and expanding beyond Japan in 2005, Rakuten is currently worth $24.7bn and has grown far beyond simply ecommerce, with over 70 services operating globally. Mikitani is vocal about his global ambitions and in 2010 he introduced a company-wide conversion to English, dubbed “Englishnization”. Whether focusing on local or global markets, at the core of Rakuten is its philosophy of empowerment, both for its partners and consumers alike. Mikitani explained in a Forbes interview: “You need to feel that you’re contributing to the society in order to just keep going.” What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “Since 2013, I have been a member of the Industrial Competitiveness Council, which advises Japan’s Prime Minister and Cabinet on how to make Japan more competitive globally. But whether we are talking about Japan or Europe, I think that the solution is universal, and that is to create environments that support growth. For rice farmers, the key for successful growth is fertile soil, sunlight, access to clean water, protection from predators, and access to markets. Perhaps if governments supported business growth from the perspective of a rice farmer, we would see many more of these seeds flourish. From my experience, Europe has no shortage of good seeds, so my hope is that they are given a chance.” Year/2012 “IN LOVE WITH SOUND” Year/2012 The founder and CEO of SoundCloud discusses the possibilities of our digital future ↓ What was your biggest break? After high school, I managed to land a job in a recording studio, which gave me the time and space to truly fall in love with sound. How would you describe your leadership style? Evolving, always looking to enable our remarkable staff to do what they do best. Who had the biggest influence in your career? My co-founder Eric Wahlforss. We’re creating, learning, developing, and achieving together. Not to mention keeping each other in check from time to time. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? SoundCloud, and the fact that over ten million creators on our platform are heard every month, all around the globe, by 175 million people. If there was no internet, what would you have done? I would have sent a fax to Tim Berners-Lee asking him to hurry up! Which digital technology/digital trend has been the most disruptive over the last ten years? The ongoing development of the internet. If you consider that, in 2005, social networking was in its infancy and the mobile web was functional at best, we’ve come a long, long way. And which will be the most disruptive over the next ten years? We’re still just at starting points. Elon Musk says artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? Both. We are clearly our own biggest threat. But then we’ll be the ones creating AIs that might one day be the biggest threat. What’s the biggest downside to technology? It’s very seductive, and it’s possible to become shortsighted by the possibilities. Just because you can build something, it doesn’t mean you necessarily should. Is there such a thing as a work-life balance? Yes, but it doesn’t necessarily mean they are separate. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? Time zones, especially with the West Coast. How much money is too much money? If it changes your values, then it’s too much. Android or iOS? iOS, but it’s a very, very close call. CD or MP3? Neither. Streaming audio on SoundCloud. ebook or printed book? Both, depending on my mood. When did you last google yourself? I get a SoundCloud Google trend alert sent every day, so luckily I don’t have to. Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? Is there one? What was the last book you read for pleasure? The Greek Islands by Lawrence Durrell. What was the first CD you bought/track you downloaded? Metallica, The Black Album. What was the last CD you bought/track you downloaded? Download: Shango, Vinyl: Nick Drake, Pink Moon. What was the make and model of the first mobile phone you owned? It was an Ericsson, I can’t remember the model! What was your favourite video game growing up? King’s Quest. What is your favourite European city? Berlin. We toured a number of cities when we were looking to establish SoundCloud back in 2007. Berlin stood out a mile for its creative atmosphere and cultural diversity. They’re making the biopic: who would play you? The guy who played John Connor in Terminator 2, if he still looks like John Connor in Terminator 2. Just to please my teenage self. Is there a God? No, but we believe in science in a way that almost feels like a religion. 10 Years What’s the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? On a few occasions I could have trusted my gut more. What’s the most overrated technology/ technology trend? The wearable trend, in its current definition. Founders Forum Martha Lane Fox Chair: Go ON UK Together with co-founder Brent Hoberman, Lane Fox launched lastminute.com in 1998. Despite the famed burst of the dot-com bubble in 2000 – described by Time as a time when “Stocks sunk. Companies folded. Fortunes were lost” – lastminute.com survived and was sold for £577m in 2005. Since then, Lane Fox has focused her efforts on increasing digital literacy in the UK, including serving as the UK government’s Digital Inclusion Champion for three years, and launching Go ON UK in 2012. Go ON UK describes itself as “the UK’s leading digital skills charity that argues the powerful social and economic case for universal basic digital skills.” Basic digital skills are defined as the minimum skills needed by an individual to access the benefits of the internet, which Go ON UK argues are no longer a luxury but a necessity. What excites you most about Europe? “Our opportunity to become the most fantastically diverse tech sector in the world and therefore the most fair and redistributive.” p144/145 10 Years Sir Tim Berners-Lee Inventor: World Wide Web Berners-Lee famously invented the world wide web while working at Cern, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, in 1989. Since then, he has maintained his visibility as a proponent for privacy, online freedom and a decentralised web as the founder of the World Wide Web Consortium (WC3) and the Web Foundation. WC3 describes Berners-Lee’s original vision for the web as a “communications tool intended to allow anyone, anywhere to share information”, as well as enabling “human communication, commerce, and opportunities to share knowledge”. Berners-Lee founded the Web Foundation in 2009, in keeping with his continued mission to lead the web to its full potential. It aims to make access available for everyone, including the estimated 60 per cent of the world that remains “unconnected”. Does the tech industry have a responsibility to actively engage in philanthropy? “Yes, for many reasons. For one, the tech industry builds powerful new tools, and every advance and cute new feature directly widens the gap between those who have the technology and those who do not. There is an immediate moral responsibility to mitigate that effect by helping those who do not have the new technology acquire it more easily. This may involve countering many issues, such as remote location, poverty and illiteracy, and the effort to design systems which are inherently more inclusive. For another reason, the innovation on which the tech industry has been built often springs from a rich research environment of academics, students and researchers who are given the luxury of research – the time to understand why things are as they are, to dream about how things could be different, and to design a new world in which they are different. This activity needs to be supported and nurtured, and successful industry is a much needed – and very logical – source of support. The general benefit which involvement in philanthropy gives any company includes the ability to understand its place in the world more completely, and a more solid grounding and sense of purpose for its staff.” Year/2012 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 ← 2014 2015 Founders Forum Corporate Transition THIS IS A RADICAL TRANSFORMATION Most large organisations are constrained by where they are now, says the Betfair founder, Ed Wray. To get to where they want to be means learning from start-ups before making the move to digital → In January 2013, Henry Lane Fox launched Founders Intelligence, a consultancy business spun out of Founders Forum. Its goal? “To crack the problem of how large corporates in the offline world can make the transition to digital,” explains Lane Fox. When Lane Fox talks about “the problem”, he is referring to at least three issues that unite most established corporates: an unwarranted sense of entitlement, fear of failure and an inability to attract – or recognise – the right talent. By entitlement Lane Fox is referring to the typical company “that feels it had a right to win in a certain market because it’s an established player”. It is a sentiment that’s shared by many CEOs, says Lane Fox. Fear manifests itself in a number of ways: an aversion to risk and a dread of failure among them. By contrast, the team at the Finnish games maker Supercell celebrates failure with champagne. It’s hard to imagine a corporate company doing the same. “By definition, there are bound to be more failures than successes,” notes Supercell co-founder Ilkka Paananen. “We’re not celebrating failure itself, we are celebrating the learnings of those failures. It’s important to create the environment where it is completely safe to fail, otherwise we might find we haven’t failed in six months. And that means we haven’t taken enough risks.” Risks means iteration, trial and error. This, says Lane Fox, contrasts with a corporate culture where – in order to mitigate risk – companies often end up creating “all-singing, all-dancing solutions” for want of perfection. The result? Feature-creep, exorbitant costs, late delivery and an underwhelmed customer when the product is eventually launched. Taavet Hinrikus, founder of TransferWise, diagnoses risk aversion as a time horizon problem. Companies run by their founders – and by default start-ups fall into this category – take a longer-term view of risk compared to companies that have hired an executive from elsewhere, someone who will be judged on short-term results. “Disrupting your business is not going to improve it in 12 months. It might take five years,” says Hinrikus. “The hired manager who knows he’s going to be fired if he doesn’t improve results in 12 months is not going to take that risk.” Featuring Ed Wray, founder of Betfair and non-executive director of Funding Circle, agrees. “Pretty much everyone who is in a large organisation is constrained by where they are now. They’ve got investors, they’ve got plant and machinery, they’ve got factories.” Ana Botín Jacques-Antoine Granjon Taavet Hinrikus Henry Lane Fox Ilkka Paananen Ed Wray As for talent spotting, Lane Fox says: “A great entrepreneur will always attract great talent around them. By contrast, corporates often don’t have the amazing, inspirational digital leader that people want to aggregate around.” Some established firms struggle with a generational issue, too, failing to promote young managers into 10 Years Year/2013 Corporate concerns senior digital and leadership roles early enough. “It means you get people at the top of organisations who are out of touch with how technology is being used,” says Lane Fox. “That’s a massive barrier.” The factors that often inhibit large organisations from embracing change: 01 Fear of failure 03 An inability to attract, or identify, the best talent And even for those corporates who recognise the talent gap, there’s another problem. “Where do really great computer engineers want to go and work? Do they want to crack a massive problem at a start-up? Or do they want to go and work in the middle of a large international bank with systems from the 1970s and a bunch of people from the management team who are over 50 and who aren’t going to respect them?” Despite problems in triplicate, there are corporates that are managing digital transition successfully. Lane Fox cites three examples: the multinational advertising and public relations company WPP which puts “new businesses together to compete directly with existing businesses”; Barclays Bank, which runs an accelerator programme in recognition “that they can’t do it alone”; and Guardian News and Media, the newspaper group that is putting digital first. Another company, the Spanish banking group Santander, claims it, too, understands the challenge. Executive chairman Ana Botín believes what is required is “more than transition. This is a radical transformation of not just how we do business but almost of what we do.” It means, she says, understanding evolving customer behaviours and identifying where an established bank can add value. A loose signposting agreement with the business peer-to-peer lending firm Funding Circle; the launch of Santander InnoVentures, a $100m fund to get closer to the next wave of innovation in FinTech; and a million mobile customers in the UK alone are, Botín maintains, evidence of Santander’s willingness to change. ↳ “Great entrepreneurs will always attract talent around them” Henry Lane Fox Co-founder, Founders Intelligence Founders Forum The transition is not all one way, of course. There are lessons start-ups can learn from corporates. Henry Lane Fox suggests one of the most important lessons is about how to manage growth. “At lastminute.com when we got to 1,000 people – by no means an enormous organisation – our ability to innovate internally slowed down. It can produce managerial issues. There is a point at which a start-up becomes a serious business where it needs to have processes and that’s an awkward thing for start-ups to know how to do.” Reliability is a key attribute, says Botín, as is acknowledging the continued importance of the offline – being present “locally, physically and in person” matters as much as being available at any time, anywhere via a smartphone. Ed Wray has observed the disruptive impact digital has had on two industries and believes corporate decline is inevitable. “Bookmakers do still exist but there are – I would guess – around half as many betting shops on the high street as there were when we started Betfair.” “Banks are closing branches left, right and centre. You will put bookmakers out of business and you will put banks out of business if they don’t adapt their model. If you did a straw poll of 22-year-olds and asked, ‘When did you last see your bank manager?’ they’re likely to say, ‘I have no idea what you are talking about’.” Jacques-Antoine Granjon, on the other hand, forecasts co-existence. Granjon, founder of French online retailer vente-privee, says ecommerce will not extinguish the physical shopping experience. “People want to have a mix of both in their lives, to be able to browse and research what they want online and then experience the product in the brand’s physical store,” he says. “The future is click-on-mortar with mobile devices driving people to physical stores and impacting their purchases and shopping experience.”_ “It’s important to create an environment where it’s safe to fail” Ilkka Paananen Co-founder and CEO, Supercell p150/151 Henry Lane Fox launches Founders Intelligence Feb Founders Forum, Universal Music Group and UK Trade & Investment launch Technology Innovators Forum in Los Angeles, US, co-hosting with Lucian Grainge CBE, Michael Lynton, Ari Emanuel and will.i.am Pope Francis is elected the 266th Pope, the first pontiff from the Southern Hemisphere Mar Yahoo! buys Summly for $30m US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden leaks classified documents Jun Founders Forum launches the Founders Forum For Good Foundation Sep Dr Mike Lynch’s Invoke Capital backs its first investment, Darktrace Oct Yandex acquires KinoPoisk, Russia’s largest movie database BlaBlaCar launches its operations in the UK Japan’s SoftBank buys 51 per cent stake, valued at $1.5bn, in Supercell Nelson Mandela dies, aged 95 Individuals featured in this chapter Dec THE GLOBAL AMBITIONS OF RUSSIA’S GOOGLE 10 Years Year/2013 “We offered to sell Yandex to Rambler for $15,000. They turned us down” Arkady Volozh Principal founder and CEO, Yandex The computer scientist Arkady Volozh created the algorithms behind Russia’s largest search engine after the collapse of the Soviet Union, competing against global internet giants such as Google → Arkady Volozh’s childhood was spent travelling, moving around parts of the former Soviet Union in pursuit of his father’s career as a geologist. He was a star pupil at his elite physics and maths school in Almaty, then capital of the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, and he went on to study computer sciences to PhD level in Moscow. But perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union changed everything for him, and he has travelled a lot further since. He became a serial entrepreneur, starting a series of successful IT enterprises with his childhood friend Ilya Segalovich, before founding Russia’s largest search engine. Today, Yandex is one of the most popular websites in Russia, with around 60 per cent of the search market and over six billion searches every month. It also operates in Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Turkey and has recently moved into processing big data for corporate clients. And it raised $1.3bn with an initial public offering on the US NASDAQ in 2011, the largest American-based IPO for a dot-com since Google. “When we started up in business, everything was new,” says Volozh. “There was nobody to ask what to do, because nobody knew how to do it in Russia. It was not only a technological start-up, it was an economic start-up!” During his education, Volozh imagined that he would become a scientist like his parents but suddenly there were many new opportunities, and he found himself working in hardware and software. One of the projects was to index the information held by a patents institute in 1989, so he brought together search specialists and linguists to create the first algorithms needed to search Russian documents. Career facts 1997: Launches Yandex demo site 2000: Becomes chief executive of Yandex after CompTek split 2011: Yandex raises $1.3bn from NASDAQ IPO 2014: Opens Yandex Data Factory in Amsterdam He also started importing computers with friends, creating a company called CompTek International. It became the country’s largest network systems distributor, bringing wireless telephony and voice over IP telephony to Russia. He also co-founded InfiNet Wireless, a provider of wireless networking technology. But he continued developing the search software, indexing the Bible to demonstrate its capabilities. Next the company earned its first fee for search work by indexing all of Alexander Griboyedov’s and then Alexander Pushkin’s works for a literary institute. The software was called Yandex, an acronym for Yet Another Index-er, and it was not the first Russian search engine: Rambler had been launched in 1996. “We offered to sell Yandex to Rambler for $15,000,” says Volozh. “It was three times better at finding Russian materials than their generic search engine, but they turned the offer down, saying that they were already the market leader! Other search engines also turned us down, so we launched a Yandex demo site in September 1997, which we thought would be of interest only to IT specialists and journalists. ↳ Founders Forum p154/155 What excites you most about Europe? “To promote our indexing libraries service, we indexed the whole Russian internet, which at that time took up only four gigabytes of storage on two servers under a desk. But after two months, it was growing so much that we realised we needed more storage and put it on a rack. Because Yandex could search Russian text so fast, it became the largest internet search system in the country within three years.” “Its variety. The European market is a ‘hotpot’ of languages, cultures, mentalities, and histories that gives rise to a variety of companies, products, and services – specialised for every region. And, at the same time, Europe’s variety is its weakness – building a pan-European technology company is quite challenging. This is where we see our opportunities – to provide the best products and solutions to customers in Europe through integration of our machining-learning technologies and our expertise in data science with customer understanding possessed by local companies.” – Arkady Volozh Yandex was spun off from CompTek in 2000, with Volozh as chief executive officer. It became profitable in 2002 – six months earlier than expected – and has been profitable ever since. Subsequently, it opened offices in Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, developing its services for local users. International competition came from Google, another start-up that decided to start indexing the world in 1998 and exchanged ideas with Yandex. Google feared that Microsoft would thrash the two minnows and suggested getting together, but the terms it suggested were unacceptable. Soon after Google’s IPO in 2004, it launched in Russia. Google failed to grow beyond a 30 per cent market share as Yandex defended its 60 per cent leadership. After the Yandex IPO in 2011, Volozh realised that browsers were the main distribution channel for search, and that Microsoft and Google were squeezing smaller search engines out to favour their own. It decided to launch its own browser in 2012, though it still retained a significant following in Russia through other browsers because of its popularity. Russia’s recent economic problems have also been a threat. After years of growth, Yandex had ambitious expansion plans to take 3 per cent of the global search market. But revenue growth has been eroded by the plunging rouble, with revenues falling from $1.2bn in 2013 to $900m in 2014. The same has happened in 2015, leaving Yandex’s share of the search market stuck at 2 per cent. “We are now trying to expand abroad, having launched in Turkey in 2011 with an entirely new product for local users. Our maps and traffic services have been very successful – Istanbul is as congested as Moscow. And a relaunch in April 2015 aimed at becoming number two behind Google has started to raise our market share. Search engine market share in Russia in 2004 60 per cent Yandex “We are also seeking to apply our core search competences of machine learning and big data to other industries. Yandex Data Factory, opened in Amsterdam in 2014, is helping large companies make sense of their accumulated mass of data and solve various tasks.” 30 per cent Google 10 per cent Other One other Russian problem is the brain-drain of talented Russian tech specialists to the US, Israel and Western Europe – a threat to Russia’s competitive position in the sector. Volozh believes that there are still plenty of bright young people coming up through an education system that fosters maths and engineering skills. But to ensure the continuing supply of new talent, Yandex opened a School of Data Analysis in 2007 which has since expanded into a computer sciences faculty at the top Moscow university Higher School of Economics. “When the faculty opened last year, there were 35 applications for every place – the highest level in the university’s 25-year history. The best people in the US become lawyers or doctors, but in Russia they go for engineering and we need to maintain that flow of talent.”_ 10 Years Dr Mike Lynch Founder: Invoke Capital A self-made billionaire, Lynch sold the co-founded Autonomy to Hewlett-Packard for $11.7bn in 2011. Before his record-breaking sale, Lynch founded his first tech company as a young Cambridge student and continues to maintain a close relationship with the university. His current venture, Invoke Capital, invests in promising European start-ups, many coming out of Cambridge. As he said to The Economist in 2013, “What you will find in Cambridge is something which is fundamentally clever. What you are going to find in Tech City is something where the raw science isn’t fundamentally clever but it’s more attuned to the market and the consumer.” Why would you invest in Europe now? “I remain convinced that Europe, with the calibre of its universities and engineers, produces technologies that are equal or superior to anything that emerges from Silicon Valley, with the advantage that valuations aren’t overhyped and staff retention is easier. True, the ecosystem is smaller, and thus the pool of technology, marketing and sales capital and talent is less, but that is improving as our vibrant start-ups mature. There is a lot of potential to unlock in Europe.” Year/2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ← 2015 Founders Forum Artificial Intelligence MAKING MACHINES SMARTER Demis Hassabis and his DeepMind co-founders want to “solve intelligence”, both natural and artificial. Following acquisition by Google in 2014, they may yet get their chance → In late January 2014, news filtered through from Silicon Valley that Google had made one of its most significant European acquisitions ever. The subject of Google’s interest: a three-year-old London start-up called DeepMind. Its area of expertise: artificial intelligence. Google remains coy about the price tag – reports suggest between £300-400m – but it’s understood that Larry Page was so keen on the deal that he led it himself. Page and Google were attracted to the research that DeepMind was undertaking. But they were equally drawn to the talent, not just of co-founders Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman, but also of the engineers who want to join DeepMind. In Hassabis, they were getting the archetypal high achiever: a pre-teen world chess champion, A-levels at the age of 16, co-design credits on the commercially-successful Theme Park console game a year later, a double First from Cambridge University in computer science and a doctorate in cognitive neuroscience. Together with Legg and Suleyman, he founded DeepMind in 2011 with a mission to “solve intelligence”, no less. The choice of “solve”, a rather ambiguous verb, was deliberate. “What we are interested in,” Hassabis says, “is understanding intelligence, both natural and artificial, and recreating it artificially.” He draws a distinction between narrow and general artificial intelligence. “It’s all about making machines smart and there are two ways of doing that. You can programme solutions directly, and that’s what most AI is, or you can give the systems the ability to learn for themselves directly from data.” “We’re seeing the former type of AI embedded everywhere – on your phone, and you could even call search a part of that. So AI is all around us. The revolution that’s happening is with this second type of AI, this learning type of AI, and it’s starting to really work.” For Hermann Hauser – founder, investor and observer of the European technology for nearly five decades – the pace at which machine learning has been applied to commercial applications has come as a surprise. Apple and Google voice recognition services are “now better than human”, he says, while advances in face and image recognition are equally impressive. “I thought this would take another decade,” he says. “Machine learning is dealing with many aspects that were thought to be the prerogative of humans. In principle, I cannot see anything that a human can learn that a machine cannot learn better.” Featuring Demis Hassabis Hermann Hauser He puts the accelerated development and application of machine learning, in part, down to the availability of very large training data sets and sees this as playing a big part in the next wave of computing. In Hauser’s own model of the postwar evolution of computing, 10 Years “I don’t see anything that a human can learn that a machine cannot learn better” Hermann Hauser KBE Co-Founder and partner, Amadeus Capital Partners Year/2014 the fifth and current wave is characterised by smartphones and the cloud. Ultimately, he says, it will be superseded by a sixth wave defined by omnipresent computers – think the Internet of Things – and machine learning. “Because the Internet of Things provides such a tsunami of data, we don’t have enough people in the world to analyse it. So having an automatic way of processing the data with learning is the key ingredient of making the sixth wave successful.” Hassabis is excited by the potential combination of big data and artificial intelligence, too. “I’d like to see AI-assisted science,” he says, referring to artificial intelligence systems that can process and interpret data. Doing more than number crunching, in other words. “It’s about finding the patterns and insights in the data.” ↳ Google DeepMind employee breakdown Approximately 150 employees in 2015 25 per cent: Applied research team (applying DeepMind technology to Google products) 75 per cent: Research scientists Founders Forum p160/161 DeepMind “That’s the most exciting aspect of this general AI, rather than the hand-programmed AI where you can never get more out than you put in. It’s never going to discover a theory or a great scientific insight.” 2010: Londonbased artificial intelligence start-up founded Mission: to “solve intelligence” 2014: Acquired by Google in January for a reported £300-400m Co-founder Demis Hassabis gained a double First in computer science and a doctorate in cognitive neuroscience As for other applications of AI, Hassabis points to finance and healthcare as sectors that should exploit its potential. Elsewhere, he’d like general AI – rather than the hand-programmed alternative – applied to gaming. In early 2015, DeepMind revealed that it had built an agent that could play 49 classic Atari games. Hassabis wants to go further. “What makes games the equal of film and books is in allowing the player to become the story,” he says. “But how do you make sure that every decision the player makes is going to be fun and compelling when you [the games developer] are not in control of all those choices? One solution is to create all those paths by hand, what modern games try and do. That’s incredibly expensive and intractable because you can’t write a hundred strands of prose that will all be at a Shakespearean level. So you’d need an adaptive AI to make it happen. It will take open games to another level.” On how Google might apply artificial intelligence in the future, Hassabis is careful not to be drawn on specifics. “Our systems are only just getting mature enough to think about using them in practical terms,” he says diplomatically. He hints at AI adoption for recommendation systems – YouTube, perhaps – and other data streams. More broadly, he says: “Google’s mission is to organise the world’s information and AI fits in well with that mission because it’s about taking unstructured data and turning it into ‘actionable knowledge’.” “One reason we decided to join Google was to get access… to their compute cloud. It’s accelerated our research programme.” So what is it like going from European start-up one day to part of the Google behemoth the next? “For us it’s been almost no change,” says Hassabis. When negotiating the 2014 deal, the DeepMind co-founders persuaded Google to allow them to continue operating out of their King’s Cross office in London. There they remain surrounded by 150 employees, mostly research scientists. “Google’s mission is to organise the world’s information. AI fits that well” Demis Hassabis Co-founder and CEO, Google DeepMind Hassabis is passionate about the European start-up scene and about the UK especially. “It’s in very rude health,” he says. “I’m a Londoner, I love London and I’ve always felt we have talent that’s the equal of anywhere else in the world. Our universities are just as good as the top US universities and the people coming out of them are just as strong.” “I thought DeepMind could be a magnet for that talent, and it has turned out that way.” Larry Page, for one, took note._ 10 Years 2014 Jan Google acquires UK-based artificial intelligence start-up DeepMind for a reported £400m Zynga buys UK gaming company NaturalMotion for $527m Henry Lane Fox and Richard Segal launch Founders Keepers Feb Alex and Mark Asseily launch State Facebook acquires WhatsApp for $19bn Mar Klarna acquires German online payment company SOFORT Rohan Silva launches Spacious (now Second Home) King floats on NYSE Apr vente-privee launches in the UK JUST EAT floats on the London Stock Exchange May Founders Forum leads the technology sector as part of the UKTI’s GREAT Festival of Creativity in Istanbul, Turkey Jun Zoopla floats on the LSE, valued at £919m Founders Forum For Good launch the Founders Pledge Founders Forum launches The HealthTech Forum, co-hosting with Dr Jack Kreindler and Daniel Kraft Malaysia Airlines flight 17 is shot down over eastern Ukraine Jul US property group Zillow buys Trulia for $3.5bn Andrus Ansip appointed vice president of the European Commission Sep Nikesh Arora joins SoftBank Corp. (currently SoftBank Group Corp.) as vice chairman and SoftBank Internet and Media Inc. (currently SB Group US, Inc.) as CEO Oct Germany’s Rocket Internet floats on Frankfurt Stock Exchange Dec Sean Parker pledges $600m to establish The Parker Foundation Individuals featured in this chapter Founders Forum Sean Parker Chairman: The Parker Foundation Parker is a philanthropist and entrepreneur with a record of launching genre-defining companies. He is the chairman of The Parker Foundation, which focuses on three areas: life sciences, global public health and civic engagement. In 2015, he announced a $600m contribution to launch the foundation. He has been recognised for his leadership in funding and promoting research into the relationship between the immune system and cancer. Parker was the co-founder of Napster at age 19 and Plaxo at 21. In 2004 he joined with Mark Zuckerberg to develop the online social network Facebook and served as Facebook’s founding president. In 2007, he co-founded Causes on Facebook, which registered 180 million people to donate money and take action via Facebook; and in 2014 announced his backing of a new initiative called Brigade, an online platform for civic engagement. How can technology make a positive impact on people’s lives? “The trouble for hackers venturing into the field of philanthropy is one of scale. How do these individuals, accustomed to unleashing massive social changes that span the globe, make a lasting contribution in their charitable lives and find satisfaction in doing so? Hacker philanthropists have to recognise that their successes will be few and infrequent and that their rewards will be fleeting, personal and often unrecognised. They will need to ground themselves in a genuine commitment to serve others and draw from a deeply felt sense of purpose.” (Wall Street Journal, 2015) p162/163 10 Years Year/2014 Rohan Silva Co-founder: Second Home and Hubble Credited with aiding the formation of east London’s start-up hub, dubbed Tech City, Silva is a vocal proponent of London’s creativity, describing London in an article for the Guardian as “a magnet for people from all over the world”. A former adviser to Prime Minister David Cameron, Silva left his position in government in 2013 to co-found two ventures, Second Home and Hubble. Both provide entrepreneurs and creative people with access to flexible places to work and live in the city, and build new types of creative communities in places around the world. Another aim of Second Home and Hubble is to provide spaces for young businesses that rival those of big names such as Google. As Silva told the Financial Times: “Why should small, innovative companies be in the crappiest digs? Why can’t they be in places that are just as inspiring?” What excites you most about Europe? “Right now there are far too many obstacles that make it difficult to do business across national borders in Europe. If we’re going to unleash the full potential of entrepreneurs – especially in the world of technology – to create jobs and economic growth, this simply has to change.” Alexander Asseily Co-founder and chairman: Jawbone, State and Chiaro The man behind the famous Jawbone headset, Asseily co-founded Aliph, which later become known as Jawbone, in 1998. The company released the first Jawbone headset in 2004, and the Jawbone Bluetooth headset two years later. Since then, Jawbone has expanded its range of consumer electronics, which now includes awardwinning speakers and fitness trackers, along with its signature headsets. While no longer CEO of Jawbone, Asseily remained on as chairman of the company until February 2015, but these days he has more than consumer electronics on his mind. After returning to London from San Francisco in 2010, Asseily launched State.com with his brother Mark. The “global opinion network” is described by Asseily on TechCrunch as “the simplest way for people everywhere to connect their opinions with the world.” What excites you most about Europe? “Europe has world-class universities producing tonnes of amazing talent that’s waiting to be unleashed from them. It also has lots of capital. But certain spices are needed to bake the cake: regulatory flexibility like in the UK, experienced role models to coach new founders towards excellence and a global outlook, and a more inspired, ballsy investment culture to support new ideas through to sustainability.” p164/165 Alex Chesterman “ MOBILE HAS CHANGED EVERYTHING ” Zoopla founder on smartphones, property and why Hard Rock Café beats Goldman Sachs ↓ In a tweet, describe what you do. Founder & CEO of Zoopla Property Group, a UK publicly-listed digital media business that owns some of the UK’s leading online brands. Founders Forum What was your biggest break? Deciding to take a job offer from Hard Rock Café over one from Goldman Sachs after university ultimately led me down the entrepreneurial path. How would you describe your leadership style? Very hands-on from a strategic perspective, but knowing how to build a great team and when to empower others. Who had the biggest influence in your career? My father was an entrepreneur and that bred an interest in business and entrepreneurial desire in me from an early age. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? Listing Zoopla Property Group on the London Stock Exchange at a valuation of £1bn just six years after launch. Five words of advice for the next generation of digital and technology entrepreneurs: Persevere and go for it. If there was no internet, what would you have done? I would likely have remained in the hospitality industry and been involved with opening restaurants, which is in my blood. Which digital technology/trend has been the most disruptive over the last ten years? Mobile has changed everything. It has driven consumer expectations to a whole new level. Which will be the most disruptive over the next ten years? The mobile transformation is still in its infancy and will continue to evolve. Is there such a thing as a work-life balance? I am told there is, although I am not sure that I have found it yet. What’s the biggest downside to technology? It has the power to enable the wrong type of activities whether by governments, criminals, terrorists or others. Elon Musk says artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? I am not sure I see it as an existential threat but it is certainly going to change the way that things are done in many areas of the economy and the human race will require different skills to be productive as more functions are performed with less human intervention. What’s the most overrated technology trend? Wearable technology in its current form. No doubt improvements are coming, but it is important to distinguish between innovation and gimmick. How much money is too much money? Money is an important reward for hard work and success, but should not be the biggest driver for entrepreneurs. What’s your favourite app? Zoopla, of course! All the property information you could possibly need in one place all the time. When did you last google yourself? Never. Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? Mostly accurate. What was the last book you read for pleasure? The Churchill Factor by Boris Johnson. What was the last CD you bought/track you downloaded? Andrea Bocelli. What was the make and model of the first mobile phone you owned? Can’t remember the first, but my favourite was the Motorola flip phone. What was your favourite video game growing up? Space Invaders and Asteroids. What is your favourite European city? London (home). When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? Fill in questionnaires like this. Is there a God? I like to think so. Year/2014 “Money matters but it shouldn’t be the biggest driver for an entrepreneur” 10 Years Founders Forum Pete Flint Founder and former CEO: Trulia Part of the original team behind lastminute.com, Flint helped scale the company during his five years as marketing and business development director. Two years before lastminute.com was sold for $1.1bn to the Sabre Group in 2005, Flint left to pursue his studies at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. During this period, Flint conceived of Trulia with co-founder Sami Inkinen. Officially launched in September 2005, Trulia is a residential real estate site that not only lists properties to buy and rent, but focuses on information that helps users make educated decisions, including price trends and crime maps. Growing steadily since inception, Trulia floated in 2012 and was purchased by Zillow in 2014 for $3.5bn. What excites you most about Europe? “As the tech-enabled economy becomes increasingly global, Europe is better positioned than it has ever been. Europeans have cultural and geographic plurality in their DNA, helping create an exciting new set of truly global technology companies.” Sebastian Siemiatkowski Co-founder and CEO: Klarna Studying together at the Stockholm School of Economics, Siemiatkowski and two friends, Niklas Adalberth and Viktor Jacobsson, saw a gap in the ecommerce market – a lack of safe and reliable online transactions for the buyer and the seller. Siemiatkowski and his co-founders launched Kreditor, the precursor to Klarna, in 2005. Its approach of allowing consumers to pay for a purchase after receipt, and assuming the risk of non-payment on behalf of sellers, results in a safer experience for all parties. Combining this with a continuous effort to streamline its online payment system, the company has grown exponentially from 2005, now dealing with 250,000 transactions per day. What do you think Europe needs to change to become more competitive? “Unfortunately, it’s not going to be any revolutionary insights, it’s just going to take a lot of hard work and execution. Creating a single digital European market sounds so easy on paper, but is very difficult – yet necessary – to accomplish. And also ensuring we have the right talent, especially when it comes to engineering and developers.” p166/167 Nikesh Arora THE GLOBAL LOCAL HERO The Indian-born Nikesh Arora has worked across three continents and held top positions at two global technology giants. Now he believes most disruption will happen locally and be led by young entrepreneurs â†’ Year/2014 p168/169 Career facts When Nikesh Arora was studying for his MBA, he read an article in the Harvard Business Review in which a global executive shared his views on what it would take to run large businesses in the future. The key message was that businesses were going to become more global and that those in charge would need diverse experience. 2000 – 2004: Chief marketing officer at T-Mobile 2004 – 2014: Chief business officer at Google 2014: Vice chairman of SoftBank 2015: President and chief operating officer of SoftBank, successor to Masayoshi Son He says that the article stuck somewhere in his subconscious, and his diverse career certainly reflects its insights. Born and educated in India, he went to the United States to complete his education and worked as an analyst for two leading fund managers. He then moved to Europe to work for T-Mobile, where he became the board member responsible for products and marketing at the German mobile phone network. Next came Google in 2004, where he managed the European business before becoming the group’s chief business officer in the United States. And in September 2014, he joined SoftBank, the Japanese technology giant, where he has become president and chief operating officer and was anointed in 2015 as successor to Masayoshi Son, the company’s founder. “I have never shied away from learning more about the world,” he says. “Whether it was being a European, Latin American or Asian telecom analyst, working at T-Mobile across its international portfolio, or opening over 40 Google offices around the world, I was there. “As you can imagine, the operating culture of most of these places is different, yet one has to strike a balance between that and the culture of the company that you represent. It’s been fun – though the travel can get to you at times.” With an electrical engineering degree from the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, his work has inevitably focused on technology and telecom businesses. So after being bitten by the entrepreneurial bug while working in fund management in Boston, he went to Europe to start a mobile data venture in partnership with T-Mobile. “This allowed me to flex my creative muscles with strong financial backing. Given that it was fully funded by T-Mobile, it was not as risky as a pure-bred start-up. And we ended up merging the business into T-Mobile. But it was like no other experience of my life at that time – it was 24/7 non-stop work, fun, passion and excitement.” “It’s a great time to be investing in Europe” Nikesh Arora President and COO, SoftBank After five years with T-Mobile, he was again inspired to launch a start-up, this time a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) covering many countries. But as he acknowledges ruefully, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google’s founders, got the better of him. They brought him into the company, where his European role was later expanded to cover the Middle East and Africa. His reputation grew fast, and in 2009 he was appointed global head of sales. As chief business officer for the Google group from 2011, he was responsible for all sales, marketing and business development – raising revenues to over $60bn. His focus on execution was 10 Years Year/2014 What excites you most about Europe? particularly valuable in a company whose very smart leaders devised many strategies but were not always so effective in executing them. After being in sales for a long time, Arora wanted to run a company, but he was not a techie and could see that becoming Google’s chief executive was not a possibility. So in 2014 he joined SoftBank, one of Japan’s largest companies, as vice-chairman with a mission to take a $70bn company to the next level by globalising the company. Masayoshi Son also saw an opportunity to expand the group’s footprint into new ventures, in the same way as Google had created the Android operating system, which took it into smartphones and tablets, and was investing in projects such as driverless cars. “When I worked in Europe around ten years ago, I was often asked, ‘What’s different here from Silicon Valley, why are they able to do what they do?’ I think it’s fair to say, we aren’t at that stage any more, we know the answers, and Europe is in execution mode. Successful start-up activity needs an ecosystem and a cultural awareness and acceptance around heightened risk-taking and acceptance of failure. The UK and Germany particularly are showing signs of an ecosystem developing more and more start-up activity. The global success of the ‘unicorn’ phenomenon is inspiring more and more European entrepreneurs to take the plunge. I am excited by the prospect of all those efforts bearing fruit and watching a thriving start-up culture take hold in Europe.” – Nikesh Arora Arora had known Son for five years before the move, and the two men had liked each other and kept in touch. His focus is to expand in the rest of Asia and then grow the businesses in the US and also Europe, which he sees as a strong and silent success story that is attractive to investors. “Entrepreneurship has blossomed in different parts of Europe, whether in the early days of the internet and mobile with Carphone Warehouse, Virgin and lastminute.com in the UK, the Samwer businesses in Germany, and the Scandinavian entrepreneurs behind Skype, Spotify and many other start-ups. There is a slow and steady movement to support the creative aspirations across the region, and one is beginning to see heightened activity in the European unicorns [start-up companies whose valuations exceed $1bn]. “I foresee that most businesses – apart, perhaps, for a few fundamental industries – will be disrupted by the internet, but all this disruption will need to be created locally by young entrepreneurs. The success of Silicon Valley has inspired people from all over the world to go back to their home countries, and accelerate this disruption. Not just that, there are some great ideas for disrupting global markets which are being incubated in Europe. I think this is a great time to think of investing in these European efforts.” Since joining SoftBank, he has spearheaded a surge of investments in tech start-ups and entrepreneurial ventures. The company was an early investor in Alibaba, China’s online marketplace, and has now invested in India’s Snapdeal equivalent, as well as Ola Cabs, which has a Uber-style taxi app. “I am excited by our portfolio of companies, which includes ecommerce, transportation, robotics, FinTech, advertising, hospitality, gaming – as well as mobile. What gets me up every morning is the opportunity to work alongside exciting teams, helping them translate their dreams into reality. Most, if realised, will change the way businesses operate around us, will probably be good for humanity, and will inspire many more such ventures. I want to spend the next phase of my career in helping great ideas succeed. “And I am enjoying working for SoftBank. The corporate headquarters are in Japan, which is one of the most amazing places in the world. The Japanese passion, dedication and pursuit of excellence come through in everything, with extreme politeness and humility. It is a joy to work there.”_ 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ← Founders Forum p172/173 IP and Innovation DISRUPTION, DISINTERMEDIATION, REINVENTION How do entrepreneurs spin ideas out of intellectual property? And how do they turn those ideas into commercial success? Here’s how → Ed Wray, the founder of Betfair, has some advice for would-be innovators: don’t forget to look back. He believes you should look forward, too, but backwards really matters. Why? “What a lot of tech innovation has actually done is take us back to first principles,” Wray says. “All Betfair was doing, for example, was going back to the origins of betting, which was two people standing on Newmarket Heath watching their horses and saying, ‘I bet one guinea.’ As it grew harder to do person-to-person betting, by necessity we introduced these things called bookmakers to facilitate the process. Ironically, what technology has allowed us to do is get people back together, virtually.” It’s the same with banking, he says. Individuals used to lend to each other. As transaction distances and volumes grew, banks acted as mediators and protectors of money. “Now you are seeing that disintermediation come again. Technology has shrunk the world and as you shrink the world, you bring back into focus a lot of things you were doing before.” Innovation and the exploitation of intellectual property is a perennial concern for investors, would-be and serial entrepreneurs alike. In 2015 Founders Forum’s Henry Lane Fox set up Founders Factory with a mission to help organisations effectively disrupt their own business. Part accelerator, part incubator and part professional dating service, it brings seemingly incongruous companies together to help them come up with new ideas. For example, would pairing the Guardian Media Group and Unilever produce a solution to help arrest declining advertising revenues? Lane Fox says: “The simple idea behind Founders Factory is: could there be an arms-length organisation which can help companies access disruptive technologies that will genuinely create business models that can become standalone successes?” Disruption, disintermediation, reinvention – the routes to innovation are many and varied. For Jacques-Antoine Granjon, founder of the French retailer vente-privee, the way to turn an interesting idea into a commercial success is to adopt what he calls “the little cabin strategy”. He explains: “You start small, build a ‘small cabin from wood’, and if that works you concretise it and expand on it.” Featuring Jacques-Antoine Granjon Henry Lane Fox Ilkka Paananen Marc Samwer Ed Wray Ilkka Paananen, co-founder and CEO of the games maker Supercell, believes innovation is hard work and he remains amazed how difficult it is to create new games even in the wake of past successes. Algorithms and user data only help developers up to a point. “If it really was a mathematical problem then someone over the last ten or 20 years would have figured it out by now,” he says. “There is no magic 10 Years Year/2015 formula.” Instead Supercell relies on timing, talent and luck. This is underpinned by an organisational model made up of very small teams – the “cells” in Supercell – which operate independently and autonomously until a game is ready for internal testing. There’s another way to view innovation that is less about intellectual property and more about execution. In April 2012, Wired magazine ran a piece profiling Marc, Oliver and Alexander Samwer, the German brothers behind Rocket Internet. The photo shoot that illustrated the feature paid homage to the experimental synth rock band Kraftwerk, themselves a highly successful German export. The brothers were dressed, à la Kraftwerk, in identical red shirts and skinny black ties. Clones, in other words. And experts in cloning is the backhanded compliment most often paid to the Samwers – taking an idea that exists elsewhere, making it work and, invariably, selling it on. “We are not in the invention business but we are in the innovation business,” insists Marc Samwer, the eldest of the three brothers. “If you look at most successful digital business models around the world, they are innovations of business models that already existed offline or in other countries or in another context.” (Rocket Internet’s strapline reads: “We Build Companies.”) How does Samwer feel about the copycat label? “We have no problem with it,” he says. “We are systematic entrepreneurs… We knew not to waste ten years looking for an idea. The likelihood that an idea will fail is so large, we call it the ‘idea risk’. There are many ideas that look fantastic on paper but for whatever reason they don’t succeed in reality.” ↳ “We are not in the invention business but we are in the innovation business” Marc Samwer Co-founder, Rocket Internet Founders Forum So what characterises an idea that is likely to succeed? “The number one thing is whether people are ready to pay for it. Even if the amounts are small and even if those willing to pay are a fraction of the total that use the service, that’s the sign you are looking for.” Meanwhile, the lowering costs of technology have created a more fertile environment for innovation, says Henry Lane Fox. “When we were building lastminute.com, there were no off-the-shelf technologies. We had hundreds of developers sitting in a room. The overheads were astronomical.” “We were burning enormous amounts of money every month because we had to. Now that’s not necessary. That in itself lets more people try stuff and experiment.” Ed Wray has two final pieces of advice for those in search of the next big thing. First, he counsels, “If you could forget everything you knew about an industry and design it for today’s context, and if you don’t design it in a way that already exists, then that industry is absolutely going to get disrupted.” His final piece of advice? Don’t let perfection be the enemy of the good. “Innovation isn’t necessarily about having some light bulb moment. It’s actually accepting that what you have is not optimal,” says Wray. “Mark Zuckerberg’s classic quote, ‘Move fast and break things’, is exactly right.”_ The ideas factory 01 Go back to first principles 02 Don’t let perfection be the enemy of the good 03 Establish if someone is prepared to pay for the product or service 04 Build small. Assess. Build big 05 2015 Jan Michael Birch relaunches Bebo Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners announce the merger of a majority of Macmillan Science and Education with Springer Science+Business Media Founders Forum launches The Future of Payments forum, co-hosting with The UK Cards Association Feb Raspberry Pi 2 launches Mar Net-a-Porter and Yoox announce merger plans to create the world’s largest online luxury brand retailer Founders Forum leads the technology sector as part of the UKTI’s GREAT Festival of Creativity in Shanghai, China Apr BlaBlaCar acquires largest European rival, Carpooling.com Founders Forum Smart Nation launches in Singapore, co-hosting with Steve Leonard and Dr Alex Lin The Republic of Ireland votes to legalise gay marriage, the first country to do so by popular vote May Delivery Hero acquires Turkish food delivery giant Yemeksepti for $589m Sepp Blatter announces intention to resign as FIFA president, while reportedly under investigation by the FBI Jun Founders Forum launches SmartUp.io Founders Factory launches Softbank purchases Supercell shares – reaching 73.2 per cent ownership Parker Foundation launches The Greek debt crisis escalates as Greece misses IMF payment Jul Sep Individuals featured in this chapter Yuri Milner announces the $100m Breakthrough Initiatives to reinvigorate the search for extraterrestrial intelligence Proteus Digital Health application for its “digital pill” accepted by US regulators BlaBlaCar raises a global expansion round of $200m 10 Years Year/2015 Natalie Massenet PUTTING FASHION RETAILING ON THE DIGITAL RUNWAY Natalie Massenet defied sceptics who said that women would never buy fashion online when she launched Net-a-Porter.com and built a global online business selling the products of the world’s leading designers to customers in over 170 countries → In the early days of the internet, online retailing was believed to be for everyday products such as books, music and films. Few people thought that consumers would buy fashion from a website without being able to see it first and try it on. And it seemed unlikely that designers and brand owners would hand over their relationships with customers to online retailers which had already forced down prices for other products. But one entrepreneur had no doubt that time-poor, cash-rich women would be prepared to buy luxury fashion brands online so long as it offered the right service. Natalie Massenet had a career writing for well-known fashion magazines and was researching shots at Tatler UK when she found herself thinking that the fashion industry was missing a trick. “Why weren’t the items in the shoot immediately available to buy?” she asked. “Why couldn’t the magazine exist online and be instantly shoppable? Because I was well placed in the industry, I could see what would work and understood what the customer wanted. I also knew how technology could be used to that advantage.” So she set up Net-a-Porter, a high-fashion retailer that launched in 2000 and operated via a website designed like a magazine. It became the world’s premier luxury fashion retailer, selling the products of over 650 of the world’s leading designers and delivering them to customers around the globe. The Net-a-Porter Group came full circle with the launch in 2014 of Porter magazine, a publication available in 60 countries that is entirely shoppable. “It felt like the completion of something extraordinary,” says Massenet, “an idea that started 15 years ago.” Born in Los Angeles, her father was journalist and her mother had modelled for Chanel. She was educated in Paris and LA and dabbled in modelling, production and styling after graduating. She worked in Hollywood where she learned what she describes as very valuable life skills in the film industry, before going into magazines where she saw both sides of the fashion industry – trade and consumer. Only at Founders Forum Natalie Massenet launches Mr Porter by giving 100 guests at Founders Forum London £1,000 each to spend on Mr Porter, and has the orders delivered the next morning to The Grove Net-a-Porter was not her first idea for a business, though when she had explored previous ideas with more experienced friends and advisers, they had talked her out of them. But over the years, she realised that her instincts were good, so when the idea of Net-a-Porter came to her, she decided to trust them and go for it. “What did I have to lose? Just because something doesn’t exist doesn’t mean it won’t work. And we were profitable very early on – our growth was extraordinary. I felt like we would succeed from the moment we received our first order.” There were hurdles to jump before the first order was fulfilled, however, especially raising finance. “People did not think that ↳ Founders Forum Year/2015 What excites you most about Europe? women would ever buy designer clothes online. So we raised money from friends, family and some very forward-thinking investors, including Carmen Busquets, the Venezuelan fashion entrepreneur who became a director.” “Starting and growing a business in Europe gives you a head start in the race to achieve global reach because a cross-border approach to doing business must be inherent in your set up. The proximity to new markets with differing languages and consumer profiles forces companies to think globally from the very start.” – Natalie Massenet Designers were sceptical, too. When she met them, they would be interested until she told them there was no bricks-and-mortar shop. But slowly they were won over and in 2004, the website won Best Fashion Shop at the British Fashion Awards. “There were a few amazing people like Anya Hindmarch and Tamara Mellon at Jimmy Choo who believed in us from the start, but it took a long time to convince many brands to sell to us. However, we eventually grew to a point where our brands could see that when we launched products, it actually drove customers to their stores as well as to our site.” She attributes the success of Net-a-Porter to three factors: customer service, customer service and customer service. The online content is refreshed with new products three times a week. Orders arrive beautifully packaged, with same-day delivery in London and Manhattan and express shipping to 172 countries. A dedicated customer care team speaking 22 languages is available around the clock. Returns and exchanges are free. Massenet did not rest on her laurels. “We always responded to customer demand. When she wanted to shop the previous season’s fashions, we launched The Outnet in 2009. After men asked when would it be their turn, we launched Mr Porter in 2011. Beauty products were included as a new category on Net-a-Porter in 2013. And in 2014, we introduced Net-a-Sporter, a mixture of accessible and luxury sportswear for women. “We never launched something by sticking our finger in the air and wondering if it would work,” she adds. “We were defined by our customers, and giving them the very best experience across all media was our primary focus.” In 2010, Net-a-Porter was snapped up by Richemont, the international luxury retail group, in a deal that valued it at £350m. With Massenet remaining executive chairman, it continued to grow, and by 2015 was employing more than 2,500 people in the UK, US, Hong Kong and Shanghai. The websites were attracting over nine million visitors a month and connecting with over 4.5 million social fans and followers. Much admired throughout the fashion industry, Massenet became chairman of the British Fashion Council in 2013. Her mission is to highlight the extraordinary work of an industry that contributes £26bn a year to the UK economy – twice as much as the car industry. “I see our job as helping future-proof our incredible industry and providing a platform for the creatives at its heart to become global players and build long-term sustainable businesses.” Career facts 2000: Net-a-Porter launches 2004: Net-a-Porter wins Best Fashion Shop at the British Fashion Awards 2010: Richemont purchases Net-a-Porter 2011: Mr Porter launches 2015: Net-a-Porter merges with Yoox In March 2015, Richemont announced that it had agreed a merger between Net-a-Porter and Yoox, an Italian online luxury retailer, to create the world’s largest online retailer focused on luxury brands. Following the completion of the merger in September 2015, Massenet stepped down as executive chairman of Net-a-Porter, saying that it was the right time for her to move on and explore new ideas and opportunities. “The business I started in 2000 could not be in better shape,” she said. “My entrepreneurial drive is as strong today as it always has been, and my passion for innovation will continue to be my greatest guide in business.”_ p180/181 “ TECHNOLOGY, THERE’S NO DOWNSIDE ” Year/2015 The CEO of the Holtzbrinck Publishing Group reflects on scientific progress and mastering Pong ↓ In a tweet, describe what you do. Always preparing for the future with a fair look to the past, while trying to be truthful in present times. What was your biggest break? I broke my leg once when I was six (ouch). Who had the biggest influence in your career? My history teacher who taught me dialectics and Nicky Byam Shaw who ran Macmillan for over 30 years and taught me how to apply it in publishing with style. Which is the achievement you are most proud of? My problems with this proud question aside: not having lost the ability to change and to take chances. Can we have five (okay seven) words of advice for the next generation of entrepreneurs? If you are truly smart, worry later. If there was no internet, what would you have done? It would have been an easy, undisrupted dream, printing on and on… Elon Musk says artificial intelligence is probably our “biggest existential threat”. Do you agree or disagree? With the hard to believe option of extra-terrestrial intelligence aside, only mankind is – despite all its beautiful capabilities – a threat to itself. What’s the biggest downside to technology? As a believer in scientific progress, there is no downside, except when societies become too complacent when redefining their constituting principles (ie, distribution of work and wealth) or when specifying the necessary limitation of its use (ie, weapons, dissolution of privacy). Is there such a thing as a work-life balance? Being out of balance is not good for anyone. We gladly still work to live, with stress as a positive force, sleep as a necessary brain detox and families and societal cohesion as essential ingredients for general well-being. What’s the most frustrating aspect of being an entrepreneur operating in Europe? It is still much better than most places, but looking up at the US opportunities regarding digital entrepreneurship continues to cause unpleasant neck ache. How much money is too much money? With income levels of over $75,000 per annum wealth-induced happiness declines rapidly. This scientific evidence should be married with a vaccine of “the grass is not greener on the other side”. What’s your favourite app? The sunshine-only weather app. Android or iOS? Why choose, competition is good. CD or MP3? Give well-sorted record stores a chance. Your Wikipedia entry: fact or fiction? It’s both – as deception and self-deception are inseparable and today is different from yesterday. What was the last book you read for pleasure? All That Is James Salter. What was the last CD you bought/track you downloaded? Last week, I got a CD of Renato Carosone, who deserves to be rediscovered beyond “Tu Vuo’ Fa’ L’americano.” What was the make and model of the first mobile phone you owned? I remember, it was a Nokia – happy story, unhappy brand ending. What was your favourite video game growing up? With the danger of being excluded from this Q&A: the Pong game – I somewhat learned to manage it. What is your favourite European city? I worry there are only just a few places left that are “so crowded that nobody goes there any more” (Yogi Berra). When you can’t sleep at night, what do you do? I pretend to sleep and fail, while walking over the same questions again and again. Is there a God? This is, in the end, a truly personal question – which, beyond belief, I will answer as soon as I have met him/her. 10 Years What’s the biggest mistake you’ve made in your career? Not knowing my limitations with respect to knowing customers’ needs – a trap that appears subtly and suddenly. I first experienced it myself when consumer CD-ROM got hot in the early ’90s. What’s the most overrated technology or technology trend? Mainframe, BetaMax, Netscape, Napster – has there really been one? Founders Forum p182/183 Eben Upton Co-Founder: Raspberry Pi Foundation The makers of the Raspberry Pi describes it simply as “a tiny and affordable computer”. The idea to create a computer designed for experimentation and learning came after Upton and his co-founders realised there was a lack of basic programming knowledge among students applying for computer science degrees at Cambridge University. Upton, who coded as a ten-year-old on a cheap computer, realised that technological advances meant children could no longer enjoy such luxuries. Instead, they had to use slick machines that did not encourage experimentation. And so the Raspberry Pi was born. The Raspberry Pi Foundation released the first device in 2012 and since then nearly seven million units have been sold. With no sign of slowing down, the Raspberry Pi Foundation wants to see affordable, programmable computers everywhere. What excites you most about Europe? “What excites me most about Europe is that in the last few years it has become a great place to actually build physical stuff. There are a bunch of secular trends in wages, exchange rates and energy costs that have undermined the idea that manufacturers need to go offshore to be competitive.” Frédéric Mazzella Founder and CEO: BlaBlaCar After recent purchases of top European competitors (including Germany’s Carpooling.com), BlaBlaCar is now Europe’s leading ride-share start-up, with 20 million members and counting. A platform for passengers to find affordable transport and drivers to share their costs, BlaBlaCar is a prime example of the sharing economy benefiting consumers and in this case the environment too – it estimates more than a million tonnes of CO2 have been saved so far. Much of BlaBlaCar’s success is credited to co-founder Mazzella, who persisted with his idea for ten years after finding himself in need of transport home on a Christmas evening in 2003. As BlaBlaCar states on its website, Mazzella’s vision is powered by “the full potential of a peer-to-peer transport network, and the huge environmental and economic benefits of enabling a more efficient use of existing resources.” What excites you most about Europe “I love the breadth of Europe’s diversity – numerous languages, cultures and consumer habits provide a challenging but enriching breeding ground for start-ups in international expansion.” 10 Years Year/2015 Michael Birch Co-founder and CEO: Bebo Once the most popular social networking site in the UK, with over 45 million users in 2007, Bebo was co-founded by Birch and his wife, Xochi. They sold the company to AOL in 2008 for $850m, buying it back five years later for $1m, and relaunching it in January 2015. Of the repurchase, Birch admitted to the Guardian, “There was some sentimentality in the decision. It was too hard to resist.” With his San Francisco-based incubator Monkey Inferno having worked on Bebo’s revamp prior to its January launch, Birch is looking forward to taking on Facebook again, tweeting after the acquisition, “Can we actually reinvent it? Who knows, but it will be fun trying.” Why would you invest in Europe now? “Costs are typically substantially lower than the United States in both salaries and office rents. Educational standards are high, providing a steady stream of new talent. The culture is slowly changing to be more entrepreneurial right out of college. Well-defined tech hubs are establishing in places such as east London and Berlin, and investors have less competition with other investors.” Andrew Thompson Co-founder and CEO: Proteus Digital Health With three Masters degrees in engineering, education and business under his belt, Andrew Thompson consistently champions the power of digital technology in improving lives. The WHO estimates 50 per cent of prescribed medication is not taken as directed, resulting in unnecessary escalation of conditions and therapies and higher costs to health systems. As co-founder and CEO of Proteus Digital Health, Thompson is addressing this issue with a microscopic, FDA-cleared ingestible computer that enables your medicines to talk to your mobile phone, creating a user experience that activates patients and their carers. Another issue Thompson is passionate about is education. ACT estimates that as few as 30 per cent of American high school graduates are ready for entry-level college classes. As co-founder and board member at Summit Schools, Thompson has helped create a digital platform for public education that dramatically improves student engagement and learning outcomes. What excites you most about Europe? “The people who live there. Europe’s citizens represent an enormous potential for innovation that can lead to social and economic progress. A key challenge is to build the institutions that can unleash this potential. For me that means shrinking government and the attendant bureaucracy. European people need more freedom.” Voices THE VIEW FROM ELSEWHERE Silicon Valley’s finest – Facebook, Google, LinkedIn and Uber – join EU commissioner Andrus Ansip, freuds’ Matthew Freud and Founders Forum’s Henry Lane Fox to cast their eyes over Europe, past, present and future Founders Forum Travis Kalanick FIVE TRAITS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR While I never knew what it meant to be an entrepreneur, I guess that’s what I’ve always been, starting as a freshman at college. So for this tenth-anniversary celebration of Founders Forum, I thought it would be fun to look at the traits that make an entrepreneur → The first is purpose. It’s about why you are here and what you believe in. It’s about being passionate. Uber’s mission is to “make transportation as reliable as running water, everywhere for everyone”. It’s very straight forward. That’s what we do every day. For Spotify it’s about enabling people to access all the music they want, all the time. Again it’s very straightforward. The second trait is the ability to make magic. Think about Airbnb. Today you can find an amazing house somewhere in the world and stay there. Something you would never find otherwise, and something that changes your experience every time you travel. Of course, if you make something that’s inspiring, others can copy it. The danger is that it loses its magic as a result. The answer is to do the hard things that are difficult to replicate. What Uber has to do is to make sure there’s a car five minutes away wherever you are in the world. That means predicting demand ahead of time, before people have even opened the app. Thirdly, entrepreneurs need to be good at understanding the difference between perception and reality. Perception is what most of the world thinks is true. Reality is what’s actually true. Sometimes they’re the same, like the answer to two plus two. But there’s a whole host of questions where people think they know the truth – and the reality is actually different. Entrepreneurs get that and actively look for those gaps. In fact the bigger the distance between perception and reality, the greater the opportunity. This is what makes innovation disruptive because you’re going against the conventional wisdom,or perceptions of conventional wisdom. Beyond great ideas and creativity, there has to be an appreciation of business hustle. That’s the fourth trait. You’ve got to be able to bring something to market. You have to find a way to make sure that when people love a product they share it. Lastly, there’s what I call the champion’s mindset. This is about overcoming adversity. Think of our sports stars and the success they have. But real champions in life are people who, when confronted with adversity, get back up and put everything they have into getting to the finish line. I’ve been an entrepreneur for 20 years, and most of that time I was failing. You have to believe in your purpose and enjoy every moment. Because you are not a failure if you keep getting back up. And then I think about combining these entrepreneurial traits with progressive government so we can bring positive change in the world. At Uber one of our core cultural values is to celebrate cities. Everything we do is to make cities better. How? Well, when you push a button and a car comes, instead of 30 people owning 30 cars, you have one car that’s serving them all. 10 Years “You are not a failure if you keep getting back up” Travis Kalanick Uber Travis Kalanick Co-founder of the peer-to-peer file sharing company Red Swoosh and the transportation network company Uber Voices And then there is UberPOOL, so when you push the button and the car comes, there’s somebody else already in it because they’re taking the same trip at exactly the same time. And now you’re taking two people that would have been in two separate cars, and they’re in one car. That’s how we can start to develop the smart cities of the future, where there is less traffic, less need for parking and people can get from A to B quickly and easily._ Founders Forum p188/189 â€œBeyond great ideas there has to be an appreciation of business hustleâ€? Travis Kalanick Founder, Uber 10 Years Voices â€œSilicon Valley is no longer the only place to be if you want to succeed in techâ€? Matt Brittin Vice-president Europe, Google Founders Forum Matt Brittin LOOK BEYOND THE CLOUDS If Europe continues to succeed despite all its challenges, we should be confident, not cautious, about the years ahead → When you look at Europe’s economy over the last decade, it’s all too easy to see the dark clouds. While younger economies on other continents surge ahead, Europe seems beset with problems. This gloom is misplaced. Through my work at Google I see another, far more optimistic, side of the story. There’s a mountain of evidence that the entrepreneurial spirit is very much alive and kicking across the continent. The web is levelling the playing field for anyone looking to build and grow business to thrive. Let’s start with the data. In London, investment in tech start-ups in 2014 was double the level of the previous year. In Berlin, it was up 140 per cent. In Madrid it was up 187 per cent. And look at the popularity produced by all this energy, innovation and creativity. Candy Crush was the most downloaded gaming app on Google Play last year, and it came from a British firm. The top-grossing game for iPhones and iPads was Clash of the Clans from Helsinki. Spotify, like Skype, came out of Sweden. The biggest YouTuber in the world, PewDiePie, is from Sweden and based in the UK. European channels received around a quarter of YouTube’s global watch time and businesses here are growing and thriving alongside the YouTube stars who are redefining popular culture. Across the continent, we are seeing vibrant tech hubs nurturing innovation and incubating global success stories. Silicon Valley is no longer the only place to be if you want to succeed in tech. And it is not just in the tech sector where we see this success – every business is a digital business. Companies across Europe are seizing the opportunities that the internet is providing to grow their businesses. Happy Socks – another bright idea from Sweden – has grown in six years to cheer up its customers not just across Europe but also in Japan, Australia and the US, with a presence in over 6,000 global stores. The web is proving an incredibly powerful engine for growth. Today, anyone can be a global player – all they need is an idea. People from all over the world, at any age or skill set, can use the web to start a new business, find partners or connect with customers wherever they are. In the past, only the biggest businesses had access to global marketing, distribution, talent and to the best technology; today every business has the opportunity to use all of these. This is giving rise to the “micro-multinational”, a company that has only a few employees but generates enormous growth by serving customers around the world. There is a great deal more to do to get all businesses online. Google and many other organisations are working hard to equip them with skills to take advantage of the web’s potential. 10 Years Voices Is there more that policymakers can do to help? There always is. A true single digital market – already one of the European Commission’s goals – would be a big step in the right direction. It helps no one if companies still have to struggle with the different demands of national regulatory systems. It remains hard, in some places, for start-ups to get lift-off because of investment challenges. There is also a need for additional incentives to encourage start-ups. A lack of digital, engineering and technical skills remains a major barrier. The European Commission estimates that there will be more than 800,000 unfilled digital job vacancies by 2020 if we don’t close the skills gap – which is something else we’re working on, via our commitment earlier this year to train one million people in Europe in crucial digital skills by 2016. The good news is that none of the problems of the last decade have discouraged those with ideas and energy. And if they can succeed despite all the challenges, we should be confident, not cautious, about the years ahead._ Matt Brittin President, EMEA business and operations and vice president, Europe – northern and central, Google Founders Forum David Marcus AN ENGINE OF INNOVATION Europe has a long, proud tradition as an engine of innovation. It is, after all, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, which kickstarted massive global growth in prosperity and living standards. And yet there remains considerable anxiety about Europe’s role as innovator and wealth creator in the 21st century → I started three companies in Europe before moving to the United States. Having spent time leading PayPal – a global business from Silicon Valley with a significant business in Europe – I moved over to Facebook to lead Messenger, which is one of Europe’s most popular apps. With experience on both sides of Atlantic, I’ve identified three key differences between the two continents. First, entrepreneurship has contrasting cultural underpinnings. In Europe, the Industrial Revolution was financed largely through banks and infrastructure was state-funded. This meant that in most of Europe, there was little exposure to venture capital. The result? A more risk-averse culture. When Europeans borrowed money it was from a financial institution or the government. If they failed to repay a loan, they’d be treated as deadbeats who couldn’t be trusted. The US, by contrast, benefited from an influx of the most entrepreneurial-minded Europeans for whom capitalism and investment were king. It made it easier to raise capital and service debt – and failure didn’t signal the end of a dream. Secondly, consider the differences in size, culture, legal processes and regulatory set-up. The US market is huge. It has 320 million consumers, plenty (potentially too much) of available credit, one language and, more or less, one regulatory framework. By population, the US is the equivalent of half a dozen European countries without the handicap of six separate cultures, six languages and often – depending on the success of harmonisation efforts – six differing regulatory regimes. Thirdly, Americans have a far more meritocratic attitude to innovation, treating all solutions to problems equally regardless of where they come from. Not for Americans, the influence of the old school tie or the pressures of class. None of this is to say that innovation doesn’t exist in Europe or that entrepreneurs in Europe are less worthy than their US-based counterparts. On the contrary, if you can make it big there, you can make it anywhere. Countries that have the smallest home markets, forcing founders to look outwards, produce great entrepreneurs. Think of Sweden and its slew of phenomenal companies like Skype, King, Spotify and Klarna. Think of the ecosystem that came out of the ground in Berlin in the last decade and that’s producing a healthy stream of successful start-ups. Think of London, which has produced numerous billion-dollar start-ups in the last ten years. Think of what is happening in France under the leadership of Xavier Niel, the founder of the €12bn telecom powerhouse Iliad, who is now giving back by using unconventional 10 Years Voices methods to educate the next generation. These efforts include a tuition-free school, dubbed 42, which ignores all education grades and school levels, liberating people from their past and granting them free tuition if they can pass rigorous, but egalitarian, tests. Despite Europe’s conservative, risk-averse, capital-restricted environment – its cultural diversity and complicated regulatory framework – companies do succeed and innovate. One must wonder how it would prosper if ideal conditions prevailed. If, instead of wanting to intervene, European governments focused on removing barriers to innovation and sought to get out of the way as much as possible, Europe would accelerate its innovation and increase its overall contribution to the world. This requires European-wide regulation for technology companies. It means countering protectionist tendencies and encouraging European-entrepreneurs, including myself, to build and innovate in a more open environment. Only with an open, digital single market will entrepreneurs dare to dream that the next-generation technology companies can grow to full fruition in Europe._ “If you can make it big in Europe, you can make it anywhere” David Marcus Facebook David Marcus Vice president of messaging products, Facebook Founders Forum Reid Hoffman FROM START- UP TO SCALE- UP With the right framework to promote a stronger and more fluid talent network, Europe could rival Silicon Valley and China → It’s become common wisdom around the world, including Europe, to believe that promoting start-ups can bring innovation and economic impact. This belief is true but incomplete. Start-ups alone cannot create enough jobs or wealth to satisfy the world’s need for growth. Most value creation takes place not at the start-up phase, when new companies are formed, but at the “scale-up” phase, when a select number of these companies grow at dizzying pace. This growth is so rapid that I believe it deserves a new term to describe it: blitzscaling. While the term blitzscaling evokes uncomfortable memories of World War II – “blitzkrieg” – the parallels of warfare technique to success in the modern global business world are important enough to draw the parallels. Namely, successful modern businesses moving from start-up to scale-up require both a simpler supply chain infrastructure and an organisation focused on speed and adaptability. Over the past decade, the majority of these scale-ups have blitzscaled in the fertile ecosystems of just two regions: Silicon Valley and key cities in China. While these regions are incredibly different, both offer the two key ingredients in blitzscaling: densely interconnected networks of talent and capital. Of these two ingredients, talent tends to be the bottleneck. The globalisation of finance means that capital flows swiftly through the network. Asian capital flows to Europe and the United States, and vice versa. If a scale-up achieves traction, it can raise growth capital regardless of geography. On the other hand, key talent remains stubbornly local during scaling. You can’t just wire a brilliant chief technology officer or vice president of marketing from one region to another. My colleague at Greylock Partners, John Lilly, was on the board of the New York social media start-up Tumblr, which found it difficult to recruit the necessary senior talent. For these key positions New York offered only a tiny number of candidates whereas a similar search in Silicon Valley would have yielded many more options. To support blitzscaling, Europe needs a more fluid network of talent. When policy makers talk about labour market mobility, it’s often interpreted as the freedom for employers to fire employees to save costs. That’s not what I’m talking about. I’m talking about the freedom for skilled talent to move to the opportunities that create the most value. As companies blitzscale, the skills they need from their employees change. A 50-person company needs different skills than a 500-person company or a 5,000-person company. In Silicon Valley, the density and fluidity of the talent network allows individuals to specialise in certain stages of growth. A vice president of sales might 10 Years “The more fluid and powerful the talent network, the more it becomes a talent magnet” Reid Hoffman LinkedIn Voices specialise in growing companies from $1 to $10m in revenues, and then move on to do the same at another scale-up. For a talent network, you need the people, the network of communications and an adaptive employment framework. Europe has talented people: they may need more on-the-job experience. For a network of communications, there is LinkedIn and other services. However, an adaptive employment framework still has very uneven adoption. In my book The Alliance I described one adaptive employment framework as a “Transformational Tour of Duty”. The employee transforms the company��s business and the company helps transform the employee’s career. Both sides benefit from making and keeping a mutual commitment even if that commitment is only for a couple of years. The fluidity that “The Alliance” brings can benefit an entire ecosystem. When employees with blitzscaling experience move from opportunity to opportunity, they spread their knowledge of how to scale to their new employers. Otherwise, every scale-up would have to learn the hard lessons of growth from scratch, over and over. Being part of a dense and fluid talent network also makes scale-ups more comfortable with hiring people for different stages, rather than searching for the one person who could scale from being part of a five-person team to a 50,000-person team. Simply having the talent isn’t enough. That talent has to be integrated into dense network that can connect it to the best opportunities (with an emphasis on those of the right stage of scaling). The more fluid and powerful the talent network, the more it becomes a talent magnet as well, drawing great people from around the world as Silicon Valley has done. Europe has incredible resources to support blitzscaling, including great universities to produce quality talent, a massive common market, and a host of experienced investors that can provide growth capital. With the right talent framework to promote a stronger, more fluid talent network, it could rival Silicon Valley and China in its ability to blitzscale its start-ups into scale-ups._ Reid Hoffman Internet entrepreneur, venture capitalist, author and co-founder of LinkedIn Founders Forum Andrus Ansip E IS FOR ESTONIA Europe is producing billion-dollar companies at a rate faster than ever before and putting some of the continent’s smaller – and newer – nations on the digital map → In a little more than a decade Estonia has become one of the most wired nations in the world, with one of the most advanced e-societies anywhere. Technology has become an essential part of life for a population that lives first and foremost online. It is not for nothing that the country is sometimes known as “e-Estonia” as a tribute to its drive towards digitalisation. Digital technology helped us to rebuild Estonia into an open and fair society after it regained independence in 1991. Sometimes, not having a legacy can be an advantage. In Estonia’s case, it meant we could avoid expensive and clunky transitions from traditional systems. We could go digital almost directly, building from the ground up. Today, Estonians have fully embraced the digital world, taking to public and private online services with enthusiasm. Most people cannot imagine doing things the old-fashioned way. Almost nobody files their taxes on paper or by post any longer because it just takes a few minutes to do this online. In 2005, Estonia was the first country to hold an election where people could cast an e-vote. A decade on, in February 2015, the number of Estonians who voted online in parliamentary elections rose to a record one-third of those who voted. Every Estonian citizen now has an online ID card, which contains their biometric information as well as digital signing capabilities, now considered equivalent to hand-written signatures. No more wasting reams of paper or travelling to an office to sign a contract. The system is secure and simple. Since it has a unique ID methodology that works across all sectors, Estonians can access thousands of services, from banks to hospitals. It is much more than simply a legal photo ID; it is the digital access card for all of Estonia’s secure e-services. And we have not looked back. The opposite, in fact: Estonians clearly see the advantages of a true e-society. Since its introduction, the digital signature has been used more than 200 million times. The many successes of e-Estonia have brought an unprecedented level of transparency and accessibility to public services, as well as major improvements in health and education services, because people can now access these and other social services much more easily. Estonians see their country’s digital services as the standard and easiest way of interacting with the government and local companies. Not only is it quicker, it also means a lot less paperwork. Now, thanks to the e-residency system, foreigners can also benefit from Estonian public services and easily create a start-up based in the country. The e-Estonia philosophy goes wider and deeper, of course. It is not only about cutting costs, bureaucracy and improving service delivery. It also has a great deal to do with trust: not only in the digital tools and online networks that are the basis for e-services, but also in a 10 Years Voices transparent system of accountable government to which people have easy access. In turn, this creates a connected and inclusive society. Open and digital governments can help to rebuild people’s trust in public administrations, especially if their lives are being made easier at the same time. E-government tools allow for greater transparency and accountability of public administration. I believe they also encourage public participation in policy making. The core philosophy of e-Estonia, which I would like to see other European countries take on, is about creating value – and using innovation to do so. Firstly, monetary value in actual cash savings, for everyone, people, businesses, the state. In Estonia, we estimate that the economy saves one working week every year just by using digital signatures for public and private transactions. But far more important is the social value that we derive from applying digital technology where and when it is needed, in creating a true e-society. Above all, it is about people – creating a society where people can spend less of their time on administration and more on what they want in, and for, their daily lives. It is also about entrepreneurship – creating an environment in which founders are welcome, can disrupt and flourish, can start all over if necessary, can build their businesses on a state-of-the-art digital environment supported by the public. With a warm cheers to Founders Forum._ Andrus Ansip Vice-president for the Digital Single Market at the European Commission, previously prime minister of Estonia from 2005 to 2014 Founders Forum 10 Years Voices Once there was philanthropy that was about giving away money. The rich world gave to the poor world with a bit of encouragement from Bob Geldof. The better off gave modestly to help the worse off. Companies supported charities, usually those selected by the chairman’s wife. It was about sleeping better at night. At worst it was about buying absolution, at best about recognition that humans are better off when they help each other → But it didn’t fundamentally change human behaviour. Individuals and firms still behaved ruthlessly and thoughtlessly in the pursuit of profit above all else, then gave back some of the proceeds to the society they had ignored while acquiring them. There were always some companies, some individuals, who behaved differently. These were often family firms, because they had the luxury of looking to the long term. Like the Quakers who founded Cadbury and cared deeply for their workforce and left a legacy that has only recently succumbed to the relentless march of Adam Smith. Or Forrest Mars, an American who founded an extraordinary chocolate company, who left his heirs and successors a short note exhorting them to practice the principle of mutuality, to do their best to ensure that customers, employees and suppliers all benefited from working with Mars. These businesses often prospered in the long term because it turned out that decency was not incompatible with profits. In fact benefiting society often turned out to be an exceptionally cunning long-term business strategy. But it’s only recently that shareholder-owned businesses have come to the same recognition of the benefit of what we at freuds call enlightened self interest, that we can do well by doing good. When Paul Polman became chief executive of Unilever in 2009, he abandoned quarterly reporting and put sustainability and purpose at the heart of his brand marketing. He’s delivered financial social and environmental success for his investors but also the societies Unilever operates in. I’ve been part of Founders Forum since the beginning. We have always understood, as an unlikely collection of dysfunctional but unselfish individuals, the need for philanthropy. This has driven both the conference content and the creation of the Founders Pledge to giving a minimum of 2 per cent of earnings at exit to social causes. Increasingly, however, I believe the firms that are most admired at the Founders Forum meetings, and the most successful, are those with a purpose beyond profit at their heart. Help others and you will help yourself._ Matthew Freud Chairman of freuds Founders Forum Henry Lane Fox THE FOUNDERS FORUM JOURNEY As Europe’s tech ecosystem has continued to grow and thrive over the past few years, our own journey at Founders Forum reveals some of the underlying trends that have made London a key city in the European digital scene → When Brent and Jonnie first asked me to join Founders Forum three years ago, there were four of us sitting in a small office in central London. Now we are a full-time team of over 30, and we operate several interconnected but distinct businesses, beyond our flagship events. These are: Founders Intelligence: For the past two years, Founders Intelligence has been acting as trusted adviser to a number of European corporates, helping them to effect digital transformation programmes, evaluate specific technologies and work in partnership with start-ups. The underlying trend here is one of large businesses recognising that the speed, agility, creativity and risk-taking central to start-ups can benefit larger organisations and help them to test the delivery of new products and services faster and more efficiently. There has been a sea change in the number of CEOs who want to know how best to work with start-ups and how to transform their businesses to be digital first. Our client list now includes News Corp, GSK, Unilever, Visa, Tesco, Sky and many other sector leaders. The opportunity for large businesses to help start-ups find product/ market fit, grow initial audiences and secure funding shows no sign of abating. Next up is for European corporates to begin to acquire leading technology start-ups and provide a wider range of exit possibilities beyond the recognised tech giants. Founders Keepers: Eighteen months ago, we decided to launch Founders Keepers – a specialist executive search business focused on digital. As the number of home-grown European start-ups has expanded alongside leading US start-ups that are increasingly turning their attention to Europe, the battle for talent has become fierce. We understand how hiring the best can change a start-up’s fortunes, and feel that we are uniquely well placed to locate and evaluate the upcoming stars and key hires who can help to scale the most ambitious start-ups. The variety of businesses turning to Founders Keepers – from Maker Studios to Condé Nast, Wayfair to GetYourGuide – has surprised us, but also highlighted the need for specialist digital talent. Founders Factory: Recently we have launched a major new project, Founders Factory – a cross-sector, corporate-backed incubator here in London. Our ambition for Founders Factory is simple – to build a world-class vehicle that can support the most talented and ambitious entrepreneurs as they embark on their start-up journeys. To do this, we are leveraging something that London has in greater abundance than any other city – a proliferation of global corporate headquarters. It is our strong belief that the right connections to, and ways of working with, top corporates can fast-track the success of early-stage businesses. Coupling this with access to smart capital, 10 Years Voices “We look forward to working with more world-class entrepreneurs and organisations” Henry Lane Fox Founders Forum visionary mentors and 24/7 support from a hugely experienced team has let us start to deliver on our ambitious vision for Founders Factory. Founders Forum For Good: The philanthropic arm of Founders Forum concentrates on the Founders Pledge – a way for entrepreneurs to codify their future charitable giving, making a public commitment to donate a percentage of their earnings to charity. The Founders Pledge has received commitments from over 150 entrepreneurs, including established names such as José Neves of Farfetch and Damian Kimmelman of Duedil, alongside rising stars such as Ed Rex at Jukedeck and Rand Hindi of Snips. In years to come we look forward to working with more world-class entrepreneurs and organisations as they seek to deliver the next generation of break-out European successes. Perhaps in another ten years we will be able to tell the story of numerous European start‑ups that have gone on to acquire Silicon Valley rivals rather than the other way round. And if Founders Forum can have contributed to their successes even in some small way, we will feel enormously privileged._ Henry Lane Fox Co-founder and CEO at Founders Factory, partner at Founders Forum 10 Years IN NAMES A selection of the hundreds of entrepreneurs, business leaders, politicians and others who have attended Founders Forum events over the last ten years Founders Forum Lucas von Cranach Stefan von Holtzbrinck Z p22 p19 Project Management: Founders Forum and Forth Studio Design and Editorial: Forth Studio Forth Studio: Creative Director: Darren Rogers Senior Designer: Jonathan Roberts Designer: Oliver Williams Editor and Writer: Jon Bernstein Managing Editor: Siobhan Keam Feature Writer: John Willman Sub-editor: Yo Zushi Founders Forum: Project Manager: Poppy Gaye Project Assistant: Susannah Bains Contributors: Andrus Ansip Matt Brittin Jonathan Goodwin Brent Hoberman CBE Reid Hoffman Travis Kalanick Henry Lane Fox David Marcus The Rt Hon George Osborne MP Chapter Interviews: Ana Botín Rachel Botsman Samir Desai Jacques-Antoine Granjon Demis Hassabis Hermann Hauser Taavet Hinrikus Neelie Kroes Henry Lane Fox Ilkka Paananen Danny Rimer Marc Samwer Ed Wray Riccardo Zacconi Feature Interviews: Nikesh Arora Steve Case Sir Charles Dunstone Lars Hinrichs Natalie Massenet Martín Varsavsky Arkady Volozh Niklas Zennström Q&A Contributors: Alex Chesterman Daniel Ek Arianna Huffington Alexander Ljung Yuri Milner José Neves Stefan von Holtzbrinck Jimmy Wales One-line portrait illustrations: Christophe Louis Cover Quote: “The Davos of Tech” The Guardian Photography: Caleb Bryant Miller Martin Burton NASDAQ Portrait photography courtesy of the participants Jimmy Wales portrait – Wikimedia Natalie Massenet portrait – Matt Holyoak for Net-a-Porter Steve Case portrait – Johnny Shyrock for Revolution Remaining photography courtesy of Founders Forum, unless otherwise stated © Founders Forum 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Founders Forum. Acknowledgements: Founders Forum would like to thank all of the people featured in this book for their participation, as well as everyone that has attended and supported the Founders Forum events over the past ten years. With special thanks to: Andrew Fisher, Tutte Watson, Marcy Oguntoye and Yasmine Morawej at Shazam, Tom Wehmeier and team at Atomico, Inigo Glenn and team at Lepe Partners, Ninja Struye de Swielande, Susannah Bains, Martin Burton and all who gave their feedback along the way at Founders Forum. Disclaimer: Although the writers, editors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book is correct at going to press, the writers, editors and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Founders Forum. Printing Information: Printed at PUSH, London The paper used in this publication is sourced from responsibly managed forests and is a FSC certified material. Printed in the UK by an FSC and ISO 14001 certified printer. www.ff.co www.forthstudio.com www.ff.co Limited Edition	i don't know
Which Irish stick and ball team sport is almost identical to the game of Hurling except for the fact it is played only by women as opposed to men?	Hurling - Camogie \| HockeyGods Hurling - Camogie Tweet Hurling - Iománaíocht - Iomáint is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic origin, administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association . The game has prehistoric origins, has been played for over 2,000 years, and is arguably the fastest field sport in the world and quite possibly the oldest. One of Ireland's native Gaelic games . Camogie - Camógaíocht - Camoguidheacht is an Irish stick-and-ball team sport played by women; it is almost identical to the game of hurling played by men. Camogie is played by more than 100,000 women in Ireland and worldwide, largely among Irish communities. It is organised by the Dublin-based Camogie Association and also An Cumann Camógaíochta . Hurling is played in most Irish counties, though the strongest teams tend to come from Kilkenny, Tipperary, Wexford, Cork, Clare, Offaly, Limerick and Galway. Every year the counties compete over the Summer months in the All Ireland Championship , the winner of which receives the Liam McCarthy Cup / The MacCarthy Perpetual Challenge Cup. Matches in the Championship series attract huge crowds, with over 70,000 typically attending the final each September in Croke Park in Dublin. Hurling is also played throughout the world, and is popular among members of the Irish diaspora in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina. There is no professional league, so the players today are unpaid amateurs. The object of the game is for players to use a wooden stick called a hurley (in Irish a camán) to hit a small ball called a sliotar between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is counted as three points. Points can only be scored by striking the sliotar with the hurley, handpassed scores do not count. A goal is signalled by raising a green flag, placed to the left of the goal. A point is signalled by raising a white flag, placed to the right of the goal. The sliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. An impressive hurling skill is the ability to bounce or balance the ball on the hurley while running at full speed before finally flipping it high into the air and whacking it over or under the cross bar. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance the sliotar on the end of the stick and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession. Baiting is allowed although body-checking or shoulder-charging is illegal. No protective padding is worn by players. A plastic protective helmet with faceguard is mandatory for all age groups, including senior level, as of 2010. Players names are absent from their jerseys and a player's number is decided by their position on the field. Hurling is played on a pitch approximately 137 meters long and 82 meters wide. The goalposts are the same shape as on a rugby pitch, with the crossbar lower and wider than in rugby, slightly higher and narrower than in soccer. The playing stick is called a Hurley - Camán (pronounced “kay-maan”) It measures between 70 and 100 cm (28 to 40 inches) long with a flattened, curved blade end (called the bas) which provides the striking surface. At the same end the "heel" of the hurley is the area to the left of the band and at the hurley's edge. It is used to give height to a ball struck on the ground. Steel bands are used to reinforce the flattened end of the hurley though these are not permitted in camogie due to increased risk of injury. Bands have been put on hurleys since the beginning; the 8th century Brehon Laws permit only a king's son to have a bronze band, while all others must use a copper band. The rounded area to the right of the band is the "toe" of the hurley and is implicated in the roll lift or jab lift techniques which allow a player to gain legal possession of a ball into the hand from the ground. The handle is at the opposite end of the hurley to the bas, with the timber cut to form a small lip at the peak for a solid grip. A hurley is also used in camogie . The playing ball is called a Sliotar - Sliothar (pronounced “slit-er”) and is a hard solid sphere slightly larger than a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. It measures 69 mm and 72 mm in diameter, weighs 110g to 120g, the rib height is between 2 mm and 2.8 mm, and width between 3.6 mm and 5.4 mm and the leather cover can be between 1.8 mm and 2.7 mm and is laminated with a coating of no more than 0.15 mm. Approved sliotars carry a GAA mark of approval. Each team consists of 15 players who wear a jersey with their team colors and logo. Two competing teams must have different color jerseys. The goalkeepers jersey must be different to the jersey of any other players. Teams are allowed a maximum of 5 substitutes in a game, not including blood subs. Players may switch positions on the field of play at any time. The game is played over 2 halves of 30 minutes for club level or 35 minutes at inter-county level. When first seeing a hurling match, the impression is of great speed and on closer observation of remarkable skill and dexterity – it is truly not easy to catch and control a small hard ball travelling at up to 150km/hr (about 90 mph)! Play moves rapidly up and down the pitch since it is possible for a good player to send the ball over 80 metres (about 260 feet) with a single strike. Scoring tends to be frequent, especially of points. Cornish Hurling - Hurling the Silver Ball is an outdoor team game of Celtic origin played only in Cornwall , United Kingdom . It is played with a small silver ball. Not to be confused with Iománaíocht or Iomáint the Irish game of Gaelic origin which in the English language is also known as Hurling. There are profound differences between the two sports. Cornish Hurling is a ball throwing carrying game akin to Rugby Football . Irish Hurling is more a forerunner of modern Hockey played with a Hurley stick that is used to propel a ball called a Sliotar . The Hurlers - A Group of 3 Stone Circles derives from a legend, in which men were playing Cornish hurling on a Sunday and were magically transformed into stones as a punishment. The earliest mention of the Hurlers was by historian John Norden , who visited them around 1584. They were also described by William Camden in his Britannia of 1586. In 1754 William Borlase published the first detailed description of the site. RELATED IMAGES HISTORY Hurling is older than the recorded history of Ireland, and is thought to predate Christianity. Hurling is believed to be the world’s oldest field game. When the Celts came to Ireland as the last ice age was receding, they brought with them a unique culture, their own language, music, script and unique pastimes. One of these pastimes was a game now called hurling. It features in Irish folklore to illustrate the deeds of heroic mystical figures and it is chronicled as a distinct Irish pastime for at least 2,000 years. There are actually two hurling traditions on the island of Ireland. In the north of the country a winter game, very similar to modern Scottish shinty, was played mainly on the ground with a narrow stick and a hard ball. The second form of the game, or Leinster hurling, was played with a broader hurley and a softer ball and was much more like the modern game. Players could pick up the ball, catch and strike it as well as soloing down the field. Although the GAA used both forms as an inspiration for the game it organised in the late nineteenth century, Leinster hurling had more of an influence in the evolution of the game. However, which of these games is the oldest remains a mystery. The hurling rules were few and the number of players varied from 20 upwards however the custom was to adjourn to the ale house afterwards for drinking, singing and dancing. The number of players was specified in 1885 as being 21, it was reduced to 17 in 1892 and to 15 in 1913. Up to 1892 a goal had no equivalent so no number of points could equal a goal, the team scoring the greater number of goals won. In 1892 a goal was equal to 5 points and in 1896 to 3 points. In historical texts records show evidence that hurling was a regular pastime in Ireland for well over 2,000 years. In fact the 1st recorded reference to hurling dates to the Battle of Moytura, near Cong in County Mayo (West of Ireland) in 1272 BC between the native Fir Bolg and the invading Tuatha De Danann. When both sides were preparing for battle they decided to have a hurling contest between 27 of the best players from each side. Both sides fought a bloody match and in the end when they were bruised and broken, the Fir Bolg would be victorious. The Tuatha Dé Danann then contest the ownership of Ireland with the Fir Bolg and their allies in the First Battle of Moytura (or Mag Tuired). The Tuatha Dé Danann are victorious and drive the Fir Bolg into exile among the neighbouring islands. But During the battle, Sreng, the champion of the Fir Bolg, challenged Nuada to single combat. With one sweep of his sword, Sreng cuts off Nuada's right Arm. Nuada , the king of the Tuatha Dé Danann is forced to renounce his crown. For seven unhappy years the kingship is held by the half-Fomorian Bres before Nuada's physician Dian Cécht fashions for him a silver arm, and he is restored. War with the Fomorians breaks out and a decisive battle is fought: the Second Battle of Moytura. Nuada falls to Balor of the Evil Eye, but Balor's grandson, Lugh of the Long Arm, kills him and becomes king. The Tuatha Dé Danann enjoy one hundred and fifty years of unbroken rule. The earliest written references to the sport are in the Brehon law s which date from the fifth century. The tale of the Táin Bó Cuailgne describes the Ulster hero Cúchulainn playing hurling at Emain Macha . Hurling is mentioned a number of times in the text, most notably when the young hero, then known as Setanta, uses a hurley and sliotar to kill the vicious hound of Ulster. Many Irish legends mention hurling, but none mention its roots. The sport has a major role in the legend of Cuchulainn, who was a Herculean type of hero. The legends, which were revived from extinction by Sechan Torpeist, a 7th century bard, tells the story of how Setanta, the nephew of King Conchobair Mac Neasa of Ulster, receives the name of Cuchulainn: Setanta journeys to his uncle's court to join the boy's corps. He shortened his walk by hurling his silver sliotar (ball) and then throwing his bronze hurley stick after it. He would run and catch both the sliotar and the hurley stick before they hit the ground. Soon he arrived at court, and his hurling abilities amazed the boys of the corps. Legend has it that he was able to score with ease and when he guarded the goal he never let a shot in. One day King Conchobair was invited to a banquet at the house of Culainn and asked his nephew to join him. Setanta agreed to go after he finished playing a hurling game. While at the feast Culainn asked the king if all the guests had arrived. King Conchobair, forgetting about Setanta, said yes and Culainn unleashed his hound to guard the house. When Setanta arrived at the feast the great hound leapt up to attack him, but Setanta quickly hurled the sliotar at the hound and it went down the beast's throat. The boy immediately grabbed the stunned hound by his feet and smashed its head into the floor of the stone courtyard killing him. When the guests heard the baying of the hound they ran outside and were surprised to see Setanta alive and the beast dead. King Conchobair was overjoyed but Culainn was sad at the loss of his favorite hound. Setanta offered to find a hound worthy of the one he had slain and vowed to guard Culainn's home until such an animal could be found. Thus Setanta became known as Cuchulainn, which translates to "the hound of Culainn". Although the surviving version of this epic dates from the 12th century it has been convincingly argued that the story’s origins lie in the Iron Age (500 BC – 400 AD). Similar tales are told about Fionn Mac Cumhail and the Fianna , his legendary warrior band. Meallbreatha describes punishments for injuring a player in several games, most of which resemble hurling. The Seanchás Mór commentaries on the Brehon Law state that the son of a rí (local king) could have his hurley hooped in bronze , while others could only use copper . It was illegal to confiscate a hurley. Hurling continues to feature in Later Medieval Gaelic Irish and English sources, with the latter generally disapproving. It is hard to believe it now but in the 14th century that bastion of the modern game, Killkenny, attempted to ban hurling. This occurred in 1366 when the infamous Statutes of Kilkenny declared ‘do not, henceforth, use the plays which men call horlings, with great sticks and a ball upon the ground, from which great evils and maims have arisen’. Despite threats of fines and imprisonment, this law failed miserably and the black-and-amber-clad men of Kilkenny would become one of hurling’s powerhouses. Similar measures to curtail hurling were also undertaken in Galway. These statutes, which were enacted in 1527, stated that people should ’At no time to use ne occupy ye hurling of ye litill balle with the hookie sticks or staves.’ The Eighteenth Century is frequently referred to as "The Golden Age of Hurling". This was when members of the Anglo-Irish landed gentry kept teams of players on their estates and challenged each other's teams to matches for the amusement of their tenants. Hurling has been played by Royalty and Political Leaders throughout time. This artwork by John Hogarty, circa 1831 shows hurlers at Derrynane, Co. Kerry, home of Daniel O'Connell , who can be seen on the left of the picture. O'Connell was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. "Wellington is the King of England", King George IV once complained, "O'Connell is King of Ireland, and I am only the dean of Windsor." The regal jest expressed the general admiration for O'Connell at the height of his career. One of the first modern attempts to standardise the game with a formal, written set of rules came with the foundation of the Irish Hurling Union at Trinity College Dublin in 1879. It aimed "to draw up a code of rules for all clubs in the union and to foster that manly and noble game of hurling in this, its native country". Cumann Lúthchleas Gael - Gaelic Athletic Association - Foundation Michael Cusack was a teacher and traveled throughout Ireland teaching in Enniscorthy, St Colman's College, Corofin, Lough Cultra, Newry, Blackrock College, Clongowes Wood and Hilkenny College before eventually moving to Dublin, in 1877, to open his Civil Service Academy on Gardiner St. in Dublin, which trained young men for entrance exams for Trinity College, Dublin, medical and law schools & for entry into the Navy, Army and Constabulary. He was greatly interested in Gaelic culture, language and literature. An athlete in his youth, he was also interested in Irish games. He organised athletics in Dublin where he worked as a civil servant. Cusack believed that Irish games were in danger of dying out. Athletics in particular, witnessed a decline in participants. Athletes were then under the control of the English Amateur Athletics Association. In the early 1880’s Cusack turned his attentions to indigenous Irish sports. In 1882 he attended the first meeting of the Dublin Hurling Club, formed ‘for the purpose of taking steps to re-establish the national game of hurling’. The weekly games of hurling, in the Phoenix Park, became so popular that, in 1883, Cusack had sufficient numbers to found ‘Cusack’s Academy Hurling Club’ which, in turn, led to the establishment of the Metropolitan Hurling Club. On Easter Monday 1884 the Metropolitans played Killiomor, in Galway. The game had to be stopped on numerous occasions as the two teams were playing to different rules. It was this clash of styles that convinced Cusack that not only did the rules of the games need to be standardised but that a body must be established to govern Irish sports. Cusack was also a journalist and he used the nationalist press of the day to further his cause for the creation of a body to organise and govern athletics in Ireland. Cusack now considered founding a national organisation to preserve Irish games, and published anonymous articles about this in nationalist newspapers. On 11 October 1884, in the papers of the United Ireland and the Irish Sportsman published his article ‘A Word About Irish Athletics’. Here Cusack appealed to the Irish people to reject English sports and customs, which he described as ‘imported and enforced’. He believed they would destroy Irish nationality. He condemned the holding of athletic meetings in Ireland under the rules of England’s Athletic Association. These rules did not allow competitors to take part in sporting events held by other organisations. He thought Irish people were abandoning their sports and activities, played in the open, in fields and at cross-roads. He thought they were demoralised by the terrible Famine of 1846-52, by poverty, and by English laws, and they had gone ‘back to their cabins’. Cusack urged them to come out and play distinctively Irish games. He felt they would improve their physical condition and morale. This would also discourage anglicisation, give people an interest in Irish culture and traditions, and stimulate pride in place and nation. Within days, Maurice Davin wrote to the papers supporting Cusack’s ideas and he declared he was willing to help establish and run a new sporting organisation. Davin, a farmer near Carrick-on-Suir, had been a talented and successful international athlete. His ideas about sport and his reputation as a moderate nationalist won him great respect in the countryside and among the urban Catholic middle class. A week later Cusack and Davin submitted a signed letter to both papers announcing that that a meeting would take place on 1 November 1884 in the billiards room of Hayes's Commercial Hotel, Thurles, in County Tipperary. On this historic date Cusack convened the first meeting of the Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, or the Gaelic Athletic Association for the purpose of forming an association for the preservation and cultivation of national pastimes. It was an inauspicious beginning for such a remarkable organisation. The minutes of the meeting record the names of just seven attendees – although another six men sometimes claimed to have been present. The seven who did turn up were: Michael Cusack, Maurice Davin, John Wyse-Power, John McKay, JK Bracken, Joseph O'Ryan and Thomas St George McCarthy. The founders were a mixed bunch. Davin, a Carrick-on-Suir man, was probably the best-known of them as he was one of the leading athletes of the day. Wyse-Power was editor of the Leinster Leader and a member of the IRB. McCarthy, on the other hand, was a Tipperary man who was a District Inspector in the Royal Irish Constabulary, the police force of the British authorities in Ireland. Bracken was a building contractor from Templemore, O'Ryan was a solicitor from Carrick-on-Suir and McKay was a journalist from Belfast who was working for the Cork Examiner. The new body elected to invite appropriate persons to be patrons of the organisation. They approached Dr Thomas Croke, the Archbishop of Cashel, Michael Davitt, head of the Land League and Charles Stewart Parnell leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. While Parnell and Davitt had little to do with the rise of the GAA, the energetic and inspiring Dr Croke proved an excellent choice. His letter of acceptance to the Board was regarded as an unofficial charter for the GAA. Its fiery nationalist rhetoric gives some idea of the heady atmosphere in which the GAA was conceived. ‘We are daily importing from England, not only her manufactured goods, which we cannot help doing, since she has practically strangled our own manufacturing appliances, but, together with her fashions, her accents, her vicious literature, her music, her dances and her manifold mannerisms, her games also and her pastimes, to the utter discredit of our own grand national sports and to the sore humiliation, as I believe, of every genuine son and daughter of our old land. Ball-playing, hurling, football-kicking, according to Irish rules, casting, leaping in various ways, wrestling, handy-grips, top-pegging, leap-frog, rounders, tip-inthe-hat and all the favourite exercises and amusements among men and boys may now be said to be not only dead and buried but in several localities to be entirely forgotten and unknown ... Indeed, if we keep travelling for the next score years in the same direction that we have been going in for some time past, condemning the sports that were practised by our forefathers, effacing our national features as though we were ashamed of them and putting on, with England's stuffs and broadcloths, her masher habits and such other effeminate follies that she may recommend, we had better, at once and publicly abjure our nationality, clap hands for joy at the sight of the Union Jack and place ‘England's bloody red' exultantly above the green.' A second meeting was held in the Victoria Hotel, Cork, on 27 December 1884. It passed a resolution that the governing body of the GAA was to consist of the officers already elected, the committee of the National League, and two representatives from every athletic club in the country. The nationalist MP, William O’Brien, offered the GAA space in his newspaper, United Ireland, for weekly articles and notices. At another important meeting, held at Hayes’s Hotel, Thurles, on 17 January 1885, rules were drawn up to regulate sports. It was decided to form a club in every parish in the country, and to ban members of any other sporting organisation from joining the GAA. The Dublin Harrier Clubs objected and organised opposition. They invited athletic and cycling clubs from all over the country to a meeting to oppose the ban. They declared that they ‘would not be bossed, ignored, put aside, or dictated to by any organisation’. E. J. Macredy, of Trinity College Dublin, proposed that athletes throughout Ireland should unite to ‘quash the Gaelic Union’, as he called the GAA. He argued that it was more political than sporting, and it wanted to promote only hurling. Cusack denied all this in the United Ireland. He argued that the GAA was not political and he condemned ‘the pernicious influence of those who encourage nothing but what is foreign to the Irish people and at which they can be easily beaten’. The GAA held its first official social function at the end of January 1885 in the Ancient Concert Rooms, Dublin, to commemorate the Scottish poet, Robert Burns. This sporting and literary festival was intended to bring Irish and Scottish ‘Celts’ together, and promote Celtic sports and culture in their countries. The GAA rules for hurling, football, athletics and weight-throwing were published in United Ireland in February 1885. The Irish Sportsman, in reply, published the rules of the Irish Amateur Athletic Union (IAAU), the older sporting organisation under the control of a British body. Davin publicly criticised the British association’s attempt to impose its rules in Ireland, and defended the GAA’s decision. Davin’s letter to the papers sparked more controversy. Mr Christian, spokesman for the IAAU, accused the GAA of ‘putting through rules purporting to govern all athletic sports’. Cusack responded angrily. Davin now intervened and encouraged a sense of good will between all athletes. Cusack and other prominent leaders in the GAA attended the next meeting of the IAAU in early February 1885. There was a very heated debate between the rival organisations. The IAAU criticised the GAA for holding games on Sundays and violating the Lord’s Day. Cusack retorted that rich people played games on the Sabbath and condemned poor people for doing the same. Far from damaging the GAA, the controversy gained the organisation sympathy and support because of its emphasis on national games and the need to bring Irish athletics and other sports under national control. The number of affiliated athletic clubs grew rapidly, and athletics was the main concern of the GAA in its first year. New clubs sprang up, all over the country and abroad, to promote hurling and football. The games were to become extremely popular very quickly, and enjoy a widespread revival. The GAA held its first Annual General Meeting (AGM) on 31 October 1885 in Hayes’s Hotel, Thurles. In the main address, Davin described the Association’s achievements in its first year. Most notably, 150 sporting meetings were held throughout the country—athletics, hurling and football—all of which got great public support. The chairman read a letter from Michael Davitt appealing to them to establish a pan-Celtic festival, a subject he returned to frequently. The most important item for discussion was the ban on GAA athletes from playing other games. The day before the AGM, theFreeman’s Journal published an article asking for reconciliation between the GAA and the IAAU, and urging both to abolish their exclusion rules and allow athletes to compete at all the meetings of both organisations. Croke appealed strongly for an end to the ban in a letter published in the Freeman’s Journal two days later. John Purcell, (an IAAU athlete), in the same paper, appealed for an amicable settlement for the good of Irish athletics. Cusack said that Archbishop Croke’s request would be submitted to the Executive Committee of the GAA, and, in the meantime, the ban would be removed: ‘The G.A.A. prizes are now open to all. We shall see where the best athletes are. Our movement is a national one. He who is not a nationalist—I use the word advisedly—no matter what his religion or politics may be, need not come near us except for a prize. Our prizes are open to all honest men.’ The GAA made a huge impact with football and hurling. This was not due to sharp insight on the Board’s part; initially the main aim of Cusack and his cohorts was to take over athletics, hence the organisation's name. They did this to some degree, but it soon became apparent that hurling and football outstripped athletics in popularity, and the GAA eventually farmed out its athletics events to a separate organisation. The Association also showed that it was in tune with the tenor of the times by undergoing a rancorous split early in its existence. Less than two years after the Thurles meeting, Cusack fell out with Croke and also incurred the wrath of the GAA in Cork. Wyse-Power engineered the removal of Cusack as Secretary, and the man who had started it all found himself out in the cold. Like Parnell after him in the political sphere, he found it impossible to regain his influence in the organisation he had pioneered. Two years later, Davin resigned as President after another dispute and Wyse-Power quit shortly after that. Despite the internal conflict, the GAA quickly gained a reputation for being well run and it wasn't long before it could lay claim to being the leading sporting organisation in the country. The attractiveness of the games of hurling and football and the opportunity they gave for the expression of local pride were huge factors in this, but the efficiency of the Association had a lot to do with it too. It spread the revived games all over the country and by 1887 – just three years after its inception – was able to organise the first ever All-Ireland Football and Hurling Championships. Under the new organisation the first county hurling championship was played in 1887 and Garranboy (near Killaloe) defeated Ogonnolloe in the final. The following year Ogonnolloe won the championship by beating Tulla in the final but all attention was focused on the Carrahan Tournament which commenced in September. The coveted prize was a banner 5ft. x 4ft. depicting a hurler with a caman and sliotar in a rural background. This is known as the Carrahan Flag and is one of the oldest known G.A.A. Trophies. Two teams from Quin and two teams from Clooney participated in the tournament. It could not be completed that year and it was due to recommence in February '89, but due to the shooting of a local landlord, Arthur Creagh, it was further postponed until May. On Sunday May 18th, 1889 the final was scheduled for Carrahan between Tulla and Feakle with the flag being displayed during the match as an added incentive. Tulla's team were "remarkably active" and proved too good for the "strength and swiftness" of the Feakle teams winning by 2-3 to 1-2. 1913 Purchase of Croke Park At the G.A.A.’s 1905 Annual Convention the decision was taken to erect a memorial in honour of Archbishop Thomas William Croke, First Patron of the GAA, who died in 1902. Between 1905 and 1913 fund-raising for this memorial was sporadic at best but in 1913 a ‘Croke Memorial Tournament’ (Hurling and Football) was held which resulted in a profit of £1,872, to be used for the memorial. Using these funds the GAA decided to purchase Jones Road Sports Ground from Frank Dineen for £3,500. They re-named the grounds ‘Croke Park’ in honour of Archbishop Croke. 1918 Gaelic Sunday In 1918 the British Authorities informed Luke O’Toole that no hurling or football games would be allowed unless a permit was obtained from Dublin Castle. The GAA, at their meeting of July 20 1918, unanimously agreed that no such permit be applied for under any conditions and that any person applying for a permit, or any player playing in a match in which a permit had been obtained, would be automatically suspended from the Association. In a further act of defiance the Council organised a series of matches throughout the country for Sunday August 4 1918. Matches were openly played throughout the country with an estimated 54,000 members taking part. This became known as Gaelic Sunday. PLEASE CLICK HERE to read the statement in full Camogie - Camógaíocht - Camoguidheacht The name was invented by Tadhg Ua Donnchadha (Tórna) at meetings in 1903 in advance of the first matches in 1904. Men play using a curved stick called in Irish a camán. Women would use a shorter stick, at one stage described by the diminutive form camóg. The suffix -aíocht (originally “uidheacht”) was added to both words to give names for the sports:camánaíocht (which became iománaíocht) and camógaíocht. When the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1884 the English-origin name "hurling" was given to the men's game. When an organisation for women was set up in 1904, it was decided to Anglicise the Irish name camógaíocht to camogie The 1st official game of Camogie took place at the Gaelic League Fair, with a public match between Keatings and Cúchulainns on July 17, 1903 in Dublin, Ireland. Different rules were drawn up earlier in 1903 for a female stick-and-ball game by Máire Ní Chinnéide , Seán Ó Ceallaigh, Tadhg Ó Donnchadha and Séamus Ó Braonáin . Under Séamus Ó Braonáin ’s original 1903 camogie rules, both the match and the field were shorter than their hurling equivalents. Matches were 40 minutes, increased to 50 minutes in 1934, and playing fields 125-130 yards (114-119m) long and 65-70 yards (59-64m) wide. Until 1979 a points bar was also used, meaning that a point would not be allowed if it travelled over this bar, a somewhat contentious rule through the 75 years it was in use. Teams were regulated at 12 a side, using an eliptical formation (1-3-3-3-1) although it was more a "squeezed lemon" formation with the three midfield players grouped more closely together than their counterpart on the half back and half-forward lines. In 1999 camogie moved to the GAA field-size and 15-a-side, adopting the standard GAA butterfly formation (3-3-2-3-3). The Camogie Association was founded at; 8 North Frederick St, Dublin, Ireland on February 25, 1905, with Máire Ní Chinnéide as President. In 1911, it was reconstituted as Cualacht Luithchleas na mBan Gaedheal at a meeting organised by Seaghán Ua Dúbhtaigh at 25 Rutland Square (now Parnell Square ), Dublin. It was revived in 1923 and the first congress held on the 25th April 1925, when over 100 delegates gathered in Conarchy's Hotel, Parnell Square. It was reconstituted again in 1939 as Cumann Camogaiochta na nGael. For a period in the 1930s it organised women’s athletics events. A breakaway Cualacht Luithchleas na mBan Gaedheal continued in existence during 1939-51 as clubs in Cork, Dublin, Kildare, Meath and Wicklow disaffiliated in a series of disputes, largely over whether male officials should be allowed to hold office and whether players of ladies' Hockey should be allowed play camogie. The last of these disputes was not resolved until 1951. The decision to change the playing rules from 12-a-side to 15-a-side teams and to use the larger GAA-style field led to an increase of affiliations after 1999 from 400 clubs to 540 a decade later. A new constitution in 2010 shortened the name to An Cumann Camogaiochta and accepted the English title Camogie Association on official documents for the first time, reflecting the increased presence of the game in Europe, North America, Asia and Australasia.	Camogie
A 'Lady's Slipper' is a variety of which type of flower?	SilentOwl: October 2010 Samhain: 31st - October or 7th - November. Ritual and Tradition in the Turning Wheel As the wheel of the Year turns and the days of Autumn are upon us, the feast of the Pagan Calander, Samhain or New Year’s draws ever closer. Once the apex of social events - the great feast that would warm in memory throughout the bitter winter, the last chance to see the family, including one’s ancestors, before the dark days fell upon the land – this solemn and spiritual event has become perhaps the trashiest modern festival around. The pollution and corruption of this feast by both Christianity and Commercialism is breathtaking in its scope. Whereas other pagan feasts were adopted and adapted, Oestara becoming Easter, Yule evolving into Christmas, “Halloween” not only hi-jacks the deepest held beliefs and practices of our Pagan ancestors, but manages to insult the very culture it has purloined. Not content with parodying elements of ancient ritual such as the Dead Feast, or divination, (monkey nuts and throwing an apple-peel over one’s shoulder in modern parlance), mainstream churches have ensured many people think the origins of Halloween lie in a form of devil worship. A little annoying for a culture that didn’t believe in a Devil, but certainly telling us more about Christianity and other orthodoxies than about our pagan past! Samhain: Now is the time of summer’s end the harvest is in, the livestock have been brought down to the lower pastures and if the gods/goddesses have been kind to you then your larder is full. It is also the feast of the Dead in the Celtic Calendar. On this night the veils between the worlds are lowered and not only can a dedicated person seek advice from the Other-worlds but the dead ancestors can reach out to the living. There is more than one Otherworld. There is what other cultures might call the Faerie World, the magical lands of the Tuath de Danaan who became known as the people of the Sidhe, they who live in the Hollow Hills. There is the Otherworld proper, where we go when we die. Part of our spirit remains there, a trace of us, while the more integrated self is reborn. When we pray to the ancestors we access the sum of all the wisdom learned by all the people through all the long years. There is the Homeland where dwell the Gods and Goddesses: where we can access the Archetypes (such as the Warrior, or the Chief or the Bard.) All these worlds are open to you at Samhain, provided you seek them with a gentle heart and with a respectful purpose. People generally celebrate Samhain on the 31st of October and this means that you can have a big party to celebrate it and invite all your “normal” friends! For once you probably won’t be the strangest person there. There is also the tradition that has become widely known as Old Samhain: this is celebrated mainly on the 8th of November, although (rarely) it is also celebrated on the 7th here. This is closer to the original date of Samhain in the pre-Gregorian calendar, and almost all Traditional druids and witches in Celtic areas mark this day in some way or another. Samhain marks several things. As with all Celtic pagan feasts it marks a point on the wheel of the year, in this case the end of the year, and beginning of the New Year. This date, obviously, was a great occasion in Celtic society. Samhain was the period of the year when the livestock which would not make it through the winter was marked out and slaughtered, to be feasted on and to be dried out as provision for the long dark months ahead. This, coupled with the sense of the world going underground for the winter, led to this feast being a feast uniquely concerned with death and the spirit world. At this time, the veils between the world of living and dead were felt to be very flimsy and our ancestors instinctively realized that the spirits, and ancestors, were close at hand. Because Celtic culture was not secular in the sense that modern society is secular, they had no problem mingling the mundane and profane with the sacred and spiritual: it is difficult to imagine today a world so unselfconscious about its philosophy of life and death, so natural in its approach, that alongside the great feasts of New Year, were held the ritual feasts of the Dead. This dumb feast or dead feast is a very important part of celebrating Samhain: it is part invitation to the universe and to the Ancestors to commune and advise, part soul journey, part act of remembrance and part act of acceptance. The Celtic belief in an otherworld was very complex and very strong. As you died in this world you were reborn in that world. Death here was celebrated for the birth in the Otherworld and birth here was marked with mourning for the death in the Otherworld. There was a constant exchange of souls between the two. With such a belief you can see how a celebration of death at the moment of the New Year is very appropriate and how there was not the fear and morbidity associated with death that has become so much a part of modern life and which as much as anything contributes to the misunderstanding and misinterpretation by the Christian community of the sacred rite of death in pagan life, known as Samhain and subsequently as Halloween. We shall light a candle that we will place in our window to guide our ancestors home. There will be a spare place set at the table and we shall read the cards to see what the New Year may bring. We will of course celebrate Halloween for the craic (we are after all Irish). We will enjoy the night for what it is but we will have our ritual on the 7th-November. Whichever you choose or like us both if you wish I would like to say: Blessings of Samhain to one and all. Beannachtaí na Samhna ar gach duine. Posted by Soul Gatherers. Soul gatherers. Many birds were believed to carry dead souls or were dead people incarnate. The belief in transmigration of human souls goes back to ancient times. Often these bird souls would come back with a message or warning. The Storm Petral also known as ‘Mother Carey’s Chickens’ contained the souls of dead seamen who came to warn their brethren of approaching storms. Seagulls were regarded as the repositories of dead souls and were not to be harmed. Back on land, when Sedge Warblers sang at night and particularly at midnight, their voices were believed to be those of dead babies who chose to return temporarily from the otherworld to sing, to soothe the hearts and minds of their poor grieving mothers. Magpies were regarded as the repositories of the souls of evil minded or gossiping women. Swans contained the souls of virtuous women and they had the capability of turning back into human form. The Linnet was thought to contain an unhappy soul that was trapped in the other world. The Seven Whistlers. These were said to be seven birds, flying together by night, whose cries forebode disaster. Belief in them was fairly common among seamen this being a risky occupation where whistling was thought to be unlucky. Sometimes the Whistlers were said to be the spirits of the dead, especially those who had themselves been fishermen, returning to warn comrades of danger; when they were heard, one must at once stop work and return home, otherwise lives would be lost. Even those who knew the cries were in fact those of curlews and similar birds still dreaded the sound, and would not go out until the next day. They were variations to this tale, they were said to be seven ghostly birds that presage death and disaster flying alongside the Bean sidhe. Another variation suggested that the birds carry the grief stricken souls of unbaptised babies condemned to roam the skies forever (another one of those Christian stories). Also known as the Sluagh. They were seen to fly in groups like flocks of birds, coming from the west, and were known to try to enter the house of a dying person in an effort to carry the soul away with them. West-facing windows were sometimes kept closed to keep them out. Some consider the Sluagh to also carry with them the souls of innocent people who were kidnapped by these destructive spirits. The Lough Gur Hunt-Limerick. This is a group of hounds that fly across the sky at night barking and howling. They presage death in the house of anyone who hears them. It’s possible that this story came about because the Barnacle/Canadian Geese flying overhead at night can make a sort of barking noise. There are variations to this story across Europe, for example in England it is known as Gabriel’s Hounds. This is a spectral pack of hounds which travel across the sky at night led by a ghostly hunter. They are searching for the souls of people on their death beds. Posted by Whistling Dobhar chú of Lough Glenade. As Halloween/Samhain approaches I will tell you one more tale, before the pooka begins to roam. I have made mention of the Dobhar chú in a previous post but only a passing reference to Grace Connolly and her husband Traolach Mac Lochlainn. Here is a better account and this is followed by the poem which is in itself an account of what happened on that fateful day. In Conbnaíl (Conwell) Cemetery, Drummans, there is a tombstone depicting a carved Dobhar chú .The grave is that of Grace Connolly (Grainne Ni Conalai), who apparently was killed by a Dobhar chú from Lough Glenade on 24th September 1722. The tale of her death has like all good stories been altered slightly through the retelling, but I will try to make reference to as many versions as I can. Grace was down by the shore of Lough Glenade (Lake Glenade) either washing clothes or bathing, when she was attacked and killed by a Dobhar chú. In one version her husband went looking for her as she had been away longer than usual and found her mutilated body lying by the shore with the Dobhar chú asleep on top of her breasts. In another version of the story, he hears her screams and arrives to find the Dobhar chú sat upon her corpse and feasting upon it. Her husband named Traolach McLoghlin (or McGloughlan or McLaughlin or Mac Lochlainn) managed to sneak upon and kill the creature with a knife or sword, but as the Dobhar chú was dying it let out a whistle which summoned its mate from the waters of Lough Glenade. Again in one version of the story as the second Dobhar chú came toward shore McLoghlin shot it dead with a gun, however, in other versions he realises that he cannot win a straight fight with a large Dobhar chú and flees on horseback with another man (sometimes his brother). The Dobhar chú came straight out of the lake and chased the pair over field and fence, determined to take vengeance on the man that killed its mate. After a long chase in which the mounted men continually failed to shake the beast, they were forced to stop. One version has them stopping at blacksmiths. The Dobhar chú catches up and either dives under the mount of McLoghlin or dives through his horse, tearing its way into the animal and out the other side. In either version, when the Dobhar chú emerges on the other side of the horse, McLoghlin is waiting with a sword or other blade and decapitates it. The horse and creature were buried near Cashelgarron fort beside Benbulben, which is close to where the final fight was said to take place. A version of this tale is recounted in the following poem by a contemporary but unknown author. By Glenade lake tradition tells, two hundred years ago A thrilling scene enacted was to which, as years unflow, Old men and women still relate, and while relating dread, Some demon of its kind may yet be found within its bed. It happened one McGloughlan lived close by the neighbouring shore, a lovely spot, where fairies oft in rivalry wandered o'er, A beauteous dell where prince and chief oft met in revelry With Frenchmen bold and warriors old to hunt the wild boar, free. He and his wife, Grace Connolly, lived there unknown to fame, There, years in peace, until one day from out the lakes there came What brought a change in all their home and prospects too. The water fiend, the enchanted being, the dreaded Dobhar chú. It was on a bright September morn, the sun scarce mountain high, No chill or damp was in the air, all nature seemed to vie As if to render homage proud the cloudless sky above; A day for mortals to discourse in luxury and love. And whilst this gorgeous way of life in beauty did abound, from out the vastness of the lake stole forth the water hound, And seized for victim her who shared McGloughlan's bed and board; His loving wife, his more than life, whom almost he adored. She, having gone to bathe, it seems, within the water clear, And not having returned when she might, her husband, fraught with fear, Hasting to where he her might find, when oh, to his surprise, Her mangled form, still bleeding warm, lay stretched before his eyes. Upon her bosom, snow white once, but now besmeared with gore, The Dobhar-chú reposing was, his surfeiting being o'er. Her bowels and entrails all around tinged with a reddish hue: 'Oh, God', he cried, 'tis hard to bear but what am I to do?' He prayed for strength, the fiend lay still, he tottered like a child, The blood of life within his veins surged rapidly and wild. One long lost glance at her he loved, then fast his footsteps turned To home, while all his pent up rage and passion fiercely burned. He reached his house, he grasped his gun, which clenched with nerves of steel, He backwards sped, upraising his arm and then one piercing, dying, squeal Was heard upon the balmy air. But hark! What's that that came One moment next from out of its depth as if revenge to claim! The comrade of the dying fiend with whistles long and loud Came nigh and nigher to the spot. McGloughlin, growing cowed Rushed to his home. His neighbours called, their counsel asked, And flight was what they bade him do at once, and not to wait till night. He and his brother, a sturdy pair, as brothers true when tried, Their horses took, their homes forsook and westward fast they did ride. One dagger sharp and long each man had for protection too Fast pursued by that fierce brute, the Whistling Dobhar chú. The rocks and dells rang with its yells, the eagles screamed in dread. The ploughman left his horses alone, the fishes too, 'tis said, Away from the mountain streams though far, went rushing to the sea; And nature's laws did almost pause, for death or victory. For twenty miles the gallant steeds the riders proudly bore With mighty strain o'er hill and dale that ne'er was seen before. The fiend, fast closing on their tracks, his dreaded cry more shrill; 'Twas brothers try, we'll do or die on Cashelgarron Hill. Dismounting from their panting steeds they placed them one by one Across the path in lengthways formed within the ancient dún, And standing by the outermost horse awaiting for their foe Their daggers raised, their nerves they braced to strike that fatal blow. Not long to wait, for nose on trail the scenting hound arrived And through the horses with a plunge to force himself he tried, And just as through the outermost horse he plunged his head and foremost part, Mc Gloughlans dagger to the hilt lay buried in his heart. "Thank God, thank God", the brothers cried in wildness and delight, Our humble home by Glenade lake shall shelter us tonight. Be any doubt to what I write, go visit old Conwell, There see the grave where sleeps the brave whose epitaph can tell.' Hope you enjoyed it. Billy in the bowl. The Stoneybatter Strangler. Billy in the bowl. The Case of the Stoneybatter Strangler. The handsome, deformed Billy in the bowl evolved a plan to rob those who took pity on him. Then, one night, he made the biggest mistake of his life DUBLIN in the eighteenth century was noted for two things - the architectural beauty of its public buildings and the large number of beggars who sought alms in its maze of streets and lanes. Many of these beggars relied on visitors and the gentry for their coin, but there was one who campaigned among the working class. This was "Billy In The Bowl" The strange nickname was derived from the fact that Billy's sole means of transport was a large bowl-shaped car with wheels. Seated in this “bowl " the beggar would propel himself along by pushing against the ground with wooden plugs, one in each hand. Billy's unusual means of conveyance was vitally necessary, as he had been born without legs. Nature, however, had compensated for this by endowing him with powerful arms and shoulders and, what was most important, an unusually handsome face. This was Billy's greatest asset in his daily routine of separating sympathetic passers-by from their small change. The cunning young beggar would wait at a convenient spot on one of the many lonely roads or lanes which were a feature of eighteenth century Grangegorman and Stoneybatter, until a servant girl or an old lady would come along. He would then put on is most attractive smile which, together with his black curly hair, never failed to halt the females. The fact that such a handsome young man was so terribly handicapped always evoked pity. Billy in the bowl, however, wasn't satisfied with becoming the daily owner of a generous number of small coins; what his greed demanded were substantial sums of money. The more he managed to get the more he could indulge in his pet vices - gambling and drinking. As a result the beggar evolved a plan to rob unsuspecting sympathisers. The first time he put his plan into operation was on a cold March evening as dusk, was falling. The victim was a middle aged woman who was passing through Grangegorman Lane on her way to visit friends in Queen Street - on Dublin's North Quays. When Billy heard the woman's footsteps, he hid behind some bushes in a ditch which skirted the lane. As his unsuspecting victim drew close, the beggar moaned and shouted, and cried out for help. Trembling with excitement, the woman dashed to the spot where Billy lay concealed. She bent down to help the beggar out of the ditch, when two powerful arms closed around her throat and pulled her into the bushes. In a few minutes it was all over. The woman lay in a dead faint, and Billy was travelling at a fast rate down the lane in his “bowl ", his victim's purse snug in his coat pocket. An hour after the robbery the woman was found in a distressed condition, but failed to give a description of her assailant. Again and again the beggar carried out his robbery plan, always shifting the place of attack to a different part of Grangegorman or Stoneybatter. By this time I suspect he must have killed his victims. However, as Billy in the bowl had predicted, nobody suspected a deformed beggar. On one occasion Billy in the bowl tried his tactics on a sturdy servant girl who put up such a vigorous resistance that he was forced to strangle her. This must have been a particularly awful crime for the incident became known as the 11 Grangegorman Lane Murder and caused a great stir. Hundred’s flocked to the scene of the crime and for a couple of months Billy in the bowl was forced to desert his usual haunts. Around this period (1786) Dublin's first-ever police force was being mobilised, and the first case they were confronted with was the Grangegorman lane murder. Months passed and Billy in the bowl reverted once again to his old pastime. A number of young servant girls were lured into ditches and robbed, and the police were inundated with so many complaints that a nightly patrol was placed on the district. However, the beggar still rolled along in his bowl pitied and unsuspected. Then came the night that finished Billy's career of crime. Two sturdy built female cooks, trudging back to their places of employment after a night out in the city, were surprised and not a little shocked to hear shouts for help. Rushing over, they came upon a huddled figure in the ditch. Billy, thinking there was only one woman, grabbed one of the cooks and tried to pull her into the ditch. She proved much too strong for him however and while resisting tore at his face with her sharp finger-nails. Meanwhile, her companion acted with speed and daring. Pulling out her large hatpin she made for the beggar and plunged the pin into his right eye. The screams and howls of the wounded beggar reverberated throughout the district and brought people dashing to the scene. Among them was a member of the nightly police patrol who promptly arrested the groaning Billy. Most of the valuables were picked up on the ground where the attack had taken place, and some of the party procured a strong hand-barrow, on which Billy was conveyed in triumph to prison. Although it was suspected it could not be proved that he murdered his victims but he was convicted of robbery with violence and confined in the jail in Green Street. Although he was severely disabled he was employed in hard labour for the remainder of his days. His notoriety caused him to be viewed as an object of curiosity and because of this certain members of high society visited the prison in order to titillate their senses. Although it was never proven that it was he who had committed the murders in the Grangegorman-Stoneybatter district the area once more settled back into some sort of normality. A quiet suburb where old ladies and young girls could walk the streets safely as they went about their business. Posted by The Pig. The Gentleman Who Pays the Rent. The Pig. The Gentleman Who Pays the Rent. The pig was always highly prized for its tasty meat and in Irish legend it was the favourite meat of the Gods and heroes at their feasts in the otherworld. It was also greatly respected for its bravery and fierce spirit when defending itself and for this reason was one of the symbols of the warrior. In Irish Folklore the pig is seen as a lucky animal and they were also able to see the wind and forecast the weather, they were also said to have magical hearing and they could actually hear the grass growing. Evil or threatening spirits were often said to appear in the form of a black pig and it was believed that this was the worst of all forms for fairy folk to take so people would carry a hazel stick to ward of the evil spirits. This time of year (Halloween/Samhain) when the barriers between this world and the next are weakest is a favourite time for the Black Pig to be abroad so you would be wise not to travel alone at this time. The pig occurs in Irish folk cures. A cure for a child with mumps was to take it to a pigsty and rub it's head on the pigs back in the hope that the illness would transfer into the pig. It was also believed that a cure for a toothache was for the sufferer to put their head to the ground where a pig had been scratching its backside while making the sign of the cross with their mouth. If you did this you would never suffer from toothache again. Another disgusting cure for jaundice involved swallowing a dozen live lice from a pig. The Gentleman Who Pays the Rent. This is the euphemism that was once used in Ireland to describe what was often a family's most valuable possession - the pig. Until the advent of the industrial age, most people lived a relatively agricultural life. In Ireland before the potato famine, cottagers who may not have been able to afford a riding horse or beef cattle would at the very least keep a few pigs. They were usually housed close to the main dwelling, and sometimes the pig house was attached to one end of the cottage. Now you might be surprised to see this sort of housing arrangement but the pig was a very valuable part of the Irish cottage economy and pigs do best in warm, dry surroundings. So not only did this practice help keep the pigs (and often a milk cow and laying hens) warm and safe from predators, it was easier feeding kitchen scraps to the pig and hens and collecting manure which was both valuable and very necessary for growing healthy crops. Manure was in fact so valuable you stacked it outside the front of the cottage so you could keep your eye on it. Pigs were butchered in the autumn , around Samhain. This meant that the animals wouldn’t need scarce fodder over the winter (stocking up enough hay was tedious and land-intensive for a small-holder). It also meant that the cooler weather would slow down spoilage until the salted meat could cure. Cottagers would preserve enough ham, bacon, sausage & lard to see them through the year, and sell the rest to the butcher. However, in poorer households, people did not eat their pig. They sold it to get money to pay the rent on their land. That is why the family's pig was often called "the gentleman who pays the rent." “The “pig in the parlour” stereotype of Ireland came from the system landlords imposed more than three centuries ago of charging people extra rent for pig houses. The poor country people found that as a pig is a clean and intelligent animal, it could share a clay cabin without soiling it if allowed to come and go. Until recent times there was a tradition in rural Ireland of keeping one pig in the yard to eat the scraps and provide an extra source of food. The practice came to be associated with poverty and died out with the coming of supermarkets.” Posted by The Hurley. Also known as the Camán. The Hurley. Also known as the Camán The earliest recoded reference of the game of hurley being played by the anciemt tribes of Ireland dates from 1800 BC to 1300 BC. First recorded in the ancient Irish Annals. The Irish Annals are a body of work mixing Irish history with legend and mythology. The annals record in 1272 BC, that the strongest and most skilled warriors of the Tuatha de Danann defeated their rivals, the Firbolgs, in a hurley match to the death at The First Battle of Moytura. There were twenty-seven men on each side and when the game was over, the casualties were afforded a funeral of honour and were buried together under a huge stack of rocks known as a cairn, an ancient equivalent of our modern day monuments and burial headstones. At the Second Battle of Moytura, the Tuatha de Danann leader, Nuada, would be killed by the Formorians, another of the original inhabitants of Ireland. Celtic Sun God Lugh, one of the Danann warriors, would emerge as a hero having killed the Formorian warrior, Balor, by shooting a stone into the giant’s eye. Later, the Brehon Laws would declare the game of Hurley as a form of Irish military service. The laws asserted, if a man was killed or injured by a Hurley, either his surviving family or himself are eligible for life-long financial assistance. This could be considered the earliest example of a military disability or widow’s pension. Also stipulated in the laws, all sons of kings and chieftains were to be supplied with Hurley sticks during the traditional period of fosterage with another noble family. In 200 BC The Irish Annals recorded the childhood exploits of King Lowry Loingseach. Lowry, said to be mute, only uttered his first words after being hit with a stick during a Hurley match. It is not known what he said but it is believed to be unrepeatable. Around 100 BC, Cuchulain, an Ulster warrior, leader of The Red Branch Warriors and son of the Celtic Sun God Lugh and a human mother Dechtire, gained youthful fame on account of his hurling abilities. In one legendary incident, he single-handedly defeated one hundred and Fifty warriors in a hurling match on the Field of Armagh. Angered by their defeat, the men attacked Cuchulain, but he fought back killing fifty men with his bare hands before the others fled the field. Considered the greatest warrior of ancient Ulster, Cuchulain was known for his uncontrollable temper and physical deformities, such as having seven fingers on each hand and seven toes on each foot. He was said to go insane with uncontrollable rage and, during times of insanity, was reported as having seven pupils in each eye. On one occasion, he had reportedly carried the ball on the blade of his Hurley stick a distance of nine miles in a repetitious motion of throwing the ball into the air and catching it on his blade before it could drop to the ground. Cuchulain was the nephew of King Conchobar. At the age of seventeen, Cuchulain singularly defeated the forces of Maeve, warrior Queen of Connacht, when she tried and failed, in an attempt to capture Ulster. Tales of all kinds are told about him. At the age of twenty-seven Cuchulain, finally met his match when he was killed in an ambush. His attackers are said to have severed his head using the great warrior’s own hurley stick. Hurley continued to be popular in Ireland but, according to the Irish texts, The Dun Cow 1100 AD, and The Book of Leinster 1160 AD, it was not until the 3rd century AD that the Irish had their next great Hurley warrior. Fionn MacCumhail, popularly known as Finn MacCool, was the mythical leader of the fighting band Fianna Eireann. MacCool is said to be a descendant of the god Nuada, former king of the Tuatha De Danaan. MacCumhail's most notable hurley accomplishment occurred when he defeated fifty men by scoring the decisive goal in a match at Tara. His reward for his deed was a kiss from King Cormac MacArt’s daughter - the woman he was to subsequently marry. Even in the religious records of ancient Ireland one finds mention of hurley. Such is the example and story of the visit of Saint Colmcille to Tara. In the 5th Century Tara was reputed to have been a powerful and sacred place of gods and an entrance to the other world. During his time there, a Connacht prince used a hurley to kill a young boy. Although Saint Colmcille attempted to intervene, the prince was summarily executed on the spot, for such was the anger of those who had witnessed this savage act. Hurling eventually evolved into a sport and was played by teams representing neighbouring villages. The teams could be made up of all the available males capable of holding a stick and might have lasted several hours. They were usually for the honour of the village, to settle disputes or for entertainment value. It has been held in high esteem throughout the ages and has become one of our national games supported by huge armies of fans flying their county colours and promoted all over the world by The Gaelic Athletic Association. It has to be one of the fastest team sports played today, exciting and a little dangerous it is the embodiment of the Irish spirit. The game of Camogie played by women is almost identical to the game of hurling and is both as exciting and as popular. If you get the chance to watch a game or better still go to a game and join in the crowd excitement then don’t hesitate. Posted by Bataireacht. Irish Stick Fighting. Bataireacht. Irish Stick Fighting. Bataireacht. Our native Irish martial art. Since a cane or walking stick can be carried easily in modern society bataireacht can be used as an extremely effective weapon. Bataireacht or Irish stick fighting as it is also known (from the Irish Bata, meaning stick) is a traditional form of Irish martial art using a stick. The most common types of wood used were oak, ash, hazel and of course blackthorn. Down through the centuries we have used various sticks or cudgels and the one that most people would be aware of is the shillelagh. Irish stick fighting came into its own sometime around the 17th century when we were banned from owning formal weapons. At that time the innocent walking stick called a bata or shillelagh came into use as a serious weapon and stick fighting became an integral part of our fighting style. In the 19th century bataireacht became associated with gang or “faction” fighting. Some evidence exists which indicates that prior to the 19th century the term had been used to refer to a form of stick fighting used to train Irish soldiers in broadsword and sabre techniques. Although stick fighting is a free style form of combat there are certain patterns and family styles in existence. The basic idea behind the use of the bata is to charge, strike and disarm your opponent aiming for the vulnerable points such as joints, shoulders, knees and temple or for areas where nerves could be struck. You can use the bata one handed which was the traditional method, although some will use the bata with both hands using a two handed grip (a little awkward). As with a lot of the various martial arts bataireacht has become tainted by Hollywood in such films as The Gangs of New York and it has been made out to be a brutish form of fighting instead of the very precise and extremely well executed defence system it becomes in the hands of a well trained and disciplined practitioner. No known textbooks for the use of bataireacht exists but its use has been reconstructed using sources that include introducing various forms from other stick fighting styles such as escrima (a Filipino stick fighting system) and Canne de combat (a French style). There is still a style that has been passed down by the Doyle family by the name whisky stick dance where the stick is held with a two handed grip. Cumann Bata is an organisation teaching a one handed version which they have reconstructed where the hand is approximately a third of the way from the end of the stick and the stick is held just above the head. The Bata used to be our weapon of choice before the gun arrived, It was cheap and readily available and the walking stick or long staff could be carried anywhere and so was always by your side if you needed to defend yourself. Women could carry it just as well and this would have been quite normal in Irish society. The word Shillelagh was actually coined by an Englishman (or so the story goes). The original stick of that name came from the Shillelagh forest in County Wicklow, where the forest was once famous for its stands of fine oak trees. Sometimes the knob on the end was hollowed out and filled with molten lead, which was known as a 'loaded stick'. However, in shillelaghs made of blackthorn, the knob was actually the root, and it would not have been necessary to load it as it could pack a significant wallop. The bark is left on for added strength and a metal end is attached to the bottom. During the curing and drying process, sticks would be buried in a manure pile or smeared with fat and placed in the chimney. The bata was taken up by Irish boys when they became of age, it was seen by some as representing their passage into manhood and they would practice their fighting techniques as a way of demonstrating their right to be a warrior. Irishmen would take their shillelagh just about everywhere they went; however, it was at a fair, a wake or a feast day celebration that it was most needed. Up until the great famine of the 1840's, faction fighting was always present at most social gatherings. The factions were mostly members of certain families, political groups or territorial gangs. Sometimes the fights would consist of hundreds of men; women would participate by wielding a stocking filled with stones. After the 1840's, the faction fights gradually died off and the last recorded one was held at a fair in Co. Tipperary in 1887. Shillelagh fights were not always of the faction variety. Some were sporting events, while others were provoked just for fun. These were friendly fights sometimes ending up somewhat rough, although it was rare for a participant to need the aid of a doctor. If you have a shillelagh made of oak, ash, holly or blackthorn, you do indeed have an authentic shillelagh. The short, stubby ones sold in souvenir shops are not real shillelaghs. Posted by In keeping with Halloween I have added another ghost story. I hope you enjoy it. It is a part of Irish folklore. Loftus Hall. The Ghost Story: The details that follow apparently occurred when Charles Tottenham and his family came to live in the mansion in the middle of the 18th century. Charles Tottenham's first wife had been the Honourable Anne Loftus (the second daughter of the 1st Viscount Loftus. Charles came for a long stay in the house with his second wife, (in 1770 he had married his cousin Jane) daughter of John Cliffe and widow of Rev. Joshua Trench of Bryanstown, co. Wexford), and his daughter Anne from his first marriage. During a storm, a ship unexpectedly arrived at the Hook Peninsula, which was not far from the mansion. A young man was welcomed into the mansion. Anne and the young man became very close. Then, one night they were in the parlour; around this time it was not well-mannered for a girl to play cards, but Anne insisted and she played. When a card was dropped on the floor she went to pick it up, and she noticed that the young man had a hoof in place of a foot. It is said that Anne screamed and the man went up through the roof in a puff of smoke, leaving behind a large hole in the ceiling. Anne was in shock and was put in her favourite room in the mansion, which was known as the Tapestry Room. She refused food and drink. She died in the Tapestry Room in 1775. A rumour states that the hole could never be properly repaired, and it is alleged that even to this day, there is still a certain part of the ceiling which is slightly different from the rest. This, of course, is a myth, since the present house was built more than a century after the events described above. Meanwhile it was believed that the stranger with the cloven hoof returned to the house and caused persistent poltergeist activity. A number of Protestant clergymen apparently tried and failed to put a stop to this. The family, who were themselves Protestants, eventually called on Father Thomas Broaders (a Catholic priest, who was also a tenant on the Loftus Hall estate) to exorcise the house which he managed to do in spite of fierce opposition from at least one of the hostile spirits. The success of Broaders led to many concessions being made to local Catholics whose religion was still technically illegal. Fr. Broaders was parish priest of the surrounding area from 1724 to 1773. Fr. Broaders later became parish priest of the united parishes of the Hook and Ramsgrange for almost fifty years. Canon Broaders died in January, 1773, and on his tomb in Horetown Cemetery is the following epitaph; "here lies the body of Thomas Broaders, Who did good and prayed for all. And banished the Devil from Loftus Hall". The apparent success of Father Broaders' exorcism did not end the ghostly visitations at Loftus Hall. The ghost of a young woman, presumed to be Anne Tottenham, was reported to have made frequent appearances in the old Hall, especially in the Tapestry Room, until the building was finally demolished in 1871. Although the present Loftus Hall is an entirely new building, interest in the ghost story has remained strong and many aspects of the story seem to have attached themselves to the newer house. Subsequent Experiences: 1. The father of the Rev. George Reade stayed with a large party at the Hall some time about 1790, and was given the Tapestry Chamber to sleep in. "Something heavy leapt upon his bed, growling like a dog. The curtains were torn back and the clothes stripped from the bed". Suspecting that "some of his companions were playing tricks", he shouted to warn them and then fired his pistol up the chimney to frighten them. He then searched the room and, of course, found nothing. The door was locked as he had left it on getting into bed. 2. Some years later, when the 2nd Marques of Ely (who succeeded in 1806) was at the Hall, his valet, Shannon, was put in the Tapestry Chamber and woke the whole household by his screams in the night. The curtains of the bed, he said, had been violently torn back and he saw "a tall lady dressed in stiff brocaded silk". He fled in terror. 3. After a further period George Reade and his father were staying at the Hall. George knew nothing of his father's earlier experience, and chose the Tapestry Chamber as his bedroom. One bright moonlight night he sat up late reading an article in Blackwood's Magazine, when he saw the door open and a tall lady in a stiff dress passed noiselessly through the room to a closet in the corner, where she disappeared. For some reason the idea of a ghost never entered his head, and he went to sleep. The next night the experience was repeated. He rushed towards the lady, threw his right arm round her, and exclaimed "Ha! I have you now". His arm passed through her and came "with a thud against the bed-post". The figure went on, and her silk brocaded gown "lapped against the curtain". Next morning he told his father, who said nothing; and the whole incident left little impression on him. He slept in the room without disturbance "many a night after". Some years later George Reade was again at the Hall, and heard the valet, Shannon, tell the housekeeper that "he would sooner leave his Lordship's service than sleep in the Tapestry Chamber". Reade asked him why; and Shannon then told him the story of Anne, which he had never heard before. 4. In 1858 the 4th Marques, who succeeded in 1857 at the age of 8, came to the Hall for the bathing season, with his mother (the Lady of the Bedchamber) and his tutor, the Rev. Charles Dale. The tutor was put in the Tapestry Chamber and came down to breakfast one morning in an obviously nervous state, but refused to say anything. In the autumn Lord Henry Loftus, uncle of the Marques, wrote to George Reade, told him about Charles Dale, and added that a Mr. Derringey had slept in the room and had had "a splendidly fitted dressing case" ransacked during the night. He asked him what his own experience had been. Thereupon Reade wrote to Dale, then in a parish in Kent, and the latter wrote back a long letter, in which he said that he had slept in the Tapestry Chamber for three weeks without disturbance - and without knowing anything about Anne Tottenham. Then one moonlight night he had had the same experience as Reade's father - something heavy jumping on the bed, growling, and tearing off the bedclothes. He leapt out of bed, lit a candle, but could find nothing. He had, however, made inquiries and had talked with an old woman called Haggard, who lived to the age of 106. She had told him the whole story, and remembered Father Broders referred to above. 5. Finally, in 1868, Reade once more visited the Hall, which had been considerably altered. The Tapestry Chamber was now a billiards-room. He asked the old housekeeper how Miss Anne Tottenham had taken these changes, and she replied “Oh! Master George, don't talk about her. Last night she made a horrid noise knocking the billiard balls about!” 'History of Loftus Hall Part Two' by Thomas P Walsh in the Journal of Old Wexford Society (1971) gives a very detailed account of the ghost story and several alleged apparitions in the old Loftus Hall. According to Vol 4 of 'History of Wexford' by Hore a version of the ghost story was printed in the Cork Examiner August 11 1888 and was related to Queen Victoria by the Marques of Ely towards the end of 1860. Loftus Hall, Co. Wexford which is described as "an old rambling mansion, with passages that led nowhere, large dreary rooms, panelled walls, and a Tapestry Chamber". It was built on a limestone promontory "stretching out into the Atlantic Ocean" by one de Raymond, a follower of Strongbow, who settled there. After the Rebellion of 1641 it was forfeited and became the property of the Loftus family. "A wild and lonely place". Strangely enough if you know the history of the Irish Hellfire club you will recognise the same story of a stranger seeking shelter from the storm and playing cards. He too was found to have cloven feet and disappeared in a puff of sulphur smoke through a hole in the ceiling. Posted by Jack O'Lantern. Jack O’Lantern. According to Irish folklore, a man named Jack, well known for his drunkenness and quick temper, got very drunk at a local pub on Halloween. As his life began to slip away the Devil appeared to claim Jack's soul. Jack, eager to stay alive, begged the Devil to let him have just one more drink before he died. The Devil agreed. Jack was short of money and asked the Devil if he wouldn't mind assuming the shape of a sixpence so Jack could pay for the drink and after the transaction the Devil could change back. Seeing how the Devil is quite gullible in almost all of these folk tales, he agreed again to help Jack out and changed himself into a sixpence. Jack immediately grabbed the coin and shoved it into his wallet which just happened to have a cross-shaped catch on it. The Devil, now imprisoned in the wallet screamed with rage and ordered Jack to release him. Jack agreed to free the Devil from his wallet if the Devil agreed not to bother Jack for a whole year. Again, the Devil agreed to Jack's terms. Realizing he now had a new lease on life, at least for a year, Jack decided to mend his ways. For a time Jack was good to his wife and children and began to attend church and give to charity. Eventually, Jack slipped back into his evil ways. The next Halloween as Jack was heading home the Devil appeared and demanded that Jack accompany him. Once again Jack, not too eager to die, distracted the devil by pointing to a nearby apple tree. Jack convinced the Devil to get an apple out of the tree and even offered to hoist the Devil up on his shoulders to help him get the apple. The Devil, fooled once again by Jack, climbed into the tree and plucked an apple. Jack took out a knife and carved a cross into the trunk of the tree. Trapped once again the Devil howled to be released and told Jack he would give him ten years of peace in exchange for his release. Jack, on the other hand, insisted the Devil never bother him again. The Devil agreed and was released. Almost a year later Jack's body, unable to withstand his evil ways, gave out and Jack died. When Jack tried to enter Heaven he was told that because of his meanness he would not be allowed in. When Jack attempted to gain entry into Hell, the Devil, still smarting from years of humiliation, refused Jack admission. However, being the kind Devil that he was, he threw Jack a piece of coal to help him find his way in the dark of limbo. Jack put the piece of coal into a turnip and it became known as a Jack O'Lantern. On Halloween if you look you can still see Jack's flame burning dimly as he searches for a home. Of course when Irish people went to America they discovered the pumpkin and as it was easier to carve it soon replaced the turnip. Posted by Petticoat Loose. The Witch of Baylough. The Legend of Petticoat Loose. Petticoat's real name was Mary Hannigan. Born during the time of the hedge-schoolmasters in the early part of the nineteenth century. She was the only child of a well to do farming family. They lived in the townland of Colligan, which is not far from Clogheen. Now Mary was not the type of woman you could call feminine; she was as tough as nails, near six foot tall and built in proportion. She did the work of a man on her father’s farm without thinking twice about it. If there was one thing that Mary Hannigan was known far and wide for it was her dancing. Spinning and whirling around the dance floor, no man could match her. That is except for one hefty lad, and his prowess led him into a marriage with Mary. A marriage closely followed by his early death. Now how Mary came to be called Petticoat Lucy came about like this. There was a wedding in the neighbourhood with drinking and dancing well into the night and through to the early hours of the morning. Now Mary was able to drink as well as she could dance, and as she spun around in a drunken dance the buttons of her skirt caught onto a nail. The buttons burst open and her skirt fell to the ground, to the great delight of the others in the room who laughed and jeered her. This is the incident that earned her the name of Petticoat Loose which became Petticoat Lucy over time. Not being one to take foul comments lightly there was soon fists flying in all directions as Mary landed many a clout on those who mocked her. It is said also that Mary and her husband had difficulties with their herd of cattle and often added water to the milk to make it go further. There were rumours by some that when Mary's milk was added to tea it turned blue and some older locals whispered that she might be a witch. Now Mary had been married a year when, one night as she and her servants were milking the cattle there came a cry of agony from a nearby field. A servant girl began to run towards the field to help however she was soon stopped by a milking stool which hit her square on the back of the head knocking the poor girl out. When she came to Mary told her it was she who had thrown the stool and that it served her right and that in future she should learn to mind her own business. Mary’s husband was never seen again after that night. The locals in Colligan concluded among themselves that Mary’s lover, a local hedge-schoolmaster, had committed the murder. When asked of her husband’s whereabouts Mary would simply answer that he had gone away and that he would return someday. Nobody dare question her further for fear of her violent temper. One night about one year later Mary went on a drinking bout in a local public house accompanied by some of the neighbouring workmen. After several pints she was challenged by one of the workmen to prove her drinking skills. After gladly accepting the offer half a gallon of beer was placed before her. She drank it down with ease and she was in the middle of gloating to the other workmen when suddenly she slumped forward onto the table, dead. She died without a priest, which was an awful thing to happen back then. There was a big wake for Mary and the whole village turned up to pay their last respects but no priest was called, even for the burial. Seven years passed and Petticoat Lucy was near forgotten. Then one night there was a dance in Colligan. Half way through the night, near midnight a man went out to catch a breath of fresh air. When he went back into the dance hall he was as white as a sheet. With a shaking voice he told the others in the hall that he had seen Mary sitting on a pier in the yard. All were afraid to leave the dance hall until morning. After that night Mary was seen in many places around the area and most now believed that that she had become a witch. One night a man with his horse and cart was travelling down a dark country lane when he came upon Mary standing at the side of the road. The driver didn't want to stop for her, but she jumped aboard the cart anyway. Once on the cart, she decided to punish the driver for his reluctance to stop for her, and she raised her left hand and declared, "I have one ton in this hand!" The horse slowed down a bit then, as though the cart was heavier, but he kept walking. Then the witch raised her other hand and announced, "I've got one ton in this hand!" The horse slowed a little more but continued his progression; and the witch smiled and announced, "I've got one ton in this leg!" at which the horse began to strain very hard to pull the cart. "I've got one ton in the other leg!" Then, "I've got one ton in my belly!" With the effort of trying to pull the enormous load, the horse fell down dead - and Petticoat Lucy ran away laughing. Soon it became common practice for people travelling at night to bring a safe guard with them mainly religious relics and hazel sticks. Finally the people grew tired of living in fear of Petticoat Lucy and they called upon the parish priest to rid the county of Mary and her nightly visitations. The priest set out that very night on a pony and trap accompanied by two men. After sometime they spotted her coming across a field, the priest asked her name and she replied "I’m Petticoat Loose". The priest then got off of the trap took out a bottle of Holy water and said "I am going to banish you from this place forever! All the devils in hell can’t help you now! For all the cruel things you did during your life, especially getting a man to kill your husband. I shall send you to the far banks of the deepest lake in the Knockmealdown Mountains and you shall be condemned to empty it with a thimble!" With those words and a splash of the holy water Mary vanished in a flash and she was never seen again. Many believe that she is still up there sitting on the far bank of Bay Lough with her thimble, vainly trying to empty the lake. The priest died two weeks later some say she had drained the life out of him. If you were ever to visit the lake itself you will be struck by the feeling of loneliness that surrounds the area. Few ever now swim in that lake because of the fear that the spirit of the old witch would grab your legs, pull you under and keep you there forever. Baylough will be forever associated in legend with "Petticoat Loose", and in this area where she did so much harm, she is called the witch of the Knockmealdowns. In keeping with many of the lake monsters that inhabit the lakes of Ireland it has been said that Petticoat Loose can assume the shape of half horse half human. Posted by Sheela na Gig. or is it Sidhe Lena Gig??? Sheela Na Gig Sheela-na-gigs are stone carvings of naked females that use one or both hands to direct the viewer's attention to their genital area. Although some were carved in the 12th century, they did not come to the attention of scholars until about 1840. There has been much debate about their origin, meaning and role since then. Ireland has the most by far of any other country. Some suggest they were brought here by the Anglo-Normans, some say they are Celtic in origin. Although it is now a type-name to describe the figures, many had individual local names such as Evil Eye Stone, Hag of the Castle, Witch on the Wall, Julia the Giddy, and St Gobnait. In 1676, two Irish Church regulations ordered the burning of obscene carvings of naked women and, even earlier in 1631, provincial statutes for Tuam, Co. Galway, ordered parish priests to hide away such carvings and 'take note of where they were hidden. Although the church regulations don't use the term, it is very possible that the figures referred to were those known today as Sheela-na-gigs. The order to 'burn' them suggests that some were made from combustible material, possibly wood. One suggestion concerning the real meaning of the name Sheela Na Gig revolves around the fact that place names in Ireland are almost always corruptions of Gaelic words and you have to listen to the place name rather than read it in order to understand it. It is necessary to hear the name as our ancestors heard it. In Irish this could mean that Sheela Na Gig when spoken was Sidhe Lena Gig. Now if you follow this path then Sidhe is Irish for Fairy, Lena could mean ‘with her’ and Gig is Irish for sexual appendage. Put all together you arrive at Sidhe Lena Gig (Sheela na Gig) meaning Fairy with her sexual appendage. As I said, it is only one suggestion. There are various interesting theories surrounding the Sheela na Gig and I include some of those here. There has even been a suggestion that there is evidence of a male version and yes it’s called Séan na Gig. However we will leave Séan for another day. A fertility symbol. When you first look at these figures with their prominent genitalia you may see them as some form of fertility symbol and most books would support this view but there may be other ways of interpreting them. A warning against lust. It has been suggested that the early Christian church used Sheela na Gig to support their moral teachings. They were used to put people off sex and to show that eternal damnation awaited those who succumbed to the sins of the flesh. To vilify women. Of course the Sheela na Gig pre-dates these frustrated eejits and there have been many suggestions why the Christian church had a problem with women but I won’t go into that here. It has a certain irony because in modern Ireland women have reclaimed the figure as a symbol of strength and independence. A protection against the evil eye. Another theory says that the Sheela na Gig figure was erected in order to give protection from malevolent forces such as the evil eye. The fact that many of the figures were placed high up on the walls of castles and churches out of sight of passersby could support this. An example of this is Ratoo round tower. Here the Sheela na Gig is inside the north window recess on the top of the tower. Celtic goddess theory. It has been suggested that the figure is the third in the Celtic goddess trinity of maiden –mother-crone. In her aspect as the crone. She is inviting the hero back into her womb to death. Through this figure we are reminded that we are all born of Mother Earth and we will all return to her in death. I suppose you could say “From the womb to the tomb”. I like all the above theories as they all offer something to the pot. Posted by Amergin. Amhairghin. "Amhairghin". It means "Birth of Song". There are many songs in Ireland some of which are considered sacred but none more so than The Song of Amergin. The first song of the island of mist and mystery. The isle of Ireland. It is told that years after the Tuatha Dé Danann had settled in Ireland a new group of invaders came. They were called the Milesians and they were the first gaelic people to arrive here. There was amongst them one known as Amergin (Amhairghin. It means "Birth of Song"), he was a dreamer. Known also as the wisdom one he was a bard, a druid and a man of the forest and of knowledge. The stories tell us that as the invasion was taking place the Dagda invoked his powers in order to repel the strangers. He sunk their ships and called on the winds to turn back their sails. So within the mists of the sea Amergin invoked the elements and the battle for Ireland began. The magic of the druids was strongest in its most powerful form, the form of a song. The sound of the song invokes the forest, the sea, the sky, the mighty and unbeatable forces of nature. The words of wisdom, of power gave victory to the Milesians and the Tuatha were defeated. So begins the era of man. It is said that from that day on all invocations should begin with “I am” for every man is the sacred connection between the spirits, the ancestors, the land and the one. When the war ended the Tuatha and the Milesians made their peace. It was agreed that most of the Tuatha would leave and go to the land of Tír na nOg, the land of eternal youth. It is also known as the otherworld and only the wisest, purest and bravest of men would have access to it. From the land of Tír na nOg the Tuatha have the power to watch over and to take care of their former land and here Manannán Mac Lir rules. It is said that if ever the people of Ireland need their help then they will return to bring back truth and honour. It is they who rule our land, our seas, our sky. They are the ancestors, the spirits of the realms. There are different versions of The Song of Amergin. This is but one of them. In English. I am the wind on the sea I am the stormy wave I am the sound of the ocean I am the bull with seven horns I am the hawk on the cliff face I am the sun's tear I am the beautiful flower I am the boar on the rampage I am the salmon in the pool I am the lake on the plain I am the defiant word I am the spear charging into battle I am the god who put fire in your head Who made the trails through stone mountains Who knows the age of the moon Who knows where the setting sun rests Who took the cattle from the house of the warcrow Who pleases the warcrow's cattle What bull, what god created the mountain skyline The cutting word, the cold word. In Irish. Ogma. God of eloquence and learning. In Irish-Celtic myth, Ogma is the god of eloquence and learning. He is the son of the goddess Danu and the god Dagda, and one of the foremost members of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Skilled in dialects and poetry as well as being a warrior. He also had a role in conveying souls to the Otherworld. He was called Ogma Grian-aineach (of the Sunny Countenance) and Ogma Cermait (of the Honeyed Mouth). He is also credited with various children, of which his daughter Etain married the god of medicine, Dian cecht. He ruled from the sldhe of Airceltrai. He is the reputed inventor of the ancient Ogham alphabet which is used in the earliest Irish writings. Ogham was the first written language of Ireland it is a series of symbols that represent certain words and letters in the Irish vocabulary. Ogma is found both in the "First Battle of Magh Tuiredh" and in the "Cath Magh Tuiredh" which overlaps part of the first battle. Ogma helps the Tuatha de Danaan retake the island of Eirinn, or Ireland, from the Fir Bolg who are attempting to settle there. Ogma is often considered a deity and may be related to the Gaulish god Ogmios. People can also find this god in a later part of the mythological cycle about how the island of Ireland was taken. It's said in this later section that the daughters of Ogma, named Eire, Fotla and Banba were promised that the one of them who could predict the future of the Tuatha de Danaan in Ireland would have the land named for her. Another variant of this says that each of them met with the bard Amergin, who it is thought was a real person and who came to Ireland with the sons of the Mil from the Iberian Peninsula. Amergin, author of the famous poem that reads like a riddle, apparently offered the naming of the isle to each of them and Eire won the honour of having her name be forever remembered as the name for the land. Another story concerning Ogma tells of how he fought in the first battle of Mag Tuired, when the Tuatha Dé take Ireland from the Fir Bolg. Under the reign of Bres, when the Tuatha Dé are reduced to servitude, Ogma is forced to carry firewood, but nonetheless is the only one of the Tuatha Dé who proves his athletic and martial prowess in contests before the king. When Bres is overthrown and Nuadu restored, Ogma is his champion. His position is threatened by the arrival of Lugh at the court, so Ogma challenges him by lifting and hurling a great flagstone, which normally required eighty oxen to move it, out of Tara, but Lugh answers the challenge by hurling it back. When Nuadu hands command of the Battle of Mag Tuired to Lugh, Ogma becomes Lugh's champion, and promises to repel the Fomorian king, Indech, and his bodyguard, and to defeat a third of the enemy. During the battle he finds Orna, the sword of the Fomorian king Tethra, which recounts the deeds done with it when unsheathed. During the battle Ogma and Indech fall in single combat, although there is some confusion in the texts as in Cath Maige Tuired Ogma, Lugh and the Dagda pursue the Fomorians after the battle to recover the harp of Uaitne, the Dagda's harper. He often appears as a triad with Lugh and the Dagda, who are sometimes collectively known as the trí dée dána or three gods of skill, although that designation is elsewhere applied to other groups of characters. Posted by Cernunnos. The Horned God. Hu Gadarn. Cernunnos. Known to the Druids as Hu Gadarn. God of the underworld and astral planes. "The Horned One" is a Celtic god of fertility, life, animals, wealth, and the underworld. Cernunnos is depicted with the antlers of a stag, he sometimes carries a purse filled with coin. The Horned God is born at the winter solstice, marries the goddess at Beltane, and dies at the summer solstice. He alternates with the goddess of the moon in ruling over life and death, continuing the cycle of death, rebirth and reincarnation. Paleolithic cave paintings found in France that depict a stag standing upright on hind legs with the upper body of a man, or a man dressed in stag costume. He seems to be celebrating a hunt and wooing a woman. To the Celts, Cernunnos the Horned God was more than just a fertile being. He is found throughout the Celtic lands and folklore as the guardian of the portal leading to the Otherworld. His symbols are antlers, the torc (female symbol) and a ram headed snake (male symbol). While many today think of Cernunnos as THE Horned God that may in fact be a misnomer, as it is doubtful that long ago there was ever a group of people who referred to him by this specific name. To most Neopagans Cernunnos is the God who stands at the gateway of life and death and alternates with the Goddess in ruling over life and death. Seen as the God of fertility, life, animal’s wealth and the Underworld he is continually born, and dies returning year after year. He would in later years be turned, in part, into the Christian Satan (the devil), a character who at no point in the bible is ever described as having horns. Cernunnos is a member of the Tuatha de Danaan, his exact location in the family tree of the Celtic gods, however, is a matter of debate. Cernunnos was worshipped as a forest deity, but he was also a psychopompus (a guider of souls/spirits) who escorted the dead to the afterlife. Cernunnos was of such importance to the Celts that they tried to establish him as a national god rather than a local one and regulate the fragmented Celtic deities into a true pantheon. The Romans occupying Britain placed his image on coins. He is depicted on the Gundestrup Cauldron, one of the most celebrated works of early Celtic religious art which was uncovered in a peat bog near the village of Gundestrup, Denmark in 1880, and is now housed in in the museum at Århus. Made of 96 per cent pure silver and originally gilded, the vessel stands 14 in. high, is 25.5 in. in diameter, will hold 28.5 gallons, and weighs nearly 20 pound the cauldron comprises thirteen parts: a plain base plate, and five inner and seven outer plates decorated with mythological scenes. While the origin and date of the cauldron are still unsettled, commentators generally agree that it was carried, possibly by Teutonic looters, to Gundestrup from a distant place. It may have been transported from Gaul, but stylistic details on the vessel suggest it may have been manufactured as far away as the Balkans, in Thrace or what is now Romania. Many elements depicted, such as torcs, snakes with ram heads, or the boar-headed war trumpet known as the carnyx, are certainly Celtic; other details and motifs are so exotic as not to seem European. The plates depict gods, conventionally seen as larger than humans, ordinary mortals, and animals. The seated horned god is now commonly accepted as an illustration of Cernunnos. A tall divine figure holding a man over a vat of water is thought to be Teutates accepting human sacrifice. A female divinity flanked by wheels, as if riding in a cart, has been compared with the Irish Medb. The mortals include a troop of infantry in close-knit short trousers and a company of cavalry with a sacred tree. Three sword-bearing warriors are about to execute three huge bulls. Although much studied and, more recently, photographed and reproduced, the Gundestrup Cauldron remains enigmatic to many commentators. The most controversial of them, Garrett S. Olmsted, has asserted that the scenes on the plates anticipate the action of the Irish epic Táin Bó Cuailnge [Cattle Raid of Cooley]. Information about the Gundestrup Cauldron courtesy of: JAMES MacKILLOP. "Gundestrup Cauldron." A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 13 Oct. 2010 Posted by Féar gortach. The hungry grass. Fairy grass. Féar Gortach. The hungry grass. Fairy Grass. Féar Gortach–means ‘hungry grass.’ This is a patch of dead grass; some say it pops up where someone has died violently, some say it happens specifically where someone has died of hunger. This grass turns predator. Anyone who walks across it gets the same sickness as the Hungry Man inflicts on the uncharitable. They get an insatiable hunger. Have you ever been walking down a green grassy bóithrín (Irish-Small road, room for one cow) on a bright sunny day and were suddenly overtaken by a hunger so strong you almost passed out? Believe me, it's happened, a good Irishman would immediately know why and what to do. Hungry Grass. There are those who suggest that it's a spot where a corpse has lain on the way to its final resting place, or even where they still lie covered by grass, memories of the famine. There are even those who suggest that it may be a fairy curse. Anyone who walks or passes over the hungry grass, or in Irish, "féar gortach" will suddenly become hungry beyond reason, even if they have just been well fed. Those who live near patches of such grass have been known to keep extra food on hand in the case of afflicted travellers knocking on their door. No other side effects are known. Sometimes you might even hear some of the older folk say "The fear gortach is on me" meaning they are feeling very hungry. When we were young children we were told to always have a biscuit or a piece of bread in our pockets when going out for a walk just in case the Féar gortach came on us, of course if you ate the biscuit you could always suck on a shoelace. As an adult when I visit somewhere like the famine village over in Achill I break off a piece of bread, pour a little of what I have to drink and I also break off the tip of my cigarette and place them on the ground as an offering to the spirits of the place. Years ago when talking to a Choctaw who was visiting Westport on his travels he noticed what I wore round my neck and we got talking, we exchanged stories of various customs including leaving offerings to the spirits and we realised we had more in common than the walk of tears. Posted by THE GANCONER OR GANCANAGH (GEAN CANACH). In Connacht. The word is pronounced gánconâgh. The name gánconágh comes from the Gaelic word gean-canagh which means love talker. Watch out for him because it definitely means bad luck is on the way if you meet him. He is a real loner, a solitary fairy who is the embodiment of love and idleness. He always has a dudeen (pipe) in his mouth. Although you will see him with a clay pipe in his mouth he will never have it lit as fairies hate and despise smoke so an unlit pipe in a lazy man's mouth is always a clue. He has no shadow, the birds stop singing and a mist unfurls about him when he is around. He haunts lonely valleys speaking his love to milkmaids and shepherdesses and when he has had his wicked way with them he abandons them (how many times have we heard that story?). They then pine away and even die of a broken heart. This seducing of young maidens seems to be his favourite pastime, of course they blame his dark twinkling Irish eyes, his enchanting voice and his pure charm. and whoever was ruined by ill-judged love was said to have been with the gánconágh. Men who have lost all their money by buying baubles for their ladies were said to have met the gánconágh. I think we’ve heard all that before as well. He is lazy and you will often find him with a purse in one pocket but his hands in both, hanging around with the bone idle lads in the village Portrayed in Ethna Carbery 's poem ‘The Love-Talker’, Four Winds of Erin (Dublin, 1902). W. B. Yeats records ganconers who play at hurling, Irish Fairy and Folk Tales. (London, 1893). The Love Talker. I met the Love-Talker one eve in the glen, He was handsomer than any of our handsome young men, His eyes were blacker than the sloe, his voice sweeter far Than the crooning of old Kevin's pipes beyond in Coolnagar. I was bound for the milking with a heart fair and free– My grief! my grief! that bitter hour drained the life from me; I thought him human lover, though his lips on mine were cold, And the breath of death blew keen on me within his hold. I know not what way he came, no shadow fell behind, But all the sighing rushes swayed beneath a fairy wind The thrush ceased its singing, a mist crept about, We two clung together–with the world shut out. Ethna Carbury, The Love Talker Another little poem that tells of the gánconágh. Beware the tunes that touch your heart. The gánconágh will play the soul Beware sweet lass don't crave his art He'll pierce your heart and leave a hole. Anonymous. Stone circles. Stone Circles, Stone Rows, and Standing Stones are quite evocative in the Irish landscape and still cause people to pause and contemplate their original use and to imagine the rituals which took place at, or in them and to try to imagine the people who performed such ritual. Were they for marriage, a baptism of some sort, funeral rites, or sacrifice? Nothing else in Irish archaeology has this power of connecting the peoples of the past with the people of the present. To stand in the centre of a Bronze Age stone circle on the side of a windswept hill is an extremely moving experience. There are two distinct types of stone circle in Ireland. In West Cork - Kerry the circles are made up of uneven numbers of stones from five to seventeen and these contain an area of between 8 feet and fifty feet. The entrance faces the north-east and a stone opposite the entrance is called the axial stone. Some of the circles have a boulder burial within them. Boulder burials are very simple in plan and are just what they describe, a burial, usually cremated, with a large boulder marking the spot. In Fermanagh, Tyrone and Derry a group of stone circles are classified as the Mid-Ulster Group. There are some differences between this group and the Cork Kerry group. These differences occur in the spacing between the stones, the size of the stones and the number of stones. The area within the Ulster group is usually smaller than that of thier southern counterparts. The largest stone circle in Ireland is that of Grange at Lough Gur in County Limerick. This is very accessible and an effort should be made to get to it if you have an interest in how our Bronze Age ancestors conducted their daily lives. It measures 150 feet in diameter and is enclosed by 113 standing stones. The stones are surrounded by and supported by a forty foot wide bank The largest stone is over 13 feet high and is estimated to weigh 40 tons. It was built over 4000 years ago. By 2000 B.C., stone circles were built in Ireland and elsewhere in Europe. A population concerned with birth and fertility, the Irish included movements of the sun in their religious monuments. The circles were temples for a solar religion. In 1159 B.C., there are indications that the weather got much worse and the gods and goddesses of water, in streams and lakes, took on greater importance. Material possessions, animals, and even people were sacrificed, probably to appease these gods. There is hardly any evidence available to tell us what stone circles were actually used for. Some archaeologists suggest they may have had a ritualistic purpose (this is normal when they don’t have a clue or cannot agree). Some even suggest they may have been royal burial sites and then there are those who suggest sites of sacrifice (seems like an awful lot of trouble when you could just sacrifice using the bogs). However, as previously mentioned the astrological alignment of the circles cannot be denied. Evidence of cremation have been found in some circles but does this mean sacrifice or could it simply have been someone of high rank who having died was cremated in the circle ? Archaeologists have suggested that stone circles pre-date the Celts and the druids and therefore were not druidic in their conception. However, although druids celebrated within groves it is quite conceivable that they also used the stone circles for ritual as their understanding of the cosmos was extremely advanced and the positioning of the stones would have been known to them. It has been said that there is no written evidence concerning the druids, (Julius Caesar) and Christianity saw to that. I would suggest that they were totally biased and inaccurate with an extremely big axe to grind. There is, however, one legend in Irish literature that seems to connect the druids with a stone circle, and that is contained in an early Life of St. Patrick. It concerns an event that took place near the modern Ballymagauran in County Cavan in Ireland. Here stood the chief idol of Ireland, Cromm Cruaich, and this was surrounded by a ring of twelve smaller idols; it is described as the scene of druidic worship, and it witnessed a mighty conflict between St. Patrick and the druids. In the end, Patrick threatened the main idol so effectively that it was permanently branded with the mark of his stave. This sounds very much as though the legend is an attempt to explain the existence of a stone circle with a central standing stone, and it is clear, therefore, that in the ninth century, the probable date of this Life, such remains were connected with the druids. This is, of course, very far from being proof that the druids really did worship at such places, but it shows that it is not altogether an extravagant notion to suppose so. Today we do use stone circles for ritual. However, we also use open spaces, woods, or by the side of water. Posted by Irish Medieval Clothing Irish medieval clothing Clothes in medieval Ireland consisted of two main items. Mentioned in the early records up until the 16th century these were the leine and the brat. Most Irish clothes of the time were very brightly coloured, often striped or dotted in various patterns. Brehon’s law (the set of laws that governed ancient Ireland) dictated which specific colours a person’s clothes could be: “The son of a king of Erin shall wear satin and red clothes'' “The sons of the inferior classes of chieftains shall wear black, yellow, or gray clothing" "The sons of the lowest class of chieftain shall wear old clothes" Material for garments varied with social class. The lower classes, which made up the majority of the population, wore clothing made of wool or linen. Since silk and satin had to be imported, only the very rich could afford garments made from such materials. Leine. The first was the leine (pronounced lay’/nuh; plural leinte). This was a smock like garment, either sleeveless or with fitted sleeves that fell to just above the ankles. For women, the garment could be even longer, although a full-length leine was never worn with out a brat (see below). Among lower classes, leinte were often shorter, presumably to allow for manual labour. The arms, chest and neck also had a looser fit to allow workers to slip the garment down to their waists during the day’s heat. Designs were embroidered on the neckline, cuffs and hemline. The leine was often pulled up through a belt, making the top billow and the length shorter. Brat. The second item found in medieval Irish garb is the brat (pronounce braht). This was a rectangular cloak, most often made from wool. It was worn much like a shawl, with a pin to fasten it at the neck or right shoulder. It was a voluminous garment that could be repositioned to create a hood. Brats were dyed many bright colours. Often the brat was one colour with a fringe or border of another colour. As with the leine, a longer length indicated a higher social status. Inar. Another garment sometimes found is the inar. This was a close fitting jacket that came to the waist. It was made both with sleeves and without. The inar was worn with trews (close fitting trousers) and never a leine. Soldiers are most often depicted in these garments. Broc. The trews worn with the inar were brocs. These were tight fitting trousers. They came to at least the knee, but could often be longer. When they were longer, they also had a strap that fitted around the bottom of the foot, making them look similar to modern stirrup pants. Crios. The crios is a belt, either woven from wool or made out of leather.If woven then several colours are used but usually there is a white border. While weaving, the warp is held taut between a foot and the weaver's hands; no loom is used. They are made 3 1/2 yards long for men, 2 yards for women In addition to holding up a leine, the crios was used to carry things as was often the way in medieval cultures. In contemporary times the crios (pronounced Kris) was worn by fishermen on the Arran Islands off the west coast of Ireland. Brog. Brog was a general term for shoes. Most brogs were made of untanned hide, making them soft and pliable. They were stitched together with the same hide and there was no lift or insole. There were also more ornate shoes made of tanned hide that had heels but these were most likely for special occasions. Kilts. There is still some speculation as to whether or not the ancient Irish wore kilts. Some historians believe that they did in fact wear kilts. Other believe what is actually depicted is a leine pulled up through the belt, giving the appearance of a kilt, the feileadh mor. Posted by	i don't know
Which river. approximately 28 miles in length, flows into Morecambe Bay through Fleetwood?	About: River Wyre About: River Wyre An Entity of Type : WikicatRiversOfWyre , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. Property The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. (en) Der Wyre ist ein Fluss in Lancashire, England. Der Wyre entsteht aus dem Zusammenfluss von Tarnbrook Wyre und Marshaw Wyre in Abbeystead im Forest of Bowland. In Abbeystead fließt der Wyre durch das 1855 gebaute Abbeystead Reservoir, das heute nicht mehr genutzt wird, jedoch noch klar erkennbar ist. Das Staubecken sollte einst den Wasserstand des Wyre sichern, damit die im weiteren Lauf gelegenen Spinnereien und Webereien ihren Betrieb aufrechterhalten konnten. Seit 1980 gibt es eine Tunnelverbindung durch die Wasser aus dem River Lune von Caton aus bis nach Abbeystead gepumpt werden kann, um die Wasserversorgung im südlichen Lancashire mit der Hilfe des Wyre zu sichern. Der Wyre fließt zunächst in westlicher Richtung bis er bei dem Ort Dolphinholme einen Bogen nach Süden beschreibt. Südlich von Forton kreuzt der Wyre die Autobahn M6 und fließt dann östlich an Garstang vorbei, in dessen Süden er den Lancaster Canal unterquert. Zwischen St Michael’s on Wyre und Thornton fließt der Wyre in westlicher Richtung und dann nach Norden um zwischen den Orten Fleetwood und Knott End-on-Sea in die Morecambe Bay zu münden. (de) La Wyre est un fleuve anglais de 45 km de long qui se jette dans la mer d'Irlande au sud de la baie de Morecambe. (fr) The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, United Kingdom, which flows into the Irish Sea at Fleetwood. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) in length. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. (en) La Wyre est un fleuve anglais de 45 km de long qui se jette dans la mer d'Irlande au sud de la baie de Morecambe. (fr) Der Wyre ist ein Fluss in Lancashire, England. Der Wyre entsteht aus dem Zusammenfluss von Tarnbrook Wyre und Marshaw Wyre in Abbeystead im Forest of Bowland.In Abbeystead fließt der Wyre durch das 1855 gebaute Abbeystead Reservoir, das heute nicht mehr genutzt wird, jedoch noch klar erkennbar ist. Das Staubecken sollte einst den Wasserstand des Wyre sichern, damit die im weiteren Lauf gelegenen Spinnereien und Webereien ihren Betrieb aufrechterhalten konnten. Seit 1980 gibt es eine Tunnelverbindung durch die Wasser aus dem River Lune von Caton aus bis nach Abbeystead gepumpt werden kann, um die Wasserversorgung im südlichen Lancashire mit der Hilfe des Wyre zu sichern. (de)	Wyre (disambiguation)
Who succeeded Jon Pertwee as Doctor Who?	Rivers of the Uk… \| Our Blog Page Search for: Rivers of the Uk… Recently, Year 4 have been learning about rivers. Please can they research some of the UK’s rivers and find some facts about them. Thanks, have a lovely weekend. Miss McCluskey 19 thoughts on “Rivers of the Uk… ” Freddie The river Thames is 215 miles long. River Thames is the second largest river in the uk. About 2 thirds of the London’s drinking water comes from the Thames. River Wyre: The river Wyre is about 28 miles long. The river Wyre flows through the Irish sea and Fleetwood. The river Wyre has one bridge witch is called the shard bridge. River Severn: River Severn is about 220 miles long. It flows through shrewsbury, Worcester, Bristol and Gloucester. It is the longest river in the uk. River Trent: River Trent is the third longest river in the uk. It flows through four cities. River Tyne: It is 200 miles long. The basin area is 2,145 km2. The source is in Cumbria. River Avon: It is 120 km long. It is in the south west. The source is in Severn Estuary. River Ribble: It is 75 miles long. Above Hellifield the valley of the river is called ribblesadale. 1.25 million people live in the ribbles catchment area. says: What’s the smallest river in the UK? The smallest river in the UK is the River Bain and it flows through North Yorkshire. What’s the longest river in the UK? The longest river in the UK is the River Severn and is about 220 miles long.It runs through England and Wales and has over 80 bridges going over it. What’s the deepest river in the UK? The deepest river in the UK is the River Thames.Some parts of the Thames are over 40ft deep. What’s the longest river in Northern Ireland? The longest river in Northern Ireland is the River Bann and is about 99 miles long. What’s the longest river in Scotland? The longest river in Scotland is the River Tay and is the seventh longest in the UK. In 2010 and 2011 parts of the Tay froze over for two weeks. Whats the longest river in Wales? The longest river in Wales is the River Towy and is about 75 miles long. It flows entirely through Wales. In 1932 Alex Allen caught the biggest fresh water fish ever caught. He landed a sturgeon and it was a massive 9ft long. That’s the same size as me with Thomas stood on my shoulders!! Freya says: The longest river in the UK is the River Severn. Its length is 220 miles and starts in Wales and ends in the Atlantic Ocean. The River Thames flows into the North Sea. Its length is 215 miles and it is the deepest river in Britain. The River Trent is 171 miles and starts in North Staffordshire and ends where it joins the Humber Estuary. The Trent is a bore river, which means that it has its own tide twice a day – one in the morning and one in the evening. The River Severn is a bore river too. The River Ribble is 75 miles long and flows through North Yorkshire and Lancashire. The river has been straightened to provide a shipping lane to Preston. The River Mersey is 70 miles long and begins at Stockport. It flows through Lancashire, Cheshire and Liverpool into the Irish Sea. Erin says: The River Yarrow is in Lancashire, with its source at an area called Will Narr at Hordern Stoops, along Spitlers Edge – the Chorley/Blackburn boundary – on the West Pennine Moors. The river feeds the Yarrow Reservoir, which in turn feeds the Anglezarke and Upper and Lower Rivington Reservoirs. Upon leaving the reservoirs via a pumping station, the river passes through an area that was formerly known as Abyssinia. Currently, this area is within the boundaries of Heath Charnock and Limbrick, but the original name was given because it was a route frequented by coal miners, and the workers were said to look like natives of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia): until the mid 20th century it was usual for miners to return from work covered in coal dust.[citation needed] From here, the river flows underneath the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, joining Black Brook at Yarrow Bridge, then continuing through the ancient woodland of Duxbury into Yarrow Valley Park forming a boundary of Euxton and on through Eccleston and Croston, where it feeds the River Douglas at Sollom just before its inlet into the River Ribble’s brackish final stretch. The entire course of the River Yarrow falls within Chorley and its villages. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site. Rivers of the United Kingdom The River Ribble The River Ribble is the 19th longest river in the United Kingdom. When the river goes round a corner sometimes it erodes away the river bank. The river Ribble was known as Belisama in the Roman times. The river Ribble starts at Ribble head and flows into the Irish Sea at Lytham. The river Ribble is 121 km long. The River Thames The river Thames runs through the city of London. It is 346 km long. It is believed that its name may come from the Sanskrit word Tamas meaning “dark” due to its dark waters. Others believe its name may come from the Roman Tam meaning “wide” and Isis meaning “water”. Henley on Thames is famous for its regatta. This is a rowing event held each year. The River Avon The river Avon is just over 120 km long. It flows through Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Somerset. It passes through the town of Stratford-upon-Avon which is the birthplace of William Shakespeare. ~RIVERS CONGO The Congo is one of the deepest rivers in the world with parts of it reaching depths of more than 220 metres (720 feet)! The river and the surrounding banks are home to a variety of wildlife including animals like bonobos, hippos, manatees, crocodiles, elephants and at least 700 species of fish (scientists haven’t had a good look at all stretches of the river yet so there could be many more). AMAZON The Amazon River is located in South America. It runs through Guyana, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. The length of the Amazon River is approximately 6400 kilometres (4000 miles). During the wet season, the Amazon River can reach over 190 kilometres (120 miles) in width. There are no bridges that cross the Amazon, mostly because there is no need, the majority of the Amazon River runs through rainforests rather than roads or cities. The largest city along the Amazon River is Manaus. Located in Brazil it is home to over 1.7 million people. There are over 3000 known species of fish that live in the Amazon River, with more constantly being discovered. THAMES The River Thames is the second longest river in the UK. It is the most well-known of Britain’s rivers because it flows through central London. It also flows through (or really close by) some other important towns and cities in England, such as: Richmond, Kingston upon Thames, Windsor, Henley-on-Thames, Oxford and Reading.The Thames is the home to many different types of creatures. Lots of birds can be found at different points along the course of the Thames from source to mouth (such as herons, moorhens, grebes, kingfishers and coots). The Thames supports lots of different fish species too, including: trout, chub, roach, pike and many more. NILE The length of the Nile River is approximately 6650 kilometres (4132 miles). It is believed to be the longest river in the world. Located in Africa, the Nile River lies in the following countries: Kenya, Eritrea, Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. The length of the Nile River is approximately 6650 kilometres (4132 miles). It is believed to be the longest river in the world. Located in Africa, the Nile River lies in the following countries: Kenya, Eritrea, Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. RIBBLE The River Ribble is home to a variety of protected species, including the Eurasian otter, Atlantic salmon and whiteclawed crayfish; says: The Great Ouse The river great ouse is the longest of several British rivers called “Ouse”. It is 143 miles and starts at a place called Syresham in Central England. Then it goes out to sea at Kings Lynn. The Great Ouse is that clean now that otters have come back to live in it again. The River Tay The river Tay is the longest river in Scotland and is the seventh longest in the United Kingdom. Its catchment is approximately 2000 square miles. All the water off the lower Highlands goes into the river Tay meaning its catchment is around 2000 square miles and has more water go through it than any other in the UK. The river has lots of Atlantic salmon and the record for the biggest rod caught salmon is 64lbs caught by Miss Georgina Ballantine in 1922. It also has pearl mussels and otters . The River Liffey The Liffey starts in Liffey Head Bog in the Wicklow mountains. It flows through counties Wicklow, Kildare and Dublin. It goes in the Irish Sea at Dublin Bay . The Liffey is 82 miles long. 60% of the water in the Liffey is taken out for drinking water. A popular myth is that water from the Liffey is used to make Guinness but its not true because Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains. The first iron Bridge to cross the Liffey is in Dublin and is called the Ha’penny bridge and was built in 1816. The Nile is the longest river in the world. It has a distance of 6,695 kilometres or 4,160 miles. The Nile flows through Africa. River Ribble It has a distance of 121 kilometres or 121,000 meters.The River Ribble flows through north Yorkshire and Lancashire. The River Amazon dosen’t have any bridges because there is no need. The length of the Amazon is 6400 kilometres or 4000 miles. It flows through south America. River Ob The River Ob is the 7th longest River in the world. it has a distance of 700 kilometres or 430 miles long. It flows through western Russia. River Thames The River Thames is a very small river with only a distance of 346 kilometres or 215 miles. It flows through London, England. says: The River Thames The River Thames is 346km long. There are 104 bridges going across it. I went on Tower Bridge and watched it go up so a big boat could go through. I also went on a boat tour on the river. There are 80 islands in the river and some of it is used for drinking water. The river Ribble The River Ribble is in yorkshire and Lancashire. It is 121 km long. Once I slipped and fell in the river at Brockholes. I got very wet! The river is a breeding place for atlantic salmon which is endangered. The River Yarrow The River Yarrow is in lancashire and it goes through Birkacre and Duxbury woods. At yarrow Valley Park there is a weir. I dont like it because it is too noisy. There is a fish pass next to it so the fish can get upstream. The River Avon Teh river Avon is 120km long and it goes through Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Somerset. The river Avon goes through Bath and Bristol. I am going to Bristol in the summer holidays and we are going to go across the Clifton suspension bridge. The river Severn I haven’t been to the River Severn yet but I have seen a video of the backwards wave called the Severn bore. Sometimes a big wave flows against the current and goes upstream and some people surf on it! says: The River Thames The river Thames is one of the most well known rivers in the UK. It runs through the capital city of London and is 215 miles long. The source of the Thames is in Gloucestershire and it ends at the North Sea. The Thames provides about two thirds of London’s drinking water and is also tidal. There are more than 80 islands on the Thames including the isle of Sheppey and Canvey Island. There are many kinds of birds and fish along the Thames. The River Ribble This river goes through the Brockholes nature reserve which we saw on Monday during our visit. It begins in Ribblesdale in North Yorkrshire and ends between Lytham and Southport where it meets the Irish Sea. The Ribble is tidal and sometimes you can see a bore wave which is created when the tide brings in more water. the River Ribble is 75 miles long and in the estuary many birds spend winter there. It is also a main breeding ground for the rare Atlantic Salmon. The River Yarrow This river starts at Winter hill and flows through the Yarrow and Anglezarke reservoirs and carries on down through Charnock Richard. It flows under the Leeds Liverpool canal and through the ancient Duxbury woods near my house and down to the Yarrow Valley Park. It meets the River Douglas at Sollom after Croston and then becomes an inlet for the River Ribble. Rivers River Severn: The River Severn is the longest river in the UK. It is 220 miles long. It actually starts in Ceredigion in Wales and finishes near Bristol in England, where it flows out into the Atlantic Ocean. A famous bridge called The Iron Bridge crosses over the River Severn. It is famous because it was the worlds first arch bridge built out of iron. River Thames: This is the second longest river in the UK. It is only 5 miles shorter than the River Severn at 215 miles. It starts as a small trickle in the Cotswolds and flows through the cities of Oxford and London, and then flows out into the North Sea. It is the deepest river in Britain. It has 45 locks and more than 25 different species of fish in it. It also has a riverside path which goes along the river for 184 miles, making it the longest riverside walk in Europe. River Trent: The River Trent is the third longest river in the UK. It is 185 miles long. It starts in Biddulph in Staffordshire and flows through the Midlands and then flows North out through the Humber estuary into the North Sea. The River Trent has many tributaries including the River Derwent, River Idle, River Leen, River Sow and the River Tame. More than 80 bridges cross the River Trent, and more than 30 types of fish live in the River Trent. River Ribble: The River Ribble, near us in Lancashire, is the joint nineteenth longest river in the UK (along with the River Avon in Bristol) . It is 75 miles long. It starts at Ribblehead in Yorkshire and flows through Settle, Clitheroe, Ribchester and Preston before flowing out into the Irish Sea between Lytham St. Annes and Southport. The River Ribble runs through Brockholes Nature Reserve in Lancashire. Longest River in the UK it is 220 miles long. Starts in Wales ends in the Atlantic near Bristol The river has been there for at least 2000 years River Thames Provides about two thirds of London’s drinking water. The Celts called it the “Tamesis” There are more than eighty Islands along its length Is tidal. London is protected from floods by a large mechanical barrier. Rive Ribble 75 Miles long Source is Horton in Ribblesdale in Yorkshire and flow in to the Irish Sea at Lytham Lots of birds spend winter in the estuary and is a breeding ground for Atlantic Salmon Tributaries include River Yarrow and River Douglas	i don't know
The Bio-Bio Valley is a wine producing region in which country?	Chilean Wine Country Regions – Chilean Wine Chilean Wine Country Regions Map of Chilean Wine Country Chile is fortunate to have climate conditions that are ideal for good wine grape growing harvests. Hot summers, coastal cooling breezes, and moderate rainfall. In this page you will find information on Chile’s principal wine producing regions (valleys) as well as links to some of the vineyards and cellars in that region. If you are looking at visiting Chile’s wine country I recommend you visit my Chile Wine Tour page and my Chilean Map page. Valle del Elqui is the northernmost valley out of the 14 principal valley regions outlined on the map. This valley has traditionally been known as a Pisco producing zone. Pisco is Chile’s national non-wine liquor. Its made from grapes and is usually available in a clear consistency. Unlike brandy, the taste is usually less sweet. There are similarities between pisco and some white tequilas. The region’s soil characteristics are rocky with a high level of permeability and small amounts of rainfall. Sunshine is plentiful year-round. The weather can reach high level s in the daytime and reach down close to freezing temperatures at night. Carmerne and Syrah production has done well in this valley. Some of the vineyards you can visit in this valley include:	Chile
The frequent absences of King George I from England and Parliament led directly to the creation of which position in government?	Map of Chilean Wine Regions » CellarTours Map of Chilean Wine Regions Do you like? Click on map or magnifying glass to zoom Chile is an exciting and exotic South American destination that will delight wine lovers and nature lovers alike, with some of the most beautiful scenery on earth and phenomenal wine estates. Santiago, the national´s capital city is a great starting point and you will find top class restaurants, wine bars and boutique hotels here. Chile´s wine country is primarily located within the perimeters of the Elqui valley (East of La Serena) and the Malleco valley (north of Temuco). The wine regions are categorized by valleys and there are a wide range of micro climates and wine styles being made. Heading south from the Elqui valley you will find the Limarí valley, Choapa valley, Aconcagua valley, Maipo valley, Casablanca valley, San Antonio valley, Cachapoal valley, Colchagua valley, Curicó valley, Maule valley, Itata valley, Bio BIo valley and Malleco valley. In between wine tastings and great meals in the winelands you can follow the footsteps of Pablo Neruda in Valparaiso, taste fabulous seafood and enjoy the coast around Viña del Mar, go horse riding or cycling in the vineyards... Great food, wine, culture and scenery- Chile has it all! Other Wine Region Maps in the Cellar Tours Collection	i don't know
What colour are the seats in the House of Commons?	The Commons Chamber - UK Parliament The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber looks very different to that of the Lords. The current Chamber was rebuilt after the Blitz by the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott in relatively austere style (although it was less ornate than the Lords Chamber even before 1941). Its benches, as well as other furnishings, are green in colour, a custom which goes back 300 years. The adversarial layout - with benches facing each other - is in fact a relic of the original use of the first permanent Commons Chamber on the site, St Stephen’s Chapel. The previous Commons Chamber on this site was designed by Charles Barry to be smaller and less elaborate than the Lords Chamber. When it opened in May 1852, the Members complained about its inadequate acoustics and insisted that the roof should be remodelled to rise from the sides towards the centre. Barry was forced to redesign the ceiling of the Chamber accordingly, and the roof of the present Chamber retains this general shape. When the Chamber was rebuilt after 1945 at the cost of £2 million, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a steel-framed building of five floors (two taken by the Chamber), with offices both above and below. He also introduced modern heating, light and ventilation and enlarged the galleries to provide many more seats, and especially for the press and public. But because of post-war budget constraints, he provided a simpler and plainer Gothic design for his Chamber. The windows of the new Chamber, for instance, are of plain rather than stained glass, and the walls are decorated only by plain oak panelling. Contributions from the Commonwealth A number of Commonwealth countries also contributed to the cost of materials for the new Chamber: Australia the Speaker’s Chair, Canada the Table of the House, Jamaica the Bar of the House, India and Pakistan the Entrance doors to the Chamber and New Zealand the despatch boxes. Other Commonwealth countries contributed to the cost of fitting out the new ministerial offices in the new block. The new Chamber was used for the first time on 26 October 1950. Biographies	Green (disambiguation)
What type of engine powered the first generation of Spitfire fighters in the 1930's ?	The Commons Chamber - UK Parliament The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber The Commons Chamber looks very different to that of the Lords. The current Chamber was rebuilt after the Blitz by the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott in relatively austere style (although it was less ornate than the Lords Chamber even before 1941). Its benches, as well as other furnishings, are green in colour, a custom which goes back 300 years. The adversarial layout - with benches facing each other - is in fact a relic of the original use of the first permanent Commons Chamber on the site, St Stephen’s Chapel. The previous Commons Chamber on this site was designed by Charles Barry to be smaller and less elaborate than the Lords Chamber. When it opened in May 1852, the Members complained about its inadequate acoustics and insisted that the roof should be remodelled to rise from the sides towards the centre. Barry was forced to redesign the ceiling of the Chamber accordingly, and the roof of the present Chamber retains this general shape. When the Chamber was rebuilt after 1945 at the cost of £2 million, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a steel-framed building of five floors (two taken by the Chamber), with offices both above and below. He also introduced modern heating, light and ventilation and enlarged the galleries to provide many more seats, and especially for the press and public. But because of post-war budget constraints, he provided a simpler and plainer Gothic design for his Chamber. The windows of the new Chamber, for instance, are of plain rather than stained glass, and the walls are decorated only by plain oak panelling. Contributions from the Commonwealth A number of Commonwealth countries also contributed to the cost of materials for the new Chamber: Australia the Speaker’s Chair, Canada the Table of the House, Jamaica the Bar of the House, India and Pakistan the Entrance doors to the Chamber and New Zealand the despatch boxes. Other Commonwealth countries contributed to the cost of fitting out the new ministerial offices in the new block. The new Chamber was used for the first time on 26 October 1950. Biographies	i don't know
Which vegetable is usually mixed with potatoes to make the Irish dish, Colcannon?	Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe, Whats Cooking America Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe 0 Mashed Potato with Kale and Bacon Irish Colcannon Potato Recipe is a true Irish soul food. The dish consists of mashing together buttery mashed potatoes with cooked kale or cabbage and leeks for flavoring. Once the mixture is mashed together, it is ready to eat or it can be placed in a baking pan and baked in an oven for another 30 minutes. For this recipe, I used kale sauteed in bacon and mixed in the bacon crumbles (because I love bacon and bacon gives everything a boost!). I love the color of the dark green kale mixed with the mashed potatoes as well as the flavor of bacon and leeks. It is very common in Ireland, to find the colcannon recipe printed on the back of a bag of potatoes. There are also many recipe variations. Some boil the greens and some will saute the greens in bacon for additional flavor. If your a lover of collard greens, then you should definitely try colcannon to serve at your next family dinner. You can also enjoy your leftover colcannon for breakfast the next morning as fried patties or fry it up with leftover meat to make Corned Beef Bubble and Squeak . Check out What’s Cooking America’s Perfect Mashed Potatoes and also our favorite holiday Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes . History of Colcannon: During Medieval times in Europe and Ireland, potatoes, cabbages, and leeks were considered the food of the common man so it was inevitable that a dish would evolve that combines all the ingredients. The word colcannon is from the Gaelic term “cal ceannann” which means white-headed cabbage. It is also believed to be a derivative of the old Irish “cainnenin” translated as garlic, onion, or leek. In Ireland, colcannon is served as a special treat with ham or Irish bacon. The Irish tradition is to serve colcannon as the main dish for Halloween festivities and refer to the evening as “Colcannon Night”. Colcannon is used for the foretelling of marriages. Just as Americans have the fun superstition of the single young lady who catches the wedding bouquet will be the next to marry. Young single Irish women hope to find the ring hidden in their plate of colcannon. A blindfolded, unmarried woman is to pick the head of cabbage or kale from the garden that is to be cooked in the colcannon dish. Charms such as rings, thimbles, and coins are wrapped and hidden in bowls of colcannon. This is a particularly exciting eve for the young men or women. If a young unmarried girl is lucky enough to find a ring in her bowl, a marriage proposal could be soon waiting for her and she would likely marry within the year before the next Colcannon Night. Other young maidens would fill their stockings with their first and last spoonfuls of colcannon and hang them from the front door handle. It is believed that the first man through the door would become their future husband. Irish immigrants that came to the United States, introduced colcannon to American cuisine and you will find it served in America more commonly on Saint Patrick’s Day. One of the favorite ways to enjoy a plate of colcannon is to make a large mountain shaped pile on your plate, then make a big well or hole in the center of the pile. A generous pat of butter is placed in the hole which quickly melts. Then cream is poured around the outside of the colcannon pile. One is to take a spoonful of colcannon and dip it into the well of melted butter and experience a bite of heaven. 1735 – Earliest reference to mashed potatoes and cabbages is found in the Diary of William Bulkely, of Bryndda, near Amlwch in Anglesey, who made two journeys to Dublin in 1735. 1847 – Mrs. Crowen’s American Lady’s Cookery Book, Mrs. T.J. Crowen [Dick & Fitzgerald: New York] 1847 (p.194) “Cabbage and Potatoes.- Chop cold boiled cabbage and potatoes quite fine; put them together, season with butter, pepper and salt, add a very little vinegar to hopt water, to moisten without making it wet, put it into a stew-pan over the firs, stir it well, that is may be thoroughly heated, but not burn; then take it into a dish, and serve for breakfast, or with cold boiled salt meat for dinner.” 1875 – Cassell’s Dictionary of Cookery with Numberous Illustrations, [Cassel, Petter, Galpin & Co. : London] 1875 (p.150) “Colcannon. – Boil separately equal weights of young cabbage, savoy, or spinach, and potatoes. Chop the greens and mash the potatoes, and mix them wll together with a little pepper and salt, and one ounce of butter to one pound of the mixed vegetables. Heat the mixture over the fire for a few minutes, stirring it all the time; then press it into a hot, well-buttered mould. Turn out and serve. Or, press it after mixing into a well-buttered mould, and put it into the oven for half and hour. Turn out and serve. Cold vegetable may be warmed up in this way. Probably cost, 6d. For a pint mould. Sufficient for three or four persons.” Food Timeline: Irish Food History & Traditions – Colcannon Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press, 1999 (p 203) Irish Traditional Cooking. Dublin: Allen, Darina (2012 revised version), Gill and Macmillan. P.152. Researching Food History Blog Spot – Cooking And Dining, Colcannon Night, by Patricia Bixler Reber, Oct 28, 2013, healthcook.com One Perfect Bite Blog Spot, Cocannon – An Irish Halloween Tradition, by Mary Bergfeld, Oct 8, 2009 Yield: 6 to 8 servings Ingredients: 1 1/3 pounds (4 medium) Russet or Yukon Gold potatoes , washed, peeled, and cut into uniform 2-inch chunks* 1 teaspoon salt 4 to 6 tablespoons warm butter 1/2 to 2/3 cup hot milk, half & half, or cream 4 strips thick-cut bacon 1/2 bunch of curly kale , washed, de-stemmed, and chopped** 1 leek , finely chopped 4 green onions stalks (1/2 cup,) finely chopped (divided) Salt and Pepper to taste * Do not cut the potatoes into smaller chunks as too much water will be absorbed by the potatoes. After cutting the potatoes, immediately place in cold water to prevent discoloration of the potatoes. ** Can substitute 1/2 head of cabbage, if desired. Instructions: Mashed Potato Preparation: In large saucepan, add cut-up potatoes, 1/2 teaspoon salt, and just enough cold water until potatoes are covered; bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium; cover and let simmer 15 to 20 minutes or until potatoes are tender when pierced with a fork. Potatoes are done when the internal temperature registers approximately 200 degrees F. on your cooking thermometer . This is the type of cooking thermometer that I prefer and use in my cooking. I get many readers asking what cooking thermometer that I prefer and use in my cooking and baking. I, personally, use the Thermapen Thermometer shown in the photo on the right. To learn more about this excellent thermometer and to also purchase one (if you desire), just click on the underlined: Thermapen Thermometer . While potatoes are cooking, either in another saucepan or microwave, heat butter. Also heat hot milk or saucepan or microwave. NOTE: Do not add cold butter or cold milk/cream when making mashed potatoes. When the potatoes are cooked, remove from heat and immediately drain potatoes thoroughly in a colander. Return to saucepan; heat over medium-low heat approximately 1 to 2 minutes to dry potatoes, stirring occasionally. NOTE: Boiled potatoes left in water will start to jell and may even increase in volume, becoming swollen and watery. That is why it is important to let the potatoes drain for a couple of minutes in a colander immediately after they are cooked. In the same saucepan that the potatoes have been heated in, mash potatoes with a potato masher, potato ricer (do not use your electric mixer) until there are no lumps. Stir in warm butter, remaining 1/2 teaspoon salt, and 1/2 cup of the hot milk. Add additional milk, a little at a time, if necessary, for desired consistency. Note: Gluey or gooey mashed potatoes are caused by vigorous over mashing, as anyone who has tried to make the side dish in a food processor can attest. When potatoes are boiled, their starch granules swell. If those granules are broken too vigorously, the cells release copious quantities of starch, resulting in a potatoes with the consistency of wallpaper paste. I personally use a potato ricer when making mashed potatoes. Using a potato ricer, you can make velvety smooth mashed potatoes right at home because potatoes come out fluffy without being gummy. Once you use the potato rice, you will never go back to the old traditional potato masher. If you don't have one and would like to purchase a potato ricer , just click on the green link. Season to taste with additional salt, if desired. Colcannon Preparation: While potatoes are cooking, in large skillet over medium-high heat, start cooking the bacon strips until bacon is crisp. Remove the bacon and set aside on a plate with paper towels. Drain off most of the bacon fat, until there is enough left to coat the bottom of the skillet. Add the kale and leeks to the skillet and sautfor approximately 5 to 7 minutes or until the kale is completely cooked and shriveled. Remove the kale and leeks from the skillet and set aside on a cutting board to cool down. Once the kale and leeks have cooled down enough to touch, use a knife to finely dice the mixture. Crumble the bacon into small pieces and set aside 1 teaspoon of the bacon pieces along with 1 teaspoon of diced green onions for garnishment. Stir the kale mixture, remaining bacon pieces and green onions into the mashed potatoes until well blended. Season to taste with additional salt and pepper. Spoon Colcannon into large serving bowl and sprinkle with reserved bacon crumbles and diced green onions mixture. Serve immediately Makes 6 to 8 servings.	Thirteen (Teenage Fanclub album)
Who played the title role in the long-running detective series Bergerac?	Creamy Colcannon with Kale and Bacon - Foodness Gracious Foodness Gracious Creamy Colcannon with Kale and Bacon February 17, 2016 Pin912 Shares 1K Today’s recipe comes at warp speed to you with not one, but two vegetables and a protein! I know, you’re thinking that sounds really healthy Gerry, thanks. But while kale is one of the veggies, the other is a potato and the protein is pan-fried bacon. The Irish dish, Colcannon isn’t trying to be healthy. The obnoxious amounts of cream, butter, and cheese sort of blows that idea out of the water. As a food blogger, I’m always checking off the seasons and special holidays throughout the year. As soon as one passes, another is right there waiting for it’s 10 minutes of screen time fame. We just put Valentine’s Day to bed, so let’s make some space for St Patrick’s Day with it’s Guinness Battered Onion Rings and crusty Irish Soda Bread . Seriously, are we already talking about March, I swear my life is on fast forward. St Patrick’s day is full of comfort recipes, slow cooked corned beef, Irish stew and this creamy, cheesy Colcannon are just three of my favorites. Colcannon is a traditional Irish side dish usually made up of mashed potatoes with kale or cabbage mixed through. Am I the only person that thinks mashed potato is like a secret code word for dairy dumping ground. It embraces copious amounts of butter and cream and in this case, greek yogurt to help make it taste awesome. But there’s a bunch of kale in there too, so no hate mail guys It’s all about balance. Those tiny flecks of brownish-orange color are crispy bacon nuggets, just to make sure we completely blow the calorie count sky high. A final mention to the cheese, Cabot’s Alpine Cheddar is strong and sharp and melts like lava. Am I selling this to you? Balance…and lovely green kale. Focus friends. Sea salt and cracked black pepper Instructions Bring a large pot of water to a boil and drop the potatoes into it. Boil the potatoes until they can be easily pierced with a sharp pointed knife, about 30 minutes. While the potatoes are cooking, chop the bacon into dice and cook in a pan until almost crispy. In another large pan bring the water or stock to a simmer, add the chopped kale and cover with a lid. Cook the kale for about 6-8 minutes. Set aside Once the potatoes are done, drain them and add them to the bowl of a stand mixer (or hand mash them if preferred) Beat until smooth and there are no large lumps visible. Add the Greek yogurt, butter, cheese and cream. Mix until all of the dairy is well combined. Add the cooked bacon and nutmeg and mix. Taste and season with salt and black pepper. Fold in as much of the cooked kale as you desire. Serve warm, can be reheated in the microwave.	i don't know
Which is the deepest lake in the English Lake District?	A Quick Guide to England's Lake District Updated December 24, 2016. Claims to fame: The Lake District, in England's Northwest, is a vast national park, carved out by glaciers about 15,000 years ago. It has: four mountains over 3,000 feet including England's highest about 50 lakes and tarns, including England's biggest and England's deepest connections with leading literary figures, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and de Quincey. been attracting visitors for hundreds of years - dating back to intrepid lady diarist Celia Fiennes in 1698 inspired England's most famous fell walking guides - The Wainwright Guides. Lakeland statistics and superlatives: The Lake District is England's only true mountain region. The national park covers 885 square miles (33 miles north to south, 40 miles east to west) - about 85 percent of the area of Rhode Island. Among its outstanding features: Windermere, England's biggest natural lake is 10.56 miles long, a mile wide and about 220 feet deep. Wastwater, England's deepest lake has a surface 200 feet above sea level and a bottom 50 feet below sea level. continue reading below our video Long-Haul Flight Survival Tips Scaffell Pike, at nearly 3,209 feet, is England's highest mountain - called a fell - and considered to be one of the hardest of the UK's high peaks to get to. Cities, Towns and Roads in the Lake District: Although the Lake District is England's most densely populated national park, there are no cities,large towns or major road routes. The M6 Motorway skirts the eastern edge of the national park and passes through, or near, these regional gateway cities and towns: Fell Walking in the Lakes: The word fell comes from the Old Norse word fjall for mountain. One of the most popular pastimes in the the Lake District is fell walking. The challenges range from hills around Keswick and Derwentwater that are little more than modest uphill walks of a couple of hundred feet, to difficult scrambling hikes to the top of Scafell Pike. Because the Lakeland fells are virtually bare and preside over vast, U-shaped valleys, the rewards of fell walking are the spectacular views. Alfred Wainwright and the Lakeland Fells.: Between 1952 and 1966, Alfred Wainwright, considered by many to be the father of fell walking, set out to walk 214 Lake District Peaks and write about them in seven, carefully handwritten and illustrated walking guides. These books have now become British classics.<p> In the summer of 2007, to mark the centenery of Wainwright's birth, six million people watched the BBC2 Series Wainwright Walks. Walking in Wainwright's footsteps opens up some of the best routes and views in the Lakes. A Pictorial Guide To The Lakeland Fells - Compare Prices Wainwright's "Eight Lakeland Walks" is now available as a podcast. Compare Prices The Lakes are linked to: William Wordsworth - The Gondola on Coniston Water When to go: Summers are crowded in the Lake District. There are few roads and those are narrow and wind through valleys and mountain passes so traffic can be a real problem during July and August. Go, if you can, in spring or autumn, when the color of the landscape is at its best. Winter also has its charms - there is little snow, except on the highest ground and the lakes don't usually freeze. Steamers on Lake Windermere and Ullswater cruise all year round. Keep in mind though that winter fell walking is only for well equipped walkers with plenty of experience. Some of the higher road passes can ice up in winter. Five More Cool Things to Do in the Lakes:	Wast Water
Pitchblende is the chief ore of which metallic element?	The lakes of the English Lake District \| Lake District Guide The lakes of the English Lake District Harter Fell (Mardale) from Haweswater Reservoir The lakes of the English Lake District The English Lake District is made up of series of over 80 glacial lakes, mountain tarns and several reservoirs. Of these around 20 are considered significant. The sizes of the lakes varies, with Windermere being the largest in both length and width (10 x 1 miles or 17 x 1.6 Km). The deepest of the lakes is Wastwater with a maximum depth of 250 feet (76 metres). Only Bassenthwaite Lake, is officially referred to as a lake, the remaining names end in either water or mere. - the latter term refers to a lake that is broad in relation to its depth. A tarn is used to refer to any small lake although it originally meant a form of glacial mountain lake.	i don't know
What is added to whisky and sweet vermouth to make a Bobby Burns cocktail?	Bobby Burns Cocktail Recipe You need to be a member in create and edit lists. Register here Already a member? Login. 1 oz Sweet Red VermouthSweet Red Vermouth () 2 oz Scotch WhiskyScotch Whisky () ¼ oz DOM BenedictineDOM Benedictine () Add to My Bar 1 oz Sweet Red VermouthSweet Red Vermouth 2 oz Scotch WhiskyScotch Whisky ¼ oz DOM BenedictineDOM Benedictine Email the recipe	Order of Saint Benedict
In which year were One Pound coins introduced?	Bobby Burns Cocktail recipe Bobby Burns Cocktail recipe Scan me to take me with you serve in 1 1/4 tsp benedictine herbal liqueur 1 twist lemon peel Stir all ingredients (except lemon peel) with ice and strain into a cocktail glass. Add the twist of lemon peel and serve. most popular drinks in this category...	i don't know
Which European country hasn't been at war since 1814?	Sweden may be at war ‘in a few years’ – top brass in leaked document — RT News Sweden confirms mystery ‘Russian sub’…was in fact a workboat Sweden has not been at war since 1814, when it crushed Norway and forced it to enter a union together. It maintained neutrality during the two world wars of the 20th century and remained unaligned during the Cold War, relying on a system of so-called “total defense” to discourage a possible Soviet invasion. Since the 1990s the Nordic country has been downsizing its military and in 2010 it abolished peacetime conscription in favor of a volunteer-only force. In 2014, the trend was reversed as Russia’s stand-off with the US over the Ukrainian crisis sparked concerns about security in Europe. In 2014 Swedish Navy conducted a costly search for an alleged Russian submarine amid a media hysterics, which ended with no such boats found. The military eventually acknowledged that the photo of the ‘Russian sub’ that triggered the hunt was actually of a workboat. The failure didn’t stop the Swedish military from requesting a US$696 million boost to its budget between 2016 and 2020 to counter the perceived threat of spying Russian submarines. Sweden also indicated that it wants to develop closer ties with NATO or even become a member of the alliance, which Moscow sees a threat to its national security. The possibility of a Russian invasion touted by Brännström remains disputed in the Swedish military. His boss, Supreme Commander Micael Bydén, stated that there was no military threat to Sweden. "We should be aware that we are continuously being exposed to intelligence gathering and campaigns. We also know that areas in our region, the Baltic and increasingly the Arctic, constitute areas of friction between Russia and the West," he told a military conference in Sälen earlier this month.	Sweden
How many masts does the vessel known as a Ketch have?	Russian menace pushes Sweden towards Nato - BBC News BBC News Russian menace pushes Sweden towards Nato By Paul Adams Diplomatic correspondent 4 February 2016 Close share panel Media captionWhy Sweden is concerned about Russian provocation In the middle of the Baltic Sea, a chilly east wind blows across a former Cold War frontier. After more than 20 years of strategic irrelevance, and thanks to increasingly unpredictable Russian behaviour, Gotland is back in the spotlight. It is the latest chapter in the island's long military history, and one returning soldier is thrilled. "It's almost a dream come true," says Lt Col Stefan Pettersson. After a decade in civilian life, Pettersson is back in uniform, preparing to take command of the Swedish island's defences. As he scans the snowy landscape where he and his colleagues used to train, he is still pinching himself. "I always had a dream to come back as an officer and to do it here on Gotland and establish a new unit, it's perfect," he tells me. The new Gotland battlegroup, expected to take shape by the end of next year, will number 300 full- and part-time soldiers. Getting the infrastructure ready, even for this small force, will take time. Having turned its back on Gotland 20 years ago, the Swedish military is starting again from scratch. The former barracks have long since been turned into local government offices. In a frigid, air-conditioned warehouse, deep in the forest, 14 German-made Leopard tanks are already waiting for their crews to join them. It's all a far cry from the 15-20,000 military personnel who were stationed on Gotland at the height of the Cold War, but officials say reinforcements can be sent in quickly if needed. Febrile atmosphere "You are in the middle of Nato on one hand and Russia on the other," Pettersson says. "Gotland is in the middle of this." And while "this" doesn't yet represent a return to Cold War realities, it does refer to an increasingly febrile Baltic atmosphere. Image caption Lt Col Stefan Pettersson is taking command of the Gotland defences Image copyright Reuters Image caption Peter Hultqvist is concerned about Russian military activites in the Baltic Swedish officials say Russian military aircraft frequently infringe Swedish airspace. In 2014, the country was transfixed for a week by reports that a Russian submarine was lurking in the shallow waters of the Stockholm archipelago. "What we can see is that there are more exercises, more military activities in the Baltic Sea," Defence Minister Peter Hultqvist tells me. "We can also see more proactive activities, flying close to our aircraft." It's one thing to see what the Russians are doing, but what does it all mean? No-one in Sweden believes that Russia would launch an unprovoked attack on a country outside the former Soviet Union, but Moscow is seen as increasingly unpredictable. Media captionSweden carried out a search for a Russian submarine in the waters off its coast in 2014 "Did we understand, before it happened, the annexation of Crimea? Did we understand that they were very close to starting something in Eastern Ukraine?" says Michael Byden, Supreme Commander of Sweden's armed forces. "This is one of the great challenges right now: what are they up to and why do they do it?" Some analysts believe Russia's behaviour has more to do with shoring up Vladimir Putin's domestic support than probing Swedish defences. But whatever the rationale, it's already prompted the Swedish government to boost defence spending and shift the military's focus to regional security after two decades in which international operations took precedence. Image caption Visby Ancestral home of the Gutes. Population is approximately 57,000, of which about 24,000 live in the main town, Visby The island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. It has also triggered a lively debate about whether Sweden should join Nato. Opinion polls conducted last year showed, for the first time, almost half of all Swedes in favour , with a slightly smaller number opposed. This represents a sharp recent increase. In 2012, fewer than one in five Swedes were in favour. Russian behaviour only partly explains the sudden jump, says Jacob Westberg, who lectures in strategy at the Swedish Defence University in Stockholm. "The first factor is an increased awareness of the sad state of the Swedish armed forces when it comes to defending Swedish territory," he says. Weak defence In December 2012, the former chief of staff triggered consternation with his admission that Sweden's military could only defend itself for a week in the face of an attack. "This resulted in a dramatic debate," Westberg says. "Is it true? Could it be this bad? And it was." Military chiefs are still embarrassed by the 2013 "Russian Easter" incident , when six Russian aircraft carried out a simulated attack on Stockholm, and the Swedish air force failed to scramble any of its jets. Sweden already co-operates closely with Nato members. Its forces are more "interoperable" than many alliance members. In 2011, Swedish Gripen jets participated in the Nato-led intervention in Libya. Image copyright Tupolev.ru Image caption Tu-22M3 bombers were used to simulate an attack on Stockholm in 2013 But a country which hasn't fought a war since 1814 and which prides itself on a tradition of neutrality and non-alliance is reluctant to take the logical next step. Despite its close relationship with Nato, Jacob Westberg says the country is pursuing a "free-riding strategy". "We are letting the security of our own country be dependent on other states' ability to deter Russia from further aggression," he says. During the "Russian Easter" incident, it fell to two Danish jets, operating as part of Nato's Quick Reaction Alert, to scramble from a base in Lithuania. Until Sweden is fully integrated in a collective effort to defend the Baltic region, Westberg says, Stockholm won't be seen as a fully reliable partner. Image caption Joakim Martell welcomes the focus on Gotland Back in Gotland, one of Stefan Pettersson's former colleagues, retired colonel Joakim Martell, calls the government's renewed attention on this strategic island "a good start". But a man who spent 15 years of his military career in Gotland says Sweden needs to go further. "It's also important to have… a more strategic view on the island as part of the security network we're connected to," he says. "To be quite clear, that is part of the Nato network that Sweden… should be connected to more than we are today."	i don't know
Who was the first woman in space, a feat she achieved in June 1963?	Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space By Tim Sharp, Reference Editor \| June 14, 2013 03:48pm ET MORE Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to fly to space when she launched on the Vostok 6 mission June 16, 1963. Credit: NASA Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go into space when she flew Vostok 6 in 1963. She spent almost three days in space and orbited Earth 48 times. That was her only trip into space. Tereshkova later toured the world to promote Soviet science and became involved in Soviet politics. Early life Valentina Vladimirovna "Valya" Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937, in Maslennikovo, a village near the Volga River about 170 miles (277 kilometers) northeast of Moscow. Her father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a cotton mill. Tereshkova's father was killed during World War II, leaving her mother to raise three children alone. Valentina didn't start school until she was 8, and had to leave school when she was 16. She became an apprentice at a tire factory and later joined her mother at the mill. She continued her education through correspondence courses. Tereshkova joined the mill's Young Communist League (Komsomol) and soon advanced to the Communist Party. She became interested in parachute jumping after joining the Yaroslavl Air Sports Club. Inspired by Gagarin After Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space in 1961, Tereshkova volunteered for the Soviet space program. Although she did not have any experience as a pilot, she was accepted into the program because of her 126 parachute jumps. At the time, cosmonauts had to parachute from their capsules seconds before they hit the ground on returning to Earth. Along with four other women, Tereshkova received 18 months of training, which included tests to determine how she would react to long periods of time being alone, to extreme gravity conditions and to zero-gravity conditions. Of the five women, only Tereshkova went into space. Tereshkova became the first woman to fly in space on June 16, 1963. Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com Infographics Artist Tereshkova was chosen to pilot Vostok 6. It was to be a dual mission. Cosmonaut Valeriy Bykovsky launched on Vostok 5 on June 14, 1963. Two days later, Tereshkova launched. The two spacecraft took different orbits and came within 3 miles (5 km) of each other. The cosmonauts exchanged communications. [ Infographic: How Valentina Tereshkova's 1963 Vostok 6 Flight Worked ] Tereshkova logged more than 70 hours in space and made 48 orbits of Earth. Soviet and European TV viewers saw her smiling face and her logbook floating in front of her. They did not realize that the flight almost turned into tragedy, a fact that was classified for about 40 years. Tragedy averted An error in the spacecraft's automatic navigation software caused the ship to move away from Earth. Tereshkova noticed this and Soviet scientists quickly developed a new landing algorithm. Tereshkova landed safely but received a bruise on her face. She landed in the Altay region near today's Kazakhstan-Mongolia-China border. Villagers helped Tereshkova out of her spacesuit and asked her to join them for dinner. She accepted, and was later reprimanded for violating the rules and not undergoing medical tests first. However, Tereshkova was honored with the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She received the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal. She became a spokesperson for the Soviet Union and while fulfilling this role, she received the United Nations Gold Medal of Peace. Tereshkova never flew in space again. She later became a test pilot and instructor and earned a doctorate in technical sciences. On Nov. 3, 1963, Tereshkova married fellow cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev. Their first child, a daughter named Elena, was a subject of medical interest because she was the first child born to parents who had both been exposed to space. Elena later went on to become a medical doctor. Tereshkova and Nikolayev divorced in 1980. Valentina Tereshkova turned 76 on March 6, 2013.	Valentina Tereshkova
Which Roman goddess was the equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike?	Space Firsts Between 1957 - 1966 \| NASA: Challenging the Space Frontier \| Scholastic.com The world's first satellite, Sputnik (AP/Wide World) First Satellite to Orbit Earth October 4, 1957 The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite. Called Sputnik, a combination of words meaning "fellow-traveler of Earth," it weighs about 184 pounds. Sputnik circles the globe beeping radio signals, demonstrating that the Soviets have rockets that could send warheads anywhere on Earth. This event triggers the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Laika, the first animal in space (NASA) First Animal in Space November 3, 1957 The Soviet Union launches a female dog into space on Sputnik II. Her name is Laika, which means "barker" in Russian. She lives for seven days, proving that animals (and presumably humans) can survive in space. There is no way to bring her back alive, so Laika is put to sleep. Sputnik II falls to Earth in April of the next year. Yuri Gagarin onboard Vostok 1 (UPI/Corbis/Bettmann) First Human in Space April 12, 1961 Riding on the Soviet Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. In case spaceflight caused Gagarin to behave strangely, the craft's controls were locked. There was a key onboard in a sealed envelope in case of emergency. Vostok 1 shook wildly during entry, but Gagarin did not use the key. Once he was low enough, he ejected and used a parachute. Alan Shepard in his pressure suit for the flight of Freedom 7 (NASA) First American in Space May 5, 1961 The United States sends astronaut Alan Shepard on a 15-minute, 28-second sub-orbital flight onboard Freedom 7. Three weeks later, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy vows to send men to the moon and back before the end of the decade. First American to Orbit Earth February 20, 1962 John Glenn circles Earth three times in 4 hours and 56 minutes. In 1998, at age seventy-seven, John Glenn becomes the oldest person to fly in space, as part of the STS-95 space shuttle crew. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space (AP/Wide World) First Woman in Space June 16, 1963 The Soviets launch Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6. She spends three days alone in space. Her spacecraft comes within three miles of Valeri Bykovsky in Vostok 5. This is first time two spacecraft pass this close together while in orbit. First Space Walk March 18, 1965 Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov takes the first space walk , a ten-minute tethered excursion outside Voshkod 2. On June 3, 1965, Edward White II is the first American to walk in space on Gemini 4. He stays out 22 minutes.	i don't know
What is the term for a triangle with three angles of 60 degrees?	The 30°-60°-90° triangle. Topics in trigonometry. = ½ . Before we come to the next Example, here is how we relate the sides and angles of a triangle: If an angle is labeled capital A, then the side opposite will be labeled small a. Similarly for angle B and side b, angle C and side c. Example 3. Solve the right triangle ABC if angle A is 60°, and side c is 10 cm. Solution. To solve a triangle means to know all three sides and all three angles. Since this is a right triangle, and angle A is 60°, then the remaining angle B is its complement, 30°. Now in every 30°-60°-90° triangle, the sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 : , as shown on the right. Whenever we know the ratios of the sides, we can solve the triangle by the method of similar figures . And so in triangle ABC, the side corresponding to 2 has been multiplied by 5. Therefore every side will be multiplied by 5. Side b will be 5 × 1, or simply 5 cm, and side a will be 5 cm. Alternatively, we could say that the side adjacent to 60° is always half of the hypotenuse. Therefore, side b will be 5 cm. Now, side b is the side that corresponds to 1. And it has been multiplied by 5. Therefore, side a must also be multiplied by 5. It will be 5 cm. Whenever we know the ratio numbers, the student should use this method of similar figures to solve the triangle, and not the trigonometric Table. (In Topic 6 , we will solve right triangles the ratios of whose sides we do not know.) Problem 3. In the right triangle DFE, angle D is 30°, and side DF is 3 inches. How long are sides d and f ? The student should draw a similar triangle in the same orientation. Then see that the side corresponding to . Side f will be 2 . Problem 4. In the right triangle PQR, angle P is 30°, and side r is 1 cm. How long are sides p and q ? The side corresponding to 2 has been divided by 2. Therefore, each side must be divided by 2. Side p will be ½, and side q will be ½ . Problem 5. Solve the right triangle ABC if angle A is 60°, and the hypotenuse is 18.6 cm. The side adjacent to 60° is always half of the hypotenuse -- therefore, side b is 9.3 cm. But this is the side that corresponds to 1. And it has been multiplied by 9.3. Therefore, side a will be multiplied by 9.3. It will be 9.3 Example 4. ABC is an equilateral triangle whose height AD is 4 cm. Find the length of the side x. Solution 1. Since the triangle is equilateral, it is also equiangular, and therefore the the angle at B is 60° The height of a triangle is the straight line drawn from the vertex at right angles to the base. Therefore, triangle ADB is a 30-60-90 triangle. For this problem, it will be convenient to form the proportion with fractional symbols : x r2. That is what we wanted to prove. Problem 10. Prove: The angle bisectors of an equilateral triangle meet at a point that is two thirds of the distance from the vertex of the triangle to the base. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle, let AD, BF, CE be the angle bisectors of angles A, B, C respectively; then those angle bisectors meet at the point P such that AP is two thirds of AD. First, triangles BPD, APE are congruent. For, since the triangle is equilateral and BF, AD are the angle bisectors, then angles PBD, PAE are equal and each 30°; and the side BD is equal to the side AE, because in an equilateral triangle the angle bisector is the perpendicular bisector of the base ( Theorem 2 ); angles PDB, AEP then are right angles and equal. Therefore triangles BPD, APE are congruent: Angle-side-angle . = csc 30° = 2 . Therefore, BP = 2PD. But AP = BP, because triangles APE, BPD are conguent, and those are the sides opposite the equal angles. Therefore, AP = 2PD. Therefore AP is two thirds of the whole AD. Which is what we wanted to prove. The proof Here is the proof that in a 30°-60°-90° triangle the sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 : . It is based on the fact that a 30°-60°-90° triangle is half of an equilateral triangle. Draw the equilateral triangle ABC. Then each of its equal angles is 60°. ( Theorems 3 and 9 ) Draw the straight line AD bisecting the angle at A into two 30° angles. Then AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC ( Theorem 2 ). Triangle ABD therefore is a 30°-60°-90° triangle. Now, since BD is equal to DC, then BD is half of BC. This implies that BD is also half of AB, because AB is equal to BC. That is, BD : AB = 1 : 2 From the Pythagorean theorem , we can find the third side AD: AD2 + 12	Equilateral triangle
Yuri Gagarin made the first Soviet space flight in April 1961. Who made the first (sub-orbital ) American space flight a month later?	Types of Triangles - Concept - Geometry Video by Brightstorm Types of Triangles - Concept Univ. of Wisconsin J.D. Univ. of Wisconsin Law school Brian was a geometry teacher through the Teach for America program and started the geometry program at his school Share Transcript Triangles can be classified by their angle measures and side lengths. For triangles only, equiangular and equilateral have the same implications: all sides and angles are congruent. Isosceles triangles have at least two congruent sides and two congruent angles. Right triangles contain an angle whose measure is 90 degrees. All the angles in an acute triangle are less than 90 degrees. Knowing the different types of triangles is important when solving proofs . equiangular equilateral isosceles right acute obtuse triangles There are many different types of triangles and some of them actually overlap. If we talk about an Equiangular triangle, we're talking about a triangle where the three angles are all congruent to each other and since the sum of these angles is 180, 180 divided by 3 means that each of these angles measures 60 degrees. An equilateral triangle means that the three sides of your triangle are all congruent. Now just for triangles again this doesn't apply to quadrilaterals but just for triangles an equilateral triangle is the same as an equiangular triangle. Moving on, if we have an isosceles triangle, which make sure you know how to spell this nothing drives Geometry teachers more insane than isosceles being spelt incorrectly, but an isosceles triangle has two sides that are congruent to each. So we're going to call these, legs and an isosceles triangle is not an equilateral triangle. But an equilateral triangle is isosceles, the reason is isosceles you only need two congruent sides which an equilateral triangle does have. For an equilateral triangle however, you need three congruent sides an isosceles doesn't have that many. Next is a right-angle, excuse me a right triangle I got ahead of myself, a right triangle is identified by having one 90 degree angle. You can't have two 90 degree angles in a triangle because that will be a straight line and you couldn't form a triangle, so you know that in a right triangle your 90 degree angle will always always always be the largest angle. Now comparing the three sides, we can identify scalene triangles. So let's say I told you that this was 6, 2 and 9 as the lengths of those three sides, that would be considered scalene because none of these sides are equal to each other. Just talking about the angles we can talk about acute triangles where all of these angles must be less than 90 degrees. In an Obtuse triangle, one angle in which case it would be this angle right here, is more than 90 degrees so if it has one obtuse angle then the triangle is considered obtuse. Well how come we use these distinctions to differentiate between triangles? Well, let's start by naming these four triangles. Here we have a 6, 7, 9 sided triangle, well I'm going to say that that is scalene, but if I look at this I have three acute angles and if I want to I could take my protractor and I can measure those three angles something that I did before I drew this up. So this is not only scalene but it is also acute so I can say that this triangle is a scalene acute triangle. If I move on to this triangle right here, we can say that it is isosceles and again before I drew this up here I measured the angles with my protractor and they are all less than 90 degrees which means I could say this is an isosceles acute triangle. So you can be more specific than just saying isosceles triangle, you could describe it as acute, obtuse or right which brings us to our next one where we have one obtuse angle, so this would be an isosceles obtuse triangle. And last we have an isosceles triangle again because we have two congruent sides and a right angle so this will be an isosceles right triangle. So you can use all of these terms together, not all but some, you can use obtuse and acute and right with isosceles and you can use acute and obtuse with scalene. So keep this training it could be very descriptive about how do you describe your triangles.	i don't know
What was traditionally made by a Chandler?	Traditional Chandeliers Traditional Chandelier Lighting \| Bellacor Rustic, hammered steel fixtures lend texture Golden Lighting Marcellis Dark Natural Iron Six-Light Chandelier view product >> Description Rustic, hammered steel fixtures lend texture and dimension to a room Hand-painted Dark Natural Iron finish is lightly distressed Hand-blown Clear glass encases steel candles and candelabra bulbs A chandelier creates a stylish focal point Comfortably sized for a typical dining room Canopy ... Page 1 of 140	Candle
Hepatic is a adjective relating to which organ of the body?	Traditional Chandeliers Traditional Chandelier Lighting \| Bellacor Rustic, hammered steel fixtures lend texture Golden Lighting Marcellis Dark Natural Iron Six-Light Chandelier view product >> Description Rustic, hammered steel fixtures lend texture and dimension to a room Hand-painted Dark Natural Iron finish is lightly distressed Hand-blown Clear glass encases steel candles and candelabra bulbs A chandelier creates a stylish focal point Comfortably sized for a typical dining room Canopy ... Page 1 of 140	i don't know
In which year did the Bank of England 10 shilling note cease to be legal tender?	Bank of England Ten Shillings - Coin Community Forum Bank of England Ten Shillings To participate in the forum you must log in or register . Author Posted 04/17/2009 4:43 pm My grandmother has a Ten Shillings Bank of England note. It is redish in color and the Chief Cashier is L.K. O'Brien. Just wondering when these were produced, and if they have any value. Thanks Date first issued: 12 October 1961 Date last issued: 13 October 1969 Date ceased to be legal tender: 22 November 1970 Colour: Red-brown. Size: 5 ï¿½" x 2 5/8" (140mm x 67mm) Design: Robert Austin. First and only issued Bank of England 10 Shilling note to carry portrait of monarch. Take a look at link and tell us if it is. CCF member Member Since: 07/27/2008 Posted 04/17/2009 7:31 pm Is it still possible to exchange old pence (as well as LSD coins + notes) at the BoE? Posted 04/18/2009 12:08 am British decimalization was unique in that the primary monetary unit, the pound, remained unchanged - only the fractional units were replaced. The "predecimal pound" and the "decimal pound" are one and the same thing, so pound-denominated notes from the decimal period are still legal tender for face value (except for 1 pound notes - these are no longer legal tender, but are still redeemed for full face value by the BoE). The 10 shilling note was withdrawn when the shilling became obsolete, but the BoE has never backed down from it's stated promise to "pay the bearer", and would still be redeemeable at the BoE for face value - half a pound, or 50 pence in decimal equivalents. As for predecimal coins, they were issued by the government, not the Bank of England. They've been demonetized, but I believe banks will still take them at face value. The government is no doubt happy to accept them at face value, because they all contain more than that in scrap metal value - redeemed predecimal coins would be melted down and recycled for profit. Don't say "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise, you'll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite. - C. S. Lewis	one thousand nine hundred and seventy
What part of the human digestive system is no longer needed?	Bank of England note issues : Wikis (The Full Wiki) 6 External links History The Bank of England has issued banknotes since 1694. The Bank of England has not always had a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. Until the middle of the Nineteenth Century, private banks in Great Britain and Ireland were free to issue their own banknotes. Advertisements Provincial banknote issues Attempts to restrict banknote issue by other banks began in 1708 and 1709, when Acts of Parliament were passed which prohibited companies of more than six people to set up banks and issue notes. Many provincial banks, however, were small enough to escape this prohibition, and money issued by provincial English [1] [2] [3] and Welsh [4] banking companies continued to circulate freely as a means of payment. Gold shortages Gold shortages in the 18th Century caused by the Seven Years' War and war with Revolutionary France began to affect the supply of gold bullion reserves, giving rise to the "Restriction Period". The result was that the Bank was often unable to pay out gold for its notes, and the bank started to issue lower denominations of £1 and £2 notes. [5] Other private note-issuing banks were affected by the gold shortage, with many going out of business, rendering their banknotes worthless. Confidence in the value of banknotes was adversely affected. Restriction of banknote issues The Country Bankers’ Act 1826 relaxed some of the laws of 1709, allowing joint-stock banks with more than six partners to issue notes, as long as they were over 65 miles from London. This Act also allowed the Bank of England to open branches in major provincial cities, enabling better distribution for its notes. [5] Introduction of legal tender With the passing of the Bank Notes Act 1833, Bank of England notes over £5 in value were first given the status of "legal tender" in England and Wales, effectively guaranteeing the worth of the Bank's notes and ensuring public confidence in the notes in times of crisis or war. [5] The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 extended the definition of legal tender to ten-shilling and £1 notes; unlike the 1833 act, this law also applied to Scotland, meaning that English notes under £5 were classed as legal tender. The Bank of England ten-shilling note was withdrawn in 1969 and the £1 was removed from circulation in 1988, today leaving a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is no paper legal tender in Scotland [6] (Scottish notes were not included in the 1833 or 1954 acts). Note-issuing monopoly The Bank Charter Act 1844 began the process which gave the Bank of England exclusive note-issuing powers. Under the Act, no new banks could start issuing notes, and note-issuing banks were barred from expanding their note issue. Gradually, these banks vanished through mergers and closures, and their note-issuing powers went with them. The last privately issued banknotes in Wales were withdrawn in 1908, on the closure of the last Welsh bank, the North and South Wales Bank. [7] The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921 by Fox, Fowler and Company , a Somerset bank. [5] Today, the Bank of England has a monopoly on banknote issue in England and Wales. Note printing Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855, no doubt to the relief of the bank's workers. Until 1928 all notes were "White Notes", printed in black and with a blank reverse. During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £5 and £1000, but in the 18th and 19th centuries there were White Notes for £1 and £2. The 20th century In the twentieth century, the Bank issued notes for ten shillings and one pound for the first time on 22 November 1928 when the Bank took over responsibility for these denominations from the Treasury which had issued notes of these denominations three days after the declaration of war in 1914 in order to remove gold coins from circulation. In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issues notes was restricted. The first coloured banknotes were issued in 1928, and were also the first notes to be printed on both sides. At the start of World War I , the UK government issued £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign gold coins. World War II saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes when, in order to combat forgery , higher denomination notes (at the time as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation. As of 13 March 2007 the Bank of England banknotes in circulation, known as Series E, did not exceed £50. The notes were as follows: 5 pound note depicting Elizabeth Fry , showing a scene with her reading to prisoners in Newgate Prison . 2011 not yet issued On 13 March 2007, the first note from the new Series F entered circulation. This is the new 20 pound note depicting Adam Smith , with an illustration of 'The division of labour in pin manufacturing', which will replace the Series E Elgar note. As of 2005, they are signed by the Chief Cashier, Andrew Bailey . All the notes issued since Series C in 1960 also depict Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in full view facing left and as a watermark , hidden, facing right; recent issues have the EURion constellation around. The custom of depicting historical figures on the reverse began with Series D in 1970. Previous banknotes have depicted Sir Isaac Newton (£1), the Duke of Wellington (£5), Florence Nightingale (£10), William Shakespeare (£20), Sir Christopher Wren (£50), George Stephenson (£5), Charles Dickens (£10) and Michael Faraday (£20). On 29 October 2006 the Governor of the Bank of England announced that, to herald the launch of the new Series F banknotes from Spring 2007, a new £20 was to be issued featuring the Scottish economist, Adam Smith . The note, which also includes enhanced security features entered circulation on 13 March 2007. [8] The Bank of England Series D one pound note was discontinued in 1984, having been replaced by a pound coin the year before, and was officially withdrawn from circulation in 1988. All banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes and coin. In most cases this is done on the spot; however, the issues counterfeited by the Germans must be authenticated. In practice, commercial banks will accept most banknotes from their customers and negotiate them with the Bank of England themselves. Higher-value notes are used within the banking system – particularly the £1 million and £100 million notes used to maintain parity with Scottish and Northern Irish notes. These resemble simple IOUs and bear no aesthetic design features, [9] and are never seen by the public. Denominations 10/- The Bank of England's first ever ten shilling note was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia , a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was red-brown. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous £1 note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced for the first time, and the colour of the note was changed to mauve for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the "Series C" design in 1961, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. The ten shilling note was withdrawn following the introduction on 14 October 1969 of the fifty pence coin. £1 The first Bank of England £1 note was issued on 26 February 1797 under the direction of Thomas Raikes , Governor of the Bank of England and according to the orders of the government of William Pitt The Younger , in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars The Bank of England's first one pound note since 1845 was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia , a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was green. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous ten shilling note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced for the first time, and the colour of the note was changed to pink for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the "Series C" design in 1960, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. In 1978 the "Series D" design (known as the "Pictorial Series") featuring Sir Isaac Newton on the reverse was issued, but following the introduction in 1983 of the One Pound coin, the note was withdrawn from circulation in summer 1988. £2 The first Bank of England £2 note was issued on 26 February 1797 under the direction of Thomas Raikes , Governor of the Bank of England and according to the orders of the government of William Pitt The Younger , in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars . It was later discontinued. £5 The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793 in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars (previously the smallest note issued had been £10). The 1793 design, latterly known as the "White Fiver" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) "Series B" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia was introduced. This note was replaced in turn in 1963 by the "Series C" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and one pound notes issued in 1960). In 1971 the "Series D" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. On 7 June 1990 the "Series E" £5 note, by now the smallest denomination issued by the Bank, was issued. The Series E note (known as the "Historical Series") changed the colour of the denomination to a turquoise blue, and incorporated design elements to make photocopying and computer reproduction of the notes more difficult. Initially the reverse of the Series E £5 note featured the railway engineer George Stephenson , but on 21 May 2002 a new Series E note was produced featuring the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry . The initial printing of several million Stephenson notes was destroyed when it was noticed that the wrong year for his death had been printed. The original issue of the Fry banknote was withdrawn after it was found the ink on the serial number could be rubbed off the surface of the note. The Stephenson £5 note was withdrawn as legal tender from 21 October 2003, at which time it formed around 54 million of the 211 million £5 notes in circulation. £10 A £10 Bank of England note. The first ten pound note was issued in 1759, when the Seven Years War caused severe gold shortages. Following the withdrawal of the denomination after the Second World War, it was not reintroduced until the Series C design of the mid 1960s produced the brown ten pound note. The Series D pictorial note appeared in 1975, featuring nurse Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) on the reverse, plus a scene showing her work at the army hospital in Scutari during the Crimean War . This note was subsequently replaced in the early 1990s by the Series E note, where the predominant colour was changed from brown to orange. The reverse of the first Series E £10 featured Charles Dickens and a scene from the Pickwick Papers (this note was withdrawn from circulation in July 2003), while a second Series E note was issued in 2000 featuring Charles Darwin , the HMS Beagle , a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the Origin of Species . The hummingbird's inclusion has been criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds , not hummingbirds. [10] £20 After the Second World War , the £20 denomination did not reappear until Series D in the early 1970s. The predominant colour of this denomination is purple. The reverse of the Series D £20 features a statue of William Shakespeare and the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet . In 1992 this note was replaced by the first Series E note, featuring the physicist Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution lectures. By 1999 this note had been extensively copied, and therefore it became the first denomination to be replaced by a second Series E design, featuring a bolder denomination figure at the top left of the obverse side, and a reverse side featuring the composer Sir Edward Elgar and Worcester Cathedral . The £20 banknote was known to have suffered from higher cases of counterfeiting (276,000 out of 290,000 cases detected in 2007) than any other denominations. [11] In February 2006, the Bank announced a new design for the note [12] which featured Scottish economist Adam Smith with a drawing of a pin factory – the institution which supposedly inspired his theory of economics. Smith is the first Scot to appear on a Bank of England note, although the economist has already appeared on Scottish Clydesdale Bank £50 notes. The design of the £20 note was controversial for two reasons: the choice of a Scottish figure on an English note was a break with tradition; and the removal of Elgar took place in the year of the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, causing a group of English MPs to table a motion in the House of Commons calling for the new design to be delayed. [13] [14] The new note entered circulation on 13 March 2007. [15] £50 The fifty pound denomination did not reappear until 1981 when a Series D design was issued featuring the architect Christopher Wren and the plan of Saint Paul's Cathedral on the reverse of this large note. In 1994 this denomination was the last of the Series E issue, when the Bank commemorated its own impending tercentenary by putting its first governor, Sir John Houblon on the reverse. A new design featuring James Watt and Matthew Boulton was announced by the Bank of England. It is expected to enter circulation around November 2010 and will be the first Bank of England note to feature two portraits on the reverse. [16] [17] . The predominant colour of this denominator is red. £100 The Bank of England does not currently issue £100 notes; however several banks issue this denomination in Northern Ireland and Scotland. Further information: Banknotes of Northern Ireland and Banknotes of Scotland £1,000,000 and £100,000,000 The bank notes issued by the banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland are required to be backed pound for pound by Bank of England notes. Due to the large number of notes issued by these banks it would be cumbersome and wasteful to hold Bank of England notes in the standard denominations. High denomination notes, for one million pounds ("Giants") and one hundred million pounds ("Titans"), are used for this purpose. These are used only internally within the Bank and are never seen in circulation. [9] Counterfeits and old notes An Operation Bernhard forgery of the Bank of England five pound note. During the Second World War the German Operation Bernhard attempted to counterfeit various denominations between £5 and £50 producing 500,000 notes each month in 1943. The original plan was to parachute the money on Britain in an attempt to destabilise the British economy, but it was found more useful to use the notes to pay German agents operating throughout Europe — although most fell into Allied hands at the end of the war, forgeries were frequently appearing for years afterwards, so all denominations of banknote above £5 were subsequently removed from circulation. All old Bank of England notes remain exchangeable for current notes forever. Forgeries however will be retained and destroyed by the Bank (including Bernhard notes). If a suspect note is found to be genuine a full refund by cheque will be made. However it is a criminal offence to knowingly hold or pass a counterfeit bank note without lawful authority or excuse. In popular culture The 2007 film, The Counterfeiters tells the story of Salomon Sorowitsch, a Jewish forger who is put to work forging Bank of England notes on Operation Bernhard in Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Mark Twain 's short story The Million Pound Bank Note deals with an impoverished American in London who is given the use of a million-pound Bank of England note for thirty days—two Englishmen betting whether or not he will be able to survive on a note for which he cannot possibly be given change. He does succeed in surviving, quite well, and marries one of the bettors' daughters. The story was also made into a 1953 film, The Million Pound Note stars Gregory Peck . A fictionalized version of the Operation Bernhard story was the topic of a comedy drama serial Private Schulz (starring Michael Elphick and Ian Richardson ) produced by the BBC in 1980. The 2001 TV film Hot Money staring Caroline Quentin tells the story of three workers at the Bank who come up with a method of stealing from the cages containing old notes waiting to be destroyed. References	i don't know
Which Englich king was the father of the two boys known as 'The Princes in the Tower'?	6 Famous Prisoners of the Tower of London - History Lists History Lists September 11, 2012 By Evan Andrews Share Get all the facts on London's most iconic landmarks. Share this: 6 Famous Prisoners of the Tower of London Author 6 Famous Prisoners of the Tower of London URL Google The Tower of London has served as everything from a royal residence to a zoo for exotic animals, but it remains best known as a fearsome prison and torture chamber. First constructed in the wake of the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Tower has held some of Great Britain’s most prominent inmates, including disgraced royals, would-be revolutionaries and even Nazi officers. Find out more about six of these famous captives of one of history’s most forbidding prisons. Anne Boleyn The second wife of Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn was twice a resident of the Tower of London—once as a queen-in-waiting and once as a condemned prisoner. Boleyn married Henry in 1533 after the English king defied the Roman Catholic Church and annulled his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Housed in the Tower of London prior to her coronation in June 1533, Boleyn would reign as queen of England for nearly three years. Coupled with courtly intrigue and accusations of infidelity, Boleyn’s failure to give birth to a male heir ultimately proved to be her undoing. Accused of seducing the king into a cursed marriage, in May 1536 she was arrested on trumped-up charges of adultery, treason and even an alleged incestuous affair with her brother. Boleyn was confined to the Lieutenant’s Lodgings of the Tower of London, where she was tried and found guilty. She was beheaded by a French swordsman on a scaffold at the Tower on May 19, 1536. Catherine Howard, Henry’s fifth wife, would meet a similar fate when she was imprisoned and then executed at the Tower of London in 1542. Sir Walter Raleigh One of the longest-serving prisoners of the Tower of London was the famed Sir Walter Raleigh, who was confined to the citadel for some 13 years. A soldier and explorer who engineered the ill-fated English colony at Roanoke Island, Raleigh was knighted by Elizabeth I in 1585 and became one of the queen’s favorite courtiers. Despite his influential position, Raleigh was briefly imprisoned in the Tower in 1592 when it was revealed that he had secretly wed Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the queen’s maids of honor. Raleigh was confined to the Tower a second time in 1603 after he was accused of plotting against King James I. Stripped of most of his wealth, he would spend nearly 13 years detained in a part of the castle known as the Bloody Tower. While he was ostensibly a prisoner, Raleigh’s high social standing ensured that he had comfortable lodgings, and he was even joined in the Tower by his family. During this time he devoted himself to science and writing—composing his “History of the World” in 1614—and also fathered a son. Raleigh was released in 1616 and dispatched to Central America in search of the mythical gold city of El Dorado. The mission proved unsuccessful, and Raleigh was arrested and executed at the block after his forces attacked a Spanish outpost against the orders of the king. The Princes in the Tower Twelve-year-old Prince Edward V and 10-year-old Prince Richard of Shrewsbury—better known as “the Princes in the Tower”—are among the most famous prisoners to have disappeared within the bowels of the Tower of London. The two boys first arrived at the castle in 1483 after the death of their father, King Edward IV. The princes were originally housed in the Tower on the orders of their uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, but were stripped of their royal titles after the duke invalidated their father’s marriage, declared them illegitimate and claimed the throne for himself as King Richard III. Moved from their opulent royal apartments to the confines of the Garden Tower (later known as the Bloody Tower), the boys effectively became prisoners of the crown. While there were initially sightings of the former princes playing in the Tower courtyard, by mid-1483 they had vanished without a trace. The would-be monarchs’ true fate remains a mystery. While a Flemish man claiming to be Prince Richard would invade England in 1497 and attempt to take the throne, he was later revealed to be a pretender and was executed at the Tower of London. The only clue would come in 1674, when the skeletons of two children were found during renovations to the Tower. While these were never proven to be the bodies of the Princes in the Tower, the discovery fueled speculation that the boys had been murdered, with their uncle Richard III the most likely culprit. Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes was a soldier and revolutionary who was imprisoned in the Tower of London for his role in the notorious Gunpowder Plot. A militant Catholic, in 1604 Fawkes became embroiled in an audacious plan to assassinate the Protestant King James I and other members of the British government by blowing up the House of Lords. After renting the storage room beneath Westminster Palace, Fawkes and his accomplices packed the cellar with 35 barrels of gunpowder, which they planned to detonate on November 5, 1605, during the opening of Parliament. The plot was foiled after an anonymous letter led authorities to search the cellar, and Fawkes was captured when he was found guarding the door. He was then sent to the Tower of London and confined to the infamous cell known as the “Little Ease,” a cramped room that prevented its occupant from either standing up straight or lying down. Following intense interrogation and torture—most likely on the rack—Fawkes exposed the other men involved in the plot. Found guilty of treason, he was condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered at the palace yard at Westminster, but he avoided this gruesome punishment by throwing himself from the gallows and breaking his own neck. The Gunpowder Plot would later become the inspiration for Guy Fawkes Day, a British holiday celebrated every November 5. Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey’s meteoric rise and fall saw her go from ruler of England to a prisoner in the Tower of London in little more than a week. The teenage Grey was installed as queen of England in July 1553 after her cousin Edward VI died without a male heir. Desperate to thwart his Catholic half-sister Mary’s claim to the throne, Edward VI had chosen Grey as his successor in order to ensure the crown remained under Protestant control. The new queen’s reign would last only nine days. After Mary raised a large band of supporters, the royal government abruptly switched their allegiance and declared her the rightful queen of England. Forced to relinquish the crown, Grey was taken prisoner and moved from the Tower’s royal apartments to the Gentleman Gaoler’s lodgings. While she was kept under constant guard, she was allowed occasional walks around the castle grounds and even given a weekly allowance. Grey was tried and found guilty of treason in November 1553, but was quickly pardoned by Queen Mary I. A final twist of fate came in January 1554, when Grey’s father’s participation in a Protestant rebellion led the royal government to proceed with its death sentence. Grey was then beheaded on the Tower Green on February 12, 1554. Rudolf Hess By the 20th century the Tower of London had primarily become a tourist site and storage facility for the Crown Jewels. But during World War II the castle was briefly restored to its role as a state prison when it held two high profile Nazis captured on British soil. One of these men was Josef Jakobs, a German spy apprehended in rural England. Jakobs became the last man put to death at the Tower of London when he was executed by a firing squad in August 1941. Even more famous was “Deputy to the Führer” Rudolf Hess, who served as Hitler’s second-in-command in the Nazi Party. Hess was captured in May 1941 after he parachuted into Scotland as part of a renegade plan to negotiate peace with the British. Doubtful of Hess’s motives, Prime Minister Winston Churchill had him sent to the Tower, making him the final state prisoner to be held at the castle. Hess would only remain for a few days, but rumors that he was hidden away in the Tower would persist for several months. Hess was later tried at Nuremberg and given a life sentence. He died at Spandau Prison, West Berlin, in 1987. Tags	Edward IV of England
Which actress last year won an EMMY award for her role as Mildred Pierce?	The Two Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower of London The mystery of what happened to the two princes in the Tower of London has puzzled historians and the academic world for over five hundred years. The English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) created his ‘Richard III’ play in the early 1590’s portraying Richard III as a wicked hunchback king who killed the Princes in the Tower, but did Richard III murder these two children? Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478- 6 July 1535) an English lawyer and councillor to Henry VII and Lord Chancellor from October 1529-16 May 1532, worked on a History of King Richard III, which he never finished and was published after his death had a similar opinion to Shakespeare, presenting Richard as, the shadowy King Richard an outstanding archetypal tyrant. A view supported by a contemporary of Thomas More, Polydore Vergil (1470- 18 April 1555) an Italian humanist scholar, historian and priest who was commissioned by Henry VII to write an "official" History of England in 1505. The opinion of these three well-known persons is not accepted by all academics, historians, and those researching this period of the Dark Ages of English history. Through archaeology a different interpretation King Richard III as has come to light by the recent discovery of Leicester city’s King in the Car Park and the knowledge and understanding of deoxyribonucleic acid more commonly known as “DNA” The ‘Princess in the Tower’ were the sons of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, Edward V and his younger brother. Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary at Westminster Abby from the Lancastrians who deposed his father, the Yorkist King during the course of the War of the Roses. It was in the abbey that Edward V was born on 2nd November 1470. He was only 12 when his father died, on 9th April 1483. In his father’s will he appointed his son's uncle Richard the Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector of the young King Edward V. In his role as Protector to Edward V, it was claimed that the Duke of Buckingham met Richard at Northampton with an armed escort. Elizabeth’s brother Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, and others were accused of planning to assassinate Richard, they were arrested, and taken to Pontefract Castle where they were later executed without trial after appearing before a tribunal led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. Baron Hastings had advised Richard to arrange for Edward V to stay in the Kings quarters in the Tower of London, which he did. Edward’s younger brother the nine year old Richard, Duke of York was moved there as well, which his mother Elizabeth was reluctant to allow but the nine year old joined his brother in the Tower of London on 16th June 1483. The princes were not seen in public after August 1483, which resulted in accusations that the boys had been murdered giving rise to the legend of ‘The Princes in the Tower’. King Edward IV was known to have a number of mistresses, included Elizabeth “Jane” Shore (1445-1527) whom Edward described as "the merriest, the wiliest, and the holiest harlots" in his realm. She also became a concubine to other noblemen, including Edward's stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, and William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, his close friend and adviser. Also mistress was Elizabeth Lucy, which the 18th century antiquarian John Anstis in The Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (London, 1724) identified her with "Elizabeth Wayte", the daughter of Thomas Wayte of Southampton, saying she was the mother of Arthur Plantagenet. Elizabeth Wayte, was the long-standing mistress of King Edward IV of England, and probable mother of several children by him, including Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, (died 3 March 1542) was an illegitimate son of King Edward IV, half-brother of Queen Elizabeth of York, and thus an uncle of King Henry VIII, at whose court he was a prominent figure and by whom he was appointed Lord Deputy of Calais (1533–40). Another one of Edward’s mistresses was the daughter of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, Lady Eleanor Talbot (1436- 30 June 1468) also known by her married name ‘Eleanor Butler’. The 13-year-old Eleanor married Sir Thomas Butler (or Boteler), son of Ralph Butler, Lord Sudeley In 1449, Thomas died at an unknown date before Edward IV of England's overthrow of the House of Lancaster on 4 March 1461, According to the French chronicler Philippe de Commines, Richard the Lord Protector proclaimed that the two princes in the tower were illegitimate due to the declaration of Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells. Commines wrote, regarding Edward IV marriage to Lady Eleanor Talbot ‘The bishop discovered to the Duke of Gloucester that his brother king Edward had been formerly in love with a beautiful young lady and had promised her marriage upon condition that he might lie with her; the lady consented, and, as the bishop affirmed, he married them when nobody was present but they two and himself. His fortune depending on the court, he did not discover it, and persuaded the lady likewise to conceal it, which she did, and the matter remained a secret.’ The marriage was claimed to have taken place some years before Edward VI married Elizabeth Woodville, in 1464, as a result of which the two princes were illegitimate, Elizabeth Woodville’s sons had no rightful claim to his throne. On 22 June 1483, a sermon was preached outside Old St. Paul's Cathedral declaring Edward's children bastards and Richard the rightful king. Shortly after, the citizens of London, both nobles and commons, convened and drew up a petition asking Richard to assume the throne. He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 6 July 1483. His title to the throne was confirmed by Parliament in January 1484 by the document Titulus Regius. In the summer of 1483 servents attending Edward V and his younger brother Richard were dismissed, the two boys were taken into the "inner apartments of the Tower" and then were seen less and less until they disappeared altogether. Dominic Mancini, an Italian friar who visited England in the 1480s and who was in London in the spring and summer of 1483, records that during this period Edward was regularly visited by a doctor, who reported that Edward, "like a victim prepared for sacrifice, sought remission of his sins by daily confession and penance, because he believed that death was facing him." Was the young Edward seemed to be in poor health, which is why he was regularly visited by a doctor? In which case he could well have been unwell as it was summer and London was not a healthy place to live at the time and he could have died. Rumours began as to what happened to the two princes in the Tower after they was last seen playing in the grounds of the Tower of London in late June early July 1783. There has been speculation that a failed attempt was made to rescue the two princes from the Tower of London around 29th July 1783, which may have resulted in Richard being forced into taking certain actions. There was a rumour that Edward V’s brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, was not murdered but escaped to Flanders and had been made to swear an oath to his rescuers not to reveal his true identity for "a certain number of years". He was recognized as Richard of Shrewsbury by Margaret of York, the sister of Edward IV and was raised by her, in the ways of the Yorkist court, living under the name of Perkin Warbeck. After a few years he declared his was the younger prince in the Tower, who went claimed to be a pretender to the throne. His father, Jehan de Werbecque, he claimed was in truth Edward IV of England, and his mother, Katherine de Faro, was claimed to be Elizabeth Woodville. On 3 July 1495, funded by Margaret of Burgundy, Warbeck landed at Deal in Kent, Warbeck's small army was routed and 150 of the pretender’s troops were killed without Warbeck even disembarking. He retreated to Ireland. and found support from Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond, and laid siege to Waterford, but, meeting resistance, he fled to Scotland, and was well received by James IV of Scotland who realised that his presence gave him international leverage. Warbeck was permitted to marry James's distant cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon, a daughter of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly. In September 1496, James IV prepared to invade England with Warbeck. A red, gold and silver banner was made for Warbeck as the Duke of York; James's armour was gilded and painted, and the royal artillery was prepared. John Ramsay of Balmain (who called himself Lord Bothwell) described the events for Henry VII. He saw Roderic de Lalanne, a Flemish knight, arrive with two little ships and 60 German soldiers and meet James IV and talk to Warbeck. In Edinburgh Castle Ramsay saw two great French guns called 'curtalds,' 10 falconets or little serpentines, and 30 iron breech loading 'cart guns' with 16 close-carts or wagons for the munitions. He estimated the invasion force would last only 4 to 5 days in England before it ran out of provisions. He suggested, from the safety of Berwick upon Tweed, that the Scots could be vanquished by a modest English force attacking from north and south in a pincer movement. The Scottish host assembled near Edinburgh and James IV and Warbeck offered prayers at Holyrood Abbey on the 14 September and on the next day at St Triduana's Chapel and Our Lady Kirk of Restalrig. On 19 September the Scottish army was at Ellem and on 21 September 1496 they crossed the River Tweed at Coldstream. Miners set to work to demolish the tower of Hetoune (Castle Heaton) on 24 September, but the army quickly retreated when resources were expended, and hoped-for support for Perkin Warbeck in Northumberland failed to materialise. According to an English record, the Scots penetrated four miles into England with royal banner displayed, and destroyed 3 or 4 little towers (or Bastle houses). They left on 25 September 1496 when an English army commanded by Lord Neville approached from Newcastle. Later, wishing to be rid of Warbeck, James IV provided a ship called ‘the Cuckoo’, and a hired crew under a Breton captain which returned Perkin to Waterford in shame in July 1497. James IV made peace with England by signing the Treaty of Ayton at St Dionysius's Church in Ayton in Berwickshire. Once again Perkin attempted to lay siege to Waterford, but this time his effort lasted only eleven days before he was forced to flee Ireland, chased by four English ships. According to some sources, by this time he was left with only 120 men on two ships. On 7 September 1497, Warbeck landed at Whitesand Bay, 2 miles north of Land's End, in Cornwall hoping to capitalise on the Cornish people's resentment in the aftermath of their uprising only three months earlier. Warbeck proclaimed that he could put a stop to extortionate taxes levied to help fight a war against Scotland and was warmly welcomed. He was declared "Richard IV" on Bodmin Moor and his Cornish army some 6000 strong entered Exeter before advancing on Taunton. Henry VII sent his chief general, Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney, to attack the Cornish and when Warbeck heard that the King's scouts were at Glastonbury he panicked and deserted his army. Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire where he surrendered. Henry VII reached Taunton on 4 October 1497, where he received the surrender of the remaining Cornish army. The ringleaders were executed and others fined. Warbeck was imprisoned, first at Taunton, then at the Tower of London, where he was "paraded through the streets on horseback amid much hooting and derision of the citizens". Warbeck was initially treated well by Henry. As soon as he confessed to being an impostor, he was released from the Tower of London. He was, however, kept under guard and was not allowed to sleep with his wife, who was living under the protection of the queen. After eighteen months at court, Warbeck tried to escape. He was quickly recaptured. He was then held in the Tower, initially in solitary confinement, and later alongside Edward, Earl of Warwick; the two tried to escape in 1499. Captured once again, on 23 November 1499, Warbeck was drawn on a hurdle from the Tower to Tyburn, London, where he read out a confession and was hanged. (Extract taken from Wikipedia.org) Click here for “ Richard Plantagenet ” the Kentish myth? The most popular version of the “Princes in the Tower” is told by William Shakespeare in his play, Richard III Act IV, scene 3. Edward V. and his brother, the Duke of York, were smothered in the Tower of London on August 17, 1483, by order of their uncle, who succeeded to the throne as Richard III. Enter TYRREL.	i don't know
Which was the first country to introduce Old Age Pensions?	Social Security History Social Security History This is an archival or historical document and may not reflect current policies or procedures. Otto von Bismarck German Chancellor 1862-1890 SSA History Archives. Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insurance program in 1889, designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. The idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881 by Germany's Emperor, William the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament. William wrote: ". . .those who are disabled from work by age and invalidity have a well-grounded claim to care from the state." Bismarck was motivated to introduce social insurance in Germany both in order to promote the well-being of workers in order to keep the German economy operating at maximum efficiency, and to stave-off calls for more radical socialist alternatives. Despite his impeccable right-wing credentials, Bismarck would be called a socialist for introducing these programs, as would President Roosevelt 70 years later. In his own speech to the Reichstag during the 1881 debates, Bismarck would reply: "Call it socialism or whatever you like. It is the same to me." The German system provided contributory retirement benefits and disability benefits as well. Participation was mandatory and contributions were taken from the employee, the employer and the government. Coupled with the workers' compensation program established in 1884 and the "sickness" insurance enacted the year before, this gave the Germans a comprehensive system of income security based on social insurance principles. (They would add unemployment insurance in 1927, making their system complete.) One persistent myth about the German program is that it adopted age 65 as the standard retirement age because that was Bismarck's age. This myth is important because Germany was one of the models America looked to in designing its own Social Security plan; and the myth is that America adopted age 65 as the age for retirement benefits because this was the age adopted by Germany when they created their program. In fact, Germany initially set age 70 as the retirement age (and Bismarck himself was 74 at the time) and it was not until 27 years later (in 1916) that the age was lowered to 65. By that time, Bismarck had been dead for 18 years. Historical Links	Germany
"""Written by office boys, for office boys"" was the dismissive verdict of Lord Salisbury on which national newspaper, at the time of its foundation in 1896?"	Invalid and old age pension schemes, Social legislation 1901-1914, Australia to 1914, SOSE: History Year 9, NSW \| Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia 1 Exams Introduction The modern Australian welfare system has undergone a number of reforms since it took its first steps towards securing pensions for the aged and disabled at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the aged can access support upon retirement through three different avenues: a means tested aged pension, private superannuation or voluntary saving. It is this system which serves as the model for a number of countries around the world. Despite having come such a long way, the fundamental elements of these schemes for the aged and the disabled have remained almost unchanged since they were first introduced. Old-age pensions in the lead up to Federation Prior to Federation, the provision of welfare for the aged was the responsibility of each of the self- governing colonies. It was generally, however, left to family members or voluntary charities to care for the aged members of society. In the years directly leading up to Federation, the proportion of elderly was beginning to rise. Between 1891 and 1901, the percentage of the population over the age of 65 had grown by 60 percent. The financial circumstances of many had also declined during the 1890s Depression. There was a realisation that the aging population was too large a responsibility for families and charities alone. They needed to be taken care of by the government. Following the lead of countries such as Germany (1882) and New Zealand (1898) which had already introduced similar schemes, the New South Wales parliament passed the Old-aged Pensions Act 1900 (NSW). It provided a non-contributory, means-tested payment of ï¿½26 ($52) per year for eligible residents 65 years of age or over. Victoria also introduced a pension scheme around the same time and Queensland followed several years after Federation. Neither scheme was as generous, as that of New South Wales. The Commonwealth old-aged pension On 1 January 1901, the Constitution came into effect under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK). The Constitution bestowed upon the federal parliament the power to make laws for the Commonwealth with respect to a number of areas, including invalid (disability) and old-age pensions. The colonies became States, which also held concurrent power to make laws for their elderly. In 1906, a Commonwealth Royal Commission was appointed to make recommendations for an old-age pension scheme. The government, however, was bound by the Constitution to hand over surplus revenue to the States, which left it without the funds to implement an old-aged pension scheme. After attending to this problem with the Surplus Revenue Act 1908 (Cth), the Deakin government passed the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908 (Cth). See image 1 Coming into effect on 1 July 1909, the Commonwealth pension was based on the principles of the New South Wales old-age pension. Part of the reason for this was that it did not seem fair to reduce the rights that those aged pensioners in New South Wales had already achieved. The Commonwealth aged pension initially provided ï¿½26 ($52) per annum to men and women over the age of 65 years. This figure was just under one quarter of the 'basic wage' which was decided in 1907 by Justice Higgins. To be eligible for the pension, an individual had to be able to meet a number of criteria. They had to have resided in the Commonwealth for more than 25 years and to be of 'good character,' (despite the latter not being defined). Non-residents, the Indigenous people of Australia, Asians and Indigenous people from the Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Africa were completely excluded from claiming the pension. See image 2 To ensure that those who were most in need of the pension received it and also to limit the cost to the government, the 1908 Act also provided that the Commonwealth old-aged pension be means- and asset-tested. An individual who had an income of more than ï¿½52 ($104) per year or owned property valued at more then ï¿½310 ($620) became ineligible for the pension. See animation In 1910, around 34 percent of those over 65 were receiving the old-aged pension. The average life expectancy of an Australian was only 55.2 years for men and 55.8 years for women, which meant that not many people lived long enough to receive the pension. Today, the average life expectancy of Australian men is 77.6 years and 83.5 years for women. Since more Australians are living beyond 65 years of age, unprecedented numbers are becoming eligible for the aged pension. In 2004 the number of aged pensioners reached 72 percent. Invalid pensions After the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908 (Cth) was passed, on 15 December 1910 pensions for people with disabilities came into effect. Much like the old-aged pension, the invalid pension also developed out of the same basic need to relieve the pressure on families and charities that were often left caring for those in greatest need. The invalid pension was designed for people with a disability which prevented them from being able to support themselves through paid employment. This disability had to completely and permanently prevent them from working. It also had to have occurred whilst the person was in Australia otherwise the claimant was deemed ineligible for payment. The original Act required that individuals be over the age of 16 years and not be supported by relatives. It also provided that payment be dependent on means- and assets-testing, as well as being subject to a five-year residence requirement. Those who were eligible were entitled to the same rate as recipients of the old-aged pension, ï¿½26 ($52) per year. Non-residents and Indigenous peoples were excluded from claiming the disability pension. See image 3 Other Chapters	i don't know
What's the common name for the curved knife or dagger traditionally used by the Gurkhas, with its sharp edge on the concave side?	Swords / Useful Notes - TV Tropes — Fighter, 8-Bit Theater Before the times of gunpowder and rifles, swords were an important weapon for professional soldiers such as knights, men-at-arms, mercenaries and state armies. The crafting of these weapons were of vital importance to any nation-state that wanted to maintain a standing army. While the concept of a sword is pretty ubiquitous, several different types of this common weapon were crafted with much of the difference based on regions. While swords have largely been replaced in modern armies by firearms and other weapons, the allure of the blade is still alive today. Just see Katanas Are Just Better . This is a Useful Notes page to give some background info on that marvelous weapon of yesteryear, the sword. For thoughts on using them, see our European Swordsmanship and Kenjutsu pages. Sword Design There are two components a sword needs to have: a handle (the "hilt") and a blade. Many swords also have a "crossguard", which protects the hand of the wielder; the exact shape of the crossguard can vary wildly from weapon to weapon (contrast the C-shaped basket hilts on a backsword to the little oval "tsuba" on a katana). Finally, many swords have a "pommel", which is the metal knob on the end of the hilt. This pommel is often weighted for better balance; it also has something to do with how the sword is built. Generally the blade has a tail on the end, a "tang," around which the hilt is constructed. The tang often extends past the length of the pommel and is then "peened" down and over, creating a physical seal that keeps the sword in one piece. (The TV show Highlander notwithstanding, basically the last thing you want in a fight is for the blade to go flying away.) How thick the tang is and how it's peened thus has a lot to do with a sword's durability, and modern sword enthusiasts will inspect a specimen carefully to figure out how it was built. Both European and Asian weapons have been developed through centuries of martial tradition, and along with them various techniques to use them effectively, responding to changes in the combat environment as they occur. In other words, there has been an evolution of sword design through the ages, not just because smiths got better at making swords but because of the ongoing Lensman Arms Race between weaponsmiths and armorers, each seeking to create a tool that would conquer the other's offering. Consequently, examining the design of a sword—what it was meant to do, and how it was meant to do it—will tell you a lot about how war was waged by its wielders. Cutting motions are of limited use against metal armor. To get through to someone who is clad in steel, you'll really need more of a stab, or a thrust; this was true even in the days of maillenote calling it "chain mail" is redundant, as there is no such thing as non-chain mail. You can have scales over mail, or plate over mail, or even splinted mail which has integrated plates, but all of these involve chain. and only grew worse as full plate armor was layered over it. Alternatively, one could also cause injury through armour using sheer blunt force trauma, as even a man fully clad in steel was susceptible to being stunned by a steel mace swung directly at their helmeted head. That said, in early periods such as Viking Age Europe you would probably find that most non-elite combatants didn't wear any metal armor besides a helmet, and relied mostly on their shields, meaning that a sword that could cut well was still very useful. By the 15th century, full plate armour (made of hardened and spring-tempered steel plates) was commonplace in Western Europe; thus, impetus was placed on the development of weaponry that could defeat a man wearing such pieces of armour without sacrificing versatility. The pollaxe was one such weapon that demonstrates this focus, combining an axe head with both a spear point and a hammerhead on a 5-6 foot wooden shaft. Swords in particular had their blades made narrower and stiffer and their grips lengthened in order to accommodate the use of both hands for a more forceful swing or thrust, but the most effective technique for fighting in armor was "half-swording", or gripping the middle of the blade with the off hand to guide the point into the gaps in the plate. The increasing effectiveness of firearms and pike formations in the 16th century favoured the use of massed troops instead of individually talented warriors, and the fully armored knight wielding the lance was replaced by the three-quarter or half-armored cuirassier armed with a sword and a pair of pistols. Meanwhile, the Japanese, due to their poor mineral resources, continued to use armor made largely of leather and soft iron, and rarely had to deal with outsiders due to their insular island-nation tendencies. As such, Japanese weapons are specialized towards warfare within Japan; indeed, the tachi, the main ancestor to the katana, tended to break its tip off when used against Mongolian and Korean armor. That said, some Japanese swordsmiths were able to accomplish quite astonishing things with the low-carbon steel available to them, though the techniques they used to achieve differential tempering of different regions of the blade were labor-intensive, to say the least. As was the case in Europe, Japanese swords also underwent an evolution that, among other things, resulted in the forging of swords with thicker blades and deeper edges. As for the overall shape of the blade, this will generally differ depending on whether the sword will be used to cut, stab, or chop. Some designs manage to accommodate both cut and stab, though swords capable of performing all three functions are both rare and usually impractical. There are four basic sword designs, no matter where in the world you're looking: The first and most obvious design, at least to us Westerners, is the cruciform sword which has been in existence for well over a thousand years. Generally characterized by a symmetrical profile and straight edges leading up to a central point, this particular type of weapon is easily capable of both cutting and thrusting, though some designs tend to emphasize one at the expense of the other. The most prominent scholar of these weapons was the late, great Ewart Oakeshott, whose Oakeshott typology summarizes the evolution of the European sword from the 8th century to the 18th, starting at Type X (late Viking swords) and ending at Type XXII (early Renaissance broadswords). Although this shape of sword is most often associated with Europe, the ancient Japanese tsurugi and Chinese jian are of similar shape. Next are curved swords. These swords generally have a singular sharpened edge that curves toward the tip of the blade. Though some examples have blades that end in a point that can be used to stab, curved swords are primarily designed for slashing. If you're planning to fight from horseback, a curved sword is your best bet: any other type of sword tends to get stuck in its victims, which will likely result in it being yanked from your grip as you thunder by at 40 miles an hour. Curved swords are easier to use on horseback because the curvature of the blade makes the vector of force diagonal to the cutting edge, imparting a slicing motion that makes sword strokes cleaner and more efficient. They're also easier to unsheathe while horseback, since the drawing motion more closely follows the movement of your elbow. Very common in nomadic horse cultures, namely those of the Middle East. The word "sabre" is occasionally used as a generic name for this category of swords, leading some snark-minded Western scholars to mock-call katanas "two-handed sabers". A sword designed for chopping such as the Egyptian Khopesh, the Iberian Falcata, the Falchion or the Kukris used by the Gurkhas, will typically be single-edged and have most of the weight and mass toward the top third of the blade. They sometimes curve forwards, but not always. Much like an axe, a chopping sword is designed for cleaving: it has a edge designed to deliver the vector of force behind a blow directly into the surface, which will either buckle or split apart if it yields. Against unprotected flesh will usually result in very nasty wounds that can easily dismember limbs, making such blades ideal for executions by beheading. As is the case with a regular axe, swords with chopping blades may often be employed or even intentionally designed as tools for purposes like chopping wood or hacking through brush. Finally, there are swords that specialize in stabbing. These tend to have narrow blades with a geometric cross-section ï¿½ triangular, diamond, or even hexagonal ï¿½ and seem to resemble very large needles. Sometimes they have cutting edges so that you can cut with them if necessary (and to deter an opponent from grabbing the blade ), but sometimes they don't; their point of balance is way back in the hilt, which makes for faster thrusting and more precise point control, but drastically lowers the power of a slashing attack. Given that these swords were generally meant for use in a civilian context, they're still plenty capable of inflicting vicious cutting wounds. The sport of Olympic fencing descends from these weapons. There are also a number of now-overlooked sub-techniques to go with swordsmanship: do you have a two-hand sword or would you like something in your off-hand (sword sizes can be roughly split into 2-handednote The real life BFSs , like the German zweihander , the Italian spadone or the Iberian montante (all different styles of the same weapon). The shortest started at around just under a metre and a half but could go as far as two and tended to weigh 2 to 3 kilograms., hand-and-a-halfnote This is usually what someone means when they say "Bastard Sword" or "Longsword". Swords that were short and light enough to use one handed, but had a longer hilt which meant they could be used with both hands for more power and speed. They tended to be only slightly longer and heavier than one-handed swords. or one-handednote No more than a metre in length and either designed specifically to be used with something else in your off hand (such as a traditional arming sword with a shield) or just be a light blade that didn't need more than one hand to use (e.g. machetes, cutlasses). Either way, they tended to weigh one kilo or less.)? What would you like? A dagger or main gauche, for counter-attacks? A buckler, for parrying? A large wooden shield, which might trap your opponent's blade? How about half-swording — which is when you grab your own sword halfway down the bladenote perfectly safe as long as you hold on firmly and don't slide your flesh against the edge [1] . for use against armor? Traditional Dual Wielding , with two swords of similar make, was an extremely unorthodox technique both in the East and West, and today is mostly excused by Rule of Cool . If you're on horseback, you'll probably opt to simply hold your sword out on one side and drag it along the ground while you gallop, or to simply hack and slash from the superior vantage point provided by your mount. There were always a vast majority of other weapons you could lay your hands on, like polearms (increased reach) or maces, hammers and morningstars (more crushing power). In fact, it's fairly likely that most people on battlefields used implements other than swords: a sword is a weapon, meant to injure people, with no other function; it would have been something of a luxury itemnote However, by the 11th century in England, a cheaply made arming sword would have been affordable to virtually anyone with any income at all, and while not a knightly weapon, it was plenty adequate and standard equipment for anyone with reason to travel between towns. Folding the blade One particularly famous technique in sword making is that of "folding the blade". Folding iron is a very common forging technique used in making many swords around the world, but has for some reason become mainly associated with Japan. Contrary to popular belief, folding a sword does not aid its cutting or edge holding properties at all; it merely ensures an even distribution of carbon within the steel (while some other alloying elements will remain layered). The simultaneous smithing also drives any residues of slag off the steel. The folding should not be made too many times, as it will reduce the carbon contents of the steel, making it softer and more malleable. The Japanese swordsmiths consider ten foldings (1024 layers) as the absolute maximum. Chinese swords Swords have had a long history in China. The two most basic flavors are jiàn and dāo, but others exist as well. Note that people (including the Chinese) would refer jiàn as the sword and the dāo as a knife, although the terms and meanings are often switched around depending on context. The main distinction is that the term dāo refers a single-edged cutting implement, regardless of size, shape or function; a jiàn will usually refer to anything with a narrow blade that ends in a point. Jiàn The jiàn is a double-edged straight sword that has been in use for around 2,500 years. Early jiàn were made of bronze and were fairly short and wide, while there are some (probably ceremonial) specimens which are carved from a single solid piece of jade. Steel jiàn which were longer and narrower began to appear around 200 BCE, and since then there have been few significant changes in form or function. Later examples were forged from multiple layers of steel sandwiched together, utilizing a folding and differential hardening process similar to the Japanese method of forging (which it likely inspired). Many jiàn were one-handed, and both single-sword and double-sword forms are popular in kung fu, but there are also two-handed variants (called Shuangshou Jiàn). The jiàn is considered a "Gentleman's weapon" and is featured in pretty much any Chinese movie that contains a sword; the " Green Destiny " is the specimen non-swordgeek tropers are most likely to be familiar with. It is comparable in popularity to the katana, especially in mainland China where many households buy a replica for display. Dāo Sometimes called a "Chinese broadsword" because the blade happens to be broad and made in China , though its curved blade has nothing to do with European cruciform swords; indeed, in shape it much more resembles the European falchion. Dāo came in various shapes and sizes, with the most famous being the Liuye Dāo, or the Willow Leaf Saber. Most have a moderately curved broad blade, with a single cutting edge and an inverted cup-shaped hilt to prevent rainwater or blood from flowing down the blade and onto the hand. Some have a partially sharpened back edge to allow for a thrust or a back-handed slash, but all share the characteristic of being used for either chopping or for slashing. Like the jiàn, the origins of the dāo stem back as far as the Bronze Age, though the dāo is considered more of a utilitarian weapon (nicknamed the "General of Weapons") than the jiàn, and was traditionally used by both cavalry and infantry alike. Hook swords A truly unique weapon, hook swords have a, well, hook at the tip of the blade, along with a substantial hand-guard and a big ol' sharp spike for a pommel. Heaven only knows where the cutting edge is on this thing, but presumably its edges are sharpened somewhere. These swords are almost always Dual Wielded , not just for the practicality of trapping the enemy's weapon with one hook and hitting him with the other, but because if you hook the two swords together you suddenly have this insane lasso monkey-chain-of-death thing—the very definition of Awesome, but Impractical . Also, while this sword is often described as something that was used on ancient battlefields, most of the actual historical examples we have are at most 400 years old. Some of these were sharpened, suggesting they were used as weapons, but these are few, and hook swords also require a lot of training to use, so the weapon might be mostly for sporting kung fu, as opposed to actual weapons used for actual bloodletting. Butterfly swords Not to be confused with the balisong, which is often called a " butterfly knife ". Also known as "bull's ear swords", they are popular weapons in southern martial arts styles, such as Wing Chun. Usually dual-wielded, they consist of short dāo blades roughly the size of the wielder's forearm, allowing for speed, maneuverability and concealment. Dadāo One of the many varieties of dao, the Dadāo, also known as the "Chinese greatsword", is a two-handed sword based on agricultural knives, with a broad blade between two and three feet long and a long hilt meant for both one-handed and two-handed use. Its name literally means " big knife ". During the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1933, many Chinese soldiers were armed with dadāo, using it to great effect against the Japanese in close combat. Zhanmadāo The infamous "horse cutting saber", this weapon dates back to the Song Dynasty and was used by infantry against cavalry . It consisted of a long single-edged blade and a long handle suitable for two-handed use. The Japanese zanbatō is a related weapon; not only are the two similar, but the Han characters are written the same. Other Japanese-looking Chinese swords exist, such as the Chang Dāo and Wo Dāo from the Ming era, and the Miao Dāo from the Republican era. Japanese swords Because good iron ore was difficult to come by in ancient Japan, swordsmiths had to remove impurities from the iron by "folding of the blade". Folding iron is a common forging technique not unique to Japan, but Japanese blades were folded many more times than many European blades due to the Japanese retaining the bloomery method for steel manufacture rather than a blast furnace (the starting material was generally black iron sand). Japanese smiths also used the technique called "leaching" in order to remove impurities from steel: the steel blank was left to "marinate" in the acidic water (mainly in bogs and rice paddies) for months or even years. This would eventually cause the impurities to gradually dissolve and leach out from the billet, which would later be reforged with multiple foldings, which forced the developed oxide and impurities out. The remains would then be arranged in the thin bands that improved the blade properties. Some swordsmiths in later periods are known to have incorporated imported Indian or Western iron brought by Portuguese or Dutch traders. Almost all Japanese swords were laminates; with different grades of steel used for the edge and body of the blade and essentially welded together by the swordsmith. The difference was compounded by the heat-treating process, in which layers of clay were applied in different thicknesses to the sword parts to achieve the desired levels of hardness. The combination of a hard (martensite) edge and a soft (pearlite) core created a sharp, durable cutting weapon, however the edge was somewhat brittle and more damage-prone than a comparable homogenous sword. The characteristic blade curvature is a byproduct of this differential tempering. While European and Middle Eastern sabers were forged in the curved shape from the start, Japanese blades were forged straight, and obtained their curvature solely from the different contraction of the edge and the back during tempering. Wrong clay application could very easily lead to the sword bending sideways, which required reforging. The vast majority of Japanese infantrymen in the feudal eras were either archers or spearmen. The spear was a much more economical use of rare and costly steel. The sword was the weapon of a nobleman or of his retainers and bodyguards, the samurai. And then there was the naginata, a glaive that became the traditional weapon of Japanese noblewomen for the defense of the household, but these were likewise relatively rare, or, more precisely, became rare during the late Sengoku Jidai, when the evolving tactics have led to the prevalence of the dense infantry formations that favored pikemen and arquebusiers, as the naginata required a relatively large open space around its wielder. From about the 11th century on, Japanese armor was mostly made of lacquered leather laced together with silk. This lightweight armor offered good protection against arrows but was less effective against swords. Most native Japanese weapons were designed for cutting attacks, a cut being the quickest way to inflict maximum damage on a lightly armored opponent. In the 14th-16th centuries, metal armor (often lacquered) became more and more common. Even ashigaru (peasant warriors) would wear mass-produced metal armor. However, despite improvements in metallurgy and the influence of European traders, Japanese metal armor was still lighter and weaker than European plate armor. Also, spears, bows, and eventually firearms were the main battlefield weapons of the Sengoku Jidai, with the sword used mainly as a backup weapon. These factors, combined with the peace established after 1600, meant that Japanese swords remained primarily cutting weapons rather than evolving into thrusting weapons as European swords had. Katana Unarguably the most famous Japanese weapon by far is the katana . While the word "katana" in Japanese refers to any sword with a curved, single-edged blade, many sword lovers use the term to define the moderately curved, single edged sword with blade-length no less than 60cm. Most Katana exhibit the distinctive long hilt about 1/4 of the overall length, which provides balance when used with a one-handed grip and leverage when used with two, but they are not the only Japanese swords with this feature. The katana is largely associated with samurai, though throughout most of samurai history it was only one of their three primary weapons, the others being the spear and the bow. It wasn't until the 17th century that the katana became so synonymous with the samurai. Wakizashi The Japanese short sword, single-edged and normally curved like the katana, usually with a blade 40 to 50cm long. These were often used where a katana would be unwieldy, such as indoors or in close-quarters combat. During the feudal era it became fashionable for samurai to wear a pair of swords, one long and one short. Eventually this pair of swords became the symbol or badge of office of a samurai and was enforced by laws in the Edo period. Some martial arts schools taught the use of two swords simultaneously , one in each hand, the most famous of which is probably Miyamoto Musashi's niten ichi ryu. Tachi Precursor to the katana. It is noted for having greater curvature than even the katana, and is commonly believed to be longer than most katana, although this is not necessarily borne out by the historical record. Primarily a cavalry weapon, the tachi is worn with the cutting edge facing downward as it was easier to draw and use while on horseback. Its primary use was to slash downwards at foot soldiers. Tantō A short sword or large dagger, single-edged and straight, occasionally thickened for piercing armor. During older periods, this was paired with the tachi much as the wakizashi was later paired with the katana. Tsurugi These were early Japanese swords, before any curving was added. Straight and double-edged, they were basically carbon copies of the Chinese Jian. The semi-mythical Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi was depicted as one of these. Chokutō Intermediary between the tsurugi and the tachi, chokuto were single-edged swords with no curvature, and were primarily used on foot for slashing and stabbing. Ōdachi/Nōdachi The ōdachi, also called the nōdachi, is a two-handed sword even larger than the Katana, and was used both ceremonially and as a devastating weapon from horseback. The ōdachi was also used against cavalry and in open field engagements, but was infrequently used due to the difficulty of forging the blade and the greater strength required to wield it. It was also rather rare due to the Naginata and the Nagamaki doing the ōdachi's basic job better. An even larger version called the Zanbato also exists, but the creation of such is more a test of a swordsmith's art than a proper weapon of war, and may have gotten its name from the Chinese zhanmadāo, which the Chinese used against cavalry. The ōdachi features in the weapons training of the Kage-Ryu, one of the few Japanese sword schools that still teaches its use. Sasaki Kojiro was known to be very deadly with an ōdachi nicknamed the "drying pole," and is remembered for having fought Miyamoto Musashi . Sometimes referred to as a "daikatana" in foreign texts. Shin-Guntō Mass-produced officers' blades used from 1934 to the end of WWII. Previously the Japanese military utilized the kyu-guntō, which resembled a Western cavalry saber. However, nationalists demanded that a more "native" sword be carried, so a design closely patterned on the katana was adopted. While some Type 94 Shin-Guntō used traditionally made blades, the Type 95 and 98 versions all used a blade that was essentially a piece of machined steel with an edge ground onto it. The best blades of this type were said to be made out of used rails, although personal swords of the samurai-class officers sometimes had blades that were family heirlooms. Unlike traditionally-made Japanese swords, shin-guntō have no recognized artistic merit in Japan and are therefore ineligible for registration. If one is found within the country, it may be immediately confiscated and destroyed. This probably has something to do with some unpleasantness back in 1930's and 1940's . Indian Swords The Indian subcontinent has a history of iron working that goes as far back as 1800 B.C. It was also the place where wootz steel —a type of medieval steel alloy prized for its hardness and banded patterns— was manufactured, starting in 300 B.C. Needless to say, it isn't surprising that some of the earliest sword designs came from India, or that the place is home to a huge variety of such weapons. Sword designs from India tend to defy the usual path of linear development that swords from most other continents underwent over time. In spite of this, they come in practically all shapes and sizes imaginable, inspiring the development of fighting styles which made best use of their often unorthodox capabilities. Whereas some of the more unique designs are tied to the region from which they originated, designs that are commonly used throughout the subcontinent tend to be derived from blades carried by foreign invaders or encountered through trade. Urumi A very distinctive sword used in the kalaripayat style, sometimes known as a "whip sword" or "coiled sword". The blade is made out of a flexible band of metal, allowing the user to curve the blade around an opponents guard. The unpredictability of the flexible blade is dangerous both to the target and to the user. Some versions sport multiple flexible blades to increase the offensive potential. Due to the flexibility of the blade, the sword is sometimes worn coiled as a belt or a sash by users. Pata Based on katar punch-daggers, the pata was essentially a straight sword and handguard grafted directly onto a gauntlet, completely enclosing the hand. It was primarily used by Maratha infantrymen, who would often Dual Wield one in each hand or another weapon in the off-hand. Although the design offers very good protection and makes it very difficult to disarm the wielder, the lack of flexibility makes the pata awkward to use. Then of course, there's the glaringly obvious problem with having to take the gauntlets off before you could use your hands for anything else, a factor which makes it wholly unsuitable for use on horseback. Talwar/Tulwar Originating from Northern India (although heavily inspired by designs from Central Asia), the talwar is a moderately-curved sword that is primarily designed for slashing attacks but can also be used to stab. Widely considered to be one of the better cavalry swords, the talwar is a well-balanced weapon whose key distinguishing feature is that the blade tends to be ever slightly broader near the tip than the base. There is also a spike attached to the pommel, allowing one to strike at the enemy in close quarters. After the British based the design of their Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre on the talwar, many other European countries followed in adopting similar blades as well. Khanda A bit of an odd duck, the khanda is a straight sabre with a broad double-edged blade ending in a rounded or bluntly-pointed tip. Unlike many other double-edged swords, the khanda is purely a chopping weapon: the blade lacks a sufficiently sharp point to thrust with, and has straight edges unsuitable for slashing. Swords of this type also feature two metal extensions on each of edge of the blade to impart stiffness to the blade, which was often made of softer and more flexible metal. While the outermost extension is usually 1/3rd the length of the blade, the innermost extension is usually longer but still ends some ways before the tip so as to expose the second edge. European Swords For clarity: by Europe, we mean here the area of Western European civilization, from roughly around The High Middle Ages onward. European swordmakers had access to a great amount of high-quality iron, allowing them to create material-intensive swords in abundance. Contrary to popular belief, European swords weren't 30 lb. hunks of steel: a greatsword actually weighs around 5-6 lbs, while an arming sword comes in at around 2.5 lbs. European swords typically possess a blade with a thick base that tapers up to a point; inspecting the sword's distribution of mass or the degree of taper in its profile is generally a good indicator of its intended purpose. Note that many sources miscategorize European cruciform swords under the name "broadswords." This is a retcon and will hit the Fandom Berserk Button if you use it amongst true enthusiasts. The term "broadsword" is actually a given name referring to a specific type of sword, just like "machete" or "falchion" is; the sword in particular is a basket-hilted straight-bladed weapon popular amongst the Scots (and later, the English) in the 16th Century. It was called a "broadsword" to differentiate it from the slim-bladed, stabbing-oriented rapier, and historians borrowed it as a catch-all term for all "broad"-bladed cutting swords, which (at the time) did not have a name as a category. Arming Sword The arming sword is a versatile weapon, able to cut and thrust, and the cruciform hilt construction is a lot better for parrying off blows than shorter blades or curved blades. The second edge allows the weapon to cut in either direction; blows with the "short edge" (the edge which faces the wielder) are a major component of many Western martial arts. This is the blade design most commonly seen in use by feudal and medieval knights, and was designed for use either on horseback, or on foot. It was generally a one-handed weapon, often used together with a shield or a buckler. Messer The messer is not so much a single weapon, but generally a family of similar-looking slightly curved, single-edged blades, with a pointy tip fit for thrusts; in differing incarnations one- or two-handed. The German names include varieties of "Messer", meaning simply "knife": Grosses Messer, Langes Messer, also Kriegsmesser. The difference between them is somewhat arbitrary, though one may opt to differentiate between the one-handed and two-handed version. As evidenced by its name, the messer was a simple weapon in origin, less "knightly" than a sword, but simpler in making — which is perhaps best evidenced in that it originally had a guard consisting of a nail sticking out of the handle. When the arming sword grew into the longsword, varieties of the messer filled the ecological niche of a weapon of this size, as well as keeping that of a commoner's one. Because of this, their comparatively low cost, and laws against the wearing of swords by commoners note it's just a knife, eh guys? Eh? many fencing manuals teach the use of it, on its own or with a buckler. The messer and it's variants were mostly used in German-speaking lands in the 14th-16th centuries. A similar weapon known as the falchion was in use across Europe from the 11th-14th centuries. The fundamental difference between a messer and a falchion lies in the grip construction; falchions use a guard/grip/pommel arrangement, like a "real" sword, while messers use flat grip panels either side of a flat, broad tang, more like a common kitchen knife. Longsword Somewhere around late 12th or 13th Century, improvements in forging allowed arming swords with lengthened blades of 100-120cm, and an extended hilt allowing it to be used in either one or both hands. These "great swords" (e.g., Oakeshott types XIIa and XIIIa) eventually evolved into the classic "longsword" (e.g., Oakeshott types XVa, XVIa, XVII, XVIIIa). The English longsword was described as having only a slightly longer blade than the arming sword but with a longer hilt, while the Germans thought that a longsword's pommel should reach the armpit of the person with the tip down to the ground. As advances in armorsmithing blessed Shining Armor with enough endurance that heavy troops didn't need to rely on shields, this type of sword became more common than arming swords but never completely replaced them. Notably, most of medieval and renaissance swordsmanship manuals that survive - and by extrapolation, most of the manuals that were written - are centered upon this type of sword. The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is a more modern term (probably originating in the 19th century) term used for these types of weapons. The term "bastard sword" is sometimes also used for being neither a one-hand nor a two-hand sword, but nowadays "longsword" is asserted as the proper term. Note that, especially in the gaming community (going back at least as far as Gary Gygax ), the term "longsword" is often incorrectly used to mean what is more properly called an arming sword. A somewhat rare variant of the longsword was the estoc, essentially an edgeless longsword with either a diamond or triangle blade profile. This was a weapon specialized for armored combat, first appearing in the 15th century and becoming more common in the 16th century. Since it was a pure thrusting weapon, but much heavier than the later rapier, it was often used as what amounted to a short, heavy lance (since the main wooden lance often broke during the charge). The later "koncerz" (essentially a one-handed estoc with a knuckle guard), famously used by the Winged Hussars, was an extension of the concept. Two-Handed Sword These came in different variations, like the Scots claymore (claidheamh mór, "great sword") or the German Bidenhänder/Zweihänder ("two-hander"), and were very rare indeed. Their length and weight varied (from 145cm to 2m in length, and from 1.5kg to 5kg), but the average zweihander was roughly 170cm in length and weighed around 3kg. Their primary purpose, aside from ceremonial designs, was for use by shock infantry to support a formation against enemy pike blocks, in the same way as halberds and similar polearms were used. Due to their effectiveness they were often used by banner guards and personal guards. They were expensive and difficult to master, and soldiers that mastered their use were counted among the elite. Originals that survive tend to have been ceremonial or judicial weapons. However, while they sound very heavy and unwieldy they are surprisingly agile weapons due to the length of the hilt. Surviving Scots claymore have hilts typically about 50-60 cm long; this length gives the user significant leverage to swing the heavy blade, with one hand putting in pressure and the other acting as a fulcrum. Many styles of two-handed blade (particularly the zweihander) also had a "third grip" known as a ricasso, a blunted portion of the blade above the crossguard that was used to provide more precise control of the weapon while striking (some claymores even had the ricasso wrapped in leather to make it easier to grip), though wielding the blade in such a manner made it almost like a polearm - hence why learning how to use one properly could be highly confusing for a seasoned soldier. Flamberge A flamberge, which means flaming sword, was not a single type of sword, but rather a shape of blade: wavy, curved many times. There could be a small flamberge sidesword, or a large flamberge greatsword. The waves on the blade widened the wound, provided for some saw-like armor cutting properties and made the wounds inflicted by such a sword much harder to treat. This made flamberges very effective, but inhumane; there were numerous bans on these blades, and a soldier taken prisoner with a flamberge was usually executed on spot. Flamberges, however, were expensive to craft; it took a lot of skill to hammer all those waves on a blade, and if you just grind them on, the resulting blade will be very structurally weak. Dussack A very enigmatic weapon strongly associated with 16th century Germany and very often mentioned in fencing treatises from that region. It's often mistakenly described as merely a training weapon, but in reality it could be considered the predecessor of the cutlass. A very compact single-edged sword, often curved and with some degree of hand protection. They could be as simple as one piece of steel with the grip being simply and extension of the blade, and curving the bottom further upwards to form a knuckle guard. Alternatively, some models were complex basket hilt swords with short curved blades. Both versions saw very frequent use as infantry sidearms, the former by poor soldiers and the latter by wealthier individuals. Cinquedea An unusual type of the short Italian sword or large dagger common during the wars of the Italian city-states during the Renaissance. 12-15 inches (30-40 cm) long with the very wide base ï¿½ often said to be the width of the five fingers, which explains its name of "God's Five" ï¿½ it was used mainly for thrusting, and was characterized by the broad blade and elaborate pattern of fullers cut into it to lighten it. Cinquedea was commonly carried horizontally in the small of the back to ease its drawing and movement of its wielder in the narrow streets of Italian cities, as it was mainly a civilian weapon of affluent urban dwellers. Sidesword The evolutionary link between the medieval arming sword and the renaissance rapier. They were virtually identical to an arming sword, but present more elaborate means of hand protection than a simple cross guard. This could be as simple as a ring to protect the index finger when placed on the quillon (a common practice to gain more precise control) to more complex sets of bars and rings. The earliest of these weapons appear around the end of the fourteenth century, and they became more common and elaborate up to the point where they evolved into the rapier. Rapier These slender cut-and-thrust weapons evolved from the sixteenth century sideswords. They were characterized by their extremely long and stiff blades (often over 40 inches long) and their elaborate hilts. Early rapiers could be nearly indistinguishable from sideswords (many collectors categorize some swords simply as "rapier or sidesword") but in the late 16th and early 17th century many distinct styles of hilt emerged. The Italian swept hilt (curved bars and rings in elegant loops), the German Pappenheimer (a pair of oval pierced plates on each side of the blade) and the Spanish cup hilt (a large half-dome covering the hilt) are the more distinctive. Despite being primarily considered a civilian weapon, it was commonly seen in a military context, usually carried by officers and aristocratic cavalry. The use of the rapier declined in most of Europe by the end of the 17th century, but in Spain the cup hilt variety remained popular even up to the late 18th century. A common misconception is to link the rapier with the modern sport fencing foil or epee. In reality this sword was a very different beast. While it was a very dexterous weapon which relied heavily in precision and balance, most rapiers were still longer and sometimes heavier than the average longsword. The idea of the rapier is to have an extremely long sidearm that offered good hand protection, and for that a lot of material was needed, which added to its weight. Even so, most of that weight is on the elaborate hand guards, which positions the point of balance very close to the hand. As a general rule, Dual Wielding was very rare in European combat. The Rapier is one of the exceptions, as it was common to use a dagger (main gauche) or other weapon in the off-hand for parrying. True Dual Wielding of equal-sized swords was still uncommon, but sometimes done with sideswords and rapiers, taught by some fencing masters such as Marozzo. Smallsword These swords were developed from the rapier, but not in the sense most people think. The change from a long and heavy sword to a light and shorter variant was not done because the smallsword was a superior weapon, but simply because it was more convenient. Rapiers often weight well over 1 kg. Smallswords, on the other hand, are usually between 350 and 500 g. Its reduced size also made it so a person could wear it while going about their daily tasks or even in a social context without worrying about it getting in the way. In modern terms, it's analogous to the difference between carrying a large steel pistol and carrying a compact polymer model. The smaller and lighter weapon is simply going to be easier to live with, even if the alternative would probably serve you better in a fight. It was developed at the end of the seventeenth century, based both on the rapier and on some models of compact infantry swords. Its hilt was very simple in form, often just a knuckle bow and a pair of plates or rings, often made entirely of soft brass, but in some cases decorated to the extreme. The blades were usually just over 30 inches long, edgeless and very stiff. By the 18th century it was the most common sword carried by European gentlemen, as much of a fashion accessory as it was a weapon. Since it was the easiest sword to carry around it was frequently used as a self-defense weapon, and many fencing systems were centered around that. It was also considered the standard dueling weapon of the era, though with time it would be replaced by the pistol in that regard. The training weapon for the smallsword was the foil, with a very flexible blade for reasons of safety. It is from this sword that the modern practice of sport fencing was developed. A variant of the smallsword was the colichemarde, which had a characteristic blade with a very broad base which abruptly tapered into a very narrow profile. The purpose of this was to give it more mass at its forte to allow it to control an opposing blade more easily. Spadroon/Officer's Sword The spadroon is a weapon that attempts to combine the cutting capacity of the broadsword of it's era with the convenience of the smallsword. In theory the concept of a broadsword or backsword blade on a smallsword hilt is not particularly bad, but in practice the spadroon was considered a spectacularly mediocre weapon. This was because most models tried to make the sword as light as possible, resulting in a blade to flexible to thrust properly and too narrow to cut to any significant effect. The 1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword, for example, was often refereed to as "the perfect encumbrance". Even so, the concept was still solid, and in the nineteenth century it evolved into many excellent models of officer's swords. Only this time, a narrow blade very similar to that of a short rapier was coupled with a very light and simple sabre-like hilt. The French Model 1882 Infantry Officer's Sword is a perfect example. Saber/Sabre The European sabre appeared during the 16h century in Eastern Europe. The Hungarian and Polish versions are the most well known today, both owing a lot of their features to the scimitars introduced to those regions by the Ottoman Turks. The blades of these weapons were similarly identical to their Turkish predecessors, but the hilts resembled the designs Europeans would eventually adopt, with the iconic D-shaped knuckle bow appearing in the 17th century. Other likely predecessors were the curved swords of Magyars of the early middle ages, who would later become the Hungarians. During the 18th century came a sudden appreciation of the Eastern European model of light cavalry, particularly the Hungarian hussars. It was likely because of this that the curved sabre was adopted as the universal light cavalry weapon. These new sabres had very varied designs, but they generally had a D-shaped hilt and a blade with varying degrees of curvature depending on the specific pattern. The heavy cavalry usually retained their straight swords, but in the British Empire all cavalry swords from the year 1821 onward would be sabres of more or less the same blade design, with only the hilt changing from pattern to pattern. By the end of the eighteenth century many infantry officers, particularly those who were most likely to engage in hand-to-hand combat (grenadiers, light infantry and rifles) were unhappy with the conventional sword patterns. Officers bought their own equipment, but they were generally expected to buy a predetermined official pattern of sword. Many chose to instead carry cavalry sabres or custom swords based on cavalry sabres. By the beginning of the nineteenth century many armies had approved an official pattern of infantry officer's sabre for these exact same reason, either for all their officers or just those specific branches. Throughout the rest of the nineteenth century both the sabre and the new improved models of infantry officer's swords would be used by many different nations. Cutlass/Hanger/Hunting Sword The cutlass is a sword usually described as a short sabre. While this is more or less accurate for the most well known cutlasses, it's a very narrow concept. The cutlass or hanger is simply a compact cut-and-thrust weapon designed for infantry and naval use. Some patterns were even used by 19th century police officers. The hilts usually have some degree of hand protection, most commonly just a knuckle bow, and the blades are single edged, either curved or straight, and no longer than 30 inches. The first cutlasses appeared in the second half of the 17th century and they remained in even up to the early 20th century. Manuals describe their use as almost identical to that of the infantry sabre, with the exception that the length of the cutlass makes attacking the legs very impractical. The hunting sword is considered a variant of the cutlass, mainly used in a civilian hunting context. They were carried by hunters both as a self-defense sidearm and to dispatch a wounded animal. They were usually more ornate and sometimes had less hand protection than military cutlasses. Some 18th century officers chose to carry their personal hunting swords in battle. This probably had to do with it being very similar to the standard infantry sword, but the hunting sword also served to reinforce the aristocratic image of the officers. Executioner's Sword Let us now point out that a sword could also be used to hurt people outside of combat, especially as the nobility often believed that even on an executioner's block they deserved service befitting their class. The difference between an executioner's working environment and a battlefield is obvious — no stabbing was involved, reach was not an issue, and there was much greater emphasis on carefully aiming your blows. It stands to reason, then, that many of them used weapons specially prepared for the task. An executioner's sword would often be as short as an arming sword, but still with a two-handed grip, and forward-balanced. No stabbing meant a rounded tip. These changes ensured that an executioner had a proper tool to lop the head, or occasionally limbs, off of an static target in one blow. Viking swords Viking swords were commonly more folded, by orders of magnitude, than even most ancient Japanese swords, for similar reasons: the difficulty of refining steel. Forging a really good blade from the metal available to Norse smiths was a costly endeavor, and swords were expensive weapons, less common than the axe or spear, and often owned and carried only by noblemen or wealthy merchants. The term refers strictly to the smithing tradition. Actual Vikings used quite a lot of different weapons from around Europe. Swords dated to the 4th to 7th centuries AD, referred to as Migration Era swords, originated when Germanic tribes appropriated the Roman spatha, discussed below. After the collapse of the western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes began to produce their own versions of the spatha, which transitioned into the Viking swords discussed immediately below. The sword quickly became a marker of social standing in Germanic society, and was commonly used as a grave good. Among the best known Viking swords were the "Ulfberht" swords, which were a typical Viking blade but forged out of much, much higher-quality "Damascus steel", enabling it to bend and cut with far greater flexibility and strength than other steel blades of the time. Ulfberht blades were extremely expensive and forged from steel that was created at a far higher temperature than normal steel of the time, reducing the amount of slag impurities in the steel and thus resulting in far greater quality. One theory is that the steel ingots involved in their production actually came from river trading routes that stretched to the Middle East. Interestingly, these blades might've been an early case of brand recognition. The name comes from an inscription on the blades — +VLFBERH+T — and it is entirely possible that it was a mark of producer or a group of them, perhaps a family line. Proving that humans don't change over time, there even were mass-produced rip-offs , down to incorrectly imitated or misspelled inscriptions. Among the most common Viking swords was the seax, less commonly called a scramasax or hardsax, a straight-bladed, slightly tapering implement falling somewhere in between large knife and short sword, with a blade anywhere from 12" to 20" (30 to 50 centimeters) long, sometimes single-edged, often with a tiny, almost vestigial guard and broad flared pommel of cast brass. The seax was used as a tool as often as a weapon. Culturally, the weapon was common to most Germanic tribes: besides the Vikings, the Saxons were famous users of the seax (indeed, the word "Saxon" probably comes from "seax"), and the weapon still appears on the arms of Saxon-settled Middlesex and Sussex . Beowulf (a Viking about whom the (Anglo-)Saxons wrote the most definitive tale ) favored a seax and killed Grendel's mother with one forged by giants . From the 10th century on, the Migration Era swords began to evolve into the arming sword used in The Middle Ages . Ewart Oakeshott was not the one to classify these weapons; that job fell to another scholar named Jan Peterson, who identified nine basic flavors. That's why Oakeshott's catalogue starts with the Type X . Greek swords Despite what 300 would make you believe, the primary weapon of a Greek hoplite was the spear. However, this does not mean the Greeks didn't have any swords to speak of. The first type, 'makhaira', was a curved, one-bladed weapon not unlike an oversized Gurkha kukri. The 'kopis' was somewhat of a long makhaira. Some historians speculate that the Greeks first learned of this blade shape from their trade with the Carthaginians and Iberian Celts, who appear to have called a short sword with this kind of recurved blade a 'falcata.' Alexander 's armies went as far east as India, and it is considered quite plausible by many authorities that their introduction of this blade shape to India survives today as the Nepalese ' kukri ' that the Gurkhas still use. The second type, the 'xiphos', was a double-edged weapon with a leaf-shaped blade. Longer than makhaira, it was some 50-60 centimeters long. The xiphos tends to be more commonly depicted in Greek art. Incidentally, thanks to the rather broad blade, it may be the sword to which the name "broadsword" is actually somewhat appropriate. Roman swords The Roman gladius (again, a copy of Iberian designs) was typically manufactured of wrought iron rather than steel. It was a very distinctive-looking straight-bladed double-edged short sword with a blade 16" to 20" (40 to 50 cm) with a small oval guard and broad flared pommel, often with a large rounded wooden or brass weight on the pommel for balance. The short length shows how Roman tactics focused on short stabbing blows rather than the sweeping cuts with longer swords preferred by many of their enemies. This worked because of Roman discipline and teamwork in battle ; individually, less so. The gladius was used in conjunction with a very large rectangular or, in the late days of the Eastern Roman Empire, oval shield. The 'spatha', a long-bladed sword used by Roman cavalry. It gradually replaced the gladius as the infantry sword, starting from the 2nd century. The spatha eventually evolved into the Viking weapons mentioned earlier, and is thus the grandfather of European arming swords. Middle Eastern blades The curved blades that have been used in the Middle Eastern region, from Turkey to India, are usually categorized as "scimitars," though the term was invented by historians. As many different cultures used them, they came in a variety of forms. The blade can be single or double-edged, narrow and wide, even the shape of the curve varies. They usually have a short hilt and two short guards and a buckled pommel. Varieties include the Indian Talwar, the Arabian saif, the Persian shamshir, the Turkish kilij, the Somali belawa, the Moroccan nimcha, and the Afghan pulwar among more. Pattern-welded swords of various designs gained particular acclaim amongst European crusaders, who knew them as Damascus Steel blades. They were made with high-carbon crucible steel of Indian origin, now commonly called "wootz," a corruption of several South Indian words meaning "steel". The original method of their creation was lost sometime in the 17th century, a fact attributed to the depletion of unique ores of iron used in its production. Polish/Hungarian Sabre In the Eastern and Central Europe, the constant fighting with the Turks, Tatars and various other steppe peoples led to the straight swords being replaced by local incarnations of the "scimitar" of the Middle-Eastern designs (though in an interesting twist, the Hungarians, being originally a nomadic steppe people, arrived in Europe wielding sabres to adopt the Western sword around the 10th-11th Century). Since around 16th Century, the szabla/sablya/szablya (the name comes from a Hungarian word meaning "to cut") has become a standard side weapon in these parts of the world, receiving as much respect as swords did earlier, and even achieving the status of a national symbol in some places. There were many designs, differing by details such as the shape and curvature of the blade and the form of the guard and handle. A thumb-ring was a relatively unique development, giving the wielder greater control and allowing for more forceful strikes. The latest addition to the family was the 1934 Pattern Sabre, developed by the Polish military as late as, you guessed it, 1934. This fine weapon, benefitting from the most up-to-date achievements of 20th Century science and engineering, could be held as a pinnacle of sword-making if it wasn't, you know, obsolete from the beginning . Yatagan A Turkish yatagan is a curved sword with an edged concave side, rather than the convex side of the usual kilij scimitar. It was meant for thrusting and chopping blows. Richard Burton ï¿½ the 19th century adventurer, not the 20th century actor ï¿½ declared it the best designed sword ever in his important work "The Book of the Sword". Shashqua A shashqa is a sword of Caucasian origin, later adopted by Cossacks, and even later, by Russian/early Soviet cavalry. It is like a scimitar or saber, only with a longer curved hilt and without any crossguard because it evolved from utility knives. The name itself is a corruption of Adyghe "sash-kho", "long knife." It was typically worn with the blade facing up, much like the katana, with which it shares similar techniques. Khopesh One of the earliest iterations of the sword was the Sumerian "sickle-sword". It is believed that such swords developed from war axes, in turn derived from agriculture tools. The swords were typically between 50-60 cm, with a straight hilt and a straight length of blade until a sharp curve towards the end of the blade, sometimes ending in a pointed or hooked end. The sword was used by a number of nations, including Assyria, Canaan and Ancient Egypt . It was the last of them who would give the sickle-sword its name, the khopesh and would get the most association with it, even getting some reference in the Rosetta Stone. What the sword was used for is something of a matter of debate, with theories ranging from a saber-like weapon to a weapon used for disarming shield-equipped opponents. It fell out of use by around 1,300 BC, but saw plenty of reference in Egyptian mythology and ceremony for long afterwards and in popular culture is often given to Ancient Egyptian warriors, even long after they would have been phased out of active service . African swords While the iconic weapon the popular culture associates with sub-Saharan Africa is the spear (and its wielder a Masai dressed in red cloth or a Zulu wearing a leopard skin), there has been a number of swords from that area.	Kukri
In which building were the Proms held before World War II?	www.IKRHS.com • View topic - ORIGINS OF THE KUKRI by V.K. KUNWOR ORIGINS OF THE KUKRI by V.K. KUNWOR Posted: Thu Nov 29, 2007 1:21 am Staff Joined: Thu Apr 21, 2005 11:43 pm Posts: 1632 ORIGINS OF THE KUKRI. ARTICLE BY V.K. KUNWOR, 2007. “The kukri is at the very heart of the tradition and culture of Nepal, and, as a very good friend or deadly foe, it mirrors the duality of human nature and nature of mankind.” -Bob Crew Since the 19th century the kukri has been a symbol and object of our collective imagination. The origins of the kukri has been a matter of discussion and several theories exist as to its exact origin. Where does it come from and what is its origins? The kukri is the national weapon of Nepal, the symbol of the Gurkhas/Gorkhas and a world famous knife growing in popularity with a rich history that has shaped the world to what it is today. From the unification of Nepal in the late 18th century, the Anglo-Nepal war in 1814-1816, the wars of the British Raj, in both the World Wars the kukri at the hand of the Gurkha soldier played a crucial role in shaping our world as we see it today. There is little knowledge as to the kukri´s origin, very little reserch done about this knife, in Nepal or elsewhere. History seems to be less important then economical development at the moment which is understandable in Nepal due to the circumstances. Yet I find it strange that a knife so important, a national symbol, there is so little known about the kukri. On my last journey to Nepal in 2007 I meet a handful of people very intressted in kukri and talked to many people about the origins of this amazing knife. I was told that it had been given to the forefathers of the Royal family of Nepal as gift from the gods but also that there does exist some old records about the arrival of the kukri into the foothills of the Himalayas where Nepal is located. Kukris come in many different sizes and styles but follow a basic design making it a kukri. I use the term kukri intentionally as its is the most common spelling of what should properly be spellt khukuri. With this article I want to share my knowledge in tracing the kukris origins from ancient times to present. Note, this is not a academic exercise but an attempt freely to cast some ideas out for further discussion, thus there is little if any reference directlyto the sources i have used, for several reasons. Im working on a more complete academic and professional version. Kukri is a knife found throughout the Himalayas, it is made in various sizes and styles dependig on its intention of use. It is always forward curved, with a angle of about 20 degrees, the blade is often ca.30-35 cm long, and has a single sharp edge, a thick spine up to 1 cm, the handle is often ca.10-13 cm long and often made of wood, horn or metal. The blade is fastend to the handle using tree sap (himalayan epoxy), riveted through the tang or tail, and/or through a butt cap at the end of the handle, many varieites do exist. Most kukris have a notch at the end of the blade, near the handle, for practical and ceremonial reasons. Practically it allows the blood to drip off, ceremonialy it is a symbol of the Hindu faith, belived to be a symbol of the god shivas trident to the mark of a cow. Many military kukris carry makers and inspection marks but not all. Kukris have been made in many parts of the world, originally from Nepal the making spread during colonial times throughout the British Raj, in modern days even in China and the USA. History is a tool to understand our present through unfolding the past to gain more knowledge, we should look at all available material to gain a broader understanding, keeping a open but critical mind. I have tried to the best of my capability to do this, what is writen is my own thoughts and ideas based largely on western accounts; from books, articles, internet, interviews and discussions. I have also accepted some non-western accounts in various parts to gain a better understanding largely based on interviews and public thought in Nepal and India. I object to following only the classical western method of historical research as it is narrow. Often in history we base our knowledge on past European writers which certainly is of value yet it should also be questioned. Much of history is writen based upon a hierarchical view, we need to keep in mind the people who made history to what it is not just the rulers and the wars that were fought. That we can learn from stories and living oral traditions, not only from books and monuments. What was called the Indian Mutiny is now by many called the first Indian War of Independence, history is forever changing meaning. History is about the past but also about our reality right now, it is about most likely possibilities not always certainities, its a matter that should be discussed and debatted with a open mind where we continously learn, many times how ignorant we are in the search of a greater understanding One aspect that that suprises me the most in history is how global and inter-connected yet self focused it is at the same time, a intressting correlation though not to be debatted here but something I want all readers to keep in mind. Tracing the kukris development is a study in mankinds movements through exploration, trade, and invasion. Looking at the movements of people we learn who came from where. The cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds helps us form a clearer understanding of what each group was like, what they brought with them to where they came and how these aspects came out in their artwork, in their life. Let us keep in mind that a weapon is a form of artwork that reflects a makers or the intended groups culture, ethnicity, religion but also the purpose of use. THE FORWARD CURVE. The earliest records of a forward curved sword can be traced back to the 3rd millenium BCE Sumer Civilization in Mesopotamia, being the earliest civilization in the ancinet Near East. The word for this sword is a Egyptian word for the Caananite sickle sword, Kopesh, it had a hilt of about 18 cm, circa 40 cm long blade and then curving into a cresent shape for another 15-30 cm, the edge located on the outer side. This forward curved sword is regarded as the forefather of all forward curving blades. The Egyptians came into contact with the Kopesh through warfare, they adopted the forward curving sword which gained popularity during the New Kingdom (16th-11th century BCE) and was used by Ramses II (ca.1303 BCE-1213 BCE) the first pharaoh to use in warfare. There are some records which indicate that in the 19th century the ancient Egyptians had contact with the Indian sub-continent, under pharaoh Sesostris, perhaps even invaded certain parts, though this is dismissed by most scholars nowadays. There is very little scholarly work that suggests a relationship between the Sumer, Egyptians and the Indian sub-continent. What is clear is that the Indo-Aryan migration took place between 2000-1500 BCE bringing a new ethnic group to the Indian sub-continent, with a new culture and religion. The Indo-Aryans hailed from the Fertaile Cresent and had of course been in contact or influenced by the Sumer and Egyptian civilizations. Their arrival to the Indian sub-continent is often marked by the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization (3000 BCE-1500 BCE) which is attributed to have been founded by the Proto-Dravidian groups later forced east and south by the Indo-Aryan invasion. It is possible that the Indo-Aryans brought with them the Kopesh or a similar weapon with a forward curve to the new land. They did certainly bring with them a new religion and culture. Ancient culture is to a large part based on religion and the religious texts that dominated the Indian sub continent during ancient time that we have record of is the Rig Veda, Ramayana and Mahabharat, all of great importance in modern Hinduism aswell. The Rig-Veda is belived to be from 1700-1100 BCE and formed the basis of the Indo-Aryans religion and culture. It does mention the use of weapons but is in no way a comprehensive study or even close to being a collection of what weapons were used during this time. It is only in the Ramayana and Mahabharat (500-100 BCE) being the earliest Indian reference to the sub-continents native arms that we gain a wider perspective of the use of weapons and the martial customs of the region. This epic is belived to have been written down by the poet Valmiki following a oral tradition that existed for centuries before being recorded by him. None of these records do mention Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Persians but is of intresst to us as they are of importance in understanding that weapons were of a religious use and value and they still are today. The kukri and other weapons are often keept in each family´s temple and used for religious ceremonies, certain ceremonies would not be complete without these weapons being worshiped and used. King Solomon of the Old Testament lived during the 10th century BCE, obtained many precious items, such as gold, silver, ivory, peacocks, among other things from the land of Ophir, suggested to be in South India, hence the relationship between the ancient Near East and India is a very old relationship based on trade and exploration first and foremostly. That trade and exploration existed before invasions is a certainity by reason. Before an area is invaded there needs to be something that the invading group wants in the area of invasion, from land to goods, something valuable or useful. War and invasion comes only after we know there is something to conquer and gain. Trade brought new goods but also new knowledge. It is clear that the Kopesh existed in the area of Canaan, first under the Sumer and later the Egyptian empires influence, and was used through both civilizations. In the 9th century BCE the civilization of D´mt had been established in present Ethiopia and included the area we call for the Horn of Africa. The ancient Egyptians called this area for Punt / Pwenent / Ta netjer, the land of the god. This civilization used a sematic originated language and was also a important place for trade where many presious items was found. From the Horn of Africa to the Indian coastline it is not far, it is very possible that there was some contact between these locations and that Kopesh could have been brought to the Indian coastline through trade as well as from prior migrations and invasions, further promoting its usefulness. Early records indicate that the Assyrian Queen Semiramis (ca. 800 BCE) invaded India, fighting against Stabrobates (also known as Shama, the wife of Mahadeva) of the Indian hills and plains. When two civilization or cultures come into contact they exchange information and certain Assyrian influences must have been left on the Indian sub-continent and the other way around. The Assyrian Empire at this time included Egypt and Mesopotamia aswell. A sword called Sappara similar to the Kopesh was frequently used by the Assyrians that had a forward curve and is of intresst in our study of the development of the kukri. The Sappara developed from the axe and was a great chopping weapon, similarly to the kukri that is famous for its powerful strike. The difference being that the kukri has a overarching curve while the sappara curved forward yet had a down curved cresent. It should be mentioned though in the development of the kukri as any sword or knife that has a forward curve is of some intresst. . The Persians during the 6th and 5th century BCE expanded the boudaries of their empire under Cyrus and Darius making their eastern empire all the way to the Indus river. Several accounts exist of cultural exchange between the various regions of the Persian empire. Trade flourished from one side to another of the empire, it was one of the pillars of the Persian empire. They were known for being able to incorporate and use new military techniques and weapons that they came into contact with as the empire expanded into new lands. The Persians are known to have used a sword with a forward curve similar to the kopesh, called the kopis. It is thought that the kopis originated from piror existing forward curved blades, such as the kopesh and other forward curved blades. Archelogical evidence shows that at this time several variations of the forward curving blade did exist, not only the kopis, though perhaps it was the most popular. By the time Alexander the Great invaded India several variations of the forward curved blade was frequently used around the Medeterranian and the ancient Near East. The most famous invasion of Indian sub-continent is that of Alexander the Great in 326 BCE from which clear influences are found as to the design of the kukri and commonly attributed that India came into direct contact with the classical world. From here onwards the historical basis that there was a relationship between the two continents are clear. Archelogical findings from coins, statues to the record of great thinkers have mentioned and shown that this was the case. Several Greek writers, Aristotle and Herodotus to mention a few, mentions India in their writings, lets keep in mind that Aristotle was also one of Alexanders tutors. The cavalry of Alexanders military is mentioned of carring a short sword called Machaira which follwos the pattern of being forward curved. The machaira does not have Greek origins itself but is thought to be derived from earlier times, from the Illyrian sword from which there are archelogical finds going back to about 6th century BCE as well as other similar designed, forward curved blades as the Iberian falcata which could very possibly been developed by the Celts who were known for their blacksmithing and iron work techniques. Of intresst is also a statue from the 3rd century BCE of Greek origins depicting a Scythian prisoner of war laying down his arms, holding a sword with a forward curved blade. The forward curved blade was a common type of design around the Medetaranian and Near East before the Greek invasion of India. It is easy to see the relationship between the kukri and these ancient forward curved blades, the resemblance is striking, see pictures below. Machaira Falcata 4th century BCE Alexanders military was formed of many ethninc groups who brought their own military traditions and weapons into the front line, a strict organization and formation was keept of course to ensure maximum effectiveness. Atleast two short swords called machaira and kopis was used by Alexander´s military which had a similar design as the kukri. It had a heavy forward curving single-edged blade, a shape that had been in the Greek world for some centuries before reaching the Indian continent, possibly originating from the Egyptian Khopesh. Unfortunatelly very little is known about the use and spread of the Khopesh in ancient Egypt, if it was brought into the Greek military via Egypt or somewhere else is unkown. Several civilizations and empires before the Greeks had contact with Egypt and could have brought the shape of the Kopesh into use in their weaponry that was later subdued by the Greeks and taken into use by the Greeks. Due to the historical records that are avilable it is commonly attributed that it was through Alexanders invasion of India that the forward curved blade came to India. Following the Greek Empires adventure to India the Roman Empire had several trading posts along the Indian coast and a highly developed trade relation existed. The Romans are known to have used a short sword though not usually curved. It is logical to conclude that the previous existing variations of the forward curved blades did exist and was used in the Roman empire too. As a simple rule the Romans took the best things of the Greek Empire and developed them become better, the forward curve also perhaps. I have shown that several Ancient civilizations and cultures have been in contact with India for various reasons throughout time, from trade to war. I want to establish that India has not been a world by itself but always in contact with other worlds, cultures and civilizations continuesly influenced and influencing others. As with all relationships its a give and take issue at hand. Who brought the science of the forward curved blade firstly to the Indian sub-continent is up to some speculations as there is no certainity. It could have been brought by several groups in waves and also the influences of trade could have promoted its use. What is clear though is that from Alexanders invasion of India the forward curved blade found a home on the Indian sub-continent, a home it has stayed in since then. What we know is that from Alexanders invasion the record is clear that the forward curved blade like the Machaira and Kopis came into the Indian world, earlier possibilities do exist though the records are not as clear. That the Persians, Assyrians, Ethiopians, Canannites and others used forward curving blades is already shown, groups who had some form of contact with the Indian sub-continent, mainly thruogh trade but in some cases also invasions, and could have brought the shape with them as well. ONCE UPON A TIME IN INDIA. To change the cards slightly we should also consider the idea that the forward curve could have existed in the Indian sub-continent before any of these groups mentioned even came into contact with India, this line of thinking follows the Out of India theory that was popular in the 19th century which held that the Indo-Aryans originated in the Indian heartland and migrated outwards towards the Near East. This would in some ways mean that the forward curve existed in India and was brought with them outwards, to the Near East and towards Europe. I say this as most of the groups that came into India as time passed were groups that had emerged from the Indo-Aryan groups migration, so the knowledge of the forward curve was knowledge that existed in this greater group wheter originally from India or comming into India from the Fertaile Cresent. Each wave and group leaveing thier imprints of the India and/or taking with them. On Indian continent there are rock paintings, drawings, writtings and other archelogical finds that suggest that around the 5th century CE, for example in Ajanta, knifes and swords similar to the machaira and kopis are seen depicted and similar varieties became more commonly used as time passed. From about the 10th century CE the forward angled blade seems to become a more commonly used design all over the continent appearing in Orissa, Malabar, Punjab among other place in India. From the south to the north, the east to the west, the use was widespread. The forward curved blade became popular for various reasons, we should keep in mind is that all knifes have a purpose when made, before fire arms gained popularity knifes and swords were commonly used for protection and dominion. The very shape of the forward curved blade (combined with its weight) made the weapon very useful for chopping as the optimal striking point, the area of greatest force is generated with least amount of vibration, is over a maximum length of the blade.The forward angle of the blade lessens the vibration so that there is less energy lost in the strike allowing the blade to quicker reach the target and causing maximum damage. Many variations did and do exist of the forward curved blade, showing a great adaptation, imagination and skillfulness of the blacksmiths of the Indian sub-continent. From the 11th century different groups of Islamic invasions of the Indian sub-continent took place, the most powerful and dominant was to became the Moghul Empire, in the 16th century. During the reign of Akbar (ca.1542-1605) the Ain-i-Akbari, a detailed record of his administration which also includes a very detailed list of Indian arms appeared, forward curving blades are included in this document. The turkish sword, Yataghan, ca 60-90 cm, found throughout the Near East is very similar to the kukri though longer and slimmer. It is belived to have been developed latest by the 16th century and was used throughout the Near East and in Mughal empire. The Mughal court was highly elaborate and powerful, the title Shah, meaning king, is belived to have been given by the Mughal emperor to the hill king that unified Nepal in the 18th century, Prithivi Narayan Shah. IN THE HIMALAYAS In the Himalayas the forward curved blade found a permanent home and developed to become the Kukri as we know of today by the 17th century CE. The earliest recorded use of the kukri in the Himalayas is in by the Rajah (king) of Gorkha Drabya Shah. In Nepali folklore it said that the kukri was presented to the king as a gift from the gods, so that he could make a country, the country we today know as Nepal. The kukri is found throughout the Himalayan ridge. The Rajah along with other Indo-Aryan groups had fleed to the hills of the Himalays from the Muslim invasion from Rajahstan in India, and could have brought the design with them into the hills. If it was not so that they found it there among the martial hill tribes. The hill tribes keept very much for themselfs, naturally protected by a dense malaria filled jungle in the south and the mighty Himalayan mountains in the north, natural barriers of pretection. Kathmandu and some other towns had minimal contact with the outside world, as the Tibetan-Indian trade route went through which could have brought the influence of the design to the hills prior to the arrival of the Rajputs. The Khoda, a weapon typical for Nepal, has also the forward curve, its broader and longer and is belived to have been used in the hills before the kukri though loosing much of its importance as a weapon, similarly as the tulwar. The tulwar has remained as a sign of power and is seen worn in military ceremonies nowadays, the khoda is still used though mostly only for sacrifices. The kukri dominates and is still commonly used and seen in both the remote villages and in the Parliament. We must also remember that the principal deity of the region of Gorkha is Gorakhnath, a 11-12th century CE yogi who plays a important role in the religious life of northern India, in the Royal palace of Gorkha there is a temple for him. His origins have also been a matter of speculation, several articels and books point towards Punjab and the North West Frontier though a schollar on the matter has brought to my attention that Gorkahnath had origins or at least also went to Mesopotamia before reaching the hills. Could he be the forefather of the kukri, having seen forward curved blades in his travells before reaching the hills of Nepal? The shape of Nepal is similar to a kukri, thin and long, along the footsteps of the Himalayan mountains. A Proffesor attached to the Royal Nepal Army mentions documents he has found that indicate the use of the kukri prior to the official known version of Drabya Shah. These documents were found among a small ethninc group in eastern Nepal. It is a intressting note as it casts some relevant information regarding the use of the kukri being older then expected in the hills and that the kukri could be a native Himalayan invention also to some degree with little if any influence from the Indo-Aryan groups that entered the hills in the 14th century onwards. As the formation of the kingdom of Nepal came into begining in the late 18th century, the kukri became a principal weapon of use and soon became a symbol of the State. The kukri functioned as both a agricultural tool and as a weapon used by both poor farmers in the villages and wealthy kings in the cities. The kukri is traditionally carried by all men in the hills who use it for all kinds of purposes, cutting fruits to protection from animals and in times of war. It was a weapon that each man grew up with and knew how to use, in many ways it served as a extension of his arm yet lethal when needed. In hand to hand combat the kukri was a exellent companion. Kukris can be very simple or highly decorated with inlyas of precious stones and gold. The National Museum of Nepal in Kathmandu has many kukris on display illustrating variations of styles, time periods and purpose of the kukri. Since a few years a Military Musuem has also opened in the vincity displaying some kukris. Several Museums all over the world have kukris in their collections as show pieces. The army of Prithiwi Narayan Shah was called Gorkhalis, meaning from Gorkha, and consisted of several ethnic groups, the traditional peasantry had been turned into soldiers. Non Aryan groups as Gurung, Magar including several other ethnic groups fought side by side with Indo-Aryan originated Chettris (warrior caste of Rajput stock) and could rise in military rank gaining both power and wealth. Disregarding the traditional caste rules has been attributed to one of the factors of his success and so has the use of the kukri as it was difficult to parry the strike of a kukri by a sword, sabre or rapier. The Gorkhalis used traditional weapons of the time period, single and doubble edged swords, spears, daggers, bow and arrow, axes, and other native arms including the kukri and to a lesser extent cannons and muskets. The conquests of the many hill kingdoms by the Shah rulers of Gorkha, eventually lead into problems with the British East India Company in the southern border. The Anglo-Nepali war of 1814-1816 was fought ending in a peace treaty. It was from this time onwards that the kukri began to enter into the western mind and imagination, now being popular throughout the world. To the amazement of the British was both the man and his oddly curved dagger which was to become the creme de la creme of the colonial military forces. The kukri set out to conquer to modern world following the Gurkhas in every battle they fought. The peacetreaty between the British East India Company and Gorkhalis included the recruitment of Gorkhali soldiers into the British East India Company´s Military, the kukri was a weapon that the Gorkhali did not seperate from, taking the kukri with him where ever he went was natural. A tradition of recruitment and use of the kukri has followed since the early 19th century till presently. It is belived that a tradition of recruitment existed prior to the British in the Sikh Military as the Nepali name Lahore is most likely from the city of Lahore, the captial of the Sikh kings in the Punjab. Of course the British military has influenced the official pattern issue kukris over the last 100 years, it would be strange if they didn´t. Over all the kukri has changed very little since its early days, the shape is very much the same and its more bound to be different depending on what region it comes from or what style it is made according too yet a kukri is a kukri unmistakenly. Time of course has its marks also, diffrences do exist in kukris from different time periods. For the development of British Military Pattern Gurkha Issue Kukri please see the artcile available at www.ikrhs.com , by Spiral JRS Feb 2006, which beautifully illustrates the devlopment of five standard models of kukris in the 20th century. The Gurkhas have been a tremendous advertisment for the kukri, since the days of early recruitment they have fought many of the battles under British and Indian flags and still do. In both world wars they fought gallantly and now being deployed in the Gulf and Afganhistan several kukri bussiness in Nepal are surving on sales to allied forces serving alongside the Gurkhas. LAST NOTE. Please feel free to use any material, ideas, thoughts for your use in the study of kukris. If you use any part of this article, then please be as kind as to make reference to this article when you use it, it is your karma that decides. References and other info will be given if nessecary but as I mentioned in the introduction this is not a profeesional academic exercise, more to create a disscusion and shed some light on the development of kukris throughout time. If i have upset someone I apologize, history is for discussion, many times to show how ignorant we are. Each collector and enthusiast has his own ideas and very little is written in stone, I might realize something completley different tomorrow and throw this away or I might keep it and continue finding out more. Any ideas, thoughts, opions, etc, can be emailed to me at [email protected] or posted on the forum. Everything will help the study and keep us enlightened. History is not only whats written but more so what is not written, that which is left in the dark for us to explore. © Viking Krishna Kunwor, 2007. Hanshee, 1800´s to early 1900´s, long sirupate, fitted to wooden handle. Mystery 1927 marked, Gurkha issue, ful tang, riveted handle, no kaudi. 2nd WW Officers, full tang, riveted ivory handle, buttcap fitting. 2nd WW Sirupate, metal handle, rat tail, buttcap fitted. 2nd WW maker marked, full tang, riveted wooden handle, no notch. Early 1900´s Dui chirra, horn handle, buttcap fitted. Left: Late 1800´s-Early 1900´s Sirupate, fitted to horn handle with mother of peral inlay. Right: British made Pre WW 1, Blued blade, full tang, riveted wood handle. There exists several models or styles of the kukri, both traditional and military issue, above examples are just a few of many styles.	i don't know
Which of the territories of Canada has the city of Yellowknife as its capital?	Yellowknife \| Northwest Territories, Canada \| Britannica.com Northwest Territories, Canada Yellowknife, city and capital (since 1967) of Northwest Territories , northwestern Canada . It lies on the north shore of Great Slave Lake , 5 miles (8 km) south of the mouth of the Yellowknife River. Yellowknife, on the Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Can. George Hunter It was founded in 1935, one year after gold was discovered in the area, and derived its name from the Yellowknife band of Athabascan Indians. During the early years of World War II , the demand for gold declined, and the city’s economy suffered. Following a second major gold discovery in 1945, several large mines were in operation, although the last one closed in the early 21st century. Reserves of diamonds discovered in the surrounding region have been mined since the mid-1990s. In addition, tourism is of growing importance to the local economy. Power is provided in part by a hydroelectric station on the nearby Snare River. Buildings of central Yellowknife, southern Northwest Territories, Canada. Trevor MacInnis The city is the largest community and the chief administrative, commercial, and educational centre in the territories. Yellowknife is linked by highway around the lake southward to Hay River and to cities in Alberta . In winter these roads are supplemented by roadways across the frozen lake. Inc. city, 1970. Pop. (2006) 18,700; (2011) 19,234. Public ice road on Great Slave Lake near Yellowknife, southern Northwest Territories, Canada. James Reeve/Corbis	Northwest Territories
Who wrote the melody of the song 'Swonderful'?	View the aurora borealis on our Yellowknife aurora tours • CONTACT View the aurora borealis on our Yellowknife aurora tours View the amazing aurora borealis (northern lights) from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. Yellowknife is the capital of Canada’s Northwest Territories and is located directly under the ‘Aurora Oval’, a narrow band encircling the polar reaches of the globe in which the mysterious coloured lights of the aurora borealis are at their most brilliant. Coupled with its clear nights, this favorable geographic location makes Yellowknife consistently one of the best places in the world for aurora viewing. The ideal location of this city is the reason clients, who book at least three consecutive nights of aurora viewing, have enjoyed a success rate of at least 95% over the past five years. From the strategically located viewing facilities outside of the city and far away from any man-made light, guests of our Yellowknife aurora tours experience massive curtains of light that flash dramatically across the night sky, swirling and twisting into magnificent coronas. The aurora borealis, or northern lights, are actually giant electrical storms formed by solar flares from the sun that react with the Earth’s magnetic field. Although they are usually about 100-500 kilometers above the Earth’s upper atmosphere, in Canada’s North, our guests often feel that they can reach up and touch these spectacular light displays! The viewing location is largely made up of tepees, kept warm for your enjoyment, while waiting for the aurora. Guests can learn about the scientific and legendary element of the aurora borealis and receive information on how to photograph them. Food and drinks are served nightly in our dining hall. We have designed the viewing area to maximize the viewing pleasure of our guests and introduce them to our culture, the northern environment and offer them some good wholesome fun!	i don't know
Which British opera venue was used as a dance hall during World War II?	History — Royal Opera House The Royal Opera House entrance on Bow Street © ROH 2012 The Royal Opera was formed as the Covent Garden Opera Company in 1946, but behind it lies a tradition of operatic performance which goes back for more than 260 years at its home in Covent Garden. In each of the three theatres there have been on the site since 1732, opera has played an important role. The present theatre was built in 1858. During World War II it was used as a dance hall but after the war the idea of public subsidy of the arts was accepted and the decision was made to establish the Royal Opera House as the permanent year-round home of the opera and ballet companies now known as The Royal Opera and The Royal Ballet. It was the ballet company which reopened the building on 20 February 1946 with The Sleeping Beauty. The two Companies combined for Purcell’s The Fairy Queen that December, and on 14 January 1947, Covent Garden Opera Company gave its first complete opera performance, Bizet’s Carmen. The man appointed to run the new theatre was David Webster. His period as General Administrator coincided with the first three Music Directors of the opera company: Karl Rankl (1946–51), Rafael Kubelík (1955–8) and Georg Solti (1961–71). The Rankl period was principally one of establishing the Company and saw the beginnings of the careers of many British singers, including Charles Craig, Geraint Evans and Michael Langdon. This process continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, with Covent Garden playing a large part in the development of performers such as Amy Shuard, Joan Sutherland, Josephine Veasey and Jon Vickers. Under Kubelík especially there was a considerable emphasis on the idea of an ensemble company, but internationally famous singers regularly appeared as guests: Kirsten Flagstad and Hans Hotter in Wagner; Maria Callas in a variety of roles, culminating in the legendary Franco Zeffirelli production of Tosca in 1964; Birgit Nilsson; Elisabeth Schwarzkopf; Boris Christoff; Tito Gobbi and Ramon Vinay. Guest conductors included Maria Giulini, Rudolf Kempe and Otto Klemperer. Among the producers and designers who worked at Covent Garden during this time, two Italians were especially notable – Zeffirelli and Luchino Visconti. As well as his Tosca, Zeffirelli also produced the 1959 Lucia di Lammermoor that took Joan Sutherland to international stardom. Later productions included distinguished stagings of Rigoletto, Falstaff and the double bill of Cavalleria rusticana and Pagliacci. Visconti’s work for the opera company was based on three great Verdi operas: the 1958 centenary production of Don Carlos and later stagings of Il trovatore and La traviata. He also mounted at Covent Garden an art nouveau Der Rosenkavalier. Much of this work carried over into the Solti era, but it was with his arrival as Music Director in 1961 that the Company took its place as one of the world’s leading opera companies. During his time, international awareness of Covent Garden and its singers grew considerably, a process confirmed by the success of the Company’s tour to Munich and West Berlin in 1970. The Solti period saw numerous developments in the Company’s repertoire and performing style. Of particular importance was the number of new productions of operas by Richard Strauss conducted by Solti himself, including Der Rosenkavalier, Die Frau ohne Schatten, Arabella and Salome. It was during this period in 1968 that the Company became The Royal Opera. Solti continued a fruitful association with The Royal Opera and in 1992 was created Music Director Laureate on the occasion of his 80th birthday. He conducted the very last operatic music to be heard in the theatre at a Farewell Gala marking its closure for redevelopment in July 1997. He died the following September. In 1970 Webster retired to be succeeded by John Tooley, and the following year Colin Davis took over as Music Director. This new partnership succeeded in maintaining the Company’s place in the top league of international houses. The world’s leading singers appeared regularly with guest conductors of the quality of Claudio Abbado, Christoph von Dohnányi, Bernard Haitink, Carlos Kleiber and Riccardo Muti. Major new productions included Götz Friedrich’s centenary Der Ring des Nibelungen and the first British staging of the complete Lulu of Alban Berg. During this period the Company expanded its work abroad with visits to La Scala, Milan, Japan and South Korea and to the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival in Los Angeles. At home, the Midland Bank Proms were launched at Covent Garden and later the Big Screen in the Piazza. In 1987 Bernard Haitink succeeded Colin Davis as Music Director, and in 1988 Jeremy Isaacs took over from John Tooley as General Director of the Royal Opera House until his retirement in 1997. Paul Findlay became Director of The Royal Opera in 1987, succeeded by Nicholas Payne in 1993. Over the 80s and 90s, The Royal Opera enlarged its reputation with an imaginative range of repertory and award-winning new productions. These included the British première of Berio’s Un re in ascolto, the first productions at Covent Garden of Borodin’s Prince Igor, Janáček’s The Cunning Little Vixen and Kát’a Kabanová, Rossini’s Guillaume Tell and Il viaggio à Reims, Mozart’s Mitridate, re di Ponto, Berlioz’s La Damnation de Faust and Prokofiev’s The Fiery Angel. The Company’s commitment to contemporary opera was seen in the world première in 1991 of Harrison Birtwistle’s opera Gawain, the recording of which won the Contemporary Category of the 1996 Gramophone Awards. The 1995/96 Season saw the world première of British composer Alexander Goehr’s opera Arianna as well as the British company premiere of Hindemith’s Mathis der Maler in November and a new production of Tippett’s The Midsummer Marriage to mark the composer’s 91st year. The following season, 1996/97, The Royal Opera celebrated its Golden Jubilee with performances of Pfitzner’s Palestrina in London and New York. The renewal of Wagner stagings, begun in 1993 with Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, continued with Der Ring des Nibelungen which was completed in autumn 1995. Three full cycles were given in Autumn 1996, all conducted by Haitink. Haitink received a Laurence Oliver Award for conducting Siegfried and Götterdämmerung in 1995 and, together with the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, received the Evening Standard’s award for Outstanding Artistic Achievement in Opera, ‘for the consistently high quality of their music making throughout 1995’. Another distinctive feature of Haitink’s time as Music Director was his fostering of the Orchestra’s appearances on the concert platform both at Covent Garden and in major London concert halls, as well as encouraging the formation of the Orchestra’s own chamber ensemble. The roster of distinguished guest conductors was also maintained across the generations, including Claudio Abbado, Colin Davis, Christoph von Dohnányí, John Eliot Gardiner, Daniele Gatti, Valéry Gergiev, Carlos Kleiber, Charles Mackerras, Simon Rattle, Gennadi Rozhdestvensky, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Georg Solti and Christian Thielemann. Edward Downes, a renowned Verdi scholar and practitioner associated with The Royal Opera since 1952, conducted the first performances at Covent Garden of Attila (1990) and Stiffelio (1993). He was the mastermind behind The Royal Opera’s seven-year Verdi Festival 1995–2001, during which it was planned to perform all 28 of Verdi’s operas. During the closure period he conducted a new production of I masnadieri in Baden-Baden, Savonlinna and Edinburgh, before returning to London in June 1999 (Sadle’rs Wells Theatre). On 14 July 1997 a Farewell Gala given by both The Royal Opera and The Royal Ballet marked the closure of the Royal Opera House for a major two-and-a-half-year redevelopment. During the first season of the closure period, 1997–8, The Royal Opera presented seven new productions, three at the Barbican Theatre, and four at the Shaftesbury Theatre. In this season alone, The Royal Opera received the following awards: for Paul Bunyan, the Evening Standard Award for Outstanding Artistic Achievement and the Laurence Oliver Award for Best New Opera Production; for The Turn of the Screw, the Evening Standard Award for Outstanding Production and the South Bank Show Award; and The Royal Philharmonic Society Award for The Pilgrim’s Progress. During its second year away from Covent Garden, The Royal Opera performed new productions of The Bartered Bride and The Golden Cockerel and revived the award-winning Paul Bunyan at the newly redeveloped Sadler’s Wells theatre. In 1998 Richard Jarman was appointed Artistic Director of the Royal Opera House during the redevelopment of the Royal Opera House. He was succeeded by Elaine Padmore, who joined the company as Director in January 2000. In December 1999 the Royal Opera House reopened with a colourful production of Falstaff, directed by Graham Vick and designed by Paul Brown. The production celebrated the extraordinary range of new technical machinery available to production teams working at Covent Garden. The first two seasons were a period for settling into the new building and the company presented a range of fine revivals, as well as some splendid new productions, including Martinů’s The Greek Passion, directed by David Pountney and co-produced with the Bregenz Festival. Patrice Caurier and Moshe Leiser directed a highly acclaimed new production of Rossini’s La Cenerentola, popular with critics and audiences, and Nikolaus Lehnhoff’s superlative production of Henze’s Boulevard Solitude swept the board at both the Laurence Olivier and the South Bank Awards. A new Parsifal and Trovatore graced the stage, as did Francesca Zambello’s new Queen of Spades production and a brooding double-bill of Bluebeard’s Castle and Erwartung from Willy Decker. La rondine and La sonnambula were staged, and David McVicar made his debut production for the house to open the 2001/02 Season – a new Rigoletto, conducted by Edward Downes. A Young Artists Programme was established in 2001, creating a rich resource for the development of new talent. Antonio Pappano became the Music Director of the Royal Opera in August 2002, opening his first season with Ariadne auf Naxos, directed by Christof Loy, and also including a new production of Berg’s Wozzeck, directed by Keith Warner and designed by Stefanos Lazaridis, who subsequently became the creative team with Pappano for the new Ring introduced 2004–06, culminating in Ring cycles at the start of the 2007/08 Season. Another highlight of his first Season was the world premiere of Nicholas Maw’s Sophie’s Choice, which was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle and directed by Sir Trevor Nunn. Another Royal Opera commission, the highly successful world premiere of The Tempest by Thomas Adès, took place in 2004, conducted by the composer, and in the 2007/08 Season, the latest Harrison Birtwistle commission was produced, with John Tomlinson in the title role of The Minotaur, conducted by Pappano. Other highlights in Pappano’s first decade with The Royal Opera included Shostakovich’s Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, directed by Richard Jones, Peter Grimes, directed by Willy Decker, Carmen, directed by Francesca Zambello, Don Carlo, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and Tosca, directed by Jonathan Kent, replacing the Royal Opera’s long-lived Zeffirelli production from 1964, which had starred many famous guest artists of the company, starting with Maria Callas and Tito Gobbi. Another Zeffirelli production, Pagliacci, starring Plácido Domingo, was conducted by Pappano in the 2002/03 Season. Domingo was also the star of Alfano’s Cyrano de Bergerac in 2006, and took part in the 2007 Ring cycles. The extensive number of operas conducted by Antonio Pappano since his appointment have included Aida, Un ballo in maschera, Don Giovanni, Falstaff, La fanciulla del West, Fidelio, La forza del destino, L’Heure espagnole, Gianni Schicchi, La Gioconda, Madama Butterfly, Le nozze di Figaro, Otello, Werther, Les Troyens, Manon Lescaut, Anna Nicole, I due Foscari, Tristan und Isolde and Andrea Chénier. The Royal Opera continues to invite the world’s greatest artists to perform at Covent Garden. Such artists as Thomas Allen, Anna Caterina Antonacci, Piotr Beczala, Joseph Calleja, Sarah Connolly, Plácido Domingo, Gerald Finley, Juan Diego Flórez, Vittorio Grigolo, Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Jonas Kaufmann, Anna Netrebko, Bryn Terfel are among the many frequent guests. In recent years, The Royal Opera has given an average of 150 performances per season, September–July, of approximately twenty operas, nearly half of these being new productions. Since 2012 the Company has also curated the Studio Programme in the Linbury Studio Programme, presenting chamber operas and a range of experimental new commissions from up-and-coming and established composers, including Harrison Birtwistle, Luca Francesconi, Philip Glass and Salvatore Sciarrino. The Royal Opera continues to widen its audience through a range of innovative means: through cinema broadcasts, through television and radio broadcasts, through free YouTube broadcasts and through the BP Big Screens, which are broadcast for free to open spaces around the UK.	Covent Garden
What was the original name of the 'London Times' newspaper?	Royal Opera House \| Theatre People Royal Opera House change Written on Skin Tickets Show: Are you flexible with this date? Performance: Important Information: All opera performances are surtitled. There is seating on five levels, the lowest being Orchestra Stalls, then ascending as Stalls Circle, Grand Tier, Balcony and Amphitheatre, which is the highest. You can enter the Royal Opera House from Covent Garden Piazza or from Bow Street. Year Built: Mixed Ballet: The Human Seasons, After the Rain and New Crystal Pite Venue Information Home of the Royal Opera and Royal Ballet, the Royal Opera House wows passers-by every day with its striking pillared frontage. The interior is no less magnificent, with the deep stage and ample orchestra pit surrounded by a sandy-coloured horseshoe of seats and underneath a pale blue and gilded dome. The Floral Hall, an impressive annexed conservatory that was once Covent Garden’s flower market, is well worth a visit too. Travel Piccadilly Directions From Tube: (3 mins) The Royal Opera House is off Covent Garden piazza, which is visible from the tube station exit. There is a revolving door entrance at the piazza. Bus Numbers: (Aldwych) RV1, 6, 11, 13, 23, 59, 68, 87, 171, 172, 188, X68 Night Bus Numbers: (Aldwych) 6, 23, 188, N11, N13, N26, N47, N68, N87, N89, N155, N171, N551 Nearest Rail Station: Bow Street, London, WC2E 9DD History The Royal Opera House has an 18th century production of The Beggar’s Opera to thank, as its profits built it. Constructed in 1732 as the ‘Theatre Royal, Covent Garden’, it got its hands on one of the most precious assets a theatre could have at that time – a theatrical patent from the King, allowing drama to be performed. (The only other theatre with that privilege was the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.) Still, despite its dramatic leanings, composer Handel took a liking to the place and debuted many of his compositions there in the 1700s, as well as leaving it his organ in his will – too bad the artefact was destroyed in a fire in 1808. With the drama patents dropped in 1843, the theatre no longer had exclusive drama rights, and chose to rebrand itself as the ‘Royal Italian Opera’. The management took its Italian name so far that even the non-Italian operas were translated into Italian! But this didn’t last forever; it was renamed the simpler title ‘The Royal Opera House’ in the late 1890s, allowing it to expand into French and German operas. Post World War II, the Sadler’s Wells Ballet company took up residence, and along with the newly formed Covent Garden Opera company took over the space, both earning the titles ‘Royal Ballet’ and ‘Royal Opera’ over the years. And, despite its age, the Royal Opera House is one of the most attractive performance spaces in London thanks to a multi-million pound restoration in the late ‘90s. Inside Track The building suffered two fires in its history – in 1808 and 1857. However most of what you see today was reconstructed in the 1990s. It is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet. The Royal Opera House is also a museum for collections of magnificent operatic costumes, old documents and prints and posters. The Royal Opera roster has as many as 178 singers available at one time with 19 conductors, while the Royal Ballet has 93 performers of various abilities to choose from. The ‘piano forte’ was first heard here in 1767. When the theatre was rebuilt after its 1808 fire, it raised ticket prices to pay for the building work. This caused such uproar among theatre-goers that they caused what has become known as ‘The Old Price Riots’. The prices eventually went back down. During World War I, the space was used to store furniture; in World War II, it was a dance hall. Seat Plan Roll-over to zoom Nearest Restaurants Make the most of your trip on the town with a delicious meal before the show. Check out our top recommendations below. All these restaurants are just a stone’s throw away from your theatre. So you can relax before enjoying a slice of world class entertainment. Simply add your theatre tickets to your basket and select the restaurant of your choice.	i don't know
"Which actress said in the film All About Eve, ""Fasten your seatbelts. It's going to be a bumpy night""?"	All About Eve: it’s going to be a bumpy night! – Girls Do Film June 28, 2015 All About Eve: it’s going to be a bumpy night! Whilst researching one of my favourite scenes from one of my favourite movies, I was scandalised, shocked and outraged to discover that it regularly ranks amongst the most misquoted . Apparently, lesser mortals fail to match Bette Davis’s effortless, defiant and disdainful delivery of All About Eve’s classic line ‘Fasten your seatbelts, it’s going to be a bumpy night’. In fact, they dare to replace ‘night’ with ‘ride’. What would Bette think? Well if Margot Channing, her character in the film is anything to go by, she’d probably offer those naïve fools ‘a milkshake’. But perhaps they should be forgiven. Not to give the line (and Davies’s delivery) less than it’s due, but it sits within a wonderfully accomplished and articulate dialogue, written by Joseph L. Mankiewicz (who also directed the film). Every scene is filled with cutting and witty asides that perfectly capture ‘theatre folk’ and their preoccupations. So, in a film filled with perfection (the critic Richard Schickel once claimed Mankiewicz was “one of the tiny handful of epigrammists that have written for the screen”) – why this particular line and the particular cocktail party scene? Firstly, this is a key scene within the movie. All the main players are present and correct, and this is the first time the viewer is able to assess how individual motivations and secret agendas fit together. Secondly, it’s Margo’s opportunity to really display just how she feels about Eve Harrington (played by Anne Baxter), timid, shy Eve who wouldn’t say boo to goose but has inserted herself rather too well in Margo’s life. The audience is already aware of Margo’s growing jealousy, but this is the first time it spills over and becomes apparent to the other characters. In the process, Mankiewicz sets up one of the movie’s central themes – the established actress who’s terrified of aging and the fledgling talent who can’t wait to take her place. At this point it’s definitely Eve we side with, but there’s always a frisson of sympathy for Margo. Those cutting put-downs and her difficult ways mask fear and paranoia – but ironically Davis was never better than in this film. Growing old suited her, as it eventually suits Margo Channing – both just have to realise that it’s an inevitability to be celebrated rather then ignored. Later, Davis recognised that the role was the greatest break at that of her career, that Mankiewicz ‘resurrected me from the dead’. A typically theatrical response from Davis, and one that could have been spoken by Channing herself. During the cocktail party scene, fork-tongued theatre critic Addison DeWitt (George Sanders) arrives with yet another youthful, luminous wannabe star, Miss Caswell (Marilyn Monroe). Margo, who has already made it clear DeWitt isn’t her favourite guest (“I distinctly remember, Addison, crossing you off my guest-list. What are you doing here?”) is cool yet Miss Caswell takes it in her stride. Monroe’s role in the film is brief but impactful and, although surrounded by actors with considerably more experience, seems to draw all the attention. In a foreshadowing of the ‘Monroe’ stereotype DeWitt steers her towards a powerful producer. “Go and do yourself some good”, he advises. She acquiesces, asking “Why do they always look like unhappy rabbits?”. Margo is left holding Miss Caswell’s opulent fur stole. ‘Amen’, she proclaims, holding her glass in toast. That bitterness speaks to us all. As Margo will observe later in the film, in a ‘softer’ moment: “There’s one career all females have in common, whether we like it or not. Sooner or later, we’ve got to work at it, no matter how many other careers we’ve had or wanted”. The universal themes of All About Eve ensure it’s enduring appeal but lets not forget that this is Mankiewicz’s masterpiece, a happy marriage of script, talent and ideas that’s a love letter to performance. Just remember: don’t yell butler. “Maybe somebody’s name is Butler…” Further reading: the script This post is part of the ‘…. And scene!’ blogathon, hosted by the wonderful Sister Celluloid who, I know for a fact, would never dare to misquote Margo Channing. Read all the entries here . Share this:	Bette Davis
The former Soviet republic of Tajikistan, which declared independence in 1991, has which city as its capital?	All About Eve (1950) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz (written for the screen by) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV 2017 Golden Globe Nominees: In & Out of Character Get a closer look at this year's Golden Globe Award nominees in real life and in the roles that earned them fame. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. View the gallery Related News a list of 31 titles created 06 Dec 2012 a list of 25 titles created 23 Mar 2014 a list of 25 titles created 06 Jun 2014 a list of 44 titles created 04 Oct 2015 a list of 41 titles created 5 months ago Title: All About Eve (1950) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 6 Oscars. Another 16 wins & 17 nominations. See more awards » Videos A man tries to rise in his company by letting its executives use his apartment for trysts, but complications and a romance of his own ensue. Director: Billy Wilder A hack screenwriter writes a screenplay for a former silent-film star who has faded into Hollywood obscurity. Director: Billy Wilder When two male musicians witness a mob hit, they flee the state in an all-female band disguised as women, but further complications set in. Director: Billy Wilder A spoiled heiress running away from her family is helped by a man who is actually a reporter in need of a story. Director: Frank Capra Fred Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two Americans searching for work in Mexico, convince an old prospector to help them mine for gold in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Director: John Huston An insurance representative lets himself be talked into a murder/insurance fraud scheme that arouses an insurance investigator's suspicions. Director: Billy Wilder A self-conscious bride is tormented by the memory of her husband's dead first wife. Director: Alfred Hitchcock An ex-prize fighter turned longshoreman struggles to stand up to his corrupt union bosses. Director: Elia Kazan A naive man is appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. His plans promptly collide with political corruption, but he doesn't back down. Director: Frank Capra Pulp novelist Holly Martins travels to shadowy, postwar Vienna, only to find himself investigating the mysterious death of an old friend, Harry Lime. Director: Carol Reed A poor Midwest family is forced off of their land. They travel to California, suffering the misfortunes of the homeless in the Great Depression. Director: John Ford Three World War II veterans return home to small-town America to discover that they and their families have been irreparably changed. Director: William Wyler Edit Storyline Eve (Anne Baxter) is waiting backstage to meet her "idol" aging Broadway Star, Margo Channing (Bette Davis). It all seems innocent enough as Eve explains that she has seen Margo in EVERY performance of the current play she is in. Only Playright critic DeWitt (George Sanders) sees through Eve's evil plan, which is to take her parts and fiancé, Bill Simpson (Gary Merrill) When the fiancé shows no interest, she tries for playwright Hugh Marlowe (Lloyd Richards) but DeWitt stops her. After she accepts her award, she decides to skip the after-party and goes to her room, where we find a young woman named Phoebe, who snuck into her room and fell asleep. This is where the "Circle of Life" now comes to fruition as Eve is going to get played the way she did Margo. It's all about women---and their men! Genres: 15 January 1951 (Sweden) See more » Also Known As: $10,177 (USA) (6 October 2000) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia According to the casting director's list, future White House occupants Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan were considered for the roles of Bill Sampson and Eve Harrington. See more » Goofs At right about 51:58 into the movie, when Margo and Lloyd are talking in the kitchen, right after Margo says "Cora...still a girl of twenty", the camera that is filming the scene shakes as if it was accidentally bumped. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits Eddie Fisher is credited in the cast as 'Stage Manager,' although all of his scenes were cut from the released print. This is not the the singer Eddie Fisher, but another actor. See more » Connections About EveryMan, About EveryWoman, About EveryLife 11 August 2005 \| by anita_delre (United States) – See all my reviews You will see yourself in every character in this very intelligent, entrancing movie. Though set in "the theatre," the story could just as easily have been told in a small town, a corporation even a religious organization. Being set in the "glamorous" world of entertainment its seems all the more timely in these days of fame, fortune and the insufficiency (almost shame) of being ordinary. The theatre setting also underscores the reality that the world is a stage, and all its people, players. So much to study in this movie: the genuine, trusting (and romantic) human; the streetwise, good, hardworking human, who's seen it all and doesn't embrace it; the jaded, heart-hardened, deceitful loser with power, who admires the same and disdains human goodness; the ambitious sociopath who fools so many; the unsuspecting onlookers who see only the façade of success; the inescapable fact that supreme achievement has been had by very low characters; the painful passage of an aging woman into the light of knowing she's loved for being beautiful beyond her appearance, for being HER; the touching portrayal of her lover who remembers his love for her as he passes on a much younger, beautiful, talented actress; the sorrow of a (betraying) friend who discovers the frightened and lonely heart of her successful friend The dialogue is sharp and clever, barked and growled, smarmy and tender A truly human movie about being human. Go find yourself in everyone! 35 of 44 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
In the pop music world whose nickname is 'Madge'?	It’s a madge, madge, madge world \| New York Post New York Post Madonna Tom Munro The triple-play cover of her new single. (PR NEWSWIRE) When Madonna takes the stage tonight in Indianapolis at Super Bowl XLVI, the original Material Girl will be delivering what may end up being the most important 12 minutes and 40 seconds of her career. On a stage that has recently showcased U2, Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney and the Rolling Stones, she’ll be vying for the one thing that has eluded her over the past decade — relevance. At a time when Lady Gaga, “American Idol” and “Glee” have captured the imagination of the broad pop audience, Madonna’s making the one move few people expected of her. She’s playing it safe. At the age of 53, fitter and sexier than many women decades younger, Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, the best-selling female artist of all time, who’s made a career of enraging traditional old white men the world over, will be playing to a stadium filled with exactly that. And if she can’t persuade the gridiron crowd, she’s not going to miss a chance to remind the rest of us that she’s here to claw back to her rightful place in the spotlight. Look at the last few weeks — it’s been nothing but an unrelenting onslaught of pure Madonna. “If I’m still just like a virgin, Ricky, then why don’t you come over here and do something about it?” Madonna quipped at the Golden Globes last month after her win for Best Original Song. “I haven’t kissed a girl in a few years — on TV.” It was the opening salvo in a months-long campaign to hype her new movie, “W.E.,” a retro biopic she directed and financed about the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, and her 12th studio album, “MDNA,” featuring new material for the first time in four years. The movie arrived in theaters Friday. The record is due March 26. On Thursday, she unveiled the video for her new single, “Give Me All Your Luvin’,” on “American Idol.” And tomorrow she’s likely to announce tour dates for her next world jaunt, part of the $40 million recording and touring deal she signed with Interscope and Live Nation in December. There’s also her new clothing line (Material Girl), fragrance (Truth or Dare), YouTube channel (Madonna), charity work in Malawi (Raising Malawi) and 24-year-old muscular French boyfriend (Brahim Zaibat). And the biggest commercial she’ll ever make — expected to reach some 100 million viewers — to sell all of these things will air some time in the 8 o’clock hour tonight. With the assistance of rappers M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj, pop duo LMFAO and Cirque du Soleil, she’ll play a set heavy with past hits such as “Vogue” and “Ray of Light.” It’s going to be huge. But don’t expect wardrobe malfunctions or burning crosses — because the NFL is calling most of the shots. “Madonna’s a performance artist, always has been,” says her business partner, Guy Oseary. “She’s known for being quite detail-oriented, all the way from the sparkles on someone’s shoes to the way someone’s hair looks in the background. She doesn’t miss a beat. It’s not in Madonna’s DNA to be limited. But like everything, she likes a challenge. This is definitely not a Madonna show. It’s the Super Bowl.” Playing on the borderline of propriety is a notoriously Madonna-esque trait. Case in point, her seductive stage crawl in a wedding dress and crucifix at the 1984 MTV Video Awards. But in the post-Janet Jackson era, the NFL has no interest in making any kind of historic statement. It’s clear that every move she makes tonight will have been vetted, despite Oseary’s sarcastic take on the situation. “We decided to go all in the nude,” he jokes. “Everyone. Even management. It’s a deal we all made with the NFL. They’re quite up for that this year.” But when pressed, he says that in truth, the performance will showcase why Madonna deserves to be back on top after being out of the public eye while Gaga and a new generation of stars dominated headlines. “Gaga’s meteoric rise has helped fuel the return of the original, as Madonna enters a sort of Streisand ‘Yentl’-meets-Cher ‘Believe’ phase,” says Village Voice columnist Michael Musto. “Her Super Bowl appearance might actually move some product.” Gaga, of course, owes a huge debt to Madonna, and has acknowledged it. But the elder diva seemed to slap at her younger rival last month when she called “Born This Way” a “reductive” version of her classic 1989 hit “Express Yourself.” When asked about the catty comment, Oseary drolly replies, “I’ve never heard the word. I’ll have to look it up.” In other words, Madonna knew exactly what would happen when she said that. And it worked, turning into news across the world. “If you’re Madonna, you’ve got to be thrilled . . . to be in a somewhat fictional war with Lady Gaga,” says her brother Christopher Ciccone, who wrote “Life With My Sister Madonna” in 2008. “It’s kind of funny and probably more of a compliment than anything else.” The same thing happened after her win at the Golden Globes, when Elton John’s partner slammed her after she beat out John for the best song prize. “Madonna winning best original song truly shows how these awards have nothing to do with merit,” David Furnish wrote on his Facebook page. “Her acceptance speech was embarrassing in it’s narcissism. And her criticism of Gaga shows how desperate she really is.” Madonna couldn’t have asked for a better sound bite if she’d paid for it. The public feud lasted about a week. Madonna didn’t respond, and Furnish ultimately wound up wishing her luck. “A feud is when two people are feuding — she’s not feuding with anyone,” Oseary says. “She wasn’t even privy to a lot of the stuff that was going on until I told her. She’s not even thinking about any of that. We don’t bother her with it unless it gets really out of control.” If there is one thing that’s changed in Madonna’s quest for domination, it’s who she listens to. Her newest advisor is so close to the singer that they live together. Indeed, two weeks ago her 15-year-old consultant, daughter Lourdes, a k a Lola, actually chided her mom before the New York premiere of “W.E.” She told Madonna that a respectable film director wouldn’t wear a corset. Madonna’s reaction? She changed into something more conservative. No surprise there, says Oseary: “I’m afraid to wear certain things around Lola. It’s like she takes literally five seconds to have checked you fully out. She’ll just tell me, ‘That’s not cool’ all the time.” Her counsel extends beyond clothes, too. Producer Martin Solveig, who co-wrote “Give Me All Your Luvin’,” says the iPods of Lola and her two siblings influence their mother’s creative vision. “You’re very sharp with music when you’re at that age, and you say things with no compromise,” Solveig says. So how does a mother of four who has avoided drugs and drink for most of her life wind up naming her album after a non-family-friendly club drug, MDMA, also called ecstasy? “We were having a lot of fun with the initials,” Solveig says. “M.I.A. said, ‘You should call your album ‘MDNA’ because it would be a good abbreviation and spelling of your name.’ Then we realized that there were actually many different possibilities of understanding for those initials — the most important being the DNA of Madonna. There is of course no intention of making the promotion of drugs. Except for the harmless and pure exciting drugs: like music.” If there’s any controversy generated by the title, there’s little doubt Madonna will embrace it. Movie producer Harvey Weinstein says that’s even one of the themes of “W.E.” Madge apparently identifies with her main character, Wallis Simpson, the twice-divorced American socialite whose marriage to King Edward VIII upended the British monarchy. “Her new movie is autobiographical in spirit,” Weinstein says. “It talks about a hounded person who’s just a good person but it gets all blown out of proportion because she’s playing such a high-stakes game.” Share this:	Madonna (art)
Which British engineer built the first turbine driven steamship in 1897?	Madonna \| New Music And Songs \| Madonna About Madonna After stars reach a certain point, it's easy to forget what they became famous for and concentrate solely on their personas. Madonna is such a star. She rocketed to stardom so quickly in 1984 that it obscured most of her musical virtues. Appreciating her music became even more difficult as the decade wore on, as discussing her lifestyle became more common. However, one of Madonna's greatest achievements is how she has manipulated the media and the public with her music, her videos, her publicity, and her sexuality. Arguably, Madonna was the first female pop star to have complete control of her music and image. She moved from her native Michigan to New York in 1977 with dreams of becoming a ballet dancer. She studied with choreographer Alvin Ailey and modeled. In 1979, she became part of the Patrick Hernandez Revue, a disco outfit that had the hit "Born to Be Alive." She traveled to Paris with Hernandez; it was there that she met Dan Gilroy, who would soon become her boyfriend. Upon returning to New York, the pair formed the Breakfast Club, a pop/dance group. Madonna originally played drums for the band, but she soon became the lead singer. In 1980, she left the band and formed Emmy with her former boyfriend, drummer Stephen Bray. Soon, Bray and Madonna broke off from the group and began working on some dance/disco-oriented tracks. A demo tape of these tracks worked its way to Mark Kamins, a New York-based DJ/producer. Kamins directed the tape to Sire Records, which signed the singer in 1982. Kamins produced Madonna's first single, "Everybody," which became a club and dance hit at the end of 1982; her second single, 1983's "Physical Attraction," was another club hit. In June of 1983, she had her third club hit with the bubbly "Holiday," which was produced by Jellybean Benitez. Madonna's self-titled debut album was released in September of 1983; "Holiday" became her first Top 40 hit the following month. "Borderline" became her first Top Ten hit in March of 1984, beginning a remarkable string of 17 consecutive Top Ten hits. While "Lucky Star" was climbing to number four, Madonna began working on her first starring role in a feature film, Susan Seidelman's Desperately Seeking Susan. Madonna's second album, the Nile Rodgers-produced Like a Virgin, was released at the end of 1984. The title track hit number one in December, staying at the top of the charts for six weeks; it was the start of a whirlwind year for the singer. During 1985, Madonna became an international celebrity, selling millions of records on the strength of her stylish, sexy videos and forceful personality. After "Material Girl" became a number two hit in March, Madonna began her first tour, supported by the Beastie Boys. "Crazy for You" became her second number one single in May. Desperately Seeking Susan was released in July, becoming a box office hit; it also prompted a planned video release of A Certain Sacrifice, a low-budget erotic drama she filmed in 1979. A Certain Sacrifice wasn't the only embarrassing skeleton in the closet dragged into the light during the summer of 1985 -- both Playboy and Penthouse published nude photos of Madonna that she posed for in 1977. Nevertheless, her popularity continued unabated, with thousands of teenage girls adopting her sexy appearance, being dubbed "Madonna wannabes." In August, she married actor Sean Penn. Madonna began collaborating with Patrick Leonard at the beginning of 1986; Leonard would co-write most of her biggest hits in the '80s, including "Live to Tell," which hit number one in June of 1986. A more ambitious and accomplished record than her two previous albums, True Blue was released the following month, to both more massive commercial success (it was a number one in both the U.S. and the U.K., selling over five million copies in America alone) and critical acclaim. "Papa Don't Preach" became her fourth number one hit in the U.S. While her musical career was thriving, her film career took a savage hit with the November release of Shanghai Surprise. Starring Madonna and Penn, the comedy received terrible reviews, which translated into disastrous box office returns. At the beginning of 1987, she had her fifth number one single with "Open Your Heart," the third number one from True Blue alone. The title cut from the soundtrack of her third feature film, Who's That Girl?, was another chart-topping hit, although the film itself was another box office bomb. 1988 was a relatively quiet year for Madonna as she spent the first half of the year acting in David Mamet's Speed the Plow on Broadway. In the meantime, she released the remix album You Can Dance. After withdrawing the divorce papers she filed at the beginning of 1988, she divorced Penn at the beginning of 1989. Like a Prayer, released in the spring of 1989, was her most ambitious and far-reaching album, incorporating elements of pop, rock, and dance. It was another number one hit and launched the number one title track as well as "Express Yourself," "Cherish," and "Keep It Together," three more Top Ten hits. In April 1990, she began her massive Blonde Ambition tour, which ran throughout the entire year. "Vogue" became a number one hit in May, setting the stage for her co-starring role in Warren Beatty's Dick Tracy; it was her most successful film appearance since Desperately Seeking Susan. Madonna released a greatest-hits album, The Immaculate Collection, at the end of the year. It featured two new songs, including the number one single "Justify My Love," which sparked another controversy with its sexy video; the second new song, "Rescue Me," became the highest-debuting single by a female artist in U.S. chart history, entering the charts at number 15. Truth or Dare, a documentary of the Blonde Ambition tour, was released to positive reviews and strong ticket sales in the spring of 1991. Madonna returned to the charts in the summer of 1992 with the number one "This Used to Be My Playground," a single featured in the film A League of Their Own, which featured the singer in a small part. Later that year, Madonna released Sex, an expensive, steel-bound soft-core pornographic book that featured hundreds of erotic photographs of herself, several models, and other celebrities -- including Isabella Rossellini, Big Daddy Kane, Naomi Campbell, and Vanilla Ice -- as well as selected prose. Sex received scathing reviews and enormous negative publicity, yet that didn't stop the accompanying album, Erotica, from selling over two million copies. Bedtime Stories, released two years later, was a more subdued affair than Erotica. Initially, it didn't chart as impressively, prompting some critics to label her a has-been, yet the album spawned her biggest hit, "Take a Bow," which spent seven weeks at number one. It also featured the Björk-penned "Bedtime Stories," which became her first single not to make the Top 40; its follow-up, "Human Nature," also failed to crack the Top 40. Nevertheless, Bedtime Stories marked her seventh album to go multi-platinum. Beginning in 1995, Madonna began one of her most subtle image makeovers as she lobbied for the title role in the film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita. Backing away from the overt sexuality of Erotica and Bedtime Stories, Madonna recast herself as an upscale sophisticate, and the compilation Something to Remember fit into the plan nicely. Released in the fall of 1995, around the same time she won the coveted role of Evita Peron, the album was comprised entirely of ballads, designed to appeal to the mature audience that would also be the target of Evita. As the filming was completed, Madonna announced she was pregnant and her daughter, Lourdes, was born late in 1996, just as Evita was scheduled for release. The movie was greeted with generally positive reviews and Madonna began a campaign for an Oscar nomination that resulted in her winning the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Musical or Comedy), but not the coveted Academy Award nomination. The soundtrack for Evita, however, was a modest hit, with a dance remix of "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" and the newly written "You Must Love Me" both becoming hits. During 1997, she worked with producer William Orbit on her first album of new material since 1994's Bedtime Stories. The resulting release, Ray of Light, was heavily influenced by electronica, techno, and trip-hop, thereby updating her classic dance-pop sound for the late '90s. Ray of Light received uniformly excellent reviews upon its March 1998 release and debuted at number two on the charts. Within a month, the record was shaping up to be her biggest album since Like a Prayer. Two years later she returned with Music, which reunited her with Orbit and also featured production work from Mark "Spike" Stent and Mirwais, a French electro-pop producer/musician in the vein of Daft Punk and Air. The year 2000 also saw the birth of Madonna's second child, Rocco, whom she had with filmmaker Guy Ritchie; the two married at the very end of the year. With Ritchie as director and Madonna as star, the pair released a remake of the film Swept Away in 2002; the movie didn't fare well with critics or at the box office. Her sober 2003 album, American Life, fared better but at platinum, it was her lowest-selling album in the US to date. That same year also saw the release of Madonna's successful children's book, The English Roses, which was followed by several more novels in future years. Confessions on a Dance Floor marked her return to music, specifically to the dance-oriented material that had made her a star. Released in late 2005, the album topped the Billboard 200 chart and was accompanied by a world-wide tour in 2006, the same year that I'm Going to Tell You a Secret, a CD/DVD made during her Re-Invention Tour, came out. In 2007, Madonna released another CD/DVD set, The Confessions Tour, this time chronicling her tour of the same name. She inched closer to the completion of her Warner Bros. contract with 2008's Hard Candy, featuring collaborations with the Neptunes and Timbaland. As poorly received as it was, the bold album boasted a Top Five hit in "4 Minutes," and it was supported with the Sticky & Sweet Tour, which concluded in September 2009 (a month prior to her filing for divorce from Ritchie) and produced yet another CD/DVD package, released in 2010. It was her final Warner Bros. release and set the stage for her long-term recording deal with Live Nation. Madonna began work on her 12th album midway through 2011, with the goal of releasing it early in 2012. The subsequent full-length, MDNA, featured production from French electronic musician and DJ Martin Solveig, as well as longtime collaborator Orbit. The album's title, an abbreviation of Madonna's name, appeared on the heels of her performance at the 2012 Super Bowl. Preceded by the Top Ten single "Give Me All Your Luvin'" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.), MDNA debuted at number one across the world, including the U.S. and U.K. Her MDNA Tour took up the rest of the year, as she performed in Europe, the Middle East, North America, and South America. She filmed a concert special, and also released the live album MDNA World Tour in September 2013. At the beginning of 2014, Madonna announced that she was starting work on her 13th studio album. Taking to social media to capture the process, she revealed that recording sessions with the likes of Avicii, Diplo, and Kanye West had taken place. Excerpts from the sessions leaked toward the end of 2014, forcing Madonna to release a digital teaser EP by the end of the year, but the full release of Rebel Heart came in March 2015. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi	i don't know
What was the name of the publishing company founded in 1917 by Leonard and Virginia Wolfe?	Hogarth Press - Modernism Lab Essays Hogarth Press Jump to: navigation , search Woolf, Virginia and Vanessa Bell (Illustrator). 'Mrs. Dalloway'. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1925. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2014006&iid=1058717&srchtype= 5 Conclusion Establishing Hogarth Sitting at tea on her thirty-third birthday, Virginia and Leonard Woolf agreed on three resolutions: they would purchase Hogarth House in Richmond, procure a handpress to do their own printing, and buy a bull dog, whom they would name John. [1] There is no further mention in Woolf’s diaries of John the bulldog, but they soon bought Hogarth House and two years later, they purchased a handpress, thereby merging their home and a small-scale letterpress studio into the Hogarth Press. After Leonard and Virginia were rejected from the St. Bride’s school of printing because they were not trade union apprentices, they visited Excelsior Printing Supply Co., where they found the machines and materials required for printing. Leonard describes the scene in his autobiography: “Nearly all the implements of printing are materially attractive, and we stared through the window at them rather like two hungry children gazing at buns and cakes in a baker shop window.” [2] They explained their predicament to the shop owner, who encouraged them to pursue printing without taking an apprenticeship course; he sold the Woolfs a printing machine, type, chases, and cases, along with a 16-page pamphlet that would “infallibly” teach them how to print. It was not until April of 1917 that the press and the typecases were delivered to Hogarth House. “We unpacked it,” she wrote to her sister Vanessa Bell, “with enormous excitement, finally with Nelly’s help, carried it into the drawing room, set it on its stand—and discovered that it was smashed in half!” [3] While they waited for their handpress to be repaired, they began distributing the type to be properly stored in the typecases. Virginia wrote that sorting out type was “the work of ages, especially when you mix the h’s with the n’s, as I did yesterday." The infinite patience and meticulousness required for letterpress printing, however, did not discourage Virginia; rather, she concluded from these preliminaries, “real printing will devour one’s entire life.” Virginia recounted in her letter that after two hours of typesetting, Leonard “heaved a terrific sigh” and said: “’I wish to God we’d never bought the cursed thing.’ To my relief, though not surprise, he added ‘Because I shall never do anything else.’ You can’t think how exciting, soothing, ennobling and satisfying it is" (Woolf, Virginia 2:151). The book arts were not wholly unknown to Virginia; beginning at the age of nineteen, she bound her own books. Thus, at least from her nineteenth year, Virginia had a practical knowledge of bookbinding that complimented her appreciation of books as a reader, novelist, and literary essayist. Woolf’s bookbinding skills—which she continued during the flourishing years of the Hogarth Press—contributed to her favorable inclination, as J.H. Willis argues, towards Leonard’s birthday proposition of purchasing a printing press. Willis explains: “Collecting books, conversing with sellers of old books, reading for hours in a library, writing at a stand-up desk, or hand binding books…doesn’t lead inexorably to a handpress and a publishing venture at age thirty-three, but these experiences must have predisposed Virginia Woolf to the idea of a press and partly determined what sort of printing and binding she would do with Leonard” (Willis 8) Woolf, Virginia and Vanessa Bell (Illustrator). 'On Being Ill'. London: Hogarth Press, 1930. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2014006&iid=1058717&srchtype= Leonard recalled that one of the major reasons for beginning the Hogarth Press was to publish small books that would otherwise have little chance of being printed by established publishing companies—small volumes that “the commercial publisher would not look at” (Woolf, Leonard 234). The majority of Hogarth authors were a part of the Woolf’s Bloomsbury circle—Clive Bell, T.S. Eliot , E.M. Forster , Roger Fry , Katherine Mansfield , Vita Sackville-West—and they were allowed to escape from the unpleasant pressures of editors and publishers. Yet though the Hogarth Press printed work by Bloomsbury authors, the Press first and foremost allowed both Virginia and Leonard to print their own work, free from editorial censorship. As Willis explains, “What began as a recreation became a necessity. Virginia Woolf’s genius surely would have survived in some form under any publisher, but it developed as it did in the novels and essays because she was free from editorial pressures, real or imagined, and needed to please only herself” (Willis 44) The Press additionally gave Woolf the editorial freedom to do as she wished as a woman writer, free from the criticism of a male editor. Indeed, Willis explains that Woolf “could experiment boldly, remaking the form and herself each time she shaped a new fiction, responsible only to herself as writer-editor-publisher…She was, [Woolf] added triumphantly, ‘the only woman in England free to write what I like.’ The press, beyond doubt, had given Virginia a room of her own” (Willis 400). Though the Hogarth press evolved into a publishing house for Bloomsbury writers, Leonard also initially purchased the press as a form of therapy for Virginia—printing would be a “manual occupation [that] would take her mind completely off her work” (Woolf, Leonard 233). As envisioned by Leonard, the mechanical and physical nature of letterpress printing would liberate her imaginative mind. However, the printing press became, instead of mental therapy, a form of “aesthetic therapy” for Virginia—it contributed to and changed her work, rather than allowing her to escape writing. [4] Moreover, it bridged the gap between language and reality; language no longer simply conveyed the fictional world, but was composed of real objects to be physically lifted and moved. Indeed, after Virginia became acquainted with type composition, the physical placement and modification of words, required by letterpress printing, is reflected in her writing. Printing forced her to reevaluate her word choice, punctuation use, and how she built a sentence. Indeed, printing at the Hogarth Press marks the beginning of a new direction in Woolf’s writing, one that playfully experimented with form and composition. Virginia as Printer Through the beginning months of 1917, Virginia learned how to become a type compositor. Because Leonard was plagued with shaking hands, it was impossible for him to properly set type. Thus, while he ran the press machines, Virginia was responsible for the setting and distribution of type. For each story printed at the Hogarth Press, Virginia needed to set each line, letter-by-letter, word-by-word. The line of type would need to fill the width of the composing stick, packed with differently sized pieces of spacing. Once an entire page was typeset, the block of lead pieces would need to be compressed together so that none of the words would fall out when the page was carried over to the nearby press. As self-taught beginners, the Woolfs had considerable problems. As Virginia conveyed in her letter to Vanessa, she mixed up the n’s and h’s. When they printed, the ink came out unevenly—thick in some places while too thin on some letters. They didn’t proofread after their initial print, contributing to misspellings and improper punctuation. In addition, both the first notice publicizing the establishment of the Hogarth press and their first publication, Two Stories, had irregular spacing and blotted ink, making their finished product amateurish. Yet, as biographer Hermione Lee notes, these self-taught amateur printers quickly began to transform themselves into professional publishers. [5] Printing for Virginia was not a burdensome labor, meant only as a financial supplement to her writing. The Hogarth Press became successful without the structure of a standard publishing business because, paradoxically, they were not interested in the success of the Press. They refused to publish volumes that they did not consider worth printing for their own sake, even though they might make money. [6] Yet Virginia found the printing process “exciting, soothing, ennobling and satisfying,” and consequently, both Leonard and Virginia developed into professional printers precisely because they found the labor so gratifying. The Hogarth Press was not only fulfilling on a visceral level; it also profoundly affected how she thought about writing, reading, and the circulation of literature. Indeed, when Virginia began learning about the art of typography and printing, she was simultaneously, as biographer Panthea Reid argues, “discovering how writing could be not invisible but opaque, a signifier in its own right” (Reid 198). Setting each unit of type with her own hands and arranging the empty spaces between words magnified Woolf’s sense of how a text appears visually on the page. Indeed, Reid explains that in her revision of Melymbrosia, “Virginia had conceptualized language as ‘blocks.’ Now she experienced it literally as blocks of type, an experience that extended her ‘visual literacy’” (Reid 198). Woolf conveys how she imagined words as blocks, objects, or units of individual letters or type in her unpublished essay “How Should One Read a Book?” She writes: “Try to understand what a writer is doing. Think of a book as a very dangerous and exciting game, which it takes two to play at. Books are not turned out of moulds like bricks. Books are made of tiny little words, which a writer shapes, often with great difficulty, into sentences of different lengths, placing one on top of another, never taking his eye off them, sometimes building them quite quickly, at other times knocking them down in despair, and beginning all over again.” The process of typesetting is evident within this passage; Woolf stresses that each word should be considered as a single, visual unit, made by a combination of single letters. Moreover, each word is considered like a single block of type; when these blocks are built next to one another or placed “one on top of another,” a sentence is shaped. Hermione Lee comments on this essay, concluding that “The writer is imagined as a kind of mental compositor, and the reader is invited to think of the book not as a fixed object, but as a process—something like the process that goes into type-setting” (Lee 368). The influence of the printing process on Virginia’s writing style is noticeable in the language she uses when she discusses writing or the composition of a novel. While she was writing The Waves, she wrote in her diary, “Perhaps I can now say something quite straight out; and at length; and need not be always casting a line to make my book the right shape. But how to pull together, how to compose it—press it into one.” [7] She imagines the book as a shape—“made of tiny little words”—which a writer must compose, pull together, and compress into one shape, just as a printer sets type, aligns it with spacing on a composing stick, and presses it into one block. Title pages of 'Two stories' written and printed by Virginia Woolf and L.S. Woolf. Richmond [England] : Hogarth Press, 1917. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2012590&iid=1054391&srchtype= Heralding the title page of Leonard and Virginia’sTwo Stories is the header, “Publication No. 1.” [8] Undaunted by their initial difficulties with their handpress, Leonard and Virginia began setting “Three Jews” in May of 1917, later to be accompanied by and bound with Virginia’s “The Mark on the Wall.” Printing “Three Jews” was so occupying for the Woolfs that it was only after its complete production that Virginia was able to write “The Mark on the Wall.” Indeed, Virginia was absorbed in the process of typesetting and printing, as she conveyed in a letter to Vanessa: “We have just started printing Leonard’s story; I haven’t produced mine yet, but there’s nothing in writing compared with printing.” [9] By publishing together in one volume, the Woolfs indicated that the Hogarth Press was a joint enterprise. For Virginia, publishing her story “marked,” as the title suggests, a new direction in her writing, one with a modernist form and experimental language. Indeed, Lee interprets Woolf’s “casual remark” that she had yet to write “The Mark on the Wall” as one of “the utmost significance: the new machine had created the possibility for the new story” (Lee 359). Virginia Woolf and Leonard Woolf. Two Stories. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1917. Source: Mortimer Rare Book Room, Smith College. As the type compositor at Hogarth, Virginia was also confronted with the visual, textual, and linguistic experimentation of other modernist writers, an experience which undoubtedly contributed to her own literary style. Her typesetting skill was tested at least three times: by Hope Mirrlees’s Paris which was, with its one line running vertically down the page, self-consciously modernist in its typographical form; T.S. Eliot ’s The Waste Land with its innovative use of paginal space; and James Joyce ’s Ulysses . As for the latter, regardless of the Woolfs’ disdain for the text for the obscenity of Joyce’s novel, it was an impossible job for the Hogarth Press to publish it. Beyond being exceedingly long, it was challenging textually, far beyond the capabilities of Virginia’s typesetting and Leonard’s machining (Willis 72). But the Woolfs agreed to publish Eliot’s epic poem—Eliot even inscribed Leonard’s copy of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by calling him his “next” and “second publisher” (Woolf, Leonard 242). They began production in early 1923; Virginia typeset the poem herself and Leonard printed the text. By July, Virginia wrote: “I have just finished setting up the whole of Mr. Eliots poem with my own hands: You see how my hand trembles” [10] The Waste Land was one of the most typographically challenging works to be published by Hogarth, or for that matter, to be typeset by Virginia. Eliot was skilled in adroit spacing with lines indented to the center of the page or beginning near the border edge, making it difficult for a typesetter to perceive his intended space. T. S. Eliot. The Waste Land. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1923. Source: Mortimer Rare Book Room, Smith College T. S. Eliot. Poems. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1919. Source: Mortimer Rare Book Room, Smith College Moreover, Eliot’s poetry is characterized both by disjointed language and a repetition of words and syntax. Considering that Woolf set the typeface for Eliot’s epic poem, S. P. Rosenbaum questions: “What is the impact, one might wonder, on an author of a poem she not only reads but sets up in type?” (Rosenbaum 8). For Leonard, as the press printer, he recounts in his autobiography how he began to perceive the lines of poetry differently after seeing the lines going through repeated machinings. Reflecting on printing Eliot’s Poems, an earlier volume the Hogarth Press printed, Leonard “as an amateur printer and also the publisher of what I was printing, found it impossible not to attend to the sense, and usually after setting a line and then seeing it appear again and again as I took it off the machine…I never tired and still do not tire of those lines which were a new note in poetry” (Woolf, Leonard 243). When the Hogarth Press edition of The Waste Land was finally published in September of 1923, with navy blue marbled boards most likely prepared by Vanessa, and nine months after the appearance of the American edition by Boni and Liveright, Eliot was vastly pleased by the appearance of the Hogarth volume. In a letter to Virginia, Eliot complimented the Woolf’s setting of his poem, recognizing the effort taken to print his difficult work, and deeming it superior to the Boni and Liveright edition (Willis 72). Contextualizing the Modernist Text By the time Leonard and Virginia were able to realize their two-year dream of establishing the Hogarth Press, private presses and fine commercial printing had been flourishing in England for over twenty-five years, ever since the revival of the craft arts by William Morris in the late 1880s. Yet, when the Hogarth Press was founded, there was a deluge in the 1920s of emerging presses and publishers, ranging from small studios to large establishments, private presses to commercial companies, the fine book arts to mass production. Yet, the Woolfs did not follow the paths of the other presses and develop into fine printing. Indeed, the Hogarth Press was never as professional or as self-consciously ornate as other studios, like Morris’ Kelmscott Press or the Bodley Head Press. Willis explains: “Whether they lacked the visual sense of style, the artist’s and designer’s eye for materials and spatial relationships necessary for fine printing and book designing, or whether they lacked the skill, or the time and interest to develop it, or the money, the Woolfs produced books plainly printed in various dimensions, with attractive but inexpensive wrappers” (Willis 36). Indeed, the Woolfs deliberately rejected fine printing; as Leonard describes in his autobiography, they did not want to develop into a press, “the object of which is finely produced books, books which are not meant to be read, but to be looked at" (Willis 36). Leonard’s distinction between typographically artistic books, that are designed “to be looked at,” and literary books, that are “meant to be read,” reveals his authorial perspective—authors do not want the form or design of the printed book to be gawked at, and skilled designers make certain that it is not. According to this principle, the best design should read clearly with the print serving only as an invisible conduit for the meaning of the words. Michael Kaufman describes the role of design in textual prints, arguing that design is a medium “that suppresses its own presence for its content. In such a system of design, readers usually see the printed body of a book when some irregularity—a misspelling or a broken character—calls their attention to it…they have been trained not to see print, but to see what it ‘means.’” [11] Kaufman describes how readers do not want to be disturbed by the physicality of the novel. Instead, a reader wants to be inserted into the fictional world of the novel; they do not want to see the printed words, but to see through them, imagining the events and characters the words describe. However, many modernist texts flaunt textual composition, inviting readers to stare at the design, from everything to the composition of the page down to the shape of a letter. They render it difficult for the reader to look past the black print on a white page in order to imagine the fictional narrative. They expose the skeleton of a book; modernist writers reveal a text for what it is: ink and paper. Seeing the physical shape of the words, page, and book is unavoidable in numerous modernist texts: Eliot’s poetry disrupts the layout of the entire page, beginning lines and verses in a random position on the page; James Joyce reconsiders textual structure in Finnegans Wake, with the Book II chapter composed with observational notes and footnotes surrounding the text in the marginalia with hand drawings and diagrams interspersed throughout the section William Faulkner’s coffin shape and textual gap in As I Lay Dying functions in a similar manner, interrupting the regular flow of language with signs announcing that they are printed shapes. Kaufmann deems these techniques metatextual: “they ‘show’ themselves and comment physically on their material existence in the way that metafictional works comment on their fictiveness. Metatextual works break up the print rectangle of the page and make the physical form of the book visible to expose print conventions and the effect of print on language. Typography, footnoting, paginal arrangement, and chapter organization, all take on different visual configurations. The printed form of the work becomes part of the narrative” (Kaufmann 14). Therefore, to ignore the printed form in modernism—and in turn, to ignore the role of the printed word in Woolf’s writing and daily life—is to neglect one of its most noticeable and striking aspects. Kaufmann compares this growing awareness of the print medium’s influence print on language and perception to a similar trend in the visual arts. As painters and sculptors called attention to the pigment, canvas, clay, wood, or metal, writers began to consider printed words and paper as the materials in their verbal art. Writers realized that the physical materials of one’s art contributed to and created new textual meaning. Hugh Kenner characterizes the modernist period as a time during which “space was whelming verbal art” and the printed voice “separated into components that which the skilled reader put back together” (Kaufmann 32). Identifying space as verbal art is a technique used by Woolf; in novels like Jacob’s Room or The Waves, Woolf was in constant dialogue with the printer, ensuring that the spaces between scenes were of a precise thickness. The absence of words, or the space in between scenes, becomes another source of meaning; space becomes verbal art in the same way in which Woolf practiced a linguistic art. The modernists, including Woolf, who favored an innovative and experimental language, “sought to achieve a new reality in language and tried to use words as thing ( Pound, the Imagists ), something that printed words—already objects themselves—made easy” (Kaufmann 30). Indeed, Pound followed the tradition of French poet and critic Stéphane Mallarmé, who argued that “the rhythm of a sentence about an act or even an object has meaning only if it imitates them and, enacted on paper, conveys in spite of everything some element of the act or that object” (Kaufmann 31). The modernist movement, therefore, made it so that readers can no longer avoid the page so that they may gaze through it to the world of fiction, but are compelled to look at the page itself as a visual object composed of visual units. Woolf uses techniques in Jacob’s Room that are, as Kaufmann would term them, metatextual. Woolf’s use of spacing, variant punctuation, and emphasis on words as single, constitutive units, exposes the printed rectangle of text on the page as a form of meaning, one as important as the narrative itself. For example, Woolf breaks up the shapes of words in order to replicate spoken language—how stress is placed on single syllables. When Archer calls Jacob, he shouts: “Ja—cob! Ja—cob!” and when Mrs. Flanders summons the two boys, she calls, “Ar—cher! Ja—cob!” [12] Woolf’s separation of their names in this manner renders it difficult for the reader to avoid the physical shape of words. Yet Woolf exposes the paginal skeleton even further: two lines of space separate these initial shouts, secluding these broken syllables from the rest of the textual body. Indeed, throughout Jacob’s Room , Woolf experiments with spacing; four lines of white space separate some paragraphs, while other paragraph separations are thinner. Woolf, therefore, in structuring the book according to the spaces between scenes, not only considers the visual composition of the page but also how the absence of words—as indicated with blank space—becomes another origin of meaning. Space, and the words and phrases surrounding space, feature prominently in The Waves. Woolf considers the visual composition of the page in a similar manner to how she used space in Jacob’s Room . Correspondence to the Hogarth Press’ outside printer, R. R. & Clark, who printed The Waves, reveals how Woolf calculated the space between scenes such that the white space, whether thick or thin, would enhance the meaning of her verbal art. The managing director wrote to the Woolfs, “explaining that while he had allowed a half-inch space in the seven places indicated in the text by the directions to ‘leave a larger space,’ he believed there were other places where there were distinct breaks in the narrative, perhaps requiring two kinds of space” (Willis 198). Leonard explained that though the novel was not divided into chapters, there were nine distinct sections, with short interludes in between; each interlude would begin with a new page and be printed in italics. He directed, “In the cases where we have merely marked ‘leave a larger space’ it will be correct if you leave half an inch space’” (Willis 198). This correspondence reveals how Virginia perceived the textual page as a visual canvas. When she was writing The Waves, Woolf reflected: “I shape a page or two and make myself stop…But I have never written a book so full of holes and patches; that will need re-building, yes, not only re-modeling…I begin to see what I had in mind; and want to begin cutting out masses of irrelevance, and clearing, sharpening, and making the good phrases shine.” [13] When Virginia writes a page, she “shapes” it into a linguistic and visual form. The language Woolf uses in her diary entries recalls her essay “How Should One Read a Book?” where she describes a writer as someone who shapes words, building up and combining blocks of letters into a large whole. Here again, Woolf uses a building metaphor to characterize writing: there are holes in her structure, so she must “knock them down” in order to rebuild and remodel. Virginia’s Collaboration with Vanessa Bell Woolf, Virginia and Vanessa Bell. 'Kew Gardens'. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1919. Front Cover. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2014010&iid=1058721&srchtype=ITEM Virginia wrote the foreword to the London Artists’ Association of Recent Paintings by Vanessa Bell, conveying a muted envy that Vanessa, as a painter, didn’t need words to convey beauty. She writes: “It is Mrs. Bell who is determined that we shall not loll about juggling with pretty words or dallying with sensations…No stories are told; no insinuations are made…and the puzzle is that while Mrs. Bell’s pictures are immensely expressive, their expressiveness has no truck with words. Her vision excites a strong emotion and yet when we have dramatized it or poetized it or translated it into all the blues and greens, and fines and exquisites and subtleties of our vocabulary, the picture itself escapes.” [14] Woolf conveys in this passage her subtle dissatisfaction that as a writer, she is compelled to rely on words in order to create visual art. Perhaps Virginia’s admiration and high esteem for Vanessa’s artwork is one reason why she frequently collaborated with her for Hogarth Press publications. Indeed, Vanessa designed numerous covers for Hogarth volumes, including most of Virginia’s novels or essays. Though Vanessa did not read the text before creating a dust jacket, Virginia would provide her sister with enough of a general idea about the book that she would be able to design a complimentary image. S. P. Rosenbaum comments on how Bell’s wrappers compliment the narratives of Woolf’s novels: “They are, to borrow a phrase of Henry James’s, ‘optical echoes’ of the text” (Rosenbaum 22). Woolf, Virginia and Vanessa Bell. 'Kew Gardens'. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1919. Inside back cover. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2014010&iid=1058730&srchtype=ITEM Woolf, Virginia and Vanessa Bell. 'Kew Gardens'. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1919. Woodcut by Vanessa Bell. Source: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dl_crosscollex/brbldl/oneITEM.asp?pid=2014010&iid=1058724&srchtype=ITEM Virginia’s collaboration with Vanessa for the third edition of Kew Gardens invites readers to stare at the design of the page. Indeed, on each page, the margins are filled with Vanessa’s illustrations of various lines and shapes, reminiscent of the foliage Woolf describes in the story. Yet their collaboration does not end at the marginalia. Instead, Vanessa’s drawings interject into paragraph breaks, and at certain places, the margins of the text are manipulated to allow for more space for the illustration. In one of the final pages of this edition, a flower and several fallen petals are placed directly in the center of the paragraph, with the narrative text justified around the drawing. Yet the images illuminate the text beside it: beneath the phrase, “the dome of the heart-shaped and tongue-shaped leaves” are curved, tongue-shaped petals; over the “breeze stirred rather more briskly overhead” are billowing clouds; and interspersed between the fallen petals, lying in the middle of the paragraph, are the words, “She stood there letting the words fall over her, swaying the top of her body slowly backwards and forwards, looking at the flowers.” Vanessa’s illustrations disrupt the traditional, block-like, rectangular layout of the page. With these images interrupting the regular flow of the text, the narrative itself emphasizes its materiality, depicting how visual and verbal art can enhance each other. Conclusion When the Woolfs moved from Hogarth House, Virginia wrote in her diary: “Nowhere else could we have started the Hogarth Press, whose very awkward beginning had rise in this very room, on this very green carpet. Here that strange offspring grew and throve; it ousted us from the dining room, which is now a dusty coffin; and crept all over the house.” [15] Woolf’s comparison of the dining room to both a womb and a coffin, with the press as its growing child, conveys her emotional attachment to the press. After Leonard left editing the Athenaeum, Virginia wrote: “we are now supporting ourselves entirely by the Hogarth Press, which when I remember how we bought five pounds of type and knelt on the drawing room floor ten years ago setting up little stories and running out of quads…makes my heart burst with pride.” Both of these passages convey the importance of the press to Virginia. The press progressed from the initial frustrations and delights of letterpress printing, to the more time-consuming activities of a full-time publishing company, where the Woolfs read and edited manuscripts and interacted with managers and assistants. J.H. Willis argues that the press “objectified Woolf’s world, allowing her to keep…in touch with young writers, new movements, women’s affairs, politics. It strengthened the bond with her sister Vanessa by bringing Virginia’s verbal art together with Vanessa’s visual arts in the texts, illustrations, and dust jackets of the sister’s joint press publications” (Willis 400). The Hogarth Press published over 525 books within a period of thirty years; considering Virginia’s intense involvement in the burgeoning years of the press, it is important to consider what was needed for each of her books to be articulated, both physically, with her letterpress typesetting, and mentally, with how she composed language. ↑ Willis, J. H. Leonard and Virginia Woolf As Publishers: The Hogarth Press, 1917-41. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1992. ↑ Woolf, Leonard. Beginning Again: An Autobiography of the Years 1911 to 1918. New York: Harcourt, 1964. 234. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. The Letters of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. 6 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1975-80. 2:150. ↑ Reid, Panthea. Art and Affection: A Life of Virginia Woolf. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 198. ↑ Lee, Hermione. Virginia Woolf. New York: Random House, 1999. 359. ↑ Rosenbaum, S. P. Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press. Austin, Texas: University of Texas sat Austin, 1995. 17. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. The Diary of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Anne Olivier Bell. 4 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1977-84. 26 January 1930. ↑ Woolf, L. S. and Virginia Woolf. Two Stories. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1917. ↑ Rhein, Donna E. The Handprinted Books of Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1985. 11. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. The Letters of Virginia Woolf: Volume 3: 1923-1928. New York: Harcourt and Brace Company, 1978. July 8, 1923. ↑ Kaufmann, Michael. Textual Bodies: Modernism, Postmodernism, and Print. Lewisberg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 1994. 14. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1922. 8, 28. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. The Diary of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Anne Olivier Bell. 4 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1977-84. 28 November 1928, 29 April 1930, and 1 May 1930. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. Foreword. Recent Paintings by Vanessa Bell. By The London Artists’ Association. London: The Favil Press, 1930. 2-3. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. The Diary of Virginia Woolf: Volume 2: 1920-1924. Ed. Anne Olivier Bell. New York: Harcourt and Brace Company, 1978. January 9, 1924.	Hogarth Press
"In the 1933 film She Done Him Wrong, who was the actor to whom Mae West said, ""Why don't you come up sometime and see me""?"	The Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain A Short Biography \| Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain Virginia Woolf: A Short Biography A Short Biography \| Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain In 1926 Virginia Woolf contributed an introduction to Victorian Photographs of Famous Men & Fair Women by Julia Margaret Cameron. This publication may be seen as a springboard from which to approach Woolfï¿½s life: Virginia saw herself as descending from a distinctive male and female inheritance; Cameron was the famous Victorian photographer and Woolfï¿½s great-aunt; Woolfï¿½s friend Roger Fry also contributed an introduction and leads us to the Bloomsbury Group; and the book was published by the Hogarth Press which Virginia had started with her husband Leonard in 1917. Adeline Virginia Stephen was born on 25 January 1882 in London. Her father, Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), was a man of letters (and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography) who came from a family distinguished for public service (part of the ï¿½intellectual aristocracy' of Victorian England). Her mother, Julia (1846-95), from whom Virginia inherited her looks, was the daughter of one and niece of the other five beautiful Pattle sisters (Julia Margaret Cameron was the seventh: not beautiful but the only one remembered today). Both parents had been married before: her father to the daughter of the novelist, Thackeray, by whom he had a daughter Laura (1870-1945) who was intellectually backward; and her mother to a barrister, Herbert Duckworth (1833-70), by whom she had three children, George (1868-1934), Stella (1869-97), and Gerald (1870-1937). Julia and Leslie Stephen had four children: Vanessa (1879-1961), Thoby (1880-1906), Virginia (1882-1941), and Adrian (1883-1948). All eight children lived with the parents and a number of servants at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington. Long summer holidays were spent at Talland House in St Ives, Cornwall, and St Ives played a large part in Virginiaï¿½s imagination. It was the setting for her novel To the Lighthouse, despite its ostensibly being placed on the Isle of Skye. London and/or St Ives provided the principal settings of most of her novels. In 1895 her mother died unexpectedly, and Virginia suffered her first mental breakdown. Her half-sister Stella took over the running of the household as well as coping with Leslieï¿½s demands for sympathy and emotional support. Stella married Jack Hills in 1897, but she too died suddenly on her return from her honeymoon. The household burden then fell upon Vanessa. Virginia was allowed uncensored access to her fatherï¿½s extensive library, and from an early age determined to be a writer. Her education was sketchy and she never went to school. Vanessa trained to become a painter. Their two brothers were sent to preparatory and public schools, and then to Cambridge. There Thoby made friends with Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell, Saxon Sydney-Turner, Lytton Strachey and Maynard Keynes. This was the nucleus of the Bloomsbury Group. Leslie Stephen died in 1904, and Virginia had a second breakdown. While she was sick, Vanessa arranged for the four siblings to move from 22 Hyde Park Gate to 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. At the end of the year Virginia started reviewing with a clerical paper called the Guardian; in 1905 she started reviewing in the Times Literary Supplement and continued writing for that journal for many years. Following a trip to Greece in 1906, Thoby died of typhoid and in 1907 Vanessa married Clive Bell. Thoby had started ï¿½Thursday evenings' for his friends to visit, and this kind of arrangement was continued after his death by Vanessa and then by Virginia and Adrian when they moved to 29 Fitzroy Square. In 1911 Virginia moved to 38 Brunswick Square. Leonard Woolf had joined the Ceylon Civil Service in 1904 and returned in 1911 on leave. He soon decided that he wanted to marry Virginia, and she eventually agreed. They were married in St Pancras Registry Office on 10 August 1912. They decided to earn money by writing and journalism. Since about 1908 Virginia had been writing her first novel The Voyage Out (originally to be called Melymbrosia). It was finished by 1913 but, owing to another severe mental breakdown after her marriage, it was not published until 1915 by Duckworth & Co. (Geraldï¿½s publishing house). The novel was fairly conventional in form. She then began writing her second novel Night and Day - if anything even more conventional - which was published in 1919, also by Duckworth. From 1911 Virginia had rented small houses near Lewes in Sussex, most notably Asheham House. Her sister Vanessa rented Charleston Farmhouse nearby from 1916 onwards. In 1919 the Woolfs bought Monks House in the village of Rodmell. This was a small weather-boarded house (now owned by the National Trust) which they used principally for summer holidays until they were bombed out of their flat in Mecklenburgh Square in 1940 when it became their home. In 1917 the Woolfs had bought a small hand printing-press in order to take up printing as a hobby and as therapy for Virginia. By now they were living in Richmond (Surrey) and the Hogarth Press was named after their house. Virginia wrote, printed and published a couple of experimental short stories, 'The Mark on the Wall' and 'Kew Gardens'. The Woolfs continued handprinting until 1932, but in the meantime they increasingly became publishers rather than printers. By about 1922 the Hogarth Press had become a business. From 1921 Virginia always published with the Press, except for a few limited editions. 1921 saw Virginiaï¿½s first collection of short stories Monday or Tuesday, most of which were experimental in nature. In 1922 her first experimental novel, Jacobï¿½s Room, appeared. In 1924 the Woolfs moved back to London, to 52 Tavistock Square. In 1925 Mrs. Dalloway was published, followed by To the Lighthouse in 1927, and The Waves in 1931. These three novels are generally considered to be her greatest claim to fame as a modernist writer. Her involvement with the aristocratic novelist and poet Vita Sackville-West led to Orlando (1928), a roman ï¿½ clef inspired by Vitaï¿½s life and ancestors at Knole in Kent. Two talks to womenï¿½s colleges at Cambridge in 1928 led to A Room of Oneï¿½s Own (1929), a discussion of womenï¿½s writing and its historical economic and social underpinning. Notes Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History by Malcolm Ingram. (http://www.malcolmingram.com/vwframe.htm) Text copyrightï¿½ S. N. Clarke & VWSGB 2000 Photos ï¿½ Sea view from the window of the Talland House, St Ives (1999) ï¿½ Front view of the Talland House (1999) ï¿½ Asheham House, Sussex (1977) ï¿½ Wooden gate of Monks House entrance, Rodmell, Sussex (1977) ï¿½ Looking out of the Woolfs' sitting room, Monks House (2001) ï¿½ Church view from balcony outside Leonard's study, Monks House (2001) ï¿½ Garden view from balcony outside Leonard's study, Monks House (2001) ï¿½ Entrance of Monk's House (1977) ï¿½ Virginia's writing lodge, Monk's House (1977) Photos copyrightï¿½ S. N. Clarke & H. Fukushima Note: If you quote from this page, please cite the web address .	i don't know
Which northern English town is associated with the manufacture of Uncle Joe's Mint Balls?	Manchester Foods \| Movies & TV \| Foods \| Art \| Literature \| Comedy \| Architecture \| History \| Interviews \| Competitions \| Subscribe \| pride of manchester - manchester food and drink Manchester is a region rich with local specialities. From Bury's famous Black Pudding to Eccles' puff pastry and currant cake, or from Wigan's Uncle Joes mint balls to Manchester's fruity Vimto drink... there's loads of products and recipes to tickle your taste buds. On these pages we celebrate the best of the region, and also profile the top chefs from Greater Manchester.	Wigan
"Who wrote the melody of the song 'Smoke Gets In your Eyes""?"	Lancashire Hotels, Lancashire Bed & Breakfast. We have Pubs & Inns in Lancashire, Self Catering accommodation in Lancashire and good English tourist attractions to visit Principal towns: Lancaster Wigan Preston Burnley Blackburn Bury Bolton Blackpool Morecambe Lancashire is possibly best known for family fun, theme parks and thrills and spills entertainment hot spots such as Blackpool Pleasure Beach or Sandcastle Waterworld and its non-stop nightlife. But lying behind this glitzy faï¿½ade, and in contrast, the ever so slightly dour Industrial Revolution heritage, thereï¿½s a warm and relaxing rural side to this county that is vastly underpublicised ï¿½ one that is wrapped in rich heritage and folklore and enveloped by some really beautiful countryside, and towns that have oodles of character and charm. Some of the countyï¿½s landscapes have in fact inspired famous authors such as Brontes and J.R.R. Tolkein . It has two AONBs - The Forest of Bowland which covers 312sq miles of rural Lancashire and North Yorkshire and includes the famous landmark Pendle Hill . The trial of the Pendle Witches is one of the most famous witch trials in Englandï¿½s history. On August 20, 1612, ten people were hanged at Lancaster Castle for the murder by witchcraft of seventeen people in the Pendle area of Lancashire. Lancaster Castle might be worth a visit if you are interested in such things. The Castle is owned by Her Majesty the Queen , who is the 'Duke of Lancaster', and as well as being a fortification the Castle is also one of Europeï¿½s longest serving operational prisons. If you want to know what itï¿½s like to be locked up then theyï¿½ll kindly oblige by putting you in their ancient dungeons for a spell. They let you out of course. Bowland also provides endless hideouts for keen twitchers or casual birdwatchers ï¿½ itï¿½s a most important site for breeding the threatened hen harriers in England and is also host to the peregrine falcon and Britain's smallest bird of prey - the merlin. The upland pastures also attract significant populations of wading birds in spring and summer including curlew, lapwing, snipe and redshank. Itï¿½s also a perfect retreat for keen fishers. The other AONB is Arnside and Silverdale which features small scale limestone hills, deciduous woodlands and agricultural land which are just perfect for keen walkers or mountain-bikers. Thereï¿½s something for every skill level. If you want to bring a bit of history to life, then youï¿½re also spoilt for choice in Lancashire. Many of the beautiful manors and halls have taken part in important historical events. The most interesting venues to include on your tour would be: the 900 year old Skipton Castle - one of the most complete and best preserved medieval castles in England; Gawthorpe Hall , a superb seventeenth century country house in a beautiful riverside setting; Hoghton Tower, a 16th-century Elizabethan fortified manor-house that has acres of lovely gardens to enjoy which also play host to various events including musical recitals, clay pigeon shooting, outdoor theatre and falconry; and Towneley Hall which dates from the 14th and 16th century and includes an Art Gallery and Museum, housing collections of oil paintings, early English watercolours, period furniture, 18th century glassware, archaeology, natural history and exhibitions on loan. On the subject of history, Lancashire was in fact the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution , which between 1750 and 1850, transformed the life of England and in turn the rest of the world. The county is traditionally associated with cotton and it was here that major advancements were made in the production of cotton, enabling manufacturing to be moved from houses to factories. Lancashire did not survive on cotton alone, it turned its hand to coal mining also. If you want fill your leisure time in Lancashire with a little more more adrenalin then thereï¿½s a myriad of outdoor activities to try including air sports such as hot-air ballooning, parachuting or microlighting, or water-based pursuits - the Lancaster Canal is navigable for 41 miles and entirely lock free - making it popular for the experienced and novice alike. Thereï¿½s also plenty of riding centres and climbing terrain to boot. And if that isnï¿½t enough, then thereï¿½s nothing left but to head for Britainï¿½s number one attraction - Blackpool Pleasure Beach where there are roller-coasters to turn your hair grey - in fact there are 145 rides and attractions including Valhalla and the Pepsi Max Big ï¿½ which will probably leave you with no hair at all so beware. If you fancy a second helping then head for Camelot Theme Park - another popular place for the pleasure-seeker to get their kicks. If you like this, Share it Destinations	i don't know
Dis and Orcus are alternative names for which Roman god of the Underworld?	Orcus, Roman God Orcus, Roman God Posted by: Occult World in Roman Gods O November 6, 2012 0 Views Either an ancient Roman god of the Underworld or an alternative name for Dis, the primary Roman god of this land of the dead. Some scholars believe that Orcus has no individual identity. Others argue from existing evidence that Orcus was the bringer of death, rather than a king of the dead, as was Dis. Orcus was sometimes shown as a reaper, cutting down the corn with his scythe, in sculptures and paintings on pottery. Pluto was another euphemism, or name that was safe to speak, that was sometimes used to refer to Orcus and Dis in Rome and to Hades in Greece. Last updated: July 12, 2014 at 15:33 pm	Operation Pluto
The carbonated soft drink generally known in the US as cream soda is flavoured with pods from plants of which genus?	Pluto - King of the Underworld - Crystalinks Pluto Pluto was the Roman god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. Pluto is an alternative name for the Greek god Hades, but was more often used in Roman mythology in their presentation of the god of the underworld. He abducted Proserpina (Gr. Persephone), and her mother Ceres (Gr. Demeter) who then caused winter in her grief. The best-known myth involving Pluto or Hades is the abduction of Persephone, also known as Kore ("the Maiden"). The earliest literary versions of the myth are a brief mention in Hesiod's Theogony and the extended narrative of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter; in both these works, the ruler of the underworld is named as Hades ("the Hidden One"). Hades is an unsympathetic figure, and Persephone's unwillingness is emphasized. Increased usage of the name Plouton in religious inscriptions and literary texts reflects the influence of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which treated Pluto and Persephone as a divine couple who received initiates in the afterlife; as such, Pluto was disassociated from the "violent abductor" of Kore. Two early works that give the abductor god's name as Pluto are the Greek mythography traditionally known as the Library of "Apollodorus" (1st century BC)[30] and the Latin Fables of Hyginus (ca. 64 BC-AD 17). The most influential version of the abduction myth is that of Ovid (d. 17 or 18 AD), who tells the story in both the Metamorphoses (Book 5) and the Fasti (Book 4). Another major retelling, also in Latin, is the long unfinished poem De raptu Proserpinae of Claudian (d. 404 AD). Ovid uses the name Dis, not Pluto in these two passages, and Claudian uses Pluto only once; translators and editors, however, sometimes supply the more familiar "Pluto" when other epithets appear in the source text. The abduction myth was a popular subject for Greek and Roman art, and recurs throughout Western art and literature, where the name "Pluto" becomes common (see Pluto in Western art and literature below). Narrative details from Ovid and Claudian influence these later versions in which the abductor is named as Pluto, especially the role of Venus and Cupid in manipulating Pluto with love and desire. Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and certainly by the time of Natale Conti's influential Mythologiae (1567), the traditions pertaining to the various rulers of the classical underworld coalesced into a single mythology that made few if any distinctions among Hades, Pluto, Dis, and Orcus. Pluto was originally not the god of the underworld. Pluto is cognate with the Greek word "Ploutos" (wealth, cf. plutocracy), and, under the original name Plutus, was considered by the Romans as the giver of gold, silver, and other subterranean substances. Because these "gifts" were mined, Pluto became recognized as the god of the physical underworld, which in turn helped him become recognized as the god of the spiritual underworld and thus death. This brought about his mythological relationship to the Greek god Hades. Because the mythology of these gods is more known than the actual religious roles of the gods, Pluto is identified as the counterpart to the Greek Hades (which is only true in mythology). The dwarf planet Pluto is named after him. Pluto, although related, should not be confused with the Greek god Plutus, the god of wealth. "Plutonic Theory", the idea that the earth was formed due to intense heat in the earth, stems from Pluto, the opposing theory of which is the Neptunian Theory which states that the formation of the earth was caused by the agency of water. Offspring Unlike his freely procreating brothers Zeus and Poseidon, Pluto is monogamous, and is rarely said to have children. In Orphic texts, the chthonic nymph Melinoe is the daughter of Persephone by Zeus disguised as Pluto, and the Eumenides ("The Kindly Ones") are the offspring of Persephone and Zeus Chthonios, often identified as Pluto. The Augustan poet Virgil says that Pluto is the father of Allecto the Fury, whom he hates. The lack of a clear distinction between Pluto and "chthonic Zeus" confuses the question of whether in some traditions, now obscure, Persephone bore children to her husband. In the late 4th century, Claudian's epic on the abduction motivates Pluto with a desire for children. The poem is unfinished, however, and anything Claudian may have known of these traditions is lost. Justin Martyr (2nd century AD) alludes to children of Pluto, but neither names nor enumerates them. Hesychius (5th century) mentions a "son of Pluto." In his 14th-century mythography, Boccaccio records a tradition in which Pluto was the father of the divine personification Veneratio ("Reverence"), noting that she had no mother because Proserpina (the Latin name of Persephone) was sterile. In The Faerie Queene (1590s), Edmund Spenser invents a daughter for Pluto whom he calls Lucifera. The character's name was taken from the 16th-century mythography of Natale Conti, who used it as the Latin translation of Greek phosphor, "light-bearer," a regular epithet of Hecate. Spenser incorporated aspects of the mysteries into The Faerie Queene. Pluto and Orpheus Orpheus was regarded as a founder and prophet of the mysteries called "Orphic," "Dionysiac," or "Bacchic." Mythologized for his ability to entrance even animals and trees with his music, he was also credited in antiquity with the authorship of the lyrics that have survived as the Orphic Hymns, among them a hymn to Pluto. Orpheus's voice and lyre-playing represented a medium of revelation or higher knowledge for the mystery cults. In his central myth, Orpheus visits the underworld in the hope of retrieving his bride, Eurydice, relying on the power of his music to charm the king and queen of Hades. Greek narratives of Orpheus's descent and performance typically name the ruler of the underworld as Plouton, as for instance in the Bibliotheca. The myth demonstrates the importance of Pluto "the Rich" as the possessor of a quest-object. Orpheus performing before Pluto and Persephone was a common subject of ancient and later Western literature and art, and one of the most significant mythological themes of the classical tradition. The Greek writer Lucian (ca. 125-after 180 AD) suggests that Pluto's love for his wife gave the ruler of the underworld a special sympathy or insight into lovers parted by death. In one of Lucian's Dialogues of the Dead, Pluto questions Protesilaus, the first Greek hero killed in the Trojan War, who wishes to return to the world of the living. "You are then in love with life?" Pluto asks. "Such lovers we have here in plenty; but they love an object, which none of them can obtain." Protesilaus explains, as a sort of reverse Orpheus, that he has left behind a young bride whose memory even the Lethe's waters of forgetting have not erased from him. Pluto assures him that death will reunite them someday, but Protesilaus argues that Pluto himself should understand love and its impatience, and reminds the king of his grant to Orpheus and to Alcestis, who took her husband's place in death and then was permitted at the insistence of Heracles to return to him. When Persephone intercedes for the dead warrior, Pluto grants the request at once, though allowing only one day for the reunion. Magic Invocations The names of both Hades and Pluto appear also in the Greek Magical Papyri and curse tablets, with Hades usually referring to the underworld as a place, and Pluto regularly invoked as the partner of Persephone. Five Latin curse tablets from Rome, dating to the mid-1st century BC, promise Persephone and Pluto an offering of "dates, figs, and a black pig" if the curse is fulfilled by the desired deadline. The pig was a characteristic animal sacrifice to chthonic deities, whose victims were typically black or dark in color. A set of curse tablets written in Doric Greek and found in a tomb addresses a Pasianax, "Lord to All," sometimes taken as a title of Pluto, but more recently thought to be a magical name for the corpse. Pasianax is found elsewhere as an epithet of Zeus, or in the tablets may invoke a daimon like Abrasax. Sanctuaries of Pluto A sanctuary dedicated to Pluto was called a plutonion. The complex at Eleusis for the mysteries had a plutonion (underground cavern) regarded as the birthplace of the divine child Plutos, in another instance of conflation or close association of the two gods. Greek inscriptions record an altar of Pluto, which was to be "plastered", that is, resurfaced for a new round of sacrifices at Eleusis. One of the known plutonia was in the sacred grove between Tralleis and Nysa, where a temple of Pluto and Persephone was located. Visitors sought healing and dream oracles. The plutonion at Hierapolis, Phrygia, was connected to the rites of Cybele, but during the Roman Imperial era was subsumed by the cult of Apollo, as confirmed by archaeological investigations during the 1960s. It too was a dream oracle. The sites often seem to have been chosen because the presence of naturally occurring mephitic vapors was thought to indicate an opening to the underworld. In Italy, Avernus was considered an entrance to the underworld that produced toxic vapors, but Strabo seems not to think that it was a plutonion. The Helmet of Invisibility The Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus uses the name Plouton instead of Hades in relating the tripartite division of sovereignty, the abduction of Persephone, and the visit of Orpheus to the underworld. This version of the theogony for the most part follows Hesiod, but adds that the three brothers were each given a gift by the Cyclopes to use in their battle against the Titans: Zeus thunder and lightning; Poseidon a trident; and Pluto a helmet. The helmet Pluto receives is presumably the magical Cap of Invisibility but the Bibliotheca is the only ancient source that explicitly says it belonged to Pluto. The verbal play of aidos, "invisible," and Hades is thought to account for this attribution of the helmet to the ruler of the underworld, since no ancient narratives record his use or possession of it. Later authors such as Rabelais (16th century) do attribute the helmet to Pluto. Erasmus calls it the "helmet of Orcus" and gives it as a figure of speech referring to those who conceal their true nature by a cunning device. Francis Bacon notes the proverbial usage: "the helmet of Pluto, which maketh the politic man go invisible, is secrecy in the counsel, and celerity in the execution."	i don't know
In which US state is the town of Springfield which Simpson's creator Matt Groening has revealed was the inspiration for his fictional Springfield?	Matt Groening Reveals the Location of the Real Springfield \| Arts & Culture \| Smithsonian Contact Privacy Policy Terms of Use Matt Groening Reveals the Location of the Real Springfield Twenty-five years after The Simpsons made their TV debut, the show's creator talks about Homer's odyssey—and his own Matt Groening, creator of the Simpsons, was going to name the main character Matt, but didn't think it would go over well in a pitch meeting, so he changed the name to Bart. (The Simpsons™ and © 2009 TTCFFC All Rights Reserved) By Claudia De La Roca Smithsonian Magazine \| Subscribe May 2012 UPDATE: "The Simpsons" responded to this interview with a new chalkboard gag before the Sunday, April 15, episode proclaiming that "The true location of Springfield is in any state but yours." Check it out . From This Story [×] CLOSE Matt Groening, creator of the Simpsons, says the town the family lives in is named after Springfield, Oregon. (The Simpsons™ and © 2009 TTCFFC All Rights Reserved) Groening was going to name the main character Matt but didn't think it would go over well in a pitch meeting, so he changed the name to Bart. (The Simpsons™ and © 2009 TTCFFC All Rights Reserved) Is There A "Homer Simpson Effect" Among Scientists? Claudia De La Roca: So take us back to the Simpsons’ foundational moment. In 1987 you were waiting for a meeting with James Brooks and you started sketching. What were you thinking? Matt Groening: I had been drawing my weekly comic strip, “Life in Hell,” for about five years when I got a call from Jim Brooks, who was developing “The Tracey Ullman Show” for the brand-new Fox network. He wanted me to come in and pitch an idea for doing little cartoons on that show. I soon realized that whatever I pitched would not be owned by me, but would be owned by Fox, so I decided to keep my rabbits in “Life in Hell” and come up with something new. While I was waiting—I believe they kept me waiting for over an hour—I very quickly drew the Simpsons family. I basically drew my own family. My father’s name is Homer. My mother’s name is Margaret. I have a sister Lisa and another sister Maggie, so I drew all of them. I was going to name the main character Matt, but I didn’t think it would go over well in a pitch meeting, so I changed the name to Bart. Bart. Why? Back in high school I wrote a novel about a character named Bart Simpson. I thought it was a very unusual name for a kid at the time. I had this idea of an angry father yelling “Bart,” and Bart sounds kind of like bark—like a barking dog. I thought it would sound funny. In my novel, Bart was the son of Homer Simpson. I took that name from a minor character in the novel The Day of the Locust, by Nathanael West. Since Homer was my father’s name, and I thought Simpson was a funny name in that it had the word “simp” in it, which is short for “simpleton”—I just went with it. Did your father contribute anything besides his first name? My father was a really sharp cartoonist and filmmaker. He used to tape-record the family surreptitiously, either while we were driving around or at dinner, and in 1963 he and I made up a story about a brother and a sister, Lisa and Matt, having an adventure out in the woods with animals. I told it to my sister Lisa, and she in turn told it to my sister Maggie. My father recorded the telling of the story by Lisa to Maggie, and then he used it as the soundtrack to a movie. So the idea of dramatizing the family—Lisa, Maggie, Matt—I think was the inspiration for doing something kind of autobiographical with “The Simpsons.” There is an aspect of the psychodynamics of my family in which it makes sense that one of us grew up and made a cartoon out of the family and had it shown all over the world. Any other commonalities between your father and Homer Simpson? Only the love of ice cream. My dad didn’t even like doughnuts that much. The name Homer has been wall-to-wall around you—your father, your son, Homer Simpson. What does the name mean to you? My father was named after the poet Homer. My grandmother, his mother, was a voracious reader. She named one son Homer and another son Victor Hugo. It is this basic name, but I can’t separate the name Homer from The Iliad and The Odyssey and from Odysseus, even though Homer is the teller of the tale. I think of it as a very heroic name in that Homer, even though he is getting kicked in the butt by life, he is his own small hero. OK, why do the Simpsons live in a town called Springfield? Isn’t that a little generic? Springfield was named after Springfield, Oregon. The only reason is that when I was a kid, the TV show “Father Knows Best” took place in the town of Springfield, and I was thrilled because I imagined that it was the town next to Portland, my hometown. When I grew up, I realized it was just a fictitious name. I also figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, “This will be cool; everyone will think it’s their Springfield.” And they do. Single Page Previous Page 1 of 4 Next 1 2 3 4 Like this article?	Oregon
Kashmir is a classic track on a 1975 album by which British rock band?	The Simpsons creator Matt Groening reveals Springfield, Oregon is his inspiration - Telegraph TV and Radio The Simpsons creator Matt Groening reveals Springfield, Oregon is his inspiration The Simpsons creator Matt Groening has revealed that Springfield, Oregon is the inspiration for the cartoon town home of Homer, Marge, Bart and Lisa. Image 1 of 4 Matt Groening, creator of the The Simpsons with his character creations Bart and Homer Simpson Photo: AP Photo/Chris Pizzello Image 1 of 4 The Simpson's plaque that was given by The Simpsons creator Matt Groening to the Springfield Museum in Springfield, Ore. Photo: AP Photo/Rick Bowmer	i don't know
What is the English name of the dog belonging to cartoon character TinTin?	Names of main Tintin characters in different languages \| Tintinologist.org about Names of Main Tintin Characters in Different Languages Maintained by Tintinologist.org staff Irene Mar . Contributions from: Anirban Bhattacharjee, Finlay Chalmers, Baishampayan Ghose, Gorka, Ivana, Tintinologist.org staff Anders Karlsson , Başar Kocaoğlu, Chikahiro Masami, Mokhammad Misdianto, Amir Moradian, Ian Nguyen, Denis Paquet, Kirill Polsatchev, Sambeet, and Roman Zdz. Revised: 24 September 2013. Latest change: corrected entries under Czech and Slovakian - thanks to Ivana for advising the correct names. Corrected Tintin's name in Basque - thanks to Gorka for the correction. English Johnes Notes Bengali: In Bengali, Thomson and Thompson are referred to as “Manikjor” (twins) as a team; individually they are “Johnson” and “Ronson”. [AB] and [Sambeet] Farsi/Persian: When the Persian/Farsi Tintin books were re-printed, some character names got changed to conform to the English translations. While Tintin is still Tan-Tan, Milou is now Barfy (literally “snowy”), Douponte and Doupone are now Thomson and Thompson (pronounced in Persian the same as in English), and Professor Calculus is Calcooles (Persian transliteration of Calculus). [DP] Indonesian: Names of main Tintin characters in Indonesian albums published by Indira before April 2008: Tintin, Snowy, Haddock, Calculus, Thomson, Thompson. [MM] Slovakian: No official translation in Slovakian exists. According to reader Ivana: “We [Slovaks] have accepted the Czech translation, as we understand the language.” Turkish: In some Turkish translations, Milou’s name is Fındık, which roughly translates as nut. The name “Boncuk” (meaning “bead”) appears in translations from the 1980s and 1990s. Professor Tournesol’s name mostly appears as “Turnesol”, but “Turnösol” has also been used. [Başar Kocaoğlu]	Snowy
Who was lead singer with late-Sixties rock group The Doors ?	The Adventures of Tintin (TV Series 1991–1992) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error In this series, we witness the adventures of Tintin, a young reporter and his faithful dog, Snowy, as they travel around the world on adventures. Stars: In search for the prisoners and Professor Calculus, Tintin and Captain Haddock head for the "Temple of the Sun". 8.0 Tintin and captain Haddock discover that Professor Calculus has been kidnapped. 8.0 Tintin and the Captain travel to Peru in search of Professor Calculus. 7.9 a list of 25 titles created 30 Mar 2011 a list of 25 titles created 14 Feb 2012 a list of 47 titles created 25 Jul 2012 a list of 29 titles created 29 Oct 2014 a list of 25 titles created 14 Oct 2015 Title: The Adventures of Tintin (1991–1992) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos Tintin is sent to guard an absent-minded professor in a Balkan country, but a local criminal tries to lure him away by kidnapping two children. The professor, however, has invented a ... See full summary » Director: Raymond Leblanc Tintin travels to Peru to rescue some archaeologists from an old inca curse. Director: Eddie Lateste Intrepid reporter Tintin and Captain Haddock set off on a treasure hunt for a sunken ship commanded by Haddock's ancestor. Director: Steven Spielberg Tintin and his dog, Snowy, embark on wild adventures with the help of Thompson and Thomson, Captain Haddock, Professor Calculus, and others. Stars: Paul Frees, Larry Harmon, Roger Carel Lucky Luke (TV Series 1984) Animation \| Comedy \| Family An animated series based on the European comic book about an American cowboy described as "The man who shoots faster than his shadow." Lucky Luke, with his horse Double Six, travels the Old... See full summary » Stars: Jacques Thébault, William Callaway, Bob Holt Life is a difficult challenge for Mr Bean, who despite being a grown adult, has trouble completing even the simplest of tasks. Thankfully, his perseverance is usually rewarded, and he finds an ingenious way around the problem. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Robin Driscoll, Matilda Ziegler The globe-trotting treasure-hunting money-making adventures of billionaire Scrooge McDuck and his nephews. Stars: Alan Young, Russi Taylor, Terence McGovern The Pink Panther is a heroic, moral cartoon cat with pink fur and the manners of an English aristocrat. He only becomes flustered or angry at obtuse or offensive humans who try to disrupt ... See full summary » Stars: Paul Frees, Rich Little, Dave Barry A group of teenage friends and their Great Dane (Scooby-Doo) travel in a bright green van solving strange and hilarious mysteries, while returning from or going to a regular teenage function. Stars: Don Messick, Casey Kasem, Nicole Jaffe A Saturday morning series, collecting of some of the most popular classic cartoons from the Looney Tunes catalogue. Stars: Mel Blanc, June Foray The Hanna-Barbera-created Oscar-winning cat-and-mouse team of Tom & Jerry returned to TV in an hour-long stretch of new adventures. Here, T&J, after years of rivalry, have become the best ... See full summary » Stars: Henry Corden, Kathy Gori, Don Messick A young man with spider-like abilities fights crime as a superhero in New York City while trying to have a normal personal life. Stars: Christopher Daniel Barnes, Sara Ballantine, Edward Asner Edit Storyline An animated series based on the popular European comics. Tintin, a young Belgian reporter, gets involved in various mysteries and adventures with his dog Snowy, his friends Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus, and the bumbling detectives, Thomson and Thompson. Tintin and his cohorts investigate jewel thefts, track kidnappers, solve murders, and find sunken treasure in journeys ranging from around the world to their own backyard. Written by Jean-Marc Rocher <[email protected]> 4 November 1991 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Les aventures de Tintin See more » Company Credits Did You Know? Trivia "Tintin in the Land of the Soviets", "Tintin in the Congo" and "Tintin and the Alpha Art" were the only books to not be given episode adoptions. "Land of the Soviets" book wasn't redrawn to resemble the other books and was highly discriminating for the country of Russia. "The Congo" book had racial issues and animal cruelty. Finally "The Alpha Art" book was the only one to be incomplete due to the death of Herge. See more » Connections "Very loyal to the comic books" 1 December 2004 \| by simon-trek (Sydney, Australia) – See all my reviews I can't imagine Tintin or any other characters from the Tintin books played by actors, I just think it would botch up the characters. I can only imagine them either as comic book characters or cartoon characters. This Tintin cartoon series is as close as you could possibly get to the Tintin comic books. The characters all look and sound exactly as they do in the comic books. Each episode of the Tintin cartoon (either one or two part episodes) has basically the same story as in each of the Tintin books. Not just the same story, the same characters the same settings even some of the same quotes. I've enjoyed the Tintin cartoon series as well as the Tintin books ever since I was a child. Tintin is basically meant for children but a number of adults like Tintin as well. Some episodes of the Tintin cartoon have been available on video but I wish all the entire series was available on DVD. For those who aren't familiar with Tintin, the main characters in the Tintin saga isn't just Tintin the intrepid reporter and adventurer and his clever little dog Snowy. Tintin has friends who are often with him on his adventures. They include Captain Haddock the grumpy sailor, Professor Cusburt Calculous a genius scientist but at the same time a rather stupid person, and Thompson and Thomson the clumsy detective twins. Captain Haddock is a rather bad tempered seaman, most likely because he drinks too much whiskey. He often uses exclamations like "Blistering Barnacles!" or "Thundering Typhoons!" or if he was really outraged or amazed he would say "Billions of blistering blue barnacles!" or "Ten thousand thundering typhoons!" Professor Calculous is an amazing inventor. He's invented some amazing things for example a "shark-proof submarine", a drug which makes alcoholic drinks taste disgusting to cure alcoholic addicted people and a rocket ship to travel to the moon. But he's also rather stupid because he's deaf and always miss hears what people say. He also ignores non-verbal communication and pretends that he doesn't understand how angry Captain Haddock is which really drives him mad. Thompson and Thomson or "the Thompson's" as they're usually called are both rather stupid detectives and often have clumsy accidents. One of the Thompson's is often saying "to be precise" correcting the other Thompson and since they're identical twins and always wear the same clothing you've no idea which Thompson it is. They think they're the worlds best detectives but Tintin always proves to be a much better detective then they'll ever be. So the the Tintin saga is more than just great adventure and detective stories for children but also a combination of rather humorous characters which will delight audiences of all ages. 18 of 19 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Which model married both George Harrison and Eric Clapton ?	George Harrison and Eric Clapton both married Pattie Boyd \| OldiesMusicBlog What do George Harrison and Eric Clapton have in common? Pattie Boyd! Posted by diana Nov - 12 - 2010 0 Comment Pattie Boyd is an English model and photographer and the former wife of both George Harrison (1966 – 1974) and Eric Clapton (1979 – 1989). She was the inspiration for love songs written by both musicians, Harrison’s, “ Something “, “For You Blue” and “Isn’t It a Pity”, and Clapton’s “Layla”, “Wonderful Tonight” and “Bell Bottom Blues”. She remembers her relationship with George: “I had met George six years previously, in 1964, when he was filming A Hard Day’s Night. Britain and most of Europe was in the grip of Beatlemania. On first impressions, John seemed more cynical and brash than the others, Ringo the most endearing, Paul was cute and George, with velvet-brown eyes and dark chestnut hair, was the best-looking man I had ever seen. At a break for lunch I found myself sitting next to him. Being close to him was electrifying. Almost the first thing he said to me was: ‘Will you marry me?’ He was joking but there was a hint of seriousness. We got together soon after that and married two years later on January 21, 1966. I was 21, he was 22. I was so happy and so much in love. I thought we would be together and happy for ever. Three years later, in 1969, George wrote a song called Something. He told me in a matter-of-fact way that he had written it for me. I thought it was beautiful and it turned out to be the most successful song he ever wrote, with more than 150 cover versions. Frank Sinatra said he thought it was the best love song ever written. George’s favourite version was the one by James Brown. Mine was the one by George Harrison, which he played to me in our kitchen. But, in fact, by then our relationship was in trouble. Since a trip to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s ashram in India in 1968, George had become obsessive about meditation. He was also sometimes withdrawn and depressed. And there were other women, which really hurt me. George was fascinated by the god Krishna who was always surrounded by young maidens. He came back from India wanting to be some kind of Krishna figure, a spiritual being with lots of concubines. He actually said so. It was around this time that Eric began to come over to our house. He and George had become close friends, writing and recording music together. Eric’s guitar playing was held in awe by his fellow musicians. He was an incredibly exciting performer to watch. He looked wonderful on stage, very sexy. But when I met him he didn’t behave like a rock star – he was surprisingly shy and reticent. I was aware that Eric found me attractive and I enjoyed the attention he paid me. It was hard not to be flattered when I caught him staring at me or when he chose to sit beside me. He complimented me on what I was wearing and the food I had cooked, and he said things he knew would make me laugh. Those were all things that George no longer did.” So, she begins to see Eric Clapton: “We met secretly at a flat in South Kensington. Eric Clapton had asked me to come because he wanted me to listen to a new number he had written. He switched on the tape machine, turned up the volume and played me the most powerful, moving song I had ever heard. It was Layla, about a man who falls hopelessly in love with a woman who loves him but is unavailable. I was married to Eric’s close friend, George Harrison, but Eric had been making his desire for me clear for months. I felt uncomfortable that he was pushing me in a direction in which I wasn’t certain I wanted to go. But with the realisation that I had inspired such passion and creativity, the song got the better of me. I could resist no longer.” Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-473174/Pattie-Boyd-My-hellish-love-triangle-George-Eric–Part-One.html	Pattie Boyd
Oak Apple Day , commemorating the restoration of the monarchy to England in 1660 , is on which date ?	Pattie Boyd shares intimate look at her time with George Harrison and Eric Clapton - Mirror Online Celebs Pattie Boyd shares intimate look at her time with George Harrison and Eric Clapton The former British model was married to George at the height of The Beatles' fame and went on to marry his friend Clapton Share George Harrison lying in bed in India in 1968 (Photo: Pattie Boyd/Mercury Press) Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email She was a woman at the hub of ground breaking music in the Sixties and Seventies. Now the former wife of Beatle George Harrison and Eric Clapton is sharing her unique collection of photographs for the first time in the UK. Pattie Boyd will be exhibiting portraits taken during her life with George and her second husband Eric. Pattie was a British model who was married to George Harrison at the height of The Beatles ’ fame from 1966 to 1977. She later famously went on to marry George’s friend, musician Eric Clapton , and is reported as being the inspiration for some of his greatest hits including ‘Layla’ and ‘Wonderful Tonight’. John Lennon and Paul McCartney, in India in 1968 (Photo: Pattie Boyd/Mercury Press) Now some of the iconic pictures she took while married to both men - her marriage to Eric ended in 1989 - are set to go on show in Britain for the first time at The Beatles Story museum in Liverpool. The collection ‘George, Eric and Me: Intimate photographs taken by Pattie Boyd’ will be opened on May 5 by Pattie herself. Read more: Ringo Starr's childhood home sells for a bargain price at auction The 71-year-old said: “I am thrilled to have the exhibition of my photographs at The Beatles Story and am very pleased to be able to attend the official opening. “The Beatles legacy seems to get bigger and bigger and after 50 years, shows no sign of fading. Pattie Boyd in the snow, taken by George Harrison at Friar Park in 1974 (Photo: Pattie Boyd/Mercury Press) “I hope that the many thousands of fans that visit the Liverpool attraction each year will have a chance to visit my exhibition and enjoy seeing the photographs and learn a little about when and where they were taken. “Each image has its own story, but together they form a chronicle of my life which I am proud and happy to share with visitors to the gallery. “And not just Beatles fans, people who maybe have an interest in music in general, or the 60s and 70s and their fashions, will, I think, find some aspect of the show to captivate them. “The Beatles Story is extremely well put together and maintained, and I am very pleased to be working with them on the exhibition project.” Eric Clapton in hotel room in front of beach painting, 1974 (Photo: Pattie Boyd/Mercury Press) The exhibition is set to run until the autumn and will also feature a display of Pattie ’s iconic dresses. Pattie first met George Harrison during filming of A Hard Day’s Night in 1964 when she played a schoolgirl, but she was engaged to photographer Eric Swayne and initially declined Harrison’s offer of a date. Just a few days later, the pair went out to a club, chaperoned by Beatles manager Brian Epstein, and according to Pattie one of the first things George said to her was: ‘Will you marry me?’ The photographer and former model was married to both George Harrison, from 1966 to 1977, and Eric Clapton from 1979 to 1989. Like us on Facebook	i don't know

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